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Systematic investigation of genetic vulnerabilities across cancer cell lines reveals lineage-specific dependencies in ovarian cancer
Contributed by Eric S. Lander, June 13, 2011 (sent for review April 13, 2011)
A comprehensive understanding of the molecular vulnerabilities of every type of cancer will provide a powerful roadmap to guide therapeutic approaches. Efforts such as The Cancer Genome Atlas Project will identify genes with aberrant copy number, sequence, or expression in various cancer types, providing a survey of the genes that may have a causal role in cancer. A complementary approach is to perform systematic loss-of-function studies to identify essential genes in particular cancer cell types. We have begun a systematic effort, termed Project Achilles, aimed at identifying genetic vulnerabilities across large numbers of cancer cell lines. Here, we report the assessment of the essentiality of 11,194 genes in 102 human cancer cell lines. We show that the integration of these functional data with information derived from surveying cancer genomes pinpoints known and previously undescribed lineage-specific dependencies across a wide spectrum of cancers. In particular, we found 54 genes that are specifically essential for the proliferation and viability of ovarian cancer cells and also amplified in primary tumors or differentially overexpressed in ovarian cancer cell lines. One such gene, PAX8, is focally amplified in 16% of high-grade serous ovarian cancers and expressed at higher levels in ovarian tumors. Suppression of PAX8 selectively induces apoptotic cell death of ovarian cancer cells. These results identify PAX8 as an ovarian lineage-specific dependency. More generally, these observations demonstrate that the integration of genome-scale functional and structural studies provides an efficient path to identify dependencies of specific cancer types on particular genes and pathways.
The application of whole-genome approaches to identify genetic alterations in cancer genomes is providing new insights into the spectrum of molecular events that occur in human tumors. Although in some cases this knowledge immediately illuminates a path toward clinical implementation, the long lists of genes with aberrant sequence, copy number, or expression in tumors already found make it clear that complementary information from systematic functional studies will be essential to obtain a comprehensive molecular understanding of cancer and to convert this knowledge into therapeutic strategies.
Most ovarian cancer patients present at an advanced stage with widely disseminated disease in the peritoneal cavity. Despite advances in surgery and chemotherapy, the majority of ovarian cancer patients re-present with relapsed and progressively chemotherapy-resistant and lethal disease. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Project has characterized nearly 500 primary high-grade serous ovarian cancer genomes to identify recurrent genetic alterations in ovarian cancer (1).
A major feature of ovarian cancers is recurrent regions of copy-number alteration (1). A small number of these recurrent genomic events harbor known oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, such as MYC, CCNE1, and RB (2). However, as in other cancers, the specific genes out of the ∼1,800 genes targeted by recurrent amplification events remain undefined. Here, we report a genome-scale functional study to identify genes that are essential for the survival of 102 human cancer cell lines. The interrogation of a large number of cancer cell lines provides increased power to identify relationships between gene expression and dependence. To demonstrate the utility of integrating these data with results from cancer genome characterization, we focused on ovarian cancer and identified ovarian cancer lineage-specific dependencies.
To identify genes essential for the proliferation and survival of human cancer cell lines, we performed genome-scale, pooled short hairpin RNA (shRNA) screens (3) in 102 cell lines (Fig. 1A and Fig. S1A), including 25 ovarian, 18 colon, 13 pancreatic, 9 esophageal, 8 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and 6 glioblastoma cancer cell lines (Table S1). Each cell line was infected in quadruplicate (Fig. S2A) with a pool of lentivirally delivered shRNAs, composed of 54,020 shRNAs targeting 11,194 genes, and propagated for at least 16 doublings. The abundance of shRNA sequences at the endpoint relative to the initial reference pool was measured by microarray hybridization. We developed a standardized analytical pipeline to assess the effects on proliferation induced by each shRNA (Figs. S1B and S2 B and C). Replicate infections were highly correlated (Fig. S2 D and E), and hierarchical clustering demonstrated that the replicates clustered tightly together (Fig. 1B). In all, we obtained 22 million individual measurements of shRNA effects on proliferation.
To ensure that the pooled screening process accurately measured the activity of the shRNAs, we individually retested 350 shRNAs, chosen to sample the full range of array measurements obtained in a pooled screen in OVCAR-8 cells, by performing competition assays (Fig. 1C and Fig. S3). Specifically, we cloned these shRNAs into a modified pLKO.1 viral vector that coexpresses GFP and used these vectors to introduce shRNAs into ∼50% of an OVCAR-8 cell population. We then monitored the proportion of GFP-expressing cells over time to measure the effects of each shRNA on proliferation. The percent depletion of the shRNAs in the individual pairwise competition tests was correlated to the log(fold depletion) of these shRNA in the pooled screen (R2 = 0.58; Fig. 1C and Table S2). We note that shRNAs that show the largest degree of depletion in the pooled screen exhibited more variability as would be expected at the limit of signal detection. These two correlated assessments were made at different time points, further confirming that they provide robust measures of the intrinsic proliferation effects of the individual shRNAs.
Correlation of Genetic Dependency with Properties of Cell Lines.
We then sought to understand how the vulnerabilities of cancer cell lines relate to various properties, such as mutations in a specific gene, disruption of a specific pathway, or inclusion in a specific lineage. Because human cancer cell lines are genetically and epigenetically diverse, the analysis of a large number of cell lines ensures that the relationships between cell properties and the dependence of those cells on specific genes are not particular to one context. We tested whether this large dataset permits reliable inferences about the genetic vulnerability of cancers possessing specific properties. For each cell line classification, we used a class-discrimination feature selection method called the "weight of evidence" (WoE) statistic (4, 5) to rank shRNAs by their ability to distinguish the specified classes.
Dependencies of Cell Lines with Oncogenic Mutations.
We first examined vulnerabilities of cell lines with KRAS or BRAF mutations. We defined "essential" genes by three complementary methods, including (i) WoE rank of the top shRNA targeting each gene, (ii) WoE rank of the top two shRNAs targeting each gene, or (iii) a composite score of WoE ranks for all shRNAs for each gene using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) statistic (3). The KRAS and BRAF genes themselves were ranked highly by all three methods (Fig. 2 A and D). The top scoring KRAS- and BRAF-specific shRNAs significantly discriminated between the mutant and wild-type classes (P = 1.89 × 10−5 and 1.89 × 10−4, respectively, WoE; Fig. 2 B and E).
Interestingly, because 7/10 BRAF-mutant cell lines were derived from nonmelanoma lineages (including 5 from colon cancer), these observations suggest that cancer cell lines that harbor mutant BRAF exhibit a similar dependence on BRAF. Although initial reports suggest that clinical responses to BRAF inhibition in BRAF-mutant colon tumors are much less robust than those observed in BRAF-mutant melanomas (6), our observations indicate that BRAF is essential in colon cancer cell lines that express mutant BRAF (Fig. S4 A and B).
We next examined vulnerabilities in cell lines harboring PIK3CA mutations. PIK3CA itself strongly scored as a top differentially essential gene between PIK3CA mutant and PIK3CA wild-type cell lines in 2/3 gene-level analyses (Fig. 2 G and H). MTOR ranked highly in 2/3 analyses (23rd and 30th of 11,194; Fig. S4C); the top scoring MTOR-specific shRNA strongly discriminated the PIK3CA mutant and wild-type classes (P = 6.03 × 10−4, WoE; Fig. S4D), indicating that cell lines that harbor PIK3CA mutations are also dependent on mTOR. These observations confirm prior work showing that mTOR plays an important role in PI3K signaling (7).
To assess how the number of cell lines analyzed affected these analyses, we repeated our WoE scoring of a set of shRNAs using data from smaller numbers of cell lines subsampled from the entire dataset. For the top scoring KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA shRNAs that were able to distinguish cell lines with mutant or wild-type alleles of these same respective genes, we found that the analysis of a smaller number of cell lines (<5) decreased the likelihood of discriminating between these two classes, whereas the comparison of groups composed of >10 cell lines greatly increased our ability to distinguish the two classes (Fig. 2 C, F, and I). We concluded that the analysis of a large number of cell lines overcomes the inherent heterogeneity of cell lines and reveals robust relationships between essentiality and particular cell features that persist across different genetic and epigenetic backgrounds. With this foundation, we undertook a preliminary exploration of what can be learned about genetic vulnerabilities of cancer cells with specific properties.
Lineage-Specific Genetic Dependencies.
We hypothesized that a subset of genes showing enhanced dependencies in specific lineages would also be aberrantly activated in tumors due to amplification or overexpression. Recent studies have identified oncogenic transcription factors that are amplified, overexpressed, and essential in subsets of tumors from cancers of specific lineages, including NKX2-1 in lung adenocarcinoma (8), MITF in melanoma (9), and SOX2 in squamous cell carcinomas (10). To identify lineage-specific dependencies, we ranked shRNAs by their ability to discriminate cell lines of one lineage from cell lines from all other lineages (Fig. 3A). We selected the top 150 genes (1.3% of those screened) based on ranking of the top-ranked shRNAs, the top 300 genes (2.7%) by the second-best ranking shRNAs, and the top 300 genes (2.7%) as assessed by the KS statistic (ref. 3; Table S3). Three categories of essential genes were considered for further analysis: (i) genes scoring by all three methods from individual lineage analyses; (ii) genes scoring by any method that also were amplified in primary tumors (essential and amplified; Table S3); and (iii) genes scoring by any method that also were differentially up-regulated in cell lines derived from that lineage (essential and overexpressed; Tables S3 and S4). An overview of these results from analyses performed across six cancer lineages is displayed in Table S5.
In colon cancer cell lines, we found KRAS, CTNNB1, and BRAF among 23 essential genes that scored by all three methods and found KRAS and IGF1R (11) among 35 essential and amplified genes. In pancreatic cancer cell lines, we identified KRAS among 23 essential genes that scored in all three analyses (Table S5). In NSCLC, we found NKX2-1 as the only essential gene that is both amplified and overexpressed and found CDK6 among 7 essential and amplified genes (8). These observations provide evidence that such integrative lineage analyses identify both known oncogenes and other relevant lineage-restricted dependencies.
In addition, we identified a number of particularly interesting, previously undescribed candidate lineage-specific dependencies. For example, we found MAP2K4, an activator of JNK and p38 (12), among 10 genes that showed selective essentiality and expression in NSCLC. We found MYB (13) and AXIN2 (14) among 9 genes that were essential and differentially expressed in colon cancer, and we identified SOX9 (15) among 18 genes in pancreatic cancer that emerged as lineage-specific dependencies nominated by all three gene-scoring methods.
To extend these observations, we selected the ovarian lineage for deeper analysis. Of the 582 genes (5.2%) nominated as candidates for enhanced dependency in ovarian cancer cells, we identified 22 essential genes that scored in all three analytical methods (Fig. 3B and Table S5) and found 5 essential and overexpressed genes (Tables S4 and S5). TCGA identified 1,825 genes residing on recurrently amplified regions in ovarian tumors, and we identified 50 amplified genes as also essential (Fig. 3B and Table S5). The set of amplified and essential genes included the known oncogene CCNE1 (16) and candidates including the FRS2 adaptor protein (17), the PRKCE protein kinase (18), RPTOR (19), and the PAX8 paired box transcription factor. Similarly to NKX2-1 in NSCLC, MITF in melanoma, and MYB in colon cancer, PAX8 was not only essential and amplified but also overexpressed in a lineage-specific manner.
Characterization of PAX8 Dependency in Ovarian Cancer.
PAX8 was the only gene that was (i) identified as an essential gene in all three scoring methods, (ii) amplified in primary high-grade serous ovarian tumors, and (iii) differentially expressed in ovarian cancer cell lines (Table S5). Cell line subsampling analysis revealed that the large number of ovarian cell lines screened enabled the identification of this previously undescribed dependency (Fig. 3C).
PAX8 is a lineage-restricted transcription factor that plays an essential role in organogenesis of the Müllerian system (20), the thyroid, and the kidney (21). PAX8 was previously found to be overexpressed in ovarian cancers (22) and implicated in follicular thyroid cancer development (23). We observed that PAX8 was the most differentially expressed gene when we compared ovarian cell lines to all of the other cancer cell lines (Fig. 4A). Furthermore, we found that PAX8 was amplified in 16% of primary ovarian tumors [log2(copy number ratio) > 0.3; n = 345] in a peak (2q13) that also contains PSD4 and LOC654433 (Fig. 4B).
We further examined the relationships among PAX8 amplification, PAX8 expression, and dependence on PAX8 in ovarian cancer cells. The PAX8-specific shRNA that scored 7th out of 54,020 shRNAs and the 2nd-ranking PAX8 shRNA both suppressed PAX8 (Fig. S4E). The sensitivity of cell lines to inhibition by the highest ranked PAX8-specific shRNA correlated with the level of PAX8 expression, based on comparison of cell lines with high vs. low PAX8 levels (P = 2.14 × 10−8, t test; Fig. 4C). Cell lines expressing high levels of PAX8 included the vast majority (21/25) of ovarian cancer cell lines as well as a renal and an endometrial cancer line. These observations suggested that the expression of PAX8 is selectively required for the proliferation/survival of cell lines expressing PAX8.
To confirm these findings, we introduced two distinct shRNAs targeting PAX8 into 17 cell lines. We found that suppression of PAX8 resulted in a >50% reduction in the viability in six of eight ovarian cancer cell lines (Fig. 4D), but failed to affect the proliferation of immortalized human ovarian surface epithelial cells (IOSE-T80; ref. 24) and eight other cell lines that did not express PAX8 (Fig. 4E). The six sensitive ovarian cell lines included three cell lines with amplification of 2q13 in which the PAX8 locus resides (Fig. S4F) and three additional cell lines that express higher levels of PAX8 protein compared with IOSE-T80 cells (Fig. 4D). Suppression of PAX8 induced apoptosis in these ovarian cancer cell lines (Fig. 4F). In contrast, the two cell lines (COV504 and OV-90) least sensitive to PAX8 suppression did not harbor the 2q13 amplification and expressed relatively low levels of PAX8 (Fig. 4D). These observations suggest that PAX8 represents a lineage-specific essential gene in a significant subset of ovarian cancer.
The integrated analysis of functional dependencies and alterations in cancer genomes presented herein identified potential targets in ovarian, lung, colon, glioblastoma, pancreatic, and esophageal cancers. Among these candidate genes, we identified known oncogenes and lineage-specific dependencies as well as previously undescribed candidates, including the PAX8 transcription factor in ovarian cancer. Although shRNA screens performed in small numbers of cell lines have identified essential genes in specific contexts, the interrogation of genes across a large number of human cancer cell lines through Project Achilles provides a substantially more robust assessment of gene dependence and overcomes confounding effects due to the inherent heterogeneity of human cancer cell lines. These datasets will enable a wide range of analyses to connect particular cancer genotypes to dependencies.
As an initial approach, we elected to explore dependencies harbored by a majority of ovarian cancers. We pinpointed 5 genes displaying enhanced essentiality in ovarian cancer and differential overexpression in ovarian cell lines and 50 genes displaying enhanced essentiality in ovarian cancer and amplification in ovarian tumors. Further studies will be necessary to extend the preliminary findings for these ovarian cancer dependencies. A single gene, PAX8, emerged from every one of these analyses. Our subsequent experiments confirmed PAX8 to be a lineage-specific survival gene that is essential for proliferation of ovarian cancer cells, highly expressed in ovarian cancer lines, and amplified in a substantial fraction of primary ovarian tumors.
PAX8 has been shown to play an essential role in the normal development of the thyroid gland (21) and female genital tract (20). The thyroid gland in Pax8-deficient mice is completely devoid of thyroid hormone-producing follicular cells and exhibits severe growth retardation within a week after birth (21). Thyroxine substitution enables Pax8-deficient mice to survive to adulthood (20). However, these mice are infertile because of the absence of uterus and vaginal openings (20), indicating that Pax8 is also essential for the development of the Müllerian duct. In the reproductive tract, PAX8 expression is restricted to secretory cells of the fallopian tube epithelium (22), which recent reports suggest represent a cell of origin for serous ovarian cancer (25). These findings suggest that PAX8 plays critical roles both in normal development of female genital tract and in high-grade serous ovarian tumors.
A number of genes involved in the differentiation programs for specific tissue lineages are amplified in cancers that arise from these tissues. For example, NKX2-1 (8), MITF (9), and SOX2 (10) are amplified and essential for the survival of significant subsets of NSCLC, melanoma, and squamous cell carcinomas, respectively. Our results show that PAX8 belongs to this distinct class of lineage-survival genes that are required for both normal development of specific tissues and for cancer cell proliferation/survival. Although different subtypes of ovarian cancer are likely to harbor distinct profiles of genetic alterations (2), our findings suggest that for most ovarian cancer cell lines, PAX8-driven transcription programs transiently active during normal development are coopted to maintain the malignant state.
Epithelial ovarian cancers have been classified into four major subtypes based on histology: serous, clear cell, endometrioid, and mucinous (2). These major subtypes show morphologic features that resemble those of the epithelia of the reproductive tract derived from the Müllerian duct (2). Previous studies using immunohistochemistry showed that 89–100% of serous, clear cell, and endometrioid subtypes and 8% of mucinous subtype express PAX8 (26). The majority of the ovarian cancer cell lines that we screened (20/25) belong to the serous subtype or had a mixed morphology. A larger collection of cancer cell lines will facilitate a deeper investigation of ovarian cancer subtypes.
Given the genetic heterogeneity of cancer, screening large numbers of cell lines is required to have sufficient statistical power to extract known and novel relationships and provide adequate representation of individual sublineage classes. Although the classification of cell lines based on a single characteristic is unlikely to segregate cell lines into homogenous groups, our observations indicate that by including many cell line representatives of each class of interest, it is still possible to discover underlying relationships between genotype or lineage and essential genes. Integration of these data with information from the analyses of structural alterations in cancer genomes will further facilitate the systematic identification of genes critical to oncogenesis.
The approach described here can be extended to enable systematic interrogation of codependences beyond those analyzed here, including synthetic lethal relationships with activated oncogenes or inactivated tumor suppressor genes (27). Analyses of dependencies of cell lines with particular characteristics have the potential to discover novel targets, for example, by integrating the output of these types of screens with information emerging from the cataloging of mutations and other alterations in cancer genomes.
More generally, as large-scale efforts to characterize cancer genomes accelerate, these observations illustrate a path to functionally characterize the genes found to be altered in tumors and to identify the subset of such genes critical to cancer initiation and maintenance. To this end, we have made this dataset available (www.broadinstitute.org/igp) and will update the Project Achilles database as more data are obtained. Beyond the specific findings reported herein, we anticipate that this dataset will prove useful to identify correlations between genetic features and essential genes in human cancer cell lines.
Materials and Methods
Pooled shRNA Screening.
Lentiviral pLKO.1- shRNA constructs were obtained from the RNAi Consortium, and the human 54K pool of 54,020 shRNA plasmids was assembled by combining 16 normalized subpools of ∼3400 shRNA plasmids. The list of 54,020 shRNAs can be found at http://www.broadinstitute.org/igp. Genome-scale pooled shRNA screens to identify genes essential for proliferation in 102 cancer cell lines were performed (3) using a lentivirally delivered pool of 54,020 shRNAs targeting 11,194 genes. The culture conditions for all cancer cell lines are listed in Table S1. Each cell line was infected in quadruplicate and propagated for at least 16 population doublings. The abundance of shRNA constructs relative to the initial DNA plasmid pool was measured by microarray hybridization (3) and analyzed by using a uniform pipeline. Detailed descriptions of each procedure can be found in SI Methods.
Data Processing, Class Comparison, and Gene Ranking.
Raw .CEL files from custom Affymetrix barcode arrays were processed with a modified version of dCHIP software (3). The GenePattern modules shRNAscores and NormalizeCellLines were used to calculate the log fold change in shRNA abundances for each cell line at the conclusion of the screening relative to the initial plasmid DNA reference pool and to normalize these depletion values by using peak median absolute deviation normalization, a variation of Z score with median absolute deviation (3). Class definition files (.cls) were made by using the GenePattern module SubsetGctandCls; definitions included cell line lineage (e.g., ovarian cancer, NSCLC, etc.) or genetic alterations (28, 29). To compute the statistical evidence that a given shRNA contributes to the observed essentiality phenotype between two classes of interest, we used a WoE approach (4, 5). The GENE-E program (http://www.broadinstitute.org/cancer/software/GENE-E; ref. 3) was used to collapse shRNAscores to gene rankings by three complementary methods. These methods included (i) ranking genes by their highest shRNA depletion score, (ii) ranking genes based on the P value rank (correcting for different set sizes of shRNA targeting different genes) of their second best ranked shRNA, and (iii) ranking genes using a KS statistic in an approach similar to gene set enrichment analysis (RNAi gene enrichment ranking; ref. 3). Detailed descriptions of each procedure can be found in SI Methods. All data files, accessory files, and GenePattern modules can be found through the Integrative Genomics Portal (http://www.broadinstitute.org/igp).
Competition Assay.
OVCAR-8 (5 × 104) cells were seeded into each well of a 96-well plate and spin-infected with 2 or 4 μL of lentiviruses (in duplicate) at 930 × g for 2 h at 30 °C in the presence of 4 μg/mL polybrene to transduce ∼50% of the cells. Cells were then trypsinized and replated into 24-well plates. The percent of GFP+ cells at 3 and 7 d after infection was measured using BD LSR II flow cytometry system equipped with a high-throughput sampler (BD Biosciences). The fraction of GFP+ cells 7 d after infection relative to 3 d after infection was calculated. Data represent mean ± SD of duplicate infections.
We thank M. Reich, A. Derr, and T. Liefield for assistance with analysis and data portal creation. This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grants R33 CA128625, U54 CA112962, and RC2 CA148268, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Richard Hunt, and the H. L. Snyder Foundation.
↵1H.W.C., G.S.C., B.A.W., and J.S.B. contributed equally to this work.
- 2To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: lander{at}broadinstitute.org, droot{at}broadinstitute.org, or william_hahn{at}dfci.harvard.edu.
Author contributions: H.W.C., G.S.C., B.A.W., J.S.B., E.S.L., D.E.R., and W.C.H. designed research; H.W.C., G.S.C., B.A.W., J.S.B., S.R., J.A.S., A.E., L.D.A., P.H.L., T.C.W., G.J., and J.H. performed research; C.H.M., G.G., J.B., S.G., P.T., A.T., N.S., B.L., Y.R., R.D., S.N.B., and L.A.G. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; B.A.W., S.G., P.T., J.G., A.T., J.P.M., M.M., E.S.L., D.E.R., and W.C.H. analyzed data; and H.W.C., G.S.C., B.A.W., J.S.B., E.S.L., D.E.R., and W.C.H. wrote the paper.
Conflict of interest statement: R.D., L.A.G., M.M., and W.C.H. are consultants for Novartis Pharmaceuticals.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1109363108/-/DCSupplemental.
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
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Ut Dallas Campus Map
Whether you are new to campus or returning from summer break, here's a list of resources — from campus maps and safety information to key dates and upcoming events — to help you navigate the start of The University of Texas at Dallas banned a transfer student from attending his commencement ceremony next week, kicked him out of its graduate school, and said he's unwelcome on the campus. Marion K. Underwood, dean of graduate studies and associate provost at the University of Texas at Dallas, was selected from a group of four finalists following a national search. She will join Purdue
He provided the road map for everyone to follow." Before his presentation, Broadie toured the Wolfson Campus and had breakfast with the Board of Trustees at Versailles. On Monday, Divina Grossman, Misericordia University in Dallas Township, Pennsylvania, recently hosted rising high school juniors and seniors on campus for a series of six academic to identify the common needs of employers, SOUTH BURLINGTON — The University of Vermont has used a federal building a real-time map showing the location and condition of each sign. "What would have potentially taken months or
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Ideas to lift the barriers to women's economic empowerment
Project Name: Stakeholder workshop on economic empowerment
Project Partner: The Pacific Community
Total Funding: $150,000
Funding timeframe: 2017-2019
In April 2017, stakeholders gathered to validate and inform a Pacific Women scoping study undertaken by the Pacific Community's Gender Equality Adviser in the North Pacific, funded by Pacific Women. The study analysed the barriers to women's economic empowerment in Palau.
Whilst Palauan women are active in the economy, own many businesses, and have high labour force participation by Pacific and world standards at almost 75 per cent, they also face many challenges. Women are less likely to be employers than men and they account for only one third of all self-employed people in Palau.
Stakeholders agreed on three priority areas to support women's economic empowerment in Palau: support for women in business, increased availability of childcare services and mandatory paid parental leave in the private sector.
To support women in business, stakeholders discussed holding a Women in Business Summit to focus on the specific needs of women entrepreneurs.
To reduce women's unpaid workload and support women's economic opportunities, stakeholders championed regulated childcare and afterschool services. The lukel a klechad childcare model that emphasises Palauan community values, philosophy, language, history, and cultural heritage was discussed.
The issue of mandatory private sector paid parental leave was referred to the Palau Labor Advisory Group, which is looking at labour law reform. Ms Carolyn D Ngiraidis is a representative on the Group. She is also the Chief Financial Officer for Dolphins Pacific Inc, on the Executive Board of the Pacific Island Private Sector Organisation, and a former member of the Palau Chamber of Commerce. She commented:
'Palau has some good labour laws, but [they] require improvement. The Palau Chamber of Commerce's position is uniform basic benefits across the board for all, such as minimum wage, pension plan, maternity policy, vacation / sick leave policy. However, there are many small 'mom and pop' stores who cannot afford much. We are fortunate to be working closely with International Labour Organization who has provided assistance in reviewing our current labour laws.'
Ms Ngiraidis also drew on her personal experiences to contribute to the study's understanding of women, family, and work dynamics in Palau.
'Palau is a small country. Our society is close-knit, so you see a lot of women wear different hats at different meetings. We share the same beliefs, concerns, and are vocal on issues relating to Palau's future for women and particularly our children, as we see it five, ten years from now. We just need to get our national leaders to think about tomorrow and not just today.'
*This Story of Change was originally published in the Pacific Women Annual Progress Report 2016 – 2017. All values are consistent with that reporting period. For the most up-to-date value of activities, visit our interactive map.


