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Time to continue our upward climb through the songs presented at Tallinn's first Eurovision Song Contest. The first nine might not have been all-time classics but maybe 2002 won't be a dead loss after all.
Although I would say, the standard of songs in 2002 was such that LATVIA won. I mean come on! You remember Latvia, right?
Sandrine François – Il faut du temps
5th place
Nice old dignified France. They were a little less experimental at the start of the decade than they were towards the end. So for 2002 we got a suspiciously Celine-esque ballad sung by a pretty version of Kathy Griffin.
Sure it's not going to win any originality awards, but it's a nice song sung well without the need for any gimmicks. It is a lot like Celine though, isn't it? I'm not talking about 2002 Celine either, this is like mid-90s Celine. Not a bad thing, but… well, it's 2002.
Manuel Ortega – Say A Word
18th place
This is a total cheese-fest but somehow I'm quite fond of it. I've just watched the Youtube video to refresh my memory – Manuel was a lot tastier than this picture suggests! Doesn't sound like a very Austrian name though, does it?
It's a pretty basic love song but that simplicity makes it easily memorable. It's got more of a spark than the French entry anyway. Difficult for me to have strong feelings about this, but it's good. The choreography needs work though, are those backing singers doing an aerobics class?
Michalis Rakintzis – S.A.G.A.P.O.
17th place
Oh lord… this got bumped up a little bit for sheer hopelessness. He's really a little too old to be in a boyband isn't he? Why are they dressed like space rangers? Stomping around the stage like he's playing Dancing Stage Euromix, he struggles to find the key he's supposed to sing in.
It's quite catchy in an awful way. Sagapo I think means "I love you" in Greek, or something like that. The gentle synth backing gives it a bit of life, but that singing is dreadful. It might be no good but it's definitely among my favourites… hard to think this was a nation that would produce ten Top 10 finishes in the 21st century (so far)
Ira Losco – 7th Wonder
2nd place
Ira cut it pretty close, nearly securing the tiny Mediterranean island's first victory in the contest. What a gulf in the quality between this and Greece. I'm not sure I'd rate this one as a winner though, it's a little too sickly-sweet and reminds me of any old Max Martin pop-ballad album track from the turn-of-century album tracks.
It evidently didn't take a lot to get the crowd hyped up, a handful of glitter seemed to do it. You've got to hand it to her though, she's very likeable and she brought the song to life compared to the studio version. But I don't think it's a winner, much as I'd love Malta to win.
Vesna Pisarović – Everything I Want
11th place
Watch me as I fondle my wrist tassles. She's very pretty, and even the backing singers are on side this time, delivering a decent harmony. I can't say I'd rate the Eastern European entries much as you go back, but this is solid.
Another very 'of the moment' midtempo pop song but she's performing as much as she can with it. That middle-eight where she's just doing yoga poses and messing with her strap is a bit odd, and she seems to like sticking out her ass, but this is a pretty good all-round package. Again it feels like it's about 5 years late, but still let's have some perspective.
Monica Anghel & Marcel Pavel – Tell Me Why
9th place
If there's anything Eastern Europe can handle it's a dramatic ballad, and this is no exception. It even has a WTF moment when it sounds like she's singing "if you want to go away, now I masturbate".
It's a bit of a drag I suppose, but I do like a good power duet. The performance perhaps lost something from the studio version, a bit waily, but it's just one of those weird Eurovision sub-genres that I quite like for all its melodrama.
Malene – Tell Me Who You Are
24th place
Poor Denmark got the wooden spoon in Tallinn, finishing bottom of the leaderboard despite a strong pop-ballad. Honestly I can't see why this could have come last, it's not an amazing song or anything, but Malene's a good singer and the song might be a little dusty but it's certainly fairly contemporary for the time.
I guess the performance is quite static, she just bops away to herself at the end of the catwalk, with the backing singers all but camouflaged on the main stage. It could have been polished a bit with some more exciting staging, but it is a shame this did so badly.
Francine Jordi – Dans le jardin de mon âme
22nd place
Ahh Switzerland, have they ever really done well? A lot of the time they've hardly been short-changed given the quality of their entries, but maybe 22nd place was a little harsh.
That said, she's quite annoying in that performance, her voice is a little too shouty compared to the studio version. France had a Celine ballad, Switzerland didn't quite go as blatant as that but she's even doing the Celine arms.
I like the song though, it's a cute but dated little love song that for some reason has a very catchy chorus. Seriously of all the songs to get stuck in my head, that chorus just got locked in there. She needed to take the volume down a notch but a lovely entry all the same.
Marie N – I Wanna
1st place
So this was the winner eh? LATVIA right? I didn't make a mistake? Eurovision didn't have far to travel, as it passed to Estonia's neighbours but… really?! Not to say it's not a catchy song, I am probably happier with this as a winner than most of the tracks but it's just so naff.
Laying down some Ricky Martin-style latin pop, she spins around in her rather unladylike Moonwalker outfit as she blurs gender lines by dancing with a sexy lady before undressing to reveal a rather short dress to the delight of the audience.
It's difficult to be too harsh on it, it's so ramshackle to the point of being rather endearing. The song is very catchy despite the broken English and unhinged backing music, but it all flows well, and the performance got it through the finishing tape in the end. Well played.
Afro-dite – Never Let It Go
8th place
Sweden made their own reliable spectacle too, sending those three balls of energy to a bit of full-on disco Schlager nonsense. It's slick as we've come to expect from the Swedish entries, and it's difficult not to get drawn into it.
It's a bit too derivative for my tastes, but these sort of lite-disco throwbacks were all over the place at the time. It certainly looks a lot more professional compared to most of the entries, even when they go totally insane towards the end. What an abrupt finish though!


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This one is a rye berry salad that can be prepared in advance.
It keeps very well for a day or two, so it works great for a light lunch at the office or at the seaside, as a side dish to bring to a potluck, or as a make ahead dinner ready for after your busy days.
- 3 oz rye berries (per person)
- 1 tomato
- 5 olives
- 2-3 stalks celery
- 1 can tuna
- 3-4 leaves basil
- 1 clove garlic
- salt
- pepper
- Start by cooking the rye berries in salted, boiling water. The berries will take a good hour to cook, so I use a pressure cooker to speed up the process.
- While the berries are cooking, start on the dressing. In a bowl, put the crushed garlic clove, add the diced tomato, the tuna, the pitted olives and the diced celery stalks. Season to taste with salt, pepper and chopped basil and add a bit of EVOO. Mix well and let rest until the berries are cooked.
- When the berries are cooked add them to the tomato salad and mix well. Add another bit of EVOO if necessary. Serve warm or cold.
- A few words on the ingredients.
- For tuna use tuna preserved in oil if at all possible, it will make your salad much much better! Tuna under water is lighter but is also terribly dry and frankly almost inedible by itself, tuna under oil might be less light but can save you from drowning it in mayo, cheese or whatever else you use to make it edible.
- Also the olives choose good olives, possibly black roasted olives or non stuffed green olives if you can find them, don't use the pitted black olives in a can that taste no different than plastic.
- For the berries, you can easily substitute them with another cereal: rice, wild rice, spelt, whole wheat, grain, barley…. All of them would work, just pick your favorite!

subset: commoncrawl


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Also found in: Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
com·men·su·ra·ble(kə-mĕn′sər-ə-bəl, -shər-)
1. Measurable by a common standard.
2. Commensurate; proportionate.
3. Mathematics Exactly divisible by the same unit an integral number of times. Used of two quantities.
[Late Latin commēnsūrābilis : Latin com-, com- + mēnsūrābilis, measurable (from mēnsūrāre, to measure; see commensurate).]
com·men′su·ra·bil′i·ty n.
com·men′su·ra·bly adv.
commensurable(kəˈmɛnsərəbəl; -ʃə-)
1. (Mathematics) maths
a. having a common factor
b. having units of the same dimensions and being related by whole numbers: hours and minutes are commensurable.
2. well-proportioned; proportionate
comˌmensuraˈbility n
comˈmensurably adv
com•men•su•ra•ble(kəˈmɛn sər ə bəl, -ʃər ə-)
1. having the same measure or divisor: The numbers 6 and 9 are commensurable since they are divisible by 3.
2. proportionate; commensurate.
[1550–60; < Late Latin]
com•men`su•ra•bil′i•ty, n.
com•men′su•ra•bly, adv.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
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|commensurable - capable of being measured by a common standard; "hours and minutes are commensurable"
commensurate - corresponding in size or degree or extent; "pay should be commensurate with the time worked"
Properly or correspondingly related in size, amount, or scale:
Idiom: in proportion.


