: In this study, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of wet tissue manufacturing process was performed. The wet tissue manufacturing process consists of preparation of wetting agent (chemical liquid), impregnation of nonwoven fabric into wetting agent and primary and secondary packaging. Data and information were collected on the input and output of the actual process from a certain company and the database of the Korea Ministry of Environment and some foreign countries (when Korean unavailable) were employed to connect the upper and the lower process flow. Based on the above and the potential environmental impacts of the wet tissue manufacturing process were calculated. As a result of the characterization, Ozone Layer Depletion (OD) is 3.46.E-06 kg CFC 11 , Acidification (AD) is 5.11.E-01 kg SO 2 , Abiotic Resource Depletion (ARD) is 3.52.E+00 1 yr -1 , Global Warming (GW) is 1.04.E+02 kg CO 2 , Eutrophication (EUT) is 2.31.E-02 kg PO 43- , Photochemical Oxide Creation (POC) was 2.22.E-02 kg C 2 H 4 , Human Toxicity (HT) was 1.55.E+00 kg 1,4 DCB and Terrestrial Ecotoxicity (ET) was 5.82.E-04 kg 1,4 DCB. In order to reduce the environmental impact of the manufacturing process, it is necessary to improve the overall process as other general cases and change the raw materials including packaging materials with less environmental impact. Conclusively, the energy consumed in the manufacturing process has emerged as a major issue, and this needs to be reconsidered other options such as alternative energy. Therefore, it is recommended that a process system should be redesigned to improve energy efficiency and to change to an energy source with lower environmental impact. Due to the nature of LCA, the final results of this study can be varied to some extent depending on the type of LCI DB employed and may not represent of all wet tissue manufacturing processes in the current industry.


1. INTRODUCTION Most colleges and universities strive to meet the needs of the approximately 11% of their students with disabilities (U.S. Department of Education, 2012). These institutions have staff that work with qualified students who meet the academic and technical standards requisite to admission to find accommodations that help them complete courses and/or degree programs of interest. These professionals guide faculty to find ways of presenting and grading material to place these students on a level playing field with non-disabled students. Sometimes making the accommodations can be challenging. Consider, for example, the 3% of disabled students who suffer from some form of blindness, including individuals who reported that they have trouble seeing, even when wearing glasses or contact lenses, as well as to individuals who reported that they are blind or unable to see at all (Raue and Lewis, 2011). The recommended accommodations for such students include alternate versions of texts, lecture notes and exams, extended times to complete exams, and the use of screen readers and adaptive software during classes and exams. Generally these accommodations are sufficient for a student, but not always. Information Systems (IS) professionals have a variety of graphical tools for visualizing systems from a variety of perspectives. These tools are intended to help analysts and designers understand better system requirements and challenges in creating a computer-based system. However, the tools are not accessible to the student who has no sight because the representation of the shapes is not readable by screen readers and thus it is not possible to communicate them to the student. Further, most tools require use of a mouse, and some blind students cannot use a mouse in an effective way; even if they could "see" the diagram, they could not adjust the diagram. If, as is usually true, the location of items is meaningful, even if the student could "see" the diagram, the locations of symbols would be obscured by the way reading software would present it (Donker, Klante, and Gorney, 2002; Luque et al., 2014). Finally, if that student has never had sight, he or she is unlikely to appreciate the idea behind the visualization, and find it tedious to try to understand it. This will impact the student's ability to understand and utilize the data, regardless of presentation, in an efficient manner (Bennett, 2002). If the use of such tools is important to IS professionals without visual disability, then it is also important for the thousands of IS professionals who have a visual disability. More to the point, since these tools are particularly important for those new to the field, it is imperative that students without the benefit of sight have access to the tools. Of course, the ideal situation would be for industry to develop software that addresses the needs of visually disabled students. In the meanwhile, faculty members need to find a way to accommodate these students (Ladner, 1989). This paper demonstrates a method used to accommodate such a student in a Systems Analysis class. The particular diagraming tool discussed is Data Flow Diagrams, which is important both for understanding a computer system and for analysts to communicate changes to the system to a client. 2. DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS The Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is one of the oldest structured tools available to support systems analysis and design. Gane and Sarson (1979), Yourdon and Constantine (1979), and Hatley and Pirbhai (1987) all recognize the need to provide a graphical representation of the logical path of information through a system. They propose a simple representation that includes the flow of information, the location where information was transformed, the storage of data, and the source and sink of the information. Unlike flow charts that preceded them or the variety of other graphical tools that have come since their development, data flow diagrams do not require the analyst to commit to a physical implementation of any sort. …


Faster switching for soft magnets The most familiar magnets are permanent magnets like the ones on a refrigerator door. However, for applications in transformers and motors, soft magnets that can rapidly switch their magnetization in response to a magnetic field are used. In electronics, wide bandgap semiconductors such as silicon carbide will allow power conversion electronics and motor controllers to operate more efficiently, but soft magnets must be developed that can respond at higher frequencies. Silveyra et al. review the development of current soft magnetic materials and opportunities for improving their performance in high-frequency operation. Materials being explored include soft ferrites, amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys, and powder cores or soft magnetic composites. Science, this issue p. eaao0195 BACKGROUND Soft magnetic materials and their related devices (inductors, transformers, and electrical machines) are often overlooked; however, they play a key role in the conversion of energy throughout our world. Conversion of electrical power includes the bidirectional flow of energy between sources, storage, and the electrical grid and is accomplished via the use of power electronics. Electrical machines (motors and generators) transform mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. The introduction of wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors is allowing power conversion electronics and motor controllers to operate at much higher frequencies. This reduces the size requirements for passive components (inductors and capacitors) in power electronics and enables more-efficient, high–rotational speed electrical machines. However, none of the soft magnetic materials available today are able to unlock the full potential of WBG-based devices. Since the 1800s, when iron was the only soft magnetic material available, metallurgists, materials scientists, and others have been periodically introducing improved materials. The invention of silicon (electrical) steel in 1900 was a notable event for soft magnetic materials. Silicon steel still dominates the global market of soft magnets and is the material of choice for large-scale transformers and electrical machines. However, its low electrical resistance makes it subject to large losses from eddy currents, particularly as operating frequencies are increased. This leaves the soft magnetic community looking to other materials to meet the needs of newer high-frequency devices. ADVANCES Several soft magnetic materials show promise for high-frequency operation. As oxides, soft ferrites stand out from other magnetic materials because they are insulating and therefore excel at reducing losses from eddy currents. However, soft ferrites suffer from a saturation magnetization (Ms) that is approximately one-fourth that of silicon steel. This substantially limits the power density in devices designed using soft ferrites and therefore limits their application. The current state-of-the-art materials are the amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys, which were invented in 1967 and 1988, respectively. Their distinctive nanostructures and extremely thin laminations work together to suppress eddy current losses, even at high frequencies. However, fabricating parts by cutting and then stacking or winding extremely thin and brittle laminations can be challenging. Composites are the newest class of soft magnetic materials, and in the field of soft magnetics, they are referred to as powder cores or soft magnetic composites. These materials are composed of micrometer-sized particles coated with an insulating binder and consolidated at high pressures. Although their performance is rather modest, their isotropic nature makes them well suited for use in rotating electrical machines. OUTLOOK The need for improved soft magnets capable of efficient operation at high frequencies is capturing the attention of a growing number of researchers. Improvements to existing materials are being developed by some, whereas others are exploring radically new approaches. Even though ferrites were invented in the 1940s, grain-boundary engineering and new syntheses compatible with integrated manufacturing are being pursued. The nanocrystalline and amorphous materials are constantly being improved through increases in Ms and the introduction of alloys that are more amenable to the fabrication of large-scale parts. Powder cores have opened the door for nanoparticle-based composites, which can be fabricated with top-down as well as bottom-up approaches. A well-designed nanocomposite has the potential for negligible losses over specific temperature and frequency ranges. In all materials, advanced characterization techniques will be paramount to understanding the relationship between nanostructure and magnetization reversal, which will then enable the design of improved soft magnets. Two views of soft magnetic materials. (Left) A row of three wound toroidal inductors mounted on a printed circuit board. (Right) Magneto-optical Kerr effect image of the magnetization pattern on the surface of an amorphous alloy soft magnet. CREDITS: (LEFT TO RIGHT) BILLNOLL/ISTOCK; R. SCHAEFER ET AL., IEEE TRANS. MAGN. 37, 2245 (2001) Soft magnetic materials are key to the efficient operation of the next generation of power electronics and electrical machines (motors and generators). Many new materials have been introduced since Michael Faraday's discovery of magnetic induction, when iron was the only option. However, as wide bandgap semiconductor devices become more common in both power electronics and motor controllers, there is an urgent need to further improve soft magnetic materials. These improvements will be necessary to realize the full potential in efficiency, size, weight, and power of high-frequency power electronics and high–rotational speed electrical machines. Here we provide an introduction to the field of soft magnetic materials and their implementation in power electronics and electrical machines. Additionally, we review the most promising choices available today and describe emerging approaches to create even better soft magnetic materials.


The European strategy requires harmonization of various methods to reduce noise with actions on the noise sources, on the receptor and on the sound propagation medium. Regarding the reduction of noise level using insulating structures, one of the issues of research is based on study of acoustical properties of materials and optimum geometry of sound barriers. The paper aims to present one of the modern and non-destructive method to determine the natural frequencies and damping coefficient of plates made from different materials: plywood, composite (epoxy /glass fibre mixed with various form of reinforcement pattern). Based on Rayleigh-Ritz method and the vibration tests of the freely supported composite plates, natural frequencies were predicted.


