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One of the most important books published in Germany in 2010 was "Die Vergessene Revolution von 1918/19". Editor Professor Alexander Gallus, University of Rostock. 244 pages. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Gmbh & Co. KG. 2010. It is a modern introduction to the concept of world civil war in history in it's 20th century German form.
It was Arnold Toynbee that introduced the term "general war". Other civilizationists have chosen other terms. General war is to Toynbee great wars of the all-engulfing type, usually but not always among major powers, that contribute to the deterioration of civilization. One can of course ask if these weres were really symptoms of irreversible decline, as Toynbee contends.
In the opinion of this reviewer there have, since 1789, been no general wars. Instead a global civil war has been raging. On June 23, 2003, it was the sad 210th anniversary of the start of the Reign of Terror in France. A 12-member "Committee of Public Safety" and dictator Maximilien Robespierre ordered decapitation of thousands of people suspected of "treason". Over 200,000 were arrested.
Robespierre lauded the terror in his famous statement: "The attribute of popular government in revolution is at one and the same time virtue and terror, virtue without terror is fatal, terror without virtue is impotent. The terror is nothing but justice; prompt, severe, inflexible: it is thus an emanation of virtue." (G.Vellay, Discourses et Rapports de Robespierre, Paris, 1908, p.332).
The concept of terrorism survived in the political warfare concepts of most nineteenth and twentieth century revolutionaries, including, above all, followers of Marx, Engels, and Lenin. (Paul A. Smith, Jr., On Political War, 1989).
King Louis XVI was guillotined and on October 31, 1793, leaders of the opposition were executed, accused of being counterrevolutionaries. All Jacobinist revolutionaries are potential terrorists. That has been the history of most of the revolutions since 1789, when a global civil ware started. Josef Stalin executed a majority of the CPSU leaders. Mao Tse-tung also purged a number of party leaders. Adolf Hitler purged his comrades in July 1934 in what is called the "Night of the Long Knives". There is a line from Robespierre via Marx, Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler to masskillers of the war on international terrorism.
There is a case for the thesis of an ongoing global civil war since 1789. It is a nexus between Jacobinism, Communism, National Socialism and the new phase of the global civil war starting on November 9, 2001.
When Edmund Burke published his Reflections on the Revolution in France in 1790 he clearly indicated that the revolutionary party was calling for world wide revolution and war. Later he could conclude: "France, on her new system, means to form a universal empire, by producing a universal revolution." (Edmunds Burke, Letter on a Regicide Peace (1796-97). Such a war was waged in 1790 – 1815 by revolutionary an imperial France.
Outbreaks of revolution in Europe around 1820, in 1830 and especially in 1848 renewed that war. In 1819 there had been riots in Manchester in England, in France the duke of Berry (son of Charles X) was murdered and secret societies formed. In 1830 the July revolution ended with the flight of French King Charles X. In 1848 at the February revolution in France there were attempts to raise the red banner. It was also the year of the publication of The Communist Manifesto and the birth of Marxist antihumanism (Per Stig Moeller, The Inhuman Marxism, in Swedish 1976. Moeller has been Foreign Minister of the Kingdom of Denmark).
Marx declared that men were exploiters by reason of "class". The individual capitalist might well be a kindly person. He belonged however to the capitalist class, he was as much an exploiter as his more ruthless colleagues. Like them he would have to be liquidated when the revolution came. The Communist Manifesto (1848) purported to represent a then non-existent emigre political organization. Officially it was regarded by the USSR as the founding of the Communist Party.
In 1900, however, it would seem as if the risk of renewed global civil war had lessened but the outbreak of the First World War would see another phase of the global revolutionary war.
In 1917 the Russian revolution led to continued civil war on a world scale. The ideas of V.I. Lenin included calls for revolutionary violence: "Marxists have never forgotten that violence will be an inevitable accompaniment of the collapse of capitalism on its full scale and of the birth of a socialist society." (Selected works, Vol. VIII, p. 215) Lenin predicted a whole era of wars – imperialist wars, civil wars, national wars. "Only insurrection can guarantee the victory of the revolution" (Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 327). "The purpose of insurrection must be, not only the complete destruction, or removal of all local authorities and their replacement by new…but also the expulsion of the landlords and the seizure of their lands" (Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 377). "Complete Communism will know no more war. A real, assured people's peace is possible only under Communism. But the goal cannot be reached by peaceful, 'pacifist' means; on the contrary, it can be reached only by civil war against the bourgeoisie." (Fundamentals of Communism, p. 31).
One of Lenin's highranking officers in the secret police, Cheka, Latsis, in clear words expressed the fate of the bourgeois class: "We are not waging war against particular individuals. We are exterminating the bourgeois as a class. Don't look for evidence to prove that the accused acted by deed or word against the Soviet power. The first question you should ask him is: To what class he belongs, what is his origin, his training, and his occupation. This should determine the fate of the accused. Herein lies the meaning and the essence of the Red Terror." (S.P. Melgunov, Krasnyi Terror v. Rossii, 1918 – 1923, Berlin 1924, second edition, p. 72.
Also relevant is a statement of one of Lenin's top lieutenants in Petrograd, Zinoviev, in September 1918:
"To overcome our enemies, we must have our own socialist militarism. We must carry along with us 90 million out of 100 million of Soviet Russia's population. As for the rest, we have nothing to say to them. They must be annihilated." (Speech reported in Severnaia Kommuna (Petrograd) no. 109, September 19, 1918, p. 2 as cited in G.Leggett, The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police, London 1981, p. 114).
The head of the Cheka hade already made clear that:
"We [Bolsheviks] stand for organized terror, terror is an absolute necessity during times of revolution…The Cheka is obliged…to conquer the enemy even if its sword does by chance sometimes fall on the innocent." (Felix Dzerzhinskiy, Press Interview, June 1917, as cited in Ronald Hingley, The Russian Secret Police, 1970, p. 122).
Bosheviks, however, made no difference between internal and external enemies. They were anyway destined for annihilation if they refused to recognize and adjust to the forces of history as Marxist ideology chose to define them. Many categories could not chose survival at the price of capitualation. Class origin determined life or death (Smith, p. 131).
Already in 1917 Lenin had declared: "The French revolutionary people…remoulded the whole system of strategy, they broke all the old laws and customs of war: and in place of the old army they created a new revolutionary people's army and introduced new methods of warfare" (War and the Workers, London 1940, p. 7).
Richard Pipes book (The Unknown Lenin – From the Secret Archives, YUP 1996) has opened for much new material on Lenin. The most revealing documents have, however, been destroyed. Sensitive documents that could cause embarassment if leaked, were destroyed. Lenin insisted that no copies be made and that the originals be returned to him for destruction or destroyed by the recipient. This injunction was however not always followed. Especially sensitive were documents where violence was encouraged against sovereign states – India, Korea, Afghanistan, England, Persia, Turkey etc. (offering help with weapons and money to units waging revolutionary war in one country or another). Other sensitive material included the participation of units of the First Cavalry Army in Jewish pogroms, attempts to "sovietize" Lithuania, Hungary, Czechia, Romania, for instance, or struggles against separatists by means of execution in Karleia. (Pipes, pp. 4-5). Often Lenin was unrealistic. His comments indicate that in the summer of 1920 Lenin believed western Europe on the brink of social revolution. He was determined to promote and consummate this revolution with the help of the Red Army (Pipes, p. 6).
Bolsheviks were victorious in the Russian civil war and similar civil wars occured in Germany, Hungary and other European countries. Late in 1918 the Soviets had concluded a secret "treaty" wsith the German communist leader Karl Liebknecht. A Russian army would take to the offensive to support a communist uprising in Berlin. A similar treaty was concluded with Hungarian communist leader Bela Kun. In 1919 Soviet representative Karl Radek developed a plan for revolutionary war against Germany. Russian prisoners of war still in Germany would be offensively used.
Comintern was founded in 1919 and provided revolutionary training for communists from a large number of countries in the 1920s and the1930s. Comintern produced a number of manuals dealing with strategy and tactics of uprisings and irregular warfare (The Road to Victory, a Theoretical Discussion of Marxism and Revolution by Alfred Lange, The Armed Uprising by A. Neuberg).
Stalin's saw the road to conquest of the industrialised West as proceeding via Asia. Training was later continued on a global scale by CPSU in the Soviet Union. Also Stalin and the Soviets were active in fomenting unrest in Germany between communists and social democrats ("The Comintern engineered the fight between the German communists and the social democrats…to bring Hitler to power, not because they were political perverts but because they wanted a big war in the West…They would have preferred a military conservative government. They took Hitler. He was the lesser evil", "I myself thought at first the Russian communist were just dumb. Gradually, I realized myself that this was a very big strategy to get one of the great wars of modern times going. This took some time, but it succeeded in 1939" (Testimony of Dr. Karl August Wittfogel, US Senate, Washington D.C. 1951, pp. 323 f.).
Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia were the same type of totalitarianisms. They sought to transform classes into masses. They used terror dealing with their own peoples. They sought aggressive aims abroad (Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, New York 1973).
Marxism -Leninism came first in time and was in several ways responsible for generationg its German National Socialist variant (Smith, p. 119).
After decades of civil war the communists took power in China in 1949. The Chinese communists had undertaken uprisings in the 1920s, but these failed. Mao Tse-tung now changed the strategy of revolutionary movement. He created a revolutionary army, went ahead and captured territory and proved his thesis in parctice. Mao emphasized the need for a prolonged civil war.
During the Cold War the Soviets had a Strategic Plan. The aim was "global peace" after final Soviet victory. The main target was the United States it called for the isolation of the 'main enemy', the 'Finlandization of Europe. In the Third World pro-Sovie regimes were to be established and insurgencies waged. The plan envisioned for phases until final victory in 1995. Unfortunately for Moscow the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. During the Third Phase (from 1973) Capitalism would suffer an economic crisis and Europé would be forced to its knees. The Soviets would foment local and regional wars in Europé in support of "progressive" movements, if it would necessary. In Krushchev's words: "We will bury you"(Jan Sejna, We Will Bury You, London 1982, pp. 100 – 113).
After the Second World War the global civil war continued until the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. Before that a large number of civil wars initiated by local communist parties and forces raged in many countries (for example in Asia in the Philippines and Malaya), in Africa (Angola and the Congo) and in South America (Che Guevara's attempt in Bolivia to start a civil war in Latin America and the Shinging Path in Peru, to mention a few).
