In this study, the authors investigate the evolution of the structural and electrical properties of ZnO epilayers grown by the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition method on c-sapphire substrates. The inserting of a low-temperature ZnO buffer layer not only significantly improves the structural quality of the high-temperature (HT)-grown ZnO epilayer on a sapphire substrate but also results in high background electron concentration in it from the Hall-effect measurement. After subtracting the conductive contribution from a thin degenerated layer mostly formed between the buffer layer and the substrate based on the two-layer model, the deduced electron-carrier concentration is still in the order of 1018 cm−3, which is much larger than the 1016 cm−3 obtained from capacitance-voltage measurement near the top surface. This indicates that a much thicker layer with high carrier concentration should be formed in the HT-grown ZnO epilayer, which is significantly different from that observed in GaN epitaxy, wher...


The Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 catalyzed reaction of 2,3-saturated and 2,3-unsaturated 1,4-epiperoxides proceeds by courses markedly different from those of the previously reported transition metal catalyses. The Pd(0)-promoted reaction of 2,3-saturated epiperoxides gives the corresponding 4-hydroxy ketones and 1,4-diols as the major products. From 2,3-dedihydroepiperoxides are formed the corresponding 4-hydroxy enones, syn-1,2;3,4-diepoxides, and 1,4-diols. The results are interpreted in terms of competing Pd(0)/Pd(II) and Pd(0)/Pd(I) exchange mechanisms


Contains the ninth chapter of The Dream and the Reality, an unpublished literary work by John McLaren on the study of the realist tradition in Australian fiction. The purpose of McLaren's study is to explore the attitude of Australians to their country which has always been ambiguous and show how some Australian fiction writers reacted to this particular experience and environment, how they have treated the dream and how they have dealt with reality. In this chapter McLaren reviews the literary work of Thomas Keneally, the most successful practitioner of the symbolic style of writing set out to explore the inner meaning of man's life.


We study theoretically the spatial diffusion (transport) of two-level atoms in one- and two-dimensional optical molasses derived from counterpropagating laser beams. We use both quantum Monte Carlo and semiclassical methods to study the microscopic characteristics of the atomic motion and their effect on the macroscopic behavior of the spatial distribution. We find that there exists a certain critical depth of the optical potential below which the atomic trajectories show L\'evy flights in space that last on a definite time scale (L\'evy walks). This behavior leads to a transition from Gaussian spatial diffusion to anomalous diffusion while crossing this critical potential depth. We show that only atoms with very high momentum are responsible for these L\'evy walks. This observation allows us to predict the critical parameters via a semiclassical Fokker-Planck equation approach. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.


In this paper, we shall prove that a projective‐planar (resp., toroidal) triangulation G has K6 as a minor if and only if G has no quadrangulation isomorphic to K4 (resp., K5 ) as a subgraph. As an application of the theorems, we can prove that Hadwiger's conjecture is true for projective‐planar and toroidal triangulations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 60: 302‐312, 2009


Before modern psychoanalysis theories came into being,W.M.Thackeray had created the character of Becky Sharp as an orphan losing mother at a tender age and father in her teens.In this way,he,to the greatest extent,achieved Becky's "lack" in Lacanian three-staged model of the human psyche unconsciously.The article,by focusing on her characterization,analyzes and presents how Becky Sharp is constructed into a "daughter" of the Victorian society from the perspective of Lacanian three-staged model of the human psyche.


The invention discloses a line fault detecting system and method capable of achieving real-time interaction of three-phase data. The system comprises a plurality of groups of fault indicators mounted on three-phase lines and a master monitor station, and every group of fault indicators comprise three fault indicators which are mounted on the three phases of the three-phase lines respectively and communicated with one other synchronously; by means of the synchronous communication, the fault indicator on any phase of the three-phase lines can obtain the synchronous data of the corresponding two fault indicators on the other two phases at the same time and comprehensively determines whether the corresponding phase gets into fault through the synchronous data of the three-phase lines; the three-phase fault indicators are communicated with the master monitor station. The line fault detecting system and method capable of achieving the real-time interaction of the three-phase data has the advantages of improving the fault detecting accuracy, avoiding data transmission losses and being also applicable to the condition other expanding projects requiring the three-phase interaction data need performing on overhead lines.