Background: Early restoration of epicardial flow before primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI) has been associated with improved clinical outcomes. Methods: We hypothesized that early administration of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor eptifibatide in the emergency department(ED) would yield superior epicardial flow and myocardial perfusion before primary PCI compared with initiating eptifibatide after diagnostic angiography in the cardiac catheterization laboratory(CCL). Three hundred forty-three patients with STEMI were randomized to either early ED eptifibatide(n=180) or CCL eptifibatide(n=163). Results: The primary end point(pre-PCI corrected TIMI frame count) was significantly lower(faster flow) with early eptifibatide(77.5±32.2 vs 84.3±30.7, P=.049). The incidence of normal pre-PCI TIMI myocardial perfusion was increased among patients treated in the ED versus CCL(24%vs 14%, P=.026). There was no excess of TIMI major or minor bleeding among patients treated in the ED versus CCL(6.9%[12/174] vs 7.8%[11/142], P=NS). Conclusion: A strategy of early initiation of eptifibatide in the ED before primary PCI for STEMI yields superior pre-PCI TIMI frame counts, reflecting epicardial flow, and superior TIMI myocardial perfusion compared with a strategy of initiating eptifibatide in the CCL without an increase in bleeding risk.


Friction stir welding (FSW) is a process originally developed for joining light materials, such as aluminum and magnesium, as an answer to their poor weldability by conventional fusion processes. In Colombia, the technique has been studied but its industrial implementation is uncommon, due to the high cost of specialized machinery and the unfamiliarity with the technique of local industries. This article presents an implementation case study of FSW on a 6082-aluminum alloy train component from Metro de Medellín (MdM), aiming to establish the component design changes required to accommodate the FSW process, and conventional machines available in the local area which may be available for welding. Additionally, a simple comparison was made between the cost of this approach versus the manufacturing strategy currently used for the selected component. Initially, welding forces were measured when performing the seam on the selected component using an FSW machine. This data was then used to downselect the local milling machines with these capabilities. A simple but specific tool was designed for the geometry of one of the component features. Finally, a prototype was fabricated, and weld samples were obtained, polished, etched, and examined using a microhardness machine and an optical microscope. Results show a good opportunity for the execution of simple components with uniform geometries, which can be carried out using locally available machinery because they do not surpass their maximum loading capacity, the welds do not present visible discontinuities, and an average hardness of 69.5 HV and mechanical efficiency of 95% can be achieved. Additionally, the manufacturing process is around 30% cheaper compared to traditional methods, making the application viable, economically speaking.


criminal law. The 1957 &dquo;Uniform Crime Reports,&dquo; issued by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, records a total of 2,068,677 arrests for offenses ranging from criminal homicide to minor offenses in some 1,473 cities with a population of more than 2,500. Of this total, 832,268 (or over 40 per cent) were for drunkenness. This is exclusive of arrests for other offenses involving drunkenness, such as the 241,168 for disorderly conduct, a substantial percentage of which were drunkenness arrests. Thus almost 50


Based on the performance-based earthquake engineering assessment framework,under a suite of earthquake records selected,by virtue of experimental damage results of bridge piers and assumed loss ratio,the seismic financial risk can be expressed in term of expected annual loss(EAL) for high-pier and long-span rigid frame bridge with incremental dynamic analysis(IDA) performed and analytical damage fragility function developed.The result indicates that moderateand-low level earthquakes result in expected annual loss taking up 72% of the total.In earthquake-prone zone,the seismic financial risk is mainly from the hazard of moderate-and-low level earthquakes,for which decision-makers should take action to reduce seismic financial risk properly.


Einstein is the greatest scientist, thinker and man of the 20th century.His personal charcter, his thoughts of science and of philosophy present "an universal, non-personal and super-individual life". They influenced the progress of sciences, social development and human being's self-perfection at his age, and still has a strong spiritual force today. It is out of question that they will continue to be of great importance in the 21 st century.


Childhood cancer is relatively rare, comprising less than 1% of cases of malignant disease. 1 Cancer is the second most common cause of death in children in Western countries, while in Africa it is not even ranked among the 10 most common causes of death. Infections, nutritional disease, HIV and tuberculosis remain the most important paediatric health problems in developing countries. In developed countries, more than 80% of children with malignancies can be cured, but unfortunately most children with cancer live in developing countries, where the cure rate is much lower. 2 In 2009 South Africa's population was approximately 49 million, of whom 15 500 000 were in the age group 0 - 14 years. 3 This translates to over 31% of the population, while in the USA and Western Europe the corresponding figures are 20% 4 and 17%, 5


Background Migraine is a highly prevalent, disabling, misunderstood, underdiagnosed, and undertreated neurological disease. It is a leading cause of productivity loss in the workplace. Methods This is the first large-scale company-wide headache education and evaluation program in the workplace. Results 73,432 (90.5%) Fujitsu employees participated. The prevalence of migraine was 16.7%, tension-type headache 40.7%, and cluster headache 0.5%. After completing the training, 82.9% of participants without headache said they would change their attitude towards colleagues with headache disorders and 72.5% of total participants said their understanding of headache changed. The proportion of employees who thought that headache had a significant impact on people's lives increased from 46.8% to 70.6%; 2971 (4.1%) of all participants were interested in a virtual consultation with a headache specialist as part of the program, more than half of whom had not previously consulted for headache. Approximately 14.7 days per year of full productivity per employee with headache were gained resulting in an annual productivity saving per employee of US$4531. Conclusion This unique headache workplace program was associated with a high level of participation, an improvement in the understanding of migraine and attitude towards colleagues with migraine, reduction in disability and increased employee productivity, and decreased costs of lost productivity due to migraine. Workplace programs for migraine should be considered for all industry sectors.


A water distribution network (WDN) is an indispensable element of civil infrastructure that provides fresh water for domestic use, industrial development, and fire-fighting. However, in a large and complex network, operation and management (OM and (2) sectorization procedures, which physically decompose the network by selecting pipes for installing flow meters or gate valves. We also provide an overview of emerging problems that need to be studied.


It is relatively unrecognized that it was a Catalan troubadour, Raimón Vidal de Besalú, who penned one of the most attractive and vivid descriptions of Alfonso VIII's court in the Castia Gilos. The text belongs to the narrative genre known as novas (Suzanne Fleischman 169),' and begins by depicting a literary soirée in which the royal patrons, Alfonso VIII the Noble, '"N-Anfós" (Manuel Mila i Fontanals 125), and his queen Eleonor of Aquitaine, "la reyn' Elionors" (Mila i Fontanals 126), listen attentively to the Catalan's poem. Raimon Vidal de Besalú dedicates die first fifteen lines of the Castia Gilos to praising Alfonso as a model of courtesy, and then proceeds to describe the graceful and beautiful queen and her rich garments:


Roughly one in ten Americans move every year, bringing significant social and economic impact to both the places they move from and places they move to. We show that migration intent mined from internet search queries can forecast domestic migration and provide new insights beyond government data. We extract from a major search engine (Bing.com) 120 million raw queries with migration intent from 2014 to 2016, including origin and destination geographies, and the specific intent for migration such as whether the potential migration is housing or employment related. Using these queries, we map U.S. state level migration flows, validate them against government data, and demonstrate that adding search query-based metrics explains variance in migration prediction above robust baseline models. In addition, we show that the specific migration intent extracted from these queries unpack the differential demands of migrants with different demographic backgrounds and geographic interests. Examples include interactions between age, education, and income, and migration attributes such as buying versus renting housing and employment in technology versus manual labor job sectors. We discuss how local government, policy makers, and computational social scientists can benefit from this information.


A set of twenty strains of Yersinia pestis isolated during the investigation of an outbreak in a focus of the Araripe, municipality of Exu, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, was analyzed for six VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) loci. The strains, conserved in the bacterioteca SRP (bacterial collection of the Reference Service in Plague), were reactivated and the identification confirmed by bacteriological bacteriophage susceptibility to anti-plague. Changes in the genome were screened for the presence or absence of virulence genes in plasmids prototypical Y. pestis and High-Pathogenicity Island (HPI) of yersinias by multiplex-PCR. The strains proved to be genetically related by MLVA (analysis of multiple loci of variable number of tandem repeats), which reflects the epidemiological relationship of these isolates.


The urgency of sociology is to understand social reality, especially those morally reprehensible parts we fervently oppose and wish to change. Sociology is defined morally by the evils it opposes and exposes. The chosen weapon of sociology is realism. The discipline insists that our theories reflect reality, that they allow us to see things as they actually are, that the methods we employ are rational and reasonable. While I share this moral outrage and the urgent need to change the world, I will propose in this brief address that 'realism' is a great danger to sociology. As method, as theory, and also as sensibility, realism makes it difficult for us to be realistic. To put it most provocatively, realism makes reality obscure. Sociologists envy and imitate the extraordinary lucidity and realism of the hard sciences. Perhaps, if we work hard enough, we can match their ability to mirror the structure of the world. So in qualitative work we talk 'observational' methods, worry about converting impressions into field notes and generating grounded theory. In quantitative work, we diligently convert social qualities into countable things, to ensure our indicators have statistical validity and to separate spurious correlation from robust causality. I would by no means gainsay such efforts, but I would challenge the world view of realism to which they are typically attached. An obsessive concern with observation, induction, and reflection makes us blind to the role that moral and intellectual


In order to overcome the power measurement error caused by switch leakage of time division multiplier, in this paper, the mechanism of switch leakage of no-beats time division multiplier was analyzed, and switch leak was tested. On the basis of this, power compensation circuit on zero point correction based on voltage feedback and voltage frequency conversion method is designed, subsequently the compensation effect was tested respectively. Test results show that the zero compensation method based on voltage frequency conversion method is better, the zero error decreased to 0.0022%, the accuracy of the power measurement was improved.