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Lifeline Northern Rivers
Contact us by email / Phone: (02) 6622 4133
Lifeline Northern Rivers is proud to acknowledge that we are on Bundjalung land. We pay our respects and give thanks to the Bundjalung community for their care and custodianship of the land.
Lifeline Northern Rivers services a population of approximately 150,000 people living on or close to the Far North Coast of New South Wales. Its area of operation runs from Murwillumbah in the north towards Casino in the south and west from the ocean to Kyogle and the Great Dividing Range. The region includes the shires of Ballina, Byron, Kyogle, Lismore City and Richmond Valley and part of Tweed.
Lifeline's 13 11 14 crisis support service is supported by the NSW Health Ministry.
Lifeline Northern Rivers raises over 60% of the annual running costs of its counselling centre through its retail arm and community fundraising.
News and Events
Next Crisis Supporter Training Course starting July 2019
The start date for Lifeline Direct's next Telephone Crisis Supporter Workplace Training in Lismore has been confirmed. We invite applications during June 2019 for a course that will begin in early August 2019.
Closing date for applications is 5 pm Monday July 1
Information night 5.30 pm to 7.30 pm on Tuesday July 2 at 104 Conway St Lismore
Starting date of training course – Saturday August 3 @ 9 am
Call us on 02 66224133 or email us at [email protected] to request an information pack.


