Next Generation Network (NGN) is a generic term that describes the evolution and migration of fixed and mobile network infrastructures from distinct, proprietary networks to converged networks based on IP. It is envisioned to be an interworking environment of heterogeneous networks of wired and wireless access networks, PSTN, satellites, broadcasting, etc. This multilayer structure of transport networks presents a key challenge in network resource management which is a wide subject that has been studied extensively. The operations and management of such interconnected networks and complex service-oriented architectures are the key issues in effective management. They are expected to be much more difficult and important than the traditional network environment. We present an overview of the NGN with its basic architecture, the technologies that can be used for implementation and its need in advanced networking. We also show you the current status towards the management of NGN and discuss challenges in operating and managing it. We also present the operations and management requirements of NGN in accordance with these challenges. Keywords— Autonomic Computing, Denial of Service attacks (DoS), FCAPS management, IDSs, IPSs, Packet-based Network, PSTN, SLA, Triple and Quadruple-play, xDSL.


From 1999 to 2001, the Leadership Group (LEG) on Quality, established by the Statistical Programme Committee (SPC) of the European Union following a proposal by Statistics Sweden, analysed the state of the art of quality work in the European Statistical System (ESS). Its final report contained 22 recommendations and was endorsed by the SPC in September 2001 (Eurostat 2002). Recommendation No. 14 called for the establishment of biennial conferences "covering any methodological or quality-related topic of relevance to the ESS." The European Conference on Quality and Methodology in Official Statistics (Q2004) was organised in response to this recommendation. Q2004 was inspired by the success of the International Conference on Quality in Official Statistics (Q2001), in which the recommendations of the LEG on Quality were presented and discussed for the first time.


Can Neuroscience Resolve Issues about Free Will? " Adina Roskies knits together traditional and modern philosophical ideas with emerging concepts arising from the neuroscience of decision making. It is an elegant and nuanced synthesis. Roskies feels the neurobiology of decision making offers insight into the machine behind the mind while arguing that mechanism does not undermine mindedness or threaten cherished ideas. While she believes that the neuroscience bears on traditional philosophical debates about free will and responsibility, its role is limited. In particular, neuroscience cannot settle fundamental issues like the truth of determinism. To her fellow compatibilists, her message is that understanding the machinery is relevant. Her message to libertarians is that the neurobiology supports indeterminism, although not the right kind of indeterminism. I think she has more to offer libertarians, as I will explain. Roskies ' s grasp of the neuroscience is impressive, leaving me very little to say. However, two themes might benefit from elaboration. The first concerns a component of the neural mechanism that I will refer to as a policy: a higher-level setting that governs the basic mechanism for converting evidence to a decision. The second concerns the nature of neural noise. These points are likely to be most interesting to libertarians and hard incompatibilists, but let me preface this with an appeal to Roskies ' s fellow compatibilists. The most compelling arguments for compatibilism would render the neurobiology as irrelevant as the proposition of determinism itself. From the perspective of many writers, ethical responsibility does not rest on the validity of determinism or many other philosophical propositions. Instead, ethics lies beyond the limits of propositional construction; ethics rests on a form of contractualism ( Williams, 1985 ) between human beings who choose (or are built) to socialize. Nonetheless, mental capacities are often relevant in considerations of culpability, credit, regret, and the like. At the 3.2 Comments on Adina Roskies, " Can Neuroscience Resolve Issues about Free Will? "


__________________ * Excerpt from a CBMS Network Paper presented during the Poverty and Economic Policy (PEP) Research Network Meeting held on June 16-20, 2004 in Dakar, Senegal. ** Researchers at the SMERU Research Institute, Jakarta, Indonesia. 1 Throughout 1998, real economic growth was -13.7 percent. This was a sharp turnaround from the high growth of the previous three decades, which averaged over 7 percent annually. The social impact of this large economic contraction was substantial, with poverty rate increasing by 164 percent from the immediate pre-crisis level in mid-1997 to the peak of the crisis by the end of 1998. In the labor market, even though the open unemployment rate only increased slightly from 4.7 percent in August 1997 to 5.5 percent in August 1998, real wages fell by around one third during the same period. One year later, real wage growth has returned to positive in most sectors but the unemployment rate continued to climb, reaching 6.4 percent by 1999. T he outbreak of the Indonesian crisis in late 1997 has forced Indonesian households to adjust to the first serious economic contraction in years.1 The response of the government to the impending social impact of the crisis was to launch the so-called social safety net (SSN) programs in early 1998. These are a set of new as well as expanded initiatives widely known as the "JPS" programs, an acronym of the Indonesian term for social safety net, Jaring Pengaman Sosial.


Enhancing student's scientific and technological capability for innovation is the fostering of scientific and technological development and the higher education's inherent requirement.To strengthen students' capacity in science and technology,College should adhere to the combination of the first class and second class,persisting standardize management and actively guide,adhere to the overall advancement and focused combination,respect for the law,innovate the concept.So,we must establish a scientific and rational innovation system and the practice of the service system.


Suppression of oxidation-induced stacking fault (OSF) formation in silicon was investigated using a high pressure steam oxidation system. The OSF length and density could be significantly reduced by the high pressure steam oxidation compared with the conventional wet oxidation at atmospheric pressure. The length of OSF was found to be proportional to the grown oxide thickness for both oxidations.


If you are looking for a ebook Principles of Supply Chain Management, Second Edition (Key Cases) by Richard E. Crandall in pdf format, in that case you come on to faithful website. We furnish complete variation of this ebook in txt, doc, ePub, PDF, DjVu formats. You can reading by Richard E. Crandall online Principles of Supply Chain Management, Second Edition (Key Cases) or load. As well, on our site you may read guides and other art books online, or downloading their as well. We will to attract attention what our site does not store the book itself, but we give ref to the website whereat you can downloading or reading online. So if you want to download pdf Principles of Supply Chain Management, Second Edition (Key Cases) by Richard E. Crandall , then you have come on to faithful site. We own Principles of Supply Chain Management, Second Edition (Key Cases) DjVu, doc, txt, ePub, PDF formats. We will be happy if you get back us again.


We identify surface anion antisite defects in (110) surfaces of GaAs, GaP, and InP using scanning tunneling microscopy combined with density-functional theory calculations. In contrast to subsurface arsenic antisite defects, surface antisite defects are electrically inactive and have a very localized defect state which gives rise to a distinct feature in scanning tunneling microscopy images.


From a last decade heterocyclic compounds are playing an important role in medicinal chemistry. Article is based on the different pharmacological aspects of the furanone ring, from a last decade a lot of work is going on, on the furanones, scientists develop a lots of new compounds related to this moiety and screened them for there different pharmacological activities to get a molecule which have good pharmacological activity and lesser side effect. Heterocyclic compounds having O, N, S atoms shows various pharmacological activities. Furanones are hetrocyclic compounds containing oxygen atom in their ring structure, having various pharmacological activities like antiinflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral, antioxidant activity. In this review we have attempted to compile various biological activities of furanone derivatives.


A 57-year-old male with a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes for five years was admitted to our department for typical ischemic chest pain. His blood pressure was recorded as 130/80 mm Hg with a heart rate of 78 bpm. Electrocardiogram showed ST segment elevation in DII, DIII and aVF leads. He was transferred to the coronary care unit. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed hypokinesia of the inferior wall. Coronary angiography revealed thrombotic occlusion of proximal circumflex artery (Cx), 90% stenosis of distal right coronary artery (RCA) (Fig. 1A). Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation was performed for Cx artery. We decide to carry out ad hoc PCI for RCA too. Successful RCA intubation was performed via a right Judkins guiding catheter. The guiding wire could be advanced across the lesion. Interestingly, newly appeared two sequential stenotic lesions in the proximal segment of RCA were seen (Fig.1B, Video 1).


An analysis is given of the possibility of using glass-composite non-metallic reinforcement in compressed concrete elements. The results of comparison of studies of strength and deformability with high-strength composite and steel (class A800) working reinforcement in our country and abroad are presented. Proposals are given for further research of composite reinforcement as longitudinal in compressed elements.


To provide a high strength and the magnetic core combines high resistivity and coil component and high strength and high specific manufacturing method of the resistance of the magnetic core that can be easily obtained magnetic core, using the same. Method for producing a magnetic core of the present invention includes a method for producing a magnetic core having a tissue Fe-based soft magnetic alloy grains are dispersed, a first Fe-based soft magnetic alloy powder containing Al and Cr, the Cr and Si a second Fe-based soft magnetic alloy powder, through a first step of mixing a binder, a second step of molding a mixture obtained through the first step, the second step to obtain and a third step of heat treating the molded body, an oxide layer is formed on the surface of the Fe-based soft magnetic alloy powder by the heat treatment, Fe-based soft magnetic alloy powder together through the oxide layer and wherein the coupling the.


Insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla‐300) contains the same units versus glargine 100 U/mL (Gla‐100) in three‐fold lower volume, and higher subcutaneous (SC) doses are required in people with diabetes. To investigate blood glucose (BG) lowering potency, Gla‐300 and Gla‐100 were compared after intravenous (IV, for 4 h) and SC (for 24 h) injection in healthy Beagle dogs.


ABSTRACT Eating disorders cover different clinical syndromes, all of which are characterized by an immense focus on food, body and weight, an endless attempt to combat the body and by a fluctuation between 'too much and not enough' on different levels (e.g., behaviourally, mentally, physically). The aim of this article is to contribute to the psychoanalytic understanding of eating disorders, to highlight the vital importance of the symptoms as a psychological survival strategy and to illustrate similarities between eating disordered patients as well as the very different pathways that can lead to an eating disorder. Two clinical cases are presented, one very shortly and one in more detail.