The latest phase of the global civil war started in 2001. The question of the legal status of muslim terrorist organizations and their definition is of some importance in this world wide civil war after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on New York and Washington DC. One possibility is to define these fanatical organizations that are bent on the destruction of the West as criminal organizations. In trying to find a suitable definition it might be useful to look at the concept private army (the term as such could be questionable as it sets up an opposition to "public armies". A possible alternative could be "unofficial army") What is a private army? It could be a group of people which may include men, women, and children, with identifications focused on some common symbol. The symbol need not be territorial, and it need not be exclusive in monopolizing the identification of its members. Where the group itself is the symbol, intensity of identification may be increased by conscious breaches of the morality system of a more inclusive group to which members feel some association but from which they feel they are irreparably barred because they are in some way regarded as a lesser group (see for instance B.Lewis, The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam (1968).
A private army is not a mob as this is lacking the sufficient organization over time. The members lack identification with a persisting symbol. A mob may become a private army or even a terrorist organization. A private army involves over time, but there is no need for continous temporal sequence. A gang, that assembles for specific "jobs", like the gangs of al Qaeda, is similar to those described by Lewis above that convene at certain phases of the moon for ritual violence, ethnic armies which form in lulls of the agricultural cycle and cross borders to kill and pillage other groups.
A fertile ground for the study of private armies is China during the rebellions of the 19th century, warlordism and secret societies.
The Taiping rebellion lasted 14 years from 1850 to 1864. It originated in Kwangsi, from where its chief came, a discontented Hakka peasant, who assumed the title Heavenly King. The aim was to overthrow the Manchu dynasty. The Heavenly King had been with the Baptist Mission in Canton, studied the Bible and was fired with enthusiasm wating also to destroy idolatry. The Taipings absorbed many Western ideas and adopted tem, such as vaccination. The followers of the Heavenly King became known as the long-haired rebels.
The rebellion extended to the Yangtze valley and in 1853 Nanking was made capital of the rebels. It was held until 1864. In 1854 a rebel column advanced on Peking, but failed to capture it. 2 Americans, Frederick Townsend Ward and Anson Burlingame, were engaged to organize a force of foreigners and manilamen called the The Ever Victorious Army (EVA) to fight the rebels. Ward had victories but was finally defeated and killed in 1862. Burlingame was dismissed from service and went over to the rebels. In 1863 Major Charles George "the Chinese"Gordon, an Englishman later of Khartoum fame, was appointed commander of EVA. Gordon later resigned and the army was disbanded. In 1864 Nanking was recovered by the Imperial troops and the Heavenly King committed suicide. The rebellion had extended to 12 provinces and the losses had been 20,000,000.
The Tientsin Massace occurred on June 21, 1870. It was caused by anonymous pamphlets being distributed and by stories that the christian Sisters of Charity kidnapped people for the purpose of extracting their eyes and hearts, to make telescopic lenses, medicine, and change lead into silver. The Chinese made an attempt to inspect the Orphanage, but the French Consul refused. This led to an attack on the Consulate, the Catholic Cathedral and the Orphanage. 21 Christians and a number of native Christians were massacred.
The Boxer Rebellion started in Shantung province in 1898 (the Boxers were called Patriotic Fists, I-ho-chu'an; it was a society dedicated to "setting things right" in China and in order to do that the ancient art of Chinese boxing was practised ("to harmonize the fists") and the calisthenic military art, a form of strengthening exercises intended to harmonize both mind and body in preparation for battle. These fanatics were opposed to the weak policy of the dynasty and decided to rid the country of foreigners. The Boxers started to attack native christians, who were regarded as traitors and deserving death. They moved on to threaten Peking and the capital was surrounded. After a siege the legations were relieved and Peking occupied by the United States, Great Britain, Russia, Germany, France, Austria, Italy and Japan. The court had fled. The Boxers now continued their campaign in Shansi, where 45 missionaries were killed, and churches, schools and hospitals destroyed. There was extensive persecution also in Manchuria and hundred of converts were victims and in all over 200 missionaries died. Native Christians killed numbered in the thousands (for specific studies see J. Spence, To Change China: Western Advisers in China 1620 – 1960 (1969), J.Chen, Yaan Shi K'ai (1961, J. Sheridan, Chinese Warlord: The Career of Feng Yu-hsiang (1966), communiqués from China in 1919 and 1929 detailed the different private armies: 1913 Foreign. Rel. U.S. (1920).
An interesting contradiction between the Taipings and the Boxers is that the Taipings were reformers. It was partly an adaptation from Christian ideas, political to some extent, anti-feudal and a form of equalitarian agrarianism lacking the violent extreme ideas of marxism- leninism. Had the West supported the Taipings against the failing Manchu dynasty a new and modern China might have been built. The communist revolution could have been avoided. The Boxers in contradiction wanted a return to the pre-Manchu period. There was none of the Taipings reformist ideas. There xenophobic ideas were mixed with belief in magical arts, Taoist sorcery, and incantations which were supposed to give them supernatural powers. Certainly it was not a movement deserving Western support.
The European elements of the 'just war' reasoning can be found as far back as in ancient Greece and Rome. For Aristotle, for instance, war was a natural part of politics and was justified when directed against those who disputed the power of the state to govern or when its object was the attainment of peace (see I Brownlie, for instance, in International Law and the Use of Force by States 4 (1963).
Christianity broke with the early doctrine of pacifism in 170 AD and accepted the term 'just war'.
Later civil war came to mean that the other side was a criminal, murderer, and gangster, who had to be wiped out. The German communist writer Bert Brecht expressed it in the phrase: "Ins Nichts mit ihm" (the enemy, the other civil warrior). This is the terrible end of local civil wars since the 20th century. The ideologists of private armies fighting internal wars (internal war is a term used frequently. Some encyclopedic works on war list many hundred such local civil or internal wars) were Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, V.I. Lenin and Mao Tse-tung.
It is not the purpose here to go into detail of the marxist-leninist doctrine of 'just war' and 'war of national liberation'. These subjects have been treated in detail elsewhere (for an expert communist view see A. Neuberg (pseudonym), Armed Insurrection. (1971). This was to be a book in the library of every revolutionist to educate himself further. Neuberg was in reality the pseudonym of a number of leading communist theorists among them the German communist Heinz Neumann, participant in many European and Chinese insurrections and civil wars. Neuberg discussed military tactics and underscored the need for using violence. Violence had a "creative" role and only force could solve the great problems of history. Uprising was to him an art, just like the art of war. Uprisings, according to Lenin, should be prepared both politically and militarily. This was not done in Germany in the 1920s when the communists tried to take over that country by force. Uprising, however, is a special military art and, in some respects, differs from conventional warfare.
An example during the communist uprisings of the 1920s in Germany is the Free Corps, that was employed by the social democratic government to put down the communist private armies. These organizations, also private armies, politically to the right, have been treated in detail in a number of recent books in German (see for instance Robert Thoms and Stefan Pochanke, Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Freikorps; 2001). The numbers of private Free Corps armies differ. Ernst von Salomon described 85 organizations. According to the German National Archive there were 68 organizations, other sources claim 218. Thoms and Pochanke provide an alphabetical list that they think is complete. It is important to note the German example is one of the best for determining how to regulate and legally treat private armies.
In Latin America the question of power seizure and change has been a recurring problem – caudillaje, machetismo, cuartelazo, golpe de estado, revolución, imposición, and continuismo. During the Cold War extremists launched what was termed "wars of national liberation" in Latin America. It was violence associated with the communist formulation and implementation of doctrine of internal war (civil war) [see G. Ginsburgs, "Wars of National Liberation and the Modern Law of Nations – The Soviet Thesis" 29 Law and Contemp. Prob. 910 (1964)]. In reality it was any war which furthered the communist world revolution. Communism referred to it as 'just war'. (see Dean Rusk, "The Control of Force in International Relations", in I Falk (ed.), The Vietnam War and International Law 338 (1968).
Venezuela is the only country in Latin America (so far) where an urban insurrection nearly suceeded. The urban guerrillas in Caracas represented a powerful coalition of forces, including the local Communist Party (with some 35,000 members), rebels from the Democratic Action Party (AD), students and dissident sections of the armed forces. In the end the guerrillas were defeated by President Romulo Betancourt and his forces of law and order (note Robert Moss, Urban Guerrillas – A New Face of Political Violence; 1972).
Brazil was the great failure of the strategy of urban revolution. The doctrine of civil war in that country had been created by Carlos Marighella in his theoretical work Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla. Marighella's career was very short. He was trapped by the police in a gun battle and killed in November 1969. Attempts in Brazil to carry subversion to the countryside, as it was termed, failed miserably. It is simple for the government, if it is determined, to isolate and root out the rural forces of internal war. The guerrillas also fractioned in a large number of small groups. The successor of Marighella, Camara Ferreira, shortly before his own death, admitted that the Brazilian guerrillas had suffered a number of serious setbacks. Ferreira is said to have suffered a heart attack resisting arrest in Sao Paulo in October 1970. The guerrillas scored some limited victories but the kidnappings provoked middle class reactions. Marighella had hoped that increased counterterrorism would arouse a broad militant opposition. On the contrary the revolutionary forces limited the options of opposition (for further on Brazil see Joao Qartim, Dictatorship and Armed Struggle in Brazil; 1971).
The Tupamaros in the small country of Uruguay were the masters of the game but in the end also failed miserably. Before that they had managed to destroy the flowering economy in this prosperous country (see Robert Moss, Uruguay: Terrorism versus Democracy; 1971).
The latest bloody and costly internal wars in Latin America was that of the Shining Path in Peru (see Guenther Maschke "Das bewaffnete Wort – Mythos der Erziehung und revolutionaere Gewalt: Der 'Leuchtende Pfad' in Peru", 1993, in that author's book Das bewaffnete Wort; 1997) and the now ongoing attempt of narcoterrorists to wreck Colombia.
Africa is of course the field where private armies have played an increasingly important role after the Cold War. The forerunner was the Nigerian Civil War.
Lately the World Bank has discovered that civil war is a great danger to less developed countries (see Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy; 2003). Civil war conflict is a core development issue. The existence of civil war can dramatically slow a country's development process, especially in low-income countries which are more vulnerable to civil war conflict. Conversely, development can impede civil war. When development succeeds, countries become safer—when development fails, they experience a greater risk of being caught in a conflict trap. Civil war is partly a failure of development.
Breaking the Conflict Trap identifies the dire consequences that civil war has on the development process.
First, civil war has adverse ripple effects that are often not taken into account by those who determine whether wars start or end.