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HR Summit - Wellington: Maintaining a Positive Culture in a Disrupted World
About this Event
HR Summit in Wellington, 23 September
Today change is a constant but how do create and maintain positive cultures in an increasingly disrupted world.
HRNZ are serious about shaping the HR profession, to helping ensure HR Professionals take on an even more pivotal role in the future. We see our members as having a huge role to play in creating successful and sustainable workplaces throughout Aotearoa. In 2020 our Summits will help you to find some new solutions to support your journey.
Join us in the conversation.
For the full programme please click here
For more information please visit our Summit Pages
About HR Summits - Not your average conference
In 2020 HRNZ brings you a choice of four one day HR Summits, each with a different theme and being held at locations throughout New Zealand. Our Summits are designed to be interactive, inspirational and really affordable.
To ensure you get the best value out of the day from a learning and networking perspective each of our Summits will have limited ticket availability. Early preference will be given to member registrations.
The programme for each Summit will include a mix of new left field thinkers, practical case studies and the sharing of success stories from some of our HR Awards finalists. We'll even include a sprinkling of celebrity!
We'll follow agile principles and ensure part of the day is reserved for an unconference approach where as a participant you get to help set the agenda for where we take the conversations that our guest speakers have stimulated.
HRNZ Summits are different than your average conference. Our summits are an opportunity to get creative, to think outside the box, gather ideas to implement, to add to your toolbox and to further our collective thinking on shaping the HR Profession for the future.
Cheryl Tansey is our resident Agile expert and she will be acting as MC for all of our Summits in 2020.
- HRNZ Members = $395 + GST
- HRNZ Student Members = $200 +GST
Non members can register from 25th March
- Non Member = $595 + GST
Prices are exclusive of GST
To Register
HRNZ Members: to receive the member discount please log in to the HRNZ website FIRST and register through the BUY TICKETS link in the event listing. This will give you access to your member discount.
Non members can register through the BUY TICKETS link, from 4th March 2020
Fees will be due for payment in full prior to the Summit, and are non-refundable unless cancellation has been confirmed by email to firstname.lastname@example.com as per the terms and conditions below
Terms and Conditions
If you are unable to attend and written notification is received at HRNZ National Office on or prior to 5pm on 7 April 2020, a refund of registration fees less a cancellation fee of $120.00 +GST will be issued. Email email@example.com to cancel
After 5pm on 7 April 2020, no refunds will be issued.
Delegate substitutions are permitted up to and including the day prior to the conference commencement. Please advise firstname.lastname@example.com immediately of any such amendments.
Payment is due upon registration. If payment is not made before commencement of the conference, HRNZ reserves the right to cancel registration, however you will still be liable for the debt incurred.
Please note by registering you are agreeing to these terms and conditions.


