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Samantha Deeprose
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Thanks Signe. Your workshop was a fabulous learning event that the Trainees are still talking about! You are so amazing with not only what you know, but how you share and inspire others. Thank you again.
Minna Julie Kolte
Manager, Development and Implementation, Rambøll
The 2 workshops you held here at Rambøll were a great success and I have received a lot of positive feedback from participants from both days. I am really happy about that and I am sure it will contribute to a solid foundation to our collaboration this year. Therefore: Thank you so much for your well-prepared and engaging presentations.
Val Control
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Clipper has used ConnectingCultures several times, for example to conduct a course for one of our Danish -Indian teams. Through three workshops for both Danish and Indian team members we have gained insight into the differences and similarities between Danish and Indian business culture and have worked towards how we can respect each other and create a common culture. At the same time, we have actively trained our cultural competencies which we now use actively in our every day. The result is a more productive collaboration, stronger relationships, clearer communication and a distinctly more efficient team.
Torben Enstrøm
Corporate Vice President at Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals
Thanks for a very well prepared and executed cultural training program for the entire audit group. We have enjoyed and learned a lot from you and your very competent co-trainers, who came with local knowledge and interesting stories from all over the world.
Janus Skøt
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I had the pleasure of attending Signe's one-day- course about cultural differences between Denmark and Mexico. The course was very structured and useful with clear goal definitions and attention to personal details. Signe used well-known and very relevant cultural models during the course and I have used several during the first 6 months living in Mexico. Signe's cultural training is a great basic foundation for living/working/engaging with Mexico even for experienced travelers and internationals.
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For our annual Leadership forum, we chose this year to invite Signe for a workshop focusing on Virtual Leadership in a Global Organization. We are a global support organization, which strive to generate engineering value across countries and regions. In this context our cultural jump-off-point was fairly good. But I must admit, that during the day, we received a lot of inspiration and food for thought from ConnectingCultures. We have received many positive feedbacks in the evaluation. ConnectingCultures hosted a good workshop, leaving a footprint as a professional and experienced subject matter expert.
In our industry it is key that our customers trust us. Not just to be technical correct in our solutions, but also making sure we adapt to the local markets and customs when we engage in the complex engineering discussions. ConnectingCultures moved us in the right direction, and we had a lot of fun during the day as well!
Kim Højlund Christensen
The Danish ambassador in Brazil
In October 2015, we had the pleasure of having Signe Ørom on the Danish Embassy in Brasilia, where she held a full-day employee training on intercultural teambuilding. Signe contributed with her in-depth knowledge of Danish and Brazilian culture, and helped us, as a team, to get a better understanding of our differences as well as being aware of our strengths as a team. Signe is a skilled and committed mediator, and she managed to create a space for a very open dialogue.
Vivi Stensdal
VP Human Resources at Hamlet Protein
Signe hosted a motivational lecture on virtual teams and global leadership in our organization with a focus on the cultural differences in the countries we operate in e.g. Denmark, Netherlands, Germany, and Spain. With participants from these countries, we had a lot of fun and learned much about the challenges and benefits when working with different cultures especially at long distance. Signe was very inspiring and managed to get everyone involved. After the workshop, we have had many good discussions about the topics.
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Vice President, Training and Development at DFDS
In DFDS we have been focusing on utilizing the potential within cultural differences. During 2017, Signe Ørom has been facilitating a number of customized workshops for various groups of our employees. As the demand for training and insights regarding cultural differences increased in the organization, we decided to develop internal competences for managing the request for cultural training. This was done via a co-creating process with signe Ørom, including a 3 day workshop where 4 specific training programmes were co-created.
Sign Ørom is highly competent and professional. We have benefited substantially from her experience and insights – and due to her positive, customer-oriented approach, we have enjoyed spending time with her during the numerous processes and workshops.
Hanne Pernille Andersen
Center Coordinator at DTU (CERE)
We are a very multicultural center here at CERE and we get a lot of PhD's and postdoc's from non-western countries (especially from China, Russia, India and Pakistan) so we thought we would benefit from learning about the differences between academic culture and service culture in the different countries as well as getting suggestions on how to get better at cooperate and communicate across cultures.
We invited Signe Ørom from ConnectingCultures to do a workshop on cooperation in a multicultural environment and it was a great success. It was super professionally organized with a good combination of interesting knowledge (based on research, which I appreaciate) and relevant exercises, and Signe managed to engage everybody. It is obvious how Signe has an academic background herself and is used to teach based on research, and at the same time she knows how to put together an interactive program that engages everybody.
We at CERE can highly recommend ConnectingCultures and Signe Ørom as provider of culture training at DTU.
Daniel Stokke
Career Counselor & Project Manager at Lillebaelt Academy of Applied Sciences
After good recommendations from our colleagues at the other Business Academies we decided to invite Signe and ConnectingCultures to give a workshop to our new international students. Our high expectations were certainly met: with ConnectingCultures' workshop we managed to give our students useful and rewarding cultural knowledge, which will prepare them for the cultural challenges they will meet during their stay in Denmark, and the evaluations showed that the students were very satisfied with the workshop.
Yngve Møller
Senior Business Process Consultant, LEGO
Brilliant presentation, Signe. You are really a skilled and inspiring intermediary.
Birgit Skov Nielsen
Mobility assistant, NOV Flexibles
In connection with the establishment of a new factory in Brazil for the production of flexible pipes for the oil and gas industry, NOV Flexibles has run a training course in Denmark during 2012-2013 for more than 70 of its Brazilian colleagues. During this period, NOV Flexibles had the great advantage of Signe Ørom's expertise during this training, as well as her extensive knowledge of Brazilian culture and mentality. Not only was Signe Ørom able to highlight the differences between the countries in a warm and humorous way, but she managed especially to convey the background to these differences in a down to earth and useful manner. This helped to make our Brazilian colleagues' stay a positive experience, and made it easier for them to function daily in a Danish context.
Sophia Vejlgaard
International Coordinator, KEA Global & Guidance
Signe knows what she's talking about; she is passionate about the topic of "The multicultural classroom" and she manages to infect the teachers with her enthusiasm. In a charming and professional manner, Signe manages to close the gap between theory and teaching practice. Her case studies are based on examples from teachers' every day, which means that the learning outcomes of the training can be used immediately in the next teaching situation. Our teachers have praised Signe for her work and have given her a lot of positive feedback in the final evaluation.
Sophie de Goede
Commercial Specialist, Hess Denmark
The company I work for has many times asked Signe to hold one- to two days courses in cultural training for those employees that transfer to the Denmark based office from overseas. In 2013 I was one of those employees, and I had the pleasure to be guided through Danish culture by Signe. Signe in a clear and concise way and with a personal touch made the day both interesting and rewarding where upon conclusion I walked away with a greater understanding of the environment in which I would be working going forward. I can highly recommend working with Signe in this regard.
Inge Wihlborg
Marketing & Adm. Coordinator, John Deere International
An exciting and educational training on how and why the small and large differences between Danish and Swedish culture arise. It made good sense to put it in to a historical perspective. The program was spiced up with small practical workshops, which gave some good eye-opening experiences.
Edvard Jensen
Global Manger CO Operations, Underwriters Laboratories
I can highly recommend a cross-cultural program with Signe. Her background with the combination of research and practical knowledge of the Brazilian culture / market has given us some concrete tools that we use daily.
Eva Valcke
Director KEA Global, Copenhagen School
It is because of Signes cultural training that I really have avoided some embarrassing situations in my international cooperation that might have ruined a good working relationship.
Amber Yue Deng
Regional Marketing Manager, Asia Pacific, Novozymes Biopharma (UK)
The cross culture training delivered by Signe is really helpful to me, it's the first time I understand the culture issue in a very systematically and also comprehensive way. Very importantly, all the information is prepared in a very practical and tailor made way. I get them in very naturally. Surprisingly, I found from the second day of the training I began to benefit from the training – the conciousness in my mind to read the interaction, and the way I choose to respond in a call meeting, etc.. It is really good experience and help a lot no matter you still work remotely or expatriate to the country.


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As we remember the days of Christ's final ordeal, the Church feels an oppressive silence at the death of her Lord, a silence that penetrates to the depths of the heart of every disciple—then and now—who stand wordless before the Cross. It is the silence after an execution, when everyone walks away numb, paralyzed, and uncertain of what to do with such heavy a sorrow. It is the silence of those who are ashamed of their inability to put their lives on the line to speak out on behalf of the Master.
Instead, they (we) run and hide from Him as cowards. It is an uneasy and disturbing silence created by abandonment and reflecting the multitude of times we have betrayed Him, turned our backs on Him, and hid from Him as if He couldn't see us behind the seemingly impenetrable wall of our own sin and self-centeredness. In fact, it is the silence of Sheol, the Hebrew term used in Matthew's Gospel for "the abode of the dead."
