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Table of Contents
1. From the Modern Corporation to Production Networks: A Paradigm Shift
2. Schumpeter's Notion of Innovation in the Giant Firm
3. Turnkey Contract Manufacturing in Electronics
4. The Delinking of Production from Innovation in the Turnkey Network
5. Conclusion
Evidence from the electronics industry suggests that a new American model of industry organization is emerging in the 1990s.
American electronics firms are outsourcing an increasing share of their production. As this practice grows, manufacturing
capacity is building up in turnkey production networks that consist of specialized and highly capable merchant suppliers that
provide the industry with a functionally coherent set of commodified production services. When firms that supply external
productive capacity develop a merchant character, as they have in the American-led electronics industry, manufacturing
capacity is essentially shared by the industry as a whole, reducing costs and spreading risks in an increasingly volatile world
market. As such merchant external economies develop, the link between innovative capacity and market share, on one hand,
and firm size and scope, on the other, begins to break down. This link was the cornerstone of Schumpeter's conception of
industry structure and his explanation for the rise of the large, vertically integrated industrial firm in the early part of the twentieth
Firms that outsource a large share of their manufacturing no longer have to carry the financial, administrative, and technical
burdens of fixed capital related to production (i.e., plant and equipment), allowing them to focus on innovation and become
more organizationally and geographically flexible. At the same time, such brand-name firms are no longer buffered from
competitive pressure by large in-house fixed capital. Barriers to entry are lowered because competitors can tap the same
turnkey production networks and therefore gain access to leading-edge, global-scale production capacity (unless specific
institutional constraints are present). Thus, for the innovating firm, competitive outcomes become more tightly tied to
product-level innovation (i.e., product definition, development, and design) as productive capacity migrates into turnkey
networks. At the industry level, turnkey production networks make it possible for market share to change hands without the
idling of any productive capacity, mollifying the "destructive" aspect of innovation predicted in Schumpeter's conception of
"creative destruction."
This paper explores the implications of the following hypothesis: that a significant share of American firms are adapting to
volatile and intensely competitive market conditions by "outsourcing" manufacturing functions to specialized merchant suppliers.
At the same time, "brand-name" firms have reasserted control over product definition, design, and marketing functions, which
are largely being kept in-house, despite the spate of high-profile "strategic alliances" formed in the 1990s. In essence, I argue
that market-creating innovative capacity is being hoarded in-house while market-supplying productive capacity is being allowed
to migrate into external economies that can be shared industry-wide. Such external scale economies are coming to reside in a
cadre of specialized merchant suppliers that offer access to a functionally coherent set of production functions as a service to
their customers, the brand name firms. The emerging organizational split between innovation and production is usually enabled
by highly formalized links at the inter-firm boundary.
The hypothesis is derived from research on product-level electronics manufacturing (computers, communications equipment,
consumer electronics, etc.), where such an organizational shift, from in-house to outsourced manufacturing, has been dramatic
in recent years. However, even superficial observations strongly suggest that comparable changes are underway in many other
sectors as well (e.g., apparel and footwear, toys, data processing, home furnishings and lighting, semiconductor fabrication,
food processing, automotive parts, brewing, enterprise networking, and pharmaceuticals). The aim of this paper is not to prove
that the shift is occurring in every American firm, or even to provide a detailed analysis of the changes in the electronics
industry. I have presented the latter evidence more fully elsewhere (Sturgeon, 1990, 1991a, 1991b, 1992, 1997; Sturgeon and
Cohen, 1996). Instead, the model of industry organization derived from the electronics case is exposed to one of the key
theoretical tools that have been developed to predict and explain industry structure and economic development: Schumpeter's
notion of innovation in the giant firm. It is my opinion that the emerging split between product-level innovation and production in
American industry is clear enough to take the next step of testing, and perhaps modifying, the analytic tools that we currently
have at our disposal.
1. From the Modern Corporation to Production Networks: A Paradigm Shift
Through the mid-1980s, the dominant paradigm for the study of industrial organization and economic development was the
modern corporation as best defined by Chandler (1977). There was good reason for this focus. By the 1950s, the large
multidivisional (and increasingly multinational) enterprise, with its extensive managerial hierarchy, had become an undeniable
force in economic development, not only in its heartland, the United States, but also in other countries where its features were
adopted as a model for local firms. Regardless of analytic stripe (e.g., neoclassical, Weberian, Marxist), the large,
multidivisional, hierarchically-controlled corporation provided a set of ordering assumptions for theorists interested in explaining
its rise and inner logic (theories of the firm), as well as for those working on problems of economic development where the
modern corporation played a central role, such as literature on the transnational corporation and development (e.g.,
Gershenkron, 1962; Vernon, 1966, Williamson, 1975, 1981, Perrow, 1981). For many, the archetype of the modern
corporation that emerged from this work was held up as the pinnacle of capitalist development and for nearly all, the giant firm
was recognized as the central force in economic development. As an ideal type, it was well understood, and it was assumed
that firms would, over time, become closer to its image.
The work of Joseph Schumpeter too was deeply affected by the rise of the large corporation. Schumpeter's early work The
Theory of Economic Development (1934), first published in German in 1911, focused on the role of the small-firm entrepreneur
in driving innovation. Entrepreneurs continually create disequilibrium in existing capitalism through the formation of new firms in
an environment of easy market entry. Schumpeter's later work recognized the empirical reality of the rise of the large firm in
American industry during the first few decades of the twentieth century. By the time he wrote Capitalism, Socialism, and
Democracy (1942), Schumpeter's focus had shifted from the innovative entrepreneur to innovation in the R&D laboratory, from
tacit to codified knowledge, from low to high market entry barriers, and from small to large firms (Nelson and Winter, 1982;
Malbera and Orsenigo, 1995). He argued that observable productivity increases in the American economy were largely due to
innovations delivered by the R&D laboratories of large firms in an environment of high barriers to market entry (Schumpeter,
During the 1970s and 1980s, changes in the world economy, particularly the failure of large American corporations to
adequately respond to new competition from Asia, cast doubt on ideas that used the modern corporation as an organizing
principle, plunging a wide range of fields into crisis and triggering research into aspects of industrial organization that had
previously been obscured.(1) Until the 1980s the shadow of the modern corporation had rendered alternative organizational
forms nearly invisible in the literature, but the faltering of some of the United States' largest manufacturing firms in the face of
Asian competition signaled that something was very amiss with the modern corporation. The complacency that had set in over
so much of thinking about industry organization and economic development began to unravel.
Thus began the search for a new model. Some revisited the work on periodic crisis and instability that had been triggered by
the Great Depression (van Duijn, 1983), while others noted that many of the problems of the modern corporation could be
traced to the emergence of powerful new competitors from Europe and Asia (Bluestone and Harrison, 1982), and set about
analyzing industrial systems that did not fit the Anglo-American norm (Schonberger, 1982). Still others found pockets of
economic vitality based on networks of small firms, and offered new models of industrial development based on their findings
(Piore and Sabel, 1984). Much of this work suggested that the era of United States industrial hegemony had passed along with
the modern corporation, and that new, more dynamic models of industrial organization were stepping into the breach (Liepetz,
After more than ten years of research and debate, the task of building a new paradigm for industrial organization and economic
development is well underway, although consensus is still far from being reached. Some of what had been obscured has now
come into view. The focus has shifted away from the logic and ramifications of the seemingly inexorable expansion of the
internal structures of the modern corporation to the external economies created by the ongoing interactions between firms.
External economies have appeared in different guises in the literature, depending on the scale of analysis. At the most basic level
of firm-to-firm contracting, external economies are created when one firm "outsources" or "sub-contracts" an activity that had
previously been performed "in-house" to another firm. The totality of the external linkages created by contracting relationships in
larger amalgams of firms have been described as "production networks." When such networks are spatially clustered, which
they often are, they make up "agglomeration economies" that tend to be located in sector-specific "industrial districts." Ideas
about the importance of external economies have come from a variety of academic disciplines. Sociologists and organizational
theorists have provided ideas about how trust, reputation, and long-term "relational" contracting can create stable external
economies that resist the apparent tendency for capital to aggregate within the ever-larger control hierarchies of the modern
corporation (Richardson, 1972; Thorelli, 1986; Johanson and Matson, 1987; Powell, 1987; Lorenz, 1988; Jarillo, 1988;
Bradach and Eccles, 1989; Powell, 1990, 1991; Lorenz, 1992; Cooke and Morgan, 1993). Political scientists and country
specialists have provided nationally-specific models of industrial organization that rely extensively on external economies. These
models have been derived from research on the industrial systems of Japan (Schonberger, 1982; Dore, 1986; Sayer, 1986;
Aoki, 1987; Sako, 1989; Womack et. al., 1990; Florida and Kenny, 1993), Germany (Katzenstien, 1989; Sabel, 1989;
Herrigel, 1993), and Italy (Brusco, 1982; Brusco and Sabel, 1983; Piore and Sabel, 1984; Brusco and Righi, 1989).
Geographers and planners have provided insights into how the spatial and social propinquity of geographically clustered
industrial activity work to buoy ongoing external economies (Storper and Scott, 1988; Storper and Christopherson, 1988;
Scott, 1988; Storper and Walker, 1989; Saxenian, 1991, 1992, 1994).
Often these models have been constructed in an effort to explain why firms, industries, and national economies organized
according to their tenets outperform industrial systems organized according to the Anglo-American norm. External economies
allow for the development of trust; industry-, or at least locality-wide sharing of production capacity; greater opportunities for
learning and technology transfer within the system; and perhaps most important, a superior ability to reconfigure the functional
elements of production according to rapidly changing output requirements and the rise of new markets.
This work has generated a sorely needed set of alternatives to the paradigm of the modern corporation, but surprisingly, scant
attention has been paid to the industrial organization of American manufacturing companies as they have begun to adapt to the
new forms of competition that triggered the crisis.(2) Most often portrayed as desperately clinging to the outmoded attributes of
the modern corporation (e.g., Harrison, 1994), American firms have been held up as the antithesis of new, more dynamic
organizational forms that have emerged in Italy, Germany, and especially Japan.
The invisibility of American-led production networks in academic literature (but see Sabel, 1989; Donaghu and Bariff, 1991;
Levy and Dunning, 1993; Gereffi, 1994; Bonacich et. al., 1994; Saxenian, 1994; and Borrus, 1995) may stem from their
recent vintage. On the other hand, it also seems likely that some recent evidence of changes in the organizational characteristics
of American firms has been misinterpreted because the system has not evolved in the image of Japanese, German, or Italian
Today, more than twenty years after the crisis of the modern corporation began, we are seeing subtle but unmistakable
evidence of recovery by American manufacturing firms. In the electronics industry, for example, dire predictions that American
firms would continue to lose entire segments of the industry to foreign firms have proved unfounded. The continued dominance
of many market sectors for electronic hardware by American firms has surprised observers who warned only a few years ago
that Japanese electronics companies were poised to leverage their dominance in core components (e.g., memory chips and flat
panel displays) into dominance of markets for high-volume computer-related hardware, just as had happened in consumer
electronics (Hart and Borrus, 1992).
So, there are signs of life in the heartland of the modern corporation. Still, we cannot simply resurrect models of industrial
organization based on the modern corporation as if nothing has happened. Even a cursory examination of the industrial system
of the United States reveals organizational patterns that look not at all like the modern corporation (Tully, 1993, 1994). The
largest single employer in the country is not General Motors, but the temporary employment agency Manpower Inc. The largest
owner of passenger jets is not United Airlines, or any other major carrier, but the aircraft leasing arm of General Electric. Since
1992, IBM has literally turned itself inside-out, becoming a merchant provider of the basic technologies it had previously
guarded so jealously for exclusive use in its own products. If what we see seems to have little relation to the ideal type of the
modern corporation, there may be good reason. Perhaps the American industrial system has begun to adapt to the new, more
intense competitive environment that triggered the crisis in the first place. Perhaps we are witnessing the emergence of a new
American model of industrial organization, and not simply the crisis of the old.
2. Schumpeter's Notion of Innovation in the Giant Firm
Schumpeter believed that the stability provided by oligopolistic market structures created a better environment for industrial
research. Large firms have the longevity and financial resources to build up the "knowledge base" required to apply scientific
principles to ever more complex innovative problems. As the importance of codified knowledge increased in the early twentieth
century, barriers of entry were erected that reduced the role of small-firm entrepreneurs who tended to base their innovations
on tacit knowledge.(3) In the context of monopoly theory, these ideas became known as the Schumpetarian hypothesis: "the
claim that a market structure involving large firms with a considerable degree of market power is the price that society must pay
for rapid technological advance" (Nelson and Winter, 1982, p. 278). In the long run, Schumpeter believed that oligopolistic
market structures would inevitably be torn asunder by ongoing rounds of innovation, competition, and new market creation.
Nelson and Winter (1982) build on Schumpeter's conception of innovation as the motor of capitalist development in the
construction of their theory of "evolutionary economics." To follow the biological metaphor of evolution used by Nelson and
Winter, the development of the economy moves according to a "survival of the fittest" logic, with the likelihood of survival
increasing with firm profitability. Profitability is determined by the effectiveness of company-specific routines (ways of doing
things) that are passed on as the firm develops in the same manner that genes are passed on in biological systems. The "search"
routines which firms apply to crisis situations (e.g., the need to respond to a competitor by developing an innovative new
product) determines the likelihood of their survival as they adapt, or "mutate," in response to new situations.
Because successful firms tend to invest in additional productive capacity, the dynamic process of industrial evolution tends to
create larger firms and more concentrated market structures over time (up to the point where market concentration begins to
stifle competition and hence, innovation). Nelson and Winter devised computer simulations that produce these results, using the
variables of aggressiveness of investment policies, realization of potential productivity gains, the degree of difficulty in imitating
the firm's innovations, and how successful the firm's innovative efforts are. In the simulation where the value for the first variable,
aggressiveness of investment policies, was assigned a high value, imitation was made more difficult, latent productivity was
better realized, and as a result, industry structure showed markedly higher levels of concentration than in simulations where
capital investments were suppressed (in the real world, a firm might restrain investment to restrict output growth and keep
prices high).
The assumptions in this model point out the key problem with using the Schumpetarian approach to predict the evolution of
industry organization. In this schema, firms tend to get larger over time because successful innovations lead to higher profits and
greater investments in productive capacity that put them further ahead of their competitors. Aggressive capital investment
becomes a barrier to entry for new and existing firms and as a result, firms become larger and market structure more
concentrated over time. But what if we allow for the possibility that increases in market share can be organizationally delinked
from increases in firm-specific capital investment? In the American electronics industry, for example, firms are increasingly
relying on outside sources (i.e., contract manufacturers) for manufacturing capacity. If a firm successfully innovates (e.g.,
develops a personal computer with dramatically better price/performance characteristics than any existing competitor), it can
quickly ramp up production through its contract manufacturers without the lag or risk associated with building up internal
capacity. In the turnkey network market concentration may increase, but industry structure remains relatively disaggregated.
Moreover, barriers to entry based on the holding of productive capacity by leading firms fail to develop.
3. Turnkey Contract Manufacturing in Electronics
In April, 1996, Apple Computer announced that it was selling its largest United States personal computer (PC) manufacturing
facility in Fountain, Colorado to a little-known company called SCI Systems. Apple had just posted the largest quarterly loss in
its history ($740M) and had narrowly avoided being taken over by Sun Microsystems, so it may not have been suprising that it
was shedding some of its assets. What seemed strange about this deal was that, according to Apple management and industry
pundits alike, Apple's troubles did not stem from poor demand, but from its inability to meet demand.(4)
Why would a company that is having trouble meeting demand sell one of its most important production facilities? One could
easily imagine an effort to improve responsiveness and efficiency at existing facilities, but a move to decrease capacity at such a
moment, on the face of it, seemed foolish. Did Apple plan to make up for the resulting loss in manufacturing capacity by
expanding its remaining facilities in Ireland or Singapore, moving production to lower-cost offshore locations? A closer look at
Apple's restructuring strategy and its partner in the deal, SCI, provides some answers to this puzzle and serves as a thumbnail
sketch of the organizational sea-change that is currently underway in the electronics industry.
First, the sale to SCI did not mean that Apple computers would no longer be produced in the Colorado facility. On the
contrary, the deal included a three-year agreement for SCI to continue to manufacture Apple products in the plant. SCI is the
largest of an emerging cadre of specialized firms whose sole business is to provide electronics manufacturing services to the
industry on a contract basis; accordingly, companies like SCI are known as "contract manufacturers." SCI had the right to use
the plant's production lines to manufacture products for any of its other customers as well as Apple, which at the time included
more than fifty firms including Hewlett Packard and IBM, companies that compete directly with Apple in the PC market. The
majority of the five-year-old plant's 1,100 workers were to stay on as SCI employees.
So, Apple wasn't selling one of its U.S. plants to some burgeoning local electronics company and moving its own production
offshore: it was contracting with SCI to continue to manufacture Apple products in Colorado. According to Apple CEO
Gilbert Amelio, the company's strategy was to outsource production to companies such as SCI in order to reduce Apple's
manufacturing overhead and inventory carrying costs while concentrating the company's resources more intensively on
marketing and product design (Electronics Buyers News, 1996). As Kwok Lau, Apple's Director of operations put it, Apple
was moving to a "variable cost position" vis-?-vis its manufacturing operations. This meant that more of the company's
manufacturing assets were to be held by outside companies. Instead of using fixed assets, namely production facilities owned
and operated by Apple, to manufacture computers and peripheral equipment bearing the Apple nameplate, the company was
to use the production assets of specialized outside suppliers, such as SCI. After the sale, Apple was able to alter the volume of
its production, upward or downward, on very short notice without installing or idling any of its own plants and equipment. Of
particular interest to Apple's management was the improved "upside flexibility" (i.e., the ability to quickly ramp up production
volumes to meet unexpected surges in demand) that the deal with SCI provided.(5)
Another oddity about the press reports surrounding SCI's acquisition of Apple's Fountain plant was the following statement by
Fred Forsyth, Apple's senior vice president of worldwide operations: "By outsourcing the manufacturing activities of our
Fountain site to a company of SCI System's size, experience, and broad business base, Apple has the opportunity to benefit
from SCI System's economies of scale" (Apple Computer, 1996). Although SCI is a large company, it is less than a third the
size of Apple. How could a company of SCI's size achieve greater manufacturing and component purchasing scale economies
than a company whose market share in the PC industry has hovered between number one and three since the birth of the
industry in the late 1970s? The answer lies in the fact that SCI's sole business is contract manufacturing. The company has no
internal product development capacity. Its sales and marketing activities are limited to developing its business as a manufacturer
of other firms' products. In fact, despite its size, and the fact that it manufactures no products under its own name, SCI's twenty
world-wide plants may well contain more manufacturing capacity than any other single electronics firm.(6)
Was the Apple/SCI deal unusual? Certainly not. If anything, according to some industry watchers, some of Apple's problems
stemmed from the fact that it had been too slow to "outsource" its manufacturing operations, even though nearly 50% of the
company's manufacturing was already performed by contractors prior to the sale. By selling the Colorado facility to SCI,
Amelio was simply placing Apple more completely on a bandwagon that was already well underway. Since the mid-1980s, and
particularly in the 1990s, large and well-known American electronics companies such as Apple, IBM, NCR, Philips, ATT,
Hewlett Packard, and DEC have been abandoning their internal manufacturing operations in droves and turning to contract
manufacturers such as SCI to build their products. At the same time, many younger, faster growing electronics firms, many of
them based in Silicon Valley, CA, have always used contract manufacturers; few have built internal manufacturing capacity even
as they have grown (e.g., Sun Microsystems, Silicon Graphics, and Cisco Systems).
Increased outsourcing has created an unprecedented boom in contract manufacturing revenues. From 1988 to 1992 the sum of
revenues generated by 1995's largest twenty contractors grew at an annual rate of 30.7%. Since 1992, however, revenue
growth has been accelerating dramatically year by year: from 1992 to 1995, revenues grew 46.4% each year, with the fastest
growth coming from 1994 to 1995, when revenues expanded 51.2% (see Figure and Table 1). At the time of this writing, the
unprecedented growth in the industry is showing no sign of slowing down (for example, SCI's revenues grew 65% to more than
$5.3B in calendar year 1996).
Revenue growth for contractors has come from several sources. First, the purchase of a customer's facility often includes at
least short-term prospects for increased business as the contractor assumes responsibility for current and future production
volumes. Besides increased volume, contractor's revenues have increased from component purchasing and the provision of new
services. Increasingly contractors have been purchasing components for their customers in what is known in the industry as a
"turnkey" contract. In this arrangement, the contractor essentially acts as a lender to its customers by purchasing and holding
component inventories. Cash outlays are only recouped as finished products are delivered to the customer. Turnkey component
buying increases the flow of capital through the contractor, driving up revenues and creating strong market linkages with
component suppliers. Also, contractors have been vertically integrating in relation to their specialty, manufacturing. Besides
basic electronics manufacturing processes, such as circuit board assembly, most contractors have added a range of back- and
front-end services, such as process R&D, design for manufacturability, product-specific process development and
documentation, various forms of testing, final product assembly, final packaging, software loading and document duplication,
and shipping to distribution. Some contractors have added repair services, not only for products manufactured in their plants
but by customer plants as well. The contractors that have grown the fastest have specialized in advanced manufacturing
processes, such as surface mount technology, which drive product miniaturization and performance forward.
Figure 1. Revenues; 1995's Top Twenty Contract Manufacturers, 1986-1995
(billions of current dollars)
Table 1. Revenues; 1995's Top Twenty Contract Manufacturers, 1988-1995
(thousands of current dollars)
CM Revenues (thousands of $)
Annual Average Growth Rates
Top 5
Top 6-20
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Bachelor of Computer Information SystemsCreate Account
Bachelor of Computer Information Systems
A Bachelor of Computer Information Systems is an undergraduate degree program offered at many institutions around the world. This program prepares students for careers in which they focus on how to practically apply technology to give support to organisations and individuals. With ever-increasing emphasis being placed on creating new applications for every need, the demand for computer information systems specialists is also rising, making job placement easier than ever.
What is a Bachelor of Computer Information Systems?
When students enroll in a Bachelor of Computer Information Systems, they can expect to take coursework in a wide variety of computer-related classes. This is because this degree program requires a great deal of knowledge about all the various aspects of computer technology. Students in these programs can expect to take courses with some of the following topics as a requirement for graduation:
- Programming
- Systems analysis and design
- Business
- Communications
- Database concepts
- Information systems management
- Network theory and design
- Mathematics
The goal for students in these degree programs is to prepare them with the strategies they need in order to work with an organisation to effectively analyse and evaluate their information processing needs. They then take that information and build technology-based solutions. All of this requires an extensive background in business practices, communications and computer technology. For this reason, additional coursework liberal arts and business may also be a requirement for students to complete the degree.
Many programs follow a similar structure; classes are offered as lectures, labs or seminars, each of which are overseen by either noted professors in their field, a Master's student, or a distinguished visiting lecturer. The coursework required by each program may be rigid or varied. In varied courses, students are often able to supplement their core courses and general education courses with electives that interest them. These electives may also be put towards a specialisation within their program, depending on the rules of the program and university at which it is offered.
Following completion of these basic requirements, student may be expected to complete a capstone project. This acts as the culminating proof and example of everything a student has learned while in the program.
What Are the Benefits of Getting a Bachelor of Computer Information Systems?
Bachelor degree programs in Computer Information Systems offer many benefits to students. When students enter these programs, they gain essential skills and knowledge in many different disciplines. This may make it easier for them to find gainful, rewarding employment upon graduation. Additionally, computer information systems specialists are in such high demand that students may often expect to receive a competitive salary and benefits package, depending on their employer. Additionally, students who are interested in furthering their nation's interests can take their knowledge and truly make an impact on the world stage by working with government organisations like the NSA and other intelligence agencies.
What Kind of Career Can You Expect With a Bachelor of Computer Information Systems?
Careers for Bachelor of Computer Information Systems graduates are varied and, in many cases, readily available. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, this field is expected to grow by 25 percent in just the next few years.
Graduates can choose to use their skills in a number of career paths, most commonly including the following:
- Computer systems analyst
- Applications developer
- IT consultant
- Programmer
- Setup configuration specialist
- Quality assurance specialist
Find the best computer information systems program today.
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Innovative Fashion: What Are Living Fabrics and How Do They Work?July 9, 2018 by Elisha - Columbia University
Ever wanted to grow your own clothes?
Ever wanted to grow your own clothes?
Kate taught me so much about fashion and life. Here's some of her wisdom, through her own quotes.
We're obsessed with the elaborate shows that grace fashion weeks every year, so we've rounded up our favorite fashion show themes ever.
On April 2, Brockhampton dropped a line of colorful streetwear merch that mostly sold out in 14 minutes.
She's just a girl in love.
Find out which stars were best dressed, plus the rest of the looks you need to know about.
Your guide to this year's Academy Awards, for casual movie watchers and film buffs alike.
Check out these men who are killing the YouTube fashion game.
Choosing my favorites from the Spring 2018 and Fall 2018 collections.