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Through facilitation we help teams work together more effectively through a wide range of situations and changes. Our style is to draw on getting to people to reflect, challenge their thinking, understand and embrace difference to seek creative and innovative solutions to any business problems our clients may have. Read more
Our approach to resolving people-related issues is business orientated. We consult to blue chip organisations and governments on communication strategies; leadership development; teamwork; attraction, retention and motivation of staff; managing change; resolving conflict; and mentoring and coaching. Read more
Developing women in your organisation's existing workforce provides excellent opportunity to utilise your own human capital to create a competitive global advantage. Our Great Leaders Are Made leadership development program for women develops management and leadership skills to prepare women for more senior roles in their organisation. Read more


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(For best results please wear headphones)
This Audio plays an 11.11Hz Alpha Binaural Beat with seven different carrier frequencies. Each carrier frequency is played for 10 minutes before moving onto the next.
1111 is one of the most popular "Angelic Numbers" and a common sign to many who have felt its significance their entire lives.
It is known to be a "wake up call" and is a sign from the universe to pay close attention. It is commonly followed up be other numerology symbols or synchronicity in your life.
It is a calling to new beginning.
The Alpha Range beats are associated with awake but relaxed states of consciousness. When listening to the 11.11Hz binaural beat one will experience inspired thinking making it a great time for brainstorming.
Listening to the audio before sleep will cause for vivid dreams and enhanced dream recall..
The carrier frequencies are played in the following order:
1st tone
2nd tone
3rd tone
4th tone
5th tone
6th tone
7th tone
(For Best Results Wear Headphones)
Enjoy 11.11Hz ~ The Awakening Code from Free Binaural Beats!
Leave a Reply
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Project Description
Zara Home
ZARA Home CIS, Ltd., Moscow
The Gruschwitz Team was responsible for planning and monitoring the construction of the ZARA Home store.
During the preparation of this project, the use of wooden materials was in the focus. A balanced contrast of the wooden racks, the bright illumination and the coloured walls was the big challenge. Especially the smaller ZARA Home products could be highlighted efficiently.


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Yaakov Ellis
Husband, father, learner, and programmer. Trying to live life as it should be lived.
Developer @ Stack Overflow since 10/2013. Currently a Principal Web Dev on the Community Dev team, working on new tools and features on Stack Overflow and the SE Network. Former Team Lead & Principal Web Dev, Internal Dev Team through 4/2019.


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It is International Women's Day – an event that it is pretty easy to ignore in much of the oil and gas industry. Despite positive movements in the past five years, only 15 per cent of the energy workforce are women – but commentators are hopeful than in the wake of retirements due in the next few years, that percentage will exceed 25 per cent.
Women are now present at every level of the oil and gas industry, and that is something to be both celebrated and built upon. Drawing on recent research, Oil & Gas IQ have complied some of the key facts, findings, and predictions you need to know this Friday.
The report reveals that despite the global concern around the lack of female representation in energy, the status quo is finally being challenged. More women are claiming to work in a technical role than ever before, contrary to popular belief. There is also better representation of females in management, as well as a strong count in the younger age groups.
Energy sectors
Of those women surveyed, the vast majority worked in oil and gas. Whilst the overall global energy sector is still behind in closing the overall gender gap that remains across all markets, oil and gas is showing real signs of progress – particularly considering how male-dominated the area has been for all of its history.
When looking at the US and UK in particular, both of which top the global charts for the number of women in energy, 81 per cent of British women in energy work in oil and gas, as do 93 per cent of those in America.
Length of careers
Whilst it is worrying that there don't appear to be many women having joined the profession within the last five years, it is encouraging to see how many are presumably in mid-level roles.
Whilst there are a considerable number of senior women in oil and gas, unless these numbers are replenished with a significant increase in junior recruits, the gender disparity will persist.
Areas of expertise
In 2010, studies revealed that the majority of women working in oil and gas were working in administrative and corporate roles – with a severe lack of women working in the fields of engineering and senior management.
According to the latest report, these trends have been almost completely overturned – with engineering now being the primary area in which women are working. The improvement to managerial positions is also encouraging, as this may signal a shift in the make up of decision-making units, and therefore future recruitment drives.
Effects on lifestyle
So what about the sort of lives these women are leading? The cliché would hold that they are unlikely to have children if they are the primary wage earners in their household – something that most oil and gas workers usually are.
As is now clear, the majority of women working in oil and gas are the primary wage-earners in their families – something we would expect to be the case with male workers. No statistics currently exist for the proportion of men who are the primary earners, but we would still expect it to be higher than 66 per cent.
A surprisingly low amount of the women surveyed had children, but this measure didn't include age. If you adjust parameters to include just those who have been working for more than two decades in oil and gas, however, and the figure rises to 65 per cent – far closer to the rate outside of oil and gas.
Greatest challenges
According to the oil and gas professionals surveyed, the greatest challenges to a career in oil and gas as a woman were a lack of suitable roles (31 per cent) and lack of mentorship (20 per cent).
What this perhaps reveals is inadequate levels of flexibility around working hours, maternity leave, and travel arrangements – or simply a lack of progression due to saturated structures.
If you are a woman working in oil and gas and want to get involved, please don't hesitate to contact us at Oil & Gas IQ for all content, research, and editorial opportunities.


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Why Megan Fox, Emily VanCamp & More Celebs Are Disappearing From Instagram
Have you noticed that some of your favorite celebrities have removed their profile pictures from their Instagram accounts? What gives? What's going on? Don't panic — we have the answer!
Sadly, tigers are disappearing from the wild at an insane rate, and celebrities like Megan Fox, Zachary Quinto, Emily VanCamp, and supermodel Cintia Dicker are doing what they can to inspire change and increase the number of wild tigers in the world. "My profile picture disappeared to bring awareness for the disappearance of tigers in the wild," Megan Fox informed her fans and followers on Instagram on July 12. "As a #TigerPartner, I'm dedicated to helping protect the world's last 3,890 wild tigers. Join me by deleting your profile picture, creating art or making a donation as I've done to the @world_wildlife rangers that keep wild tigers safe at the [World Wildlife Fund's official website]."
"Today as a @tigerbeerus partner I removed my profile pic to mirror the disappearance of tigers in the wild… now I'm challenging you to help the world's last 3,890 wild tigers by 'disappearing' yourself or creating art and making a donation like I've done to the @world_wildlife rangers keeping tigers safe," Zachary Quinto also wrote in a message to fans.
100,000 tigers lived in the wild 100 years ago, but today, there are only about 3,890 left. Poaching and habitat loss are to blame, however, you can now donate to the rangers who are working to keep wild tigers safe and protected from the outside threats to their species. Megan, Zachary and more stars are encouraging their followers to do this. They're also taking part in the #3890TIGERS campaign, which is a joint effort by World Wildlife Fund and Tiger Beer that leads up to Global Tiger Day on July 29. In addition to donating $1 million to WWF's tiger conservation efforts, Tiger Beer is also matching all donations up to $25,000.
For more information on tigers and what you can do to help, watch the clip below.


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Many firms in the private sector simply don't have people with the skills needed to build a bespoke solution. In a survey with YouGov, 43% of those we spoke to saw a lack of available talent as the top risk to delivering bespoke technology. So how can you find the right people to carry out these projects and deliver the custom solutions you want?
75% of businesses use custom software to solve a specific problem their business faces, so why do firms still shy away from it? Here is the business case that you need for custom software that you need for custom software to convince your business that this is the right course of action.
COVID-19 repercussions are coming and good companies will be laser focused on the clients; great companies will do this by embracing data platforms and analytics. Director of Financial Services, Chris Mills explains how to value your client through data excellence.
In the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, and only essential workers being in the office, IT resilience and the operational practices of organisations are being tested on a global scale. This whitepaper outlines the importance of Implementing DevOps during this cultural change to ensure quality control whilst driving a faster time to market in the face of uncertainty.


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Walmart Apologizes for Labeling Plus-Size Halloween Wear as 'Fat Girl Costumes'
In reaction to the public outcry, the retail giant says it's working to "ensure this never happens again"
The Walmart site was neither a trick nor a treat for shoppers on Monday: The retailer caused an uproar among online customers when they labeled its selection of adult plus-size Halloween outfits "Fat Girl Costumes."
Twitter user Kristyn Washburn was among the first to bring the faux pas to the company s attention – and alert everyone on social media – when she Tweeted, ".@Walmart Not sure labeling these as "Fat Girl Costumes" is the best approach. #rude."
A deluge of responses that echoed the disbelief made "Fat Girl Costumes" a top trending topic on Twitter with others chiming in saying, "Walmart took it to another level today with their 'fat girl costumes' section on their website. Disappointed and flabbergasted."
In response, a spokesperson for Walmart told PEOPLE, "This never should have been on our site. It is unacceptable, and we apologize. We are working to remove it as soon as possible and ensure this never happens again."
The section has since been revised to read "Women's Plus-Size Halloween Costumes."