It was there, in that place of silence, that countless dead waited—just waited for the final disposition of God, for His last move. It is this limbo-like place that becomes, for the Orthodox Church, proof of the compelling truth about Christ's rising from the dead. The Apostles' Creed (the most ancient creedal statement) tells us that "…He descended into hell (Sheol/Hades) and on the third day rose again from the dead."
The Resurrection icons of the Orthodox East never depict Jesus coming out of a tomb as Western images recall. The Church's icon depicts Him straddling the gates over the black entrance of hell, having smashed open its doors, entered its deepest precincts, to call its inhabitants forth to freedom. Jesus rises from this abode of the dead, not from the cold stone burial place where they laid His body. In one of the oldest sermons on Holy Saturday, delivered by St. Melito of Sardis at the beginning of the 2nd century, we hear: "What is happening? Today there is a great silence over the earth, a great silence and stillness, a great silence because the King sleeps, the earth was in terror and was still because God slept in the flesh and raised up those who were sleeping from the ages. God has died in the flesh and the underworld has trembled."
Christ's first action, the beginning of His Post-Resurrection ministry, if you will, was to go to those imprisoned in the abode of the dead. He rescues Adam and Eve and restores them to life as God originally intended. He liberates all who waited for him and binds Satan from "trapping" any more. In fact, Jesus rescues all in the abode of the dead, not simply those who believed in Him while they lived.
In the First Epistle of St. Peter, we read: "For Christ died for sins once and for all, the righteous for the unrighteous, to bring you to God. He was put to death in the body but made alive by the Spirit, through whom also he went and preached to the spirits in prison who disobeyed long ago." (I Peter 3:18-20)
In commenting on this passage, St. Clement of Alexandria emphasizes that there are righteous people among both those who have the true faith and those outside it. (from Stromateis)
Jesus' "Harrowing of Hell" was the last phase of his descent (κατάβαση) and self-emptying (κένωση) that began in the womb of the Holy Theotokos at the angel's Annunciation. The Risen Jesus reveals "God-of-the-Second-Chance." Christ rose from Hades and brought with Him those who already experienced death. In the Resurrection, God moved beyond the revenge that justice demands to the mercy and compassion that Risen Life brings.
Christ is the face of God who is not yet done with man even in death, the God who stares pure evil in the face and says: No More! No more death! No more humiliation! No more captives! Behold, all are mine, all are risen, all are redeemed. This is the glory of the Resurrection and why the Church sings her "Alleluias!" God gives us a second chance! What lessons can we take from this Feast of Feasts?
Resurrection Can Happen In You
Jesus' descent into Hades was not an isolated historic event. It happens today and it happens in you and me. St. Macarios of Egypt makes it clear: "When you hear that the Lord in the old days delivered souls from hell and prison and that he descended into hell and performed a glorious deed, do not think that all these events are far from your soul…So the Lord comes into the souls that seek Him, into the depths of the heart's hell, and there commands saying 'Release the imprisoned souls which have sought me and which you hold by force.'
To our imprisoned hearts the Lord descends, to the fearful and confused heart, to those wallowing in shame or guilt, to the heart which lives in doubt, denial, discouragement, or despair, to those of heavy heart weighed down by loneliness, distracted by the world's deceptive promises, anxious about their families, feeling the burden of illness, facing the end of their earthly days—Christ descends, as St. Makarios says, into "the heart's hell" to free the one who seeks Him, yearns for Him, craves Him.
Christ will rise in you if you learn to seek Him. Is your life in a spiritual "seeking mode"? The Risen Lord speaks: "Behold, I stand at the door and knock; if any man hear my voice, and open the door, I will come into him." (Revelation 2:20) Do you truly seek Jesus?
Resurrection Means Upheaval
The descent of Jesus into Hades and His Resurrection from that abode of the dead meant the total upheaval of death, of life and of living. To celebrate Holy Pascha, is to believe once more that God constantly breaks into our personal histories, challenging our "conventions," those fixed ways of thinking and acting, the habits that can end up paralyzing us and slowly but surely make us indifferent to Christ Himself.
The Romanian Orthodox theologian Fr. John Anthony McGuckin writes: "To celebrate Pascha is to allow Jesus to triumph over the craven fear that so often assails us and tries to bury every kind of hope. The invitation is addressed to you and me to break out of our routines and to renew our lives, our decisions, and our existence." Resurrection calls us to reorganize our lives around the priority of Jesus—He at the center, He our first priority, He our treasure. Do we want to live this Christ-centered life or do we simply prefer to continue standing speechless before the Cross? Isn't it finally time to choose Jesus?
Resurrection Is A Verb
As the Resurrection of Christ is an introduction to our buried selves, to our alienated neighbors, to our physical world, we, like the Apostolic Church, must find ways to spread the good news of this Rising. The Resurrection of Jesus was not a private event, meant for our personal devotion and pious thoughts. It was meant for the creation of a new humanity where resentment and hostility are frozen forever. In the liturgical prayers at the end of Holy Week, we hear Hell cry out: "My power has been trampled on; the Shepherd has been crucified, and Adam He raised up. I have been deprived of those over whom I ruled; and all those I had the power to swallow, I have disgorged. He who was crucified has cleared the tombs. The dominion of Death is no more."
You and I must find those in our families, among our friends, and in our society who still suffer, who are caught up in that great silence, whose empty souls need the holy balm of the Risen One. We must DO the Resurrection in our world, not simply remember it. We must lift up, as Christ did Adam and Eve, those who have given up hope, feel alienated and marginalized, still wander in the shadows looking for the Light. Resurrection is not so much a noun as a verb—meant to be done, to be spoken, to be lived, to be witnessed—to be made real!
The Christ of the Resurrection icon, standing on the bridge over darkness and emptiness, entering the heart of human longing and incompletion, brings into that place the mystery out of which His own life streams. There are people in your life who yearn for that second chance. Find them, and like the Risen Lord extend your hand and lift them out of whatever dark and lifeless place with which they struggle. Tell them there is another chance because "Christ is Risen! Truly, He is Risen!"
Orthodox Christian Network (OCN) is a 501(c)3 and an official agency of the Assembly of Canonical Bishops of the United States of America . It is a recognized leader in the Orthodox Media field and has sustained consistent growth over twenty-two years. We have worked to create a community for both believers and non believers alike by sharing the timeless faith of Orthodoxy with the contemporary world through modern media. We are on a mission to inspire Orthodox Christians Worldwide. Click to signup to receive weekly newsletter.
Join us in our Media Ministry Missions! Help us bring the Orthodox Faith to the fingertips of Orthodox Christians worldwide! Your gift today will helps us produce and provide unlimited access to Orthodox faith-inspiring programming, services and community. Don't wait. Share the Love of Orthodoxy Today!
Rev. Fr. Dimitrios J. Antokas is the Presiding Priest at St. George Greek Orthodox Church in Bethesda, Maryland.


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Department of Economics, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
Department of Economics, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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In this paper we examine the sustainability of public debt in case of India. We have used combined government data (Centre's and State's government) for a period from 1990 to 2016). For testing the sustainability of debt, we have taken government revenues and expenditure. First we have investigated co-integration between government spending and revenues using ARDL bound testing model. The bound test reveals that there exists no long-run relationship between the variables. Gregory-Hansen and Hatemi-j threshold co-integration test are applied to test the sustainability hypothesis in the presence of regime shift. the result shows that no co-integration relationship between the variables in case of single structural break, but for two structural break our study confirm existence of co-integration relationship for the given variables. We do not find the long-run coefficients statistically significant for sustainability of public debt.
Debt Sustainability; Government's Revenues and Expenditures; ARDL Bound Test
JEL code: C22, C51, H63
Governments take public borrowing to meet the gap between their revenues and expenditures. Mostly domestic borrowings are preferred, as it bears fewer burdens than that of external borrowings. If their domestic markets for borrowings are not well developed they move to external borrowings. The continuous rise in government expenditures create high fiscal deficit, which pushes the government to borrow resources from both external and internal sources. Recently the sustainability of debt has been given considerable attention. Fiscal sustainability concern is spread for both the developed and developing nation. For an instance , the preconditions to enter the European monetary union is Maastricht treaty required from a government not to run budget deficit and debt- GDP ratio beyond a point of 3% and 60% of GDP respectively. Indian government tried many times to reduce fiscal deficit, but sustaining a lower fiscal deficit still a challenge for India, mainly due to high unproductive expenditures.