Background Risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and allergic conditions, including asthma (AM), is elevated among SLE patients.1 Both AM and COPD negatively affect quality of life measured through patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Little research has examined the impact of AM and COPD on PROs in SLE, independent of SLE disease status. Objectives Determine the impact of AM/COPD on PROs in SLE, concurrently and longitudinally. Methods Data from 2 large, longitudinal, observational cohorts were examined (Lupus Outcomes Study, LOS: n=796; National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases, Forward: n=2804). AM and COPD were determined at study entry by self-report. PROs included validated scales or items measuring physical functioning, fatigue, pain, cognitive function, depressive symptoms and global severity, although the cohorts included different PROs (Table). Multiple regression analyses examined differences between subjects with and without AM/COPD cross-sectionally, controlling for age, sex, race, lupus duration, education, income, obesity, smoking, other comorbid conditions, and presence or history of renal involvement, clotting disorder or seizures. Longitudinal analyses examined PROs at 3 years (yrs) of follow-up, controlling for covariates above as well as baseline PRO values. Results LOS cohort was 92% female, mean age 47 years, 70% white, 42% ever smokers, mean lupus duration 13 years. Forward cohort was 94% female, mean age 51 years, 87% white, 38% ever smokers, mean lupus duration 16 years. 36% of LOS and 30% of Forward reported AM/COPD at study entry, compared to COPD prevalence of 7%2 and AM prevalence of 9.7%3 among US women. In cross-sectional analyses (Table), AM/COPD were associated with significantly worse scores on all PRO measures, except depressive symptoms (LOS). Longitudinal results were similar: AM/COPD were associated with worse scores on all PROs except SF-36 PF and Fatigue in LOS. Table. Multivariate Regression Analyses PRO variables Cross-sectional Longitudinal LOS SF-36 Physical Function (PF)† –9.2 (<0.0001)* –1.8 (0.26) SF-36 Fatigue 6.6 (<0.0001) 2.4 (0.09) CESD 1.5 (0.10) 1.7 (0.04) MOS Cognitive† –6.6 (<0.0001) –3.3 (0.01) Forward HAQ II 0.2 (<0.0001) 0.2 (<0.0001) Fatigue (0–10) 0.7 (<0.0001 0.8 (<0.0001) PHQ8 2.0 (0.01) 1.9 (0.006) Pain (0–10) 0.8 (<0.0001) 0.8 (<0.0001) Trouble thinking or remembering 1.5 (1.2–1.8) 1.2 (1.0–1.5) Global severity (0–10) 0.5 (<0.0001) 0.6 (<0.0001) *Beta (p value) from multiple linear regression analyses, except Forward 'trouble thinking or remembering', which is odds ratio (95% CI)†Lower scores=worse status. Otherwise, higher scores=worse statusCESD=Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; HAQ=Health Assessment Questionnaire; PHQ8=Patient Health Questionnaire depression inventory Conclusions AM/COPD are more common in SLE than the general population and are independently associated with worse outcomes on a wide range of PROs, even after controlling for sociodemographic and lupus characteristics. Findings suggest that physicians should screen for pulmonary comorbidities and ensure adequate treatment for these conditions. Future analyses of PROs in SLE should include AM/COPD as important comorbid conditions. References [1] Shen T-C, et al. PLoS One2014;9:e91821. [2] Ford ES, et al. Chest2013;144:284–305. [3] www.cdc.gov/asthma/most_recent_data.htm. Last accessed 4 January 2018. Disclosure of Interest P. Katz Grant/research support from: Bristol-Myers Squibb, S. Pedro Grant/research support from: Bristol-Myers Squibb, E. Alemao Shareholder of: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Employee of: Bristol-Myers Squibb, J. Mukherjee Employee of: Bristol-Myers Squibb, K. Michaud Grant/research support from: Pfizer and Rheumatology Research Foundation, Employee of: University of Nebraska Medical Centre and National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases


The invention relates to a bolt lock unit particularly used for a door or a trunk lid of a motor vehicle. The bolt lock unit comprises a lock (10) and a driving unit, wherein the lock comprises a locking mechanism and the driving unit is constructed as a tightening auxiliary device. The locking mechanism comprises latches (1 and 2) and at least one lock claw (2) for capturing the latch (1). The bolt lock unit further comprises controlling devices (4, 5 and 7), and the controlling devices are arranged to identify the location of the lock: an unlocking location (I), a second location (II) and a main location (V) and comprise latch sensors (4), lock claw sensors (5) and controlling units (7) started by the sensors (4 and 5). At least one additional lock location (I, II and IV) is detected by the controlling devices (4, 5 and 7) for controlling the tightening auxiliary device (6). The bolt lock unit is convenient and designed to be composed of a small quantity of parts and to be equipped with a simple controlling system.


This article briefly considers the convergence and divergence between Discursive Psychology (DP) and Conversation Analysis (CA), in relation to cognition in talk-in-interaction. It explores the possibilities for research that begins from, rather than argues for, a post-cognitive perspective. Drawing in particular on an analysis of a single fragment of conversation, I suggest three analytic areas for researchers concerned both with talk-in-interaction and with cognition: i) the social organization of cognitive displays and embodiments; ii) the (re)production of taken-for-granted culture through 'internalized social norms'; iii) cognitions (e.g. memories) made manifest in interaction, as the cognitive infrastructure upon which talk-in-interaction depends. After post-cognitivism, research in these areas can contribute both to scholarly understanding of cognition, and to the emerging discipline of CA.


Considerable effort has been devoted in recent years to the formulation of elastic degradation and damage. A large portion of damage models, however, still adhere to variations of the traditional ``(1-D)-type'' scalar formulation. In previous papers, the authors presented a unified framework for elastic degradation and damage which is similar in terminology and notation to the well-known theory of elasto-plasticity. The traditional scalar damage model, in which only E decreases while nu remains constant, was easily recovered as the first example of application. In the present paper, the unified theory is briefly revisited, and new formulations for elastic degradation of initially isotropic materials are presented. In a first step, the `basic' anisotropic formulation based on product-type symmetrization of effective stresses and energy equivalence is recovered. A new pseudo-log damage rate is introduced, that makes possible a convenient simple form of the conjugate force and a physical interpretation of the ``damage rule''. In a second step, an `extended' anisotropic damage formulation is presented with a second-order damage tensor that remains isochoric, plus two scalar damage variables. The extended formulation encompasses a more general type of isotropic degradation with simultaneous evolution of the two elastic parameters. Examples of application include the `extended' associated scalar damage model, and a `pseudo-Rankine' anisotropic model which exhibits convenient properties and looks very promising for practical calculations.


High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy studies of the Si(100)-( 2{times}1) surface show a heretofore unrecognized distortion of the substrate structure when islands form during the initial stage of growth of either Si or Ge. The distortion, reflecting the influence of strain, extends at least three dimers away from the adsorption sites. We present a realistic structural model. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}


XML has become the standard for data representation and exchange on the Internet. With a large number of XML documents on the Web, there is an increasing need to automatically process those structurally rich documents for information retrieval, similarity clustering, and search applications. In this paper, we propose a new method to measure the similarity between XML documents by considering their structures and contents. The similarity of document's structure is found by simple string matching technique and that of document's contents is found by weights taking into account of the names and positions of elements.


Objectives; To identify the roles of Notch - 1 gene for survivaland differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs) into neurons by way of RNA interference ( RNAi) technique to suppress expression of Notch - 1 gene. Methods; Firstly, construct mNotch - 1 short hairpin RNA (mNotch -IshRNA) and then to oberve configuration of MSCs transfected by mNotch - IshRNA; MTT was employed to evaluate the survival ratio of MSCs before transfection, 24 hours and 3 days after transfection, respectively; agents, such as BDNF, retinoid acid, were obtained to induce MSCs transfected by mNotch - IshRNA in vitro and expression of Nestin, NSE and NF200( neuron marker agent) and GFAP( neural glial cell marker agent) were determined by immunocytochemistry stain technique. Results: The cell cubic configuration was enforced and expression of notch - 1 gene vanished by transfection of mNotch -IshRNA. The survival ratio of MSCs by transfection decreased and there was significant differences between non - ransfection and transfection - controlling group after 24 hours and 3 days of transfection ( P 0. 01). The differentiation efficacy of MSCs transfected by mNotch - IshRNA into neurons and the expression of NSE,NF200 were increased significantly than non - ransfection and transfection -controlling group, and there was no expression of GFAP. Conclusions; The differentiation efficacy of MSCs can be enforced by mNotch - IshRNA to suppress Notch - 1 expression, which implies that the transverse differentiation of MSCs is similar to that of neural stem cells. The blocking of Notch - 1 signal pathway might promote differentiation of MSCs into neural stem cells.


