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- Culture of the People's Republic of China
- This article discusses the culture of the People's Republic of China. See also the culture of China, culture of Hong Kong, culture of Macau and culture of Taiwan.
The culture of the People's Republic of China is a rich and varied blend of traditional Chinese culture with communist and other international modern and post-modern influences. During the Cultural Revolution, an enormous number of cultural treasures of inestimable value were seriously damaged or destroyed and the practice of many arts and crafts was prohibited. Since the early 1980s, however, official repudiation of those policies has been complemented by vigorous efforts to renew China's remarkable cultural traditions. China's culture thus remains highly complex, encompassing ancient traditions and modern experiments, in what sometimes appears to be a rather dynamic but tenuous mix.
The culture of People's Republic was in development long before its foundation in 1949, and is mainly a combination of traditional Chinese culture and communism. Much of the diversity of China's culture seems to come from the diversity of the Han Chinese who make up China, and the national minorities who bring individual cultural elements from their cultures, and contribute to a continuing development of Chinese culture that follows cultural changes nationwide and internationally. The culture is also very much based on the history of China which developed mainly in isolation over the hundreds of years in which it has adapted and assimilated. The ideology of the Communist and Maoist movement beginning in the twentieth century is certainly crucial to understanding modern Chinese culture. Today, China still has many close cultural links with other parts of the world, especially within East Asia and Southeast Asia (see Sinosphere).
- 1 History
- 2 Literature
- 3 Traditional arts
- 4 Contemporary performing arts
- 5 Publishing
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Early years
For some years after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, traditional Chinese culture was tolerated to some extent. The main changes concentrated on attempts to remove traditional social inequalities, such as sexism, ethnocentrism, and serfdom. A form of Mandarin Chinese known as Putonghua was promoted by the Central People's Government in Beijing as the lingua franca in a continuation of the Kuo-yü of the Republic of China (ROC, "Taiwan"), but the various local spoken variants and the languages of the numerous ethnic groups of China remains in use.
As the Soviet Union was an ally of the PRC at the time, the culture of Russia, especially the Russian language, was quite popular; but this trend was halted when a border dispute ended the Sino-Soviet alliance in 1961—the Sino-Soviet split.
Cultural Revolution
When the Cultural Revolution began in 1966 all forms of traditional culture, Chinese or Western, were suppressed, including to bring an end to the Four Olds. Temples and churches were vandalized by the Red Guards; Confucian morality was frowned upon; and a cult of personality surrounding Chairman Mao Zedong was promoted. The Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong (or the "Little Red Book") achieved sanctity equivalent to a holy text as part of Maoism, or "thoughts of Mao Zedong", which became the national ideology. Simplified Chinese ideograms were also officially introduced at the time, though many such simplified characters have existed for hundreds of years. It was in an effort to promote literacy, but has brought about a number of debates.
The artistic community was particularly affected by the Cultural Revolution. Initially only eight "Sample Acts", or propaganda performances, were allowed, along with the "Loyalty Dance", posters that deify Chairman Mao, and a large number of revolutionary songs such as The East Is Red. (See also Mao suit.)
During the later stages of the Cultural Revolution, the Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius campaign was a political campaign started by Mao Zedong's fourth wife Jiang Qing, which lasted from 1973 to 1974 and was an extension of the then-current anti-Lin Biao campaign, used to attack the then-Premier Zhou Enlai.
Post-Mao era
After the Maoist era, there has been a renaissance of traditional Chinese culture. Local religions including Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism have flourished. These are not mutually exclusive, and many people practice a combination of the three along with elements of various folk religions. There has also been a revival of Chinese Islam and Christianity, although religious institutions remain under the control of the government. The Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) and the China Christian Council (CCC) are Protestant groups. The Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association (CCPA) and the Chinese Catholic Bishops Council (CCBC) are subordinate to the government in Beijing, instead of to the Holy See.
Traditional Chinese arts have also re-emerged from the Cultural Revolution, but their developments have been hampered by the Chinese society's ready acceptance of outside cultural influences,[citation needed] particularly the popular culture of Hong Kong, which has a huge following inside the PRC. Nevertheless the television stations in the PRC have in recent years produced numerous quality drama series, covering everything from imperial history to modern-day police actions, and are gaining immense popularity in mainland China.
The official enforcement of the One-Child Policy has created a generation of "Little Emperors" doted upon by their parents, made more so by the development of a Western-style consumer culture within the PRC. This initially revived a sense of xenophilia among the mainland Chinese population that originated in the colonial days of the late 19th century. However, as mainland China became an economic power in its own right, the PRC government has intentionally fostered a sense of patriotic pride amongst the mainland Chinese population, which some critics see as a resurgence of Chinese nationalism.[citation needed]
Beginning in the late 1980s and early 1990s mainland China became exposed to more western elements, notably pop culture. American cinema is popular. Young people gather late at night in bars and nightclubs. There is a growing obsession with brand names. Teen slang is incorporating western language. China has also developed a unique cell phone culture, as it has the most mobile phone users in the world; as well as being the country with the most internet users in the world.
LiteratureMain article: Chinese literature
Modern prose
In the New Culture Movement (1917–23), literary writing style was largely replaced by the vernacular in all areas of literature. This was brought about mainly by Lu Xun (1881–1936), China's first major stylist in vernacular prose (other than the novel), and the literary reformers Hu Shi (1891–1962) and Chen Duxiu (1880–1942).
The late 1920s and 1930s were years of creativity in Chinese fiction, and literary journals and societies espousing various artistic theories proliferated. Among the major writers of the period were Guo Moruo (1892–1978), a poet, historian, essayist, and critic; Mao Dun (1896–1981), the first of the novelists to emerge from the League of Left-Wing Writers and one whose work reflected the revolutionary struggle and disillusionment of the late 1920s; and Ba Jin (1904–2005), a novelist whose work was influenced by Ivan Turgenev and other Russian writers. In the 1930s Ba Jin produced a trilogy that depicted the struggle of modern youth against the age-old dominance of the Confucian family system. Comparison often is made between Jia (Family), one of the novels in the trilogy, and Hong Lou Meng. Another writer of the period was the gifted satirist and novelist Lao She (1899–1966). Many of these writers became important as administrators of artistic and literary policy after 1949. Most of those still alive during the Cultural Revolution were either purged or forced to submit to public humiliation.
The League of Left-Wing Writers was founded in 1930 and included Lu Xun in its leadership. By 1932 it had adopted the Soviet doctrine of socialist realism, that is, the insistence that art must concentrate on contemporary events in a realistic way, exposing the ills of nonsocialist society and promoting the glorious future under communism. After 1949 socialist realism, based on Mao's famous 1942 "Yan'an Talks on Literature and Art," became the uniform style of Chinese authors whose works were published. Conflict, however, soon developed between the government and the writers. The ability to satirize and expose the evils in contemporary society that had made writers useful to the Chinese Communist Party before its accession to power was no longer welcomed. Even more unwelcome to the party was the persistence among writers of what was deplored as "petty bourgeois idealism," "humanitarianism," and an insistence on freedom to choose subject matter.
At the time of the Great Leap Forward, the government increased its insistence on the use of socialist realism and combined with it so-called revolutionary realism and revolutionary romanticism. Authors were permitted to write about contemporary China, as well as other times during China's modern period - as long as it was accomplished with the desired socialist revolutionary realism. Nonetheless, the political restrictions discouraged many writers. Although authors were encouraged to write, production of literature fell off to the point that in 1962 only forty-two novels were published.
During the Cultural Revolution, the repression and intimidation led by Mao's fourth wife, Jiang Qing, succeeded in drying up all cultural activity except a few "model" operas and heroic stories. Although it has since been learned that some writers continued to produce in secret, during that period no significant literary work was published.
Literature in the Post-Mao period
The arrest of Jiang Qing and the other members of the Gang of Four in 1976, and especially the reforms initiated at the Third Plenum of the Eleventh National Party Congress Central Committee in December 1978, led more and more older writers and some younger writers to take up their pens again. Much of the literature discussed the serious abuses of power that had taken place at both the national and the local levels during the Cultural Revolution. The writers decried the waste of time and talent during that decade and bemoaned abuses that had held China back. At the same time, the writers expressed eagerness to make a contribution to building Chinese society. This literature, often called "the literature of the wounded," contained some disquieting views of the party and the political system. Intensely patriotic, these authors wrote cynically of the political leadership that gave rise to the extreme chaos and disorder of the Cultural Revolution. Some of them extended the blame to the entire generation of leaders and to the political system itself. The political authorities were faced with a serious problem: how could they encourage writers to criticize and discredit the abuses of the Cultural Revolution without allowing that criticism to go beyond what they considered tolerable limits.
During this period, a large number of novels and short stories were published; literary magazines from before the Cultural Revolution were revived, and new ones were added to satisfy the seemingly insatiable appetite of the reading public. There was a special interest in foreign works. Linguists were commissioned to translate recently published foreign literature, often without carefully considering its interest for the Chinese reader. Literary magazines specializing in translations of foreign short stories became very popular, especially among the young.
It is not surprising that such dramatic change brought objections from some leaders in government and literary and art circles, who feared it was happening too fast. The first reaction came in 1980 with calls to combat "bourgeois liberalism," a campaign that was repeated in 1981. These two difficult periods were followed by the campaign against spiritual pollution in late 1983, but by 1986 writers were again enjoying greater creative freedom (see Chinese intellectualism).
Traditional arts