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ACME 50510 Zanthe Motion Sectional Sofa, Brown Polished Microfiber
Brand: ACME
Color: Brown
- Polished microfiber upholstery
- Double stiching detail
- Hand latch recliner
- full reclining seated position
Publisher: ACME Furniture
The Zanthe polished microfiber set reflects styling oversized cozy seating, full reclining seated position. The sofa, loveseat and recliner will bring back that sleek style to your living room environment.
California Proposition 65
Q: Why is there a warning on the box for my item that the product contains a chemical known to the State of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm?
A: This warning is provided pursuant to a California law known as Proposition 65. Under Proposition 65, California maintains a list of chemicals known to the state to cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm. Any company whose product contains one or more of the roughly 800 Proposition 65 listed chemicals must provide a notice to California consumers unless it can prove that any exposure is below a scientifically-established level.
Q: Does this mean my item is not safe to use?
A: The current Proposition 65 list includes over 800 chemicals, including chemicals used in many foods, dyes, and household items, and the notice requirements can apply even if a product uses very small quantities of a listed chemical. California has acknowledged that "[t]he fact that a product bears a Proposition 65 warning does not by itself mean that the product is unsafe."
Proposition 65 requires companies to provide a consumer notice for exposures to listed chemicals unless the company can prove that exposure levels are 1000 times less than a scientifically-established safe level. While the exposure level of Prop 65-listed chemicals from the use of our products may be well below the level of no observable effect, proving that exposure is 1000 times less than this threshold can be difficult and costly on a per product basis. Consequently as an abundance of caution, we have opted to provide the Proposition 65 consumer notice. We and out sourcing partners monitor and test our products to ensure customer safety and satisfaction, and our commitment is to continuously strive to improve our products in all aspects.
Package Dimensions: 80.0 x 31.0 x 23.0 inches