In order to efficiently preserve information in infrared and visible images fusion,a region based image fusion method was proposed using region saliency analysis.Region based scale invariant salient map(RSISM) was achieved by image segmentation,pyramid decomposition and multi-scale contrast analysis.RSISM could well represent the salient information of a region and distinguish different regions.Image was separated into three parts according to RSISM,including salient area,background and other regions.Proper fusion rules were formulated for each region.Dual band images were finally fused in NSCT domain.Results showed the proposed method has a better performance compared to other fusion methods.According to experimental results,the proposed method is thus proven to be a good one for image fusion which can keep both target features and background details.Besides,with the combination of spatially salient feature and dynamic information between adjacent frames in image sequence,dynamic salient map can be achieved and used for sequential image fusion.


Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the main commodities that become a national mainstay because it is a source of vegetable protein and is the main source of potential food after rice and corn. Efforts to meet the needs or increase food productivity in Indonesia by increasing the frequency of planting. There is no specific research on the optimal cultivar when planted during the rainy season, so it is necessary to use several cultivars and adjust the spacing in an effort to increase soybean production. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the interaction between cultivars and spacing, as well as the use of cultivars and spacing as what showed the best growth and yields when planted in the rainy season. The method used was Factorial RAK. With the use of cultivars Grobogan, Anjasmoro, Deja 2, Gepak Kuning, Dega 1, Dering 1, and the use of spacing of 40 cm x 20 cm and 30 cm x 30 cm. Data analysis used Duncan's multiple distance test at 5% level. Components observed from the vegetative phase to the generative phase. The results showed that the use of the Anjasmoro cultivar with a spacing of 40 cm x 20 cm was very good during the growth period, while the components of the results of the use of the yellow Gepak cultivar and the use of a spacing of 40 cm x 20 cm showed the best results.


The last decades have witnessed series of concerted efforts aimed at advancing women's human rights worldwide including the adoption of the UN CEDAW Convention (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women) as well as a number of regional, sub-regional and national legal and policy initiatives that followed. Nevertheless the women in many parts of the world are still among the most disadvantaged and vulnerable groups facing challenges regarding protection, promotion and exercise of their civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights. The discourse of women's human rights is extensively employed by policy makers all over the world while the real commitments are seriously lagging behind in the vast majority of cases. And it is especially appalling when the women's human rights parley is misused to reinforce the patriarchal notions of humanity with serious repercussions for those few victories that the gender equality advocates have been able to achieve to date. The discourse of reproductive rights in general and the issue of abortions in particular require specific consideration in this regard.As known, any disputes on abortions inevitably involve the whole array of attitudes from the standpoint of philosophy, ethics, religion, sociology, human rights and gender studies. The issue of abortions has always been among the most controversial moral and legal dilemmas worldwide. The central terrain in the problem of induced abortions per se is occupied by the queries seeking to establish whether an unborn child should be given an opportunity to be born or is it actually a woman's right to control her body that should prevail. Series of questions aim to address the major questions that are relevant in this case: whether a human embryo or a human fetus has a moral value and in case if it does, is it entitled to human rights possessed by the members of human family already born, whether abortions are ethically permissible and should the society limit, ban or facilitate abortions (Tooley et al. 2009). It should be stressed that the debate over the moral and legal facets of abortions started long ago and have led to formation of two major moral stances on the issue: pro-life/anti-abortion and pro-choice/pro-abortion.The pro-choice movement has always argued in favor of a woman's right to choose abortion to prevail over a child's right to be born stating that the very burden of childbearing is inter alia a clear interference with a mother's right to privacy and her right to control her body, which deprives her from many educational and professional opportunities as well as equal standing in the societ y. The proponents of this moral stance argue that in cases where human personhood is not proven, which is the case with pregnancies when a fetus has not yet reached a point of viability,1 a woman should have unrestricted right to decide whether to continue with her pregnancy or not. Many in this group do not consider a fetus to be a person, i.e. a human being that has reached a point of viabilit y, before they are born. Others consider its rights to be very limited against the rights of those that have already been born, parents or other siblings. For instance, one of the famous arguments in this regard was presented by Judith Jarvis Thomson, well known for the use of series of thought experiments to justify the philosophical points she presented. Thomson believed that although a fetus was assumed to be a human being having a right to life, a right to choose abortion should prevail as a woman should have a right to control her body without any external interference. She referred to justifications of the right to life of a fetus as "slippery slope arguments" and put forward the thought experiment with the violinist plugged for a certain period of time into a woman's body, against her will, to survive. So, the woman had to choose whether to unplug a violinist thus killing him or wait nine months to enable him to survive (Thomson 1995). …


Abstract : Organizations within the U.S. Army [i.e. Communications-Electronics Command (CECOM)] and other government organizations have the need to evaluate Maintenance Manpower requirements for systems (i.e. Power Generators, etc.) where fully developed maintenance data is NOT available. Maintenance Manpower requirements are computed by multiplying an estimated maintenance ratio (man-hours per usage) by a one year wartime usage, which results in a total number of recommended maintenance man-hours. Army organizations need to know how much maintenance ratio data needs to be collected until the sample can be used to generate maintenance manpower requirements. AMSAA developed a maintainability data decisioning methodology (MDDM) which determines if enough sample maintenance data exists in order to infer the true fleet maintenance ratio (MR). This will allow the Army to make manpower requirement determinations. MDDM uses a systems aging model, parametric & nonparametric empirical bayes models, two stochastic inferencing and four coverage validation models using nonparametric & parametric bootstrapping, percentile method with bias correction & acceleration using jackknifing, Monte Carlo simulation, and other stochastic modeling techniques & processes. AMSAA has applied MDDM to CECOM Power Generators. Accuracy and precision of the inference is what determines if enough data exists. A coverage validation model is used to measure accuracy and precision is measured by the size of the inference. MDDM is a decisioning process and can be applied to other Army weapon systems where the need exists.


BACKGROUND
Systematic reviews that "compare" the accuracy of 2 or more tests often include different sets of studies for each test.

PURPOSE
To investigate the availability of direct comparative studies of test accuracy and to assess whether summary estimates of accuracy differ between meta-analyses of noncomparative and comparative studies.

DATA SOURCES
Systematic reviews in any language from the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from 1994 to October 2012.

STUDY SELECTION
1 of 2 assessors selected reviews that evaluated at least 2 tests and identified meta-analyses that included both noncomparative studies and comparative studies.

DATA EXTRACTION
1 of 3 assessors extracted data about review and study characteristics and test performance.

DATA SYNTHESIS
248 reviews compared test accuracy; of the 6915 studies, 2113 (31%) were comparative. Thirty-six reviews (with 52 meta-analyses) had adequate studies to compare results of noncomparative and comparative studies by using a hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic meta-regression model for each test comparison. In 10 meta-analyses, noncomparative studies ranked tests in the opposite order of comparative studies. A total of 25 meta-analyses showed more than a 2-fold discrepancy in the relative diagnostic odds ratio between noncomparative and comparative studies. Differences in accuracy estimates between noncomparative and comparative studies were greater than expected by chance (P < 0.001).

LIMITATION
A paucity of comparative studies limited exploration of direction in bias.

CONCLUSION
Evidence derived from noncomparative studies often differs from that derived from comparative studies. Robustly designed studies in which all patients receive all tests or are randomly assigned to receive one or other of the tests should be more routinely undertaken and are preferred for evidence to guide test selection.

PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE
National Institute for Health Research (United Kingdom).


The chemical interactions and the 308‐nm laser radiation effects on NH3, C2H4, and CH2I2 adsorbed on Al and oxidized Al surfaces have been studied by x‐ray photoemission, thermal desorption, and time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. The mass and the translational energy distributions are determined as a function of surface coverage and laser fluence. For NH3 and C2H4, the major radiation effect appears to be laser‐induced thermal desorption. For CH2I2 on Al, the adsorbate electronic excitation effect is evident at both submonolayer and multilayer coverages. At a submonolayer coverage, CH2 radicals and C2H4 molecules are produced and can be desorbed by laser pulses. Part of the products may be trapped on the surface. At a multilayer coverage on Al and any coverage on the oxidized Al, photodissociation leads to CH2I and I formation. At very high coverages, adsorbate‐mediated ''explosive'' desorption can take place on any substrate. The results yield the characteristic electronic, thermal, and explosive desorption patterns depending on the gaseous exposure, the substrate, and the laser irradiation conditions.The chemical interactions and the 308‐nm laser radiation effects on NH3, C2H4, and CH2I2 adsorbed on Al and oxidized Al surfaces have been studied by x‐ray photoemission, thermal desorption, and time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. The mass and the translational energy distributions are determined as a function of surface coverage and laser fluence. For NH3 and C2H4, the major radiation effect appears to be laser‐induced thermal desorption. For CH2I2 on Al, the adsorbate electronic excitation effect is evident at both submonolayer and multilayer coverages. At a submonolayer coverage, CH2 radicals and C2H4 molecules are produced and can be desorbed by laser pulses. Part of the products may be trapped on the surface. At a multilayer coverage on Al and any coverage on the oxidized Al, photodissociation leads to CH2I and I formation. At very high coverages, adsorbate‐mediated ''explosive'' desorption can take place on any substrate. The results yield the characteristic electronic, thermal, and explosive desorpti...


Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski] is an introduced forage, used for season-long grazing in the northern plains. Trimming the heads may improve forage quality but may reduce snow trapping and the amount of moisture conserved. The purpose of this grazing study was to examine the effects of trimming seed heads, trimming seed stems or erecting snow fences on spring soil water content and spring and summer pasture productivity of Russian wildrye at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. From 1985 to 1988, a period of below-normal November to April precipitation, treatments had no effect on soil water content in spring or annual carrying capacity of Russian wildrye pastures. From 1989 to 1994, soil water content in April averaged 74, 64 and 50 mm for treatments of: stems intact (but with added snow fence in 1988); heads trimmed in June, but stems standing; and stems trimmed, respectively. For this 6-yr period, annual carrying capacity of yearling Hereford steers was 153, 143 and 131 animal unit d−1...


Findings are presented in 36 children, seen in the past 11 years, who are believed to have suffered from neurological complications of pertussis inoculation (given as triple vaccine). The clustering of complications in the first 24 hours after inoculation suggests a causal rather than a coincidental relation. Possible contributory factors were present in one-third of patients studied and support the view that idiosyncratic features are present in the patients, not the vaccine. A prospective review is urged. It is recommended that pertussis vaccine should not be given to patients with a history of fits, or a family history of fits in first-degree relatives, or to those who have had a reaction to previous inoculations, those who have had recent intercurrent infection, or those with presumed neurological deficit.


This study aims to determine the relationship of work motivation and emotional intelligence with the performance of Health Officers UPT Province of North Sumatra. The type of this research is quantitative research with research population of UPT Health officer of North Sumatera Province as many as 66 people and all of them used as sample (total sampling). The result of analysis shows that the average of work motivation, emotional intelligence and performance of UPT Health officer of North Sumatera Province is high. The results of multiple regression analysis based on the first hypothesis shows that there is a significant relationship between work motivation and employee performance of 0,578 and p <0.000. The second hypothesis shows that there is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and employee performance of 0.644 and p <0.000. And there is a very significant relationship between work motivation and emotional intelligence with employee performance of 0.726 and p <0.000. The higher the work motivation and emotional intelligence of the UPT Health Officer of the Province of North Sumatra, the higher the performance of the employee. Contribution given work motivation and emotional intelligence to employee performance is equal to 52,7%.


INTRODUCTION Research conducted at Trangie (Arthur et al. 1996a) has shown that considerable variation exists between individual animals and between sire lines for Net FCE, and that this variation has a strong genetic component. The opportunity exists for industry to identify and utilise sires with superior feed conversion efficiency in breeding programs, thereby lowering the costs of beef production.


Meso-scale marine eddies with complicated temporal-spatial evolution process were studied. They are expressed quantitatively and then organized as typical-process cases. These eddies were synthetically identified and dynamically tracked by using SSH(Sea Surface Height), SST(Sea Surface Temperature) and surface horizontal circulation distribution obtained by Global NLOM(Naval Research Laboratory Layered Ocean Model). Taking the South China sea(SCS) as an example, a case-based database was built by some typical states extracted from each process of meso-scale eddies. Then the GIS(Geographic Information System) temporal-spatial features of all cases in the database were analyzed. The results show that the meso-scale eddies were distributed as a belt style in NE-SE direction in the SCS, and the horizontal moving speed was 3-16 cm/s with an average value of 8.4 cm/s. Most of them moved towards west. These eddies moved towards the NW direction in spring and summer but towards the EW direction in autumn and winter. The meso-scale eddies in the northeastern SCS mainly originated in September- October and January- February the following year. They moved toward NW first, and then turned to SW. Most of the westward movement of the northeastern eddies can't be too far. The meso-scale eddies in the central SCS mainly originated in winter and spring, part of which moved toward SW along the slope. Some of anticyclonic eddies moved toward W along the SCS basin. There were only some anticyclonic eddies identified in the southeastern SCS in the study. They moved toward W or WNW. Their intensity and vorticity were weak, but usually they moved a long distance and had a long lifetime. In the southwestern SCS, eddies originated in summer were more than that in winter, most of which appeared in dipole, and usually they moved a short distance.


The worm is still one of the most serious threat to the Network security. The logical worm propagation model could characterize the propagation of Internet worms more exactly, and could be more helpful to carry out the worm protection, detection and suppression technology research. In the initial phase of this paper, a heterogeneous network oriented worm propagation model namely Enhanced-AAWP was derived after the traditional worm propagation model based on continuous time and discrete time had be introduced separately. In different allocation pattern of the heterogeneous network environments, simulate the propagation of the worms which employed local preference scanning. As the simulation results show, the allocation pattern of the number of vulnerable hosts is an important influencing factor during the course of worm propagations in heterogeneous network environments.


We report $^{12}$CO($J=$3--2) observations of 15 nearby elliptical galaxies carried out with the ASTE telescope. Thirteen were selected without regard to the presence of other tracers of cold interstellar matter. CO emission was detected from three of the galaxies, two of which are undetected by IRAS at 100 microns, suggesting that cold ISM may be present in more ellipticals than previously thought. The molecular gas masses range from $2.2 \times 10^6$ to $4.3 \times 10^8$ $M_\odot$. The ratio of the CO(3--2) and (1--0) lines, $R_{31}$, has a lower value for elliptical galaxies than for spiral galaxies except for NGC 855, for which the value is close to the mean for spirals. The molecular gas in NGC 855 has a mean density in the range 300 -- 1000 cm$^{-3}$ adopting a temperature range of 15 -- 100 K.


A two-week intensive course on laboratory animal science will be organized at the Division of Laboratory Animal Science – Utrecht, the Netherlands in June 2006. This course has been organized annually since 1993. The objective of this course is to present basic facts and principles that are essential for the humane use and care of animals and for the quality of research. The contents of the course are in line with recommendations of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA) regarding the training of the young scientist whose research involves the use of vertebrate animals. The course may also be of interest for those who intend to set up a similar course at their location. For this purpose, during the course, the acquisition of teaching materials can be discussed with the course committee.


The cross-sections for the reactions 6 4 Zn(n,2n) 6 3 Zn, 7 6 Ge(n,2n) 7 5 m + g Ge and 4 5 Sc(n,2n) 4 4 m Sc were measured in the energy range 13.82-14.71 MeV. The activation technique was used in combination with high resolution HPGe detector gamma-ray spectroscopy. Neutrons were produced via D-T reaction at J-25 neutron generator of the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, AERE, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The neutron flux at each energy was determined using monitor reaction 2 7 Al(n,α) 2 4 Na. The nuclear model calculations using the computer codes SINCROS-II and EXIFON were undertaken to describe the excitation functions of the investigated reactions.


A study of triple-negative breast cancer patients found that adding bevacizumab to chemo resulted in higher pCR rates in those with basal-like disease.


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In a design study involving the use of H∞ optimal control theory, an 11-state control law is generated for a 116-state model of a large flexible space structure. A combination of co-located rate feedback, modal truncation, and optimal Hankel-norm model techniques is found to lead to a vastly simplified four-state model for the structure which, by singular-value theory, is proved to be satisfactory for design of a controller whose bandwidth exceeds the natural frequencies of all of the modes of the original 116-state model. Specifications regarding disturbance attenuation, bandwidth, and stability robustness are quantitatively expressed as weighting functions in a mixed-sensitivity H∞ optimal control synthesis problem, the solution to which is computed by the authors' program LINF.


hand it is very welcome to see chapters on such general subjects as drug induced diseases, antimicrobial therapy and corticosteroid therapy. At the end of the book, listed chapter by chapter is a brief list of selected references, these are mainly papers selected from joumals. Equally useful would have been a selected list of specialized textbooks for more detailed reference. This will be a useful book for students and young doctors. It is nicely produced and very clearly set out making it easy to read. The price at £4 5s. is very reasonable and good value.


A theoretical model of a microcavity composed of a photonic crystal with five-point defects is proposed. The effect of the number of scatters on the quality factor Q and transmission T have been investigated. Modulation of localized states was introduced to try to increase the Q and T of the microcavity.


Background: Performance assessment of health services provided to maternal and child population is an important area of concern especially in developing countries including India. Aim: This study was conducted to assess the performance of Junior Public Health Nurses (JPHN) on services provided to maternal and child health at sub-centers in Malappuram district of Kerala, India. Methods: Maternal and child health services were assessed based on record analysis and interviewing JPHN in 30 randomly selected sub-centers using a predesigned questionnaire prepared according to Indian Public Health Standards for sub-centers. The work performed by the JPHNs was graded as excellent, very good, good, satisfactory, and poor based on the standard guidelines. Results: Population covered by the 30 JPHNs at their sub-centers ranges from 5050 to 9869. Services were excellent in all the sub-centers for tetanus toxoid immunization and institutional deliveries. Although antenatal care (ANC) registration was excellent in 70% of the sub-centers, it was poor for the 1 st trimester ANC registration in 50% of sub-centers. In the case of referral services and postnatal care (PNC), 27% and 33% of the centers were excellent, respectively. 50% of the centers have had poor performance in PNC. Detection of beneficiaries for immunization by JPHNs was excellent in 60% of the sub-centers. Measles and full immunization coverage was poor in 40% of sub-centers. Around 77% JPHNs attended in-service training, and 90% of them could prepare sub-center annual action-plan. Conclusion: There is a variation in performance of JPHNs at a sub-district level which highlights the importance of further studies to elucidate the factors associated with it.