In the case of India, fiscal sustainability got the importance during late 1980s with sharp fiscal deterioration; combined government (centre and state) debt was 52.4% of GDP in 1980-1981. India's government debt grew firstly in 1991-92, when it was 80.1% of GDP and then again 1997-98, when fiscal deficit became 10 percent of GDP [1]. The public debt scenario of India was not healthy during post economic period, it is worse than in pre-reform period. During post-reform period combined centre and state government's average debt was 79% of GDP [1]. More concern about the sustainability of debt was raised by 12th finance commission in 2004 due to increment in debt more than GDP from 1996 to 2003. Since, 2004 the intensity of concern was reduced due to favorable foreign exchange reserves of around 300 billion US dollar in 2009-10, and economic growth increase by 7.5% per annum from the period of 2004 to 2008. Hence it helped in reducing the fiscal deficit below 4% of GDP by 2007-08. But again fiscal deficit of government of India jumped to over 8% of GDP as expansionary fiscal policy was taken to protect the economy from global financial crisis which further have the concern about fiscal policy sustainability of India.
The amount of public debt in India is so high that burden on each Indian multiplied by 14 times since 1990-1991 to 2104-2015. The growing rate of per capita debt is faster than per capita income. On the basis of data taken by the Ministry of finance, the per capita debt increased at 23% per annum, while per capita income increased at 14% per annum during 2102-13 to 2014-15.
Why is fiscal sustainability or debt sustainability required? Debt sustainability implies that current fiscal policy can be continued. If debt is not sustained, then government's policy is necessary. The failure of debt sustainability is a sign of problem for government in long-run to pay its debt. High debt will be paid in the form of high interest rates, which hinders economic growth.
Many attempts have been taken to manage debt in India, like MTFRPs (Medium Term Fiscal Reform Programs) in 2000-01 and FRBM (Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act) in 2003 but still debt is not controlled. Recently serious concern has been expressed about the sustainability of India's public debt. In this paper we examine the sustainability of India's public debt. We have taken combined debt of centre and state governments in the study and period of study is from 1991 to 2016.
The rest of the paper is designed as follows: Section 2 discusses about earlier literature available on the present study. Section 3 provides a brief report about India's trend of debt/GDP, Expenditures/GDP and Revenues/GDP. Section 4 provides analytical framework. Section 5 discusses data, estimating models and methodology. Section 6 deals with data analysis and empirical results. Conclusions and policy implications are given in section 7.
Traditionally fiscal sustainability was measured in terms of debt-GDP ratio and policy is considered sustainable, if debt-GDP ratio does not grow over time. There are alternative approaches also to test the sustainability of public debt. In Domar approach rate of growth of GDP must exceed the growth of interest rates. Measuring the sustainability of debt from Domar condition is not reasonable [2]. In order to get reasonable result, the standard approach in the literature being used is Intertemporal Budget Constraint (IBC).
In econometrics debt sustainability is tested by the co-movement between government revenues and expenditures. Non-existence of co-integration between revenues and expenditures are interpreted as lack of sustainability.
Hakkio et al. and Quintos [3,4] have investigated debt sustainability based on government's intertemporal budget constraint, using co-integration between government revenues and expenditures. If there exist a co-integration relationship between government expenditures and revenues debt is said to be sustainable. A Strong sustainability if coefficient of co-integration is equal to one and week if it is between zero and one. Using this technique many other studies have investigated for co-integration between government revenues and expenditures to test debt sustainability. Buiter and Patel [5] applied intertemporal budget constraint technique showed unsustainable debt for India, Tarawalie and Oshikoya [6] examined that fiscal deficits was weekly sustainable for all the WAMZ (West African Monterey Zones) countries except for Sierra, Lusinyan and Thronton [7] reached at the conclusion that there was weak sustainability for South Africa, Jha and Sharma [8] revealed sustainability of public debt for India, Deyshappriya [9] concluded a unsustainable fiscal policy for Sri Lanka, Rajan Goya [10] suggested that policy of centre and state government individually is not sustainable, but weekly sustainable for combined government for India, Abdullah et al. [11] examined that fiscal deficits are sustainable for Malaysia in long-run.
Considering the previous literatures on fiscal sustainability, we reached at the conclusion that only some of the literatures available (Afonso et al. [12], Haider Mahmood et al. [13], Kustepeli et al. [14], Tanner et al. [15]) used structural break test applying co-integration test for government revenues and expenditures.
The studies without considering structural break test likely to be inappropriate result. Our intend in this study is to overcome the weakness by using co-integration tests for single structural break and two structural breaks given by GH (Gregory & Hansen) and Hatemi-j (HJ) respectively.
The aim of the study is to test the following major objectives.
• To test the public debt sustainability for India.
• To examine the long-run relationship between government revenue and expenditure as well as strength of relationship.
Mainly the evaluation of debt in India started from 1951.There is four distinct phases of debt up to now. Period from 1968 to 1974 and 2005 to 2016 showing downward trend, while the period from 1952 to 1968 and 1974 to 2004 showed upward trend in debt/GDP ratio.
Figure 1 shows the trend of debt as a percentage of GDP from 1990-91 to 2016- 17and Figure 2 showing trend of government's revenues and expenditures. Figure 2 reveals that expenditures are continuously greater than receipts.
The concept of sustainability of debt implies the fulfillment of intertemporal budget constraint condition. It means in the long-run the market value of government debt must be equal to present value of debt. In the violation of above condition fiscal policy is not sustainable. Budget constraint in the equation form may be written as below.
Where gt is the expenditures without interest payment, Rt is the government revenues with seignior age, it is the interest rate, bt is the level of debt.
Furthermore, size of the economy is not considered in given variables in the eqn. (1). Therefore to take into consideration the economy size GDP ratio of the given variables are required.
Where, Yt is nominal GDP and ρt is growth rate of nominal GDP. Ratio of the GDP is represented in the following capital letters.
Now subtracting and adding ρt in term (1+it) in eqn. (1.2)
Following results are derived with the help of algebra:
Where, which is growth adjusted interest rate, i* is the average of that is equivalent to.
Now here if, the eqn. (1.7) can be written as given below.
Assuming budget constraint continuously at each time t next substitution is written as:
If, expectations condition are imposed on available information at time t. Because Bt-1 is identified at time t that is the hypothesis government follows as its budget constraint written as following.
Therefore, this does not show Ponzi game rule which describes public debt to GDP ratio should not increase more rapidly than interest rate. Principal amount of debt and interest cannot be financed for an indefinite time with new debt. Moreover the amount of public debt is required to wipe out by all present and expected discounted future surpluses.
The method to examine the sustainability of public debt implicates testing the long run relationship in the below given eqn. (1.11).
Where Rt and Gt shows government's revenue and expenditures including the interest payment on public debt. For the debt sustainability the co-integration relation between government revenues and expenditures is used. The coefficient of expenditures plays an important role to determine the degree of debt sustainability.
If, γ=1 means strong sustainability of debt if γ is between zero to one leads to weak sustainability of debt. Eqn. (1.11) has been used as the source for checking sustainability conditions of government intertempoal budget constraint [4,16,17].
We have the time series data on combined centre and state government's revenues and expenditures as a percentage of GDP at current price. The data on all the variables are in rupee billion and sources of data is handbook of Indian statistics. All the variables have been converted into log form.
Model: The long-run relationship between total expenditures and total revenues shows public debt sustainability based on intra-temporal public budget constraint. As given in the following equation.
Where, t=Time period, 1,2,3….n and ut is error term at period t, LRGt and LEGt are government' total revenues and expenditures in log form respectively.
Unit root test: In the present study, as we are using time series data, therefore it is compulsory to check the unit root, to prove whether the series are stationary or non stationary, in order to evade the spurious regression. Since here we have applied ADF-test, PP-test, and KPSS-test of unit root. In case of ADF and PP-test the null hypothesis is that variables are non-stationary and for KPSS-test the null hypothesis is that variables are stationary.
Co-integration methodology: As in case of conventional tests of co-integration of Engle et al. [18] and Johansen et al. [19] which have been used widely in empirical research to examine the long-term relationship of variables especially in a bivariate or multivariate framework .one of the drawbacks of conventional co-integration is that, it is not used when variables are integrated at different order like I (0), and I (1). To overcome this problem, we used ARDL bounds tests approach for co-integration given by Pesaran et al. [20]. ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model) model can be used when variables are not integrated at same order. ARDL Model also has the advantages of simultaneous estimation of long-run and short-run parameters in a model. Checking the stationary of the variables (LRG and LEG), we found different order of integrity. LRG is stationary at first difference at 1% level of significance while LEG is stationary at level at 5% level of significance in ADF test, so we used ARDL bound approach for co-integration.