Second, some countries are more likely than others to experience civil war conflict and thus, the risks of civil war differ considerably according to a country's characteristics including its economic stability.
Finally, Breaking the Conflict Trap explores viable international measures that can be taken to reduce the global incidence of civil war and proposes a practical agenda for action.
Some countries are more prone to civil war than others. Since 1995 the Bank has supported reconstruction in Africa in Ruanda, Sierra Leone, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The World Bank study mentioned above is an analysis of 52 major civil wars that occurred between 1960 and 1999. The typical conflict lasted about seven years and left a legacy of persistent poverty and disease.
For the average country in the study, the risk of civil war during any five-year period was about 6 percent. But the risk was alarmingly higher if the economy was poor, economically declining, and dependent on natural resource exports. For a country like the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) in the late 1990s, with deep poverty, a collapsing economy, and huge mineral exploitation, the risk of civil war was nearly 80 per cent.
Failure to develop greatly increases the chance that a country will be caught in a civil war and struggle of private armies. Countries can break the conflict trap by putting in place the policies and institutions necessary for sustained growth.
Most of the suffering caused by civil war – death, injury, disease, dislocation and loss of possessions – is experienced by non-combatants who have little say about whether the war should begin or how long it should last.Moreover, the domestic costs of civil war continue long after the fighting ends. Countries that suffer a civil war often get locked into persistently high levels of military expenditure, capital flight, infectious disease, low growth and entrenched poverty. A country that has recently emerged from war is at especially high risk of falling into conflict again.
The negative effects do not stop at the border: neighboring countries suffer immediate and long term effects, including the costs of providing for refugees, increased infectious disease (such as malaria, HIV, and tuberculosis), and higher military expenditure. Throughout the region, investment dries up and economic growth declines, heightening the risk that neighboring countries will themselves fall into civil war.
Globally, three major social evils are in large part the by-product of civil wars: hard drugs, HIV and international terrorism. For example, about 95 percent of the global production of illegal narcotics is located in civil war countries. Epidemiological research suggests that the initial spread of HIV was closely associated with the 1979 civil war in Uganda, and the large number of rapes along the border with Tanzania. Finally, international terrorists need areas outside of government control for large-scale training camps.
New international regulations in the diamond trade have cut financing for rebel groups dependent on "blood diamonds," helping to end the rebellion Sierra Leone. Bribery in African countries has been reduced as it is often a contributing factor in the onset of conflict.
In extremely poor countries with very weak governance, assistance could focus on a few simple reforms, such as improving elementary education or maternal health, in order to build the constituency for further reforms.
Rich endowments of diamonds, timber, oil, gold and other natural resources in Africa are often associated with conflict, poor governance and economic decline, in part because they provide a tempting source of revenue for would-be rebels. If the rebel organizations are shut out of international markets, as is being done with diamonds, might be one step to prevent civil war.
Civil wars in Africa often lead to regional arms races which undermine development and increase the risk of war. One solution is for regional political organizations to negotiate coordinated cuts in arms spending, and for international financial institutions to monitor compliance. When the international community intervenes militarily to stop a war, the military and aid commitments should last long enough for development take hold. This typically takes four to five year.
The problem of private armies (local civil war or internal war, as has been shown, is not new. It has taken on a new dimension after September 11, 2001 (see Bertil Haggman's article "Civil Warfare", Reader's Guide to Military History; 2001). Now there are a number of very wealthy private armies (criminal terrorist organizations) with an expanded choice of territory in civil war countries to establish training camps and networks. Application of unauthorized violence is a frightening development when it takes on the scope and range of such organizations as al Qaeda. The American war on terrorism has been successful. Money transfers across borders have been stopped. Leaders have been arrested but it is much like a many-headed snake. Cut off one head and a new one is emerging.
It seems to be time for jurists to take on the problem of private armies/terrorist organizations. There is a wealth of legal questions to solve: are the members of these private army soldiers? How are they to be treated if taken prisoners of war? How is the term private army to be defined? There is a necessity to add new rules to the existing Geneva Conventions.
The war on international terrorism is not only a responsibility of the American government and the American armed forces. It is a responsibility of organizations like the World Bank, the International Red Cross and national international law organizations. The study of historical and fresh examples of private armies in civil wars could be useful tool to explore present problems.
President George W. Bush has declared that "our war on terror begins with al Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated." One of these organizations, Hezbollah, a terrorist group of global reach, has been responsible for killing more Americans than any other terrorist organization, including al Qaeda. Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage has said that "Hezbollah may be the 'A-team' of terrorists," while "al Qaeda is actually the 'B-team. "
Saif al-Adel has assumed command of the revived al Qaeda's military operations. Adel is wanted by the FBI for the role he played in the 1998 embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania, and was recently named as an unindicted co-conspirator in the bombing of the USS Cole in 2000. According to Virginia-based Geostrategy-Direct, "Adel has revived al Qaeda with new methods, operations and relationships with Islamic terrorist networks throughout the world."
Tehran is sheltering — or even tolerating — Saif al-Adel, a clear indictment of Iran, already Hezbollah's patron and the world's leading state sponsor of terrorism. Adel's presence in Iran would pose a greater threat to American security than that of Abu Musab Zarqawi in Iraq, which was one of the key pieces of evidence the administration used to make its case for war against Saddam Hussein's regime.
Adel has a connection to Hezbollah, who trained him in their camps in the early 1990s. The 1998 indictment for the embassy-bombings trial states that "Usama bin Laden, the defendant, and al Qaeda also forged alliances… with representatives of the government of Iran, and its associated terrorist group Hezballah, for the purpose of working together against their perceived common enemies in the West, particularly the United States."
This alliance dates back to 1994, when bin Laden met with Hezbollah commander Imad Mugniyeh in Khartoum. He seems to be the head of Hezbollah's security apparatus.
Hezbollah was responsible for the bombing of the U.S. embassy in Beirut in April 1983, killing 241 U.S. Marines in the barracks bombing later that year, and destroying the Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires in 1992.
In 2002 there were reports that an undetermined number of al Qaeda operatives had fled Afghanistan in the wake of the American victory and taken refuge in southern Lebanon, Hezbollah's stronghold. Hezbollah spiritual leader Hassan Nasrallah has been all too clear about his hatred of the United States. A week before the war in Iraq began, he told a crowd of 10,000 in Beirut: "In the past, when the Marines were in Beirut and their fleets were in the Mediterranean sea, we screamed in the southern suburbs 'Death to America'…today, the region is being filled with hundreds of thousands of American soldiers and fleets and 'Death to America' was, is and will stay our slogan."
The new private armies could be capable of many surprise actions, on a scale that has not been possible for these organizations in the past. A spokesman for al Qaeda has told an Arabic-language newsmagazine that the terror group will try to use poisons to attack the United States, specifically threatening to contaminate the nation's water supply.
Abu Mohammed al-Ablaj told the London-based al-Majallah magazine that "al Qaeda [does not rule out] using sarin gas and poisoning drinking water in U.S. and Western cities."
"We will talk about [these weapons] then and the infidels will know what harms them. They spared no effort in their war on us in Afghanistan. … They should not therefore rule out the possibility that we will present them with our capabilities."
Some U.S. officials play down the threat, but terrorism analysts point out that al-Ablaj had communicated with the magazine before the suicide attacks earlier this month in Saudi Arabia, warning that al Qaeda was about to stage a major offensive in the kingdom.
U.S. law enforcement and intelligence agencies have learned that al Qaeda members … specifically sought information on water supply and wastewater management practices in the United States and abroad.
Evidence in 2003 is clearly demonstrating the need for coming to legal grips with terrorist organizations. The United Nations is out of the question when it comes to solving the juridical riddle. The world organization has not even been able to define the term terrorism. It seems that the only jurists that could present a convincing case are the international law organizations in the United States. The Rule of Law has to take firm roots in the field of the combat of private armies/terrorist organizations.
Professor Melko has in his excellent book put general war in perspective. There is a reduced importance of that kind of war in history. Instead global civil war is emerging as a dominant form of conflict. General wars have indeed been ill-conceived, chance and ignorance played a great part and resources were devastated that could have been put to better use. For the West it meant almost self-destruction for European powers.
Melko's premise that general wars have had an integral function in the long term process of state systems is correct. They did so until 1789. The two world wars 1914 – 1918 and 1939 – 1945 are mere phases of the ongoing global civil war. Like most general wars the global civil war was not declared but the starting year is easy to determine. That has not been the case of many general wars.
When reading the new book I searched the index for terms like civil war or internal war. They are not there but it might have been useful to find a contrast. General wars up until the 20th century were rather organized affairs, at least in the West.
Leaving out general wars in other civilizations Melko lists as a Classical General War the Peloponnesian Wars. One can however question if these were not in effect civil wars. What about the Great Roman Civil War and the other civil wars of the Roman Empire?
The following list is interesting to create a framwork since 1789 (the beginning of my global civil war; Melko p. 41):
General War 1789 – 1815
Interlude 1815 – 1848
Supplementary War 1848 – 1871
General Peace 1871 – 1914
General War 1914 – 1945
Interlude 1945 – 1991
Supplementary Wars 1991 –
Describing the Cold War as an Interlude seems to me questionable, as a victory for the Soviet Union would have meant victory for global totalitarianism. Here General Hot War and General Cold War seem possible alternatives. What about the period after 1991? Didn't that period in reality came to an end in 2001 and an Era of Terrorist Wars start (including the Iraq war)?
My notes here on the learned work of Professor Melko may not be regarded as a suitable review. Admittedly my interest in civil war as being bloodier, more dangerous and protracted than the general wars have taken over, for which I apologize but the present period is more dangerous than most other periods in the history of civilizations. It offers great opportunities but there are great dangers too. It should be added here that since the publication of professor Melko's pathbreaking article "The Hegemon in World History" (Journal for the Comparative Study of Civilizations, No. 10 March 2005).