Due to the growing expense of fossil fuels and other environmental issues, it is crucial to reduce the energy cost of built environment cooling systems without sacrificing indoor air quality and comfort levels. One option in this area is solid desiccant dehumidification-assisted cooling systems, which employ alternative energy sources like solar and biomass and are also environmentally beneficial by the minimal requirement of refrigerants. The present review discusses the performance analysis of different solid desiccants readily accessible on the market and their composites. Better moisture absorption and a lower regeneration temperature are qualities of a better desiccant. The review also discusses the various solid desiccant dehumidifier designs, their benefits, and their disadvantages. Solid desiccant dehumidifiers now come in various combinations, considerably enhancing system performance. The exergy efficiency of desiccant-integrated evaporative cooling is up to 21.5%, comparable with another HVAC system. A summary of the performance parameters has also been created to assess system performance further. This study will benefit innovation and advancement in solid desiccant materials in the air conditioning market.


The invention relates to a battery comprising a stack (1) of a plurality of stacked or juxtaposed battery cells (2) which are electrically connected in series or parallel to each other, in that each unit battery cell (2) at least two cell poles (3, 4) are, and said cell poles (3, 4) of different battery cells (2) electrically contact with each other, each unit battery cell (2) an electrode stack (5) comprises cathodes and anodes, and a first cell pole (3) of the unit battery cell (2) electrically connected to the cathode and a second cell pole (4) of the unit battery cell (2) is electrically connected to the anodes. The battery according to the invention is characterized in that a switching element (8) having at least two switching positions provided in the connection between at least one of the two cell poles (3, 4) and the electrode stack (5) in a first switching position the cell pole (3, 4) electrically connects the electrode stack (5) and in a second switching position, the electrical connection to the electrode stack (5) and interrupts the cell poles (3, 4) of the unit battery cell (2) short-circuits.


1. Membrane unit with a deformable membrane comprising at least partly flexible fluid-filled shell, one wall of which is formed by an elastic membrane, held by its circumferential edge is elastically bendable support ring fixed support shell and selectively actuated by means of a relative movement between the support ring and a support for the fluid pressure control in the shell for the deformation of the membrane; wherein the ring stiffness in bending varies around the ring, so that upon deformation of the membrane ring is bent unevenly to control the shape of the membrane to give it a predetermined shape, and said movement means comprise interacting with a ring of elements mounted with the possibility of applying to the ring efforts spaced points regulation; characterized in that there are at least three-point regulation, with the regulation point is located at any point or in the vicinity of each point on the ring, wherein the ring profile necessary to obtain the desired membrane shape after deformation has a pivot point in the direction of the force applied at the point regulation between two adjacent points where the ring has an inflection point or point of rotation in the opposite napravlenii.2. Diaphragm assembly according to Claim. 1, wherein the moving means force is applied to the ring at each point of regulation in the same napravlenii.3. Diaphragm assembly according to Claim. 1, wherein the moving means are arranged so that compressed obolochku.4. Diaphragm assembly according to Claim. 1, wherein the moving means are arranged so that extend obolochku.5. membrane Uzes


10-Gb/s modulation speed up to 100°C temperature is achieved with wafer-fused VCSELs incorporating re-grown tunnel junction and emitting more than 1-mW single mode power at the 1300-nm waveband in the full temperature range.


Equivariance of linear neural network layers is well studied. In this work, we relax the equivariance condition to only be true in a projective sense. In particular, we study the relation of projective and ordinary equivariance and show that for important examples, the problems are in fact equivalent. The rotation group in 3D acts projectively on the projective plane. We experi-mentally study the practical importance of rotation equivariance when designing networks for filtering 2D - 2D correspondences. Fully equivariant models perform poorly, and while a simple addition of invariant features to a strong baseline yields improvements, this seems to not be due to improved equivariance.


Systematic innovations should be an important aspect to solve the problem of our country's regional economy and push the regional economic development forward. We should inquire into the function of systematic innovations in the regional economic development and take vigorous action to push the establish ment of systematic innovation structure. It will be of momentous significance to quicken the step of develop ment in the Central - Western Areas.


. Activated tungsten inert gas (ATIG) welding has a good depth of penetration (DOP) as compared to the conventional tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. This paper is mainly focused on ATIG characterization and mechanical behavior of aluminum alloy (AA) 6063-T6 using SiO 2 flux. The characterization of the base material (BM), fusion zone (FZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) and, partially melted zone is carried out using the suitable characterization methods. The weld quality is characterized using ultrasonic-assisted non-destructive evaluation. A-scan result confirms that the ATIG welded samples have more DOP and less bead width as compared to conventional TIG. The recorded tensile strength of ATIG with SiO 2 is better than the conventional TIG welding. The failure mode is ductile for ATIG welding with larger fracture edges and is brittle in the case of conventional TIG welding.


ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of cannabis and amphetamine use and associated factors among adolescents in nine African countries. We analyzed cross-sectional data from 25,372 adolescents (mean age 14.3 years, SD = 1.6) from nine African countries that participated in the Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) in 2009–2013. Information was collected with a self-administered structured questionnaire. Overall, past-month cannabis use was 4.1% and lifetime amphetamine use was 5.1% among students. In multivariable unconditional regression analysis older age, personal attributes (suicidal ideation, current smoking, school truancy, and having had two or more sexual partners), smoking status of the father and/or mother, and environmental stressors (having experienced hunger, been bullied, having been in a physical fight and having been attacked) were associated with both past-month cannabis and lifetime amphetamine use. Measures to prevent and control cannabis and amphetamine use should include personal attributes (suicidal ideation, school truancy, and HIV sexual risk behavior) and environmental stressors (food insecurity and violence).


Biomass and carbon sequestration potential is one of the most important benefits of trees in forest ecosystems. This research was done to estimate the amount of biomass in individuals and coppice forms of Quercus brantii Lindl. in Balootboland forests near the Dehdez, Khozestan province. Grid dimensions were selected 100 × 100 m and the nearest tree to a sampling point was chosen. Selected trees should include all diameter classes of high forest or individual trees and all crown diameter classes of coppice if possible. Totally 18 individuals were selected and their quantitative parameters were recorded. Cutting and separating operations were then performed. Different parts of trees were immediately weighted after cutting in the field and sampling was performed to measure the dry weight and the amount of carbon sequestration. According to the results, there was no statistically significant difference between the biomass in two forms of growths. The average biomass of above ground for each tree was approximately determined 277kg and 230kg in form of individual tree and coppice, respectively. These amounts in the stands for individual and coppice forms were estimated 18.2 and 9.3 tons per hectare, respectively. According to the results, large organs (trunk and branches) and small parts (twigs and stump) have more carbon sequestration potential in individual and coppice forms, respectively. The highest and lowest amount of carbon was stored in branches and leaves, respectively.


Abandoned land is land that has been granted rights by the state in the form of Ownership Rights, Business Utilization Rights, Building Use Rights, Use Rights and Management Rights, or basic control over land that is not cultivated, not used, or not utilized in accordance with the circumstances or the nature and purpose. granting rights or the basis for their control. The definition of abandoned land is not regulated in Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2010 concerning Control and Utilization of Abandoned Land ("PP No. 11/2010"). However, it is regulated in Article 1 point 6 of the Regulation of the Head of the National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4 of 2010 concerning Procedures for Controlling Abandoned Land.The results of the study explain that the judge with his considerations in the case related to the transfer of rights to abandoned land belonging to state-owned enterprises in the decision Number: 3/Pdt.G/2011/PN-Lsm The judge considered that the problem in the abandoned domain was absolutely not the authority of the lhokseumawe district court. However, in the State Administrative Court, because the plaintiff in his case mentioned the ownership assets of the land. Thus, the judge rejected all of the plaintiffs' claims.


We investigate the mechanisms of three-dimensional (3D) to two-dimensional (2D) morphological transition in the heteroepitaxial growth of metal films by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, and find that the difference between two types of neighbor interactions play an important role on the film morphology. The difference will vanishes with the film growing up. Just what the difference vanishes causes the morphological transition from 3D-cluster to 2D-island. Combined with elastic energy, we can predict which layer first occurs morphological transition. Our predicted results are consistent with the experiment reported by Su et al. [Phys. Rev. B 71, 073304 (2005)].


The Kansas Environmental Leadership Program (KELP) was developed in response to a
need for leadership in communities to bring about protection and improvement in Kansas's water
quality. KELP teaches the latest in leadership theory and basic water environment knowledge so
citizens can lead environmental change in their communities. Five 3-day sessions each in a different
location are spaced over 10 months. Each session includes field trips, group activities, and speakers
related to leadership, watersheds, surface and groundwater protection, and other water issues. An
important aspect of the experiential learning atmosphere is participants' diverse backgrounds,
experiences, ages, professions, interests, and attitudes toward water. To date, five classes with 107
graduates have been completed. Graduates are applying the principles learned in their communities,
employment, families, and volunteer service in Kansas.


This study investigates whether subjects use a strategy of word recognition in a rhyme-monitoring task. Results suggest that this is indeed the case. In addition, however, the task introduces an effect of phonological priming of the cue word.


Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of blindness. Exudates are one of the primary signs of diabetic retinopathy which is a main cause of blindness that could be prevented with an early screening process In this approach, the process and knowledge of digital image processing to diagnose exudates from images of retina is applied. An automated method to detect and localize the presence of exudates and Maculopathy from low-contrast digital images of Retinopathy patient's with non-dilated pupils is proposed. First, the image is segmented using colour K-means Clustering algorithm. The segmented image along with Optic Disc (OD) is chosen. To Classify these segmented region, features based on colour and texture are extracted. The selected feature vector are then classified into exudates and nonexudates using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) Classifier. Also the detection of Diabetic Maculopathy, which is the severe stage of Diabetic Retinopathy is performed using Morphological Operation. Using a clinical reference standard, images with exudates were detected with 96% success rate. This method appears promising as it can detect the very small areas of exudates.