Since ARDL model of co-integration also have the drawbacks, it was assumed in ARDL model that co-integration relationship does not change over the entire period of study which is not realistic when series is long. In long-run structural break is a common phenomenon, if break is found our result using ARDL model would be misleading as co-integration relationship are changed in the presence of structural break. Gregory-Hansen [21] and Hatemi-J [22] for co-integration relationship argued about the structural break test. So here in our study to avoid the misleading result, we use ARDL bound test technique followed by GH and HJ co-integration test based on single and two structural breaks respectively.
In ARDL model we use the lag values of the dependent variable and the lagged and contemporaneous values of the exogenous variables. Short-run effects are directly estimated, and the long-run equilibrium relationship indirectly estimated as ARDL technique involves error correction term. The model is written as following.
Where, αo is the intercept and ut is error term. F test is used whether a cointegration among the variables exist or not. Null hypothesis of no co-integration in the above equation is as
H0: θ1=θ2=0, against the alternative hypothesis H0: θ1=θ2≠ 0.
For investigating the presence of long run relationship among variables the bound testing procedure is used in which the null hypothesis (H0) of no co-integration is tested against alternative hypothesis (H1) of the existence of co-integration. This ARDL bound test is based on Wald test (F-statistic), in which two critical values are given by Pesaran et al. [20]. If the computed F-statistic is higher than the upper bound critical value, the null hypothesis of no co-integration is rejected. On the other hand the null hypothesis of no co-integration is not rejected, if the F-statistic is less than the lower bound critical value. If the computed F-statistic falls between the two critical bound values, then the results for co-integration are inconclusive.
If the long run relationship is confirmed in the above test, then the following error correction model (ECM) is used to estimate the short run coefficients.
Where, γ speed of adjustment and EC is the error correction term (Table 1).
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics.
GH and HJ have taken level shift (C), level shift with trend (C/T)' and regime shift (C/S) models to test the structural breaks in co-integration tests. Our study takes regime shift model for both GH and HJ co-integration tests. GH test has taken one break point whereas HJ has incorporated two break points. The regime shift model illustration of eqn. (2) for GH and HJ tests which incorporate structural breaks on both intercept and slope are defined as:
GH test:
HJ Test:
Where β0 is common intercept and β1 is the differential intercept over the common intercept in eqn. (6), but differential intercept over the common intercept for the first sub sample of structural break in eqn. (7). The differential intercept β2 over the common intercept β0 is second structural break in eqn. (7).
D1t is dummy variable for the endogenous structural break at time t=1,2,….n for eqn. (6), but for eqn. (7), dummy variable to represent the first endogenous break; D2t is the dummy variable representing the second endogenous structural break at time t=1,2,…..n for eqn. (7).
D1t=0; if t<[nT1] =1; if t>[nT1] D2t=0; if t<[nT2] =1; if t>[nT2]
The dummy variables with the known parameters T1 and T2 belonging to the 0, 1 meaning the relative timing of regime change point or structural break points which are not known a priori. The standard methods for testing the null hypothesis of no cointegration for eqns. (6) and (7), when there are no dummies for structural breaks are residual based approach of Engle et al. [18]. GH has shown that residual based tests namely Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and, Zt test proposed by Perron [23] applied to regression errors to test the null hypothesis of no co-integration leads to misspecification of co-integration if the structural breaks are unknown. GH has however used an advanced nonlinear co-integration test with a structural break which is considered as multivariate extension of univariate ZA (Zivot Andrew) unit root test [24]. Gregory et al. [21] proposed a residual based co-integration test (GHtest) that takes into account regime shifts either in the intercept or the entire vector of coefficients. They proposed biased –corrected modified ADF*, Zα* and ZT* for testing co-integration of the above variables.
ADF*=infADF (τ) (8)
(τ) ∈ T
(τ) ∈ T
(τ) ∈ T
The null hypothesis of no co-integration is tested first by running regression of eqns. (6) and (7) for each possible structural break τ ϵ T=(0.15, 0.85) in the case of GH test and τ1 ϵ T1=(0.15, 0.70) and τ2 ϵ T2 (0.15, 0.85) for HJ test. Then applying eqns. (8)- (10) for regression errors of each possible structural breaks. The smallest value of (8)-(10) is chosen to compare against the critical values of one –break point and twobreak point test developed by GH and HJ respectively, to accept and reject the null hypothesis of no co-integration.
First of all before making the co integration test, we check the stationary of the variables or integrity of the variables .The study used ADF, PP, and KPSS test of unit root for both intercept and trend taking together. The unit root result are presented in Table 2, The variables are stationary at level in case of KPSS test but in case of PP test LRG and LEG both are stationary at first difference at 1% level of significance. ADF test shows that LRG is stationary at first difference at 1% level of significance but LEG is stationary at level at 5% level of significance. The result of Zivot-Andrews test has also been shown (Table 2). In Zivot-Andrews test two breaks found 2002-03 and 2010-11 in model C. Model C shows both intercept and tend in the series. Unit root table reveals that there is a mixtures of the order of integration for the variables consequently for co-integration relationship, we have used ARDL model (Table 3).
Table 2: Zivot-Andrew Unit root test.
|Model A (intercept)
|Model B (trend)
|Model C (intercept and trend)
|Break Year
|Break Year
|Break Year
Table 3: Stationary test result.
|ADF Test
|PP Test
|KPSS Test
|First difference
|First difference
|First difference
Note: ***, **, * denote statistical significant at 1%, 5%, and 10% level respectively
Now after testing stationary we proceed for ARDL bound test (Table 4) for checking the long-run relationship between the variables. The test revels that the calculated F statistic is 2.553 which falls below the lower bound I (0) at 10% level of significance [20].
Table 4: ARDL co-integration bound testing approach result.
|ARDL Function
|Optimal Lag Length
|F Statistics
|( 1,0 )
|( 2.553 )
|Significance Level
|Critical Bound F- Values
|Diagnostics Test
|Adjusted R-squared
|F statistic (prob.value)
|Breusch-Godfrey LM test
|White's hetroscedasticity test
The results of threshold co-integration tests are given in Table 5 which reveals that in case of GH modified ADF*, , and test under the regime shift model fails to reject the null hypothesis of no co-integration relationship at 1% level of significance. For two structural breaks we applied HJ test found that ADF* test rejected the null hypotheses of no co-integration at 1% level of significance. Here co-integration relation is found for two structural breaks under regime shift model at 1% level of significance. The identified breaks years are, 1994-95, 2002-03 in two break models. The breaks are as a response of policy changes. FRBM (Fiscal Reform and Budget Management Act) was introduced in 2003.
Table 5: Threshold co-integration test with Regime Shift.
|GH Test
|-3.634 (2004-05)
|-3.706 (2004-05)
|-20.025 (2004-05)
|HJ Test
|-61.503*** (0.185,0.481)
|-5.178 (0.333,0.444)
|-28.565 (0.222,0.370)
Note: *** Significant at 1% level of significance.
The number in parentheses represents break points. The critical values for GH and HJ tests are available in GH (1996, pp109) and HJ (2008, pp501).
After confirming the presence of co-integration in two structural break model (HJ), next step is to find out the coefficient of long-run relationship and draw the result of the degree of debt sustainability. We have calculated the coefficient of parameters for two endogenous breaks model .The result reveals in the Table 6 that the coefficient is 0.389 in double structural break model which is less than one. So here values are supporting only for weak sustainability rather than strong public debt sustainability.
Table 6: Estimated parameter values with two endogenous breaks.
|First Sub-Sample
|-0.469 (-0.886)
|-0.313 (-0.538)
|0.297 (-0.953)
|0.474 (0.510)
|-0.503 (-0.495)
|0.418 (0.773)
|Diagnostics Test
|Adjusted R-squared
|F statistic (prob.value)
|7.543 (0.0)
|Breusch-Godfrey LM
|White's hetroscedasticity
Note: Figures in brackets are t-statistics.
The result of CUSUM and cumulative sum of squares of recursive residuals (CUSUMQ) tests which are given in the parameter stability graph. The results reveal that our model is stable at the given level of significance (5%) (Figures 3 and 4).
High public debt is the major problem of all the developing nations, like India at present. Increasing debt/GDP ratio curtails private investment as government pay this debt through borrowing from the market which leads to high interest rate. Hence sustainability of debt is needed for the smooth working of the economy.
The present study has examined the public debt sustainability of public debt in case of India for a period of 1991 to 2016. We investigated a nexus between government revenues and expenditures for testing the sustainability of debt. The ARDL bound testing approach used to test check the variables for co-integration. Furthermore Gregory-Hansen and Hatemi-j threshold co-integration test are applied to check the co-integration relationship in the presence of unknown endogenous structural breaks.