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Champions of Facility Management
One of the leading business agencies organized a Facility Management summit last Firday (21st of June) in Mumbai, India, and Planon was felicitated towards our contribution in the Facility Management industry. Ravi Samboju (Development Manager, India Services) had represented Planon to receive the award. There was a good amount of traction towards Facility Management and some of the attendees had shown interest to know more about Planon.
Do you want to work at the Champion of Facility Management Software?
Have a look at our vacancies in India.
Please see the link for more details of the conference; https://et-edge.com/conferences/sfm/


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I've written a number of posts about the observational evidence behind dark matter. In yesterday's io9, Alasdair Wilkins wrote a provocative story about an interesting paper by University of Maryland Astronomer Stacy McGaugh. The paper is a study of 47 gas rich galaxies, in which the rotation curves and gas masses are estimated. Stacy shows the relationship between rotational velocity and baryonic (ordinary) mass is exactly what a simple MOND calculation (without dark matter) would predict:
and, he argues, standard general relativity using dark matter, fits quite badly.
Alasdair cited my previous article, and I was delighted to get an email from Stacy arguing the merits of MOND. As the discussion has gotten rather lengthy and very technical, I decided to post it all here. Blockquoted text represents an email either to me or from me, while comments outside the quotes are simply my own commentary. Stacy McGaugh is aware of this page, and has given his permission to quote our discussion. I've done minimal editing, except for formatting and addition of a few potentially helpful links.
From: Stacy McGaugh
To: Dave Goldberg
Someone pointed out to me your postings on io9 where you lay out some of the evidence for dark matter. Of course, I was hung up on that for a long time myself – when the first prediction of MOND came true in my data, I was very angry. How could this stupid theory get any prediction right when there was so much evidence for dark matter? It took me a long time to realize that this was an epistomological problem. Most of this evidence does not distinguish between dark matter or a failing of the equations from which we infer its existence.
I agree that it is a tall order to build a generally covariant theory with MOND in the appropriate limit. However, there is nothing in MOND that contradicts anything we actually test about GR, so saying that GR works provides no constraint whatsoever on the viability of MODN. At the same time, many of us assume that there must be some grander theory of everything that unites gravity with the other fundamental forces. So which is it: is GR inviolate and we can't imagine expanding on it [so by extension, we should see no mond, hear no mond, speak no mond] or must there necessarily be something beyond GR that makes gravity a quantum theory?
5:15 pm
From: Dave Goldberg
To: Stacy McGaugh
Dear Stacy,
I wanted to take a look at your paper before responding. It really is a very nice piece of work. But there are still a number of things that trouble me.
First, you point out in your email (rightly) that gravity and the other forces need to be unified, and so in that sense GR _must_ be incorrect. This is true, but it's a problem that plagues all low-energy theories. For example, atomic physics does an outstanding job of understanding atoms while all the while pretending (incorrectly) that protons and neutrons are fundamental particles. Under normal energy conditions, the quark nature of matter simply doesn't apply. Chemistry is another level of remove entirely, and the nuclei of atoms can be considered fundamental. The known problems facing GR are at the very high energy scale. It is, of course, possible that GR has more than flaw, one at the Planck scale, and one at the 1.2e-10 m/s2 scale (which is extremely low energy).
But MOND, as you well know (and cite), is not, itself, a covariant, geometric theory of gravity. It is _a_ low-energy limit of TeVeS. When I say "_a_ limit", what I mean is that there are a number of tunable parameters in TeVeS, and one of those degrees of freedom finds expression in the MOND a_0 parameter, which could be measured experimentally. MOND, by this standard, can really only be probed on a relatively small range. GR, on the other hand (which has essentially only two free parameters: Newton's constant and a Cosmological constant), can be directly investigated from earth and solar system scales (on which it has passed with flying colors) to galaxy and cluster scales (lensing and rotation curves) to cosmological scales in the measurement of Type Ia supernovae the CMB. Observations generate some rather unfortunate side-effects: dark matter and dark energy, which is, of course, what prompt the search for alternate theories of gravity in the first place. However, what attracts me to GR is that dark matter and energy, whatever their other flaws, are measured consistently on all scales.
I hasten to point out that while we get consistent pictures of DM on all scales, this not to say that all systems have an equal mix of DM and baryonic matter. While I am very impressed with fit that you get for MOND in figure 2, I would not concede that the Lambda CDM model has been fairly tested. It is not obvious to me (or to simulations) that our understanding of galaxy formation is sufficient to simply plug in a constant value of f_b, nor that that value should be the universal baryon ratio. Galaxies differ dramatically based on their history, and this would certainly affect the slope, as well as the normalization of such a curve.
If your question to me is "what would it take to convince you that MOND was correct," I would respond:
- Continued failure of supersymmetry detection at the LHC and elsewhere, and failure to detect dark matter directly in particle detectors.
- Predictions from TeVeS which have "natural" values of free parameters, and are shown to produce at least as good of fits as DM/GR models not only to rotation curves, but also to lens mass measurements, time delays, power spectrum evolution, baryonic wiggles, and CMB measurements.
In the absence of that, I feel that the weight of the evidence still falls on the side of GR+DM+DE.
From: Stacy McGaugh
To: Dave Goldberg
Thanks [again] for your detailed and thoughtful reply. Hopefully I am clear-headed enough this morning to make a worthy attempt at a reply. If you wish to post this thread to your blog, you have my blessing. Much of the best of the history of science is encapsulated in correspondence between scientists. Not that I mean to imply that our discussion rises to that level, but people don't write letters any more so this form of the historical record may other wise be lost. If we can make it accessible to the public through the internet, so much the better.
Let me respond to each of the point you raise as you raise them below.
Dear Stacy,
I wanted to take a look at your paper before responding. It really is a very nice piece of work. But there are still a number of things that trouble me.
Just a few? My mind has been in turmoil over these issues for over 15 years now!
First, you point out in your email (rightly) that gravity and the other forces need to be unified, and so in that sense GR _must_ be incorrect. This is true, but it's a problem that plagues all low-energy theories. For example, atomic physics does an outstanding job of understanding atoms while all the while pretending (incorrectly) that protons and neutrons are fundamental particles. Under normal energy conditions, the quark nature of matter simply doesn't apply. Chemistry is another level of remove entirely, and the nuclei of atoms can be considered fundamental. The known problems facing GR are at the very high energy scale. It is, of course, possible that GR has more than flaw, one at the Planck scale, and one at the 1.2e-10 m/s2 scale (which is extremely low energy).
Sure. I usually hear this phrased in terms of size scales: qunatum effects are on tiny scales where as MOND/dark energy are on huge scales: hence nothing to do with the quantum theory of gravity. Maybe this is so, but 1/(small scale) is a big scale, so it is not obvious to me that these are inevitably separate effects (very low and very high energy). I agree that this is the natural assumption, but we don't really know the consequences of a quantum theory of gravity until we have it. So my only really point is that surprises can happen, and we should not be so bold as to presume that the obvious assumption will in the end hold.
Indeed, if MOND expresses some important aspect of a deeper truth, then those theorists trying to unite the fundamental forces are playing without a full deck. For all I know, MONDian behavior falls naturally out of some subset of string theory (or branes, or whatever the theoretical flavor du jour is) but the people who work on such things immediately dismiss those solutions as obviously wrong simply because they're unaware that such behavior might be a good thing.
I doubt it. But just because it seems unlikely to me doesn't guarantee it cannot be so.
But MOND, as you well know (and cite), is not, itself, a covariant, geometric theory of gravity. It is _a_ low-energy limit of TeVeS. When I say "_a_ limit", what I mean is that there are a number of tunable parameters in TeVeS, and one of those degrees of freedom finds expression in the MOND a_0 parameter, which could be measured experimentally. MOND, by this standard, can really only be probed on a relatively small range. GR, on the other hand (which has essentially only two free parameters: Newton's constant and a Cosmological constant), can be directly investigated from earth and solar system scales (on which it has passed with flying colors) to galaxy and cluster scales (lensing and rotation curves) to cosmological scales in the measurement of Type Ia supernovae the CMB. Observations generate some rather unfortunate side-effects: dark matter and dark energy, which is, of course, what prompt the search for alternate theories of gravity in the first place. However, what attracts me to GR is that dark matter and energy, whatever their other flaws, are measured consistently on all scales.
OK. There are many issues to address here. Certainly MOND is not a generally covariant theory. For it to be integrated into our wider understanding, it needs to represent the appropriate limit of some more general theory, TeVeS being a possible example. And of course whatever that is should hopefully be unifiable with the quantum realm, just as we hope, so far in vain, that GR ought to be.
I don't think it is fair to characterize MOND as a low energy limit of TeVeS. That may be true, but it is not the only possibility nor is it the historical order of events. Rather, I would say that TeVeS is an early attempt to incorporate MOND into a generally covariant framework.
It is written in considerable generality, which has the unfortunate side effect of giving it a number of free parameters that are not native to the simple one-scale (a0) modification of MOND. Maybe the right version of TeVeS can be considerably simplified (Einstein-Aether theories are an example of a family of theories that live within the larger set of possibilities that TeVes can encompass). Or maybe there is still some other theory to be developed (Milgrom has recently posited a bimetric form of covariant MOND). I take a long view of this – we do not call the Poisson Equation the Newton Equation, nor the Robertson-Walker metric the Einstein metric. It takes time and brains – a lot of both – to sort these things out. Indeed, for the longest time, people told me "Bekenstein is really smart, and he hasn't been able to make MOND into a relativistic theory, therefore it is impossible." That was the refrain for 20 years, until Bekenstein introduced TeVeS. Now the refrain is "TeVeS is ugly." Maybe so. Maybe turning MOND into a "proper" theory is an impossible task. Or maybe the "right" theory looks rather different from TeVeS. At least Bekenstein is trying.
I am not impressed by the argument that MOND can only be tested over a small range, whereas GR thrives over a large one. I think we are agreed that whatever theory is correct has to reproduce the known successes of GR. MOND doesn't contradict those, though as we've already discussed at length, it is not obvious what the correct generally covariant theory is. Certainly TeVeS does what GR does where it is well tested – one throws out theories that don't do that.
It is true, as you say that MONDian behavior only occurs over a modest dynamic range – accelerations < a0. Reliable data probe down to 0.1 a0; a bit lower in some cases. But that is also the range over which dark matter exists. So it suffers the same lack of dynamic range. At least in MOND there is a clear boundary where you do and don't deviate from Newtonian behavior. Dense systems (with a > a0) should so no evidence of mass discrepancies in MOND, and they don't. It is not obvious that this should be the case with dark matter. Why don't globular clusters have dark matter? Baryonic physics, you say. But the Jeans scale after recombination would make globular clusters the obvious first thing to form in the first minihalos. And they have the right ages. Yet that have no dark matter. Why not? Why not some dark matter in the solar system? Why, in essence, is dark matter only inferred to exist in systems with a < a0? OK, in rich clusters of galaxies the mass discrepancy kicks in around 2*a0. I'm old enough to remember when cosmologists would be ecstatic to come within a factor of two of something. Heck, I'm still happy if I can fit an NFW halo to and LSB galaxy rotation curve and have it come within a factor of two of what LCDM predicts for a concentration. But to return to your point about dynamic range: the lack of evidence for dark matter in systems with a -> a0 is a strange lacking in dynamic range. Why no dark matter much above this scale? Why does the amount of dark matter scale as a0/a for a < a0? That's an empirical fact that has no natural explanation in our conventional picture.
He also promises more later. In particular, I am eager to see his response to my comments regarding using a constant dark matter/baryon density in galaxies.
I will comment, briefly, on one of the objections he raises. He asks why there isn't any dark matter in globulars or in the solar system. I will speak to the solar system, in particular, because we can do the calculation in some detail. Using a circular velocity of about 250 km/s (and I've seen recent estimates that put it a bit higher), and a distance from the center of the galaxy at about 8kpc, the density interior to the solar radius is about:
This is roughly a million times the density of space generally, but it's still very, very empty. Alternately, we can express the density of DM as:
And thus the contribution of dark matter to a , several parsec globular cluster will be less than a hundredth of a per cent.
In the solar system, the effect is even smaller. Even within the radius of Neptune is somewhere along the lines of
(the dark matter contribution to the density of the universe)
produce a ridiculously good fit to observation. Even within the CMB, we have now measured something like 11 independent numbers: the overall amplitude, and the peaks and relative amplitude of the first five acoustic peaks. We have Hubble constant measurements from strong lensing time delays. We have supernova acceleration measurements. We have lensing maps of clusters. We have an outstandingly good prediction (and fit) of the power spectrum of galaxies, which includes a very definite contribution of the baryon/dark matter ratio, in the form of baryonic "wiggles." In fact, each of these 7 parameters are so over-constrained that even before the first WMAP release, each of the parameters (with the possible exception of the ) was already known with fairly high accuracy. WMAP simply confirmed and refined other measurements.
We also have big bang nucleosynthesis estimates. As Stacy correctly points out, the lithium measurement is, indeed, different from prediction, but the helium-4 (the easy one), and the helium-3 and deuterium estimates are precisely in tune with the dark matter+GR predictions, and most emphatically not in accord with baryon only (MONDian) predictions. If you were to ask how I think the discrepancy will be resolved, I would simply respond that taking primordial measurements is staggeringly difficult. It's only in the last 15 years or so that we were even able to measure deuterium in the oldest stars, which is something 100,000 more abundant than lithium.
These are just the simplest measurements, the ones that don't actually require knowing any detailed astrophysics about the growth of galaxies and the like. Understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies and clusters is a tough problem. However, what handle we do seem to have seems to suggest that either our understanding of gravity is wrong (the MOND argument) or there is significant dark matter.
MOND, itself, is really only able to address this last argument. The rest can to some degree be addressed by a more general TeVeS theory, but again:
- Besides universe-specific parameters (like what the universe actually contains), the TeVeS theory has at least half a dozen free parameters and a free function to boot. Even if the fits were identical (which they currently are not) a simple argument based on simplicity would compel me toward the GR+DM answer.
- MOND, along with every other alternate gravity theory is currently completely unable to explain systems like the Bullet Cluster (image at top). This is a system that has undergone recent collision and the lensing and X-ray data clearly show that the bulk of the matter and the gas in the system are cleanly separated from one another. There are something like half a dozen other systems that behave similarly.
From: Stacy McGaugh
To: Dave Goldberg
I agree with most of what you say. I would, in fact, make a stronger statement about clusters. It isn't just the bullet cluster or colliding systems that show extra mass in MOND, it is all rich clusters. This missing mass problem for MOND was first pointed out by The & White in 1992, but the data have improved and become much more convincing since then. Sanders (1999, 2003) has shown that this is a persistent result in many rich clusters.
I think that is a grave problem for MOND. Is it fatal? Perhaps. But it is the only place in the universe where MOND consistently fails, and only by a factor of two or so. Now, we both seem to believe in big bang nucleosynthesis, so you will presumably agree when I note that there should be a lot more baryons in the universe than we have accounted for as of yet. Rich clusters are rare, so if you do the integrals, you will see that there are plenty of baryons available to fill in this gap. Do I think that plausible? No, not really. But as long as there are so many dark baryons out there, the bullet cluster certainly does not compel us to believe that there has to be some new, non-baryonic form of cold dark
There is another side to the cluster story, which isn't as much discussed. The collision velocity of the bullet cluster is uncomfortably high in LCDM. That is attributed to hydrodynamic effects, but the last calculation I saw published (Lee & Komatsu 2010, ApJ, 718, 60) put the probability of having such a cluster in LCDM at only a few parts in a
billion. On the flip side, the observed collision speed is natural in MOND (2008, MNRAS, 383, 417).
More generally, as we go down in mass from clusters to groups, we deviate from the universal baryon fraction of LCDM. We also need to invoke extra entropy to explain the X-ray temperature mass relation. Both
of these things occur because groups and clusters parallel the mass-rotation velocity relation of MOND. There is an offset – the dark matter mentioned above – but the exponents of the relations are more consistent with MOND than with LCDM. So it is possible to argue clusters either way.
As for big bang nucleosynthesis, I think you meant to say the measurements "most emphatically ARE in accord with baryon only (MONDian) predictions." The baryon density I estimate without dark matter from the
CMB agrees with all the light element isotopes: see http://www.astro.umd.edu/~ssm/mond/BBNLCDMMOND.jpg
You can judge for yourself which (if any) is better. I do note a disturbing trend in recent data to "get the right number" as estimated from the WMAP LCDM fit. Before CMB data were available, no measurement
suggested Omega_bh^2 > 0.02. The highest was deuterium at 0.019 +/- 0.001 (which is consistent with my MONDian estimate). You make it sound as if we knew Obega_baryon before BOOMERanG and WMAP. I certainly thought we did – that's what I based my 1999 predictions on. The small second peak forced Ob upwards. For a whole year (post BOOMERanG) the interpretation was "well, the light elements were close, but not quite
right." Since CMB observations renormalized the "right" baryon density upwards, the independent data have migrated that direction. This reminds me of how measurements of the Hubble constant always seemed to get the
"right" answer back when the right answer was H0 = 50. Or 100. But not something in between.
Finally, I agree that parsimony is important. Occam's razor is what drove me to consider MOND in the first place. TeVeS isn't MOND. It is just one possible parent theory. Don't conflate the complexity of one with the simplicity encapsulated in the data. Try (as I have) to build a dark matter model that reproduces the observed MONDian phenomenology.
Then lets talk about what's simpler.
But if TeVeS isn't MOND, or rather, if MOND isn't any covariant theory, then we get to throw it out, out of hand. It has to be a low energy theory of something, or there's nothing, really, to argue against. If not TeVeS, then what?
Stacy generally takes the position that DM+GR is untenable, or perhaps suspicious, because it doesn't fit particular data as well as another theory (MOND) does. In particular, he refers to rotation curves and the like, but then when discussing something like BBNS, we are forced put everything in a GR paradigm. It is true that during the epoch of BBNS, all we really care about is the baryon density (plus other details like the number of neutrino species that neither theory says much about), and in that sense a baryon-only MONDian theory fits with BBNS observations as well as a DM+Baryon theory with the same total number of baryons. But the point is that you need a background theory to govern the expanding universe, and MOND doesn't by itself do that.
The other point with which I take serious issue is this idea that somehow theory is creeping up to meet observation. Models are fit to observation, of course. That's how science is done. One can always retroactively look for patterns of data moving in one direction or another. I don't think it terribly interesting to talk about historical errors in the size of errors. The fact that people misjudged errors in one direction or another doesn't invalidate current measurements. If Stacy (or anyone else, for that matter) wishes to take issue with how the WMAP best paramater spectrum is fit or any other measurement, by all means, do so. There is an insidious implication that people are fudging the data to fit a theory which I do not like. And to make the point clear, we're not talking about factors of five here (the sort of errors that would be required for dark matter to really be baryonic matter). The case he cites is that most estimates prior to WMAP put the baryonic density at:
The current WMAP-7 estimate is:
One might even call the previous estimates "basically right."
Finally, it is worth noting that all of the models in which MOND seems to do better than dark matter is in what we might call "nonlinear astrophysics." In other words, things like the matter or CMB power spectra (on most scales) are straightforward exercises in linear fluid dynamics in an expanding universe. GR+DM gets them exactly right. MOND does not, or has little to say about them. The same is true for lensing, especially in systems where we're simply identifying the existence of large clumps of matter. But in some systems which are most certainly not linear, systems in which we need to do detailed numerical modeling of evolution and dynamics, MOND seems to do a better job. Of course. MOND was designed and motivated based on these systems. But the point is that these nonlinear systems are not perfectly understood and we know it. I find it far more plausible to suggest that we simply don't understand very much about galaxy formation and evolution or cluster collision (the problem he refers to in the bullet cluster) than that MOND is correct.