Transition of the separated shear layer has been experimentally investigated for the Reynolds numbers (based on the diameter) ranging from 2.4×103 to 2.0×104. The degree of chaotic behavior of the separated shear layer is verified by applying ideas from nonlinear dynamics (such as Lyapunov exponents, correlation dimension and entropy) to the experimental data, thus relating the evolution of the separated shear layer from the laminar to the weak turbulence to the concept of chaos. The results demonstrate that the transition of the separated shear layer from order to chaos is through one Hopf bifurcation and the periodic bifurcation.


Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most prevalent type in esophageal cancers. Despite accumulating achievements in treatments of ESCC, patients still suffer from recurrence because of the treatment failures, one of the reasons for which is radioresistance. Therefore, it is a necessity to explore the molecular mechanism underlying ESCC radioresistance. Long intergenic noncoding RNA 473 (LINC00473) has been reported to be aberrantly expressed in several human malignancies. However, its biological function in radiosensitivity of ESCC remains to be fully understood. This study explored the role of LINC00473 in radiosensitivity of ESCC cells and whether LINC00473 acted as a competing endogenous RNA to realize its modulation on radioresistance. We found that LINC00473 was markedly upregulated in ESCC tissues and cell lines, and its expression was remarkably related to cellular response to irradiation. In addition, knockdown of LINC00473 could sensitize ESCC cells to radiation in vitro. As for the underlying mechanism, we uncovered that there was a mutual inhibition between LINC00473 and miR‐374a‐5p. Spindlin1 (SPIN1) was verified as a downstream target of miR‐374a‐5p, and LINC00473 upregulated SPIN1 expression through negatively modulating miR‐374a‐5p expression. Furthermore, we revealed that SPIN1 could aggravate the radioresistance of ESCC cells. Finally, overexpression of SPIN1 reversed the LINC00473 silencing‐enhanced radiosensitivity in ESCC cells. To sum up, we demonstrated that LINC00473 facilitated radioresistance by regulating the miR‐374a‐5p/SPIN1 axis in ESCC.


In order to develop a stability regulatory system for drug substances and degraded products, a forced degradation study is an essential part in the design of the method. As per ICH Guidelines Q1A in 1993, it was established as an essential requirement for the regulatory system to assess the stability of drugs and their degradation products under the degradation studies by force. These analytical methods are helpful in the development of stability, indicating the method by conducting the studies on forced degradation with their mechanism of degradation. Drug products by degradation and new drug substance by forced degradation conditions are more severe than a demonstration of specificity of stability indicating methods. The analytical method development is facilitated by those techniques for better understanding of (API) active pharmaceutical ingredients and (DP) drug products stability.


A Meander lines coupled cavity-backed slot antenna with broadband circularly polarized (CP) property is investigated. The proposed antenna comprises four meander lines, a cavity, and a sequential rotation feed network. By connecting ground planes of the patch substrate and the feed substrate with the slot cavity leads to resonant frequency at low band. The validity of the antenna's performances is verified with a fabricated prototype. Measured results show that the designed antenna can yield 10-dB return-loss bandwidth of 40% (1.8 to 2.7 GHz), 3-dB axial-ratio (AR) bandwidth of about 34.04% (1.95 to 2.75 GHz), and 3-dB gain bandwidth of about 35.29% (2.1-3 GHz) with the maximum gain 5.15dBi. The antenna without cavity is also discussed.


My two intellectual passions are interdisciplinarity and methodological rigour. The former is motivated by my interest in social-cultural reality, where disciplinary boundaries seem irrelevant. The latter comes from my desire, as a teacher, to empower students to do their own analytical work. Hence, the interest in 'travelling' concepts as tools for interdisciplinary analysis. Below, I give a few arguments in favour of concepts over (disciplinary) methods, and then I sum up a few examples of useful concepts in the Humanities.


By using the finite projective geometry method, the separating properties of linear constant-weight codes are presented. An algorithm is given for computing the cardinality of separating coordinate positions of certain disjoint codeword sets of linear constant-weight codes.


Prose works boast rich cultural connotation, loose structure, free form of expression. There are great cultural differences between Chinese culture and West culture; English pays attention to hypotaxis and strictly obeys the grammatical expression norms. Achieving complete equivalence between the original text and the translated text when translating Chinese prose works into English is difficult. Nida's functional equivalence theory emphasizes that grammatical accuracy and literal corresponding should not be attached great importance in translation but that the reaction of the readers to the translation should be essentially like that of the original readers, which effectively reduces the conversion between the source language and target language of objective standard and furthest achieves functional equivalence between the original text and translated text and effectively solves the problems in the process of prose translation. Under the guidance of functional equivalence theory, four strategies for prose translation from the lexical, syntactic, discourse and stylistic levels are proposed in this paper, which are lexical transformation, sentence structure changing, constituent addition, holistic consideration.


Sound poetry presents a particular development in French contemporary poetry. This article aims at positioning it in the context of contemporary poetry –especially avant-garde poetry– and at explaining the role played by Bernard Heidsieck, a central poet of sound poetry. We know well that sound poetry derived from the artistic movement of lettrism and that it received the influence of this movement's leader, Isidore Isou. Certainly, we can easily find a theoretical resemblance between the sound poetry of Francois Dufrene, who participated in the movement, and the phonetic poetry of Isou. But Bernard Heidsieck, having nothing to do with the movement, referred to a poet: Antonin Artaud. The present article focuses on the fundamental difference between the poetics of Heidsieck and the previous sound poetry, in order to clarify Artaud's influence as contrasted to the influence exerted by Isou.


Based on the 5-year field data after the impoundment of the Three Gorges Project,the main factors affecting the navigation condition of Zhijiang-Jiangkou channel are analyzed.A study on the river bed movability using 2-D mathematical model is then presented.The results indicate that the movability of river bed is obvious.The flood-plain scour and channel erosion will aggravate the inadequate water depth at the Zhijiang up-shoal,but the navigation condition of Zhijiang down-shoal and Jiangkou shoal can be improved.In addition,the erosion will cause considerable decline of the water level in dry seasons at the Changmenxi station.


In this paper, we study the relationship between the sample and moment Lyapunov exponents for jump linear systems. Using a large deviation theorem, a modified version of Arnold's formula for connecting sample path and moment Lyapunov exponents for continuous-time linear stochastic systems is extended to discrete-time jump linear systems. Sample path stability properties of linear stochastic systems are determined by the top Lyapunov exponent and relating sample and moment Lyapunov exponents may be useful for developing computationally efficient methods for determining the almost-sure (sample path) stability of linear stochastic systems.


A yet unresolved question in orchid biology is whether mycorrhizal fungi (= mycobionts) utilized as a carbon source by young seedlings (= protocorms) are different from those utilized by adult plants. This is the first report documenting the protocorm mycobionts of the Federally threatened eastern prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea, and the first report describing a technique to culture mycotrophic seedlings to the green leaf stage. Seeds of P. leucophaea placed in retrievable nylon mesh packets were sown at Hildy Prairie (Grundy Co.), Illinois in November, 2000 and recovered in August, 2002. All resulting protocorms yielded mycobionts assignable to Ceratorhiza goodyerae-repentis (Costantin & Dufour) Moore - the same anamorphic fungus recovered from mature P. leucophaea plants in previous studies. Protocorms cultivated in vitro with a Ceratorhiza mycobiont were placed on a substrate of sand, activated charcoal, and modified oats medium and subjected to chilling (6 oC) in darkness, followed by exposure to a 12 h photoperiod (L : D, 12 h : 12 h) at 24 oC. Leaf length accelerated after the second week of incubation in light. Green leaf color became evident during the photoperiod implying that seedlings were capable of photosynthesis. Seedlings also maintained a mycotrophic capability evidenced by the presence of fungal pelotons in root-like organs. This study has significant merit for conservation by providing a protocol for P. leucophaea's cultivation, and by underscoring the importance of C. goodyerae-repentis in the prairie ecosystem.


This paper presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the technical and economical impact of different ANM technologies. The technologies considered are power flow management, voltage management, dynamic line rating, demand side management and energy storage. Benefits and limits of each technology are assessed individually for a base case scenario using a simple case study.


Paper materials were reusable as secondary fibre source which was recycled as alternative material to cope with various demands and consumption. An innovation to a brand new usage of secondary fibre as seedling capsule was discovered to be synthesized by the principle of simple formation which required minimum mechanical energy input. The design of stock drainer had brought balance in both stock volume and water flow rate, whereby stock consistency had became key regulator. Physical properties of fiber material from drawing block had been revealed as compatible material to fit criteria such as high water retention and high water penetration, as indicated by high Cobb value while exhibited high freeness. All paper types selected had proven to be suitable seed bed in form seedling capsule units for sowing of orthodox seeds from Leucaena leucocephala, while pre-sowing treatments had eliminate the barrier to natural germination. Pre-treatment of Leucaena leucocephala seeds were to break dormancy and to indicate the feasibility of moisture transferal for seed germination, which was facilitated by seedling capsule unit. The decomposition of capsule had completed within 57 days in soil. Further enhancement in reduced capsule size had to be revised for portability in large quantity and able to ease the work of field propagation.