The paper aims to critically analyse media discourse on the "Venus" female nude exhibitions, organized annually in Kraków between 1970 and 1991. By analysing discourse that legitimised nudity in the public sphere, the paper sheds light on ways in which attitudes toward sexuality and the body changed during the so-called Gierek decade. The source base consists primarily of press publications, newsreels, and photo books from the 1970s. As the paper demonstrates, there were three dominant frameworks of discussing nudity in state-socialist Poland: artistic, pornographic and educational. Moreover, historical discourse analysis allows us to observe the role female nudes played in setting the stage for the Polish sexual revolution in the second half of the 1980s.


Spike shape and morphometric characteristics are among the key characteristics of cultivated cereals associated with their productivity. Identification of the genes controlling these traits requires morphometric data at harvesting and analysis of numerous plants, which could be automatically done using technologies of digital image analysis. A method for wheat spike morphometry utilizing 2D image analysis is proposed. Digital images are acquired in two variants: a spike on a table (one projection) or fixed with a clip (four projections). The method identifies spike and awns in the image and estimates their quantitative characteristics (area in image, length, width, circularity, etc.). Section model, quadrilaterals, and radial model are proposed for describing spike shape. Parameters of these models are used to predict spike shape type (spelt, normal, or compact) by machine learning. The mean error in spike density prediction for the images in one projection is 4.61 (~18%) versus 3.33 (~13%) for the parameters obtained using four projections.


Ayurveda, the most ancient science has served the humanity since the beginning of life on the earth, whether it is related to lifestyle, ailments or general wellbeing. This ancient science of life helps in maintaining the health by use of herbs. Ingudi (BalanitesaegyptiacaLinn.Delile) commonly known as Hingot in Hindi, is commonly described in the Ayurvedic texts. This herb is well known for its wound healing property. The drug is found all over India especially in Marupradesh (arid, semi-arid, to sub humid), tropical and hot dry area. The drug possesses Hepato-protective, Cardio-protective, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anthelminthic, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and analagesic activity. Saponin extract and water extract from fruit kernel of B. aegyptiacawas investigated as a mosquito larvicide. Seeds of B. aegyptiaca have potent wound-healing activity, as evident from the wound contraction. So the correct identification of this plant is quite necessary. A gross study with its microscopic; external and internal morphological features is merely possible by the study of Pharmacognosy. Transverse section of the seed kernel shows outer 4 to 5 layers of thick walled tegmen made up of sclereids. The sample was subjected to qualitative examination to find out the presence of micro-nutrients &heavy metal constituents. It was found that calcium, iron, phosphorus and sulphur, Manganese, Potassium were absent in the sample. However there is absence of heavy metals in plant which is suggestive of their safety profile.Qualitative analysis reveals presence of certain chemicals like alkaloid, protein, tannins, Glycosides, phenol etc. in seed oil sample. Amongst these phytochemicals, glycosides may be helpful in wound healing action of the drug. INTERNATIONAL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL JOURNAL Sonu Rajek Et Al: Pharmacognostical And Phytochemical Study Of Ingudi (Balanites Aegyptiaca Linn. Delile) Seeds IAMJ: JULY, 2017 2365


The invention discloses a kind of improved NiCr alloys wet-etching technology, step are as follows:1. using chemically or physically gas-phase deposition in deposition on substrate NiCr films to be etched;2. one layer of diaphragm not etched by NiCr etching liquids is deposited on NiCr films to be etched using chemically or physically gas-phase deposition;3. coating photoresist on diaphragm, the photoresist that etching photoresist is needed covers version;4. using being obtained and the photoresist figure that to cover version consistent on dry etch process etching diaphragm;5. etching NiCr films obtains required NiCr figures;6. removing photoresist and diaphragm successively, final required NiCr figures are obtained.In the present invention, diaphragm is formed with NiCr films and closely contacted, and so as to prevent over etching, the pattern edge of etching has good uniformity clearly without flash.