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- This event has passed.
Jack Semple – CD Release
One of the seven wonders of the guitar world, Jack Semple is back at The Bassment to release his latest recording Can't Stop This Love. Combining guitar virtuosity, killer vocals, great song writing, and genuine prairie-boy niceness, Jack always puts on a great show.
Jack Semple CD Launch at the Bassment in Saskatoon Nov 22/23
The Jack Semple Band is launching the new Album "Can't Stop this Love" Nov 22 and 23 at the Bassment in Saskatoon!Featuring Dave Chobot, Andrew Glover and Brent Jefferson! https://thebassment.ca/event/jack-semple-3/
Posted by Jack Semple Music on Friday, November 16, 2018

subset: commoncrawl


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Waking unexpectedly curled round an anonymous fat rear tyre recalling a haiku by Kobayashi Issa:
The turnip-puller
points the way
with a turnip
As I understand it, the turnip-puller embraces their role so whole-heartedly person/purpose become indistinguishable. Pointing with a neep/pointing with an extension of themselves. Can't speak for the turnip-puller but I never really wanted to BE a motorcycle adventurer. Just to explore the misty terrain between fantasy and possibility. Just curious enough to whisk a world of ridiculous, impossible dreams into yeasty, achievable potential and bake a boule of ambiguous existence. Yet where once was an inquisitive middle-aged woman of middle-intelligence and middle-allure, now stands a grizzled, worldliwise gambler oozing control and a total lack of it. Problem is, while she's returned briefly West, her turnip is still in Vladivostok.
The turnip-puller
sleepwalks the streets
nuzzling wheels
3rd October 2014


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Tequila Lapis Añejo
Tequila Añejo
Los Altos, Jalisco, Mexico
Made from agaves grown at over 5000' and distilled in stainless pot stills, the añejo is aged in French oak for a minimum of one year. The distinctive bottle is lapis-colored in a truncated, pyramidal shape. (Note that the name has changed from Lapiz to Lapis over the years.)
Tequila AñejoDistilled from 100% blue Weber agave, it is aged for at least a year in barrels not to exceed 600 liters. Any type of wood is acceptable, but ex-bourbon barrels are most common. Añejo tequilas are also known as "aged" or "extra aged".
Cask Type
Tasting Notes
"There's a slight woodiness, coupled with roasty agave and modest vanilla on the nose. More-developed wood carries over onto the palate where it's joined by a pleasantly nutty bitterness reminiscent of roasted walnuts. A touch of heat here is mitigated by a pleasant creaminess and sweetened by modest vanilla. The finish introduces a suppressed spiciness--just enough to keep it grippy to the end."


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After a crazy July month that started to carry over into August I realized I needed to reboot and recharge. Between flying, school work, trying to keep myself in shape, and have somewhat of a normal social life I felt exhausted. My apartment was a complete wreck from coming and going and dropping clothes every place I saw an empty spot, I just needed to stay home. I was starting to feel emotionally drained. I love being a flight attendant because sometimes you just want to not be the babysitter/nurse/physiologist/teacher/waitress/cook/safety ensurer. Thank goodness for family and friends that let me rant and keep me sane.
I had 2 days off and one day I spend with family down the Jersey shore going on a little bike ride with my uncle. Learning how to properly ride my road bike in the summer sun was great. The second day I spent cleaning my apartment, doing laundry, and preparing for the next 4 days living out of my suitcase. I did get to have my parents over to grill out and of course they brought along my fur baby, Bentley.
Last month's wild ride taught me we all need to have a little more patience and understanding for one another. I know I was under a great deal of stress and you never know what the stranger next to you is going through also. Take some time for yourself once in a while. It will do wonders. Take care.


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One of my earliest musical memories is of Pink Floyd taking the Christmas number one spot in 1979. Two of the albums I played most in my childhood were The Wall (which I got into when I was ten) and the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack, which was a permanent fixture in our house. I certainly remember spinning around to You Should Be Dancing when I was five or so. Continue reading
Tag Archives: the wall
Line-ups that make (or break) the band
New on Collapse Board
When the two old enemies embraced this week in London, many fans were wondering if the decades-long feud was finally and fully laid to rest. Would there be a Pink Floyd reunion? A new tour? A new album? Realistically, isn't it much too late for that now? More to the point – as many were quick to remark – the band could hardly reunite since Richard Wright had died in 2008.
30 day song challenge: day 01 – your favorite song
I can't say that I'll be doing this every day because it would get pretty boring for a blog series, but it might be fun as an occasional feature. The first is both the easiest and hardest song to pick:
day 01 – your favorite song
So many songs! Which is my favourite? I suppose I'd have to pick the first song which immediately springs to mind when someone asks me that question. The song is Comfortably Numb from Pink Floyd's The Wall. It's been my favourite song since I was about 10 years old.
Last Impressions: Pink Floyd – The Wall
I'm going to keep this fairly brief because it's sold 23 million copies in the US alone, so you probably already know what it sounds like. Like Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, it's such a landmark in the sonic landscape that I barely notice it any more. I dimly recall Another Brick In The Wall Pt 2 being number one when I was three, and really got into the album when I was 10, but I realised it's been about a decade since I listened to it and being prompted to by another epic concept album (Foetus's HIDE), I thought it was time to dust it off.
My first thought was that it has aged really badly, and the first half of the album is actually pretty ordinary rock music that sounds very of its era. I thought there must have been something about it that I loved so much, and as the album progressed it struck me that the worse character Pink's mental state is, the better the music sounds – not least because it becomes musically more ambitious, complex and bombastic.
This full clip here marks the turning point where it really starts to get good:
Albums that actually changed my life
Unknown David Bowie compilation
First heard: Age 3
I must have been about three. Lying in the back of the car, half-asleep, listening to Ziggy-era Bowie through the back speakers. I particularly remember Aladdin Sane and Starman, and I think those are the ones that have shaped me musically the most. The other bands I was exposed to at the time were Queen and Abba, so ever since, the music I have loved has been a combination of clever minor-key concept album noodling, punchy rock hooks and hard, funky disco. Not much of a surprise I became a NIN fan, then.
Pink Floyd – The Wall
First heard: Age 10
I liked a lot of cool music as a kid, along with some truly terrible music, but until the age of 10, everything I loved was informed by what my parents or sister were listening to. Then my sister played me Pink Floyd's Wall album, and something just clicked. I dimly recalled Another Brick In The Wall Part 2, which had been the Christmas number one when I was three. Hearing the album in its entirety, though, shed a very different light on the track. It had mystified me – still does – why the song had been so popular, with its puerile shouty "we don't need no education" refrain, but put into the context of preceding track The Happiest Days of Our Lives (the song doesn't really work without it), it suddenly revealed a new concept to me: angst.
It seems funny to me now to think of myself as a child, debating the meanings of Syd Barrett songs with my rebellious best friend, Jym. We were absolutely obsessed – making our own Floyd-themed t-shirts, picking up sheet music to learn it on the piano, and just lying out in the sun in his back garden listening to Relics and Meddle. Jym would take mushrooms and smoke pot, but I could enter an altered state just meditating on the music. He got expelled from school a year or two later. I never saw him again.