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Every day, businesses place increasing demands on wide area networks (WANs). Speed and performance are expected to go up, while costs are expected to go down. This means that managing an enterprise network is not easy and when geographical distance is added to the mix, it's even more of a feat.
Efficiently and effectively sizing and managing the WAN solutions of organisations with multiple, widely-dispersed branches and offices may seem like an insurmountable challenge for IT professionals. And the solutions being punted at the moment don't quite solve this. But CloudWAN, an SD-WAN (software-defined WAN) solution with a difference, does. Here's how.
A closer look at the challenges
Before getting into the nitty-gritty of CloudWAN, it's good to zoom in on the key challenges that IT teams are up against. These can be broadly divided into two categories: WAN links and network devices.
WAN links, as the enablers of remote access to the enterprise's IT and communications services, are, of course, critical for the successful running of offices nationwide. New locations need a rapid deployment of connectivity solutions to get them online and on task, and their bandwidth needs to be scaled or adjusted in a way that balances cost and quality. Relying on VPNs (virtual private networks) for this, while common, can be expensive, slow and inconsistent in quality.
Network devices present their own (expensive) challenges in the high numbers that are required – and the volume of vendors that need to be engaged. Updates and configuration changes can be a nightmare in terms of time and technical expertise needed.
Why you need more than SD-WAN
SD-WAN is a viable solution for only some of these challenges – unless you pick the right product. Bringing in network function virtualisation (NFV) is another option that will help to optimise network services. It does this by bringing together the components that are necessary to support a fully virtualised environment.
On its own, SD-WAN takes care of the WAN link issue. It enables alternate, cost-effective transport networks to replace or augment MPLS (multiprotocol label switching) links. The actual firewall feature on the device is the Virtual network functions (VNF) and it replaces physical devices with virtual versions of hardware networking functions. VNF creates far more agile networks that result in significant savings.
CloudWAN is a well-rounded WAN solution
IS has developed a new solution called CloudWAN – and it ticks all of the above boxes. CloudWAN, as a Cloud WAN solution, combines SD-WAN with smart NVF to address enterprise network needs.
CloudWAN allows centralised, simplified network management through a single, easy-to-use dashboard. Updates and changes can be made and rolled out to remote locations in a few clicks. This is a boon for security, as network control is kept tight. It also means that the IT team can be spared time-consuming administrative tasks to tackle more important, value-adding work.
The network no longer needs heaps of hardware devices. This saves the team time and money, as provisioning and management are made much easier. And when it comes to setting up a new office, zero-touch provisioning ensures that your business is up and running in a matter of minutes – no hard skills required.
Bandwidth concerns are also addressed: CloudWAN reduces reliance on the carrier network by tapping into public broadband (and your MPLS links, if you wish to hold onto them). It dynamically routes traffic according to need. The result? Efficient, always-on connectivity.
CloudWAN can make a difference in enterprises of all shapes and sizes, but it is of particular use to those in the retail and banking industries, where multiple, geographically-dispersed locations are the norm. Think of the revolutionary potential of setting up a new branch without deploying a single technician. Think of the benefits of commanding the entire corporate network from one place, in real time. Speak to us to get going.
Read more blogs below