. Human-induced climate change is increasing the incidence of fire events and associated impacts on livelihood, biodiversity, and nature across the world. Understanding current and projected fire activity together with its impacts on ecosystems is crucial for evaluating future risks and taking actions to prevent such devastating events. Here we focus on fire weather as a key driver of fire activity. Fire weather products that have a global homogenous distribution in time and space provide many advantages to advance fire science and evaluate future risks. Therefore, in this study we calculate and provide for the first time the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) with all available simulations of the 6th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Furthermore, we expand its regional applicability by combining improvements to the original algorithm for the FWI from several packages. A sensitivity analysis of the default version versus our improved version shows significant differences in the final FWI. With the improved version, we calculate the FWI using average relative humidity in one


One of the things that has benefited me most in my study has been the occasional question-posed by a teacher, a student, a colleague-which I could not get out of my mind. The first time I met Cynthia Kittredge, now several years ago, she asked me such a question, namely this: "Is there any text you would reject?" I had just presented a paper on the Binding of Isaac (Genesis 22), a text that many consider to have no revelatory value. Her question was for me the most memorable thing said that evening: "Is there, then, any text you would reject?" A question that simple has the potential for being haunting; and indeed, it has recurred to me periodically since, whenever I have come up against an uncongenial, even repellant text. I begin with this story because it is relevant to the task which Cynthia Kittredge and I set for ourselves in this presentation. We conceived of it as a dialogue, a presentation whose two parts were developed in some conversation with one another. And when I sat down a few months ago to begin lining out my part, I realized that our dialogue on biblical hermeneutics had already begun several years before, and it has continued (in my mind, at least) whenever Cynthia's question reoccurs to me. "Is there any text you would reject?" The beauty of the question is that it is confrontational in the best sense. It poses with inescapable simplicity the most basic ethical question of biblical hermeneutics: What should we in the Church do with biblical texts that do not seem to accord with a well-considered understanding of the Christian faith? Can we precisely as Church increase our understanding through listening to such texts and acknowledging the difficulty? Probably all of us would answer, Yes, of course, up to a point. But beyond that I think we probably differ. I am fairly confident that within this group-as among my students, as among biblical scholars-we would find very different opinions on this further question: Is there a point at which we have to give up the struggle and admit that in this case edification is not possible? This particular biblical text must be repudiated as a potential source of valid theological insight; it is disqualified for public or authoritative reading in the Church. This seems to be the position taken by Elisabeth Schissler Fiorenza. While acknowledging that all biblical traditions should be transmitted through teaching, she comments that not all traditions are "meaningful and relevant" to Christian communities today. -In some situations it would be wrong to proclaim certain biblical traditions, and at some time one is not able to do more than keep the traditions of biblical faith. We cannot preach all traditions because we do not understand them or they do not come alive for us." And further: "biblical revelation and truth can today be found only in those texts and traditions that transcend and criticize the patriarchal culture and religion of their times."1 While I agree with her that the biblical text is not to be equated simply with divine revelation, it seems to me that the criterion she suggests threatens to reduce the scriptural base available for theological reflection to a relatively small "canon within the canon."2 So my own bias is to say, No, no biblical text may be safely repudiated as a potential source of edification for the Church.3 When we think we have reached the point of zero-edification, then that perception indicates that we are not reading deeply enough; we have not probed the layers of the text with sufficient care. The idea that the biblical text may say quite different things when considered at different levels of interpretation is congruent with Augustine's principle of charity as set forth in De Doctrina Christiana.4 Invoking Augustine would be a good Anglican line of defense; yet if I do not take that approach here, it is because I see our current interpretive dilemma as so grave that I must make my argument directly from the biblical text itself. …


In recent years, emergence of carbapenem-resistant (CRKP) and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CoRKP) has become one of the leading causes of nosocomial infection worldwide and is a public health concern due to few available treatment options and high mortality. Here, 14-day and in-hospital mortalities of patients infected with CRKP and CoRKP were investigated as well as treatment regimen for salvage therapy and risk factors of in-hospital bacteremia mortality from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2018. Patients (n = 96) with bacteremia were classified into three groups, namely, those with non-CRKP (n = 58), CRKP (n = 10) and CoRKP (n = 28). The 14-day mortality rate of patients infected with non-CRKP, CRKP and CoRKP was 12, 40 and 61%, respectively and in-hospital mortality 24, 70 and 82%, respectively, with statistically significant difference between non-CRKP and the drug-resistant groups (p-value < 0.05). The treatment regimen associated with a favorable outcome on the 14-day survival rate in bacteremia patients due to CoRKP was gentamicin or amikacin combined with fosfomycin with or without tigecycline. Chronic kidney disease, admission to intensive care unit and Pitt score ?4 were associated with in-hospital mortality among CoRKP patients. In conclusion, patients infected with CoRKP were of the highest mortality. However, the aminoglycosides/fosfomycin combination with or without tigecycline appeared to be a desirable clinical outcome for bacteremia patients due to CoRKP.