The ARDL model did not confirm any long-run relationship between the variables government revenues and expenditures. In case of threshold co-integration test only HJ test provide the result in support of co-integration relation. The endogenous structural break is found in, 1994-95, and 2002-03. However the estimated parameter or slope parameter not supporting the debt sustainability. The coefficients are insignificant in HJ (two endogenous breaks) test as the values of coefficient are less than one calculated Table 6.
The country, India can get free from the burden of high debt and deficit if available recourses are used properly. Situations are dete from Bal and Rath [25], rioting by misuse of recourses as recourses have never been taken properly. Fiscal deficit in budget is due to high non developmental expenditures of the government, deficit can be controlled by reducing such expenditures.
The author's especially thankful to Hansen and Hatemi-J for providing the Gauss codes to test threshold co-integration. The authors are indebted to the referees for their important suggestions.


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"Juliana Converse is a writer, educator, "good witch,". She loves using her extensive cannabis knowledge and teaching background to contribute to a healthier, happier Maryland.
Her preferred medication method is vaping flower. You can find her any day of the week drinking mead and hanging out with her partner and cats in Reservoir Hill."
Review of OH, THC-infused intimacy oil from Curio Wellness
OH advertises itself as playing a role in closing the pleasure gap, that is, the phenomenon that women statistically report achieving orgasm less frequently than their male partners. Since I am among the lucky percentage of women who don't generally have trouble reaching orgasm, either alone or with my partner, I've wondered if a THC- infused lube wouldn't be gilding the lily. And as a poor, working artist with the ability to come regularly, a $70 price tag for one product doesn't feel practical. (Since we all know stoner artists are nothing if not practical.)
A huge pro about this oil is that its ingredients are all-natural and not tested on animals. Furthermore, 100% of the THC content is sourced from Curio's own Golden Strawberry strain, known to be an aphrodisiac. I've described the effects of this strain as feeling like your blood is rising to the surface of your skin, making you much more sensitive to the lightest of touches.
The dominant terpene in this blend is limonene, which a quick look-up on Leafly will tell you is responsible for the citrusy aroma in certain strains. Among this terpene's effects are elevated mood, antifungal and antibacterial properties, and "improves absorption of other terpenes and chemicals by way of the skin, mucous membranes, and digestive tract." So not only is it a guard-dog against the worst threats to vaginal health, but it may, along with the MCT oil, actually help this sensitive mucous membrane absorb the THC more efficiently.
First thing to note is the color: it comes out amber, not clear, so I immediately put a towel under myself. The second is the scent, of oranges and vanilla, though not overpowering like cleaning agents or artificial flavors. The ingredients list orange essence, but some of this sweet citrus is probably from the limonene. The aroma is pleasant, and evokes memories of melting creamsicles on a warm summer night. I used about 4-5 squirts and spread it in and around my labia. I barely had to do anything before I felt quite "thirsty." The sensation is like gentle icy-hot, and I experienced an increased sensitivity to the lightest of touches.
In conclusion, I can say with confidence that this lube is safe and highly effective, even if it had less heavy-lifting to do on me. The effort required to reach orgasm was considerably minimal, and the orgasm itself was one of the best I've had on my own in some time.
I do wish it worked with silicone toys, as I imagine those who struggle would appreciate being able to double-up on methods. And you can't use it with condoms. But as for the price, I'd say if you are among the many women with difficulty achieving orgasm, consider making room for this product in your budget. Because you deserve to feel this
Women have unmet needs in the bedroom and aren't crossing the finish line nearly as often as their male co-captains.
We think that's super lame, so we created our THC-infused intimacy oil to close the pleasure gap.
If you had told me six months ago I'd be a registered medical cannabis patient working at a dispensary in Maryland, I wouldn't have believed it.
And yet in the last month, I've been turning a lifelong curiosity into an open career path. By visiting dispensaries and reaching out to accounts I admired on Instagram, I developed a network and knowledge base that eventually helped me find a job at GreenLabs, a new dispensary in Fell's Point.
Before I even used it, I was fascinated with the beauty of the flower and its mystical and healing properties. I've always loved aspects of 420 culture, especially stoner comedies about women (see: Smiley Face, 2007, Saving Grace, 2000, and the show Broad City). One of my favorite aspects of cannabis is that it promotes laughter and playfulness. Ask anyone: my favorite thing to do is medicate and watch episodes of King of the Hill.
I also spent a lot of time (I should have been doing my Geometry homework) reading works by Abbie Hoffman, Hunter Thompson, and Joan Didion. These texts, along with my research on the War on Drugs and the dark side of Sixties counterculture, were sobering tales of the social repercussions of drug culture. I read deeply and thoroughly to combat my own over-exuberance. I'd read Slouching Towards Bethlehem, then dance to the Grateful Dead (Dick's Picks) in my bedroom and think about what it must feel like to be "stoned."
As an adult patient, I've kept up my nerdy curiosity, looking up and trying different strains to match different needs and symptoms. Sometimes it feels like cannabis has never let me down: I'm what you'd call a functional stoner. When you feel that entourage effect, when it feels like this substance improves absolutely everything, it's easy to think of it as a "cure-all." But cannabis is not a cure-all, nor is everything all hunky-dory once it's medically legal.
With every day since I started a 420 Instagram account, I've wondered, "Should I really be doing this? Should I be putting this out there?" I am a passionate person, so I tend to express myself passionately, and sometimes this worries people who want the best for me. When I reveal passionate parts of myself in my writing, I often feel like I'm betraying or hurting someone. But it has felt increasingly important that I turn my passion for cannabis into an intellectual pursuit, wherein I could have a direct impact on improving people's lives in my home state.
I acknowledge that just because cannabis works for me, doesn't mean it works for everyone. Legalization can help people decide what is a dosage issue and what is a substance issue: is it that you're taking too much, or that you're taking it at all? Not everyone has a positive context for cannabis use. Individuals are looking to me to guide them towards the best way to improve their quality of life with these products. I'd like to help recreate the context around cannabis, so that we can at least discuss it and the industry honestly.
The culture around pot has not always been positive or inclusive, from the high rate of prosecution for people of color, to the normalized objectification of women in media. I became interested in the industry for the same reason I've always been a fiction writer: I see a place where I can contribute my talents to the shaping of a more positive, thoughtful, and inclusive society.
The reality is that money and power shapes industry, so naturally some people have only dollar signs in their eyes, where there should be fan leaves. More people are using cannabis to treat their symptoms, and more of the country is embracing its recreational usage. Demand is skyrocketing. We'll soon stop wondering what the Walmart of weed will be. (Weedmart).
But that doesn't mean it's all sunny days ahead for Maryland's cannabis industry. There will be those who cut corners, who deliberately impede progress, and those who advocate based on outdated or anecdotal claims. It's too easy under the influence of personal and professional euphoria to lose track of ourselves. It is much harder to take responsibility for helping the culture around cannabis become more inclusive and geared towards the individuals who seek our guidance. My goal as a writer and member of the industry is to help shape Maryland's cannabis community by staying alert, critical, and compassionate as we enter this paradigm shift.
Maryland Connoisseur - Cannabis Arts Community & Lifestyle Magazine
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|Terrace of Pyrrhus, Phylon
|The Terrace of Pyrrhus is several steps down from the upmost terraces of the city. It fans out in a semicircle plaza of fiery-colored stone with a sunburst mosaic at its center. Wide rampways accented with knee-high parapets lead both up and down to the next series of terraces, though the rest of the terrace is fenced in with bricks made of clear composite; luminous red, orange, and yellow shift and dance within the bricks, making the short wall look as if it is crafted of flames.
Beyond the outlying shops and the famous Blue Stallion Bistro, this particular terrace is known best for the Grand Theatre. The enormous structure is cylindrical in shape with a heavy, hewed stone exterior marked with swooping windows that shimmer with an iridescent tint. It is topped with a dome ceiling that appears to be made of multicolored stained glass. A circular staircase surrounds the front two-thirds of the cylinder. There are three primary entrances to the theatre, each of which are tall archways that can be closed off with large, heavy doors. Holographic posters line the exterior wall, showcasing which movies, plays, and concerts are being featured over the next month.
|1 June, 3013
Afternoon is in full force, and if the armor of the Cindravale men-at-arms patrolling the city was actually the platemail is somewhat resembles, they would undoubtedly be sweltering. It's amazing how comfortable climate-controlled armor can make a hot early summer day. Drake Danger, up-and-coming rock god and teen heartthrob (to the relative few who have actually heard of him) backs out of a side entrance to the Grand Theatre, shaking the hand of someone who remains inside. An acoustic guitar is slung on his back, and as he steps away from the building, into the bright sunlight and bustling crowds, he begins to whistle brightly, an upbeat, catchy tune — one of his, of course: 'Here I Am,' from his band's recent release.