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Contact: Barb Maynes, 360-565-3005
Back-to-back fee free days, on September 27 and 28, will be celebrated at Olympic National Park this year.
Both days are part of nationwide celebrations at national parks and other public lands. National Public Lands Day will be celebrated on Saturday, September 27, when Olympic National Park will join other National Park Service areas and other federal land management agencies in waiving entrance fees. Other park fees, including wilderness camping and campground fees, will remain in effect.
On the following day, Sunday, September 28, entrance fees will again be waived for all visitors, in honor and recognition of our country's newly naturalized citizens.
"We invite our neighbors and visitors – and especially any of our newest citizens – to enjoy Olympic during this special weekend," said Superintendent Karen Gustin. "We hope these two days will create lasting memories for our visitors, and the inspiration to enjoy Olympic and other national parks, again and again."
Newly naturalized citizens are invited to identify themselves at entrance stations or visitors centers, so they may receive a welcome packet to the national parks for new citizens of the United States.
Ranger-led education programs will be offered each of these days at Hurricane Ridge, Hoh, Kalaloch and Mora. The park's visitor centers will be open, including the Olympic National Park Visitor Center in Port Angeles, the Hurricane Ridge Visitor Center and the Hoh Visitor Center, along with the Forks, Kalaloch and Storm King information centers. Programs will be offered on Saturday only at Lake Crescent, Quinault and Sol Duc. For a full listing of programs, visitors may consult area bulletin boards.
On July 4, 2008, Secretary of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne extended a special welcome to newly naturalized citizens, saying, "Our National Parks celebrate the story of America,: our history, our heroes and the ideals upon which we build our future. With this invitation, I want to give our newest citizens, those who have chosen to adopt America as their home, a chance to come and experience those pieces of America for themselves."
National Public Lands Day recognizes the diversity and importance of the nation's public lands. Participating are nine federal land management agencies, along with state, county, and city governments throughout the country. Olympic National Park was established in 1938 and protects over 922,000 acres of wilderness forest, coastline and mountains. The park receives over three million visits each year.
Last updated: January 12, 2018


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Vacation and stuff
Thursday, December 2, 2010
December 3rd - lights are up!
My first outside christmas-light decoration in Fiddlers Green in 15 years!
And.. turned out beautifully!
working on the tree.. trying to make it look like one at least! :D
Notice my toenails hihi red red christmas red!
December 3rd brunch picture will be with some lights and maybe an ornament?
Posted by
Laila N. Christiansen
1 comment:
Liv Ofsdal
WOW! Nice too see!
Almost a norwegian christmastree... eeeh...might be...
December 3, 2010 at 9:01 AM
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Leadership Skills for Latino Youth- 3:27
with Jose Enriquez from Latinos in Action
Oct 31, 2018
Jose Enriquez of Latinos in Action discusses the organization's mission to empower Latino youth to lead and strengthen their communities through college and career readiness programs. There are a variety of committees focused on leadership, service learning, and college and career preparation.
Hosted by: Holly Menino Produced by: Mountain West Newsmakers Team
Other videos hosted by Holly Menino
Arts for All in SLC
Jennifer Seelig, Salt Lake City Community Empowerment Director discusses how attending in artistic events educates and builds community, but that not all residents have access. The Arts for All program allows qualified families to participate in a random drawing for upcoming shows and events.


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Tag Archives PGS
Aerocool Aero-800 Black Edition Chassis Review
We've previously reviewed the Aerocool Aero-1000 White Chassis and liked it. The Aero-1000 chassis got a solid 4.3/5.0 and was also recommended as a great all-rounder. The Aero-1000 is the high end PGS A Series chassis form Aerocool, with the Aero-800 in the middle and the Aero-500 starting the range off.
Nanoxia Deep Silence 1 Rev.B Chassis Review
Nanoxia are a name you should know, and their Deep Silence
chassis already has a following out there in modders land.
With that said, it's hard for a designer and manufactu [...]
Comments (0) | 5 years ago