The housing (10) for a semiconductor chip comprises a plurality of leads (11, 12), wherein a first supply line (11) on a first side of the housing, an outer contact element (11.1) and which at the first side of the housing in the housing (10) extends toward an opposite second side of the housing, wherein the length of the first lead (11) within the housing (10) is greater than the halftige distance between the first and the second housing side.


In this section, we show more examples of the ShapeNetViPC dataset. The entire dataset contains 38,328 objects from 13 categories, i.e. airplane, bench, cabinet, car, chair, monitor, lamp, speaker, firearm, sofa, table, cellphone, watercraft. For each shape in dataset, we generate three types of point cloud, including the completed point cloud, partial point cloud with and without noise from 24 different perspectives following the ShapeNetRendering[1]. As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, for each object, we show the view image in column 1, the partial point cloud, partial point cloud with noise, and completed point cloud (ground-truth) under the same view point as the view image in columns 2-4, respectively. To show self occlusion and inter-object occlusion more clearly, we show these point clouds under another viewpoint in columns 5-7.


Cacao is a major commodity crop that is mostly planted in small plots managed by family workforce in agroforestry systems (AFS). AFS are productive systems that combine a diverse canopy and provide opportunities for preserving biodiversity while sustaining rural livelihood. However, the role of the diversity and structure of the associated plant community on cocoa's productivity is still poorly assessed, especially in Colombian AFS. We selected fifteen cacao-based AFS in the upper Magdalena region of Colombia. In each one, we used a 1,000 m2 plot to characterize the diversity, structure and uses of the associated plant community. Additionally, we described the cocoa tree populations by measuring plantation density, age, and size of the cocoa trees. Finally, we characterized management practices by conducting farmers interviews to assess the frequency of pruning, application of fertilizer and manual pest control. AFS were ranked by multivariate analysis according to (i) management intensity, and (ii) plant functional groups based on the uses by humans. Four types of AFS differed on their management intensity and ranged from old plots planted at low density and based on traditional varieties to young plots planted at high densities of improved cacao varieties. Three types of AFS differed for their plant functional groups and included plantations where either fruit, timber or service trees predominated. Cocoa yield was in average low and although it widely varied among farms, differences were not significant among management or plant functional group types. As expected, cacao yield was positively affected by the proportion of improved cacao varieties and negatively affected by the proportion of unproductive cocoa trees. However, cacao yield was not affected by associated plant diversity. When most approaches to increase productivity are focused on replacing unproductive cacao trees with improved cacao varieties, we suggest that associated plant diversity should also be taken into account to diversify products and increase overall productivity, especially when the selected species do not affect cocoa yield. Better planning and management of associated plant species within cocoa-based AFS could provide further benefits to farmers such as provition or regulation ecosystem services. Research funded by UMNG Grant CIAS 2304.


This paper examines the causality in (Granger sense) between stock prices, represented by SP Toda-Yamamoto Procedure has been used to test the causality. The results show one-way causality running from stock prices to volume. The absence of the causality of volume on prices shows the market efficiency. The study also found the evidences suggesting that the market efficiency has improved during recent time period, particularly after July, 2001. Causality of price on volume reflects the presence of feedback trading in the market.


Recent international recognition of indigenous peoples, their rights and contributions to solving current challenges has directed academic attention to the way research is conducted in relation to them, what topics are studied, by whom, and using which methodologies. The Mapuche are the most numerous indigenous peoples in South America and have ancestrally inhabited a territory denominated Wallmapu. This study undertook a comprehensive revision and meta-analysis of the scientific literature related to the Mapuche and Wallmapu. Through quantification and visualization of the scientific landscape, the goal was to enhance the understanding of the themes and patterns that have guided research in this field of study. We found 1611 documents in Web of Science and SciELO collections published between 1975 and 2020. Using CiteSpace software, we analyzed the main conceptual hotspots, identified central authors and pivotal works, among other aspects of the scientific knowledge domain. The main research themes found revolve around political and historical aspects of the relationship between Mapuche and the State; ethnobotanical research including plant properties and cultural knowledge transmission; and the indisputable connection between indigenous resistance and environmental depredation. We argue that valuing cultural diversity paves the road for reclaiming indigenous knowledge as a contribution to our understanding of the world.