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Writing Card for WW1 Soldier 1914
Writing card for WW1 soldiers - "Carte en Franchise"
Dimensions: 14 * 9cm
It comes from a 1914 army stock
We buy antique papers everywhere in France: paper bags, labels, wrappings, advertisings...
These articles are rare and show perfectly the care for design in the last century.
Some of these items are available in large quantity, some in small amount, they are suited for creators, makers, unique gifts or wedding gifts...
Feel free to ask us for a bulk price for large quantity.
- Years
- 1910
- Universe
- Other


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Con rods are part of the fundamental mechanism at the heart of almost every race engine in the world, and there is little to make me think that this is about to change. In dealing with the forces exerted on adjacent components by a con rod, we tend to split their mass into a reciprocating component, which we assume travels up and down with the piston, and a rotating component, which we assume travels around with the crankpin on which it operates.
As race engine engineers, we generally take great care to keep both piston assembly mass and crankshaft inertia to a minimum. Something that might seem a very attractive concept, therefore, is to shorten the con rod. Not only would we save mass in the con rod, but the block could be made shorter, reducing the mass of the block and lowering the height of the centre of gravity of the engine. Again, these are all generally laudable aims for a race engine.
However, we find that there are a number of reasons to maintain or increase con rod length. The first of these is the mitigation of secondary forces. These secondary forces act at twice engine speed and are proportional to the ratio of crank throw to rod length. We can see that decreasing this ratio will reduce secondary forces and, with a fixed crank throw, we would look to increase rod length to achieve this.
The second reason why short rods are not often used is the effect of rod angularity. The longer the con rod, the lower its angle to the cylinder axis for any angle of crankshaft rotation. The higher the r/l ratio, the greater the angle of the rod when maximum cylinder pressure occurs.
The effect of higher rod angularity is to increase the side load on the piston skirt. For a given coefficient of friction, a higher load means a higher drag on the piston and increased frictional losses. The interaction between the skirt, lubricant film and cylinder wall means the coefficient of friction cannot be assumed to remain constant, but the principle holds true that lower con rod angularity offers lower friction.
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Tag Archives: old Australian courthouses
Albany Courthouse 1895-96, Albany, Western Australia
If you have landed here looking to contact the Albany Magistrates Court you can find those details by clicking here.
The Albany Courthouse, 184 Stirling Terrace, Albany, Western Australia.
The Albany Courthouse is an operating Magistrates Court for civil and criminal matters in Albany, Western Australia, see location map below. The Court also has a District Court Registry for civil actions.
Young Courthouse (former), New South Wales
Courthouses in Young, New South Wales
By B Stead
Please note: if you have landed here looking for the Young Local Court contact and location details please go to the NSW Government Local Courts – Young, here.
Young, a town on the south-west slopes of New South Wales was settled in 1826. See location map below. Known initially as Lambing Flat, the discovery of gold in the 1860s soon attracted large numbers of miners and prospectors to the area. However tensions among them led to riots and unrest. Eventually Lambing Flat became known as Young.
Orange Courthouse 1883, Orange, Central Tablelands, New South Wales
Please note: if you have landed here looking to contact the Court please click the NSW Department of Justice – Orange Court House contact information here.
The Orange Courthouse lies on the corner of Lords Place and Byng Street, opposite Robertson Park, Orange, New South Wales.
Port Adelaide Courthouse 1882 (former), South Australia
Please note: if you have landed here looking to contact the Port Adelaide Magistrates Court, please see their contact details here.
The former Port Adelaide Courthouse, 1882, South Australia.
Strathalbyn Courthouse 1867, Fleurieu Peninsula, SA
The Strathalbyn Courthouse, 1 Rankine Street, Strathalbyn SA
Armidale Courthouse 1858, Armidale, Northern Tablelands, New England, NSW
Please note that the Armidale Court House is an operating court. If you have landed here looking to contact the Court please find contact details on the NSW Government Local Court site here and on the Service NSW site here.
Armidale Courthouse 1859, Armidale, New South Wales
The Armidale Courthouse and Sherriffs Office at 143-145 Beardy Street, Armidale, in the Northern Tablelands was an operating Local Court of New South Wales until 2014. See a location map below. More
Cairns Courthouse 1919 (former), QLD
Please note: if you have landed here looking for contact information of the Cairns Magistrates, District or Supreme Court, please go to the Contacts page for All Courthouses here.
The former Cairns Courthouse 1922 – 1992
This building operated as the Cairns Courthouse from 17 January 1922 to 1992. It ceased operating as a court in 1992. The site was sold and at the time of writing was the Cairns Courthouse Hotel. More
Murrurundi Courthouse 1840, NSW
By B Stead
Please note: if you have landed here looking to contact the Court click here to go to the Murrurundi Local Court contact information.
Murrurundi Courthouse, Murrurundi, New South Wales
Murrurundi is a rural town on the banks of the Pages River, located in the upper Hunter Valley region of New South Wales. The town is surrounded by the Liverpool Ranges, in which various bushrangers roamed in the 1840s. Ben Hall, one of the most well known bushrangers, spent some of his early years in the Murrurundi district. More
Berry Courthouse (former) 1892, Berry, NSW
Berry Courthouse (former), 1892, 55 Victoria Street, Berry, New South Wales.
The Berry Courthouse was designed by the colonial government architect James Barnet. (Read about James Barnet on the Australian Dictionary of Biography site here.)
Water Police Court 1886, Sydney
Water Police Court and Police Court, 1886, Sydney
The Water Police Court in Phillip Street Sydney ceased operating as a court in 1979. See location map below. The former courthouse is now the Justice and Police Museum. The sandstone building was designed by Edmund Blacket, and subsequently Alexander Dawson and James Barnett. It was completed in 1855.
Bangalow Courthouse NSW
By B Stead
Bangalow Courthouse, Byron Street, Bangalow, NSW
Built in 1909 the Bangalow Courthouse was constructed alongside the Police lock-up, which had been erected in 1905.
At the time Bangalow was described as a 'budding township', servicing a developing dairying industry, see location map below. As with any growing community, it needed a police presence with adequate facilities. A number of the original Federation era shop facades lining the main street have been preserved rendering the townscape with special charm.
Before the Bangalow police station and lock-up was built Bangalow police were required to transport people in custody to the Byron Bay Police Station. The Northern Star, November 1904.
Norwood Courthouse 1937, SA
Norwood Courthouse (former), 38 Osmond Terrace, Norwood, Adelaide, SA.
Old Australian Courthouses – a diverse heritage
This gallery contains 185 photos.
Courthouses in Australia reflect a diverse heritage of built form to meet colonial needs for the administration of justice. Continue reading
Clare Courthouse: a Local and Magistrates Court in the Clare Valley, South Australia
Please note: if you have landed here looking to contact the Court please see the Court Sitting Locations of the SA Courts Administration Authority here for information.
Clare Courthouse c1878, South Australia
The Clare Courthouse building was constructed in 1878 and occupied in 1880. It has been in continuous use since that time although there have renovations and additions.
Holbrook Courthouse (former) 1873, NSW
Please note, if you have landed here looking for the contact details of the Holbrook Local Court, please go to the NSW Department of Justice – Holbrook Court House here.
Holbrook Courthouse, Albury Street, Holbrook, New South Wales
The Holbrook Courthouse building today has had various predecessors, the first in 1872. The Court facilities, as a place for the administration of justice has also had different functions from being a Mining Warden's Court to a Court of Petty Sessions to a Local Court.
Holbrook is a country town south west of Sydney on the Hume Highway, see location map below. Holbrook was known as Germanton in 1858, and other names before that: see the Holbrook website. In 1914 it was changed to Holbrook, in honour of the daring feats of Commander Norman Holbrook VC during WW1. More
Gundagai Courthouse, c1861, Gundagai, New South Wales
By B Stead
Please note, if you landed here looking for the contact and location details of the Gundagai Local Court, please go to their website here.
Gundagai Courthouse, Gundagai, New South Wales
Gundagai is a country town on the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales, see location map below. The area is widely known for its Dog on the Tuckerbox Statue, just outside of town off the Hume Highway.
Gundagai has had courthouse facilities of one kind or another for over a hundred years. See a detailed history including architectural drawings of the Gundagai Courthouse in the Gundagai Gaol & Courthouse Conservation Management Plan1 ical account The Gundagai Courthouse
Early repairs and developing the grounds
In 1870 repairs to the North Gundagai Courthouse and improvements to its approach had stalled. Reporting on the matter it seemed that the first choice of contractor was the cause of the delay in repairing "our local temple of justice". In addition the contractor allegedly had failed to keep costs 'to an economical scale.'
Improving a 'mean' entrance
Willunga Courthouse (former), 1855, South Australia
Willunga Courthouse and Police Museum, c1855, Willunga, South Australia.
The Willunga Courthouse nestles in picturesque setting in the almond blossom and wine region of Willunga, see location map below.
In 1854 the Willunga magistrate requested the authorities for improvements to be made to the facilities being used for court proceedings. He felt that in using the local Bush Inn "… it was impossible to maintain the degree of order and decorum required in a court of justice…" More
Auburn Courthouse 1860, South Australia
The Auburn Courthouse and Police Station, Auburn, c1860, South Australia.
Auburn is a small town in the Clare Valley agricultural and wine growing region, in the mid north of South Australia, see location map below. More


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x410265Rm E-206
Teacher web page can be accessed through Google Classroom.
Please use your @student.fcusd.org account and use the following invite/access codes. Thank you.
AP Biology - copnge4
"When teaching and learning are visible, there is a greater likelihood of students reaching higher levels of achievement." -John Hattie"Genius of ANDnot the tyranny of OR"-Rick & Becky DuFour