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The Resident Season 2 Episode 7 Review: Trial & ErrorJasmine Blu at .
Some 'ships are on the verge of sailing, but unfortunately, a couple of 'ships are about to sink.
No worries, though. CoNic is still going strong on The Resident Season 2 Episode 7, but not without being tested a bit after a case involving a drug trial and Jessie hit too close to home.
Devon and Priya, though? The time of death was the moment Devon kissed Julian.
The hour was titled "Trial & Error in reference to the drug trial that cost John his life and nearly cost Jessie hers. As customary for The Resident, it was beyond that. It also referred to the various relationships on the series.
All of them are trial & error and touch and go. There are different combinations of characters put together, and it's fun when characters that don't typically get along or interact with one another come together and form new bonds so they can figure out what works best for them.
Related: The Resident Season 2 Episode 6 Review: Nightmares
You know what, more on that in a minute because it's imperative that we delve into this Julian and Devon thing since my head is still spinning from it.
Devon, what the hell?!
The sexual tension between Devon and Julian was simmering beneath the surface the moment she waltzed into Chastain. She did not hide her interest nor did she stop the flirting. Fair enough, a girl is going to put herself out there, but Devon has been flirting back this entire time.
That was the first sign that he and Priya were not doing so hot. The wedding was taking a toll on him, and it showed. It's a wonder he didn't call it quits eons ago.
Priya has elicited mixed feelings, but that is due to her being an enigma. We don't know much about her, but we did know that Devon was crazy about her. It's hard to say if he still feels that way or he has just been going through the motions all of this time.
Irving! Take over for me! Julian is having a heart attack!Devon
It should have been a sign that the series would pull the trigger on the Devon/Julian flirtation during this installment when Priya made an appearance. I hate that the first time we saw her all season was when she told Devon days before their wedding that she has a job offer in San Francisco that she plans on taking. What?!
Related: A Million Little Things Round Table: Hey There Delilah (and Eddie), We're Over It!
I have never heard of newlyweds having a long-distance marriage, have you?! They were doomed, and at that moment it was apparent that maybe the two of them aren't meant for one another.
Neither of them wants to nor should they have to give up their job and passion. What has been clear, however, is that Devon isn't ready for marriage. Devon's cold feet have been subtle, but the flirting with Julian has been far from it.
I understand why Devon may want to distance himself, second-guess, or call it quits with Priya. Devon's relationship with Julian, however, is something that is incomprehensible and unacceptable.
Making Priya the career-oriented woman who thinks moving to San Francisco while her future husband remains in Atlanta is a good idea, was used to lessen the infidelity blow. It was used to ensure that Devon is still a likable, lovable character so he isn't written off by viewers for his actions.
Devon is flawed, all of the characters on this series are flawed and make mistakes. Devon choosing to make a crappy choice shouldn't have to come at the expense of Priya, though. Suddenly, Devon succumbing to something that has been building for a while is not as bad because Priya dumped some complicated news on him.
Let Devon sit in his wrongness and be wrong without a caveat that makes him sympathetic for his terrible choices.
Devon effed up, but it's part of his development. All it's going to take is a sibling meeting with his pseudo brother and sisters calling his ass out. Conrad noticed, and he's not one to avoid addressing the issue. Nic noticed too, and she can slip into the "big sister" mode with him.
Related: All American Photo Preview: Who is In a Hot Tub?
However, Mina seems like she's going to abandon her hands-off, minding her business approach. It is days before his wedding, so she's going to speak her mind. Mina's face was priceless. All of their faces were priceless, and it's validating that everyone else's side-eye mirrored my own.
Devon's device idea is interesting, and if he tweaks it, it could be a success. Unfortunately, it will forever be associated with that kiss.
The infidelity is bad enough, but Julian is not trustworthy. She works for Quo Vadis, and everything pertaining to that plot is sketchy. She may or may not know that her company is shady, but she's guilty by association.
Thanks to a tweet by the lovely Sunshine Bartell, medical advisor for the series, I learned that it's common for medical representatives to spend time in the OR and advise during surgeries utilizing their technology.
There will no longer be points taking away from Julian for her presence in the OR no matter how pesky she is. She also gets brownie points for that amazing Bhangra dance routine. It was one of the best moments of the hour, and I can't be the only one who giggled at Conrad getting super into it in the background.
The series is doing a fantastic job showing all the moving parts of medicine. The role of medical devices continues to be explored. It was heartbreaking to learn that metal poisoning from something meant to help Ernest left him in such a dire state.
It was more disheartening that his wife had all but checked out and given up. She was so overwhelmed she came across callous. She was tired and overworked.
Bell: It could have been worse.
Conrad: Not for John.
The fatigue is real for caretakers, and it's disgusting that there are limited services to aid individuals. She could have benefited from respite services, but there were none to be found.
I loved that this case brought Hawkfor and the Raptor together. Does it get better than that? Probably not!
It would be redundant to comment on the excellent dynamics this season. If I mentioned my AJ love affair, it would be redundant too.
So, how long until happens between AJ and Mina? He worships her, dammit! He called her a queen! He called her his queen!
The two of them are irresistible, and they have some of the best scenes of the season. Did you see the two of them that the bar together? There was so much sexy banter, smolder, and sexiness. Give it to me!
Mina is a confident woman, and she always has been. This season, however, she's coming into her own and owning it. It's beautiful!
She practically made AJ grovel to get her back, and she agreed, but she wants to still work with Voss too. That's a whole lot of win for Mina and the rest of us.
AJ: The Queen has spoken
Mina: I am not your queen. I am your mentee.
AJ: You are my partner.
She has to know AJ is into her though, right? What about Micah?
For a moment, there was a genuine fear that Jessie would be dead by the end of the hour. The Resident has taken perverse pleasure in killing off characters and making us cry.
Fortunately, Jessie lives, but it was still sad that John died. Kudos again to the series for tackling another issue. The complexities of drug trials have led to many discussions.
Related: Get Starz via Prime Video Channels for Captivating Original Series & Hit Movies!
We need drug trials and device trials to lead to cures, vaccinations and save lives. The downside is that there is so much pressure put on them that they are often fast-tracked through.
They are profit based, and middle to low-class individuals are affected the most because they are the ones who participate in them for the extra cash.
Jessie and the others' case was frustrating because it showed how vulnerable people are. It was another instance of individuals being exploited for profit, but it had a greater impact because of Jessie.
That case brought Bell and Conrad together, and Bell continues to be knocking this season out of the park. He put his trust in CoNic, and he had no issue backing them up.
Patient's wife: At least he remembers my name. Sometimes I wish he didn't.
Conrad: No one takes care of the caretaker.
He showed genuine concern for the patients, and he was affected when he had to deliver the news of John's death to the family. Bell's heart is more apparent than ever before, and as a result, he is becoming an endearing character.
The two of them have such a contentious relationship that it's a treat when they're on the same side. Doesn't it seem like they're making a breakthrough?
I get the feeling that when the truth comes out about Bell's arrest, Conrad may be the person who backs him up. I also think that if Conrad has a breakdown or something, Bell may be a surprising ally and support. There is something there.
There is something there between Bell and Voss, too. Give us more of it!
Over to you, Resident Fanatics! What are your thoughts on Julian and Devon? Which 'ship teased intrigues you the most? Hit the comments.
The Resident will take a brief hiatus, but you can watch The Resident online here via TV Fanatic to hold you over!
Jasmine Blu is a senior staff writer for TV Fanatic. Follow her on Twitter.