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The Growth Of Chatbots In The Airline Industry
The Airline Industry witnesses Artificial Intelligence aiding travelers and businesses in their processes. Artificial Intelligence is proving to be a significant shift in this vertical.
The AI chatbot solutions for the airline industry helps to organize the business procedures. They do this with proper and simplified travel arrangement.
Chatbot In Airline Industry
1. Introduction
In the journey of revolution for the airline industry, Chatbots and travel are companions. Chatbot usage has increased in size rapidly. The companies have realized the importance of messaging platforms.
They accept the fact that the most preferred communication medium is a messaging platform whether it is booking/cancellation, customer service or planning. The offers are tailored to the needs of the customer.
Isn't this a method to drive in revenue??
Transformation is already paying off.
"Digitalisation is expected to boost our ancillary income from RM46 (US$10.50) [per passenger] currently to our RM60 (US$13.70) target. Some of the initiatives include dynamic pricing of baggage allowance and Tune Protect insurance, offering an extra-seat option to our customers and enhancing our inflight meal options."
– Tony Fernandes, CEO of AirAsia
Chatbots for airlines is an important tool within the domain of AI. Measuring the power of chatbot technology when newly introduced is difficult. A proper analysis of the user patterns leads to higher adoption and absorption levels.
Flight bots are promising for the airline vertical. At the end of the year 2017, SITA stated that 14% of the airlines and 9% of the airports were using chatbot technology.
It also forecasted that by 2020, the companies would project 68% of airlines and 42% of airports would be adopting chatbot services driven by AI.
2. Transform the Airline Experience with Flight Bots
Travel assistant bot helps in saving time by organizing the user's trip. The bots suggest about places to visit at different seasons or as per the budget. This companion is available on your favorite messaging apps like Facebook messenger.
Another advantage of using a bot is its availability. The bot is available 24X7. It has numerous languages support. The user's queries get a personalized response from the bot in their preferred language. The powerful tool of AI is learning.
AI keeps learning and therefore, it is becoming smarter and powerful day by day. In this cut-throat competition, consumers are left with a broader range of options for their traveling requirements.
So what makes your customers choose you????
Excellent Customer Service❗
It has the power to engage and capture consumers for your airline business. With the power of chatbots and utilizing it for your business, airlines get the strength to provide various services to the consumers.
Some of them are mentioned below:
- Instant Access
- Personalization
- Reservations
- promotions
- Travel Advice as per the consumer's preferences
- Conversational Services with Convenience
The more the services are personalized the more the relationship with the consumer increases. This relationship blossoms even after the flight lands.
Thus you not only get the support of a satisfied customer but also an advocate for your brand.
3. Why are Chatbots finding room in the airline industry?
We say chatbot is here to stay and elevate the customer experience in the airline vertical.
Let us see, on which basis deployment of chatbots take place in the airline industry.
Answerable to Common Queries
Is asking a question limited to a new traveler❓
No. An experienced traveler has a standard set of questions to ask their airline.
For example:
- From which gate, my flight would be departing? ✈
- What is the weight limit on checked luggage? ?
- When is the next connecting flight to Singapore?
NEWS: The Amadeus #Chatbot solution for #Airlines, which powers @MAS MHchat allows travelers to book flights, retrieve bookings, and ask questions, all through Facebook Messenger. Full story: https://t.co/RttPn7q5FN
— Amadeus (@AmadeusITGroup) September 24, 2018
Before artificial intelligence chatbots getting into our lives, the representative from the airline used to answer these set of questions on the call. The amount of time wasted and the inconvenience it caused for both the parties created a lot of negativity.
Another factor is money. ?
A representative deserves good pay for answering calls to such repetitive questions around the clock. Another way is navigating the airline website. Customers can visit the site and spare some time to search the answers for their problems.
But the ways provided above aren't feasible for both customers and the airline. It would cost a lot of time, effort, and unnecessary cost increment.
Then what is to be done?✔
Follow the footsteps of Mexico's Volaris. It has created a Facebook bot. The bot is capable of analyzing and understanding the queries raised and respond to those queries effectively. Volaris reduces the service costs offered to the human.
The presence of complex questions is visible. But Volaris has an arrangement for this complexity as well. It transfers the complicated queries to a human agent seamlessly and ensures that the information is appropriately destined to the user.
Reservations and Transactions
Chatbots are capable of handling bookings and deals efficiently. With the increasing support to the chatbots, the messaging platform like facebook messenger enables the user to get the information without quitting the platform.
The best example is the Icelandair chatbot by the Icelandic Airline.
The chatbot provides:
- Opportunity to the users to search and book a flight.
- The conversation carried out is a text-based conversation.
- The user enters the information as in chats or texts.
- The user has more control over the procedure.
- The thread retains the conversation is. This retained conversation is used to view the purchase and search for information later.
Information Merging
I will give you two scenarios. Vote for the best one!
Scenario 1: You purchased a ticket. The information about the ticket is on the website you have booked. The booking confirmation details find a place in your mail inbox. The boarding pass is either printed or stays in your phone. All the updates related to your flight are received as text messages.
Scenario 2: All the information related to your travel is stored in a single place.
Which scenario would you like to cast your vote to❓
Obviously, the second scenario. Rather than having your information stored at various location and accessing them from different locations it is convenient and easy to store and access the information at a single place.
KLM, a full-stack chatbot used by Dutch airline, stores all the relevant and vital information in one place i.e. Facebook Messenger.
The information stored is:
- The boarding pass
- The information about the booking
- Flight details.
Another capability of KLM is answering rapidly to the questions raised. KLM exhibits functionalities of an app to a certain extent and therefore, you can use it without an actual download.
Some other notable features of KLM:
- The Chatbot can make actual edits to your trip.
- Want to change the seat? Send a request to the chatbot.
- After all the changes are done, you will receive updated tickets directly through the Messenger.
So what did KLM teach you?
- The process is well-organized into a single-channel.
- The requirement of a customer service agent in the procedure diminishes.
- Saving the time and money of both the parties i.e. Airlines and the consumer.
- The chatbot delivers a favorable flying experience.
4. The Sky-friendly Bots- How bots have made the Sky their buddy?
Our modern consumers are looking for building a relationship with the enterprises. But the want for a connection with the enterprise depends on the quality of services they get.
For example, they expect a rapid process, easily accessible information, self-service option, and their zeal to perform the necessary operations irrespective of place and time.
With the introduction of chatbot in the tech world, it has given a wide range of scope and hope for growth shortly. Airlines Chatbot Development is the new fad because of its market potentiality and a broader scope of revenue generation.
Opting for a flight bot provides the possibilities like:
- Bots offer a self-service option to the customers. This option is available for 24/7.
- The bot gives full control to the customers. It allows consumers to make bookings, upgrades, change via simplified speech or text.
- The bot offers personalized interaction. Moreover, it provides various travel options and advice tailored to the user's preferences.
- The bot provides instant support across numerous channels. The channels are a mobile app, text, email, website, and many more.
Read also: How E-Commerce Chatbots Raise Sales And Conversion Rate In Business
5. Airline Bot Building Platform
The airline bot building platform enables Chatbot Developer to create an airline chatbot without coding in minutes. You can easily push yourself with designing, building, testing, and deploying chatbots with the platforms I have listed below. Some of the mentioned chatbot platforms are even free.
Without a professional company, a sophisticated chatbot is impossible. If you have the desire to built an elaborate, second-to-none chatbot for your business, then get in touch with a leading firm providing world-class services.
The following chatbot development platforms I have listed below will serve your need:
A person with zero knowledge of coding can enter the room with their heads high. Chatfuel is with them which aids in building a bot on Facebook Messenger.
Some of the features are listed below:
- Adding the Content Cards.
- Automatic Sharing with the followers.
- Information gathering within the Messenger Chats.
- Interaction with the bots via buttons.
- Incorporating AI technology for scripting conversations full of interactiveness.
- Recognizing the answers using AI.
- Completely free. Only after 100K conversations/month, you need to speak to the team for a premium customer plan.
Big names like British Airways use Chatfuel for its Facebook Messenger Bot.
If you want to visually build, train, and employ chatbots on FB messenger, Slack, or your website, then Motion.ai is the chatbot platform you have been looking for.
This chatbot platform enables you to draw your conversation as a flowchart. This visualization helps you to visually deal with the result of a bot query.
After this, it allows you to connect your bot to a messaging service like facebook messenger, slack, and go. It allows you to employ Node.js code directly from its interface in addition to various integrations.
Do you desire to have an interactive, programmable, Omni-channel messaging bots?
GupShup is in the right place and at the right time. A leading smart messaging platform over 4 billion messages per month and 150 billion processed messages in total, GupShup offer APIs and SDKs for the developers for making a full interactive bot for web messaging and in-app messages.
With AI at its best, GupShup has messages which contain structured data and intelligence. Thus, you can say GupShup is a big support for automation and messaging workflow.
Another popular Facebook Messenger Chatbot Platform Botsify uses drag and drops templates for creating a bot.
Features that Botsify provide:
- Integrating Easily via plugins
- Smart AI
- Machine Learning
- Analytics Integration
There might be a situation where technical knowledge will be required especially for AI and Machine Learning integration, but it gets covered with its drag and drop templates.
After a certain limit, if you wish to take over the conversation from the bot, Botsify provides a smooth transition from a bot to human. Botsify chatbot platform is free for one bot and chargeable thereafter.
Flow Xo
Flow XO holds a record in providing over 100 integrations. It provides a visual editor which is easy to use.
The advantage of using Flow XO is:
- Build once for multiple platforms.
- A quick start with pre-built templates.
- Saves a lot of time.
- Provides multiple functionalities.
Note: A subscription is required if the conversation limit is crossed.
An interesting concept where you can make your personal bot from your real twitter, facebook, and LinkedIn accounts. Developing a bot with bottr requires less than 5 minutes. It creates questions automatically from the data on Facebook.
For Example:
- Where have you studied from?
- What is your education background?
- Your real identity
- Your birth date.
- The current city you are living in.
Bottr has an option to insert your bot on the website. You can add data from various other platforms for better coverage of data.
Your business needs a custom chatbot development if you consider the growing demand of chatbot technology.
6. Benefits of Employing Chatbots in the Airline Industry
The fashion of innovative technology is all about Chatbot. With modern customers, the demands are increasing day by day asking for advanced solutions without wasting their time.
Therefore, the travel industry is always pressurized to provide innovative solutions to retain its customers. Due to its immense growth and future scope it has shown with the potentiality of the market, I have penned down a few benefits of employing chatbots in the travel industry.
Customer Service Bots
With seamless customer service, chatbots handle all kinds of information transfer or providing solutions in urgency to problems. Chatbots help your customers irrespective of their time zones.
This help is expected by the traveling agency especially when the consumer is at an international tour. With every aspect, your presence should be felt by the customer and therefore providing an enhanced level of customer experience.
Higher Engagement of the Customer
To achieving maximum customer engagement, the airline industry should consider employing chatbots.
Chatbots are customers' touchpoints due to:
- More engagement.
- No time zone limited.
- Solving all the queries.
- Providing the user with recommendations.
- Transaction initiation.
- Might be only for casual interaction.
Moreover with all these responsibilities comes a time availability. Thus for improved customer engagement with your brand, chatbot for an airline is the need of the hour.
Opportunities for Revenue
The consumers can walk from the awareness level to the conversion level easily with the help of chatbots. Accord your chatbots with a payment gateway, offers, and coupons.
As per the research carried by Google,
- 69% of the business travelers and 65% of holiday travelers opt for travel planners.
- 92% of the millennials find live chats better and interactive.
- Out of this 92 %, 23% are forecasted to travel and spend $1.4 trillion by 2020.
These figures show a significant increase in revenue through travel chatbots.
Data Accessing
Chatbots can collect data. This collection of data is possible with chatbots because it stores information while communicating with the consumer. Therefore the chatbot will record and have more in-depth insights about the experience of the customer, the purchase history, problems, etc.
With such ideas in their kitties, the companies will analyze the customers in a better way with a broader spectrum. So if the company is looking to market their services, then this is the best way to pursue the aim.
The personal touch that the consumers expect will finally be a reality. The customers can access the previous chat histories so that they can ask any unsolved question later on.
Saving Time
With chatbots, handling the repeated queries saves a lot of time of the customer service representatives. By saving the time of these representatives, they get more time to focus on managerial activities and other complex problems of the customers.
Therefore training the airline bot in such a way that it is able to handle the maximum workload from ground staff to cabin crew aids in a well-organized pattern.
Chatbot development is highly pocket-friendly. Leveraging the power of Artificial Intelligence, many customer-related problems get solved. In short, for answering the routine queries, you don't need to outsource customer care centers.
Businesses which have stepped into the travel genre should skip the mobile app and web app development and directly switch to the bot development. This switching will aid in saving resources.
The cost of chatbot development depends on various firm. These companies are providing many high-level chatbot services. AI and ML have become a significant factor in the event of airline bots for complex solutions.
The travel industry is multiplying. With rapid growth, the travel industry is adopting travel chatbots.
If you have stepped-in the airline vertical then opting for a chatbot enables you to stay in the competition. Being negligent about having a chatbot for your business might cost you to lose a more significant share in the market.
Right from hotel chatbots to flight booking chatbot, all the companies have their chatbots ready on the go to catch hold the market. If you aren't an expert to build a chatbot, then opt for a Chatbot Development Company and accord yourself with a travel bot for staying ahead in the competition.
Disclaimer: We at eSparkBiz Technologies have created this blog with all the consideration and utmost care. We always strive for excellence in each of our blog posts and for that purpose, we ensure that all the information written in the blog is complete, correct, comprehensible, accurate and up-to-date. However, we can't always guarantee that the information written in the blog correct, accurate or up-to-date. Therefore, we always advise our valuable readers not to take any kind of decisions based on the information as well as the views shared by our authors. The readers should always conduct an in-depth research before making the final decision. In addition to these, all the logos, 3rd part trademarks and screenshots of websites & mobile apps are the property of the individual owners. We're not associated with any of them.