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Samifer is the slash ship between Sam Winchester and Lucifer from Supernatural fandom.
Even though Sam was born to be Lucifer's vessel, Lucifer needed to take some precautions. So he had Azazel create the special children, in addition to freeing Lilith. Azazel managed to open a gate to Hell, and Lilith was set free. The next step was to get Dean to Hell, so he could break the first seal. Once the first seal was broken, Lilith began breaking the rest of the 66 seals so Lucifer himself could rise. Sam was the one who broke the final seal, thus setting Lucifer free.
Season 5
- Lucifer – "I will never lie to you. I'll never trick you. But you will let me in"
- Sam – "Why me?"
- Lucifer – "Because it had to be you. It always had to be you"
- — Free To Be You and Me
Lucifer came to Sam in Free To Be You and Me disguised as Jessica Moore to try to get Sam to change. He eventually reveals himself as Lucifer, which shocks Sam. Lucifer tells Sam that he is Lucifer's true vessel, confidently adding that Sam will say "yes", despite Sam's insistence that he won't. Now knowing his destiny, Sam decides to join up with Dean again to prevent it.
To avoid his fate, Sam joins in the search for the colt, hoping it will kill Lucifer. In Abandon All Hope..., Sam uses himself as bait to draw Lucifer's attention so Dean can sneak up and shoot him. Although fired at point-blank range, Lucifer survives and continues with his ritual of summoning Death. Meanwhile, he tells Sam that in about six months, he is going to consent to possession. Lucifer follows this statement with a story about him and Michael, and comments on how it's similar to Sam's own life. Sam manages to escape from Lucifer with the help of Castiel.
They briefly meet again in Hammer of the Gods, when Lucifer arrives at the motel Sam and Dean are trapped in by the pagan gods, who Lucifer proceeds to slaughter.
Sam forms the idea of tricking Lucifer back into the cage in The Devil You Know, by saying "yes", and jumping into it with Lucifer inside him. Bobby points out to Sam that Lucifer will poke at everything to get control, but Sam believes he can best Lucifer.
In Swan Song, Sam and Dean go to confront Lucifer in Detroit, who tells them that he knows of their plan, but is willing to give it a try, creating a wager. Sam gives consent, and Lucifer abandons his old vessel. Within minutes, Lucifer overpowers Sam and gains control over the vessel. Trying to make Sam accept it, he reveals Azazel's gang of demons that have been watching Sam since he was a child, and kills them all.
Lucifer initially spares Dean's life for Sam's sake, but when Dean becomes a major annoyance especially during the confrontation at Stull Cemetery, Lucifer attacks Dean with an inch of his life. Before he can deal the final blow, however, Sam manages to wrestle control back and open the cage, and throws himself, Lucifer, along with Adam and Michael into the cage.
Season 6
Since Sam jumped into the cage, Lucifer had ruthlessly tormented Sam's soul. Sam's soul was in the cage with Michael and Lucifer for a year and a half in Earth time, tortured and abused by the latter archangel. Being an immortal soul, Sam's essence could not be broken, but was left with severe psychological damage.
Season 7
- Sam: You're not real.
- Lucifer: Right. You think this fruit-bat fever dream is reality? You come back, I'm sorry, with no soul like some peppy American Psycho, till Saint Dean glues you back together again by buying you some magic amnesia. You're real. I'm very real. Everything between is what we call set dressing.
- Sam: No.
- Lucifer: You're still in my cell. You're my bunkmate, buddy. You're my little bitch, in every sense of the term. Sam. Sam.
Since the wall in Sam's head broke, he began remembering Hell, and hallucinating. Most notably, hallucinating Lucifer. Lucifer appears to Sam in Meet the New Boss, who quickly tells himself that Lucifer isn't real. Lucifer denies this, and that Sam really never got out, and is still in the cage with him. This whole reality, is just another form of torture. Back at Bobby's, Lucifer continues to mock Sam, and Sam reveals to Dean that he is seeing Lucifer. Sam is still confused what's real because Lucifer is very convincing. Every time Sam is asked if he's fine, he sees Lucifer, and pretends he is. Sam later approaches Lucifer and asks why he doesn't just end it. Lucifer tells Sam that he has Sam right where he wants him. It will only end when Sam can't take it anymore.
Soon after, Lucifer takes on Dean's form and tricks Sam into leaving Bobby's and go to a warehouse. Inside, Lucifer changes back, and Sam pulls a gun on him. Lucifer reveals to Sam the only way to end it is for Sam to kill himself. Sam tries to shoot him but misses. Then the real Dean arrives and tries to convince Sam to ignore Lucifer's words. Dean teaches Sam how to get rid of the fake Lucifer by using the pain from the scar he acquired.
Lucifer begins to flicker. Realizing he can control this, Sam uses the pain to banish Lucifer from his sight. Lucifer returns moments later in an ambulance transporting Sam to the hospital, after he sustained a head injury from a confrontation with Edgar. Here, Lucifer admits to Sam that he isn't real but he also isn't going anywhere.
The fake Lucifer continues to bother Sam for weeks, but doesn't truly become a problem until the events of Repo Man. Lucifer tries to get Sam's attention. Sam in turn, tries to ignore him and uses his scar to get rid of Lucifer more than once. When Dean disappears during a case, Lucifer helps Sam by providing clues. They search Jeffrey's room and interrogate Nora, with Lucifer managing to convince Sam to get rough with her for information.
After they find Dean, Sam tries to banish Lucifer again, but as he welcomed Lucifer's help, as such welcomed Lucifer into his mind, his scar can no longer be used to get rid of Lucifer, causing the archangel to burst out laughing when he tried it.
Now no longer able to be banished, Lucifer begins to torment Sam causing Sam to lose sleep. Sam attempts to drink and use drugs to fall asleep, but nothing works. This leads to Sam landing in a mental ward at the hospital. Lucifer does everything from lighting fire crackers, to playing with a megaphone, in order to keep Sam awake. Sam's condition crumbles to a state where he can only see Lucifer. Thanks to Castiel's help, the hallucination of the archangel is removed from Sam's mind, and Sam quickly recovers.
Season 11
- "Sam Winchester. My old roomie. Hug it out?"
- — Lucifer.
Sam is visibly scared and agitated at the thought of meeting his former torturer. Lucifer greets Sam happily upon their first reunion since Death retrieved Sam's soul. The two discuss the current situation involving The Darkness, and when Lucifer requests Sam to become his vessel again in order to obtain his help, Sam ultimately declines.
The warding charms suddenly fall, and Lucifer manages to bring Sam into the cage. Sam shows clear signs of fear, but manages to stay calm, since he believes this is what God wants. When Lucifer reveals that the visions came from him, and not God, Sam sheds a tear, now horrified over his current predicament.
Lucifer reassures Sam that he won't torture him, even though he could, adding how it was "so five years ago". Lucifer instead takes Sam through memory lane, and tries to show Sam how soft he's become. Lucifer admits to having some degree of respect for Sam, since Sam stood up against him at Stull Cemetery. He doesn't however, like Sam, claiming him to be "sort of prissy".Despite Lucifer's efforts, Sam persistently refuses to become Lucifer's vessel, stating that he would rather watch his loved ones die than become Lucifer's "bitch". Lucifer thus chooses Plan B and proceeds to beat Sam up and later Castiel and Dean too, when they arrive. Team Free Will survives the encounter when Rowena apparently sends Lucifer back to his cell.
- Sam – "...Lucifer."
- Lucifer – "In the flesh."
- — The Vessel.
"Castiel" laughs and slams Sam into a pillar. He expresses his glee over killing Sam since he is no longer needed and will use his soul since he was asked nicely. Sam realizes then that this is in fact Lucifer talking to him. The archangel nearly kills Sam as intended but the real Castiel regains control of his body just in time to save Sam.
Sam and Castiel agree to let Lucifer take control so he can bring Dean back. When Lucifer returns with Dean, Sam reveals the angel isn't Castiel and begins drawing a banishing sigil. Sam activates the sigil just in time to save Dean from Lucifer's wrath.
Sam meets Lucifer again a few weeks later, after setting up a trap to bind Lucifer so that he and Dean can get Castiel to expel the archangel. When this plan fails, Sam and Dean are nearly suffocated to death until Amara intervenes, saving them both, but also kidnapping their friend.
Sam later retrieves Lucifer from Amara in a rescue mission, which consists of Metatron and Donatello, as well as Dean, who serves as a distraction for Amara. Using Donatello's prophet abilities, Sam is able to arrive at the location where Lucifer is being held. Sam offers to free him if he is willing to work with them and God, to which Lucifer replies very firmly that he will, since he is not a fan of Amara.
Initially, Sam hoped Lucifer could teleport them out of the place, but the archangel reveals he can't, forcing them to go back the way they came. Amara begins closing in, having discovered something was up, so Sam hurriedly carries Lucifer out of the hideout and into the Impala, while Metatron stays behind.
They are unfortunately confronted by Amara on the road, but the trio are saved in time thanks to the intervention of God. Lucifer is also healed of his wounds by God.
While Sam and Dean take Donatello home and buy groceries, Lucifer starts having an argument with his father. When the brothers return, Lucifer is angry over God not apologizing, and nearly kills them for interrupting. He eventually storms off, and locks himself in Sam's room. Sam and Dean try to get him to come out, but Lucifer refuses to do so unless God has something to say. This leaves Sam visibly annoyed.
Sam and Dean do manage to get the two to sit and confront each other. They try to help with the conversation, but God ultimately snaps them elsewhere. Fortunately, God manages to apologize and he and his son reconcile. The four then plan their attack on Amara, and agree to use demons, witches and angels as substitutes for the remaining three archangels.
The initial attack plan proves successful, but as God is preparing to give the Mark to Sam, Amara attacks him to prevent her re-imprisonment, saying she would rather die or kill him over a million times than go back there. Lucifer tries to save his father, but Amara easily knocks him away and removes him from his vessel. Sam and Dean are eventually left with an unconscious God and Castiel.
Season 12
While under torture by Toni Bevell of the British Men of Letters, Sam informs her that he won't break easily since he has suffered worse at the hands of Lucifer.
In American Nightmare, Sam finds out from Dean that Lucifer has taken possession of rock star Vince Vincente, and thanks to Rowena, he is currently at the bottom of the ocean. Sam is confused by this, not understanding why Rowena did that, though Dean doesn't know either. When he meets Magda Peterson, a psychic who is convinced she is The Devil, Sam reassures her that she isn't, and that her powers don't make her evil.
In The One You've Been Waiting For, Sam meets Ellie Grant, a young woman who discovers that she is a descendant of Adolf Hitler. Sam tries to comfort her by explaining that her fate doesn't determine who she is by talking about how fate had intended for Sam to free Lucifer from his Cage and become his vessel. Ellie thought he was joking, however.
Sam and Lucifer meet face to face once again when Sam discovers Lucifer's plot to murder Vince Vincente's fans during a concert. Sam teams up with Dean, Castiel and Crowley in an effort to stop this from happening. After Dean scares the fans off with a gun, Sam struggles against Lucifer to hold the door open but succeeds in getting everyone outside.
After Castiel and Dean fail to subdue the archangel, Lucifer greets the three of them, and asks Sam if he "enjoyed the show". Sam demands to know why Lucifer is doing this when he and God already reconciled, but Lucifer brushes off God's apology as simply his father's means of getting his help to fight the Darkness, adding that once he was no longer needed, God left him again. He tells the brothers that they too disregarded him once he was no longer needed, though neither of them feel sorry for this.
Lucifer declares his intention to break God's already broken toys and escapes his rotting vessel in search of a higher, more influential vessel. Sam is deeply upset over the death of Vince and some of Vince's fans, and tells Dean that Vince's death has upset a lot of people. Sam blames this loss on the two of them.
In LOTUS, Lucifer is amused when Sam appears to fight him again stating "we've done this dance before." However, Lucifer takes Sam seriously when he begins using a hyperbolic pulse generator to exorcise Lucifer from Jefferson Rooney. Lucifer is helpless to stop him due to Sam's use of a sigil to significantly weaken his powers. Enraged, Lucifer tells Sam that it isn't over but Sam just responds "go to Hell", no longer threatened by Lucifer. Sam is able to exorcise Lucifer from Rooney, allowing Rowena to trap Lucifer in his Cage once more.
Unfortunately for Sam, Lucifer is not in the Cage as he had wanted, though believing he is, Sam views Lucifer's unborn child as the last trace of the archangel.
In Who We Are during a raid on the British Men of Letters compound, Sam and the American hunters manage to corner Doctor Hess. In order to convince Sam to spare her life, Doctor Hess shows Sam a file containing photos of Lucifer, proving he has escaped confinement. She reveals that Crowley is the reason, adding that Crowley is also dead because of it. Although Sam accepts the file, he doesn't want Doctor Hess' help. Sheriff Jody Mills does the job of killing Doctor Hess.
In All Along the Watchtower, Sam shows the file to Dean and Mary. He recognizes Lucifer's old vessel and knows that Lucifer is going after his son. When Sam calls Rowena for help, he gets Lucifer instead and Lucifer utterly dismisses the Winchesters as a threat. Also, due to Crowley's improvements on his vessel, he states he has no need for his "Sam suit" anymore. Crowley, who is in fact alive, arrives at the bunker to offer help. They manage to locate Kelly Kline's hideout and find Castiel still guarding her. While Sam and Dean voice their opinion that Lucifer's son must be killed, they realize that Kelly has just gone into labor.
Moments later, Lucifer arrives. Sam and Dean decide to lure Lucifer into a rift connecting their world to another universe. The rift was caused by the Nephilim being born. Sam and Dean enter the rift with Lucifer curiously following behind. Lucifer greets Sam upon seeing him, but gets distracted by Dean while Sam helps Crowleyprepare the spell that will seal the rift for good.
The spell fails to fulfill its purpose as Lucifer escapes just in time and even stabs Castiel to death right before Sam and Dean's eyes. However, Mary intervenes, and she and Lucifer tumble back into the rift, which closes on them. Sam is horrified by the loss of his mother, and is left to face Lucifer's son, who is now born.
Season 13
Sam is initially frightened of Lucifer's newborn son Jack, but comes to learn that Jack is an innocent person who views Castiel as his father and has no intention of hurting anyone. Like Dean, Sam becomes delighted when Jack chooses them over his biological father, Lucifer.
Sam is informed by Dean that Lucifer likely killed their mother, but Jack later reveals that Mary is still alive in the alternate reality.
Later on, Sam learns from Rowena that she had seen Lucifer's true face moments before she was killed by him. Sam admits to having seen it before himself and the memory of it keeps him up at night. When Rowena asks how he copes, Sam further admits that he doesn't and simply pushes the thoughts down.
Sam tells Dean that if Rowena ever meets Lucifer again, he hopes she will make him suffer.
After reuniting with Castiel, Sam and Dean go on a hunt for Lucifer. While Dean and Castiel are talking with potential witnesses, Sam approaches a homeless man and shows him a photo of Lucifer. The homeless admits to knowing Lucifer and Sam's discussion with him leads the trio closer to where Lucifer is. They eventually find Lucifer in the company of Sister Jo, who agrees to help them.
When Sam, Dean and Castiel finally confront Lucifer, the archangel makes a comment about Sam's hair and claims Sam uses put-in conditioner to keep it shiny. Dean interrupts by threatening to handcuff the weakened archangel. However, Sister Jo - who is in fact Anael - double-crosses them by flinging Sam into a nearby wall. She and Lucifer ultimately escape the scene.
Alternate Future
In "The End", Sam finally says Yes to Lucifer, and Lucifer takes over Sam's body. Soon after, Lucifer and his army of demons spread the Croatoan virus and begin wiping all of humanity. He is dressed in all white.
Oftentimes romantic things are thought by fans of this ship to have happened in the Cage, and this is the reason why Sam was having bad dreams after the wall went down.
- Lucifer/Sam tag on AO3
- Sam/Lucifer on FanFiction.Net
- Fans refer to Lucifer while possessing Sam as "Samifer", a name which is also used to refer to fan works that present these two in a romantic and/or sexual relationship.
- Though Lucifer was eager for Sam to be his vessel in season 5 and was not cruel to him, when he returns in season 11, Lucifer shows no regard for Sam beyond that of a potential resource after Sam refuses to let Lucifer possess him again. Indeed, Lucifer shows no hesitation in attempting to kill Sam in The Vessel and episodes following that.
- In the same way Michael and Dean mirror each other, Lucifer and Sam are rather similar in terms of past experiences and their relationship with their fathers. The main differences are that Lucifer was abandoned by his older brother and he chose to be bitter about it. Sam was not abandoned by Dean and Sam is also more forgiving towards others.
- Ironically, when Lucifer does forgive God for his actions, God gives him another reason to hate him by abandoning him again.
|Casanna • CasJo • Chestervelle • Deanna • Dela • Duby • Megstiel • Samelia • Suby
|Cabriel • Calthazar • Chuckam • Chuckean • Cockles • Debriel • Denny • Destiel • Drowley • Ducifer • Mooseley • Sabriel • Samifer • Sastiel
|Team Free Will
|Castiel • Dean Winchester • Sam Winchester