1168 www.pccmjournal.org December 2018 • Volume 19 • Number 12 Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) to measure central venous pressures have been used since the 1970s (1). In 1975, Hoshal (2) reported the first use of a PICC for long-term total parenteral nutrition. Initial studies established the safety of PICCs (3–6). The advantages of PICCs are ease and safety of insertion compared with centrally placed central venous catheters (CVCs) and elimination of the discomfort associated with phlebotomy and frequent peripheral IV catheter changes. Specially trained nurses can place PICCs at the bedside (3) decreasing the use of CVCs. Third-party payers have supported placement of PICCs in adults since it facilitates early hospital discharge in patients who require prolonged IV therapy. Early studies also showed that complication rates were lower with PICCs compared with CVCs (4–6) with respect to bloodstream infection rates. In this issue of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Noonan et al (7) have reported, for the first time, complications related to PICCs compared with CVCs in the pediatric population. From an administrative database collected as part of a quality improvement, initiative, the authors compared central line–associated blood stream infection (CLABSI) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) rates between PICCs and CVCs. Almost 3,000 catheters were included, approximately 60% of which were CVCs. Age of patient was younger and duration of placement was longer for PICCs. Although the time to complication was not different, both CLABSI and VTE rate were higher with PICC compared with CVC even after adjusting for varying duration of catheter days. A lower extremity site was associated with a higher CLABSI and VTE rate for PICCs. Just as in adults, a left side orientation was associated with a higher VTE. Being a retrospective study, it is difficult to conclude that PICCs result in more VTE and CLABSI since there are important differences between the groups. Information regarding the decision to place a PICC or a CVC is lacking making any causative statements speculative. Nevertheless, although this is not a controlled study, important information can be gleaned from the results to design a prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) to compare PICCs and CVCs. "Any indwelling catheter is at risk for VTE and CLABSI!" Causative factors for VTE are vessel wall injury, stasis, and hypercoagulability—factors often referred to as Virchow's triad. More recently, the assumption that PICCs have less complications than CVCs have been called into question. Ajenjo et al (8) reported that PICC-related blood stream infections depended on the location where they were placed. Those placed in the ICU-setting had almost twice as many CLABSI rates as those placed in non-ICU settings (8). Recent reviews suggest that the risk of CLABSI and VTE varies according to three factors. These are patient-, setting-, and device-related factors and include Virchow's triad (9–11). The use of PICCs has increased each year at the expense of CVCs, but evidence for its superiority to CVCs in children is lacking. A well-designed, multicenter, prospective RCT needs to be done to answer the question whether PICCs result in fewer complications than CVCs in the pediatric population.


The paper advocates the concept of regression benchmarking as a part of middleware development and quality assurance process and highlights some of the outstanding issues related to implementing, running and evaluating regression benchmarks. The issues are analyzed in depth and the course of our work towards resolving them is presented.


We give explicit MacPherson cycles for the Chern-MacPherson class of a closed affine algebraic variety $X$ and for any constructible function $\alpha$ with respect to a complex algebraic Whitney stratification of $X$.
We define generalized degrees of the global polar varieties and of the MacPherson cycles and we prove a global index formula for the Euler characteristic of $\alpha$.
Whenever $\alpha$ is the Euler obstruction of $X$, this index formula specializes to the Seade-Tibar-Verjovsky global counterpart of the Le-Teissier formula for the local Euler obstruction.


Background: Inherited Metabolic Disorders (IMDs) are collectively common, particularly in a highly consanguineous population. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent permanent damage to the central nervous system as well as other devastating irreparable damage and even death. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of IMDs in children seen at the Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Misurata University, Libya. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, medical records of all patients with IMDs over 6 years' experience were studied. Related information to age, gender, consanguinity, family history, disorder type, diagnostic criteria and disease outcomes were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS: 57 patients were included in this study; 39 patients were male (68.4%) and 18 patients were females (31.6%) [M: F= 2.17:1] and the mean age at diagnosis was 1.9 years. Consanguinity was reported in 47 patients (82.5%), with family history being found in 71.9% of patients. 16 patients have mucopolysaccharidosis (28.1%), 11 patients have Glycogen storage diseases (19.3%),4 Nieman pick disease (7%), while the rest constitute the small molecular weight disease. Conclusion: IMDs are an up growing field of medicine, initial baseline diagnostic tools could take place in any specialized center and newborn screening should be established in Libya because of the high prevalence of IMDs. The lysosomal storage diseases are particularly common; however, many were still undiagnosed.


AIM
To analyse the efficacy of a 12-month multifactorial intervention by primary care nurses in increasing adherence to physical activity prescription (150 min/week) in patients with two or more cardiovascular risk factors and with cardiovascular risk up to 15% determined by the REGICOR equation.

BACKGROUND
In Spain, cardiovascular diseases are responsible for 30.5% of deaths. Regular physical activity decreases mortality risk due to cardiovascular diseases but the effectiveness of physical activity prescription in routine in primary care settings has been shown to be low.

DESIGN
Multicentre, single-blind, parallel randomized (in two different branches) clinical trial.

METHODS
At least 368 participants will be recruited (184 control and 184 intervention), to show an 8% increase in adherence to the physical activity prescription (1.2% control group and 9.2% intervention group). Participants will be patients aged 35-75 years with at least two cardiovascular risk factors and with a cardiovascular risk of up to 15% measured using the Framingham-REGICOR equation. Intervention will be performed throughout baseline and three follow-up visits. A motivational interview, the trans-theoretical stages of changes of Prochaska and DiClemente and an individualized prescription of physical exercise using physical activity assets will be used in the intervention. Data will be collected at baseline and after the 1-year intervention.

DISCUSSION
The present study will allow us to find out whether this brief multifactorial intervention induces greater adherence to physical activity prescription than usual practice, improving the quality of patient care.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): ISRCTN76069254. Protocol version 1.1, 6 July 2015.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a packing device which can be manufactured easily at a low cost and is comparatively lightweight and durable for long-term usage, further is excellent in sealing and detection of the number of rotation. SOLUTION: One radial-direction side part 19 of a supporting ring 2 extending toward the radial direction is coupled with a first packing member 3 which is in contact with a first machine member 4 in a static sealing condition that it does not rotate relatively against the member 4, while the other radial- direction side part 20 is coupled with a second packing member 5 which is in contact with a second machine member 6 in a dynamic sealing condition that it rotates relatively and freely against the member 6, and both packing members 3 and 5 are formed of elastomer. A multipolar ring 9 is prepared in a manner to be shifted along a rotation sensor 8 to detect the rotational movement of the member 4. The ring 9 is made of paste material containing at least one kind of magnetizing material, and it is arranged as an intermediate layer 10 which is thoroughly covered with the elastomer material of the members 3 and 5, further it has N and S poles which are extended in a radial direction and arranged together successively in a circumferential direction.


This paper presents results of a laboratory study exploring the effect of the oxidation-reduction (redox) condition on crude-oil adsorption on rock mineral surfaces and consequent wettability alteration. Experiments were performed by aging Berea outcrop and Loudon reservoir sandstones with crude oil under various redox conditions and water saturations. Wettability alterations after aging were evaluated by the US Bureau of Mines (USBM) method and by waterflood tests. The natural, oxidized Brea cores changed from strongly water-wet to mixed-wet conditions when aged at irreducible water saturation. Wettability alteration was greatly reduced when aging experiments were conducted under reduced conditions. The degree of wettability alteration depended on availability and redox state of iron on the mineral surfaces and also on aging time. The authors suggest two possible mechanisms to explain the role of iron in the wettability-alternation process. Wettability alteration in the water-wet Berea cores was insignificant when the cores were aged at residual oil saturation (ROS). Wettability alteration was also significant in the mixed-wettability Loudon reservoir cores, regardless of the water saturation or redox condition used in the aging experiments. The authors present the implications of these finding on core-handling procedures for wettability preservation.


Wb have been developing an electrohydraulic ventricular assist device(EVAD)for small patients,such as women and children.In order to develop the small and flat ventricular assist device implanted in a patient's abdomen,a flat electrohydraulic actuator which consists of a disk type motor and an oil pump was developed.The thickness of a developed motor is28.5mm.The motor could generate a torque of0.08Nm with an excitation current of1A. Maximum speed and efficency are2600rpm and77%,respectively The thickness,diameter,volume and weight of the electrohydraulic actuator are48mm,78mm,280ml,800g,respectively Maximum pressure head,flow rate and pump efficiency of the actuator are510mmHg,14.2L/min,24%,respectively.The developed actuator was connected to a di aphragm type blood pump and the capability as an EVAD was evaluated.The EVAD could generate a flow rate of5.0 L/min against an afterload of100mmHg with a pulse rate of70bpm.Power consumption of it was from15to20W . Developed device indicated sufficient performance as a ventricular assist device.Clinically available artificial heart will be developed with further improvement of the electrohydraulic actuator.


Oxido and imido complexes of type ReOCl3(dppz) and Re(NPh)Cl3(dppz) having meridional geometry (where dppz is 3,6-di(2-pyridyl)pyridazine) have been isolated and characterized. The oxygen atom transfer from ReOCl3(dppz) to PPh3 has afforded Re(OPPh3)Cl3(dppz) which on chemical oxidation by HNO3 yielded [Re(OPPh3)Cl3(dppz)]ReO4. Treatment of Re(OPPh3)Cl3(dppz) with PPh3 has furnished facial Re(PPh3)Cl3(dppz). The second-order rate law and large negative entropy of activation (-15.8 eu) of the oxygen atom transfer reaction of ReOCl3(dppz) with PPh3 is consistent with an associative pathway initiating through nucleophilic phosphine attack to ReO * orbitals.


This article presents research results of the signal-to-interference ratio dependence (S/I) on the spatial structure of the radiation field of a three-element linear sparse antenna array in communication systems with spatial signal separation. As a result of the research, it was stated that when the receiving linear antenna is located in the region of the zero order maximum of the field of the useful signal, the formation of the S/I ratio does not depend on whether the field distribution is considered on a straight line or on a circular arc. The location of the receiving antenna in the region of the first-order maximum of the field of the useful signal gives the best results in the formation of the S/I ratio if the field distribution is used on circular arc and not on a straight line.


Purpose of review This paper provides an overview of the human rights of mental patients in India from a global perspective. There is diversity regarding the awareness and implementation of human rights issues in a large democratic country like India, with a population of over one billion. India's constitution envisages the establishment of a new social order, and one of the primary duties of the states is to improve public health. India has a national health policy and national mental health programme, and has a mix of public and private mental health facilities. Recent findings After the development of a national mental health policy and a new Mental Health Act in 1987, and the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission in 1994, there is greater awareness about mental health issues, including human rights, in India. This increased awareness has brought into focus the poor conditions in some of the old mental hospitals. Although some aberrations of violations of human rights issues reported in the Erwadi Tragedy in 2001 cannot be generalized for the whole country, such issues have attracted wider media attention. Summary Recent media coverage and legal interventions on human rights issues regarding mental patients have attracted wider attention of both public and policy makers. The efforts of the courts have helped to safeguard human rights and develop the quality of mental healthcare norms in India. Health legislation and mental health policy, with the support of mental health professionals, can positively help improve the quality of care for the forgotten millions.