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Young vertebrates are dependent primarily on innate immunity and maternally derived antibodies for immune defense. This reliance on innate immunity and the associated inflammatory response often leads to reduced growth rates after antigenic challenge. However, if offspring have maternal antibodies that recognize an antigen, these antibodies should block stimulation of the inflammatory response and reduce growth suppression. To determine whether maternal and/or offspring antigen exposure affect antibody transmission and offspring growth, female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and their newly hatched chicks were immunized. Mothers were immunized with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), killed avian reovirus vaccine (AR), or were given a control, phosphate-buffered saline, injection. Within each family, one-third of offspring were immunized with LPS, one-third were immunized with AR, and one-third were given the control treatment. Maternal immunization significantly affected the specific types of antibodies that were transmitted. In general, immunization depressed offspring growth. However, offspring immunized with the same antigen as their mother exhibited elevated growth in comparison to siblings immunized with a different antigen. This suggests that the growth suppressive effects of antigen exposure during development can be partially ameliorated by the presence of maternal antibodies, but in the absence of specific maternal antibodies, offspring are dependent on more costly innate immune defenses. Together, the results suggest that the local disease environment of mothers prior to reproduction significantly affects maternal antibody transmission and these maternal antibodies may allow offspring to partially maintain growth during infection in addition to providing passive humoral immune defense.
Neonatal vertebrates have limited ability to synthesize antibodies endogenously (Brambell, 1970; Solomon, 1971; Lawrence et al., 1981). Instead, maternally derived antibodies provide the primary form of humoral (antibody-mediated) immune defense (Brambell, 1970; Grindstaff et al., 2003). The diversity and quantity of specific antibodies transmitted to offspring have been shown to reflect differences in the local disease environment experienced by females prior to reproduction (Lemke and Lange, 1999; Lundin et al., 1999; Gasparini et al., 2001). Collectively, these antibodies represent the cumulative antigen exposure of females over their lifetime (Lemke et al., 2003). Conversely, those females not exposed to particular pathogens prior to yolk deposition cannot transfer antibodies to those pathogens, leaving their offspring susceptible to more severe infections (Heller et al., 1990). Furthermore, the strength of the female antibody response may partially determine offspring susceptibility to disease. For example, offspring survival after challenge with Escherichia coli is positively correlated with the mother's antibody response during egg laying in the domestic hen (Heller et al., 1990). Offspring of hens with low antibody titers to E. coli are more likely to die after immunization with E. coli than offspring of hens with high antibody titers. Interestingly, maternal antibodies provide protection only for homologous strains of E. coli, not heterologous strains (Heller et al., 1990). Thus, maternal antibodies seem to provide very specific resistance against the pathogens encountered by mothers prior to reproduction.
As mothers and offspring are likely to be naturally infected with the same pathogens, the antibodies to endemic pathogens that mothers have in circulation, once transmitted to offspring, will also provide young with protection against endemic pathogens. Moreover, maternal antibodies may provide offspring with the benefits of immune defense without the growth suppressive costs of generating an endogenous immune response. Several previous studies have documented suppressive effects of natural infection or experimental immunization on the growth of young animals (Klasing et al., 1987; Fair et al., 1999; Soler et al., 2003; Brommer, 2004). Because differentiation of the specific immune response is largely determined by exposure to antigens, it is poorly developed in neonatal vertebrates with little previous antigenic exposure. Instead during development, the immune response is biased towards production of non-specific, innate immune responses rather than lymphocyte-mediated specific responses (Seto, 1981; Klasing and Leshchinsky, 1999). Although innate immune responses are more rapid than specific responses, they are associated with suppression of growth and reproduction through activation of the inflammatory response (Klasing, 1997). Growth suppression is primarily a result of the anorexia, fever, and changes in nutrient use induced during the response (Klasing and Leshchinsky, 1999).
Maternal antibodies should allow offspring to resist infection without invoking the physiological and growth-retarding expense of an innate immune response (Klasing et al., 1987; Heeb et al., 1998; Buechler et al., 2002; Kristan, 2002). Therefore, young with high levels of maternally derived antibodies would be predicted to have both elevated resistance against endemic pathogens (Heller et al., 1990; Goddard et al., 1994) and higher growth rates than young with low maternal antibody levels or young without maternal antibodies for the antigens they encounter. This might be achieved either through the direct action of maternal antibodies (Heeb et al., 1998) or through a priming of the offspring's own antibody production (Gasparini et al., 2006; Grindstaff et al., 2006; Reid et al., 2006). In both cases, offspring could potentially reduce the energetically costly and growth-retarding action of the innate immune system (Klasing and Leschinsky, 1999).
In order to test whether the presence of specific maternal antibodies could ameliorate the growth suppressive effects of immunization during growth, I immunized adult female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and then cross-fostered offspring across antigenic environments. I used three treatments (two antigens and one control), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Salmonella typhimurium, killed avian reovirus (AR) vaccine, and a control treatment of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Consequently, one group of offspring had experimentally induced maternal antibodies specific for the antigenic challenge they received, a second group of offspring possessed maternal antibodies specific for a different antigen than the one they were immunized with, and the third group of offspring did not have experimentally induced maternal antibodies.
LPS is the major component of the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. It induces fever, inflammation, and behavioral changes (e.g. listlessness, anorexia) such that immunization entails energetic costs (Johnson et al., 1993; Koutsos and Klasing, 2001). However, LPS is non-replicating so that only those individuals that are immunized are affected. LPS also mimics the effects of antigenic exposure in the wild because it is derived from pathogens that induce illness in natural populations. More importantly, in birds it elicits an antibody response by the immunized individual and these antibodies are transmitted to egg yolks (Sunwoo et al., 1996). Avian reovirus is a viral infection that affects captive poultry, as well as wild populations of Galliformes (Magee et al., 1993; Jones, 2000). Infection induces arthritis-like symptoms in the joints and may lead to stunted growth and development (Read-Connole, 2000). I used a heat-killed avian reovirus vaccine to stimulate an antibody response without inducing pathological symptoms or transmission to non-immunized individuals. Use of the heat-killed virus does not adversely affect the transfer of antibodies to egg yolks (Jones, 2000).
I predicted that offspring with maternal antibodies specific for the immunization they received would maintain growth rates after immunization. By contrast, offspring immunized with a novel antigen (defined as one their mothers had not been exposed to) would have reduced growth. Offspring immunized with a novel antigen were expected to have reduced growth because of the growth suppressive effects associated with invoking an innate immune response (Roura et al., 1992; Dritz et al., 1996; Klasing and Leshchinsky, 1999). Offspring immunized with the same antigen as their mother would be predicted to possess maternally derived antigen specific antibodies and, thus would not need to rely on innate immunity. As control offspring were not immunized, their immune systems were not stimulated so growth should not have been affected.
Study species
Adult Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica Temminck and Schlegel 1849) were obtained from a commercial breeder (Northwest Gamebirds, Kennewick, WA, USA) and were maintained on the same photoperiod (16 h:8 h L:D) and diet (quail layer crumbs; Wayne Animal Nutrition, Columbia City, IN, USA) for the duration of the experiment. Birds were housed in a quail battery breeder (Georgia Quail Farms, Savannah, GA, USA) with one breeding pair per cage. The mass of adult females was measured both at the beginning of the study and after the secondary immunization.
Maternal immunization
Pre-immunization blood samples (approximately 500 μl) were collected from the brachial vein to assess previous exposure to LPS and AR. None of the females had detectable levels of antibodies to LPS or AR prior to immunization. Females were then randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: LPS immunized, avian reovirus immunized, or the control phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group. LPS females were immunized intraperitoneally with LPS isolated from Salmonella typhimurium (Sigma L-7261, St Louis, MO, USA) at a concentration of 1.5 mg LPS kg–1 body mass suspended in 0.5 ml PBS (Sigma P-4417). This dose has been shown to elicit both an antibody response and mild sickness behaviors in Japanese quail (Koutsos and Klasing, 2001). Avian reovirus females were subcutaneously immunized with 0.05 ml inactivated AR vaccine (Lohmann Animal Health Intl. 1815, Dassel, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Control (PBS) females were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml of PBS to control for any effects of handling and immunization. All females were given a secondary immunization 10 days after the primary immunization, at the same concentration as the primary immunization to increase the magnitude of the antibody response. Blood samples (approximately 500 μl) were collected 10 days after the secondary immunization to quantify antibody responses to LPS and AR.
Egg and offspring measurements
Eggs were collected from females throughout the experiment. All eggs were measured (length, width and mass) at the time of collection. Every third egg laid by each female was frozen intact and reserved for antibody analyses. A subset of eggs laid at least 12 days after the maternal secondary immunization was incubated at 37.5°C in a commercial incubator (Stromberg's Chicks INC 1202; Pine River, MN, USA). Immediately prior to hatching, eggs were placed in individually marked cups to ensure that parentage of chicks could be determined accurately. Chicks were individually banded at hatching for identification. All quail chicks were measured (mass, tarsus and wing length) every other day from hatching to 2 weeks post-hatch, with the exception of day 6 post-hatch when blood samples were taken from the chicks and they were immunized. At the completion of the experiment, chicks were sexed based on plumage differences or internal anatomy for chicks with ambiguous plumage.
Offspring immunization
Offspring were randomly assigned to one of the three antigen treatments (LPS, AR, control) 6 days post-hatch. Offspring within a family were divided among treatments such that each female had at least one chick in each treatment group. Offspring were immunized with the same antigen doses as mothers, but were only immunized once. A blood sample (at least 50 μl) was collected from all chicks immediately prior to immunization to quantify maternal antibody transmission and a second blood sample was collected from a subset of chicks 5 days post-immunization to assess changes in maternal antibody levels and any potential endogenous antibody production by chicks. Specific antibody responses to LPS and AR as well as total IgG concentrations were quantified in all blood samples with sufficient amounts of plasma.
Total IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Total IgG concentrations were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as described previously (Grindstaff et al., 2005). ELISA plates were coated with 100 μl of anti-chicken IgG (donkey anti-chicken IgY; Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, product no. 703-005-155, West Grove, PA, USA) at a concentration of 3 μg ml–1 suspended in carbonate buffer (0.15 mol l–1, pH 9.6). Plasma or egg yolk samples were diluted 1:20 000 in diluent (1% milk powder, PBS–Tween 20). Egg yolks were prepared for ELISA as described previously (Grindstaff et al., 2005). After washing, diluted samples were added to the plate in duplicate. At least two blank wells (containing diluent only) were included on each plate. The labeling antibody (AP-conjugated rabbit, anti-chicken IgG; Sigma, catalogue no. A-9171) was diluted 1:1000. Plates were read on a Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA) Benchmark microplate reader (catalogue no. 170-6850). All antibody concentrations are reported as the slope of the substrate conversion [in 10–3× optical densities (OD); mod] over time (mod min–1), with a steeper slope indicating a higher concentration of antibodies in the sample.
To compute antibody concentration, the mean of the duplicate values for each sample was calculated. The mean value of the blanks was subtracted from the measured antibody concentration to account for non-specific binding. On each plate, a serial dilution of a chicken-IgY standard (chicken IgY, Promega, catalogue no. G116A, Madison, WI, USA) was included for a standard curve (0.1, 0.05, 0.025, 0.0125, 0.00625 and 0.003125 μg ml–1). The differences between the standard curves was used to account for between-plate variation.
Ninety-six well ELISA plates were coated with 100 μl of LPS at a concentration of 5 μg ml–1 suspended in carbonate buffer (0.15 mol l–1, pH 9.6). Plates were then incubated overnight at 4°C. The next day the plates were blocked with 5% milk powder (Mix `N Drink, Saco Foods Inc., Middleton, WI, USA) diluted in 0.01 mol l–1 PBS, pH 7.2 and Tween 20 for at least 2 h at room temperature. During the incubation, plasma samples from females and offspring were diluted 1:50 in diluent (1% powdered milk in PBS and Tween 20). For egg assays, yolk samples were diluted 1:10. After washing the plate, samples were added in duplicate. At least two blank wells were included on each plate that contained diluent only. After sample addition, the plates were again incubated overnight at 4°C. On the third day, 100 μl of the labeling antibody (AP-conjugated rabbit, anti-chicken IgG, Sigma catalogue no. A-9171) diluted 1:1000 were added to every well of the plates after washing. The plates were then incubated for 1 h at 37°C. After washing, 100 μl of substrate buffer were added to every well of the plates. The plates were then immediately transferred to a Bio-Rad Benchmark microplate reader (catalogue no. 170-6850). The plates were read at 30 s intervals for 14 min using a 405 nm wavelength filter. Antibody titers are the slope of the substrate conversion. Antibody titers were calculated in the same manner as described above for IgG concentrations.
A commercial ELISA kit was used to quantify antibody responses to the AR vaccine (AffiniTech REO 1000, Madison, NJ, USA). Assay procedures followed the kit instructions, except that plasma samples were diluted 1:50 and yolk samples were diluted 1:10 in the sample diluent. To minimize interassay variability, the mean optical density for each sample was expressed as a percentage of its plate positive control optical density.
Statistical analyses