ABSTRACT: As a standard procedure, the dissipation of stresses in the Burmister ́s space is obtained from the Love ́s function, by using the method of the separation of variables, which has the advantage to allow for the excluding imposition of the boundary conditions in the horizontal plane and in the vertical direction. Unfortunately, the solution is so complicated that it is not directly applicable in engineering practice. In the present paper, the principle of the mean value to find a function of state in a statistically isotropic discontinuous substance is used to separate the variables of a strain potential by means of skew functions. By skewing the stresses, strains and Hooke's law, the Germain-Lagrange's equation is established for the horizontal plane, and two kinds of ordinary differential equation are gotten for the vertical direction: one biased and other systematic skewed. The solution to the first one coincides with the well-known polynomials for a thin plate that holds the Kirchhoff's simplifications. The solution to the second one is suitable for a slab of any thickness, comprises the well-known solution of the mechanics of materials when the layer thickness is comparatively small, and adjusts very well to the Boussinesq's solution when the layer thickness is very large.


The rate of formation of electron-ion pairs was measured in a CO2 laser discharge chamber in a steady-state flux of α particles. Numerical modeling was performed for conditions corresponding to those of the experiment. An analysis was made of the influence of the pressure, gas-mixture composition, and irradiation geometry on the rate and spatial homogeneity of the ionization.


This paper* describes the Oxford Education Research Group Project into the teaching of English Literature. The Project arose out of a number of conversations that were held between Oxfordshire English teachers and specialists from different disciplines within the University. What emerged from these conversations was the strong sense that while virtually all of the teachers gave a very high priority to literature in their English lessons, a considerable number were seriously concerned about their effectiveness in dealing with literature in the classroom. They were thoughtful about the nature of the objectives they were pursuing: was their job, for instance, to initiate children into the stylistic complexities of the Great Tradition, or was it something wider, more amorphous, something to do with the pupil's emotional development as an adolescent moving towards adulthood? If the latter, then how does the reading of appropriately chosen literature affect emotional development? Then there were, predictably, practical issues: the dilemma as to whether to use class texts or private readers, whether to teach literature within a thematic context or not, the effect of examinations, the problems of having children of widely different ability and maturity within the same class, of large classes and shortage of money. Some of these issues were of a general practical kind that no research project could (at least directly) resolve, but there did seem enough genuine interest both in the schools and in the University to mount a collaborative enquiry into literature teaching under the aegis of the Oxford Educational Research Group. The project, which is only in its initial stages, falls into two parts: a period of investigation into literature teaching that will pinpoint a number of issues that might repay study in the second, action research, phase of the enquiry. Thus it is intended in the first phase


Aim of Study: To compare the preemptive versus postoperative caudal epidural bupivacaine with morphine for postoperative analgesia in children. Materials and Methods: 100 ASA 1 & 2 children in the age group 2 to 12 years scheduled for sub-umbilical surgeries were enrolled in this prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. All children were premedicated with syrup promethazine 1mg/kg, induced with thiopentone 2.5% iv 5 mg/kg, intubated with suxamethonium 2mg/kg .No opioids, benzodiazepines or other drugs affecting pain processing were used in traoperatively. Controlled ventilation with atracurium and maintenance with halothane and 66% nitrous oxide in 33% oxygen.Group 1 patients received a mixture of 0.66ml/kg bupivacaine 0.25% and morphine 0.02mg/kg after the induction of anaesthesia but 15 min before the surgical incision. Group 2 patients received the same drug mixture at the conclusion of surgery but before reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Post operatively the children were observed in the recovery room for 30 minutes using Aldrete score. Then children were shifted to postoperative ward and intensity of pain measured using the objective pain scale devised by HANNALLAH RS. The time to first analgesia [TFA] /duration of analgesia was determined from the performance of caudal block until the child had AN OPS of 5, when the rescue analgesic was given.(opsobjective pain score) Observation: TFA in group 1 patients was significantly prolonged [11.39+-0.98 hrs] compared with group 2[9.22+-0.81 hrs] Conclusion: The study demonstrates that preemptive caudal epidural bupivacaine and morphineadministration is superior to the same mixture given postoperatively for pain relief.  Aims and Objectives  To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of single dose administration of bupivacaine and morphine mixture, given through caudal epidural route for postoperative analgesia in children undergoing sub-umbilical surgeries.  To compare the duration of analgesia with preemptive versus postoperative caudal epidural bupivacaine and morphine.  Sacral Canal and the Caudal Epidural Space The sacral canal is a caudal extension of the spinal canal. The spinal canal contains the last spinal nerve roots, which forms the cauda equina and also the filum terminale that anchors spinal cord to coccyx and sacrococcygeal ligament. The dural sac projects upto S3 S4 level at birth, reaching the adult level of S2 during second year of life. The caudal epidural space in a neonate is filled with epidural fat, which has a gelatinous spongy appearance with distinct spaces between the fat globules and very few connective tissue fibers. This facilitates uniform and rapid spread of the local anaesthetic solutions. Between 6 to 7 years of age, the epidural fat gets denser and is surrounded by fibrous strands, thus reducing uniform spread of local anaesthetic solutions. The epidural space is richly vascularised and the veins are without valves; thus an inadvertent intravascular injection can lead to instantaneous systemic toxicity. Caudal anaesthesia requires identification of the sacral hiatus. The sacrococcygeal ligament overlying the sacral hiatus lies between the sacral cornu. To facilitate locating the cornu, the posterior superior iliac spine should be located and by using the line between them as one side of an equilateral triangle, the location of sacral hiatus is approximated. After the sacral hiatus is identified the index and middle finger of the palpating hand are placed on the sacral cornu, and the caudal needle is inserted at an angle of approximately 45 degree to the skin in relation to Comparison of Preemptive Versus Postoperative Caudal Epidural Bupivacaine with Morphine for ... DOI: 10.9790/0853-1506054047 www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page the coccyx. While advancing the needle, a decrease in resistance to needle insertion should be appreciated as the needle enters the caudal space. The needle is advanced until bone is contacted and then slightly withdrawn, and the needle is redirected rostrally at a 20 to 30 degree angle to the skin. During redirection of the needle and after a loss of resistance is encountered again, the needle is advanced approximately 2 to 3 mm into the caudal canal.  Complications of Caudal ANAESTHESIA 1. Intravascular or in Traosseous Injection This may lead to grand mal seizure and cardio respiratory arrest. 2. Dural Puncture Extreme care must be taken to avoid this as a total spinal block will occur if a dose for a caudal block is injected into the subarachnoid space. 3. Perforation of the Rectum While simple needle puncture is not important, contamination of the needle is extremely dangerous if it is then inserted into the epidural space. 4. Sepsis This should be very rare occurrence if strict aseptic procedures are followed. 5. Urinary Retention This is not uncommon and temporary catheterization may be required. 6. Subcutaneous Injection This should be obvious as the drug is injected.


ABSTRACT This paper investigates the complex issue of university underachievement in a large Chinese private university. A mixed method approach has been adopted to explore the nature of underachievement by illuminating the quantitative data from 552 university students through qualitative interviews with 30 underachieving students. The analysis revealed that an underachiever appears as a frustrated learner (s)he nevertheless presents as mature in social relations; on the other hand, a low achiever appears to apply him/herself to the work tasks but experiences dilemmas in social relations. Different from previous research, this study has indicated that low achievers and underachievers are psychologically more alike than different but present themselves quite differently in social relationships.


We propose a hybrid discrete grey wolf optimizer (HDGWO) in this paper to solve the weapon target assignment (WTA) problem, a kind of nonlinear integer programming problems. To make the original grey wolf optimizer (GWO), which was only developed for problems with a continuous solution space, available in the context, we first modify it by adopting a decimal integer encoding method to represent solutions (wolves) and presenting a modular position update method to update solutions in the discrete solution space. By this means, we acquire a discrete grey wolf optimizer (DGWO) and then through combining it with a local search algorithm (LSA), we obtain the HDGWO. Moreover, we also introduce specific domain knowledge into both the encoding method and the local search algorithm to compress the feasible solution space. Finally, we examine the feasibility of the HDGWO and the scalability of the HDGWO, respectively, by adopting it to solve a benchmark case and ten large-scale WTA problems. All of the running results are compared with those of a discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO), a genetic algorithm with greedy eugenics (GAWGE), and an adaptive immune genetic algorithm (AIGA). The detailed analysis proves the feasibility of the HDGWO in solving the benchmark case and demonstrates its scalability in solving large-scale WTA problems.


At the begining of the XVth century, when Fernando de Antequera ruled Andalusia as a guardian of the young king Juan II, other members of his family were very interested in extending their power and influence in the region. The purpose of this study is to show how the infante don Enrique, Fernando's son, tried to obtain from Juan II extensive powers in order to rule the region with the title of viceroy or even aiming to establish there an independent kingdom with rights to the conquest of Granada.


With The development of computer network and the popularization of network technology,it have brought many conveniences for ours work and the life,but sometimes the network fault frequent appearance will bring lot of trouble to us,even can bring the huge economic loss.According to certain methods and steps of the classified network fault to find,will be able to quickly and accurately identify the root causes failure,thus removes smoothly.This article has carried on the analysis to the common network flault type,and summaried the general step and the method which the network fault diagnoses and removes.