According to Marx, the process that enabled the initial conditions for the emergence of capitalism as a mode of production is associated with a violent process of
enclosures of communal lands and expulsion of the peasantry, which he calls "primitive accumulation." The appropriation of these lands allowed capitalists to accumulate the
necessary means for the development of capitalism as a mode of production, while providing an industrial army of reserves. To the contrary of what Marx's thought, this
process is not restricted to the prehistory of capitalism. The work of Rosa Luxemburg and later of David Harvey expand Marx's understanding by suggesting that the dynamics
of capitalist accumulation need systematically to resort to the (often violent) taking of the goods of others. This is how the concept of "accumulation by dispossession" arises to
explain the continuous process by which capitalism usually seizes common goods as a way of sustaining its expansion and bypassing its organic crises. Seeking to defend the
thesis that tourism can be used as an instrument to enable accumulation by dispossession, this research aims to explain how this process of accumulation has been
taking place in Fernando de Noronha (PE), a small island located at the Brazilian Northeast, and considered as one of the most desired tourist destinations in the country.
Our findings indicated that the ways that lead to dispossessions are opened from the moment the islander associates or leases his house to a businessman from the
Continent. We could also verify that the action of the State is decisive in the dynamics of this spoliation and that, specifically in the case of Fernando de Noronha, this action is
mediated by the device of the exchange of favors between bureaucrats and local entrepreneurs. Finally, we emphasized that the manipulation of the image of "paradise"
constitutes a fundamental element in the production of space and the logic of dispossession from the moment in which it promotes the legitimacy of the action of the
bureaucrats.


This book presents a survey of analytical, asymptotic, numerical, and combined methods of solving eigenvalue problems. It considers the new method of accelerated convergence for solving problems of the Sturm-Liouville type as well as boundary-value problems with boundary conditions of the first, second, and third kind. The authors also present high-precision asymptotic methods for determining eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of higher oscillation modes and consider numerous eigenvalue problems that appear in oscillation theory, acoustics, elasticity, hydrodynamics, geophysics, quantum mechanics, structural mechanics, electrodynamics, and microelectronics.


ABS TRACT Ob jec ti ve: Dis co lo ra ti on of por ce la in ma te ri als can re sult in pa ti ent dis sa tis fac ti on and ad di ti o nal ex pen se for rep la ce ment. The co lor sta bi lity of den tal ce ra mics cur rently used for me tal ce ra mic crowns is unk nown. The pur po se of this study was to de ter mi ne the co lor sta bi lity of 4 dif fe rent low-fu sing den tal por ce la in ma te ri als aga inst te a, cof fe e and ci ga ret te smo ke. Ma te ri als and Met hods: Sixty disc-sha ped spe ci mens (12 mm in di a me ter and 1.5 mm in thick ness) we re fabri ca ted with 4 den tal por ce la in ma te ri als (D-Sign, Fi nes se, Ome ga 900, VM7) ac cor ding to ma nu fac tu rers'; ins truc ti ons. Spe ci mens we re di vi ded in to 3 sub gro ups for ex po su re to 1 of the fol lo wing 3 en vi ron ments: te a, cof fe e, and ci ga ret te smo ke. The co lor pa ra me ters (L*, a*, b*) of each spe ci men was me a su red with a co lo ri me ter pri or to ex pe ri ment, af ter ex po su res of 1 day, 10, 20, 30, and 45 days. Furt her co lor me a su re ments we re ma de af ter brus hing of spe ci mens to de ter mi ne the re si du al sta i ning. Co lor chan ge (∆E) was cal cu la ted and da ta we re analy zed with 2-way ANO VA. Results: The re we re no sig ni fi cant dif fe ren ces among co lor chan ge of por ce la in ma te ri als; ho we ver, the dif fe ren ce among sta i ning agents was sig ni fi cant. Ci ga ret te smo ke pro du ced the hig hest dis co lo ra ti on (∆E= 18.71) in all por ce la in ma te ri als fol lo wed by cof fe e (∆E= 2.13) and te a (∆E= 2.11) so lu ti ons. Be fo re brus hing, te a and cof fe e pro du ced the si mi lar dis co lo ra ti on in all ma te ri als tes ted. All sta i ning agents in cre a sed dis co lo ra ti on of por ce la in sur fa ces up to 45 days. Af ter brus hing ci ga ret te smo ke aga in ca u sed the hig hest dis co lo ra ti on (∆E= 2.65) in all por ce la ins fol lo wed by cof fe e (∆E= 2.02) and te a (∆E= 1.21). Conc lu si on: The sta ins on por ce la in sur fa ces we re ef fec ti vely re mo ved by brus hing. Af ter brus hing te a so lu ti on ca u sed slight co lor chan ge and ci ga ret te smo ke and cof fe e solu ti on ca u sed no ti ce ab le co lor chan ges in all por ce la ins tes ted.


Unilateral emission reduction policy conducted by the EU may undermine competitiveness of European industries. In order to mitigate this risk, these industries are granted with free emission allowances based on their historical production ("historical allocation"). However, another option which is currently discussed could be the linkage of free allowances amount to the current production level ("dynamic allocation"). Such a rule which would not "punish" companies for output increases. Multi-sector, multi-region computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, calibrated to GTAP data. Counterfactual analysis aimed at comparison of various allocation rules. In general, dynamic allocation rule favors industries expected to record a relatively fast grow in the future. However, on the macroeconomic level, dynamic allocation rule differs very little from the historical one.


We have read with great interest the recent article by Tilburt et al published in Cancer. The article describes the results of a small, multicenter, cluster randomized controlled trial during which 21 urology practices affiliated with National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program sites were randomized to implement 2 different types of decision aids— before the clinical visit (ie, a previsit decision aid), during the clinical visit (a withinvisit decision aid), or at both times (ie, before and during)— or usual care. The results showed that the investigators succeeded in recruiting a large proportion of minority men into the study from urological practices. This is an important achievement because prostate cancer is usually diagnosed in community settings, but most research is being conducted in regional cancer centers. Thus, the ability to conduct a trial successfully in the community setting is an important contribution. We are not surprised by the null result of prostate cancer knowledge. Tilburt et al note that in past research, knowledge has not been notably associated with the use of decision aids; hence, the decision to focus on knowledge as the primary outcome is puzzling. Knowledge has played an outsized role in the judgment and decisionmaking literature, which has been driven by the common belief that a patient needs to be informed to make a medical decision. We are not arguing with this core assumption; however, we ask investigators to think about what "being informed" really means for individual patients. It has been well established that patients' approaches to decisionmaking do not necessarily follow a rational model. Instead, patients' understanding and decisions are influenced by beliefs and expectations, swayed by affect, and guided by opinions from experts and nonexperts alike. When asked, patients generally agree that they feel informed. However, given these myriads of influences, knowledge as a measure of decisionmaking is clearly suboptimal. Which outcome measures should then be used? Before we answer this question, we suggest that the design and format of decision aids be reconceptualized and that this be followed by the development of appropriate assessment tools. We recommend that the clinical encounter should primarily focus on patients' treatment preferences. Rather than starting the consultation process with detailed information about all available options, our team has developed an approach that focuses on assessing patients' initial thoughts about their prostate treatment options. These initial "leanings" are a perfect transition to discussing options that are relevant to the patients, to educating them about alternative options, and to deriving a shared decision. Most importantly, the patients become active participants in the decisionmaking process. To standardize this elicitation process, we have developed webbased software that leads patients through a series of basic questions about their preferences for treatment options (eg, "Do you prefer to be treated now or to be actively monitored by your physician?"). Physicians use the results of this process to shape their consultations with patients. The preference elicitation process can be performed before or during the clinical encounter. Another important component is to provide communication training to physicians to allow providers to take advantage of this shared decisionmaking approach. Finally, returning to the questions of outcome measures, we suggest that assessments of preferencecongruent decisions and decisional regret be used within days or weeks of the decision.


We have detected single 650 nm photons with quantum efficiencies greater than 60% using a large area silicon avalanche photodiode. We cool a 5 mm diam commercially available device to 100 K and operate in the gain‐mode. For most applications—from the near‐infrared to the ultraviolet—this device is the most sensitive photon counting detector that has ever been demonstrated. In typical photon counting applications, this detector should prove to be between two and one hundred times more sensitive than the best currently available devices.


Bioenergy is the most outstanding renewable source among other fuels that are non-renewable and running out. Globally, the main cause of the energy crisis is a scarcity of natural resources. In this respect, harnessing the abundant renewable sources for energy production can help to alleviate the crisis of energy. Developing countries needs an incessant supply of cheap and clean energy sources. Bioenergy production from biomass such as manure, agricultural residue, and municipal solid waste. it is economically feasible because organic substrates have high nutritive values for micro-organism (especially kitchen waste), high biodegradability rate, and high calorific values. This study has investigated the anaerobic co-digestion of wastewater sludge, Manure and kitchen waste for bio-energy production and analyzed the parameters which have significant effect on digestion process. This process has also decreased the excess of BOD, COD, N and P about 64.07%, 60.16%, 56.06% and 71.02% respectively which indicated the organic fraction utilized by microbes. Anaerobic co-digestion enhances biogas production when treating such wastes wastewater sludge, Manure and kitchen waste combined.