Before conducting analyses, normality of residuals and homogeneity of variance were checked. LPS and AR antibody titers were log transformed to achieve normality. Data were analyzed using mixed models (Proc Mixed, SAS version 9.1) in which female identity, day by female identity, and offspring treatment by female treatment nested within female identity were included as random factors. Denominator degrees of freedom were determined by the Satterthwaite method. Sample sizes represent 12 families with LPS-immunized mothers, nine families with AR-immunized mothers, and 11 families with control mothers. Analyses of chick growth were divided into early growth prior to offspring immunization (growth from hatching to day 4) and later growth after offspring immunization (growth from day 8 to day 14 post-hatch). There were no significant differences in body size among offspring in the three offspring treatment groups prior to immunization (all P>0.4). Therefore, in analyses of early growth, offspring treatment group was not included. Offspring sex did not contribute significantly to any of the models and was, therefore, excluded.
No effect of immunization on maternal mass or egg size
Maternal antigen treatment did not significantly affect female body mass (F2,31=0.1, P=0.91) or any measure of egg size (length: F2,31=0.88, P=0.43; width: F2,31=0.76, P=0.48; mass: F2,31=0.80, P=0.46).
Effect of maternal treatment on antibody levels in mothers
All females immunized with LPS or AR mounted an antibody response as a result of the challenge, and no control females produced detectable levels of LPS- or AR-specific antibodies. Consequently, antibody titers in maternal circulation varied by treatment group. As expected, LPS antibody levels were highest in the females immunized with LPS and not different from background in control females and females immunized with AR (F2,30=8.61, P=0.001). Similarly, AR antibody levels were highest in females immunized with AR and not different from background in control females and females immunized with LPS (F2,30=73.09, P<0.0001). Total IgG concentrations in maternal circulation were not significantly impacted by maternal treatment (F2,30=2.46, P=0.10).
Maternal antibody transmission
Antibody levels in maternal circulation and in eggs were significantly positively correlated (IgG: R2=0.32, P=0.001, N=31; LPS: R2=0.94, P<0.0001, N=31; AR: R2=0.88, P<0.0001, N=31). Similarly, antibody levels in maternal circulation and in offspring circulation on day 6 post-hatch were positively correlated [IgG: R2=0.44, P<0.0001, N=31 (Fig. 1); LPS: R2=0.72, P<0.0001, N=31; AR: R2=0.71, P<0.0001, N=31], although antibody levels in chick circulation were lower than antibody levels in maternal circulation. There was no difference in maternally derived antibody levels between male and female chicks on day 6 (IgG: F1,151=0.09, P=0.77; LPS: F1,136=0.46, P=0.50; AR: F1,137=1.47, P=0.23).
Effect of maternal treatment on day 6 antibody levels in chicks
Chicks whose mothers were immunized with LPS had higher levels of LPS antibodies than did chicks whose mothers were immunized with AR or who were not immunized (F2,26=26.65, P<0.0001) (Table 1). Offspring whose mothers were immunized with AR had higher levels of AR-specific antibodies than did chicks whose mothers were immunized with LPS or who were not immunized (F2,30.9=47.66, P<0.0001) (Table 1). However, offspring of immunized mothers did not have significantly higher total IgG concentrations than offspring of control mothers (F2,30.5=2.82, P=0.075) (Table 1).
Antibody levels after chick immunization
On day 11, neither maternal nor chick treatment significantly affected total IgG levels in offspring circulation (maternal treatment: F2,28.6=1.79, P=0.18; chick treatment: F2,41.8=1.02, P=0.37; maternal treatment × chick treatment: F4,40.2=0.75, P=0.56). LPS antibody titers in offspring circulation on day 11 were still affected by maternal treatment but were not affected by chick treatment (maternal treatment: F2,32.8=31.65, P<0.0001; chick treatment: F2,55.2=0.69, P=0.51; maternal treatment × chick treatment: F4,54.6=0.23, P=0.92). Similarly, AR antibody titers were affected by maternal treatment, but not chick treatment (maternal treatment: F2,28.2=26.23, P<0.0001; chick treatment: F2,53.1=0.53, P=0.59; maternal treatment × chick treatment: F4,51.4=0.12, P=0.97).
Changes in offspring antibody levels during the experiment
In general, between days 6 and 11 total IgG concentration and titers of LPS- and AR-specific antibodies declined in chick circulation [IgG day 6 mean=8.97±0.38 (± s.e.m.), day 11 mean=4.58±0.19; LPS day 6 mean=2.72±0.63, day 11 mean=0.80±0.15; AR day 6 mean=4.88±1.03, day 11 mean=1.79±0.40]. Within chicks, antibody levels on days 6 and 11 were significantly positively correlated (IgG: R2=0.38, P<0.0001, N=111; LPS: R2=0.74, P<0.0001, N=111; AR: R2=0.94, P<0.0001, N=109).
Effect of maternal immunization on early offspring growth
Maternal antigen treatment did not significantly affect early mass gain or tarsus growth of offspring before immunization (tarsus: maternal treatment× age: F4,60=1.22, P=0.31; mass: maternal treatment × age: F4,60=0.59, P=0.67). However, offspring of control mothers had significantly reduced early wing growth in comparison to the offspring of either LPS- or AR-immunized mothers (maternal treatment × age: F4,60=3.26, P=0.017).
Effect of maternal and offspring immunizations on later offspring growth
Maternal treatment did not influence tarsal growth rate (Table 2). However, tarsal growth was impacted by offspring treatment (Table 2). Control, non-immunized offspring had faster tarsal growth than LPS- or AR-immunized offspring. Mass gain was also not significantly impacted by maternal treatment, but was influenced by offspring treatment (Table 2). Again control offspring were significantly heavier than immunized offspring. Wing growth was influenced both by maternal treatment and by offspring treatment (Table 2). Offspring of control mothers had slower wing growth than offspring of LPS- or AR-immunized mothers. Conversely, non-immunized offspring exhibited faster wing growth than LPS- or AR-immunized offspring.
Effect of a novel immunization on growth rates
I had predicted that offspring with maternal antibodies specific for the immunization they received would have elevated growth in comparison to offspring immunized with a novel antigen. To more directly test this prediction, I categorized offspring on the basis of whether they had experimentally induced maternal antibodies specific for the immunization they received, experimentally induced maternal antibodies for a different antigen challenge than they received, or were not immunized (control group).
Tarsal growth rates were significantly impacted by immunization with a novel antigen (immunization × age: F6,137=5.85, P<0.0001) (Fig. 2A). Control, non-immunized, offspring had the highest growth rates, offspring immunized with a novel antigen (one their mothers had not been exposed to) had the lowest growth rates, and offspring with specific maternal antibodies for the antigen challenge had intermediate growth rates. Mass gain was also impacted by immunization with a novel antigen (immunization: F2,57.9=4.89, P=0.011) (Fig. 2B). Again control offspring exhibited the greatest mass gain, offspring immunized with a novel antigen gained the least mass, and offspring with specific maternal antibodies had intermediate mass gain. Wing growth was similarly affected by immunization (immunization: F2,64=5.02, P=0.0094) (Fig. 2C). Control offspring and offspring immunized with the same antigen as their mothers exhibited equivalent wing growth, but offspring immunized with a novel antigen had significantly reduced growth.
Maternal immunization did not significantly affect body mass or egg size, but did stimulate the production of antibodies specific to the challenge. Therefore, the effects of maternal treatment on offspring growth and antibody titers are unlikely to be caused by indirect effects mediated through maternal condition or egg size. Total concentrations of IgG also did not significantly differ among maternal treatment groups. This indicates that the synthesis rate and transmission of total IgG was not significantly affected (Leslie and Clem, 1970) and the primary effect of maternal immunization was to elevate specific antibody titers. Indeed maternal immunization significantly altered antibody transmission to offspring as measured by antibody levels in offspring on day 6 post-hatch. By day 11 post-hatch, maternal immunization still had significant effects on offspring antibody measures. Conversely, chick treatment did not affect specific or total antibody levels. Because antibody levels declined between day 6 and day 11 post-hatch, it appears that endogenous antibody synthesis does not begin until some time after day 11 in precocial (well developed at hatch) quail.
In general, offspring immunization reduced growth rates. However, the presence of specific maternal antibodies partially ameliorated the growth suppressive effects of immunization. By contrast, possession of experimentally elevated maternal antibodies for a different antigen did not ameliorate growth suppression. Offspring that received the same antigenic challenge as their mother, or were in the control group, exhibited faster tarsal growth and greater wing growth and mass gain than offspring immunized with a novel antigen for which they did not have maternal antibodies. This effect occurred even though the antigens used in the study were non-replicating and the young had ad libitum access to food. This provides further support for a trade-off between immunocompetence and growth (Soler et al., 2003; Brommer, 2004). In response to exposure to antigens, macrophages release inflammatory cytokines and provoke an inflammatory response. The production of these cytokines is also necessary to stimulate the adaptive immune response. However, this stimulation of the inflammatory response greatly increases the cost of antigenic exposure and may explain the reduction in growth or condition that is often observed after immunization with even fairly innocuous antigens (Siegel et al., 1982; Demas et al., 1997; Ots et al., 2001; Martin et al., 2003).
Maternal antibodies provide offspring, at least temporarily, with specific immunity to local diseases. When offspring encounter the same pathogens as their mothers, maternal antibodies provide protection without invoking the innate immune system of offspring (Brambell, 1970). Innate immunity is particularly expensive to growing young because the inflammatory response induces anorexia and diverts nutrients needed for growth to the acute phase response (Klasing, 1994; Klasing and Leshchinsky, 1999). Maternal antibodies allow offspring to maintain rapid growth when infected, by suppressing stimulation of the innate immune system (Klasing and Leshchinsky, 1999). Therefore, it is not simply the presence or absence of maternal IgG that may influence offspring growth (e.g. Gustafsson et al., 1994), but also the specific types of antibodies that are transferred in relation to the antigens that offspring are exposed to.
For example, LPS has been demonstrated to elicit a sustained inflammatory response in Japanese quail chicks as measured by interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity (Klasing and Leshchinsky, 1999). However, chicks of LPS-immunized mothers exhibited reduced levels of IL-1 activity presumably because maternal antibodies prevent LPS from binding macrophage LPS receptors to trigger the release of inflammatory cytokines (Klasing and Leshchinsky, 1999). This may reduce growth suppression in LPS-immunized chicks whose mothers were also immunized with LPS as observed here. Unfortunately, maternal antibodies do not completely eliminate the growth suppression associated with immunization. It remains to be determined whether this is a dose-dependent effect such that high levels of specific maternal antibodies are able to completely block stimulation of the innate response, whereas lower levels do not. Alternatively, maternal antibodies may be unable to completely block involvement of the offspring immune response, regardless of concentration. Antigenic exposure during development has an important educational role in the differentiation of the specific immune response and it may consequently be essential for the offspring immune system to be actively involved in responses to antigenic exposure, irrespective of potential effects on morphological growth.
Unexpectedly, offspring of control mothers had significantly reduced early wing growth in comparison to the offspring of immunized mothers. This may suggest that immunized mothers made a terminal investment in reproduction as a result of the immunization (Bonneaud et al., 2004). However, this seems unlikely given that offspring did not differ prior to immunization in any other size measure and immunized mothers did not lay larger eggs than control mothers. Instead, this may suggest that offspring of control mothers invest more in tarsal growth and mass gain, rather than wing growth.
Precocial young have been predicted to begin endogenous antibody production earlier after hatch relative to altricial (poorly developed at hatch) young because they hatch at a later developmental stage (Apanius, 1998; Klasing and Leshchinsky, 1999). However, I did not find any evidence in this study that Japanese quail chicks begin to produce antibodies within the first 11 days post-hatch. Even though offspring were given a fairly short period of time to respond to the immunization, one would expect that antibody titers should increase after immunization, if offspring are capable of mounting a specific response. Instead, the titers of maternally derived antibodies and total IgG concentrations declined in these quail chicks over the measured time period. Conversely, similar measurements in semi-precocial and altricial birds have revealed an increase in both specific and total antibody levels within the first 10 days to 2 weeks post-hatch (Gasparini et al., 2006; Grindstaff et al., 2006; Pihlaja et al., 2006). The lower relative proportion of yolk in altricial species than in precocial species suggests that altricial young receive lower levels of maternally derived antibodies (Klasing and Leshchinsky, 1999). Therefore, it may be important for altricial species to accelerate antibody production to minimize reliance on the more nutritionally expensive mechanisms of innate immunity.
Maternal antibodies have a critical role in providing offspring with humoral immune protection early in life (Grindstaff et al., 2003) and may also affect early endogenous antibody production by offspring (Gasparini et al., 2006; Grindstaff et al., 2006; Reid et al., 2006). One primary determinant of the diversity of antibodies transmitted to offspring is the maternal antigenic environment (this study) (Gasparini et al., 2001). Furthermore, these results suggest that if offspring are exposed to the same antigens as mothers during the period of maternal immune protection, maternal antibodies may also play an important role in reducing growth suppression after infection. Because offspring with initially high levels of maternal antibodies maintain detectable levels of antibodies in circulation longer than young with low initial antibody levels (J.L.G., unpublished) (Nicoara et al., 1999), the primary benefit of enhanced antibody transmission is likely to be an extension of the period of protection for offspring. This may allow offspring to complete the majority of the growth period before maternal protection is lost. In the wild, offspring of mothers with higher circulating levels of antibodies should maintain maternal protection for a greater proportion of the growth period than offspring of mothers with low antibody levels. Future research should assess the mechanisms through which maternal antibodies allow offspring to maintain growth after infection and the interactions between maternal antibodies and stimulation of the inflammatory response.
Liliana Martinez, Kari Smith, and Rosanna Fidler provided invaluable assistance with quail maintenance and blood sampling. Wendy Reed, Joe Casto, Deb Duffy and Sabra Klein were instrumental in experimental design. Joe Casto, Greg Demas, Ellen Ketterson and Wendy Reed provided equipment and methodological advice. Rachel Bowden, Anna Forsman and Britt Heidinger provided helpful comments on previous versions of the manuscript. Funding was provided by an NSF graduate research fellowship, American Ornithologists' Union, Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior at Indiana University, Indiana University Department of Biology, Indiana Academy of Science and Sigma Xi.
Present address: Oklahoma State University, Department of Zoology, 430 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078
- © The Company of Biologists Limited 2008