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Page One
Alta Bates nurses are ready for one-day strike
Nurses at four area hospitals, including Alta Bates Summit Medical Center in Berkeley and Oakland, are planning a one-day strike July 19 after contract negotiations hit a brick wall this weekend.
Alta Bates spokesperson Jill Gruen said the hospital may have to reduce services on the day of the strike.
"It's a normal process, hospitals are used to it," said Charles Idelson, spokesperson for the California Nurses Association, which represents the nurses. Picketers will be available to work if a medical emergency arises, he said.
The Nurses Association is seeking wage increases, a better retirement package and improved nurse-to-patient ratios at all four hospitals.
The union is negotiating separate contracts with each of the hospitals, all owned by Sutter Health. Alta Bates talks are set to resume today, with a federal mediator present.
Union officials say that good wages and benefits are needed for Sutter Health to attract nurses while a nurse shortage is affecting the country.
"There's a turnstile at the front of these hospitals," said Idelson. "Unless we can address the downward spiral, hospitals are going to turn into dangerous medical factories."
Gruen said Alta Bates, which has about 200 unfilled nursing positions, is taking the issue seriously.
"This is the most generous wages and benefit offer in Alta Bates and Summit history," she said.
Alta Bates is offering a 16 percent pay raise over three years. The union is asking for a 27 percent hike.
Connie Arburua, an Alta Bates nurse on the union's negotiating team, said that the 27 percent figure is "above average," but not high enough to retain nurses.
"We're interested in stopping the hemorrhaging at Alta Bates and Summit," she said. "The nurses are leaving."
Arburua pointed to a recently-negotiated 26 percent increase over three years at the Sutter-owned Mills-Peninsula hospitals in Burlingame and San Mateo as a precedent.
In the 26 percent figure the union includes a 7.5 percent raise retroactive at the beginning of the year. Gruen says the true number is 19 percent and the Alta Bates offer is comparable.
Arburua said the retirement package offered by the hospital – which includes pension and health care provisions – may be acceptable if Alta Bates agrees to provide acceptable health benefits for early retirees.
Currently, the hospital is offering early retirees a maximum of $12,000 to spend on health insurance until they reach 65, when Medicare kicks in.
"That's not going to pay for much," she said.
Gruen said the Alta Bates offer is generous, and akin to what the Nurses Association has accepted in negotiations elsewhere.
In January, Gov. Gray Davis announced preliminary, statewide nurse-to-patient ratios and the figures are currently moving through the regulatory and public comment process.
The union wants to include those preliminary ratios in the Alta Bates contract. The hospital wants to wait until the state-mandated ratios are approved and is offering to form a management-labor committee, in the meantime, to discuss the issue.
Gruen pointed out that the Nurses Association accepted this arrangement in the recently-signed University of California nurse's contract. But Idelson said the comparison is unfair since UC hospitals tend to have better nursing rations than Alta Bates.
The other three hospitals scheduled to take part in the July 19 strike are Eden Medical Center in Castro Valley, Sutter Solano Medical Center in Vallejo and St. Luke's Hospital in San Francisco.


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Reading Time: < 1 minute
Soulcade Interactive's first asset on the Game Maker Studio Marketplace!
This is the first Asset to conveniently and easily add subtitle and voice narration functionality into Game Maker Studio.
View on Game Maker Marketplace
Check Back soon for a guide on how to use and navigate this asset this week!
- 0 Comment
- Resources
- November 7, 2016


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With one of the largest portfolios of detection and analysis technologies available from a single provider, Molecular Devices can meet most throughput, application, and budget needs. From imaging to electrophysiology to microplate- & microarray-based analyses, they are your provider of choice for fluorescence, luminescence, UV/Vis absorption, brightfield, label-free, and other detection & analysis technologies for life science research.
Developed from world-class QPix robotics, the new QPix 400 series of microbial colony pickers offers the unique option to simultaneously detect colonies and quantify fluorescent markers in a pre-screening step before picking.
More than just colony pickers, these systems enable scientists to:
Companies such as GSK, Merck, Wyeth, Genentech, Centocor, MedImmune, UCB and Genmab have implemented ClonePix systems and data are cited increasingly in scientific conferences.
Automatically screening more clones in less time than conventional techniques, selecting cells with optimal expression levels, and picking colonies with accuracy enables scientists to:


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A place to work, create and build something incredible. As a creativity lab, we provide a place for entrepreneurs, companies, creators, designers and developers to make, build and get feedback as ideas take shape.
We transformed 14,000 square feet on the top floor of the historic Mercer Warehouse into a startup hub. Our space includes open workspaces, private suites, and social spaces for meeting, lounging and creating in.
Why work at Startup Edmonton?
Surround yourself with other founders and their teams who understand what you're doing and some of the unique challenges that come with being an entrepreneur.
Creative collisions happen all the time - over lunch in the kitchen, drinks after work or a quick coffee in the big comfy chairs - giving you the chance to learn from your peers and get real-time feedback when you need it the most.
By working at a vibrant co-working hub, you'll be more likely to take advantage of all the awesome benefits our startup community has to offer. Attend meetups right after the work-day; take advantage of even more Startup Edmonton programming; and meet a wide network of passionate, talented, and driven founders, developers, designers and technology enthusiasts.


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2018.05.31 Thursday
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"I always got a kick out of it when they called it the California Sound because it really came out of Liverpool and Greenwich Village."
~Roger McGuinn
The Byrds – Turn! Turn! Turn!
The Byrds-"All I Really Want To Do"-8/5/65
The Byrds – Chimes Of Freedom Live
Byrds – I'll Feel A Whole Lot Better
The Byrds (Monterey Pop Festival 1967) – Hey Joe
The Byrds-"Mr. Tambourine Man"-01/16/70
Byrds – "Mr. Tambourine Man" Featuring Bob Dylan
The Byrds-"He Was A Friend Of Mine"-2/24/1990
Roger McGuinn – Mr.Tambourine Man
The Byrds-"Set You Free This Time"-2/19/66
The Byrds-"Mr. Spaceman"-10/22/67
The Byrds – Satisfied Mind
The Byrds-"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere"-6/2069
The Byrds – I Wasn't Born To Follow (Easy Rider)
The Byrds – Ballad Of Easy Rider
The Byrds-"So You Want To Be A Rock N' Roll Star"-2/2/73
The Byrds – Chestnut Mare
The Byrds-"Jesus Is Just Alright"-9/23/70
The Byrds-"Old Blue"-6/28/1970
The Byrds-"Eight Miles High"-9/23/70
The Byrds-"Eight Miles High"-9/23/70
"I think what makes the Byrds stand up all these years is the basis in folk music. Folk music, being a timeless art form, is the foundation of the Byrds. We were all from a folk background. We considered ourselves folk singers even when we strapped on electric instruments and dabbled in different things."
~Roger McGuinn
Background Articles and Videos
Roger McGuinn Blog
The Byrds
"…The Byrds were an American rock and roll band. Formed in Los Angeles, California in 1964, The Byrds underwent several personnel changes, with frontman Roger McGuinn remaining the sole consistent member until the group's disbandment in 1973.
Their trademark songs include covers of Bob Dylan's "Mr. Tambourine Man" and "My Back Pages", Pete Seeger's "Turn! Turn! Turn!" and Carole King's "Goin' Back", as well as the originals "I'll Feel a Whole Lot Better", "Eight Miles High", "So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star".
The Byrds were popular and influential during the mid-1960s and into the early 1970s. Initially, the band played folk rock, melding influences such as the British Invasion sound, contemporary folk and pop music. Later they expanded their sound into such sub-genres as space rock, psychedelic rock and, on their 1968 album Sweetheart of the Rodeo, country rock.
During 1991 they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2004 Rolling Stone Magazine ranked them #45 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[1]
The Byrds
"…The Byrds, led by Roger McGuinn, pioneered folk rock and later country rock. With their high harmonies, ringing guitars, and obsession with studio technique, the Byrds also became the sonic model for many rock bands, including the Eagles, Tom Petty, and the latter-day Fleetwood Mac.
The band was formed in summer 1964 as the Jet Set and toyed with the name Beefeaters before settling on the Byrds, misspelled à la the Beatles. A few months later, the Byrds were touted as "L.A.'s answer to London." After signing with Columbia in November 1964 they recorded demos released years later as Preflyte. In January 1965 they met Bob Dylan who provided their first hit, the #1 "Mr. Tambourine Man." The single had Dylan's lyrics, a guitar hook, chorus harmonies, and a rock rhythm section: folk rock. Mr. Tambourine Man, released in June 1965, went to #6.
In 1966 the Byrds had a major hit with the anthemic "Turn! Turn! Turn!" – a Bible passage set to music by Pete Seeger. But the Byrds failed to achieve such commercial success for the rest of their existence. By the time Fifth Dimension was released in summer 1966, Gene Clark had left to embark on a solo career. His departure, plus their somewhat avant-garde LP, marked the start of the Byrds' "space rock" phase. The hit single "Eight Miles High" (#14, 1966) from Fifth Dimension solidified their new style. It was also one of the first records to be widely banned because of supposedly drug-oriented lyrics. …"