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We invite you to share your miraculous experiences on our blog! Please consider the following guidelines as you create your post.
First of all, what is a miracle?
Well, every moment here on this earth is miraculous! But now and then we get a glimpse of God that's too cool to keep to ourselves. These stories could range from little moments of peace or "winks" from God, to healings and long-term walks with God. God speaks to us all in different ways and we want to hear how He speaks to you!
What should I include in my story?
The best blog posts lead off with a brief description of what happened. Then write as much as you're willing to share! Be sure to think back through details such as date, time, location, amounts, and other circumstances - these are often very significant in miracle stories! Last but not least, please share prayers and scriptures that were important to you during this time.
What do I need to do?
You need to be a registered member of this site. Once you're logged in, click the "Blog a Miracle Story" icon on the top right of your screen. Then write out your story! Don't forget the extra fields on the top right (press the circle with the dots to access them). Once you have finished, you'll be able to Submit for Review. Then we will review, approve, and publish your story.
How do you approve posts?
We will publish posts that glorify God!
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We will not change your wording but we may add a picture if you chose not to upload a featured image.
Is this private?
If you submit a story, you're sending it to our public blog, so it's not private. You are welcome to save stories as "Drafts" without publishing them. You are also welcome to write thoughts in your profile and choose "Only Me" if you'd like privacy in your journaling. We also offer private group functionality.