Traditional drama, often called "Chinese opera," grew out of the zaju (variety plays) of the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) and continues to exist in 368 different forms, the best known of which is Beijing Opera, which assumed its present form in the mid-nineteenth century and was extremely popular in the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) court. In Beijing Opera, traditional Chinese string instrument and percussion instruments provide a strong rhythmic accompaniment to the acting. The acting is based on allusion: gestures, footwork, and other body movements express such actions as riding a horse, rowing a boat, or opening a door. Spoken dialogue is divided into recitative and Beijing colloquial speech, the former employed by serious characters and the latter by young females and clowns. Character roles are strictly defined. The traditional repertoire of Beijing Opera includes more than 1,000 works, mostly taken from historical novels about political and military struggles.
In the early years of the People's Republic, the development of Beijing Opera was encouraged; many new operas on historical and modern themes were written, and earlier operas continued to be performed. As a popular art form, opera has usually been the first of the arts to reflect changes in Chinese policy. In the mid-1950s, for example, it was the first to benefit under the Hundred Flowers Campaign. Similarly, the attack in November 1965 on Beijing deputy mayor Wu Han and his historical play, "Hai Rui's Dismissal from Office," signaled the beginning of the Cultural Revolution. During the Cultural Revolution, most opera troupes were disbanded, performers and scriptwriters were persecuted, and all operas except the eight "model operas" approved by Jiang Qing and her associates were banned. After the fall of the Gang of Four in 1976, Beijing Opera enjoyed a revival and continued to be a very popular form of entertainment both in theaters and on television.
In traditional Chinese theater, no plays were performed in the vernacular or without singing. But at the turn of the twentieth century, Chinese students returning from abroad began to experiment with Western plays. Following the May Fourth Movement of 1919, a number of Western plays were staged in China, and Chinese playwrights began to imitate this form. The most notable of the new-style playwrights was Cao Yu (1910–1996). His major works - "Thunderstorm," "Sunrise," "Wilderness," and "Peking Man" - written between 1934 and 1940, have been widely read in China.
In the 1930s, theatrical productions performed by traveling Red Army cultural troupes in Communist-controlled areas were consciously used to promote party goals and political philosophy. By the 1940s theater was well established in the Communist-controlled areas.
In the early years of the People's Republic, Western-style theater was presented mainly in the form of "socialist realism." During the Cultural Revolution, however, Western-style plays were condemned as "dead drama" and "poisonous weeds" and were not performed.
Following the Cultural Revolution, Western-style theater experienced a revival. Many new works appeared, and revised and banned plays from China and abroad were reinstated in the national repertoire. Many of the new plays strained at the limits of creative freedom and were alternately commended and condemned, depending on the political atmosphere. One of the most outspoken of the new breed of playwrights was Sha Yexin. His controversial play "The Imposter," which dealt harshly with the favoritism and perquisites accorded party members, was first produced in 1979. In early 1980 the play was roundly criticized by Secretary General Hu Yaobang - the first public intervention in the arts since the Cultural Revolution. In the campaign against bourgeois liberalism in 1981 and the anti-spiritual pollution campaign in 1983, Sha and his works were again criticized. Through it all Sha continued to write for the stage and to defend himself and his works in the press. In late 1985 Sha Yexin was accepted into the Chinese Communist Party and appointed head of the Shanghai People's Art Theater, where he continued to produce controversial plays.
Chinese music appears to date back to the dawn of Chinese civilization, and documents and artifacts provide evidence of a well-developed musical culture as early as the Zhou dynasty (1027- 221 BCE). The Imperial Music Bureau, first established in the Qin dynasty (221-207 BCE), was greatly expanded under the Han emperor Wu Di (140-87 BCE) and charged with supervising court music and military music and determining what folk music would be officially recognized. In subsequent dynasties, the development of Chinese music was strongly influenced by foreign music, especially that of Central Asia.
Chinese vocal music has traditionally been sung in a thin, nonresonant voice or in falsetto and is usually solo rather than choral. All traditional Chinese music is melodic rather than harmonic. Instrumental music is played on solo instruments or in small ensembles of plucked and bowed stringed instruments, flutes, and various cymbals, gongs, and drums. The scale has five notes.
The New Culture Movement of the 1910s and 1920s evoked a great deal of lasting interest in Western music as a number of Chinese musicians who had studied abroad returned to perform Western classical music and to compose works of their own based on the Western musical notation system. Symphony orchestras were formed in most major cities and performed to a wide audience in the concert halls and on radio. Popular music - greatly influenced by Western music, especially that of the United States - also gained a wide audience in the 1940s. After the 1942 Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art, a large-scale campaign was launched in the Communist-controlled areas to adapt folk music to create revolutionary songs to educate the largely illiterate rural population on party goals.
After the establishment of the People's Republic, revolutionary songs continued to be performed, and much of the remainder of popular music consisted of popular songs from the Soviet Union with the lyrics translated into Chinese. Symphony orchestras flourished throughout the country, performing Western classical music and compositions by Chinese composers. Conservatories and other institutions of musical instruction were developed and expanded in the major cities. A number of orchestras from Eastern Europe performed in China, and Chinese musicians and musical groups participated in a wide variety of international festivals.
During the height of the Cultural Revolution, musical composition and performance were greatly restricted. After the Cultural Revolution, musical institutions were reinstated and musical composition and performance revived. In 1980 the Chinese Musicians' Association was formally elected to the International Musicological Society. Chinese musical groups toured foreign countries, and foreign musical organizations performed in China. In the mid-1980s popular ballads and Western folk and classical music still drew the greatest audiences, but other kinds of music, including previously banned Western jazz and rock and roll, were being performed and were receiving increasing acceptance, especially among young people.
Painting and calligraphy
In imperial times, painting and calligraphy were the most highly appreciated arts in court circles and were produced almost exclusively by amateurs - aristocrats and scholar-officials - who alone had the leisure to perfect the technique and sensibility necessary for great brushwork. Calligraphy was thought to be the highest and purest form of painting. The implements were the brush pen, made of animal hair, and black inks made from pine soot and animal glue. In ancient times, writing, as well as painting, was done on silk. But after the invention of paper in the first century CE, silk was gradually replaced by the new and cheaper material. Original writings by famous calligraphers have been greatly valued throughout China's history and are mounted on scrolls and hung on walls in the same way that paintings are.
Painting in the traditional style involves essentially the same techniques as calligraphy and is done with a brush dipped in black or colored ink; oils are not used. As with calligraphy, the most popular materials on which paintings are made are paper and silk. The finished work is then mounted on scrolls, which can be hung or rolled up. Traditional painting also is done in albums and on walls, lacquerwork, and other media.
Beginning in the Tang dynasty (CE 618-907), the primary subject matter of painting was the landscape, known as shanshui (mountain-water) painting. In these landscapes, usually monochromatic and sparse, the purpose was not to reproduce exactly the appearance of nature but rather to grasp an emotion or atmosphere so as to catch the "rhythm" of nature. In Song dynasty (960-1279) times, landscapes of more subtle expression appeared; immeasurable distances were conveyed through the use of blurred outlines, mountain contours disappearing into the mist, and impressionistic treatment of natural phenomena. Emphasis was placed on the spiritual qualities of the painting and on the ability of the artist to reveal the inner harmony of man and nature, as perceived according to Taoist and Buddhist concepts (see Hundred Schools of Thought).
Beginning in the thirteenth century, there developed a tradition of painting simple subjects - a branch with fruit, a few flowers, or one or two horses. Narrative painting, with a wider color range and a much busier composition than the Song painting, was immensely popular at the time of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644).
During the Ming period, the first books illustrated with colored woodcuts appeared. As the techniques of color printing were perfected, illustrated manuals on the art of painting began to be published. Jieziyuan Huazhuan (Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden), a five-volume work first published in 1679, has been in use as a technical textbook for artists and students ever since.
Beginning with the New Culture Movement, Chinese artists started to adopt Western techniques. It also was during this time that oil painting was introduced to China.
In the early years of the People's Republic, artists were encouraged to employ socialist realism. Some Soviet socialist realism was imported without modification, and painters were assigned subjects and expected to mass-produce paintings. This regimen was considerably relaxed in 1953, and after the Hundred Flowers Campaign of 1956-57, traditional Chinese painting experienced a significant revival. Along with these developments in professional art circles, there was a proliferation of peasant art depicting everyday life in the rural areas on wall murals and in open-air painting exhibitions.
During the Cultural Revolution, art schools were closed, and publication of art journals and major art exhibitions ceased. Nevertheless, amateur art continued to flourish throughout this period.
Following the Cultural Revolution, art schools and professional organizations were reinstated. Exchanges were set up with groups of foreign artists, and Chinese artists began to experiment with new subjects and techniques.
Contemporary performing arts
Motion picturesMain article: Cinema of China
Motion pictures were introduced to China in 1896, but the film industry was not started until 1917. During the 1920s film technicians from the United States trained Chinese technicians in Shanghai, an early filmmaking center, and American influence continued to be felt there for the next two decades. In the 1930s and 1940s, several socially and politically important films were produced.
The film industry continued to develop after 1949. In the 17 years between the founding of the People's Republic and the Cultural Revolution, 603 feature films and 8,342 reels of documentaries and newsreels were produced. The first wide-screen film was produced in 1960. Animated films using a variety of folk arts, such as papercuts, shadow plays, puppetry, and traditional paintings, also were very popular for entertaining and educating children.
During the Cultural Revolution, the film industry was severely restricted. Most previous films were banned, and only a few new ones were produced. In the years immediately following the Cultural Revolution, the film industry again flourished as a medium of popular entertainment. Domestically produced films played to large audiences, and tickets for foreign film festivals sold quickly.
In the 1980s the film industry fell on hard times, faced with the dual problems of competition from other forms of entertainment and concern on the part of the authorities that many of the popular thriller and martial arts films were socially unacceptable. In January 1986 the film industry was transferred from the Ministry of Culture to the newly formed Ministry of Radio, Cinema, and Television to bring it under "stricter control and management" and to "strengthen supervision over production."
Radio and televisionMain article: Television in the People's Republic of China