The invention discloses a pole-mounting type reactive automatic compensation device. The pole-mounting type reactive automatic compensation device comprises a shell which is coated with a protecting layer, wherein the protecting layer is prepared by the following steps: (1) adding 0.8 part by weight of modified polybutadiene resin, 1.4 parts by weight of precipitated barium sulphate, 1.1 parts by weight of p-tert-amyl phenol and 2.6 parts by weight of gaseous titanium dioxide into 8.6 parts by weight of deionized water, and adequately and uniformly stirring, so as to obtain a bottom-layer protecting coating; (2) adding 2.5 parts by weight of polyamine resin, 1.7 parts by weight of polyxyethylated alkylphenol, 3.1 parts by weight of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate and 0.7 part by weight of polydimethylsiloxane into 7.6 parts by weight of deionized water, and adequately and uniformly stirring, so as to obtain a surface-layer protecting coating; (3) firstly spraying the bottom-layer protecting coating to the surface of the shell, curing, and drying; and (4) spraying the surface-layer protecting coating to the surface of the shell, curing and drying. According to the pole-mounting type reactive automatic compensation device, the shell is coated with the protecting layer, so that the service life of the pole-mounting type reactive automatic compensation device can be prolonged.


This paper presents an simulation model of recharging electric vehicles in power distribution networks focused on the adequacy of the transformers capacity. Based on developed measurements was possible the processing of data for modeling the impacts of this demand increase in distribution transformers. The simulation model allows evaluate the effect of random variables related to the distances traveled by vehicles previously and the moment of its connection to the grid. These effects were compared considering these variables in deterministic terms and it became possible to understand the importance of using these more realistic methods to calculate the capacity of transformers for supplying this new demand.


This article discusses the importance and role of the state audit body – the Supreme Audit Chamber – in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The purpose of this article is to review and analyze the current state of procedures for the formation of state policy for the implementation of the SDGs. It also provides for the role of the higher Audit Chamber in achieving the goals set and its reflection in its functioning functions.
The changes in the state audit in the context of globalization in Kazakhstan are shown. The relationship of the tasks of the Supreme Audit Chamber with the adopted document at the global level is analyzed. The results of the implementation of indicators of productivity and economy of state funds allocated to achieve the SDGs from the point of view of an efficiency audit are considered. All United Nations member states, adopting this document, monitor its implementation at the state level. At the same time, a kind of link between the highest audit body of the country and the achievement of these goals has been formed. The article notes that within the framework of the interconnection of state documents, it is important to control it on the part of the audit. The authors try to determine the current state of achievement of the Agenda goals in the field of Sustainable Development in the areas of performance audit conducted by the audit body. In this scientific article, the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals is revealed from the point of view of state audit.


ABSTRACT This paper studies creative possibilities of co-designing with the Makalani nut when crafting and jewelry manufacturing techniques meet. The study reflects on how the artisan craft of carving, based on a rich indigenous knowledge, and previously not yet included in the field of fine jewelry, could create new artifacts that could support selfemployment and income generation to the crafting indigenous communities of Namibia. The co-design experiments served as both methodological approach and method in this paper. Sessions proved a great core foundation for collaboration and created opportunity for documentation of both process and outcomes, while also highlighting tension points linked to the industrialization of these creative processes. The concern of the inevitable impacton the social fabric of the communities beckoned the question of how indigenous knowledge is impacted when it interacts with other knowledge systems – a question this paper aims to speak to.


Culture conditions for an enzyme produced by Myxococcus fulvus with high activity for degradating AFB1 were optimized.Cross experiment and single-factor experiment were designed to find an optimum culture medium and fermentation conditions.The optimum culture medium contained yeast powder(7 g/L),MgSO4·7H2O(0.5 g/L),CaCl2·2H2O(1 g/L),VB12(750μg/L).The best degradation ability occurred under the following conditions: fermentation time(50 h),inoculation size(20%),initial pH 7.5 and fermentation temperature(30℃).The highest degradation rate was 78.2% at the optimal condition.


Title: Consumer prac ces in use and disposal: the sustainable fashion challenge Authors: Teresa Gallardo Romero & Krista Korkiakoski Publica on year: 2014 Supervisor: Rudrajeet Pal Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to research the main environmental issues concerning fashion from a consumer's perspec ve, iden fy the prac ces that exacerbate these ma ers and the sociocultural ini aves that are striving to overcome them. In the course of the paper, the authors hope to provide with more insight into consumer prac ces and mindsets regarding sustainable prac ces in order for future strategies concerning sustainable fashion to be more accurate and precise. Method The study is conducted through the implementa on of ac on research methodology a er conduc ng an extensive search of the exis ng theories and studies in the area of the research. The fi rst part of the ac on research process was carried through the observa ons and twenty interviews completed in a endance to clothing exchange events, by researching the outline of the present sociocultural ini aves to overcome fashion sustainability issues in popular media, and the revision and refl ec on on the fi ndings collected. The second part on the research was made by outlining a project where the previously iden fi ed issues are tackled in the integra on of the diff erent ini a ves that strive toward more sustainable prac ces from a consumer perspec ve into one pla orm. A er the outline of the project ten interviews were conducted in the la er part of the second phase of the ac on research, where the project served as a vehicle to asses the interviewee's current prac ces and views regarding sustainable fashion. A er collec ng the diff erent fi ndings and integra ng them with the predefi ned theore cal framework, a refl ec on including a fi nal version of the pla orm and the answers to the proposed research ques ons are constructed to give closure to the study. Conclusion The main environmental issues related to fashion are caused during the use and disposal phases in a garment's life cycle, which falls under the responsibility of the consumer. However, the public is largely uninformed and the prac ces related to these phases are not changing rapidly enough. There are ini a ves to shi these prac ces, and they are slowly becoming popular and helping change people's mindsets regarding their ac ons, but there is a need for much more extensive divulga on of how each individual's prac ces aff ect the environment and how these ac ons can be shi ed in order to contribute to a more sustainable future.


Heat transfer performance tests and data analysis of plate-fin recuperators were performed for constant and varying flow ratios by the mass flow method, and Nu-Re criteria, vital for engineering application, were thereupon obtained. Numerical simulation was then used to analyze the temperature and flow fields in the recuperator passages with the conclusion that the heat transfer performance can be improved by changing surface roughness and structural shape of the recuperator's flow passage. Figs 6, tables 2 and refs 6


Objective: This paper attempts to investigate the impact of demographic factors (age and gender) on designing of an effective website Four factors influencing website designing i.e. navigation quality, information quality, interactivity and visual representation are studied in particular. Method: A survey using electronic media was conducted. Convenience sampling method was used and total of 340 responses were obtained. The data is analysed using two ways ANOVA. Findings: Age has a significant impact on website designing factors. Youth look for high and quality information in a website while middle and old aged people prefer easy accessibility and navigation quality. Our findings also claim that visual appeal and product picture quality attracts female more than male. This paper can provide valuable insight to website designers and can help them in customizing the website as per its target audience. Developing the websites is one of the most visible activities of the organizations on the internet. There are innumerable literature and researches on website designing but minimal focus is given on designing a website as per target audience


Introduction: Irrationalism: Lukcs and the Marxist View of Reason 1. Marx on Philosophy and Ideology 2. Philosophy and Science, Ideology and Truth 3. Epistemological Irrationality 4. Marxian Economics and Neo-Kantian Philosophy 5. The Antinomies of Bourgeois Thought 6. The Standpoint of the Proletariat 7. Hegel's Objective Idealism and Dialectical Materialism 8. Philosophical and Political Irrationalism 9. Lukcs's Social Ontology Conclusion: A Marxist View of Reason? Notes Index


Mobile agents refer to self-contained and identifiable computer programs that can migrate along the network and can act on behalf of the user or other agents. Mobile agents often work on heterogeneous network and operating system environment. Therefore, an integrated logical interface to access physical structure via mobile agent application has become more and more urgent. In this paper, we proposed a tracking and persistent agent-based mobility management system in case of distance learning. The main purpose of our system is addressed to achieve the universal access objective. In order to let the whole mobility management system full play, firstly, we proposed a mobile agent communication network model and the mobile agent evolution states. The mobile agent communication network model facilitates the agent computation, and the mobile agent evolution states assist agent supervisor to monitor client agents. Secondly, we encapsulate the utility tools to be a role-setting object. The role-setting object is an application-driven component, which can provide customization benefits for user to match user's demands. These integrated technologies are sufficient in distance learning (virtual university) environment.


The variable temperature magnetic susceptibility, X-ray crystallography, and IR and Raman spectra of a new dinuclear complex [{Fe(II)(NCBH(3))(4-phpy)}(2) mu-bpypz)(2)] demonstrated the first two-step spin-crossover associated with a 1 : 1 mixture of high-spin pair [HS-HS] and low-spin pair [LS-LS] at the plateau.


The natural antioxidant obtained from both pulp and peel of culinary banana at various concentrations was encapsulated by cocrystallization in supersaturated sucrose solution. The encapsulated cocrystals led to higher entrapment yield of 75–80% in all samples. The HPLC chromatographs showed presence of major phenolic compounds in all the cocrystals. The angle of repose and Hausner index were found between 40°–44° and 0.98°–1.06°, respectively. The high solubility, low water activity and hygroscopicity indicated high stability and good handling properties. Fourier transform infra-red studies indicated that the functional groups present in cocrystals are typical bands of sucrose molecules. The differential scanning calorimetric thermographs confirmed two major endothermic peaks at 191.46 and 225.26C. Similarly, X-ray diffraction pattern showed the similar type of X-ray crystalline pattern of sucrose. The scanning electron microscopy showed well-defined cubic crystals with irregular cavities between them. The results of present investigation have credence to value addition of natural antioxidant for formulation of functional foods.