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book reviews, books, Colm Tóibín, Fiction, Global Literature, Irish fiction, Irish literature, Literature, Marriage, Nora Webster, Novels, Reading Suggestions, Religion, Widowhood, Women's Literature
If I was not a fan of Colm Tóibín's writing I might not have finished his most recent novel, "Nora Webster". Unlike Jumpa Lahiri's "Lowland" which I had just finished reading, it is not plot driven. It is a character study of an Irish widow in the early 1960s in a small town in the southeast of Ireland near Wexford. The novel moves at a small town pace capturing the fears of a sheltered widow thrust into economic and sole parenting decisions to support two young boys and teenage girls in a changing world. It is Irish in tribalism, petty grievances and grudges, Catholic upbring, family, and community. It captures the disruptiveness of Northern Ireland and the IRA on Catholic Ireland at a personal level. It is a novel that if you have or had a strong bond with your spouse you will relish.
The change in my perception of the novel began with Chapter Eight, about half-way through the book. Religion is more than a faith when practiced well. It offers both comfort and guidance in various dosages from those who know their flock very well. Like politics, religion is local. It is a wonder anyone would give confession in Nora Webster's town as Sister Thomas is as good as a bookie at a turf parlor. As Ms. Webster appreciatively notes "that in any other century, Sister Thomas would have been burned as a witch."
The book makes a passing reference to the theologian Thomas Merton, who I know the author takes an interest in. He had spoken on a panel about Mr. Merton last year in New York City. What I found most revealing about the panel discussion was his Irish ability to tell stories that are both funny and sometimes deprecating. As a social people the Irish offer plenty of characters and caricatures. It is no wonder that gifted writer such as the author finds a treasure trove to write about.
There is however, universality to this book: marriage; widowhood; community; parenting; sibling rivalry; women's rights; and economic and culture class. Those who speak with a Dublin dialect are to be mocked. Classical music and opera are pretensions. Politics is argued about openly by men, not by women. Ms. Webster is not the meek person that she appears to be outside of her family and with the help of supportive family and community she becomes an individual.
From one character, and that character's thoughts and relationships, a whole canvas of the times is painted by the author. It is a great gift to be able to write with but shadow and light, but Mr. Tóibín is highly gifted.
I would definitely recommend this book; particularly for older readers who have lived through and will continue to live through the joys and tribulations of daily life.


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| 10.6°C Dublin
James Murdoch was shown a "damning" email suggesting that phone hacking was widespread at the 'News of the World' more than three years ago, a public inquiry has heard.
The News International boss was also told face-to-face that there was "direct and hard" evidence of illegal practices at the paper going far beyond one "rogue" reporter, according to Tom Crone, the paper's former legal chief.
His account directly contradicted evidence that Mr Murdoch gave to a parliamentary committee earlier this year.
The Leveson Inquiry into media ethics was also told that lawyers hired to trawl through News International emails checking for more evidence of hacking were confronted by an array of "extremely strange" blank or half-blank messages that may have been partially deleted.
Jon Chapman, the former chief lawyer at News International, told the inquiry he had taken part in the trawl of emails and said it "seemed strange" to him that some were blank or partially cut off.
Lord Justice Leveson questioned whether this suggested an unsuccessful attempt to delete the messages from a "sent messages" box.
Colin Myler, a former editor of the 'News of the World', also gave evidence and defended his decision to publish extracts from the diary of Kate McCann, the mother of missing child Madeleine McCann, which she said had left her feeling "mentally raped".
Mr Myler said he had been repeatedly assured by Ian Edmondson, his head of news, that the McCanns had given their blessing to the publication through Clarence Mitchell, their spokesman.
Mr Mitchell has said that he was misled and was never told that the paper planned to publish extracts from a diary leaked through the Portuguese police and sold for €20,000.
Mr Murdoch told a parliamentary inquiry in July that he was not aware of the email in 2008 when he signed off a large payout to Gordon Taylor, the head of the PFA footballers' union, whose phone was hacked. But Mr Crone told the inquiry that he raised it at a meeting with Mr Murdoch and Mr Myler on June 10 that year.
He said he also spoke about a legal opinion, drawn up by the company's lawyers, referring to a "powerful case" that there was a "culture" of illegal information access.
Mr Crone said he believed he held up the front of a printed copy of the email for Mr Murdoch to see.
"What was certainly discussed was the email . . . and what it meant in terms of . . . further involvement in phone hacking. And what was relayed to Mr Murdoch was that this document clearly was direct and hard evidence of that being the case," he said. (© Daily Telegraph, London)
Irish Independent


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Campus Units
Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering
Document Type
Publication Version
Published Version
Publication Date
Journal or Book Title
Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy
First Page
Biofuel industry has attracted much attention due to its potential to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and contribute to the renewable energy. The high levels of uncertainty in feedstock yield, market prices, production costs, and many other parameters are among the major challenges in this industry. This challenge has created an ongoing interest on studies considering different aspects of uncertainty in investment decisions of the biofuel industry. This study aims to determine the optimal design of supply chain for biofuel refineries in order to maximize annual profit considering uncertainties in fuel market price, feedstock yield, and logistic costs. In order to deal with the stochastic nature of parameters in the biofuel supply chain, we develop two-stage stochastic programming models in which Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) is utilized as a risk measure to control the amount of shortage in demand zones. Two different approaches including the expected value and CVaR of the profit are considered as the objective function. We apply these models and compare the results for a case study of the biomass supply chain network in the state of Iowa to demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of the presented models.
This is an article from Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 5 (2013): 053125, doi:10.1063/1.4822255. Posted with permission.
Copyright Owner
The Authors
Copyright Date
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Recommended Citation
Kazemzadeh, Narges and Hu, Guiping, "Optimization models for biorefinery supply chain network design under uncertainty" (2013). Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Publications. 106.


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Mayor of Gdańsk is death
przez Bartek Bukowski
Mayor Adamowicz has died from the wounds suffered during last night's knife attack in Gdańsk during a charity fundraiser.
Doctors fought overnight to save his life, but it has been confirmed that they and he lost the struggle.
His murder, Stefan W., can receive the maximum penalty provided for, that is, life imprisonment.