Radio and television expanded rapidly in the 1980s as important means of mass communication and popular entertainment (see Communications in China). By 1985 radio reached 75 percent of the population through 167 radio stations, 215 million radios, and a vast wired loudspeaker system. Television, growing at an even more rapid rate, reached two-thirds of the population through more than 104 stations (up from 52 in 1984 and 44 in 1983); an estimated 85 percent of the urban population had access to television. As radio and television stations grew, the content of the programming changed drastically from the political lectures and statistical lists of the previous period. Typical radio listening included soap operas based on popular novels and a variety of Chinese and foreign music. Most television shows were entertainment, including feature films, sports, drama, music, dance, and children's programming. In 1985 a survey of a typical week of television programming made by the Shanghai publication Wuxiandian Yu Dianshi (Journal of Radio and Television) revealed that more than half of the programming could be termed entertainment; education made up 24 percent of the remainder of the programming and news 15 percent. A wide cross section of international news was presented each evening. Most news broadcasts had been borrowed from foreign news organizations, and a Chinese summary was dubbed over. China Central Television also contracted with several foreign broadcasters for entertainment programs. Between 1982 and 1985, six United States television companies signed agreements to provide American programs to China.
Folk and variety artsMain articles: Chinese folk art and Chinese variety art
Folk and variety arts have a long history in China. One of the oldest forms of folk art is puppetry. Puppeteers use various kinds of puppets, including marionettes, rod puppets, cloth puppets, and wire puppets in performances incorporating folk songs and dances and some dialogues. The subject matter is derived mainly from children's stories and fables. The shadow play is a form of puppetry that is performed by moving figures made of animal skins or cardboard held behind a screen lit by lamplight. The subject matter and singing style in shadow plays are closely related to local opera. Another popular folk art is the quyi, which consists of various kinds of storytelling and comic monologues and dialogues, often to the accompaniment of clappers, drums, or stringed instruments.
Variety arts, including tightrope walking, acrobatics, animal acts, and sleight of hand date back at least as far as the Han dynasty (206 BCE-CE 220) and were very popular in the imperial court. Later, many of these feats were incorporated into the traditional theater, and they continued to be performed by itinerant troupes. As these troupes traveled around the countryside, they developed and enriched their repertoire. Since 1949 these art forms have gained new respectability. Troupes have been established in the provinces, autonomous regions, and special municipalities, and theaters specifically dedicated to the variety arts have been built in major cities. Some troupes have become world famous, playing to packed houses at home and on foreign tours.
Stand-up comedy
Stand-up comedy is an emerging art form. China has blocked access to Comedy Central's website, deeming the website unsuitable for China's citizens.[1] Hong Kong is the only city in China to offer a fulltime comedy club,[1] where both English and Cantonese speaking comedians perform.
Each October, Hong Kong hosts an annual comedy festival, the HK International Comedy Festival.
Publishing in China dates from the invention of woodblock printing around the eighth century CE and was greatly expanded with the invention of movable clay type in the eleventh century. From the tenth to the twelfth century, Kaifeng, Meishan, Hangzhou, and Jianyang were major printing centers. In the nineteenth century, China acquired movable lead type and photogravure printing plates and entered the age of modern book and magazine printing. The largest of the early publishing houses were the Commercial Press (Shangwu Yinshuguan), established in 1897, and the China Publishing House (Zhonghua Shuju), established in 1912, both of which were still operating in 1987. Following the May Fourth Movement of 1919, publishers, especially those associated with various groups of intellectuals, proliferated. During the Chinese civil war, New China Booksellers (Xinhua Shudian) published a large amount of Marxist literature and educational materials in the communist-controlled areas. On the eve of the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949, there were over 700 New China Booksellers offices.
Between 1949 and 1952, the New China Booksellers offices scattered throughout the country were nationalized and given responsibility publishing, printing, and distribution. Also, several small private publishers were brought under joint stateprivate ownership, and by 1956 all private publishers had been nationalized. After a brief flourishing during the Hundred Flowers Campaign of 1956-57, the publishing industry came under strong political pressure in the Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957. The industry had not fully recovered from this campaign when it was plunged into the Cultural Revolution, a period in which publishing was severely curtailed and limited mainly to political tracts supporting various campaigns. Following the Cultural Revolution, publishing again flourished in unprecedented ways. In 1982 the China National Publishing Administration, the umbrella organization of Chinese publishers, was placed under the Ministry of Culture, but actual management of the industry was directed through four systems of administration: direct state administration; administration by committees or organizations of the State Council or the party Central Committee; armed forces administration; and administration by provinces, autonomous regions, or special municipalities.
In 1984 statistics showed that 17 of the country's 418 publishing establishments were in Shanghai, whereas Beijing was home to 160 publishers. In 1985 plans were announced to foster the growth of the publishing industry in Chongqing, Xi'an, Wuhan, and Shenyang to take some of the workload from Beijing and Shanghai.
Different publishers were assigned to specific kinds of publications. For example, the People's Publishing House was responsible for publishing works on politics, philosophy, and the social sciences; the People's Literature Publishing House produced ancient and modern Chinese and foreign literature and literary history and theory; the China Publishing House had the principal responsibility for collating and publishing Chinese classical literary, historical, and philosophical works; and the Commercial Press was the principal publisher of Chinese-to-foreign-language reference works and translations of foreign works in the social sciences. Other publishers dealt with works in specialized fields of science.
In addition to the routine method of distributing books to bookstores in major cities, other methods of distribution were devised to meet the special needs of readers in urban and rural areas throughout the country. Mobile bookshops made regular visits to factories, mines, rural villages, and People's Liberation Army units, and service was provided in those locations through which individuals could request books. Arrangements were made with the libraries of educational institutions and enterprises to supply them with the books that they required, and books specifically applicable to certain industries were systematically recommended and provided to the departments concerned. Also, book fairs and exhibits frequently were provided at meetings and in public parks on holidays and other special occasions.
See also
- Color in Chinese culture
- Education in the People's Republic of China
- Museums in China
- Numbers in Chinese culture
- Social issues in the People's Republic of China
- ^ a b "Stand-up comedy around the world: a glance at China's and Africa's scenes". Punchline Magazine. 2008-07-14. http://punchlinemagazine.com/blog/stand-up-comedy-around-the-world-a-glance-at-china%E2%80%99s-and-africa%E2%80%99s-scenes. Retrieved 2008-08-20. [dead link]
- This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies. [1]
External links
- Ministry of Culture (Chinese) • English language website of the Ministry of Culture
- China Culture Information Net
- International Dunhuang Project — an international collaboration to make more than 100,000 manuscripts, paintings and artifacts from Dunhuang and other Silk Road sites available on Internet. Items are shown in context, with bibliographies, maps, photographs, site plans and other information relating to their provenance, history and present condition.
- The Asia Society
- Inside Out - New Chinese Art Website of the exhibition "Inside Out - New Chinese Art", co-curated by the Asia Society and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
- China: fifty years inside the People's Republic Asia Society website depicting photographs of a Chinese cultural exhibition. Includes introduction essay titled "This is our China" by Rae Yang, currently Chair of the East Asian Studies Program at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., USA.
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Symere Woods is famous as Lil Uzi Vert. He is an American rapper and composer of Hiphop-Trap Music.
He was born on July 31, 1994 in North Philadelphia. His biggest career influence is William Aston, but he is also a fan of Marilyn Manson.
He had made his debut with the song "Money Longer" which became a hit. Soon after, he caught the attention of Don Cannon, when his song was played in the radio by DJ Diamond Kuts.
The rapper then signed with Don Cannon, DJ Drama and Leighton Morrison's label, Generation Now and Atlantic Records. He was featured in Carnage's single entitled "WDYW". I
n 2016, Lil Uzi Vert collaborated with Migos, a rap group, on the single "Bad and Boujee" and it became his first number one single.
Girlfriend: Brittany Bryd
Lil Uzi Vert and Brittany Bryd had been dating since 2014. The rapper is dating his muse and stylist and started dating each other in a rough one.
They had an unstable relationship, an on and off one. Vert's success and Byrd's rising popularity brought some difficulties to their relationship.
In June of 2016, Bryd posted a picture which hints their breakup. Some fans believed that it wasn't true and it is just a noise advertisement because Vert is releasing a new song.
Fans also speculated that Bryd is cheating but Vert denied the rumors. Then Vert posted a photo of them together again.
Bryd was featured in his music video of Money Longer.
Past Relationships
Lil Uzi Vert was not reported to be dating other celebrities than Brittany Bryd. He is a faithful man to his girl and was not seen hanging around with anyone.
He continues to have a happy relationship with her and keeps their love stronger day by day.
Views on Marriage
With Vert and Bryd's relationship, marriage was not part of their minds just yet. The lack of stability with their relationship may be one of the reasons why.
The couple did not hint anything with developing their relationship to the highest level. Lil Uzi Vert and Brittany Bryd didn't open anything to the media.
They had been very private to media and just represent the status of their relationship through social media.
The couple is both making their way in making a name in their respective industries and probably cheering each other.
Dating Brittany Bryd
Dating with one girl for a long time is a unique thing in hip-hop industry. Vert's consistency to one girl caught the attention of the public.
Bryd was rumored to breakup with Vert over another guy. Byrd caught a bad impression from fans but Vert saved her and denied the rumor.
Vert and Bryd did not open their relationship to the media but they state their relationship status through their different social media accounts.
They were also into displaying their affection to each other in front of many people and in social media.
When they broke up for a short time, they both updated their Twitter and Instagram accounts and when they got back together again, they let their fans know it.
Vert also featured Bryd in his music video and there was a scene where Vert saved Bryd from being kidnapped.
Fans' Opinion
When they broke up, many fans became sad and some became angry when the rumor of cheating arises. Some said that they are Lil Uzi Vert in a world of Brittany Bryd.
Fans of Vert became mean also to Bryd. When they got back together, their fans became happy. Their love team was named "rocket" by the fans.
They are considered as one of the relationship goals especially in their industry. Their relationship is in a happy state right now and it seems like fans are also happy for them.
• The Fate of The Furious(2017)-"Go Off"
• Migos Ft. Lil Uzi Vert: Bad and Boujee(2016)
• Luv is Rage(2015)
• Lil Uzi Vert vs The World(2016)
• The Perfect Love Tape(2016)
• 1017 vs. The World(2017)
• Luv is Rage 1.5(2017)