Home at last, with the impending threat of the Hostiles, Erik had been transferred with some of the Cindravale soldiery to do some extended training to help prepare for when the time comes. Duty that he was more than happy to comply with, even if it meant mission the tourneys that his brother had quite a bit of success in. But with the recent recall of knights and troops, the third son of this Cindravale branch is home. Being home and having settled in, Erik requires a trip into town to reacquaint himself with the surroundings, whether it be booze, women, or entertainment, it's there to be found.
Letha Vallas is stepping out of H.A.G. just as Drake steps out of the Theatre. As if to outdo his meager little guitar, she sports a rather large cello — though hers is tucked neatly away in a case which she has shouldered like a backpack. Her blond hair has been tossed into a messy arrangement of curls and knots that still looks wonderfully artistic while also relaxed. Before she even spies Drake, she catches his whistle that is so very familiar — mostly because since she's been assigned to the bloody "Chasing the Sunset" tour, she has been listening to Hell If I Know's album. She glances toward where it comes, though her gaze is distracted by the sight of the freshly arrived Cindravale.
It has been a busy year so far, so busy Johana had missed the tournament and feast and more of the events than she had intended. Since she'd heard about the pending war, she's made a point of getting out more, sort of a bucket list. At the moment, she's dressed up and out strolling the area, perhaps headed for that famous Blue Stallion Bistro, but she hasn't quite approached it yet. A couple of bags hang loosely from one of her hands, it looks as if she's been shopping. Nearing the theatre, she takes a couple of steps around the whistling a catchy tune she'd heard a few times before. Stopping a minute, she tries to place him.. "Hey!" Her voice is friendly, but careful. "You're that.. Cautious guy, right?"
Making his way out from the bistro itself now, Sammel pauses for a few moments as he looks around, raising one hand to shield his eyes for a few moments. Pausing as he sees Erik, before he starts making his way over in that direction now, steps a bit slow. Looking around again as he walks, he spots Johana and offers her a nod and a smile, before he nods to the others he sees as well, a bit absently.
Drake's fingers rap on the body of the guitar behind his back, forming a counterpoint to the whistling. Both stop when he's addressed, a cocky grin filtering across his lips as he tosses his head, sending a luxurious lock of brown tumbling back out of his face. "Drake Danger, M — " he pauses in the mode of address, taking in the woman's attire and then going for a cautious, "Milady. You've heard of me then?" His tone suggests that the musician thinks it's a rhetorical question. Despite the redhead before him, the sight of another instrument moving through the crowd catches his eye, although he's quickly looking back to where the noble has just multiplied, "Can I help you?"
Erik has an obvious noble bearing, one that was not only bred and trained into him, but one that he had held onto as well, a clear definite difference between himself and a commoner. His fashion of choice has a martial cut, almost a cross between a formal attire and a sharp uniform, one he wears very comfortably. The hummed tune that Drake Danger catches his audible senses, causing the knight to look in that direction, recognizing the song. The singer does look familiar but soon Erik's gaze crosses over the sight of one of his older brothers, Sammel. A grin forms, one that certainly has a cocky touch, and soon the Cindravale Knight begins to make his way towards his brother.
Letha allows her gaze to linger on Erik for a heartbeat — after all, the Cindravales are quite pleasing to look at — and then she adjusts her gaze back on Drake as she starts toward him with a bit of a warm smile rounding out her cheeks. She adjusts the cello on her back as she approaches, carefully tucking up a bit of golden curl. She considers the growing cluster of nobles around him, and then her smile doubles, sending soft dimples at the corners of her mouth.
"Danger.. that's right. I apologize for the confusion at first. Yes, I have heard of you, your music is popular. I'm Sir Johana Ibrahm." Tightening her hand on her bag as she turns to see who he had been addressing, she notices the Cindravale and a somewhat familiar face. "Sir Sammel, good afternoon." Glancing to Drake again, offering a quick smile. "Pardon me a moment, I see someone I know." Kind of. Offering a friendly smile to the girl he had been addressing carrying the cello on her back, she takes a few steps nearer to Sammel. "Where I see one, usually I see another, you are conspicuously missing your brother Sir Niko." To the man at his side, she offers a polite nod.
"Erik," Sammel greets his younger brother, offering a bit of a smile now. "How are you today?" Looking about to say something else too, when Johana greets him, he turns his attention to her now. "Sir Johana. It's a pleasure to see you again," he greets her with a bit of a smile, before he adds, "And I don't know where Sir Niko's hidden himself at the moment. But have you met my other brother, Sir Erik? Erik, meet Lady Sir Johana Ibrahm." Another smile to the Lady Knight now. "What brings you here, if I may ask?"
Drake bobs his head again at Johana's introduction, "Milady Johana, Sir Sammel, Sir Erik," Apparently he's quick enough on the uptake to catch the not-quite-introductions. Reaching up to scrub back his wavy hair, he shuffles back just a touch to allow the nobles a chance to speak amongst themselves, turning his attention to Letha, his smile matching her own, dimpling his cheeks too, "Couldn't resist putting out a little music yourself, Vallas?" He pats the guitar on his back, laughter touching his next words, "I have to say, I think my instrument of choice might be a little easier to cart around…"
The gathering had certainly increased to the number five, one that Erik wasn't expecting. His attention is on his brother first though, nodding to the other Cindravale, "Pleased to be back, training was cut short since we were recalled, but it means that I am home now." And that war against the hostiles may be imminent, a destiny he was born into being part of this generation of knights. At Johana's question though, the youngest Cindravale certainly had thought of the same question, not seeing Niko present. When the introductions are made though, Erik bows his head respectfully to the lady knight, "Honored, Sir Johana. It sounds like my eldest brother had a good showing at the Tourney, winning the Joust. Most fitting, it wouldn't do to have an Orelle win it, or a Khournas."
Erik's attention does shift to the two commoners present, especially when Drake greets him, "Good day, you're the lead singer of that not too awful rock band, aren't you?" That may be his way of saying that the band is pretty good, but it wouldn't do to flatter a commoner too much. The knight's gaze does shift to Letha, not recognizing the cello carrying young woman.
"A pleasure meeting you again as well, Sir Sammel." With a speculative look, and a glance between them, Johana seeks a family resemblance. "Another brother? I believe I have not had the pleasure yet to meet your younger brother. Sir Erik," inclining her head politely. "Delightful meeting you." Shifting her bags to the other hand to redistribute the weight, her gaze automatically lands on Danger and the one he calls Vallas. "Do you two play together?" Inquisitive, the Ibrahm doesn't mind asking questions.
"My father was lucid enough to play today," Letha replies with a quirk of a smile toward her fellow musician. "I brought him to H.A.G. so we could play." That is certainly a big deal for the young woman whose father, famous for his composing, had been suffering dementia for years. She glances over toward the Knights, offering both Erik and Johana — and then Sammel — a polite bow of her head. She straightens up her shoulders a bit. She allows there to be a soft beat pause before she finally offers her own introduction. "I am Letha Vallas, pleasure to meet you all, Sirs."
Letha blinks at Johana then, shaking her head with a bit of a smile. "Oh… no… Drake and I don't play together."
Sammel nods a bit as he hears that, "Good to have you back as well," he offers to Erik, before he offers a grin at the mention of Niko's win. "I'm so sad I wasn't able to go there for it," he offers with a smile, before he nods at Johana's question to Letha and Drake. "A pleasure to meet you, both of you," he greets them.
Drake's eyebrows rise at Letha's news, "Oh… that's terrific." Erik's damnation by faint praise causes him to laugh, shrugging a little helplessly, "Hell If I Know, yessir." The Ibrahm's question causes him to shake his head, gesturing over to Letha, "I don't think that any daughter of Christian Vallas'd be caught dead playing with a scruffy rocker like me." And that spreads his grin even wider, "I wouldn't know how to keep up."
"Another brother indeed, the third." Eyes do look down to the shopping bags for a moment, seeing the interesting combination of knighthood and shopping standing before him, but for now Erik does not offer a witty quip, not wanting the other to take offense when none was intended. When Letha offers her name, Erik nods his head to the young woman before looking back to Drake, an amused smirk appearing, "Yes, that's the name, quite an interesting one I must say. Did you just give up when trying to find one that fits?" The name Christian Vallas rings a faint bell for the noble knight, perhaps it was during one of those cultural tutoring lessons he was given when he was younger that he did not completely sleep or daydream through. "When we return with our victories over the Hostiles, we'll need to depend on you two to conjure up glorious songs for us."
"I am sorry I missed the tournament then, it sounds as if it was an entertaining event." Hearing Letha speak of her father playing and then her reassurance they did not play together, Johana just offers a confused look, until it's explained who her father is. "The composer?" Surprise registers in her eyes and another smile blossoms across her features. "I admit to being a fan all my life. "It's an honor meeting you, Letha Vallas. Your father has given many people the gift of his music." Lifting a brow back towards the rocker, she laughs with him. "Never sell yourself short, every audience has fans of both, I'm sure."