A strategy for integrating student learning and humanitarian service was developed and successfully utilized in two sections of CEE 2011 Civil Engineering Materials in Spring 2016 and SP 2018, and one section of Transportation Engineering in SP 2018. The strategy was based on the author's three decades of experience in engineering, education and community service. The students actively took part in the national Sound the Alarm program conducted by the American Red Cross (ARC). They received extensive training with ARC officers and the course instructor. After the training students formed teams of three and visited homes in the most fire prone neighborhoods of Philadelphia to install smoke alarms, replace alarm batteries and help residents make home fire escape plans. The students also provided education and materials on home fire preparation. In the past five years they distributed materials and provided information to over ten thousand people in homes and on the streets of the city. The students were required to submit a technical report about the behavior of steel under high temperatures (i.e., home fires). The report also required a two-page reflection on the service. "The Environment" class was taught 23 times from Fall 1991 through SP 2013. An optional assignment without Red Cross participation was given to students with the same requirements. During the semester breaks 161 students from the 23 sections conducted the household surveys at some of the worst fire-prone areas of cities near their homes.


plays an important role in pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease or, in the event of complications of diabetes, atherosclerosis or renal failure. Therefore there is a potential therapeutic interest in natural antioxidants with true anti-AGEs capabilities for the prevention of this kind of pathologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-AGEs potential of a French propolis batch (natural resinous substance collected by honeybees from differents plants and trees), then to identify the main compounds responsible for this anti-AGEs effect. For this purpose, the phytochemical composition of a 70% ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP70) was determined, using HPLC/DAD/MS and/or 1H and 13C NMR (1D and 2D) analysis. This study showed the presence of phenolic acids and their esters as well as flavonoids. Then, the evaluation of the antioxidant, using DPPH and ORAC assays, and the anti-AGEs potential, using an automated test recently developed in our laboratory, showed that EEP70 exhibited both high antioxidant (1650 ± 149 µmol TE/g) and anti-AGEs (IC50=0.03 mg/ml) activities. A bio-guided fractionation allowed us to identify the most active anti-AGEs compounds: pinobanksin-3-acetate (IC50=0.06 mM) which is the major compound of EEP70. Thus, EEP70 represents a good candidate as food additive to prevent glycoxidation. Anti-AGEs


Fetal structural malformations are seen in 2%– 4% of pregnancies. With the advent of noninvasive prenatal screening, the focus of firsttrimester ultrasound is shifting to early detection of structural abnormalities.1,2 We aimed to evaluate the performance of a standardized protocol for fetal structural assessment at 11+0– 13+6 weeks of pregnancy (Figure S1) in an unselected Indian population including women with high body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters). All pregnant women who underwent firsttrimester screening between December 2017 and September 2020 were included. All participants gave informed consent and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. All women with live fetus(es) with crowntorump length 45– 84 mm underwent transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound on Voluson E10, E6 scanners (GE Healthcare) equipped with 4– 8 MHz abdominal and 6– 12 MHz vaginal transducers as per the standardized protocol. All women had a subsequent midtrimester anomaly scan and were followed up till delivery/termination. χ2 or Fisher exact tests were used for comparing categorical variables and Student t test for continuous variables. A P < 0.05 was considered significant. The data were analyzed using SPSS Version 23 (IBM). In all, 2000 pregnant women were seen during the study period; 45 were lost to follow up and 9 had a spontaneous miscarriage. Fetal malformations were diagnosed in 48 of 1946 fetuses (2.47%): 32 (66.6%) in the first trimester, 8 (16.6%) in the second trimester, 2 (4.1%) in the third trimester, and 6 (12.5%) postnatally (Table S1). A comparison of maternal and fetal characteristics of the pregnancies with normal and anomalous fetuses is given in Table 1. All cases of acrania/exencephaly, holoprosencephaly, abdominal wall defects, megacystis, and limb abnormalities were detected in the first trimester. We diagnosed two of three open neural tube defect cases and suspected one case of DandyWalker malformation by increased intracranial translucency. Anomalies missed in the first trimester but detected at the anomaly scan included one cleft lip and palate, one isolated cleft lip, one agenesis of corpus callosum, one transposition of great arteries, and three cases of club foot and one heterotaxy. A case of fetal intraabdominal cyst that disappeared in the second trimester was diagnosed as high anorectal malformation in the third trimester (confirmed postnatally). Defects diagnosed postnatally included one unilateral microtia, one isolated cleft palate, one imperforate anus, and one bilateral cataract. The highest detection rates were achieved for abdominal wall defects (100%), central nervous system anomalies (76.9%), cardiac defects (66.6%), and skeletal anomalies (62.5%), which is similar to published literature.3,4 Detection rates were not affected by maternal body mass index. To conclude, firsttrimester ultrasound is an invaluable opportunity for early identification of fetal structural defects irrespective of maternal body mass index.