subset: commoncrawl


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Salt and Pepper Diamond Echo Ring
We turned up the dial to 'dazzle' with this rustic diamond ring. Salt and pepper diamonds are perfect for the woman who wants a durable, unique gemstone without being super flashy like a white diamond. Each one is unique! The freckled inclusions are different within each gem, just like a fingerprint.
We set this glittering radiant cut center diamond within a crisp white gold bezel to accentuate its geometric form. The black, grey and white palette are perfectly neutral, so it will pair well with your wardrobe for years to come. And the band is adorned with Canadian white diamonds set within little prongs for a little extra sparkle.
Product Details
- 14k unplated white gold - If you would like rhodium plating, please ask.
- 1.18ct salt and pepper diamond
- .24ct tw FG SI Canadian white diamonds
- Stock size 7
Free Shipping & Gift Wrap
- Ships Free via UPS 2-day with Tracking
- Free Gift Wrap available for any purchase. Select 'Gift Wrap' checkbox in your shopping cart.
Returns & Exchanges
Want to see this ring in person before you commit? If you purchase the 'stock size' listed above, you can return this ring for a refund within 7 days of delivery.
If you select a size other than 'stock size' That means I'll be resizing this ring for your needs. Therefore I will only offer exchange or store credit if it's returned.
Read my full returns policy here.


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AndroidFreeApks.com try to give the Latest Version of "Pet Rescue Saga APK" for your Android Phone. This App belongs to the Android category. This APK file last updated on February 5, 2019 at 4:20 pm. Choose and download from the below direct download link to start get the apk file for "Pet Rescue Saga APK", And then move the file to your Android phone's SD card and use one file manager you prefer to browse & install it. you will need Android 4.0.3 version or higher to install this app.
Pet Rescue Saga, from the makers of Candy Crush Saga & Farm Heroes Saga!
Match two or more blocks of the same color to clear the level and save the pets from the evil Pet Snatchers! Moves are limited so plan them carefully. Your puzzle skills will be tested with hours of block busting fun!
Take on this puzzling Saga alone or play with friends to see who can get the highest score!
Pet Rescue Saga is completely free to play but some in-game items such as extra moves or lives will require payment.
By downloading this game you are agreeing to our terms of service; http://about.king.com/consumer-terms/terms
Pet Rescue Saga features:
• Eye-catching graphics and colorful gameplay
• Lovable pets of all varieties, puppies, bunnies, piglets and many more!
• Diamonds, exploding bombs, colorful paint pots, locked animal cages and much more
• Spectacular boosters and bonus rewards unlocked after many levels
• Easy and fun to play, challenging to master
• Hundreds of pet puzzling levels – more added every 2 weeks!
• Leaderboards to watch your friends and competitors!
• Easily sync the game between devices and unlock full game features when connected to the Internet
Already a fan of Pet Rescue Saga? Like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter for the latest news:
Last but not least, a big THANK YOU goes out to everyone who has played Pet Rescue Saga!
Category: Games/Casual
Operating System: Android
Price: Free
Table of Content:
This new update is like a vitamin boost for your mind! It includes:
-A brand new episode, 'Extraordinary Orchard'! With these 15 NEW LEVELS there are now 2262 levels of fun for you to enjoy 🙂
-More missions, challenges, and surprises!
Fun Fact! Dave the Puppy likes baking, but always has trouble finding oven mitts made for paws.
User Reviews/Opinion:
- 10 minutes to buy a special package. Not enough time to check my money situation. Get real, that last extra hard level, the 4th one took forever to get it. I had no tools to use. Very frustrated again ????????
- It's addictive, and takes getting used to the animals falling off of the puzzles when you are not fast enough. Time really flies by when you get on a roll! Good for exercing your problem solving skills!
- Can you tell me why I reached level 2247 well before a player yet he seems to have got onto the next level what is going on not happy at all
- Fix the game so we don't have to wait a couple of weeks or more for the next episodes,
Pet Rescue file information
Package name: com.king.petrescuesaga
Version: 1.151.23 (11512305)
File size: 79.7 MB
Updated: August 15, 2018
Minimum Android version: Android 2.3.2 (Gingerbread, API 9)
DOWNLOAD Pet Rescue 1.151.23 (11512305) APK
Old Versions
Pet Rescue Saga 1.151.22
Package name: com.king.petrescuesaga
Version: 1.151.22 (11512205)
File size: 79.7 MB
Uploaded: August 7, 2018
Minimum Android version: Android 2.3.2 (Gingerbread, API 9)
Download Pet Rescue Saga 1.149.12
Package name: com.king.petrescuesaga
Version: 1.149.12 (11491205)
File size: 77.7 MB
Uploaded: July 14, 2018
Minimum Android version: Android 2.3.2 (Gingerbread, API 9)
Pet Rescue Saga 1.148.16
Package name: com.king.petrescuesaga
Version: 1.148.16 (11481605)
File size: 77.4 MB
Uploaded: June 26, 2018
Minimum Android version: Android 2.3.2 (Gingerbread, API 9)
"Pet Rescue Saga APK" is the property and trademark of the main developer/Owner, all rights reserved by the respective developers. We are not responsible for anything happens for your phone or talet, we try to give apk file as it is what there in google playstore.


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Hi guys,
I'm looking to pick up a couple webcams for my mum and sister for christmas, so that they can talk via msn etc... i want to get them some nice ones, high frames/second, decent capture size etc... I'm happy to pay £30-£40 each (maybe even closer to £50 if the extra features are worth it. Which leads me onto my next question, i've been looking around on http://www.logitech.com/index.cfm/pr.../EN,crid=220o3 and they have lots of models that also come in "messenger" versions, anyone know what the difference really is between them? if any? Also, don't really want/need any of the video editing software, oh, and does the face tracking stuff work well/make much of a difference?
I'll admit, i haven't searched around the logitech site in too much depth yet because i've got to go to work now. so i'll probably check it out a little bit more later anyway, but any advice is always welcome.
Thanks guys,