Practical Applications
Health consciousness and healthier food products are becoming important factors over the last few years which are driving the food market. One of the greatest challenges that food research is facing in this century lies in maintaining sustainable food production and at the same time delivering high quality food products with an added functionality to prevent life-style related diseases such as, cancer, obesity, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, etc. The incorporation of bioactive compounds into food products provides many advantages in food preservation and contributes to the development of functional foods. Looking at the present scenario of bioavailability of polyphenols and antioxidants, encapsulation technology becomes an actual choice and is a promising technique that can solve the disadvantages of the use of bioactive compounds as food additives.


Background Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is able to catalyze the first and rate-limiting step in the catabolism of tryptophan, which is the essential amino acid for T cell proliferation. Many previous studies have proved that IDO is able to play important roles in immunosuppression-associated with tumor immunity, autoimmunity and chronic infection. Since donor T cells will be activated, proliferate, differentiate and finally lead to tissue injury, growing research paid more attention to the immunoregulatory role of IDO in the process of aGVHD. Our previous work also demonstrated that plasma IDO level was correlated with the severity of aGVHD. Increased IDO expression would serve as a protective molecular during aGVHD. However, the exact regulatory mechanism of IDO is still unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNA that negatively regulate gene expression by translational repression or induction of mRNA degradation. Recently, circulating miRNAs have been reported to be the promising biomarkers for various kinds of diseases. We speculated that miRNA that might regulate those GVHD-related molecules/cytokines expression including IDO, and the circulating miRNA that directed at IDO would serve as new potential biomarker for aGVHD. This study is to find the potential regulatory miRNA of IDO and investigate the correlation between plasma miRNA expression and aGVHD. Methods � The potential regulatory miRNA for IDO was identified through bioinformatics analysis using TargetScan and Miranda. The regulatory function of target miRNA on IDO protein and gene was confirmed by Western Blot analysis and luciferase assay. Human plasma samples from 70 patients who underwent allo-HSCT from Sep 2012 to Jun 2013 were prospectively collected at +7 day(d), +14d, +21d, +30d, +45d, +60d, +90d and the occurrence of aGVHD from Peking University Institute of Hematology. All patients provided informed consent. This study was approved by the institutional review board at the Peking University Institute of Hematology (Protocol number 2013-42). Real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) analysis was performed to examine the miRNA expression of plasma at different time points posttransplant. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was employed to determine the optimal cut-off value for predict the occurrence of aGVHD. Results � Through bioinformatics analysis, we found the predicted target sites in its 3'UTR binding miRNA-153. The intracellular IDO protein would be reduced when miRNA-153 was transfected into interferon-gamma-treated Hela cells. Surprisingly, the mRNA expression level of IDO was also affected in miRNA-153 transfected cells obviously (P Conclusions � Our study suggested that miRNA-153 might participate in occurrence of aGVHD by down regulating IDO and might be a putative target for novel aGVHD therapy. The plasma level of miRNA-153 at +7d after allo-HSCT would be a good biomarker for predicting the occurrence of aGVHD. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


The invention relates to a medical product comprising at least one fabric having a textile base structure and thread structures which protrude from the textile base structure, wherein at least a portion of the thread structures is meshed with the textile base structure. The invention also relates to a medical product in form of a spacer fabric with two mutually opposite basic textile structures which are spaced apart by spacer threads, wherein at least a portion of the spacer threads is meshed with at least one of the two basic textile structures, in particular with two basic textile structures. The invention further relates to a method for producing one or several, especially two, medical products, wherein the spacer threads of a spacer textile, the spacing of two opposite basic textile structures from one another, protruding to obtain two fabrics having a textile base structure and out of the textile base structure thread structures be severed. Moreover, the invention relates to a method for producing a medical product, comprising the steps of: a) forming, preferably knitting, a fabric having a textile base structure and with loops of thread, b) cutting of the thread loops with the formation of projecting out of the textile base structure yarn structures, wherein the thread loops in step a) are preferably produced by means of a pile guide bar. Finally, the invention relates to a process for the preparation of a medical product in form of a spacer textile, are in which spacer threads meshed with at least one of two oppositely-forming basic textile structures, or with at least one of two opposite, already fully developed the basic textile structures.


We discuss the outstanding issues of the interstellar medium which will depend on the application of knowledge from plasma physics. We particularly advocate attention to recent developments in experimental plasma physics, and urge that the astronomical community consider support of these experiments in the next decade.


[Objective] The aim of the study was to provide a reference for breeding of new varieties of salt-tolerant asparagus. [Method]Comparative test was conducted for five asparagus hybrids which performed high emergence percentage and good seedling growth at high concentration saline conditions. [Result] Taken together,the combination K showed obvious heterosis,high output,good commercial and good disease-resistance. [Conclusion] Combination K meet salt-tolerant asparagus breeding goals.


This paper discusses the use of cutting-edge theory—"Error Eliminating" in software project management.By establishing an error eliminating model and using the method of eliminating error—"Fifteen,Six,Three",the paper analyzes the causes and mechanisms of errors in software project management.So it provides a new theory and method for studying and founding the law of errors in software project management,and also provides references for software project management practice.


In this paper we identify the technologies that are the basis of computer–aided engineering (CAE). We discuss the integration of these technologies which leads to the complex chain that an engineer of the future will have to use and the engineering education required.


When the whole world is talking about artificial intelligence, crypto currencies, India is still reeling under basis amenities problems. Even after 70 years of independence, India cannot provide proper sanitation to its masses, and the previous governments were more focused on employment, health, development, which was going on a snail pace. But, after the emergence of social media and internet penetration, as well as usage of smart phones, one can believe that, India could achieve more from this. However, one needs to apply the mind on how to use social media for public good. Though social media took India few years back, not politics party found it as a useful tool for connect with masses, baring one BJP, which is currently ruling the country with a majority win after 30 years of coalition politics ear, that took India few years back. After winning elections, Narendra Modi led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government focused on digital media for connecting with the mass, mygov. in was launched on July 26, 2014 that allowed masses to participate in government functioning. According to MyGov, it has more than 1.78 Million users who contribute their ideas through discussions and also participate through the various earmarked tasks. In addition to this the platform gets more than 10,000 posts per weeks on various issues. In the same year, on October 2, 2014, the government announced Swachh Bharat campaign (Clean India Mission) under which it said that make India clean by 2019 and give a tribute to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150 th birth anniversary. The paper will also look into the growth of internet, social media and smart phones growth that is driving Clean India campaign and other social media campaign in India.


Objective To study the clinical and pathology features of myotonic dystrophy (DM). Methods The clinical data of the 6 patients with DM were retrospectively analysed. Results The onset of the 6 cases was chronicity. The clinical mainly manifestations were multiple system damage including muscle weakness,myotonia,muscle atrophy,alopecia,cataractand heart block etc. EMG showd myogenic abnormality and the potential of myotonia damages in all the cases. The nuclear ingression of muscle fibres,nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres were noted by pathological examination. The sarcoplasmic masses and abnomal distribution of muscle fibres were also found in partial cases. Conclusions DM is a hereditary disease. The main clinical features are muscle weakness and myotonia associated with multisystem lesions. The nuclear ingression of muscle fibres,nuclear chain fibres,sarcoplasmic masses and abnomal distribution of muscle fibres are the pathological characteristics of DM.


1.1 I am glad to have this opportunity to address some of the criticisms that have been aimed at arguments in my book Shadows of the Mind (henceforth Shadows). I hope that in the following remarks I am able to remove some of the confusions and misunderstandings that still surround the arguments that I tried to make in that book-and also that we may be able to move forward from there. 1.2 In the accompanying PSYCHE articles, the great majority of the commentators' specific criticisms have been concerned with the purely logical arguments given in Part 1 of Shadows, with comparatively little reference being made to the physical arguments given in Part 2-and virtually none at all to the biological ones.<1> This is not unreasonable if it is regarded that the entire rationale for my physical and biological arguments stands or falls with my purely logical arguments. Although I do not entirely agree with this position-since I believe that there are strong motivations from other directions for the kinds of physical and biological action that I have been promoting in Shadows-I am prepared to go along with it for the moment. Thus, most of my remarks here will be concerned with the implications of Gödel's theorem, and with the claims made by many of my critics that my arguments do not actually establish that there must be a noncomputational ingredient in human conscious thinking. 1.3 In replying to these arguments, I should first point out that, very surprisingly, almost none of the commentators actually addresses what I had regarded as the central (new) core argument against the computational modelling of mathematical understanding! Only Chalmers actually draws attention to it, and comments in detail on this argument, remarking that "most commentators seem to have missed it".<2> Chalmers also remarks that "it is unfortunate that this argument was so deeply buried". I apologize if this appears to have been the case; but I am also very puzzled, since its essentials are summarized in the final arguments of "Reductio ad absurdum-a fantasy dialogue", which is the section of Shadows (namely Section 3.23) that readers are particularly directed towards. This section is referred to also by McDermott and by Moravec, but neither of these commentators actually addresses this central argument explicitly, and nor do any of the other commentators. This is particularly surprising in the case of McCullough, as he is concerned with some …


To-date, proctologists have used this instrument very sparingly and out of curiosity rather than embracing the technology for the many bene ts it a ords. The reason may be that they were satised with the conventional techniques acquired during their training or were not convinced about the e cacy of this tool, as not many studies were available describing its usage in the area of ano rectal surgery.