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This European Standard specifies complaints handling principles related to domestic and international postal services. It applies to both national and cross border services. Attention is given to how to handle complaints in multiple operator situations. The standard also gives guidance for compensation and redress procedures.
This European Standard may be applied to all types of postal service both Universal service and non-universal service and by all types of postal organizations. It defines various types of complaints and establishes a methodology for handling complaints in order to improve the service given to postal users. It also gives guidance for complaints handling processes to be set up by postal service providers in order to improve quality of service.
This European Standard provides guidelines beyond the requirements given in ISO 10002 and ISO 9001 in order to consider both the effectiveness and efficiency of a complaint handling process, and consequently the potential for improvement of the performance of an organization. When compared to ISO 9001, the objectives of customer satisfaction and product quality are extended to include the satisfaction of interested parties and the performance of the organization.
This European Standard is applicable to the processes of the organization and consequently the quality management principles on which it is based can be deployed throughout the organization. The focus of this European Standard is the achievement of ongoing improvement, measured through the satisfaction of customers and other interested parties.
It should be noted that the number of complaints received might not be related to the level of service given. A large number of complaints may on the contrary reflect the effectiveness of the postal operator's complaint handling process.
This European Standard consists of guidance and recommendations and is neither intended for certification, regulatory or contractual use, nor as a guide to the imple


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The polar bear became listed due to climate change and increasing lose of arctic habitat, with the population increasing and over use of resources to industrialize
Has been listed vulnerable since 1982 according to the Red List, and recently in 2008 became endangered according to the ESA
- February 16, 2005- Center for Biological Diversity files a petition with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to list the polar bear as threatened, world-wide under the Endangered Species
- December 27, 2006- with the court-approved settlement agreement, the Service submits a 12 month finding and proposes to protect the polar bear as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act
- September 7, 2007- USGS announces their findings of polar bear including loss of sea ice, reduction of habitat and population of polar bear species, and likelihood of further population decrease heavily due to climate change
- April 28, 2008- The United States District Court for the Northern District of California orders the Department of Interior and US Fish and Wildlife Service to make a final decision on whether or not add the polar bear to the list of threatened and endangered species
- May 15, 2008- The Service published a Final Rule in the Federal Register listing the polar bear as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA)
What does a Polar Bear look like?
- Largest land carnivore
- Males 8 - 9 feet nose to tail; females 6 - 7 feet
- Adult males 550 - 1,320 lbs, females 200-700 lbs
- Their fur is thicker than any other bears' and covers even their feet for warmth and traction on ice
- their front feet are large, flat and oar-like, making them excellent swimmers
- Polar bears' fur consists of a dense, insulating underfur topped by guard hairs of various lengths. It is not actually white—it just looks that way
- Each hair is pigment free and transparent with a hollow core that scatters and reflects visible light
- Polar bears have black skin under which there is a layer of fat that can measure up to 4.5 inches thick
Where does a Polar Bear live?
- Polar bears live in the circumpolar north in areas where they can hunt their primary prey, ice seals. They are found in Canada (home to roughly 60% of the world's polar bears), the U.S. (Alaska), Greenland, Russia, and Norway (the Svalbard archipelago)
Threats to the Species
- commercial and residential development- building real estate or buildings where the polar bear habitat is
- climate change and severe weather- this could be any where from hurricanes, melting of the ice caps, that could destruct it's habitat
- energy production and mining- pipe lines or increased home intrusion for human purposes
- hunting and trapping terrestrial animals- for use of skin, fur or food
- pollution- oil spills
Current Population
26,000 Polar Bears
19 Types of Polar Bears
Population Trend of the Polar Bear
The population is labeled "Vulnerable" but continuing to decrease because of ice caps melting due to Climate Change being the biggest factors of all
Habitat- mainly ice caps and snow dens on land; some females give birth to cubs on land and in Summer months wait for ice to freeze over so remain on land
Ecology-occur at low densities throughout the Arctic and are more abundant in shallower, ice-covered waters associated with the continental shelf where currents increase biological productivity. The Polar Bear's reproductive rate is among the lowest in all mammals. Cub mortality is high in the first year, with the probability of cub survival largely determined by maternal condition.
most carnivorous of the extant species of bears- relies on seals, fish and some birds
Systems-Terrestrial; Marine
Movement Patterns- nomadic
Species effect in Ecosystem
- completely destroy the Arctic ecosystem with Polar Bears being the top preadator
- melted permafrost- altering Arctic terrestrial land not allowing shrubs to grow, leading the caribou to not have a source of food
- The Arctic's extreme environmental conditions have limited our opportunities to study this complex food web of the food chain
- arctic plankton, not only provide food at the base of the food web, they also convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into organic matter that eventually sinks to the ocean bottom, effectively extracting a heat-trapping greenhouse gas from the atmosphere.
- cant't get their main source of food (seals) when ice caps are melting leading to starvation, drowning, and lower cub survival rate leading to less and less amounts of arctic bears
- address climate change; WWF advocates directly for governments to recognize the effects of climate change on polar bears.
- WWF supports community projects in Alaska and Russia to prevent unintended and potentially fatal encounters between polar bears and people
- Local polar bear patrol teams help keep towns and bears safe.
- More press and news coverage to promote saving the artic
- Scientists are currently monitoring the conditions and movement of polar bears; WWF runs a polar bear tracker to see movements to make sure no conflicts happen, revealing changes and adaptions over time
- ensure that wherever industrial development takes place, it is sustainable and does not damage wildlife populations and ecosystems to any great extent
- donations to "adopt" a polar bear to help rebuild habitats and make sure the environment is sustainable
- Coca Cola set up fundraiser with WWF to help save the polar bears
- areas around the world are protected making sure humans do not come into contact in their habitats
Created with images by Rémi. - "Polar Bear" • NASA Goddard Photo and Video - "Ponds on the Ocean" • skeeze - "polar bear zoo wildlife"


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Saudi Spy Chief Warns of 'Major Shift' in Ties with US
- October, 23, 2013 - 11:51
- Other Media
- Comments
TEHRAN (Tasnim) - Saudi Arabia intelligence chief Prince Bandar bin Sultan said the Persian Gulf kingdom plans to reduce cooperation with the US in protest over Washington's Syria and Iran policies, according to media reports.
Days after Saudi Arabia surprised the international community with its last-minute decision to reject a rotating UN Security Council seat, there were signs of a growing rift between the oil-rich Persian Gulf monarchy and its key ally, the US, AFP reported.
At a weekend meeting with European diplomats, Saudi Arabia's intelligence chief said the kingdom would make a "major shift" in its relations with the United States in protest over Washington's perceived inaction over the Syria war and its overtures to Iran, according to media reports.
According to a report in the Wall Street Journal earlier this week, Prince Bandar bin Sultan invited a Western diplomat to the Saudi Red Sea city of Jeddah over the weekend to voice Riyadh's frustration with the Obama administration and its regional policies, including the decision not to bomb Syria in response to its alleged use of chemical weapons in August.
It was not immediately clear if Prince Bandar's reported statements had the full backing of King Abdullah.
The United States and Saudi Arabia have been allies since the kingdom was declared in 1932, giving Riyadh a powerful military protector and Washington secure oil supplies.
In an interview with Reuters, a source close to Saudi policy said Prince Bandar had also told European diplomats that Washington had failed to act effectively on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, was growing closer to Tehran, and had failed to back Saudi support for Bahrain when it crushed an anti-government revolt in 2011.
"The shift away from the US is a major one," the Saudi source told Reuters. "Saudi doesn't want to find itself any longer in a situation where it is dependent."
A son of the late defense minister and crown prince, Prince Sultan, and a protégé of the late King Fahd, he fell from favor with King Abdullah after clashing on foreign policy in 2005.
But he was called in from the cold last year with a mandate to bring down Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, diplomats in the Gulf say. Over the past year, he has led Saudi efforts to bring arms and other aid to Syrian rebels.


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Are you ready for the BIG event? The wedding of Wills and Kate?
I, for one, think the world needs a good celebration. The wedding of Prince William and Catherine should fit the bill rather nicely. Some pomp and circumstance,carriages, and crowns... Yes, I think the world needs an exceedingly happy day.
I remember watching the TV coverage of Prince Charles and Diana where Diana looked a bit like a deer caught in headlights --- so shy, so young, and unbeknownst to her, about to be gobbled up by Prince Charles and Camilla. I remember seeing the coverage of Prince Charles and Diana with their newborn son, William. I also will never forget as I sat up late one night trying to finish a project -- a live broadcast came on the air with pictures of a car crash in a tunnel with the announcement that Princess Diana was dead. I watched in horror and wanted to believe that it was some terrible mistake.
So, I ask again -- are you ready? Main Street Yarns is! Lise, the owner, is from England and the shop is all decked out for the special day! The Union Jack, with a picture of the young couple, is flying about the store and someone has knit Queen Elizabeth and her hubby. One of the Queen's beloved Corgis got a little fiber action, too. Lise knit the darling wedding dress hanging up behind the couple just waiting for Kate to slip it on.
You can knit your own celebration from this terrific book, Knit Your Own Royal Wedding.
In honor of the royal wedding, I planted English Daisies in my garden. Aren't they the sweetest?
Cheers and cheerio to all you birds and blokes! I'll be tuned in to the festivities across the pond and will send up a special wedding prayer that Wills and Kate live happily ever after.