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"Assange, the notorious document leaker, is coming out with a book this week titled "When Google Met WikiLeaks." The book recalls an encounter when Assange met Schmidt in 2011. In the book, Assange aims to show that Google is tied to the US government when it comes to the openness of the Internet. In other news interviews, Assange has also said Google is basically a privatized National Security Agency.Google's Schmidt says Assange detainment is 'luxury lodgings' - CNET
Schmidt adamantly denied Assange's allegations in the ABC interview Tuesday.
"Julian is very paranoid about things. Google never collaborated with the NSA and in fact, we've fought very hard against what they did," Schmidt said. "We have taken all of our data, all of our exchanges, and we fully encrypted them so no one can get them, especially the government.""
Wednesday, September 24, 2014
Google's Schmidt says Assange detainment is 'luxury lodgings' - CNET
Likely a lively debate ahead in this context
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Whether you're drinking your morning coffee, evening tea, or something in between – this mug's for you! It's sturdy and glossy with a vivid print that'll withstand the microwave and dishwasher. This mug can also be a nice reminder that you've been talking about UFOs and aliens too much.
• 11 oz Ceramic
• Dishwasher and microwave safe
• White and glossy
Let's talk about sports


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Main Content
What can we learn from the study of a protein complex in the gas phase of the mass spectrometer? Aside from the compositional information that is available from obtaining the molecular mass of an intact protein complex, many additional properties can be deduced: these include polydispersity and heterogeneity, which are some of most challenging properties of protein complexes, making them almost impossible to study by conventional structural biology approaches. Mass spectrometry is providing significant insight into protein composition within assemblies by uncovering the effects of post-translational modifications, the dynamics of subunit exchange and changes in interactions in response to small molecule binding. Recent breakthroughs, which combine the study of intact membrane complexes with knowledge of lipid binding sites, is informing both the oligomerisation and downstream coupling of GPCRs.While the majority of these studies of membrane proteins have been performed in detergent micelles very recently, we have successfully employed a new means of ionizing proteins directly from membranes. Following sonication of lipid vesicles and application of high electric fields, proteins are effectively drawn out of their native membrane locations into the gas phase of the mass spectrometer. This new approach is revealing many new interactions that have been lost following disruption in detergent micelles.


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Train As One CrossFit
CrossFit is constantly varied, functional movement, done at high intensity. CrossFit training efficiently combines numerous exercise methods, including weightlifting, gymnastics, and high intensity cardio. CrossFit is constantly varied. This means that each day the workout will involve different exercise movements, different structures and time domains. It is likely you will not do the same workout in several months, because of the extreme variety. This is an amazing concept, because it prevents you from getting bored.Workouts can be adjusted in weight, intensity, and certain mechanics in order to scale to the experience and fitness levels of any individual, be it a total fitness beginner or elite competitive CrossFitter. The movements we use are
"functional", meaning that everything we do in our workouts will make everything you do outside of the gym much easier. You'll learn gymnastics, Olympic weightlifting, powerlifting, you'll run, jump, row, carry – the list goes on! And our brilliant coaches will be on hand to keep you moving well, and safe, from day one.


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Posted: 3/3/2001 12:13:11 PM EDT
I am considering selling my 2 Sea/Touring Kayaks - if anyone is interested in these (and all the gear that comes with them) please email me (firstname.lastname@example.com) and I will tell you more about them. I don't have a problem driving halfway to meet you to deliver them (let's say 4-5 hours max - I live in East Tennessee). Great shape, excellent price - let me know if interested and I will give you more info on them.
I'm Interested email to
Originally Posted By Greywolf:
I am considering selling my 2 [b]Sea[/b]/Touring Kayaks.....
Okay, when the Hell did they put an ocean in Tennessee and why was I not informed?
I had a room mate once who taught salt water kayaking in Alaska for a summer.
He said that there is no feeling at all to compare with what you feel when a 6 foot tall dorsal fin from an orca suddenly breaks the surface of the calm black water......
right next to you.
Kinda makes you feel all small and vulnerable.
LOL - Gunslinger, I lived in St. Petersburg FL before I moved here to TN 4 years ago - that is where I got the Kayaks. You can actually use them on slow moving rivers and lakes quite well, though they are designed to take the rigors of ocean paddling. They are much faster than a canoe and with their rudders are more manueverable and less exhausting than either canoes or whitewater kayaks - and you won't believe how much gear you can store in them!
Originally Posted By Templar:
He said that there is no feeling at all to compare with what you feel when a 6 foot tall dorsal fin from an orca suddenly breaks the surface of the calm black water......
right next to you.
Kinda makes you feel all small and vulnerable.
I was on a surfboard, sitting on calm waters, takin in the morning, when I killers tail lazily broke the surface about fifty feet from my smal a$$.
My wife would kill me, but I may be interested, depending on price/model, etc (kind of hard to hide a kayak).
I have a Wild. Sys. Manteo, and Perception Keowee.
Can you post a little more details?
FYI--I like kayaking better than canoeing (I sold a 15' Grumman aluminum canoe to get the Manteo--besides it was a pain in the ass to load on top of my car). If you have never tried kayaking, it is great--even on still water, you sit with your rear end a few inches below the waterline, and you can "sneak" up on wildlife you would not see otherwise.
"We live in a society of excuses, pleading for second chances, and unwillingness to take responsibility for our actions,"


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About Hando's Tanker Hire
Hando's Tanker Hire Pty Ltd has been in operation for six years, with at least twenty-two years' experience in the waste industry. Mr Neal Hando (Director), has been a dangerous goods driver/operator for all of that time, and ensures that all Hando's staff possesses advanced knowledge and expertise within this field, and are all trained and competent in confined space entry and rescue procedures, working at heights, and the majority of Hando's operators hold a dangerous goods licence and security clearances for military bases. Neal Hando and his staff act as consultants for other waste companies and are highly sort after by customers and other companies within the waste industry for their extensive knowledge, expertise and the ability to think outside the square to achieve the desired outcomes, with as minimal cost to the client as possible.
As Hando's Vacuum Tankers are of our own design, they too are highly sort after for their effortless and efficient pumping capabilities. Others have tried to replicate our design, but have been unsuccessful in doing so. Hando's currently own four tankers and five trucks; plus fifteen trucks at our disposal (with the assistance of excellent and efficient subcontractors). Each of our tankers carries 25,000 litres of liquid, and we have access to five truck and dogs which carry up to 32,000 litres if necessary.
At Hando's we pride ourselves on our efficiency, innovation and our prompt and expeditious response to any emergency.
Neal Hando
Hando's Tanker Hire Pty Ltd


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Pavement Artists Competition
Date: TBC
Location: The Quay, Opposite Royal Castle Hotel
Location: The Quay, Opposite Royal Castle Hotel
Come along and enjoy drawing a masterpiece on the pavement around the boatfloat. Now is your chance to take part in something that normally wouldn't be allowed – so revel in it! Whatever your skill, if you are under 15 and more than 4 years old, grab your chalk and have a go.
Age categories:


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Good Morning all,
A follow up from my previous message. I saw the consultant on Wednesday and was diagnosed with fibromyalgia, thank goodness I have been given a diagnosis at last, it was getting to the point that my own doctor was impatient with me and my husband never realised just how poorly I felt.
Can anybody update me with possible care pathway and treatment from now please, feeling very unwell at this moment in time. I also look forward to making friends on here and supporting others.


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Donate | Shop | Try a Sample | Subscribe to Email | Product Ideas
In the Missions Inspiration article in the November 2018 issue of Missions Mosaic, retired missionary Claudia Brown shared her story of taking an early retirement and transitioning back to US soil after 31 years of serving primarily in Mozambique and Malawi. She asked for prayer for God to confirm the assignment He has for her husband, John.
And God did even more—providing new opportunities to serve for both of them.
John now serves as chaplain for City Youth Ministries in Jonesboro, Arkansas. His primary focus is relationship building with youth and their caregivers. As a Lunch Buddy at area schools, John coordinates in-home visits and parent meetings and works with churches to develop a prayer network and small-group studies for parents on specific topics. Homes are being impacted by the gospel.
Pray for John in this new assignment. Ask God to bring forth a spiritual awakening among the youth of Jonesboro. Pray John's salary would be provided through fund-raising initiatives and generous hearts.
John continues as interim pastor of Oak Grove Baptist Church in Missouri. Pray God would provide wisdom for him as he shepherds this small group of believers toward reaching its community for Christ. Ask the Spirit to fan the flame of each heart toward God's direction in outreach and obedience in stewardship.
Along with her ongoing chaplaincy duties at Northeast Arkansas Baptist Memorial Hospital, Claudia now serves as volunteer chaplain to the female officers of the Jonesboro Police Department. Pray hospital staff, patients, and families would be transformed by the gospel. Ask God to empower Claudia with boldness as she builds relationships with these brave women of law enforcement.
While various challenges may test and refine their faith, at the end of the day, John and Claudia remain grateful for God's provisions. Truly they can sing, "It is well!"
Joanie Ballard is a Georgia girl with a passion for sharing the good news of Jesus Christ through inspirational God-stories like John and Claudia Brown's.