Johana isn't one to easily offend, and her easy going demeanor seems to relay her relaxed mood. Seeing the glance to her bags, she grins. "I'm playing tourist today. Shopping, meeting rockstars, composers daughters, rubbing elbows with the Cindravales." There's a teasing light in her eyes as she manages to laugh at herself and the fact she seems to be enjoying herself.
"I don't think you need to wait for that, Sir," Letha informs Erik politely, her expression remaining soft. "There is a concert already in the works that will honor those who are going to face the Hostiles." Then she glances toward Johana, offering the Young Lady a gentle nod of her head. "Please, my Lady, the honor is mine… if you would like, my father may be of his own mind long enough to gift you one of his newest creations. He builds it a little over time, whenever his mind resurfaces." Whatever happened to Mister Christan Vallas is still a bit of a mystery, though Letha does her best to look pleasant in the light of the discussion. She grins a bit now though. "I bet if you ask him, Drake will play you a bit of a tune. That certainly would add to the tourist experience."
"Well, it's a good way to spend a day, isn't it?" Sammel offers with a chuckle to Johana now, before he offers a grin at Drake. "Don't be so sure. I've heard of far less likely combinations, after all. I'm sure that Miss Vallas wouldn't mind playing together with you at some point, after all."
Erik can't help but laugh in amusement at the thought of the Lady Knight playing tourist, "I hope you are enjoying your stay here in Phylon then, Sir, and that you do not leave disappointed." There is of course pride in his home, even if it is just a waygate skip away from other locations of civilization. When a concert is mentioned, the Cindravale Knight turns his gaze back to Letha, "I am glad to hear that, I am sure the concert will lift the morale and spirits of the men and women of the soldiery, whether they are able to attend personally or not."
Drake grins over at Erik, "There's a funny story there. First show, we had some crazy-ass name, and the announcer couldn't remember the band's name, so he just introduced us as 'Hell If I Know.' Skuzzy loved it, and it stuck." There's a pause, and then he adds, "Skuzzy's my drummer." Johana's comment to him causes him to laugh, "Oh, don't worry, Milady, I'm not likely to sell myself short." He points over to Letha at the mention of the concert, "And make some cash for the cause, of course." Glancing back to Letha at the continued encouragement from the nobles, he draws his guitar back in front of himself, adding, "Can you do slap-bass on that thing, Vallas?"
"The concert sounds like a really nice idea. I'm sure it'll be greatly appreciated by everyone involved, whether facing the hostiles or sending their loved ones to face them." Johana inclines her head in return to the nod from Letha. "I would adore even meeting your father, he is a legend. Hearing his newest creation would be an unimaginable honor." Attempting to be polite and unobtrusive, she does not ask about what had happened, but offers instead, "I am glad to hear he has had a good day today."
With amusement back in her eyes, the Ibrahm nods to Sammel. "I have found it's a lovely way to spend a day, actually. It takes my mind off of pending wars and I've met several people I normally wouldn't have crossed paths with." Tossing her head slightly, bringing the fiery waves of her hair back over her shoulder, she laughs. "There is no way I could leave disappointed, not with the acquaintances I've made in the last ten minutes." As soon as Drake draws his guitar, she beams her approval. "An impromptu show! The best kind. Mind if I snap a few pictures?" Reaching into one of her bags, she draws out her camera, turning it on.
Letha blinks. "What… with… you?" She glances toward Johana and the Cindravale Knights. She starts to unshoulder her bag carefully, setting down the case as she drop onto one knee so she may start to unpack her cello. She glances up toward the Ibrahm at the suggestion of picture-snapping, and she offers a bit of a smile and gentle nod. "Alright, but you best play something I know," she warns as she pulls out the fine, redwood cello with its electronic amplifiers and a built in synthesizer.
Drake shrugs at Letha, grinning crookedly, "Think you can keep up, blondie?" He looks down as he settles his fingers onto the neck of the guitar. Looking up from beneath the waterfall of brown hair, he smiles, "Pictures are encouraged, Milady." His hand slaps at the body of his guitar, "one… two… one, two, three…" Having set the beat, he strums into a jazzy sort of song that seems to center around plucking at the strings and drumming on the body of the guitar. It might be a little difficult to hear at first, but shortly there-after, it becomes clear that it's a version of one of Christian Vallos' best-known songs.
When the story of Drake's band's origin is shared, Erik laughs again, apparently showing approval for how the band received its name, "I can see why he likes it, it's a name that most people won't forget." When the musicians begin to unpack their equipment, the noble knight looks on with interest but there is a look back to the Fortress, "As much as I would like to stay and enjoy your talents, duties will have me back at the Fortress. I am sure I'll be hearing your songs soon enough though." He nods his head to the pair of musical commoners before a more respectful greeting is offered to the Lady Knight and his brother. With that, he turns to leave but he can hear the start of the song in the background, an interesting mix from what he could hear.


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NAIROBI, Kenya, February 6- In following recent tradition, Kenya Police Service has once again rolled out their big guns in an attempt to arrest the competition at the 19th IAAF/AK Permit National Cross Country Championships at Nairobi's Uhuru Gardens on February 15.
While the depth of their 12 runners on show is in no doubt, all eyes will be on their poster girls, World Cross title holder, Emily Chebet (Administration Police) and Mercy Cherono, who is on a personal mission to hunt for her second senior women Africa Cross Country Crown when the event makes a stop in Kampala, Uganda in March.
Having missed the Punta Umbria World Cross in Spain following a debilitating knee injury, Chebet bounced back to the top of the planet when she mugged Ethiopia's Hiwot Ayalew over the last 50m to reclaim the title she won in Poland in 2010.
With regular and administration units merging under Kenya Police service, Chebet is the headline act in the women's senior 8km event at the Nationals.
Even though she is yet to compete on the cross circuit this season, her pedigree on the local front speaks for itself having won the KCB/AK National Cross Country Series jackpot last year en-route to her second World Cross success in Bydgoscz.
Chebet was fourth at the World Championships in Moscow over 10,000m, missing out on the medals by a fraction of a second besides clocking a career best of 68:20 in the half marathon in Valencia in October to further underline her credentials.
1n 2011, Cherono, a decorated junior athlete who won the 3000m gold medal twice as well as the junior World Cross title in Bydgoscz, Poland in 2010, made the seamless transition to the senior ranks when she scooped the senior women African cross gold in South Africa.
Despite not featuring on the local cross circuit this season, Cherono was a shoe-in for the Police squad after impressing at the IAAF Permit meets of Sevilla (third/ January 19) and Elgoibar (fourth/January 12) where she mixed it with the best including World Cross silver winner, Hiwot who won both events.
Former junior national champion, Janet Kisa, former World junior champion, the resurgent Irene Jelagat, Edith Chelimo and Mary Wacera complete the women senior Police corps.
Their corresponding men 12km field is intimidating as well, featuring front running experts and namesakes, 2011 World Cross junior champion, Geoffrey Kipsang Kamworor and twice New York marathon winner, Geoffrey Mutai, as the spearheads.
The pair has chased each other to the finishing line in that order at the Kenya Police Cross Country Championships for two years in a row in another spice to the internal rivalry that could spill over to the National showpiece.
At the 2011 World Cross in Spain where Kipsang unravelled a stunning gun to tape performance to sweep to the gold having arrived only hours to his race, Mutai was part of the Kenyan senior squad that won team gold after he finished fifth, having gone to Punta Umbria as the national champion.
While the marathon ace is part of the loaded April 13 London Marathon field, Mutai expressed interest in doing duty for his country in Kampala should he make the team.
"It will be a good build up for London where I'm hoping to do well having missed it last year with injury," he added after coming second to Kipsang during the Police meet in January.
Last year's surprise national champion, Philemon Rono, is now part of the Police line-up alongside former World junior champion, Josphat Bett, Barnabas Sigei and Joseph Kitur.
-Athletics Kenya
Geoffrey Kipsang Kamworor
Geoffrey Mutai
Philemon Rono
Barnabas Sigei
Josphat Bett
Joseph Kitur
Emily Chebet
Mercy Cherono
Irene Jelagat
Mary Wacera
Janet Kisa
Edith Chelimo


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The Challenge
A new product, introduced 4 years previously, was now under-performing.
Unclear whether consumers considered the product a new brand or a 3rd variation on the original brand.
Despite heavy investment, evidence of cannibalisation of other brands within the portfolio.
Internal debate on whether to stick with original plans or reposition, with a gradual transition to a new brand proposition.