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Lila Duo Kit
- 5 comfortable positions
- Very easy to install
- Only one set of adaptors needed
Product description
Lila Duo kit
You bought a stroller for one child and now another baby is on the way.
No worries, because the Bébé Confort Lila Duo Kit transforms the Lila stroller into a perfect duo stroller so you can go anywhere you need to with both of your young children.
You can easily adjust the duo stroller into 5 different positions to ensure the best comfort for both of your kids. The special pedal helps you to easily lift the stroller to smoothly navigate difficult sidewalks.
The Duo Kit is simple to install and store, and only one set of adaptors is needed. The kit comes complete with the second seat (suitable from 6 months), a set of adaptors, pedal and raincover.
Why choose me
• Pedal to help you lift the stroller to smoothly navigate sidewalks • Suitable from 6 months to 3.5 years


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Job Description
Responsible for
- Overall supervision, and coordination of the waterfront staff including, sailing, boating and canoeing, windsurfing, waterskiing programs and their schedules
- Accountability for safety and welfare of the camp community while on the waterfront
- Recommend purchase of waterfront equipment, maintain inventory
- Assist with processing waterfront registrations including licenses, and boat permits
Apply by: June 5 2016
Camp/Organization: Camp Pembroke, member of Cohen family of camps (ACA Accredited)
Location: Pembroke, Massachusetts
Type of Position: Specialized Activity Leader
Time Frame: Seasonal
Salary: Based on education, experience, and American Red Cross Certifications
- Current WSI, Lifeguard Certification, CPR, First Aid, required
- Proven supervisory experiences and class scheduling
- Bachelors degree in HPER, education, recreation, outdoor education, or leisure studies preferred
2 - 5 years experience as Assistant Head of Waterfront, or Waterfront Department Head, such as sailing, at a residential camp.
Additional Information
Will consider candidates looking for a day position.
888 Worcester Street, Suite 350
Wellesley, Massachusetts 02482


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San Francisco, Apr 18 (IANS): Twitter has acqui-hired quote sharing app Highly for an undisclosed sum.
Highly allows users to quickly highlight quotes from articles and share via email or social media.
Twitter could develop its own version of Highly or other ways to excerpt the best content from websites and get it into the timeline.
"We are excited to welcome the Highly team to Twitter. Their expertise will accelerate our product and design thinking around making Twitter more conversational," Twitter told TechCrunch on Wednesday.
Highly would shut down its iOS and Slack apps on April 26.
"Social highlights can make sharing stories online feel personal, efficient and alive, like retelling a story to a friend over coffee. They give people shared context and spark meaningful conversations," said Highly CEO Andrew Courter.
"Highly exists to enable awesome convos, and we're looking forward to bringing our Highly-informed perspective to Twitter's work serving the public conversation," he posted on Medium.
Please write your correct name and email address. Kindly do not post any personal, abusive, defamatory, infringing, obscene, indecent, discriminatory or unlawful or similar comments. Daijiworld.com will not be responsible for any defamatory message posted under this article.
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Hence, sending offensive comments using daijiworld will be purely at your own risk, and in no way will Daijiworld.com be held responsible.


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Jason Parent Story on 2015 Bram Stoker Awards Preliminary Ballot
Reblogged from Gregor Xane:
I'm pleased to report that Jason Parent, my Bad Apples compatriot, has his Bad Apples 2 entry Dia de los Muertos listed on the preliminary ballot for the 2015 Bram Stoker Awards.
Congratulations, Mr. Parent! This story's inclusion is well-deserved, and congratulations to all of the creators whose work made it on the Stoker long-list this year.
Click here to view the 2015 Bram Stoker Awards Preliminary Ballot.


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How we can help if you need help with BK. Access to consultants, BAS agents
In the modern marketplace the ability to make good decisions and to respond quickly to an ever-changing environment depends on having the right business systems and reports; and having the correct accounting software in place.
At WiseClick we have been supporting accounting software and helping organisations improve their business systems and reporting for over 15 years.


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Blondie's Bouquets florist in Hull was established by myself Georgina baker and my partner Steve in 2007. The shop itself has been a florist for many years and was the original florist on Holdernessroad opened by Joyce soames when the mill pub next door to us was a memorial stone specialist making grave stones. Many years have gone by since and after a string of owners it was ran into the ground.
Bokays Florist has been established since 1999 and provide the highest quality service, same day delivery in local area also national and international orders. Highly qualified florists offering thebest in flowers for all occasions (birthdays, anniversaries weddings, funerals) and any other occasions, in fresh and silk.
Our shop is located centrally in the city so we're ideally positioned to arrange a flower delivery for you, we love creating smiles and this passion shows in the flower designs we deliver in Hull.Whatever the reason for sending flowers to Hull we can design and deliver something that really makes an impact.
All our designs are created with the love and care that you expect from your local independant Hull florist. Our staff have a number of years experience in bringing some of the best floral designs atgreat prices combined with excellent service. We are able to offer a delivery service throughout Hull and the surrounding area of East Yorkshire. We can also offer delivery anywhere within the UK and internationally as we are members of a international flower relay network.
The Daisy Chain supply fresh flowers in East Yorkshire for Weddings, Funerals, Events and all occasions. We have a small welcoming shop in Skirlaugh. Feel free to pay us a visit and you can selectfrom ready made bouquets or we can make you one to your taste while you wait. Also local delivery is available. For Weddings, Funerals and Events contact us to arrange a meeting and we can discuss ideas to help you decide what you would like for the occasion.
Barbara Johnson gained City & Guilds qualifications in Flower Arranging and Floristry at Bishop Burton College of Agriculture, East Yorkshire, and went on to gain the Society of Floristry NationalDiploma and a Certificate of Education from Huddersfield University. She was awarded the Licentiateship of the City & Guilds London Institute for achievements in retail and later achieved an Honours Degree from the City & Guilds London Institute.
I have been in the floristry industry since becoming a "Saturday girl" after two weeks of very enjoyable work experience when I was 15, at a very large and busy florist shop. After a year of being a"Saturday girl", the owners of the florists asked if I would like to work there full-time after I had finished school, which I gladly accepted.
Glenholme Florists in Beverley are a highly qualified and professional, award winning floristry team that has been trading for over 50 years. With teaching and examining of other florists being partof our experience, we are at the forefront of floristry design, whilst also having a sound knowledge of traditional design skills. We are a family-run business that will individually cater for your requirements.
A florist in Beverley, an award winning florist with over ten years professional experience, Lisa Barrow leads a team who have a very special talent for creating precisely the balance of colour,structure and impact that will transform an important occasion or simply remind you how good life can be.
Miss Elle's Florist is a family run business in Beverley, East Yorkshire, established for over 20 years, and recently the third generation of the family The original Miss. Elle's grandson is nowentering into the business. Chris is an award winning florist and graduated from Bishop Burton College with a 1st Class Honours BA (Hons) Floristry Design degree. Chris has also had successes at both national and regional floral art competitions.


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As we grow increasingly reliant on our gadgets, we sometimes can't help but expect our work to be readily available at our fingertips. Gadgets provide us with utmost convenience, and as a result, we end up being too dependent on our smartphones and tablets. But they can only do so much. For instance, they can only provide you with a keypad that's as good a size as your smallest fingers. If you have big fingertips, they just won't work for you. This is the problem sought to be resolved by the all new myType mobile typing pad while also offering undisputed portability.
Tag Archives: mobile devices
Best Way to Charge Mobile Phones and Devices
Have you always wondered if charging your iPad using an iPhone's charger takes the same time as using the iPad's own charger? Have you hesitated using a BlackBerry charger to charge your Samsung device though they have similar Micro USB ports?
While it is okay to charge your device with another charger for as long as they are compatible, it is hard to determine whether this can have an effect on the battery life of your device. Indeed, we all want to have long lasting batteries. But sometimes, for reasons we don't understand, our batteries do not last as long as expected. This problem is often attributed to the issue of not knowing the best way to charge your smart phones and mobile devices.


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Direct factory Private label OEM glitter nail gel polish
Based on your request any color can make !
1.We can provide you samples to test the quality.2.The color,the fragrance and the volume can be made according to your request.3.The sample time is 7-10 days.We are OEM factory for providing customized contract service.4.The quality is best.Bronzer tanning lotion will be instant and keep for 3-7 days.It no harm for your skin.
Our advantages
1. Quality Control: Quality is our culture , we have the luck that our engineer worked in Petop and Kinspro for many years and we follow strictly the GMP procedure to control our quality. 2. Price Control: We have the luck to situate our factory location at Gunagdong Province, where we have most of the convenience to get all the raw materials and with cheap prices. So our prices can be really competitive when needed.3. New Product Development: We develop new ideas and products that no other companies in China has and this enables our customers to share a great selling point when compete with their own competitors. This keeps us leading the market.4. FDA and EU approved: For USA market, we are FDA approved, and we can sell OTC with NDC too. And for EU market, we know very well about EU regulations to get into the market.5. Experienced Sales Team: Our sales teams is experienced and with good knowledge of product so we can serve you well!