The impact of bacteriophages as antibacterial agents was known after their first discovery in 1915, and they were then employed to treat the bacterial infections. However, the discovery of penicillin in 1928 quickly overshadowed bacteriophage therapy, and paved the way for its large-scale production in the 1940s to enter the era of antibiotics. In recent years, resistant bacteria have contributed to increasing the studies on bacteriophages. A remarkable difference between phages and antibiotics is the remarkable phage's specificity to infect certain types of bacteria, which makes them excellent alternatives for treatment of the bacterial infections. Moreover, bacteriophages have different life cycles; knowing the differences between each cycle is essential to exploit the benefits of phages to humans. This review aimed to highlight the history of discovering the bacteriophages and their characteristics; discusses the numerous phages applications including phage therapy, and the limitations of their use.


Kedourie's treatment of Turkey illustrates both the strength and weakness of the book. Ataturk's vision is seen as incompatible with constitutionalism, and so is that of his successor Inonu (pp. 106-7). This leads to a puzzle for Kedourie: "It is not known why exactly Inonu allowed the formation of an opposition party" (pp. 110-11). Why indeed? Why have constitutionalist experiments been tried at all, not only in Turkey but in several other Middle Eastern countries? Is the characterization of politicians incorrect? Are there social factors at work, not considered by Kedourie, that might account for these unlikely (and largely unsuccessful) projects? Kedourie is at his best dealing with Turkey, yet ironically Turkey presents the biggest challenge to his thesis. He seems to sense this himself as he admits grudgingly that "another reading" of Turkey's prospects for constitutionalism, the more optimistic analysis of Dankwart Rustow, is possible (p. 153). He concludes lamely, "Only time, of course, will show if this optimism is warranted" (p. 154). This book breaks no new ground on an empirical or theoretical level, nor, I suspect, was it intended to do so. Works of synthesis—especially those with a point of view—can perform a valuable function. This one would have been more useful to scholars if it had, in addition, acknowledged and dealt with ongoing debates in the field of Middle Eastern politics. The very limited scope of the suggestions for further reading (pp. 352-55) indicates the unnecessarily narrow boundaries of the study. Particularly glaring is the lack of attention to arguments about the impact of global factors on the question of constitutionalism. Although there are descriptions of European imperial involvement, there is scarcely any indication that it could have impeded liberalization. Instead, Lord Cromer and Lord Curzon, along with British diplomats and intelligence agents, are cited as reputable sources on the inability of indigenous peoples to govern themselves (e.g., pp. 63-64, 78-79, 188, 252). The debate on dependency that has animated scholars from the region and outside it is totally ignored here. The hypothesis that the Palestinian and Arab-Israeli conflict might have had some effect on domestic politics is largely ignored, except in the brief discussion of Lebanon. There is no reference to the published work on political economy in general, and oil in particular. Ignored too is any of the post-1970s debate on the authoritarian state, civil society, and the possibilities for a new era of liberalization. This is a pity because a scholar of Kedourie's erudition and opinions might have led those of us who have expressed qualified optimism about such an eventuality to reexamine our own arguments.


DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABBREVIATIONS Chapter I: A PLACE IN ART HISTORY Introduction The Artist and his Art Context and Form Themes in this Research Thesis Structure Resources Chapter II: J. C. DOLLMAN IN CONTEXT Introduction Early Days Royal Academy Schools Primrose Hill Studios and Bedford Park The Graphic and Middle Years Thoughts on Art Later Years Biographical Summary Chapter III: "BLACK AND WHITE": THE GRAPHIC'S DRAFTSMAN, 1875 – 1990 Introduction


This paper is devoted to the robust consensus tracking problem of second-order nonlinear multi-agent systems (MASs) with the interval uncertain topologies. For the second-order MASs including one leader agent and multiple follower agents, a control protocol is proposed by combining the iterative learning control scheme with the sliding mode control method. By analyzing the convergence of sliding mode variables, the consensus conditions including the unknown eigenvalues and the undetermined weight coefficient are obtained. In order to deal with the difficulties of weight coefficient design caused by the unknown eigenvalues of graphs, a min-max optimization problem is formulated based on the fastest convergence of the λ-norm of sliding mode variables, then the optimal weight coefficient is obtained by solving the min-max optimization problem. Moreover, for the undirected and directed interval uncertain graphs, two algorithms about the optimal weight coefficients are proposed, respectively. Finally, three numerical simulation examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.


Singlet oxygen(~1O_2) is believed to be the major cytotoxic species generated during Type-Ⅱphotochemical reaction of photodynamic therapy(PDT),and the direct detection of ~1O_2 luminescence has received considerable attention during the past two decades.The most attractive advantage of this photo-physics-based technique for direct PDT dosimetry is that it can circumvent the complicated interactions between photosensitizer,treatment light and molecular oxygen. It has been previously demonstrated that PDT efficiency is correlated well with cumulative ~1O_2 luminescence counts detected during PDT treatment.In this review,the generation of ~1O_2 during photosensitization and detection techniques of ~1O_2 luminescence are introduced,and the 0,lifetimes in different solvents are summarized.Furthermore,the most recent advances in PDT-~1O_2 dosimetry for in vitro cell model,in vivo animal model,and pre-clinical studies are presen- ted in details.Finally,the challenges and trends in developing PDT-~1O_2 dosimetry for clinical application are briefly discussed.


Hollow fibre ultrafiltration membrane is frequently employed in the water treatment processes.However, the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane significantly affects the economics of the process.In this study the fouled polyvinylidenefluoride ultrafiltration membrane and its module were cleaned by flat ultrasonic treatment with 2000 mg·L~ -1 citric acid.The cleaning results were determined by a cleaning ratio defined by the authors and SEM, and also validated by membrane flux.Ultrasound was shown to be beneficial to cleaning and the cleaning ratio was 80% with no damage of membrane and was 25% more than that without ultrasonic treatment.The optimal ultrasonic treatment parameters were: frequency 40 kHz,sound intensity 2200 W·m~ -2 ,treatment time 30 min.For the fouled module, the flux increased from 0.0368 cm~3·cm~ -2 ·min~ -1 to 0.1254 cm~3·cm~ -2 ·min~ -1 , i.e., the flux recovery was 72.5% of the new membrane without back purge and the flux was increased to 241% of the initial flux of fouled membrane.


Contactless sensing that makes use of the self-mixing technique offers a compact, low cost solution that can be used for a range of measurement tasks. In this paper we demonstrate a method for maintaining the maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the signal obtained from the self-mixing flow sensor based on a Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL). It was found that the locus of maximum SNR in the current-temperature space can be well approximated by a simple analytical model related to the temperature behaviour of the VCSEL threshold current. The optimum sensor performance is achieved by tuning the laser current according to the proposed model thus enabling the sensor to operate without temperature stabilisation over a wide temperature range.


Imitative responses constitute an important basis of rich interaction between an infant and a care-giver. This paper proposes a cognitive robotic architecture for generating a variety of flexible imitative responses in situations where a robot interacts with humans using various toy objects. The architecture is based on a cognitive scientific hypothesis that "true imitation" capability consists of a set of sub-functions called "pseudo-imitation". Examples of pseudo-imitation are: (1) assimilation of bodily movements, (2) evoking stereotyped actions associated with a viewed object (tool). We propose that the synergy of these pseudo-imitations leads to higher level imitation. The above hypothesis is realized by implementing the individual pseudo-imitation components and the synergy function as parallel real-time modules. The robot flexibly exhibits various pseudo-imitation as well as their synergy, called "action unit imitation", by the dynamic collective workings of components and the function


Control system design for hypersonic vehicles using modern control theory techniques generally leads to high order controllers. The time delays which are created when these controllers are implemented may not be acceptable. A technique to constrain controller dimension apriori in the design process employing a controller canonical realization and a homotopy algorithm is used to design fixed order Hoocontrollers. Various reduced order controllers are designed for a hypersonic vehicle model accelerating through Mach 8. A comparison with a full order design is conducted and the results indicate that the developed fixed order design technique is suitable for hypersonic applications.


Possessing two manipulators heightens the ability of dual-arm robots (DAR) to conduct complex tasks, while raising hazard that the two manipulators might collide with each other or with other objects. DARs are usually equipped with a collision-free motion planning algorithms (CFMPA) to prevent the two manipulators from colliding. The CFMPA searches the motion paths of robot manipulators, which are expected to be as short and smooth as possible under the premise of ensuring safety. It is important to ensure that the algorithm is correct and efficient. It is not enough to apply traditional test methods to determine whether DARs can work in safety-critical applications. In this paper, theorem proving technology is employed to analyze the correctness and efficiency of a classical CFMPA. The CFMPA is outlined, and then formalized in high order logic with the theorem prover HOL4. An inconsistency in the range of motions of the robot manipulators in the algorithm is discovered. An improved algorithm is therefore proposed. Formal verification with HOL4 proves the correctness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm that has already run on a real DAR as well, in conformity with our expectation.


A new structure single-channel wavelength-selective switch based on fiber grating and fiber loop mirror is presented and the simulation explains the characteristics of the experimental results. A new multichannel configurable wavelength-selective switch is proposed and analyzed; this kind of switch can be used as routing or demultiplexer in dense wavelength-division multiplexing networking.


It has been a controversial issue whether either side of the two parties in a case of private prosecution can raise an action if, before the action, they have been conciliated or reached a compromise on their own. In present judicial practice, it is generally believed that the above-mentioned parties have lost their right to prosecute or the right to win the lawsuit, but this is a one-sided point of view. This paper points out that it is necessary for us to further study the contents of the compromise in the case of private prosecution and, under certain circumstances, permit their prosecution.


In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry is a useful tool for characterizing the kinetics of aluminum oxide growth. Thin aluminum films were deposited on thermally oxidized silicon wafers and dosed with oxygen. Real-time in situ ellipsometry was used to monitor both natural and UV oxidation processes using different oxygen pressures. The raw data was subsequently fit to an optical multi-layer model. The ellipsometric data was sensitive to changes in the oxide layer thickness of much less than a monolayer. With the time scale of our data acquisition two different growth regimes were seen in the fitted data in agreement with the Mott-Cabrera model of oxidation. The growth rate became larger with the assistance of light from the UV lamp.