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Institute Feature - David Christian
Institute Feature - David Christian
The Big History Institute is proud to celebrate the achievements of Professor David Christian (D.Phil. Oxford, 1974), who has been awarded the title of Distinguished Professor at Macquarie University, and has also received an Excellence in Research award for his work in Big History. These two awards pay tribute to two key aspects of David's career: his research and his teaching.
The prestigious title of Macquarie University Distinguished Professor is awarded to eminent Professors of Macquarie University who are of exceptional distinction and who have made an outstanding contribution to their field or discipline and to Macquarie University. The award is a title of high honour, with only a few exceptional applicants receiving the title each year.
The title recognises David's outstanding efforts in learning and teaching achievements, community engagement, research team leadership, and international scholarship.
Professor David Christian with Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research) Professor Sakkie Pretorius
David was also awarded an Excellence in Research Award within Social Sciences and Humanities for his research developing The Big History Project: Education for the Anthropocene. This project builds on David's innovative concept of Big History: the study of the past at universal scales. This award recognises the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understanding.
Watch the video here to learn more about David's work:
The Big History Project, co-founded by David Christian and Bill Gates, has been used as a resource for teaching Big History in more than 500 schools around the world, including over 100 schools in Australia and over 300 schools in the United States.
David Christian's 2011 TED talk triggered significant international attention. David has continued to generate significant interest in Big History with audiences around the globe. He has presented at international events including the World Economic Forum, Credit Lyonnais Securities Asia (CLSA), Techonomy, CERN, and Vivid Festival of Ideas. David's work has also gained widespread international media attention in international publications including the New York Times, The Guardian, The Times, and the Australian Financial Review.
David Christian at the World Economic Forum, Tianjin, in September 2014
These exciting achievements pay tribute to David's extraordinary career. Prior to his work in Big History, David Christian trained as an historian of Russia and the Soviet Union, and developed an interest in World History in the 1980s. David taught at Macquarie University between 1975 and 2000, and took up a position at San Diego State University for a number of years before returning to Macquarie in 2009.
David's extensive bibliography, which has been recognised in the awarding of both the Distinguished Professorship title and the Excellence in Research Award, includes publications on the social and material history of the 19th Century Russian peasantry; the history of Inner Eurasia (Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia); and most recently, publications on Big History, including Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History and Big History: Between Nothing and Everything.
David is a member of the Australian Academy of the Humanities and the Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen [Royal Holland Society of Sciences and Humanities], Affiliates Chair for the World History Association, and a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Global History and the Cambridge History of the World. In 2008, he was appointed as a James Marsh Professor-at-Large at the University of Vermont.
Today, David is continuing his work as the Director of the Big History Institute at Macquarie University, teaching Big History at Macquarie University, and working on a number of exciting projects including the Opening Real Science Project, and the Big History MOOC. The discipline of Big History continues to grow around the world, and the Big History Institute is proud to recognise David's pioneering role in this field.
Content owner: Big History Institute Last updated: 15 Apr 2019 4:29pm


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Legally Spoilt: Here's How Reginae Carter Celebrated Her 21st Birthday
Reginae Carter Celebrates Her Birthday With All-Black Affair In Atlanta
Happy Birthday to Reginae Carter! Lil Wayne's oldest child turned 21-years-old this past weekend and she celebrated by having a classy all-black soiree with her mom by her side. Reginae and Toya Wright were hip-to-hip in Atlanta's Gold Room night club this weekend, dripped in black dresses for Reginae's special day.
Now legal to drink alcohol, Reginae toasted it up amongst family and friends. Her besties, Zonnique Pullings was there in support, Zim Zolciak's daughter Brielle, and other friends. It appears from photos that Reginae was gifted dozens and dozens of flowers too as gifts. She took photos in her section of the night club with a beautiful display of roses, while she stood on hundreds of rose petals.
How beautiful!
It seemed like a joy-filled and lovely occasion. Hit the flip for more photos from Reginae's 21-year-old turn-up!


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What books have you read that helped shape you into the human that you are at this moment?
I was asked to answer this question in my Literature for Teachers class. Here is my list:
Kender, Gully Dwarves & Gnomes
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux
Dracula by Bram Stoker
Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton
Eaters of the Dead by Michael Crichton
This is by no means a full list, but these are the books I came up with in the ten minute time frame given to me.
What are some of your formative fiction books?


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This year Halloween falls on a Saturday, but chances are that in your eyecare practice you'll be celebrating Halloween in the office on Friday. Halloween can be a funny holiday for adults. Some people get really into the spirit, while others blow it off. In your eyecare practice since you're seeing patients all day it's likely that you'll be expected to participate in the holiday in some way whether you're dressing up, handing out candy to patients, decorating the office, or bringing in a treat for the team. There is almost no way to avoid Halloween in the office.
We thought that it'd be fun to walk through a typical day of working on Halloween and everything leading up to it that gets your practice ready to trick or treat your patients.
An Attempt at Getting Through Halloween Alive in Your Eyecare Practice
1. You waste way too much time agonizing over a costume.
For whatever reason, Halloween as adults can be awkward, especially when it comes to dressing up. In some people's eyes trying too hard on your costume can make you look like a dork, but on the other hand if you don't try hard enough people will give you a hard time. It's not easy coming up with that clever, but easy, costume idea that people will love.
2. But alas, you have completed the perfect costume idea and you just know it's going to be the best in the office.
After all of the agonizing you come up with a costume that you know in your heart everyone will love, and it will be the best in the office. But really, the moment you step into work you'll see three other costumes that are just as good as yours.
3. Whoops, you've got to get gas on your way to work, this is going to be awkward in your costume.
Going anywhere alone in your costume is embarassing. You need at least one other costume-clad professional with you to not be emarassed in public!
4. As if stepping out for gas wasn't bad enough, now is the moment of truth as you step into the office a little bit embarassed.
You just have to do it; rip that band-aid off and get into work!
5. And as soon as you walk in and see the rest of your team's costumes you get a little excited for the day.
Days like today you're reminded of how awesome the people are that you get to work with in your office. A great team in the practice makes work feel a lot less like work.
6. You're also a little embarassed that your Pinterest-inspired treat that you worked on for hours didn't quite turn out like it was supposed to.
Don't worry, I'm sure they still taste good, right?
7. Lunch time rolls around in the office and you're already dying to get out of your costume.
The chances that you are wearing a costume that is both cute, scary, clever, and comfortable is one in a million. So if you aren't dying to get out of your costume by noon, we salute you.
8. And finally, when it's time to go home you're way to excited to get out of there because you've had way too much candy and treats for one day. You're excited that Halloween only comes around once a year.
Happy Halloween from all of us here at VisionWeb!


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13 April 2014, Writing Ideas - Themes (Vampire Novel), part 3
Announcement: There is action on my new novels. The publisher renamed the series--they are still working on the name. I provided suggestions as did one of my prepub readers. Now the individual books will be given single names: Leora, Leila, Russia, Lumiere', China, Sveta, and Klava--at least these are some of the suggestions. They are also working on a single theme for the covers. I'll keep you updated.
Introduction: I wrote the novel Aksinya: Enchantment and the Daemon. This was my 21st novel and through this blog, I gave you the entire novel in installments that included commentary on the writing. In the commentary, in addition to other general information on writing, I explained, how the novel was constructed, the metaphors and symbols in it, the writing techniques and tricks I used, and the way I built the scenes. You can look back through this blog and read the entire novel beginning with http://www.pilotlion.blogspot.com/2010/10/new-novel-part-3-girl-and-demon.html.
I'm using this novel as an example of how I produce, market, and eventually (we hope) get a novel published. I'll keep you informed along the way.
The four plus one basic rules I employ when writing:
1. Don't confuse your readers.
2. Entertain your readers.
3. Ground your readers in the writing.
4. Don't show (or tell) everything.
5. Immerse yourself in the world of your writing.
All novels have five discrete parts:
1. The initial scene (the beginning)
2. The rising action
3. The climax
4. The falling action
5. The dénouement
The theme statement of this new novel is: An agent of the organization becomes involved with a vampire girl during a mission, she becomes dependent on the agent, and she is redeemed.
The point I am trying to make to you is this: the theme is a critical aspect of any novel. The development of the theme is the meaning of authorship. Your themes need to be somewhat unique. The reason I am using a vampire in a novel is not to catch the wave of vampire based books, but rather because I was inspired by the idea of the possibility of redeeming a vampire and the idea of a vampire that was dependent on a human.
The second part is kind of simple. All vampires are dependent on humans--that is they must hunt and drink the blood of humans for survival. Here is part of the fleshing out of the vampire character and development. First, vampires in history and literature are defined by Bram Stoker's vampire Dracula. Bram Stoker invented, not the idea of the vampire, but rather the literary idea of the vampire.
Bram Stoker's vampires could not come out during the day. They drank human blood. They were seduced first by the vampire and then they were turned into a vampire by that seduction. They were immortal beings and they were spiritual beings. I used all the ideas from Bram Stoker's classical vampire to develop my vampire. I also clarified some points about vampires to develop my plot and the idea of dependency on a human rather than on humans in general.
With this theme statement I am ready to tackle the novel. The next step was to flesh out the characters and the setting.
More tomorrow.
For more information, you can visit my author site http://www.ldalford.com/, and my individual novel websites:


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Penname: Jennie Rae Urban [Contact - ]
Real name: Jennie...
Member Since: 2008.01.04
Last Login: 2009.01.07
Hey, all.
Basically, I\'m here for the same reason as you. I love good literature. I love reading it, and above all, I love writing it. I write HP fanfic on my spare time, when I don\'t really want to commit to much of anything, So, while this may not be some of my best work, I still take great pride in it, and I really hope that you, my dear reader, like it.
Please note, I also write for mugglenet.com fanfiction, so if you see my stories duplicated there, that is why. My name on that site is Frejah, if anyone wants to check it out. I don\'t have any stories up yet, because there seems to be something wrong with my account, but hopefully soon!
I apologise for tremendous lack of updates. I haven\'t been writing fanfic for a couple of months, mostly because of some RealLife yucky-stuff that happened this summer. Hopefully I\'ll manage to get something up soon.
And the thing about grammar in the reviews still stands.
Beta-reader: No
Membership status: Member
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|Job Description:
Sales management activities related to Modern Retail for Consumer Electronics Dept.
sales in North such as:
- Site sales visits for maintenance of existing accounts / target accounts and develop new customers list.
- Performs follow up on sales visits such as rate quotations, sales leads and letters.
- Participates and assists in sales blitz activities
- Providing troubleshooting assistance for customer orders, account status and relevant problems
- Keeping record of sales trends to help the sales team
- Paper-working on placing sales contracts and sales orders
- Bridging with Logistics team to schedule for delivery of orders to customers
- Liaising with account manager to develop specific sales strategies
- Other tasks as assigned by Regional General Manager.
Job Requirements:
- Male ; Good English communication
- Being active and flexible in work
- At least 5-year experience in the same position
- University graduated
- English communication is preferred
- Salary base: negotiate
- Accident insurance 24/24 individually/ Health care insurance
- SI, HI & UI compliance with Vietnam Labor Regulations