The paper continues the analysis of several categories of objects made of bone and horn, obtained in the course of long-term archaeological research of Bilyarsk fort and its surroundings. The paper reports and classifies the items of armaments and equipment from the collections of the contemporary museums.


Summary Estimation of reservoir parameters is one of the most important factors in oil and gas reservoir investigations. One of the most important parameters for modeling reservoir is water saturation, which any errors in evaluating it can cause sever financial damages. By core analysis, calculating water saturation is possible, but there isn't core in every place. Therefor there is a need to estimate water saturation. In this investigation for estimating water saturation, support vector regression was used, which is one of the applications of machine learning and can solve the curse of dimensionality. The well's data was used for training in the method and water saturation was considered as labelled data. In the end for obtaining the best estimation two different kernels was used.


This short paper reports on the first results of a text mining analysis of publicly-available OFSTED secondary school inspection reports for 1766 schools from 2000 to February 2014. The analysis focuses on what OFSTED has written in reports over this period, and how this relates to the judgment OFSTED has given to a specific school. It serves as a proof-of-concept of how text mining could convey some meaning from a vast amount of documents. The focus of this analysis is on the judgments that OFSTED makes in every report. The analysis was conducted by first 'scraping' the reports from the OFSTED website and then utilising sentiment analysis and topic modelling techniques in R to extract features of these documents. There appears to be link between the reports' judgment and the sentiments in the report, as well as differences in the topics observed. However, interpreting these findings from data mining alone was not straightforward.


The volume and tonicity of body fluids are maintained within a narrow normal range by regulation of sodium and water balance. The volume of extracellular fluid is determined by total body sodium content whereas the osmolality and sodium concentration of extracellular fluid are determined by water balance. The kidney balances excretion of sodium and water with their intake and avidly conserves them when intake is restricted. Serum sodium concentration is an indication of the amount of sodium relative to the amount of water in extracellular fluid and provides no direct information about total body sodium content. Patients with hyponatraemia or hypernatraemia may have decreased, normal, or increased total body sodium content. An increased serum sodium concentration implies hyperosmolality whereas a decreased serum sodium concentration usually, but not always, implies hypoosmolality.


The hysteretic performance of rubber concrete brick infilled wall-frame system was studied by using finite element analysis.Rubber brick hysteretic curve is full,and the energy dissipation area is more than the clay brick.The energy dissipation coefficient is 1.17 times of clay brick wall.Because of low stiffness,the stiffness of the rubber brick infilled wall-frame system is less than of clay brick one.The ductility of rubber brick concrete infilled wall is better than of clay brick.The plastic deformation of structure was reduced,and the system has good ductility.Rubber concrete brick infilled wall has good absorption energy dissipation capacity and ensures that the structure has good deformation capability under seismic action.


There are many paleoanthropological sites in South China,such as Yuanmou,Yunxian,Nanjing,Hexian,Chaoxian,etc.\;The date of the fossil hominid crania from Tangshan,Nanjing,and the Tangshan fauna corresponds to the late stage of the Peking Man fauna in Zhoukoudian,i.e.the Middle Pleistocene (0 127—0 5Ma).The Tangshan fauna is a monotonous one of northern type,because all the 15 species found in T angshan are also members of the Peking Man fauna.So the Tangshan fauna must have been living during a period which corresponding to the cold stage and might be at oxygen isotope stage 10 (0 33—0 37 Ma).\;The geological age of the hominid skulls from Yunxian,Hubei,and the Yunxian fauna can be correlated with the Gongwangling fauna,i e.the Early Pleistocene (1 0—1 4 Ma).All the 23 species found in Yunxian are southern elements of China,so it is a fauna of southern and northern type.Both the Yunxian and Gongwangling fauna must have been living during a warm stage,corresponding to the Waalian warm stage in Europe.\;The Yuanmou site is the oldest one among the paleoanthropological sites in China.The Yuanmou fauna (i e.the Fourth Member of the Yuanmou Formation) includes 29 species.Many of them are the northern mammals,such as Ochotonoides complicidens,Megantereon nihowanensis,Eostyloceros,Metacervulus capreolinus,Muntiacus lacustris,Paracervulus attenuatus,Cervavitus,Axis shansius,A.rugosus,Rusa,Procapreolus,Gazella, etc.They were living in North China during the Early Pleistocene and the Pliocene.So the age of the Yuanmou fauna corresponds to the Early Pleistocene (1 4—1 90 Ma) and must have been living in a cold stage.Many scientists argued that this cold stage (at about 1 6 Ma) represents the beginning of the Pleistocene (Backman et al., 1983;Shackleton et al., 1984).