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The I-J confectionery market is worth over Europe 5 billion per annum and is highly competitive. It continues to be dominated by large, well established names – slighting the importance to firms of creating brand identities for their products. Once created, however, a brand name needs constant maintenance. Kit Cat's ability to remain a brand leader over sixty years is no accident. The long term maintenance of a brand name requires continuous monitoring and investment.
Brand image must be seen as a dynamic, not a static factor, the same consumer perceptions that create brand loyalty can also turn against a product that fails to adjust and adapt to changing attitudes HISTORY A Kit Kate bar is a confection which was first created by Rowan tree Limited of York, England, and now produced worldwide by Nestle, which acquired Rowan tree in 1988, except in the USA where it is made under license by Hershey. Each bar consists of fingers composed of three layers of carme-filled wafer, covered in an outer layer of chocolate. Each finger can be snapped from the bar one of the time.
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The original four-finger version of this chocolate-covered biscuits bar was developed after a worker at the Reentry's factory in York put a suggestion in the suggestion box for a snack that a "man could have in his lunch box for work". It was launched in September 1935 in the I-J as Reentry's Chocolate Crisp. The two finger version was launched on 15 May 1936. Reentry's chocolate Crisp was renamed Kit Kate Chocolate Crisp in 1937 and later Just Kit Kate after World War 2. The name is believed to have come from the Kit-Cat Club. The traditional bar has four fingers which each measure approximately LLC by CM.
The Kit Kate Chunky [known as Big Kate in the U. S. ] has one large finger approximately 2. CM wide and was introduces in 1999. Kit Kate bars contain varying numbers of fingers depending on the market, ranging from the half-finger sized Kit Kate family- size bars in Australia and France. Kit Kate bars are sold individually or in bags, boxes or multi-packs. In the UK and Canada, Nestle also produces a Kit Kate ice cream and in Malaysia, Kit Kate Drumsticks MARKETING ENVIRONMENTS The Macro-environment The Geographical Market Kit Kate has a big geographical market.
Even though it was acquired by Nestle minion, it did not struggle under it at all since Kit Kate was already internationally recognized. It is produced in 17 countries by Nestle namely ASK, India, Japan, China, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Egypt, Algeria, Turkey, Malaysia, South Africa, Germany, Venezuela, Mexico, Bulgaria and Spain. Kit Kate in the USA is produced under the license by The Hershey Company due to the prior licensing done by Hershey to produce Kit Kate in the North American region. What Business Are They In Nestle is into food industry.
They are basically a multi-food industry to be precise. Their products in almost every food sector from infant food for children from the age of two-to-five, to beverages, chocolates, seasonings, frozen food, cereals, coffee, tea, water, ice creams, for adults to pet-care food for pets. Their product Kit Kate has its separate marketing done and it is into the chocolate business with a range of efferent Kit Kate flavors. Demographic With the youth population getting larger, Kit Kate looks to take an advantage of that. They have also segmented the market for children, adults and aged people.
Kit Kate is a type of a chocolate that is light and can be consumed by every age group. Culture Few things can both physically and metaphorically encompass the current cultural transformations and be weltering fusion of new and old styles present in modern- day Japan, especially while being incredibly delicious and covered in chocolate: meet the world of Japanese Kit Stats. When thinking about the vast stash of both satiating ND repugnant flavors presented to the Japanese consumer, the first lady of the United States, Mrs..
Eleanor Roosevelt, who once said, "If life were predictable it would cease to be life, and be without flavor. " For 75 years, Kit Stats have been making life a little more interesting, especially in Japan. The history of Kit Kate starts in England, New York to be exact, where in 1936, Reentry's of New York made their first Kit Kate under the name 'Reentry's Chocolate Crisp', a chocolate treat designed to be placed in the working man's lunch, specifically to be eaten at 'break time. After the rise and all of World War 2, Reentry's perfected their recipe and popularity spread throughout all of Europe.
In the asses, Reentry's began expanding outside of Europe and signed on for distribution in Japan through the Fajita Company. The advertising line, "Have a Break, Have a Kit Kate" or "Gimp me a Break" (in the US) was penned soon after and, if there was ever a country that needed to embrace such a tagging, it is Japan. In 1988, The Nestle Company bought the Reentry's Company and in 1996, began to experiment with Kit Kate Orange in the I-J. Following Kit Kate Orange's major success, mint and caramel flavors quickly hit store shelves.
In 2003, pressure from global diet trends, as well as competition from other chocolate companies (notably Caduceus Dairy Milk and Hershey (who oddly enough manufacture all of the Kit Stats in the US due to prior contracts with Renowned), sales dropped and a struggling Nestle was forced to figure out a way to outlet the stiff competition. Their answer: to embrace the publics curiosity and produce a plentiful array of variant flavors and limited edition Kit Stats and Japan, an insanely curious and extremely idiosyncratic nation, was fertile ground for the reception of such radical and, some might say, unbelievable flavors.
Economic Majority of the customer based in market comprises of middle class and upper middle class. But income groups have never been a concern for Kit Kate, as mentioned earlier the prices of Kit Kate have been stable for decades and the prices are such that any income group can afford it. The interest rates can have an effect on Kit Kate. If interest rates go high then Kit Kate would not want to increase its price. Nestle is financially well established so to expand Kit Kate there is no need to borrow, but if they do so then it will increase price of Kit Kate.
Again if consumers themselves are understanding loan pressures, they would again have less disposable income to buy Kit Kate. If the wages are brought down, this would mean more money for Kit Kate but would also result in low sales to the consumers. MARKETING ENVIRONMENTS Political Political decisions can affect Kit Kate. These can be either advantages or disadvantages. If the government increases taxes and if Kit Kate tries to recover the tax money through customers then there will be a fall in the number of consumers.
Sales will also decrease and Kit Kate will have its stock pilled-up. However, if taxes reduce, the likelihood is that the consumers will buy more. Other government laws can also cut down Kit Cat's income. For instance, if there comes out a law where workers are allowed to work only from am to pm, factory hours would be cut, this will reduce production of Kit Kate. This can also lead to speeding up the production rate while compromising on the quality. Some governments are very concerned about obesity which might cause some trouble to Kit Kate.
Again this decision varies from government to government. Technological Better equipment is required for producing Kit Kate at a faster rate, if production turns out to be faster there will never be a shortage in the market. It will also increase sales. These days, the price of machinery is on a hike, if Kit Kate plans to invest in new machinery for faster production then it might have to cut down on its labors and turn into a capital intensive company in terms of production.
Maintenance of these new machines might cost a lot, which might make the firm's decision more precise on becoming capital-intensive. The Micro-environment Kit Kate bars are produced in 13 countries by Nestle: I-J, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Germany, Russia, Japan, China, Malaysia, India, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, ND Bulgaria. Kit Kate bars in the United States are produced under license by The Hershey Company, a Nestle competitor, due to a prior licensing agreement with Renowned. A U. S.
Halloween themed Kit Kate bar alongside a regular international version Kit Kate bar The year 2003 was a turning point for the Kit Kate bar as well as the confectionery industry in general. The popularity of low Carr diets and the push to healthier eating stifled sales growth in many parts of the world. In addition, fierce competition from Actuary's newly formed Dairy Milk super brand also contributed to ales of the Kit Kate decreasing considerably in its home market of the I-J, and threatened to depose it from its position.
The solution adopted by Nestle and others was to increase dramatically the number of new and unique variations of their confections and market them as limited or special editions, whereby they would usually only be available for a few months at a time so as not to impact the sales of their permanent edition counterparts. The strategy initially reversed the decline of the Kit Kate and has been adopted worldwide by Nestle, Hershey, Mars and others with similar success. This has resulted in many new flavors and varieties of the Kit Kate and other confections appearing globally since then.
While some flavors have been hits, many have flopped, alienating some consumers in the process, causing Nestle to scale back on new releases. In late 2005, Chris White, the managing director of Nestle Renowned abruptly left his Job amid controversy that his marketing strategies may in fact have had a negative impact on Kit Kate and confection sales in the long term. Also, in September 2006 Nestle announced they were eliminating 25% of their workforce in York and moving production of Smarmiest to Germany. One of the reasons given for the cuts and moves was so the York factory could be modernized for Kit Kate production to continue.
As dark chocolate has seen increased demand and favor worldwide because of its purported health benefits, September 2006 saw the launch of the four-finger Kit Kate Fine Dark in the I-J as a permanent edition, as well as new packaging for the entire brand. Hershey had sold the four-finger Kit Kate Dark in the US several years previously as a limited edition, and has begun doing so again. Nestle now manufactures two finger Kit Stats with natural flavorings, and for the first mime, Kit Stats in this format are suitable for vegetarians.


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Ryan Giggs hopes Wales develop a European Championship habit of scoring in the 'Fergie time' that he became accustomed to as a Manchester United player.
Ben Woodburn's injury-time winner against Trinidad & Tobago on Wednesday was the second time in three games that Wales have scored in the 89th minute or beyond.
United specialised in late goals during Sir Alex Ferguson's 26 years at Old Trafford, and Giggs hopes his former manager's magic rubs off as Wales prepare to start their Euro 2020 qualifying campaign against Slovakia on Sunday.
Asked if scoring in what has generally become known as 'Fergie Time' is a good sign, manager Giggs said: "Yes, I've said that, as long as you've got a clean sheet.
"OK, it didn't come of anything against Denmark but we scored late on – and now we have done it again.
"That's a nice habit to have and that's what I said to the players.
"Once you have that trait it doesn't leave you.
"You know it, and the opposition know it as well, that you are a team that can score late."
Wales are confident Aaron Ramsey will be fit for the Slovakia game in Cardiff after a thigh injury.
Arsenal midfielder Ramsey sat out the Trinidad & Tobago win as Giggs rested his first-team almost en bloc.
"We've got a few bumps and bruises but then we have Friday and Saturday to prepare for the game," Giggs said.
"Aaron's injury is coming along nicely, we just have to monitor that. Everyone else is good.
"Ashley (Williams) and Paul Dummett needed a game, especially Ashley because he's been in and out (at Stoke).
"It gives me options going into the game on Sunday.
"I'll talk with the staff and see how the lads train in the next few days and then make the decision."
Wales beat Slovakia 2-1 at Euro 2016 at the start of their incredible run to the semi-finals in France.
Slovakia are ranked 10 places below Wales in 29th and start the Euro 2020 qualifiers after a disappointing Nations League campaign which saw them relegated from League B.
"They have had two or three retiring but they are a good team and probably the nearest rivals to us," Giggs said.
"It's big game, but this is one of the big reasons why I was so excited to take the job.
"I wanted to be a part of a qualifying campaign and now we get that chance."
Stay updated with the latest news, gossip and football stories by following us @Football_P


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The world's leading smartphones manufacturer, LG and AT&T has introduced its new powerful and stylish LG Thrive, which AT&T's claims as its first prepaid smartphone for GoPhone customers, combining 3.2-inch full touch screen display, Wi-Fi and GPS capable, 3.2 megapixels rear camera with autofocus, Android 2.2 Froyo OS, and 600MHz processor.
Features of LG Thrive smartphone:
- 3.2-inch (320 x 480 pixels) 262k color TFT capacitive touchscreen display
- 600MHz ARM 11 processor
- 3.2-megapixexls Auto-focus camera with smile shot
- 2GB microSD card installed
- Stereo Bluetooth v2.1 with A2DP Stereo & v2.0 micro USB
- Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g and A-GPS capable
- POP3/IMAP/Gmail/EAS email support
- Stereo FM radio
- HSDPA 7.2 3G data speeds
- Quad-band GSM / Tri-band 3G (world capable)
- 170 MB of memory expandable up to 32 GB via SD memory cards up to 32 GB
- Text/Picture and Video Messaging support
- Li-Ion 1500 mAh long-life battery
- Android 2.2 Froyo OS (Upgradeable to Android 2.3 Gingerbread)
In addition, the new LG Thrive also boasts latest android features including robust HTML browsing, integrated synching of Google account features, Facebook and Twitter apps for social networking, flexible personalization with up to seven customizable home screens, and unlimited Wi-Fi usage at thousands of AT&T Wi-Fi hotspots nationwide.
LG Thrive smartphone which measures 113.5 x 59 x 13.3 mm and weighs only 129 grams is expected to be available for AT&T customers and reach AT&T stores in April 17 for $179.99. To use data services on the LG Thrive smartphone, GoPhone smartphone plan and data package are required.