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John Chuckman
Laureen Harper does at least know how to smile, years of marriage still not having transferred that ability to hubby.
But of a woman who married this creepy man – he is reclusive, largely humorless, often tyrannical, and given to furious bouts of anger (many having testified) – I think it fair to say something important just has to be missing.
Not only are Stephen Harper's personality and character unattractive, but I'm sure a great many women would agree, the man is not even good-looking. And his body is just as unattractive as his face, having a rear end I've heard described by a woman as a "bucket ass." His stomach too periodically bulges so that you can see his belly button in sweaters, a fact which reminds us that he's also a mighty poor dresser. Glamorous or attractive, he's not.
So what possibly could be Laureen's attraction? Power? Ideology? Masochism? All of the above?
Creepy husbands generally do attract creepy wives – as we see in the Bill Clinton or Tony Blair cases – but Laureen gets very little exposure (deliberately?) most of the time, so we can't really know what she is about.


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Highly Commended in the category ofBest New Product/Service, N. IrelandSocial Enterprise Awards 2012
Puddleducks are Highly Commended
Sign up now for Puddleducks summer scheme. Only 16 places available!
Come for a paddle at our Puddleducks Day Nursery Open Day
A peep into the colourful world of Puddleducks Nursery
Puddleducks is launched with the help of some special visitors