Multicast communication-the one-to-many or mony-to-mony delivery of data-is a hot topic. It is of interest in the research community, among standards roups, and to network service providers. For all the attention multicast has receive!, there are still issues that have not been completely resolved. One result is that protocols are still evolving, and some standards are not yet finished. From a deployment perspective , the lack of standards has slowed progress, but efforts to deploy multicast as on experimental service ore in fact gaining momentum. The question now is how Ion it will be before multicast becomes a true Internet service. The goal of this artict is to describe the past, resent, and future of multicast. Starting with the Multicast Backbone (MBone], we &scribe how the emphasis hos been on develop ing and refining introdomain multicast routing protocols. Starting in the middle to late 1990s, particular emphasis has been placed on developing interdomain multi-cast routin protocols. We provide a functional overview of the currently deployed solution. T%e future of multicast may hinge on several research efforts that are working to make the provision of multicast less complex by fundamentally changing the multicast model. We briefly survey these efforts. Finally, attempts are being mode to deploy native multicast routing in both Internet2 networks and the commodity Internet. We examine how multicast is being deployed in these networks. ithout a doubt, multicast communication-the one-to-many or many-to-many delivery of data-has become a hot topic. It is the focus of intense study in the research cam-munity. It has become a highly desired feature of many vendors' network products. It is growing into a true deployment challenge for Internet engineers. It is evolving into a highly touted service being offered by some Internet service Droviders (ISPs). And finallv, it is startine to be used 1993 there were about 100 sites on the Web. So while multicast and the Web are roughly the same age, multicast is considered to be in the early stages of evolution [2], while the Web's success , influence, and use seem totally pervasive. Second, IP mul-ticast is one of the first services to be deployed which requires additional " intelligence " in the network. Multicast requires a nontrivial amount of state and complexity in both core and edge routers. These requirements are at odds with the long-standine belief that intellieence should be oushed to the edees by a number of companies …


[Objectives]To develop and evaluate the Chinese quality of life instruments for cancer patients-head and neck cancer(QLICP-HN).[Methods]Chinese quality of life instruments for cancer patients-head and neck cancer was developed by bringing forward many items in order to form the pool of items,confirming the format of items and answer options,analyzing and screening the items,pilot testing to evaluate the scale and amend and perfect it. The formal scale was evaluated by data of QOL measured from 133 in-patients with head and neck cancer.[Results]The test-retest reliability for 5 domains were above 0.9;internal consistency α for each domain was higher than 0.7;each correlation coefficient between single item and it's domain was higher than 0.6. The scale could reflect the change on quality of life of the patients with head and neck cancer after 4 weeks.[Conclusion]Chinese quality of life instruments for cancer patients-head and neck cancer can be used to measure the QOL for Chinese patients with head and neck cancer with better validity,reliability and responsiveness.


We consider the problem of efficiently navigating a modular self-reconfigurable robot (MSR) on an initially unknown terrain such as the Lunar or Martian surface. An MSR is composed of multiple modules which can be reorganized to achieve different formations such as a chain formation or a circular formation, depending on the mobility requirements of the terrain. Existing techniques for maneuvering MSRs use predetermined and hand-crafted movements for each module to bring about a desired gait pattern in the overall MSR. The problem with such hard-coded maneuvers is that they can result in inefficient motion, or could even prevent the MSR from moving in tight spaces. To address this problem, we have investigated techniques from game theory and multi-agent planning which allow the modules of an MSR to autonomously reconfigure based on their perceived environment and desired motion. We have developed a coalition game based framework that allows a set of modules to determine a configuration with the best 'value' that they can organize themselves into. However, the noise in the readings of the different sensors of the modules can result in erroneous parameters being used by the modules while computing this best valued configuration. We model the sensor noise as uncertainty in the configuration determination process and use a Markov decision process (MDP) to determine the configuration that gives the best expected value under uncertainty. Our algorithms were evaluated on the Webots robotic simulation platform while using a model of a modular robot called ModRED that is being developed as part of this project.


: This paper proposes an algorithm for the dynamic reconfiguration of Smart Distribution Systems with the objective of minimizing the active energy losses along the day, considering different load levels. In this proposal, a mono-objective algorithm based on the General Variable Neighborhood Search is implemented. An efficient scheme for coding and decoding the decision variables is adopted. Results of the application of the proposed method are presented in a real system, adapted to a smart grid. The results were satisfactory, considering the context of short-time operation planning.


The article provides the author's opinions of how business schools operate. The author has researched the quality of management education and has discovered issues dealing with gender and diversity...


Abstract Petroleum resins are used widely in many industries. They are solvable in most of aromatic and aliphatic solvents. There are different grades of petroleum resins from dark and viscose liquids to bright and hard ones. They are used mostly in the adherent industry as binder. In this article the production process of aliphatic petroleum resin is simulated based on the process described in Stanford Research Institute International. Regarding the lack of kinetic information about the dimerization process of cylcopentadiene as well as the polymerization process, suitable kinetic rate equations are derived from experimental tests done by Shakeri (2002) and used in the simulation. Simulation outputs are in good accordance with the given data in SRI.


Summary We discuss Local Wavefield Decomposition (LWD) as a method to remove ground roll from controlled source seismic. LWD poses data reconstruction as an inverse problem that enforces sparsity in the coefficients needed to reconstruct the data. We discuss a strategy to automatically capture signal and noise in separate parts of LWD's data reconstruction. We also discuss results from applying the method to synthetic data, and irregularly sampled field data.


The invention relates to a reclamated slope purple soil rapid fertilizing method and belongs to the technical field of soil improvement. The reclamated slope purple soil rapid fertilizing method comprises the steps of field selection, organic and inorganic carbon source combined application structure improvement, organic and inorganic nutrient synergistic interaction fertility improvement and reclamated land usage and fertilization combined and continuous utilization. The reclamated slope purple soil rapid fertilizing method is characterized by utilizing large amount of agricultural organic waste such as straw in rural areas to combine with biological measures and agricultural measures and taking reclamated slope purple soil as the carrier to establish a nutrient-microorganism-crop integrated soil structure and a fertility level comprehensively, rapidly and continuously improving scheme. The reclamated slope purple soil rapid fertilizing method is easy to grasp and comprehend and simple in operation; raw materials required in the reclamated slope purple soil rapid fertilizing method are easy to obtain and low in cost and have no influence on normal usage of the reclamated soil, so that organic unification of fertilization, land utilization and soil improvement can be truly achieved. The reclamated slope purple soil rapid fertilizing method is significant to ensuring the quantity and quality of farmlands in China and has high social and economic benefits.


"At the same time that factory work exhausts the nervous system to the uttermost," Karl Marx observed in Das Kapital, "it does away with the many-sided play of the muscles, and confiscates every atom of freedom, both in bodily and intellectual activity" (422). Nowhere has this observation been better exemplified than in the English novels of workingclass life since the late 1950s. Whether toiling at lathes like Arthur Seaton in Alan Sillitoe's Saturday Night and Sunday Morning and Arthur Machin in David Storey's This Sporting Life or at a milling-machine like Smith's in The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner, the protagonists of such fiction typically find that their actions soon became automatic, reducing them as workers (and, more importantly, as human beings) to mere operative extensions of the factory's machinery in exactly the way that Marx described. For virtually all of these working-class protagonists, the body and its pleasures provide refuge from the workaday monotony, fragmentation, and dreariness of factory-bound life in a class-ridden world. At the end of the week, having received their pay packets, they leave behind the factory with its noise and smells, eager to have "the effect of a week's monotonous graft in the factory . . . swilled out of [their] systemfs]" in the "cosy world of pubs and noisy tarts" (Sillitoe, Saturday Night 7, 33) for which such novels are renowned. For many, however, sports provide


We report on the first demonstration of epitaxial passivation for <tex>$\beta$</tex> -Ga<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> field effect transistors (FETs) with a gate connected field-plate. <tex>$\beta$</tex> -Ga<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> is a promising material for next generation high power and RF electronics, enabled by its large band gap <tex>$(\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{g}}=4.5-4.9\ \mathrm{eV})$</tex>, high breakdown field (8 MV/cm) and high electron velocity [1] [2]. In this work, we have used a delta-doped channel design since it allows scaled device topology while preserving relatively high mobility.


Abstract The objective distinction commonly made between nature and culture lacks foundation, for humans strongly influence nature and vice versa; thus, nature and culture can best be described as gestalt experiences which vastly differ in affects on body, mind, and spirit. Contrasting these two gestalts through experiences in a mall and the wilderness, it is discovered that nature tends to yield a richness of stimulation and integration in mind and body, whereas culture tends to offer monotony and mental disembodiment. Ultimately, the question is raised of how to provide the natural experience to those who cannot afford to enjoy nature, and it is proposed that providing for such an experience could be part of a general spiritual renewal in the world.


One of the challenging job in irrigation and surface dam construction projects is excavation of large quantity of rock in short period of time and achieving the final stable walls. Indira Sagar Polavarm Irrigation Project in India is one such project required about 36.5 million cubic meter of hard rock with final stable wall of about 8 lakhs square meter for the construction of earth cum rock fill dam. The slopes abutting the dam site, spillway, intake area, approach channel, powerhouse area etc is of utmost importance and their stability needs to be ensured right from the beginning and remain stable for several decades. Unstable wall requires additional supports which leads to increase construction cost as well as project completion time. Therefore, damage to the wall rock was controlled by adopting pre-split blasting technique. This paper discusses in detail the design and field implementation of pre-split blasts successfully carried out at spillway of Indira Sagar Polavaram Project. Keywords—Presplitting; wall control; final slope


A novel dual-band frequency selective surface (FSS) operating at Kuand Ka-bands is presented in this paper. The proposed FSS is an aperture element constituted by a square loop loaded with four symmetrical umbrella-shaped stubs on the front side of the dielectric substrate. A good angular stability up to 60◦ angle of incidence for both TE and TM polarizations is provided by the FSS. Moreover, the two passbands of FSS can be controlled independently and flexibly by changing corresponding structural parameters. A prototype of the FSS is fabricated and measured. The good agreement between simulation and measurement results further proves the performance of the FSS.