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Editor's Note: In honor of APA Heritage Month, we're re-running a couple of our older pieces you may have missed.
In the months following the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which created military zones covering one-third of the nation. At the behest of nativist groups, opportunistic politicans, and military leaders, a series of presidential proclamations followed which defined Japanese, German, and Italian immigrants as "enemy aliens." Read More From the Archives: Miné Okubo: Citizen 13660


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Need some "Good News"? Check out the Global Church…
Many of us here at SBC remember with fondness our friend and guest, Pastor Tom Schrader. Before he went home to be with the Lord, Tom used his wit, humor, and communication gifts to draw us closer to God through his teaching. I remember one of the funny stories Tom told about being a Chicago Cubs fan. He saw a humorous t-shirt at a spring training game here in the Valley and shared its message with the church. The t-shirt said, "Hey…anybody can have a bad century!" That shirt was obviously printed before the Cubs won the World Series in 2016.
Well, the Chicago Cubs may have had a bad 20th century, but the Global Church certainly DID NOT! While the Cubs were languishing, losing, and torturing their fans; God's Global Church was EXPLODING all over the place! If you are tired of bad news and want to be encouraged, get ready for some of the numbers I'm about to share with you from places you probably least expected it…
While it is true that the Middle East can be unstable and violent, and a place where Christians are persecuted today, it is also true that the Church of Jesus Christ is growing in the Muslim world in dramatic ways that we have NEVER seen. This is going all the way back to the 7th Century when Mohammed started Islam as a religion.
In his book, A Wind in the House of Islam, David Garrison shares that from 2000 to 2012, we have seen at least 70 "movements"* to Christ from Islam. That is compared to virtually zero movements in the previous 12 centuries of Islam. What a difference 12 years makes when compared to 12 Centuries!
Today the single largest ethnic group that is coming to Christ in the Muslim world are Iranians. As a friend of mine who works at the U.S. Center for World Missions in Pasadena, CA, recently wrote me, "More Muslims are coming to Christ today than ever in history!"
Be encouraged, Church! God is moving in huge ways around the world as He continues to reach men, women and children from "every nation and tribe and language and people" (Revelation 14:6). God's words to Abraham in Genesis 12:3 have never seemed truer: "through you all the families of the earth shall be blessed."
We are humbled and thankful that SBC has the honor of participating in global outreach as we do. We are committed and will continue to pursue our vision of Reaching the Unreached, Equipping the Global Church, and Defending the Vulnerable.
*A "movement" is defined as either 100 Churches started or 1,000 baptisms.
**Greg Parsons. Director of Global Connections, Frontier Ventures


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DarkMarket – Misha Glenny's Other Book on Crime
Dark Market just isn't as good as Misha Glenny's previous book McMafia. That was a roller coaster ride through the world of organised crime, funny and shocking. Dark Market is more of a short road trip to an unpleasant place populated by weird characters. The basic story is reasonably interesting (though hardly what I would call riveting) – the rise and fall of website that acted as a focal point for credit card hacking – and some of the characters are colourful enough in their own right. There are super hackers, cyber cops, normal cops, international crime rings and geeks aplenty. But, overall, the writing doesn't sparkle as much as McMafia, and it just can't hold your interest to the same level. If you enjoyed McMafia, or are interested in cybercrime this isn't a bad read. On a side note, if you are an Information Technology professional then you may find this of more than just passing interest. I found the back story of the professionalisation of hacking to be very illuminating, even if many of the technical details were vague and poorly described. You can get DarkMarket from Amazon here.


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We service the North and East of the Greater Toronto Area – locations include but are not limited to: Ajax, Aurora, Bomanville, Clarington, Courtice, Gwillimbury, Kawartha Lakes area, Markham, Newmarket, Oshawa, Peterborough, Pickering, Stouffville, Thornhill and Whitby. Please note we do NOT service Toronto or West of Toronto. Please also note we do NOT complete work in condominiums or apartment buildings.
Our clients love their custom built-in cabinets so much they are always happy to recommend us!


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Éric Rohmer timeline
"My Night At Maud's" Is Released
My Night at Maud's (French: Ma nuit chez Maud) is a 1969 film by Éric Rohmer. It is the third movie in the series of the Six Moral Tales. The film... Read more
"Claire's Knee" Is Released
Claire's Knee (French: Le genou de Claire) is a 1970 film by Éric Rohmer. It is the fifth movie in the series of the Six Moral Tales. On the eve... Read more
"Love In The Afternoon" Is Released
Love in the Afternoon (original title: L'Amour l'après-midi and released in North America as Chloe in the Afternoon) is a 1972 film by Éric Rohmer.... Read more
"A Good Mariage" Is Released
Le Beau Mariage (A Good Marriage) is a 1982 French film directed by Éric Rohmer, starring Béatrice Romand, André Dussollier, Féodor Atkine. It is... Read more


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San Diego's politicos have a lot to look forward today.
First this morning at 9:00 the Board of Supervisors is meeting to talk about adding $2,000,000 to the waterfront project, employee contract, and requesting that the federal government let the county use military aircraft for fighting fires.
At 10:00 AM San Diego's City Council is talking about a water management program.
This afternoon at 1:00 the Port of San Diego Board of Commissioners are meeting to elect a chairman, vice chairman, and secretary.
And tonight at 5:00 the San Diego Unified School District Board of Education is meeting about creating Trayvon Martin / George Zimmerman inspired workshops.
In between all of the normal political meetings at 12:30 is a mayoral debate hosted by the San Diego Police Officers Association, Deputy Sheriffs Association, San Diego Country Deputy District Attorneys Association, and the Probation Officers Association. This will be the first debate for all four of the top mayoral candidates.
This morning San Diego Coastkeeper is putting nine water filtering machines that will test the water quality. They put the machines out and they filter water then the filters are taken back and tested.
San Diego Chargers are hosting a free mammogram event for uninsured women this morning at 9:00 AM at Qualcomm Stadium
And finally tonight at 6:00 the World Resources Sim Center is hosting a panel about homelessness in San Diego.
For more on these and other stories please check bowlersdedsk.com
… And please remember to post, re-post, and share.
So you will be kept up to date on what matters.
- iTUNES: http://bit.ly/12bfoHB
- YOUTUBE: http://bit.ly/YSNkuL
- FACEBOOK: http://on.fb.me/16nPkeP
- TWITTER: http://bit.ly/XpSkJc
- BLOG: www.BowlersDesk.com


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You are here
Changing the sponsor of therapeutic goods
Change of sponsor name
You also need to tell us where you as a sponsor (whether an individual or a company):
- change your name, or
- if a company, you amalgamate with another company (and as a result change your name).
This does not result in a change of sponsor, but it does require us to update any relevant ARTG entries to ensure they remain accurate.
This is done within our secure online business portal, TBS. If you have TBS access, you can make changes to the client name using your user account details.
If you do not have TBS access, either:
- apply for access by following the instructions at TGA Business services: getting started with the TGA
- contact us on 1800 010 624 or at firstname.lastname@example.com
If the ABN or ACN is also changing
If changing the business name involves changing the Australian Business Number (ABN) or Australian Company Number (ACN), this constitutes forming a new business entity and therefore a change of sponsorship.
This is considered to be a transfer of business, and therefore needs to follow the process for a Change in business ownership.
Relevant legislation
The Therapeutic Goods Regulations 1990 provides the basis for change of name:
- Listed and registered therapeutic goods - regulation 10AC (change of name)
- Medical devices - regulation 10FA (change of name)
- Biologicals - regulation 10HA (change of name).