What We Did
In-depth analysis of all available information covering 4 countries (1 emerging, 3 developed with vastly differing product performances).
Identification of key performance drivers, specific to each local brand positioning, and communication strategies adopted during each launch phase.
Defined alternative brand positioning.
Clear recommendations on future positioning to regenerate consistent growth.
Key Findings
Cannibalization risk was high between the 2nd and 3rd brand variant due to similar target consumers.
Repositioning of the new product variant would benefit not only the variant itself, but also the original over-arching brand, positioning the company well for future growth.
Consumer needs, as well as legislation, are evolving and the company could stay ahead of the curve through a well-managed transition to a new portfolio positioning.
The Results
Findings were not a complete surprise, and were well grounded in hard evidence, but the buy-in process to a new positioning would require a significant organisational change.
Over the following 12 months, however, recommendations were taken on board with a revised communication strategy in selected countries.
The original approach and significant contribution of Sevendots has led to subsequent projects for the same company across countries and across internal areas of the business.


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It has been a pleasure to work with Deborah. Deborah's evaluation and pricing of our condo was excellent. The whole selling process went extremely smooth. She made it so easy to sell a condo from out of town by handling most of the paperwork through email. The professional photos taken of our condo were great. Our condo was advertised on multiple websites and email blasts. She really truly knows the market in the area. We would not hesitate to do business with her again and we will happily recommend them to anyone needing a realtor.
You are here: Home / Testimonials / Samantha & Ken P. ~ Truckee


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Indy Broekman
I am Indy, chairman of the 35th EFR Business Week. My responsibilities include supporting and motivating the team and meeting with companies and other stakeholders, which is a lot of fun! Besides that, I'm also in charge of organising the trainings and International Business Trip(s). So, stay tuned and find out where we're headed this year!
The whole team is working hard to make this year's EFR Business Week one of the best ones yet, make sure to stay up to date with our Instagram in the upcoming weeks to meet all of them
Hope to see you all in April


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Zucchini flowers are perfect for stuffingMonday, Jul 18, 2016
Zucchini flowers are perfect for stuffing. In the following recipe, the flowers are filled with cheese before frying. The result is a creamy, flavourful filling and a supercrisp crust.
Zucchini flowers are perfect for stuffing. In the following recipe, the flowers are filled with cheese before frying. The result is a creamy, flavourful filling and a supercrisp crust.
If it's already time to start gearing up for school and if you're open to rethinking the typical lunch box fare, consider losing the sandwich and embracing the stuffed egg.
This week's recipe puts a Brazilian twist on an American staple, succotash. It should be just the ticket in August, when millions of us watch the Olympics being played in Rio de Janeiro.
The classic version of succotash is a combination of fresh corn and lima beans (or some other shell bean), sometimes embellished with tomatoes or peppers.
Summertime is harvest time for sweet stone fruits: apricots, peaches, plums, nectarines and plumcots, a hybrid of a plum and an apricot. Plumcots have been around at least since the days of Luther Burbank, who named them. They're also known as apriplums.
Chicken wings are wonderful, but Buffalo Chicken Wings are on another level and that's thanks to the sauce. Defined by blue cheese, celery and hot sauce, Buffalo sauce could glorify any number of dishes. (Imagine how luscious it would be on a steak!) Looking ahead to the Fourth of July and its picnics, I wondered what would happen if I Buffalo'd some potato salad.
I've always been a sucker for scallops. They're sweet, meaty, cylindrical and bite-sized. This particular recipe puts scallops at the centre of a skewer's worth of very tasty kebabs. It requires no more than 15 minutes hands-on time and 40 minutes total from start to finish.
There are few dishes more elemental and satisfying than bruschetta. A mainstay at many Italian restaurants, it's an appetizer comprising slices of grilled bread adorned with any number of toppings. According to Italian cookbook author Marcella Hazan, bruschetta likely originated in ancient Rome.
The first time I ate fresh soybeans was, naturally enough, at a Japanese restaurant. Known as edamame, the dish is a staple of Japanese restaurant menus.
Here in America we think of white asparagus as the pink elephant of the vegetable world not even a rumour so much as a hallucination.
It actually has been a staple in Europe for centuries. These days, happily enough, I've been spotting white asparagus more often on our side of the pond.
Horseradish a member of the mustard family native to Eastern and Central Europe has been enjoyed by people since antiquity. Even so, when Peter Kump, one of my mentors, wrote in praise of the root in 1992, he argued well that horseradish remained vastly underappreciated.


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What a difference a run makes.
In Q1 at the NHRA Mello Yello Series New England Nationals in Epping, N.H., Friday, Clay Millican's Top Fuel dragster would not even start.
That low was met by an extreme high in Q2 as Millican rocketed to the top of the qualifying ladder with a 3.795-second elapsed time at 326.71 mph.
"Before we went up for Q2 obviously the frustration level was pretty high," said Millican. "I was getting text messages 'why wouldn't the car start?' You know what, the best thing for me to do is just let them figure it out. The car wouldn't start at Norwalk and we thought it was bad gas and we had the same problem here and they were thrashing. I mean like until the first Funny Cars were running, the car wasn't even put back together. The second thing (crew chief) Mike Kloeber said once we went 3.79 was a bad word that started with a 'D' and he said we could have gone so much quicker because I had to be careful to make sure it went down the track because we didn't get that first run."
Millican addressed the source of his problems in Q1.
"It ended up being and I feel bad, Dave Leahy is a friend of mine and he makes all the safety system boxes that we use, but it is a really old box," Millican said. "We've had it on the car for a couple of years and he will fix it, but apparently that was what was wrong. Safety systems are awesome, but we all have seen it over and over again to where sometimes they malfunction. You've seen people's parachutes come out at the starting line, whatever. It's not Dave's fault. It is just the pure violence and vibration and everything that happens with these things. Ours has, Lord knows, how many runs on it, probably 300 or 400 because it is a couple of years old. We changed that box along with other things, but it ended up that's what it was apparently."
On Friday it was hot and humid in Epping, but the weather forecast is predicting it will cool down for Sunday something Millican would welcome.
"For me, it always means I get a faster ride and that's what I enjoy doing this for," Millican said. "I love going out there, going fast. It will be different. It's hot today. This feels like Tennessee. Before we left home (his wife) Donna had me out there folding 300-something T-Shirts in the shop, no air conditioning. She had a method for what she was doing, and it was just prepping me for sitting in the car. I was sweating. You have to realize what you're doing right now is not going to apply if it is 15 to 20 degrees cooler (Sunday).
But it is easier to tune for cooler conditions than hot as it is right now. It was obvious everybody was having trouble. There was no way a 3.79 was going to stay No. 1, I didn't think because we were the second car down the race track in that session. It's a good race track, but any race track is going to have trouble when it is this hot out there."
Get the @competitionplus Mobile APP to get your drag racing news quick and easy. – https://t.co/HsiKEmdZXO pic.twitter.com/qpgtrHqnpr
— Competition Plus (@competitionplus) January 4, 2019
Competition Plus – :::::: News :::::: – MILLICAN TAKES PROVISIONAL TF NO. 1 AT NEW ENGLAND NATS


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Kevin M. Karleski, CPA
Phone: 315.701.6444
Fax: 315.423.2858
Kevin joined Grossman St. Amour CPAs in September 2018. He is a Certified Public Accountant in the State of New York.
Kevin works within the audit services and tax services groups, respectively. Kevin practices in the areas of audit and attest engagements, financial statement preparation, income tax return preparation, payroll and sales tax return preparation, and bookkeeping. He works with not-for-profit organizations, fire districts, public school districts, museums, for-profit businesses, and individuals.
Kevin completed the Grossman St. Amour CPAs Internship Program, and was a Volunteer Income Tax Preparer for VITA. He was a member of Le Moyne's Loyal Leadership Program and assisted Le Moyne College students in developing mentor/mentee relationships with community leaders.
Kevin is a resident of Syracuse, New York.
Le Moyne College, Madden School of Business – Bachelor of Science in Accounting, and Masters of Business Administration
What nugget of wisdom would you offer aspiring accountants?
Ask questions and show interest.
What drew you to accounting?
My high school offered an accounting elective and I enjoyed the class.
What's your proudest achievement?
Passing any CPA exam.
Who is (or was) the most influential person in your life?
My Mom and Dad equally pushed me to achieve different goals.
What is your favorite quote?
Don't hold onto a mistake because you spent a long time making it.
What's it like working for a firm that has been around so long?
I am very fortunate to learn from experienced coworkers who possess so much knowledge through their successful careers.
How do you relax when not working?
Watch the Falcons, Yankees, Celtics and anything Syracuse.
Favorite vacation?
Word that describes you.
What was your first concert?
Aaron Carter.
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