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A COMPANY boss died when he was crushed by a container in a horrific incident at work.
Martin Channon, 54, from Raven Lane, Billericay, suffered fatal injuries when the container being carried by a forklift truck fell on top of him.
Emergency services rushed to the scene to reports a man's legs were trapped underneath the container.
Sadly they could not save him and he was pronounced dead at the scene.
Mr Channon's sister, Kim Penson, 51, from Basildon, has paid tribute to her brother on behalf of their tight knit family.
She said: "He was a much-loved and fantastic husband, father, grandfather, son, uncle, cousin and brother.
"We are saddened and shocked at the loss of Martin. He was a friend to many and will be sadly missed."
Mr Channon, had lived in Langdon Hills before marrying wife Cheryl and moving to Billericay 22 years ago.
His niece, Kelly Perryman, added: "The family are very shocked and distressed by this awful news."
Mr Channon died after the incident at Modular Building Systems, at Straits Mill, Convent Lane, Braintree, last Wednesday.
Emergency crews rushed to the scene shortly after noon, but he was pronounced dead soon after.
A spokesman for Essex Police said: "The driver of the forklift and the deceased were moving a container and it appears that during the course of this something has happened and the container has caused the injuries.
"We believe that the deceased was assisting the driver of the forklift. We understand they both worked for the same company."
The driver of the forklift truck was uninjured.
Mr Channon has headed up Modular Building Systems since 2003.
The company provides new and pre-owned portable buildings, storage containers and anti-vandal cabins.
Police confirmed that responsibility for the case had been handed over to the coroner's office and the Health and Safety Executive.
An inquest has been opened and adjourned.


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Newcastle Jets boss will resist making wholesale changes to his out-of-sorts side but he'll be forced into a reshuffle for Saturday night's F3 Derby against Central Coast Mariners.
After surging to second spot and in sight of league-leaders Sydney FC just three weeks ago, the Jets are now limping into the finals having suffered a hat-trick of defeats.
While they have second place – and a home Grand Final qualifier to come on Friday, April 27 – assured, they'll want to arrest their form slump and regain some momentum ahead of the playoffs.
There has been calls for Merrick to shake-up his mis-firing side but he won't be wielding the axe, although he'll be forced into some minor changes for the Mariners clash.
Ronny Vargas (groin) and Wayne Brown (calf) are almost certain to miss through injury, while defender Daniel Georgievski is set to return from suspension.
"I don't have lots of players to make lots of changes, nor do I often make lots of changes," Merrick said.
"Generally it is the less experienced players who lose their spot. But it wasn't through a lack of effort. Our GPS stats showed the boys worked extremely hard.
"They are really keen to play well and there was no lack of effort. Structurally we just have to sort out the midfield, our fullbacks, and when they should get forward, and that final pass in the final third.
"There will be a change or two in the backline especially with Daniel Georgievski being available. We will rejig the midfield."
And the Derby clash could be just the fixture to help the Jets out of their slumber.
The Hunter club has won both fixtures against the Mariners this season, including an opening round 5-1 drubbing at Central Coast Stadium.
"I think the derby has come at a good time," Merrick said.
"They will be desperate to make sure they don't finish bottom of the ladder. The Mariners boys are no doubt full of pride and will be doing everything they can to beat us.
"It is the sort of pressure again that we need and we will see if we can respond to it.
"We are responding physically in terms of work ethic, but we are not getting the combinations right and structures right. It will be another good challenge for us to prepare for the finals."


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text: Blue Moon, Blue Grass, & BBQ Event Details This event finished on 3/31/2018 According to folklore, a Blue Moon occurs when there are two full moons in one month. Though this usually only happens every couple of years, March 31 is the next Blue Moon and the second one of 2018. We figured this was a great reason for a party!• BBQ Lunch served anytime 12-3pm• Opening Guitar from 12-1pm by our very own Cellar Master Cole Peck• Too Blue playing Bluegrass from 1-4pm• Wine by the Glass available• Cheese Plates available$35 per person plus tax. PSR Club Member Price: $30 per person plus taxSOLD OUT!Seating is limited. Reservations required. Price includes BBQ lunch plate, an afternoon of live music featuring Too Blue and 2 glasses of Millbrook Tap wine. Additional 'Wine by the Glass' and Cheese Plates will be for sale. Bookmark the Permalink « Newer Event Older Event »


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Eight days. That's all that is standing between us and the premiere of Parks and Recreation 's seventh and final season on NBC, which kicks off on Jan. 13 with back-to-back episodes. And then, come Feb. 24 the series will be gone for good. It's a bittersweet reality to face, especially given how much we've all grown to love each and every one of these characters (yes, even Jerry) throughout the past six years. But thankfully we still have some time until that dark day occurs. (I say "dark day" because I have every intention of hiding under the covers, weeping uncontrollably after the series finale FYI.) So clearly, we should make the most out of every moment we have left with these Pawnee residents and, for me, that includes talking about my favorite Parks and Rec character Ron Swanson as much as humanly possible.
This man. This myth. This legend has filled my heart with so much joy I can't even begin to repay him. (But if I did, it would clearly be in the form of bacon.) Not only has Nick Offerman managed to make a grouchy boss downright lovable, but he's also given us some great advice to live by even when this show is long gone from our television screens. (*Sobs*) So in honor of this extraordinary man and his iconic pyramid of greatness, I thought now would be a good time to showcase some of Ron's famous words of wisdom that prove he's actually the smartest person you know. For instance…
Social Interaction Is Overrated
What's in a name? A potential insult, apparently.
Don't Spread Yourself Too Thin
Anything worth doing, is worth doing right.
Never Feel the Need to Seek Outside Approval
You do you and praise will inevitably follow.
Be Open to New Ideas
Thinking outside the box is important for creative growth, after all.
Confidence Is the Key to Success
And to a fully belly.
Breakfast Is the Most Important Meal of the Day
No matter what time it is.
Don't Be Afraid to Speak Hard Truths
Especially when they're in the form of metaphors.
Tough Love Is Sometimes Necessary
What doesn't kill us makes us stronger, right?
When It's Important, Speak Your Mind
Communication can solve all your problems.
Embrace Modern Technology
You'll come to see what all the fuss was about.
Know Your Strengths & Weaknesses
(But tell no one.)
Dance Like Nobody's Watching
When really everybody is watching.
And Always Be Prepared
Especially when it comes to bacon.
Images: Colleen Hayes/NBC; Giphy (13)


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Burt wrote:Do a response.write sql. If a contains "thisfield", you will see this in the> Hi,
> The name of the field is in variable 'a'.
> How can i use it into SQL?
> This doesn't work:
> <%
> a="name"
> set obj = Server.CreateObject("ADODB.Connection")
> obj.Open("provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0; Data Source =c:\db.mdb")
> sql="select '" & a & "' from mytable;"
browser window when you run this page:
select 'thisfield' from mytable
Open your database in Access. Create a new query using the Design View
option, switch to SQL View and paste this statement in. Run it to see what
you get. Do you see what you have to change to make it return the contents
of thisfield instead of the string 'thisfield'?
Always create and test your queries in Access before attempting to run them
in ASP.
Bob Barrows
Microsoft MVP - ASP/ASP.NET
Please reply to the newsgroup. This email account is my spam trap so I
don't check it very often. If you must reply off-line, then remove the


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Signing up for credit cards through partner links earns us a commission. Terms apply to the offers listed on this page. Here's our full Advertising Policy.
Act quickly, coffee enthusiasts!
Doctor of Credit reports that Starbucks is giving away a limited number of $10 gift cards to folks who load $10 or more to the Starbucks app with Visa Checkout.
I'll give you the details of the deal, so you can take advantage of the giveaway before it's gone!
An Easy $10 Gift Card With the Starbucks App
Link: Boost Your Balance With Visa Checkout
Starbucks is running an easy promotion alongside Visa Checkout to give you a free $10 gift card! Here are the details:
- You must load your Starbucks Rewards account in the Starbucks app with $10+ using Visa Checkout as a payment method
- The Promotion Period is from 9:00 am Pacific Time on September 1, 2016, and ends either at 11:59 pm Pacific Time on September 30, 2016, or when the limited supply of bonuses run out
- This offer is open to legal residents of the 50 United States and Washington, DC, who have a valid Visa Checkout account
In the past, you did NOT have to use a Visa credit card through Visa Checkout to earn other bonus offers.
All you have to do is visit http://www.starbucks.com/promo/visacheckout, and use Visa Checkout to load $10 to your Starbucks account. You'll then receive a $10 eGift Card in your email inbox within 5 business days! Note that you can only receive the bonus once.
I recommend the Chai Frappuccino with a shot of cinnamon dolce. 🙂