A computer process can exhibit various behaviors (general notion of operations) during its lifetime. Interacting with files, performing computational tasks, and network interactions are example process behaviors. Identifying the current behavior of computer processes can be used to improve resource management and policy enforcement. Inspecting the application instructions (static analysis) can be done to provide a notion of what an application can potentially do; however, certain behaviors may only be exhibited during the actual execution and is dependent on the intended application.This paper investigates a novel dynamic analysis approach that uses execution profiles to identify process behavior. An execution profile is a compact frequency representation of the executed machine instructions associated with an application. For this preliminary work, execution profiles are used in combination with Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) to determine if different processes (associated with different applications) cluster together into behavior groups. Experimental results using execution profiles with six different Linux utilities indicate processes cluster based on behavior, unlike static-based analysis.


ABSTRACT The literature on real exchange rate effects on the labour market is dominated by short-run analysis showing that there is heterogeneity in the responses of firms or industries to a real exchange rate shock. Analysing data on Canadian manufacturing industries, I conclude that there is a common long-run equilibrium across all manufacturing industries controlling for their openness to trade after varying adjustments to a real exchange rate shock have taken place. This conclusion is important from the perspective of policy making because it helps to form expectations about the effects of a real exchange rate movement on the labour market. The results suggest that real appreciation leads to economically significant reductions in employment in manufacturing in the long run. Real wages decrease in industries that are highly engaged in international trade and somewhat increase in industries that are relatively closed to international trade. Both employment and real wages converge quickly to the long-run equilibrium.


Cropland abandonment occurring both nationally and globally threatens food security and environmental sustainability. We explore whether agricultural cooperatives help reduce cropland abandonment, using data collected from 5,593 households in 229 villages in China. By estimating a two‐stage residual inclusion approach, we provide evidence that the existence of agricultural cooperatives in rural villages reduces the probability of cropland abandonment and the abandonment ratio. Further analysis shows that cooperative effects on cropland abandonment and the abandonment ratio are heterogeneous across geographic locations.


Objective To determine whether psychological distress associated with musculoskeletal injuries sustained in a motor vehicle crash (MVC), regardless of time of onset, impacts compensation outcomes such as claim settlement times and costs. Second, to identify factors routinely collected by insurance companies that contribute to psychological distress during the compensation process. Design Statewide retrospective study. Data source Analysis of the New South Wales statewide (Australia) injury register for MVC survivors who lodged a compensation claim from 2011 to 2013. Participants 6341 adults who sustained a musculoskeletal injury and who settled a claim for injury after an MVC. Participants included those diagnosed with psychological distress (n=607) versus those not (n=5734). Main outcome measures Time to settlement and total costs of claims, as well as socio-demographic and injury characteristics that may contribute to elevated psychological distress, such as socio-economic disadvantage, and injury severity. Results Psychological distress in those with a musculoskeletal injury was associated with significantly longer settlement times (an additional 17 weeks) and considerably higher costs (an additional $A41 575.00 or 4.3 times more expensive). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified risk factors for psychological distress including being female, social disadvantage, unemployment prior to the claim, not being at fault in the MVC, requiring ambulance transportation and rehabilitation as part of recovery. Conclusions Results provide compelling evidence that psychological distress has an adverse impact on people with musculoskeletal injury as they progress through compensation. Findings suggest that additional resources should be directed toward claimants who are at risk (eg, the socially disadvantaged or those unemployed prior to the claim), the major aim being to reduce risk of psychological distress, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and associated risk of increased settlement times and claim costs. Prospective studies are now required that investigate treatment strategies for those at risk of psychological distress associated with an MVC.


This paper postulates that blind and low-vision people can obtain substantial information from certain types of videos even without video description. We propose a class of such videos and provide a novel concept for accessibility measure for the proposed class of videos. The problem addressed in this paper is classifying this class of accessible videos e.g. a newsreader delivering news, speech being delivered etc. The fundamental issue in this problem is to measure accessible information in video. This paper proposes a model to measure this accessible information by leveraging change in video frames as indicators for accessibility. We provide empirical evidence of the effectiveness of our approach.


Objective To investigate the relationship between postpartum maternal role adaptation and coping style,social support in primiparae.Methods Totally 187 primiparae were investigated with Maternal Role Adaptation Questionnaire,Simplified Coping Styles Questionnaire and Social Support Rating Scale at 43 days after childbirth.Results In these primiparae 23.0 percent,52.9 percent and 24.1 percent of the them showed high level,moderate level and low level of maternal role adaptation,respectively.The degree of maternal role adaptation was different among primiparae with different educational levels and whether had expected pregnancy or not(P0.05).The maternal role adaptation was positively correlated with active coping style,the total score of social support,subjective support and utilization of support,while negatively correlated with negative coping style.Regression analysis showed that whether had expected pregnancy or not,active coping style,negative coping style, subjective support and utilization of support were important influence factors of maternal role adaptation.Conclusion Active coping style,high level of subjective support and utility of support can promote maternal role adaptation in primiparae.


The study of the literary and poetic academies in Calderon's comedias have not been taken into account by calderonian researchers, while a comparative and critical analysis show us the diversity of uses and forms (literary academies, academias de amor and debate) used by this author. Thanks to its variety, this paper aims to analyse the functions and the themes in nine comedias: El Jose de las mujeres, La sibila del Oriente, El hombre pobre todo es trazas, El mayor encanto, amor, Los tres mayores prodigios, El secreto a voces, Amado y aborrecido, Los tres afectos de amor, piedad, desmayo y valor y Los dos amantes del cielo. On one hand, these academic verses will be understood as a metatheatrical form; on the other hand, the literary and philosophical traditions of its debate themes will be revealed.


effects of emotion on cognitive processes, social influences on emotional reactivity and specif ic emotions?particularly jeal ousy, embarrassment and humor. Address: Department of Psychology-0109, UCSD, La folia, CA 92093-0109. Internet: email@example.com Love wasn't the only thing in the air on Valentine's Day 2003. A Texas jury had jus found C. Harris guilty of killing her husband in a "sudden passion." After encountering him at a hotel with a mistress, she had driven the car over his body again and again. As oth ers were exchanging tokens of love, the "Mer cedes murderer" was sentenced to spend 20 years in jail. Clara Harris was hardly the first woman to stand accused of murdering in a jealous rage. In various studies, jealousy is often ranked among the top three motives for nonaccidental homicides where motive is known?along with rage arising from a quarrel and murder during the commission of a crime. Across the ages the confounding power of sexual jeal ousy has inspired poetry, novels, drama, art and opera. It has also captured the attention of psychologists, who have used a variety of the oretical approaches in their pursuit of scien tific understanding. Early work focused on Freudian interpreta tions, the influence of which can still be seen in the psychiatric literature. As in other domains of psychology, however, recent research has followed a rather different direction. For some


T he State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) was enacted in 1997 to extend public health insurance coverage to children in families that had low incomes but did not qualify for Medicaid. The program's implementation contributed to a 25 percent decline between 1997 and 2005 in the portion of children who were uninsured.1 By 2005, more than 6 million children had been enrolled in SCHIP.2 Nevertheless, more than 8 million children remained uninsured throughout that year.3


Although 20% of myocardial infarctions (MIs) and 15% of sudden cardiac deaths (SCD) occur between midnight and 6:00 A.M., nocturnal cardiac death remains an underappreciated and poorly understood phenomenon. The risk of nocturnal SCD may be‐especially high in patients with coronary disease confounded by apnea, heart failure, recent Ml, pause‐dependent Torsade de Pointes, and near miss victims of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) or siblings of SIDS vistims. During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and dreaming, significant bursts in sympathetic nervous system activity may compromise coronary flow and trigger life‐threatening arrhythmia in susceptible individuals. In non‐REM or slow wave sleep, hypotension may lead to malperfusion of the heart and brain as a result of a lowered pressure gradient through stenosed vessels. Obstructive sleep apnea, which afflicts 1.5 million Americans, can generate reductions in arterial oxygen saturation, which may lead to hypertension and greatly increased risk of myocardial infarction. Cardiac medications which cross the blood‐brain barrier have the potential to alter sleep structure and provoke nightmares with severe cardiac autonomic discharge. Recently, new streamlined technology has been developed for tracking of sleep state. Among the most promising is the Nightcap, an unobtrusive, low cost device which accurately detects sleep state from eyelid and head movement with algorithms which could be incorporated into the circuity of ambulatory ECG recorders. Sleep states present unique autonomic, hemodynamic, and respiratory challenges to the diseased myocardium which cannot be replicated by daytime diagnostic tests. Because of the magnitude of the problem of nocturnal death and the availability of new practical technology for combined monitoring of sleep state and ECG, more widespread nighttime monitoring of the cardiac patient seems warranted.


Background: In ARIC, obesity is a risk factor for incident heart failure hospitalization (HF), but preHF obesity is associated with lower mortality after incident HF [obesity paradox (OP)]. Cardiac troponin T (cTnT), a marker of myocardial injury, predicts incident HF and mortality. We used preHF cTnT levels to identify 'cardiac healthy' obese, in whom HF may largely be due to obesity related non-cardiac factors vs. 'cardiac unhealthy' obese in whom HF is driven by myocardial injury.