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BiOrb Samuel Baker Sea Stars On A Rock Sculpture
Product Code : ORN-M-STARFISH-ROCK Barcode : 822728006627
Unique and stylish design
Easy to fit and remove
Height 21cm
Fits BiOrb 30L and larger as well as the BiOrb LIFE 15L
Delivery Options - Available at Checkout
Product Description
The BiOrb Sea Stars On A Rock Sculpture is part of a range of aquarium ornaments designed exclusively for Reef One by aquascaping artist Samuel Baker.
The Sea Stars On A Rock ornament forms a neutral centrepiece to your BiOrb aquarium and looks great when surrounded by colour to create a visually appealing contrast.
The BiORB Samuel Baker Sculptures are easy to fit and remove; simply slide over the bubble tube in the Biorb aquarium. They are also appropriate for many other types of aquarium as a decorative ornament.
The BiOrb Samuel Baker Sea Stars On A Rock Sculpture is suitable for BiOrb Aquariums 30L and larger as well as the BiOrb LIFE 15L.


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John enjoys treating each client like his favorite. He has a wide range of experience with all forms of technology and loves solving those "strange" problems that stump others. His teaching background has enabled him to give the highest quality customer service to everyone he helps.
Talents :: Personal
Acting, singing, playing keyboard and guitar, and can solve a Rubik's Cube in under 2 minutes.
Favorite Song
Bring Him Home – Les Miserables
Family & Pets
Ashley (wife), Myla (daughter), Dani (daughter), Annie (dog), Sissy (cat) and Gus (fish)
Talents :: Professional
Hardware Troubleshooting, Customer Service, Networking, Custom PC building
Superhero Persona
Poverty Batman
Favorite Vacation Spot
Ocho Rios, Jamaica


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Family photographer | Phoenix family photographer
If you are looking to book your family portraits for fall mini session or fall 1 hour photography sessions you can book now. Holiday cards will be coming soon. I know it sounds crazy to start thinking about this but time goes very fast. Before you know it it will be Halloween, then Thanksgiving and look out Christmas. It is September right now almost the end. October will be here and you will want to get your family photography session booked soon. Don't wait to the last minute holidays are the busiest time for children photo session, baby photography session and family photography. Everyone will want to get an updated photo for their Christmas cards.
Bring your little kiddos to our photography studio we would love to meet you and take pictures for you. I love meeting new client all the time it makes my week because I get to see all the fun little kids that I haven't met before or old clients that come back to get their photos taken. If your are looking for a professional photographer to take 1st year birthday photos or 6 month photos then you came to the right place. Baby's birthday photography sessions are one of the biggest hits. Everyone loves to send out a birthday card or email with their sweet little baby boy or girl with new portraits.
Let me ask you a question are you looking at this website thinking and dreaming of getting your pictures taken of your child? Have you not ever had 1st portraits done before? Then call or email me it is super easy, fast and simple to have them come to the studio. Photography sessions are mainly booked on the weekends or weekdays. Either one works just check out my calendar to see which matches your open dates. If you have lots of questions about what to bring, I will explain everything to you before you come.
Serving Phoenix, Scottsdale, Chandler, Tempe, Gilbert, Central phoenix, Mesa, North Scottsdale.


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Job Title: Inside Sales Rep
Job Desc:
Location: Blue Bell, PA
The role of the Inside Sales Representative is to generate new business leads and appointments for the Serialization Sales Team by leveraging prospecting tools, social media and partners. This individual will work closely with the Serialization Director, and Sea Vision partners. This individual will need to be organized, thorough, responsive, detail oriented, reliable and a good communicator with strong phone skills, The ability to multi-task is required.
Qualifications, Experience / Skills:
Main Responsibilities / Duties:
Required to prospect new accounts, make cold calls, gather company information, seek out company decision makers, generate interest, determine the need for technology products and services, and schedule an appointment. Follow up responsibilities entail entering this information into a sales automation program and perform scheduling follow up as required. Additional responsibilities include assisting with campaign support; driving attendance, setup and preparation, registration, and follow-up activities. Assisting with website content development and updates may also be an additional responsibility. Engage with the existing customer install base to update on current technologies, programs and promotions, subsequently update the database, and work with the Serialization Director to disseminate the information gathered. Identify new prospects
- Cold call new prospects
- Qualify new prospects
- Initiate & follow up on business development activities
- Make appointments for field sales reps
- Update sales database
- Track appointments made
- Track sales made by field reps as a direct result of business development efforts
- Assist with campaign support; driving attendance, preparation and follow-up
- Engage with existing customer base
- Educate customers on current technologies, programs and promotions
- Inquire about environment changes
- Speak intelligently about product solution, serialization and our industry.
- Assist with website content development and updates
- Additional Required Skills & Experience:
- Technology experience
- Ability to think quickly and speak clearly about technology
- Ability to research external databases to identify prospects
- Proficient in Excel
- Proficient in various database applications
- Social media savvy (i.e. LinkedIn, Face Book, Twitter, etc.)
- Internet & Computer savvy
- Interpersonal skills are critical
- Excellent telephone communication skills required
This role is ideal for any individual interested in pursuing a Marketing or ales career. Ideal candidate is energetic, persistent, organized, self-motivated, and passionate about the IT/technology industry, eager to grow, thorough, able to calmly communicate with a wide variety of people, and a team player.
Zenith Technologies offers a comprehensive compensation package and bonus plan. Our benefits include paid holiday, PTO, medical, dental and vision plans, and 401(k). Zenith Technologies is an equal opportunity employer.
To Apply
If interested, please email your resume to: email@example.com with subject line: Inside Sales


text: Ursolino Villager Joined Feb 11, 2016 Messages 5 Reaction score 0 First Language Portuguese Primarily Uses May 31, 2016 #61 Hi Silver Dash. I tried to use the notetags, but stay showing the bar because I don't put "Auto-hide" on the parameters. I will send the images of my project here, because I think I'm doing the right way, but it can't works because I don't intend to put "Auto-hide" on the parameter.


text: An accident may cause a hazardous material to enter the air. Unless the hazardous material is flammable, emergency response professionals may recommend that you stay indoors until you receive instructions to leave. You may be instructed to "shelter-in-place" which means you must remain inside your home or office and protect yourself there. Our well weather-stripped buildings slow … Continue reading What Does "Shelter In Place" Mean?