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9 Cristiano Ronaldo Shirtless Photos That Prove He Just Loves Being In His Underwear (You're Welcome)
Cristiano Ronaldo: Soccer Player and Abdominal Extraordinaire. Even if you're not so big of a fan to paint your face for the World Cup, odds are that you've still heard of Ronaldo's famed physique. It's impressive, really. Almost unbelievable. But it's real. And obviously, as seems to be the trend with unnaturally buff soccer stars, the practical next step to building an empire on biceps and buns of steel (after, you know, becoming a talented athlete) is basically just being as naked as possible, as often as possible. And then developing an underwear line a la David Beckham. Obviously. I'm not exactly complaining.
With the World Cup going on, all that can possibly mean for many of us is just more Cristiano Ronaldo. And again, I'm not complaining. That's the beauty of soccer, you know — win or lose, Cristiano Ronaldo's body remains a constant. And if that's not the sign of a truly great sport, I don't know what is, guys.
In honor of the World Cup and Ronaldo's alarmingly chiseled body, here are 9 times Cristiano Ronaldo was doing something ridiculous in his underwear and/or was partially naked. Because he's Cristiano Ronaldo. And clothes are merely details.
1. Debut Of His Own Underwear Line, 2013
Either he is just very confident, or possibly overcompensating for something. Even for me, that is just too much Ronaldo.
2. Armani Underwear Ads, 2010
"Don't look at me. But do. Because I'm beautiful."
3. Armani Underwear Ad, 2010
4. Vogue Spain, 2014
So is there a rule about these photos having to be black and white? Or?
5. Emporio Armani Ad, 2010
Honestly, the vest just makes me uncomfortable.
6. Armani Jeans Ad,
"Oh, hello, don't mind me as I casually thrust into this table."
7. Vogue Spain, 2014
One hand on hip, other hand casually rested on model girlfriend's butt, and a smile that says "yes, I am hotter than all of you."
8. Time Force Ad, 2010
Is the shirt on? Is it off? Why is it there in the first place? So many questions.
9. CR7 Ad, 2013
I don't really understand what is sexy about sitting on old boxes.
Bonus Shirt-On Gif:
Never change, dude.


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Fox News actually apologizes – gasp! – for Jeanine Pirro's Ilhan Omar rant
Imagine having to come up with enough material to keep old men in Kansas riveted with fear 24 hours a day. This is the predicament of Fox News.
Every outrage – real or imagined, but mostly just imagined – must be amplified with each passing day, lest your viewers flee to infomercials about orthopedic socks. Just ask resident pundit Jeanine Pirro.
On her Saturday show, she was tasked with ramping up the network's coverage of Minneapolis Congresswoman Ilhan Omar, a series that goes by the unofficial title, "Look at that Brown Woman in the Funny Hat! She's Probably a Terrorist!"
But it's not easy keeping an elderly audience awake past 8 p.m. So Pirro broke out some top-shelf weirdness.
Omar's Muslim dress was "antithetical to the Constitution," she argued.
This is not quite true, since the Constitution actually protects religious expression, a point a former judge should probably know.
But when you're in the business of scaring old men – especially after 8 p.m. and there's reruns of Bonanza on somewhere – you don't have the luxury of getting lost in the fine print.
"Think about it: Omar wears a hijab," Pirro noted. "Is her adherence to this Islamic doctrine indicative of her adherence to Sharia law?"
The judge likely thought she was simply working a go-to Fox move. Since there's no evidence Omar hopes to overthrow the U.S. judicial system with strict Islamic law, it's best to simply imply it. Omar does wear that funny headscarf, after all. Is unusual headwear not proof enough of evil intent?
You may not think so, but you're not the one making Fox the nation's No. 1 cable news network. Old men in Kansas are. And unfortunately for Fox, it actually has Muslim employees. They weren't particularly happy with Pirro's move to keep the outrage machine humming.
This includes Hufsa Kamal, a producer for the Special Report with Bret Baier, a show hosted by a guy whose hairdo could withstand a tomahawk missile strike.
@JudgeJeanine can you stop spreading this false narrative that somehow Muslims hate America or women who wear a hijab aren't American enough? You have Muslims working at the same network you do, including myself. K thx. https://t.co/ZfKhRhlvM3— Hufsa Kamal (@hufkat) March 10, 2019
Once word of Pirro's thesis leaked out to sane people, the condemnation only multiplied from there:
Jeanine Pirro is a disgrace. Ilhan Omar's right to wear hijab in accordance with her religious convictions is as constitutional as an Orthodox Jewish woman's right to wear a sheitel. Anything less is un-American. https://t.co/O4fpTJujao— Bret Stephens (@BretStephensNYT) March 10, 2019
Will Pirro now question all who also observe their religious dress codes about their loyalty to the US Constitution? Asking for a Jehovah, Orthodox Jewish, Amish, Sikh, Baha'i, Catholic,... friend— N.J.Qadir Chaudhry (@njqrn) March 10, 2019
In what can only be described as a Holy Shit moment, Fox resorted to something highly unusual: reflection.
"We strongly condemn Jeanine Pirro's comments about Rep. Ilhan Omar," the network announced in a statement. "They do not reflect those of the network and we have addressed the matter with her directly."
Omar accepted Fox's apology.
Thank you, @FoxNews. No one's commitment to our constitution should be questioned because of their faith or country of birth. https://t.co/haqm7NWRw0— Ilhan Omar (@IlhanMN) March 11, 2019


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Be the most beautiful queen of Egypt in this Women's Nefertiti Egyptian Costume! Nefertiti was the "Great Royal Wife, His Beloved" of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, and is thought to have died around 1330 BC. To further become this legendary beauty, add golden sandals and dramatic eye makeup.
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Binance records "all green" for its top 100 coins signifying buying across the street. Ethereum ends a tough week with some mild greens. SEC pulls strings on ICO's and airdrops as it fines Tomahawk Exploration LLC and its founder David Thompson Laurence. Michael Terpin of Bitangles slapped AT&T with a lawsuit. Square cash app opens buying and selling of Bitcoin in all US 50 states. Coinbase rebrands Toshi as Coinbase Wallet. Nano successfully Stress Test v15 of its Network while Bitcoin Superstore gives Nano a use case as it adds to its list of accepted cryptocurrencies.
The bloodbath on the street continued as the hangover of Bitcoin ETF deferment continued on the minds of traders and investors. It was only in the second half of the week when there was some respite and buying started as most coins hand entered the oversold category. And the buying was reported across coins as Binance reported that first ever All 100 coins on the exchange were in the green. Ethereum (ETH) had a tough week as the coin, after staying stagnant for some time now around USD 350, saw a vertiginous plummet taking it below USD 300, the first time since November 2017 marking a 60% wipeout in 2018. Sighting investor protection, in the latest crackdown on ICO's the SEC upheld Tomahawk Exploration LLC and its founder David T. Laurance, who was fined $30,000 and a lifetime ban for allegedly using 'fraudulent market techniques' to push its fundraising. The ruling was also followed by an investor alert giving guidelines to investors how should they protect themselves from frauds. In another battle between cryptos and mainstream businesses. Michael Terpin, cryptocurrency investor and co-founder of the first angel investor group focused on Crypto BitAngels, issued telecom giant AT&T due to hacks that were enabled by AT&T's SIM swap fraud. Terpin claims to have lost $24 million in cryptocurrencies to hackers and is also seeking $200 million in punitive damages. In some wallet based news, Square's Cash app launched buying and selling of bitcoin in all 50 states of America bringing cryptocurrency to commons while Coinbase rebranded Toshi as Coinbase Wallet as part of a larger effort to invest in products that will define the future of the decentralized web and make that future accessible to anyone. In Altcoins this week Nano found some good news as its community successfully conducted the Stress Test for its Beta Network v15 recording high TPS which was followed by Nano's addition to Bitcoin Superstore bring a use case to the coin.
Bitcoin [BTC]
Bitcoin yet again bounced back from the prominent USD 6000 support level as most of the week, the street was still sulking the news of bitcoin ETF deferment. The prices hit the high point of USD 6,617.35 and the lowest point of USD 5,971.05 during the week. Apart from the outliers of BitMEX and BitForex that had volumes of 30% and 22% respectively, the exchanges that were more active, in volumes, with BTC across various pairs this week were, Binance (3.20%), DOBI Trade (2.62%)and Coinbebe (1.73%).
As the prices slump for the NumeroUno coin a lot of voices started flowing out in favor and against. popular crypto analyst Will Woo said
"Another view on a long recovery. Worth bearing in mind '14-'15 was detoxing from a MtGox collapse; traded 90% of world volume. Plus 1/8 of all BTC stolen plus Willybot pumping prices. Systemically, Bitcoin 2018 is much healthier than Bitcoin 2014."
Glen Goodman also came with some similar notion as he said,
"Previous halvenings have shown the negligible impact on Bitcoin's price. This is because — rather like a much-anticipated interest rate cut — everybody already knows it's going to happen way in advance."
Also, read: Bitcoin Dip to $6,300 isn't Concerning, But XRP & EOS Emerges as the Winners
Ethereum [ETH]
If this week was really bad for someone it definitely had to be Ethereum which saw some sharp lows bring its price to the levels of November 2017. Ethereum price, on the top, this week were at USD 323.55 and were at lows of USD 254.65 being pretty much in this range. The markets that were more active, in volumes, with ETH across various pairs this week were DOBI Trade (7.75%), Huobi (3.17%) and Binance (3.11%) again BitForex being an outlier 35.76%
In the news that surrounded Ethereum, the price drop caught eyes of Ran NeuNer who quoted " ETH just dipped to September 2017 levels. I'm not sure when the market will turn but I am sure we are on way oversold at the moment." Even though there was price drop the coin had some fundamental news, again something that can change its course for the future as Vitalik gave out a new outline of the algorithm that requires control on more than 99% of nodes of the Blockchain to carry out an attack making Ethreum nearly attack proof.
Ripple [XRP]
XRP's finally recorded some rally as after weeks the coin ended in positive territory. looks like all the hard work of the team is finally showing up. On the top, this week the prices of XRP were at USD 0.373619 and towards the bottom, it quoted USD 0.253983. The exchanges that were more active, in volumes, with XRP across various pairs this week were Huobi (9.91%), Binance (6.31%) and BitHumb(5.50) with Bitbank (22.99%) being an outlier
XRP had some great news this week as Ripple is reportedly targeting China to advance its blockchain-based payments system according to commentary from Jeremy Light, VP of European Union strategic accounts at Ripple, confirmed with CNBC on August 15, 2018. Also improving its use cases, Ripple is taking its xRapid to exchanges and has announced a list of 3 preferred crypto exchanges for its payment service which are Bitso, Bittrex, and Coins.ph.
The other movers and shakers
The Other coins that made to the top and bottom this week according to Coin Market Cap (accessed on Aug 19 at 10:15 pm IST) were
- WINCOIN – Showing a rise of 382.66%
- TaTaTu – Showing a rise of 255.26%
- PKG Token – Showing a rise of 234.44%
- Sapien – Showing a drop of 51.55%
- Namecoin– Showing a drop of 49.10%
- AC3 – Showing a drop of -47.81%
What do you think would be the sentiment of the crypto markets next week? Do let us know your views on the same.
Disclaimer The views, opinions, positions or strategies expressed by the authors and those providing comments are theirs alone, and do not necessarily reflect the views, opinions, positions or strategies of CoinGape. Do your market research before investing in cryptocurrencies. The author or publication does not hold any responsibility for your personal financial loss.
Nilesh Maurya has been associated for past 8 years as an Investment Banker with Omega Capital, a bespoke Investment Banking outfit having offices in Mumbai, New York, Singapore, and Dubai. He has been a regular contributor to business publications such as Business India and Market Express and has been a mentor to many start-up companies. Nilesh Maurya has been associated for past 8 years as an Investment Banker with Omega Capital, a bespoke Investment Banking outfit having offices in Mumbai, New York, Singapore, and Dubai. He has been a regular contributor to business publications such as Business India and Market Express and has been a mentor to many start-up companies. Follow him on Twitter at @KoinKing1 or connect with me on linkedin.