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- Flight Service Stations (AFSSs/FSSs) are the primary source for obtaining preflight briefings and in-flight weather information
- Flight Service Specialists are qualified and certificated by the NWS as Pilot Weather Briefers
- They are not authorized to make original forecasts, but are authorized to translate and interpret available forecasts and reports directly into terms describing the weather conditions, which you can expect along your flight route and at your destination
Standard Briefing:
- You should request a Standard Briefing any time you are planning a flight and you have not received a previous briefing or have not received preliminary information through mass dissemination media; e.g., TIBS and TWEB (Alaska only), etc.
- International data may be inaccurate or incomplete
- If you are planning a flight outside of U.S. controlled airspace, the briefer will advise you to check data as soon as practical after entering foreign airspace, unless you advise that you have the international cautionary advisory
- The briefer will automatically provide the following information in the sequence listed except as noted, when it is applicable to your proposed flight
Adverse Conditions:
- Significant meteorological and/or aeronautical information that might influence the pilot to alter or cancel the proposed flight
- Example: hazardous weather conditions, airport closures, air traffic delays, etc.
- Pilots should be especially alert for current or forecast weather that could reduce flight minimums below VFR or IFR conditions
- Pilots should also be alert for any reported or forecast icing if the aircraft is not certified for operating in icing conditions
- Flying into areas of icing or weather below minimums could have disastrous results
- Significant meteorological and/or aeronautical information that might influence the pilot to alter or cancel the proposed flight
VFR Flight Not Recommended:
- When VFR flight is proposed and sky conditions or visibilities are present or forecast, surface or aloft, that, in the briefer's judgment, would make flight under VFR doubtful, the briefer will describe the conditions, describe the affected locations, and use the phrase "VFR flight not recommended"
- This recommendation is advisory in nature
- The final decision as to whether the flight can be conducted safely rests solely with the pilot
- Upon receiving a "VFR flight not recommended" statement, the non-IFR rated pilot will need to make a "go or no go" decision
- This decision should be based on weighing the current and forecast weather conditions against the pilot's experience and ratings
- The aircraft's equipment, capabilities, and limitations should also be considered
- Pilots flying into areas of minimal VFR weather could encounter unforecasted lowering conditions that place the aircraft outside the pilot's ratings and experience level
- This could result in spatial disorientation and/or loss of control of the aircraft
- A brief statement describing the type, location, and movement of weather systems and/or air masses which might affect the proposed flight
- These first 3 elements of a briefing may be combined in any order when the briefer believes it will help to more clearly describe conditions
- A brief statement describing the type, location, and movement of weather systems and/or air masses which might affect the proposed flight
Current Conditions:
- Reported weather conditions applicable to the flight will be summarized from all available sources; e.g., METARs/ SPECIs, PIREPs, RAREPs
- This element will be omitted if the proposed time of departure is beyond 2 hours, unless the information is specifically requested by the pilot
En-Route Forecast:
- Forecast en-route conditions for the proposed route are summarized in logical order; i.e., departure/climb-out, en-route, and descent (Heights are MSL, unless the contractions "AGL" or "CIG" are denoted indicating that heights are above ground)
Destination Forecast:
- The destination forecast for the planned ETA
- Any significant changes within 1 hour before and after the planned arrival are included
Winds Aloft:
- Forecast winds aloft will be provided using degrees of the compass
- The briefer will interpolate wind directions and speeds between levels and stations as necessary to provide expected conditions at planned altitudes (heights are in MSL)
- Temperature information will be provided on request
Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs):
- Available NOTAM (D) information pertinent to the proposed flight, including special use airspace (SUA) NOTAMs for restricted areas, aerial refueling, and night vision goggles (NVG)
- Other SUA NOTAMs (D), such as military operations area (MOA), military training route (MTR), and warning area NOTAMs, are considered "upon request" briefing items as indicated in paragraph 7-1-5b10(a)
- Prohibited Areas P-40, P-49, P-56, and the special flight rules area (SFRA) for Washington, DC
- FSS briefers do not provide FDC NOTAM information for special instrument approach procedures, unless specifically asked
- Pilots authorized by the FAA to use special instrument approach procedures must specifically request FDC NOTAM information for these procedures
- NOTAM information may be combined with current conditions when the briefer believes it is logical to do so
- Airway NOTAMs, procedural NOTAMs that are general in nature and not tied to a specific airport/facility (for example, flight advisories and restrictions, open during special security instructions, and special flight rules areas) are briefed solely by pilot request. NOTAMs, graphic notices, and other information published in the NTAP are not included in pilot briefings unless the pilot specifically requests a review of this publication.
- For complete flight information, pilots are urged to review the printed NOTAMs in the Notices to Airmen Publication and the Chart Supplement U.S. in addition to obtaining a briefing
- Available NOTAM (D) information pertinent to the proposed flight, including special use airspace (SUA) NOTAMs for restricted areas, aerial refueling, and night vision goggles (NVG)
ATC Delays:
- Any known ATC delays and flow control advisories, which might affect the proposed flight
- Airport delays can be found by using the operational information system (OIS)
- Pilots may obtain the following from flight service station briefers upon request:
- Information on SUA and SUA-related airspace, except those listed in paragraph 7-1-5b8
- For the purpose of this paragraph, SUA and related airspace includes the following types of airspace: alert area, military operations area (MOA), warning area, and air traffic control assigned airspace (ATCAA). MTR data includes the following types of airspace: IFR training routes (IR), VFR training routes (VR), and slow training routes (SR)
- Pilots are encouraged to request updated information from ATC facilities while in flight
- A review of airway OTAMs, procedural NOTAMs, and NOTAMs that are general in nature are not tied to a specific airport/facility (for example, flight advisories and restrictions, open duration special security instructions, and special flight rules areas), graphic notices, and other information published in the NTAP
- Approximate density altitude data
- Information regarding such items as air traffic services and rules, customs/immigration procedures, ADIZ rules, search and rescue, etc.
- GPS RAIM availability for 1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA or a time specified by the pilot
- Other assistance as required
- Information on SUA and SUA-related airspace, except those listed in paragraph 7-1-5b8
Abbreviated Briefing:
- Request an Abbreviated Briefing when you need information to supplement mass disseminated data, update a previous briefing, or when you need only one or two specific items
- Provide the briefer with appropriate background information, the time you received the previous information, and/or the specific items needed
- You should indicate the source of the information already received so that the briefer can limit the briefing to the information that you have not received, and/or appreciable changes in meteorological/aeronautical conditions since your previous briefing
- To the extent possible, the briefer will provide the information in the sequence shown for a Standard Briefing
- If you request only one or two specific items, the briefer will advise you if adverse conditions are present or forecast (Adverse conditions contain both meteorological and/or aeronautical information)
- Details on these conditions will be provided at your request
- International data may be inaccurate or incomplete
- If you are planning a flight outside of U.S. controlled airspace, the briefer will advise you to check data as soon as practical after entering foreign airspace, unless you advise that you have the international cautionary advisory
Outlook Briefing:
- You should request an Outlook Briefing whenever your proposed time of departure is six or more hours from the time of the briefing
- The briefer will provide available forecast data applicable to the proposed flight
- This type of briefing is provided for planning purposes only
- You should obtain a Standard or Abbreviated Briefing prior to departure in order to obtain such items as adverse conditions, current conditions, updated forecasts, winds aloft, and NOTAMs, etc.
InFlight Briefing:
- You are encouraged to obtain your preflight briefing by telephone or in person before departure
- In those cases where you need to obtain a preflight briefing or an update to a previous briefing by radio, you should contact the nearest FSS to obtain this information
- After communications have been established, advise the specialist of the type briefing you require and provide appropriate background information
- You will be provided information as specified in the above paragraphs, depending on the type of briefing requested
- En Route advisories tailored to the phase of flight that begins after climb-out and ends with descent to land are provided upon pilot request
- Pilots are encouraged to provide a continuous exchange of information on weather, winds, turbulence, flight visibility, icing, etc., between pilots and inflight specialists
- Pilots should report good weather as well as bad, and confirm expected conditions as well as unexpected
- Remember that weather conditions can change rapidly and that a "go or no go" decision, as mentioned in paragraph 7-1-4b2, should be assessed at all phases of flight
- Available aviation weather reports, forecasts, and aviation weather charts are displayed at each FSS, for pilot use
- Pilots should feel free to use these self briefing displays where available, or to ask for a briefing or assistance from the specialist on duty
- Following any briefing, feel free to ask for any information that you or the briefer may have missed or are not understood
- This way, the briefer is able to present the information in a logical sequence, and lessens the chance of important items being overlooked
- When filing a flight plan only, you will be asked if you require the latest information on adverse conditions pertinent to the route of flight
- For more information, a paper copy of Aviation Weather Services: FAA Advisory Circular 00-45H, Change 1&2 (FAA Handbooks series) is available for purchase
- A digital copy of Advisory Circular (00-45), Aviation Weather Services may be found on the FAA's website
- Additional resources, which do not meet the requirements for a pre-flight weather brief, such as NOAA's Standard Briefing are available
- Didn't find something you're looking for? Continue searching:


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HR Seminars
We announce and deliver occasional short seminars on specific HR topics that we know are faced by our clients and other SMEs.
Our seminars are open to all – companies are able to book as many places as they may need. We also deliver private in-house seminar sessions offering the topics specifically for an individual Company to provide a bespoke session focused to a Company's own current situation and needs.
Watch out for our NEW FREE HR SURGERIES which have been a booming success. Our telephone surgeries offer a free 20 minute slots for managers to raise whatever questions they wish. (See our flier of a past HR Surgery here.)
These are the kind of Seminar's we've delivered:
- Most Common HR Challenges faced by SMEs
- HR for Non-HR Managers
- Managing Sickness Absence
- Managing Discipline
- Managing Grievances
- Redundancy Management
- Poor Performance – capability or conduct
- Age Discrimination
- Employee Appraisal
To hear highlights of Spirit HR's successful redundancy management seminar "Crunch Time", click here .
A delegate at the Crunch Time Seminar said:
Optical Sciences would like to thank Spirit HR for providing us with such a concise, fast paced training course detailing the finer issues with the management of redundancy in the workplace.
The course was planned and delivered in such a professional manner that we would have no hesitation using the services of Spirit HR going forward and recommending to any other company that needs assistance with HR related issues.
This is what a few delegates thought of our Seminars:
Salinder Sidhu | Milton Keynes Chamber
An excellent workshop.
Jane Hyde -Walsh | NVQ Business Solutions
Ian Askew – MD | OptiCal Sciences
Spirit HR's knowledge and ability to answer questions was excellent, with the whole course very informative and helpful. All of it was good and I have already started the process in using the advice and information given.
Call us at the office on 0845 463 3231 for an informal discussion about how we can help your business.