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Basic Jazz Pack: Peter Erskine
- Styles:
- Jazz
- Skill Level:
- Beginner
- Intermediate
- Number of Lessons:
- 8
- Price:
- $3.99
In this pack, drumming legend and jazz master Peter Erskine provides a complete approach to the basics of jazz drumming. Included are fun and informative lessons on developing your jazz time, how to practice, how to comp, and more. Also included are two swinging song performances with partial transcriptions of Peter's playing for your analysis and practice.
Here are the lessons that appear in this pack:
- Song Performance 1
- Jazz Time
- Subdividing in Jazz
- Practicing time on the Hi-Hat
- Comping
- Basic Independence
- The Comping Game
- "Pesos" Play-Along
This pack and others are also available from within the Drum Guru app for iPad and iPhone, available in the iTunes App Store.


text: "National Pastime," the brand new Broadway-bound musical will be workshopped in Austin at ATP! AUDITIONS FOR "NATIONAL PASTIME" WILL BEGIN ONLINE JULY 1, 2013!! You will be asked to sing two CONTRASTING songs in the 1930's style. Think the musical "City of Angels," the film "Dick ," anything Gershwin or Irving Berlin.


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Wingstock 2014 Saturday, April 19
The "hottest festival in the Valley" is going down Saturday at the Mesa Amphitheatre. At Wingstock Arizona 2014, Valley restaurants (including House of Brews in Gilbert and The Vine Tavern & Eatery in Tempe) will compete for the title of "Wingstock King of Wings." Entertainment will include live music from Laura Walsh, wing-eating contests, and an egg hunt for kids. Admission ($5 in advance or $7 at the door) does not include wing coupons. Those will be available for $3 for 4 coupons or $10 for 14 and will get you one wing each. The festival gates open at 11 a.m. and close at 5 p.m. For more information, visit the Wingstock AZ website.
See also: Caffe Boa in Tempe Is Doing Easter Brunch in Old School Croatian-Style
Cottontail Tea Saturday, April 19
On Friday and Saturday, Bistro 24 at the Ritz-Carlton Phoenix will host a Cottontail Tea event. The traditional tea service will include tea, hot chocolate, finger sandwiches, and scones as well as a few special treats for kids. Look forward to an appearance from Peter Cottontail, story time, and baskets of Easter treats. Cottontail Tea will be held on Friday, April 18, and Saturday, April 19, at noon and 3 p.m. The tea costs $40 for both children and adults. For more information, visit the Bistro 24 website.
Brunch at The Gladly Sunday, April 20
The Gladly, the second restaurant from chef Bernie Kantak, is offering a Sunday brunch from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. with fun food options and a menu of morning cocktails. The food menu includes the Eggs Bernie-dict ($10) with over-easy eggs, smoked sausage and fondue on a pretzel roll or the Pigstrami Hash ($11) made with house-smoked pork butt pastrami, Yukon Gold potatoes, onion, kale, two eggs and lepinja. Drinks include Milk was a Good Idea ($8) with Russell's Reserve Bourbon, dark muscovado sugar and milk on the rocks or a Seasonal Mule ($10) with American Harvest organic spirit, ginger beer, blueberry and mint on the rocks. And to make things even sweeter the restaurant also offers happy hour all day long on Sunday. You can view The Gladly's complete brunch menu here.
Easter Sunday Champagne Brunch Sunday, April 20
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This Sunday from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Petite Maison in Scottsdale will offer a three-course champagne Easter brunch. The menu includes first course options such as house smoked salmon with fingerling potato salad, pickled beets and caviar; petite quiche with black truffle, wild mushrooms, and smoked tomato tartar; and house pate with pickled local jardinière, mustard, and grilled baguette. Other courses include sous vide bistro filet with lobster potato "casserole" and poached organic egg and jumbo beignet with powder sugar and fruit preserves. The brunch costs $49 per person and includes champagne and mimosas. For reservations call 480-991-6887. You can view the complete menu on the Petite Maison website.
15 Easter Options at Metro Phoenix Restaurants
If you're still looking for more Easter brunch options in Phoenix, we're got a whole list to help you out. The options range from a picturesque experience at The Farm at South Mountain's pecan groves where you can enjoy freshly baked pastries served with homemade preserves; pecan French toast with caramelized bananas and brioche, applewood-smoked bacon; or strawberry salad with goat cheese and lemon-ginger vinaigrette, and cherry tomato salad with fresh mozzarella. For a more formal experience, try El Chorro in Paradise Valley where your meal will include an order of their signature sticky buns. View our complete list of 15 Easter Options at Metro Phoenix Restaurants for more choices.


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Charles Burns
Charles Burns (born September 27, 1955) is an American cartoonist and illustrator.
Charles Burns' earliest works include illustrations for the Sub Pop fanzine, and Another Room Magazine of Oakland, California, but he came to prominence when his comics were published for the first time in early issues of RAW, the avant-garde comics magazine founded in 1980 by Françoise Mouly and Art Spiegelman. In 1982, Burns did a die-cut cover for RAW #4. Raw Books also published two books of Burns as 'RAW One-Shot': Big Baby and Hard-Boiled Defective Stories. In 1994, he was awarded a Pew Fellowships in the Arts. In 1999, he showed at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
Begagnade produkter är alltid markerad "Begagnad" i titelraden.


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We pray these special memories will help the parents to remember how strong they were in overcoming a crisis situation.
A note from Mom:
"Jordan was born November 24th, 2013 at 30 weeks pre-term. He weighed 2 lbs 2 ozs. Jordan was pre-diagnosed with Trisomy 18. We were not certain he would survive the pregnancy, let alone the birth. So when he was coming early we weren't sure what to expect. But from the moment he was born, Jordan has been a miracle, all of his issues being preemie related and not Trisomy (so far). He continues to improve in the NICU and instead of planning a funeral; we are planning on when we get to bring him home. Every day is a blessing with our little man."
Volunteer Photographer:
Jayde Figgins - St. Louis, MO
A note from Jayde:"I had the wonderful opportunity to photograph little Jordan this morning!!! It was such a fun shoot! Jordan has such a wonderful mom and dad, I am so glad I was able to meet them. I feel so honored to have been give the chance to give Mom and Dad some wonderful memories from the NICU!"


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If you are looking for the following manager to lead your company to success, a staffing agency orlando is one technique of accomplishing this. They have the expertise to recognize the skills, capacities, qualifications, as well as expertise that your business needs to have to succeed in today's job market.
What Solutions Do They Offer?
There are actually associations that deliver sponsor and positioning services. They additionally find staff members with temporary and project demands. A number of the fields these executive recruiting organizations solution are actually family members workplace services, charitable associations as well as acting executives for short-term as well as venture requirements. To start with, the recruitment staff will definitely talk to clients to determine would-be staff members with leadership skills, as well as determine the strengths and weaknesses of the client. The company can also identify options and hazards to the hunt. They can also examine the company property of the business, as well as recognize the meeting group to be sure the principal will become part of the interview.
An executive recruiting company may likewise generate a long-term technique to evaluation, identification as well as recruitment observe up, which resembles the client's family office. This will certainly guarantee that the prospect is going to operate properly with your organisation's mission, and also will certainly surpass your desires. They will possess a team of pros who are going to have several duties to discover the most gifted workers, and also these tasks feature:
– Strategic Wide Range Administration
– Financial investment Planning
– Tax Obligation as well as Financial Planning
– Household Legacy and also Management
– Rely On and also Property Company
– Charity
The following field that a corporate sponsor agency are going to provide solutions for are the non-profit field, as well as consists of distinctive abilities as well as knowledge of future staff members. The company will also search for would-be managers for temporary as well as job necessities, since they might be actually needed to speed up development or deal with a key trouble. They will definitely assist with venture monitoring, work overflows, source establishment issues, building senior execs and also work discussions.


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BENEFITING: Clothes for Kids
Clothes For Kids is a nonprofit providing school wardrobes to low income students in preschool through 12th grade throughout Snohomish County WA. This year we hope to provide 4500 students with essential school clothing.
There are more than 40,000 students in Snohomish County. The need is great and with your support we can help build self-confidence and self-esteem in students so they can go to school ready to learn.


text: Bowls are everywhere, and precooked chicken is one of the most common toppings for this easy trend. Combine our fully cooked Just BARE® Grilled Chicken Breast Strips, cabbage, avocado, black beans, corn and pico de gallo; and place them on quinoa or an ancient grain of your choice. Serve with cilantro lime yogurt, top with crumbled queso fresco or pepitas and you've got a beautiful gluten-free option for your consumers.