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You will be collected from the airport and transferred to your lodge in the forests outside Arusha. Depending on your arrival time, you will have an opportunity to explore the lodge grounds, go for a dip in the swimming pool or partake in any of the offered additional activities available.
Today we head towards the Tarangire National Park for lunch and an afternoon game drive. Tarangire is well known for its huge elephant population and baobab trees. It forms the centre of an annual migratory cycle that includes up to 3000 elephants, 25,000 wildebeest and 30,000 zebras.
After coffee we head towards Lake Manyara National Park for an early morning game drive. This spectacular park is located at the north-western corner of Lake Manyara, a hallow soda lake, which lies at the foot of the Great Rift Valley's western escarpment. Manyara NP is not only known for its large flocks of flamingos, but also for the elusive tree climbing lions. We break for lunch and a rest over the heat of the day before continuing on an afternoon and night game drive, returning to camp for dinner and overnight.
Our journey starts shortly after breakfast with a scenic drive up the Rift Valley escarpment to Serengeti National Park. You will be crossing Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority and we make a brief stop at Olduvai Gorge and the museum which documents the discovery of 1.8 million year old human-like fossils. Thereafter we head for the Serengeti National Park, game driving along the way to the campsite.
Today you will enjoy a full day game viewing exploring the endless plains of this magnificent place. The Seronera River is the life blood of the Serengeti in the dry season and this area is renowned for great game viewing all year round and is especially popular for sightings of the elusive leopard.
We take an early breakfast at the camp and then head to the spectacular Ngorongoro Crater. On arrival we go through the registration process and descend to the floor of the world's largest unbroken caldera for the most wonderful day of game viewing. We will have lunch at the designated picnic site at the side of the hippo pool and continue with a game drive as we drive up the crater rim for overnight.
After breakfast we explore the colourful town of Mto-wa-Mbu for some last minute pictures and curio shopping. Afterwards we head to Arusha. Get prepared for Materuni hotspring as a combination
After breakfast arrive at materuni waterfalls. Evening drive back to Arusha.


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Hey All!
I am back! I am so sorry that I hit a wall on the blogging! Sorry, but the mission trip was so amazing that I did not have time to blog! But I am now officially back! I came home yesterday!
What did I do. TONS! Did flooring, fixed up the facia and (drawing a blank) part of siding, worked on a roof (and that was an adventure in itself thank you 98 degree and high humidity and black tin!!), and I built the world's biggest deck/carport. It was wonderful! I had a lot of laugher and a lot of fun. Still didn't find Santa on a Scooter, but have not given up yet! Made many trips to Lowes late at night looking for him. And by the way, thanks Paul, for the wonderful conversation to and from. It was great. I needed it! Great words of wisdom my friend!
What I learned! I LOVE LOVE LOVE LOVE LOVE The Appalachians. More so this year than last year. My three weeks went by way to fast. I was very sad to see it end. More sad than last year. Like tears started on Thursday. I was a blubbering mess. Basically I, myself, grew more. I LOVE people!! I love helping them and making them feel good about themselves. I loved interacting with everyone – my various team members, Paul, Susan, Anita, and Jerry. We are like one big happy family! We all understood each other. We all gave each other our space. We all listened to each other vent when things were frustrating (roof in hot weather and frustration because we knew we would not finish) Trust me I vented that night! But, others vented to me. The most important thing is to listen. We had each others backs, and ropes literally when on the roof. We learned how much we cared about each other and how much we trusted each other. Like I said, Saturday was rough for me. Saying goodbye was rough! I was glad it was not just me. I was glad i was with people who understood. It made me feel, dare I say normal?
I learned to appreciate what I have in life. I learned that the little things are the most valuable things. I learned that I wish I could communicate with my family. This is something I struggle with… A LOT! Just being home today I have struggled with it. It started yesterday when I was picked up at the train station! I immediately wanted to be back in Virginia. Thankfully I went to visit friends who helped me with funds, and it was great as I was able to calm down and really explain this trip and what it meant to me.
So, I will try to explain more another time. Right now, I need to catch up on much needed sleep. I am also grumpy. Why?? Oh, the ole family thing! I had family visit tonight who don't get it. I had to bite my tongue MANY times. I became frustrated. I became angry. I shouldn't have, but I did. I think I need some alone time tomorrow. I need a lot of time to reflect and really think about my trip.
But, I am alive! I want you all to know that. Sorry for not blogging. I had every intention, but when you are on a mission trip..things happen. I can't explain, but things happen. You grow, you learn. That, I did!


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New! Our handpainted Ginkgo Love textile design, now available in fresh and fun wallpaper, too. This listing is for our Ginkgo Love in Pink colorway. Wonderful for accent walls, entryways and any space seeking a bit of color and pattern. Rolls are 2' wide x 12' in length. Contact us for repeat dimensions or to order a sample swatch ($5 ea, includes shipping).
Interested in another color combination? Check out our other Ginkgo Love colorways in our Summer and Coastal Collections.
Ginkgo Love Wallpaper in Pink
Standard roll is 2' wide x 12' in length. Paper has a smooth, low lustre finish. Custom printed in the USA on FSC-certified paper using environmentally-friendly inks. Simply soak in water to apply. Easily removable.
Contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com for repeat dimensions.


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A roll over crash has led to two people being critically injured. The crash is being investigated by the authorities.
The roll over crash happened on Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard near Ortiz Avenue. The crash involved a tractor trailer truck and a Sport Utility Vehicle. The collision caused the SUV to roll over before coming to a final halt causing injuries to the occupants. Both the driver and the passenger of the SUV were taken to the hospital for medical attention. Motorists who were traveling on that road had stopped to help before emergency crews arrived at the scene. The driver of the tractor trailer was not hurt and stayed at the scene of the accident to cooperate with the authorities.
According to the authorities, a thorough investigation is still on going to determine the cause of the accident.
Details of the parties involved in the roll over are yet to be released to the press.
Marc Anidjar, from the Law Firm of Anidjar and Levine, comments on this crash: "Scene investigations are critical to determining fault. Initially after an accident our office typically will hire an investigator goes to the scene. They can help collect evidence that will help with liability such as photograph skid marks to determine if excessive speed by one of the parties contributed to the severity of the accident. They can also canvass the area to see if any local security cameras that may have caught the accident within the angle of view of the security system. Finally always request that the vehicle be preserved – newer model vehicles had a data recording device that will tell speed and other telemetric information such as steering input and brake force at the time of accident."
In an accident? The Law Offices of Anidjar & Levine Can Help.
Our injury attorneys assist people in Florida who have been injured in traffic accidents caused by negligent drivers, road rage, and more. Contact us today to explore your legal options and determine if you qualify for financial compensation. You may be able to collect compensation for medical bills, loss of wages, disability, and other losses related to your injuries.
Call the Law Firm of Anidjar & Levine at 1-800-747-3733 for a free consultation.
Traffic And Accident News Provided By Traffic Center News


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Welcome to Sundial Properties. This is your first post. Edit or delete it, then start blogging!
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Cubs leaving NBC Sports Chicago, starting own network (link corrected!)
newsbot, in Sport Center
newsbot, in Sport Center
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