VR-GIS is an important study field, VR has been the main tool about visulizing the data of 3D GIS, but the direct interaction between the data of 3D GIS and VR is limited. The spatial analysis and query function of the traditional GIS are added to the virtual environment. We first analyze the different kinds of VR-GIS produced by the different kinds of VR in this paper. Then we point out that the different kinds of VR-GIS and the use-interface will effect the design of VR-GIS. Finally three different designs of VR-GIS are discussed on the basis of the research above.


This paper explore application method of multi-objective programming and discussed its effect in aerobics teaching, through the analysis of the summary of multi-objective programming, studies the principles that need to follow in the multi-objective programming of aerobics teaching.


Background and Aim: Because occupational therapy focuses on occupations and activities of daily living in the context of the environment, conceptual occupational therapy models might be closely related to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The purpose of this paper is to explore the link of conceptual occupational therapy models to the ICF.

Methods and Results: A structured literature search was performed. The concepts on which the models are built were linked to the ICF categories and components according to 10 established linking rules. Three conceptual occupational therapy models were identified in the literature: the Model of Human Occupation, the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and the Occupational Performance Model (Australia). The majority of the concepts from the three models could be linked to the ICF.

Conclusion: By applying the conceptual models, occupational therapists might add an additional perspective to multidisciplinary teams that use the ICF.


In industrial fluidized beds with liquid spray, dynamic and steady-state characteristics of the liquid spray zones are of significant importance for operation optimization and products control. In this study, a conductivity probe array, two thermocouple arrays, and a pressure sensing system are applied to an externally heated gas–solid fluidized bed with a side-wall liquid spray. Nonstationary and nonlinear characteristics are exhibited in the Hilbert spectra of the conductivity probe signals, and the fluctuation energy distribution shifts to higher frequencies with the liquid spray velocity, related to the liquid-induced higher-frequency bubble motion. The variation coefficient analysis of temperature data is a reliable approach to characterizing the liquid spray zone boundary. The liquid spray zone is enlarged and extends downward along the wall with the liquid spray velocity and shrinks with the gas velocity. Moreover, the liquid spray zone is enlarged and extends downward along the wall with the nozzl...


Objective:Protoplasts of Populus alba L.var.pyramidalis were isolated from calli,isolation and purification of protoplasts were studied.Methods:Using simple experimental design and variance analysis method,according to the influence factors of protoplasts isolation,isolated time and mannitol concentration of protoplasts were studied,by using FDA staining method observing viability of calli protoplasts.Results:The more appropriate yield of protoplasts was produced by using CPW salts solution containing 2.0% cellulase R-10,1.0% macerozyme R-10,1.0% pectolase Y-23,0.6 mol/L mannitol which incubated at 27℃ for 8 hours.The protoplasts yield was 8.5×106/(g·FW) and the viability was 83.6% under the condition.Moreover,the more suitable protoplasts purification method was sucrose gradient centrifugation at concentration of 30%.Conclusion:The combination of different enzyme concentrations and factors is appropriate conducted on investigation into isolation and purification of calli-derived protoplasts.


Widespread application of product performance analysis in mechanical product design stage needs to efficiently manage simulation flow and engineering data.Therefore the solution of Collaborative Simulation Environment(CSE) was presented,and its function framework and system architecture were analyzed.The key technologies of multi-hierarchy engineering data management and simulation flow control were researched.Engineering data can be classified and hierarchically managed through multi-hierarchy engineering data management technology based on XML.Effective management for simulation flow can be carried out through simulation flow control technology based on workflow management technology.Based on the architecture and key technology of CSE solution,flow model platform and Web portal of some suspension system collaborative simulation environment were developed,using which the product simulation period can be greatly shortened and the design efficiency can be increased.The results of application show the validity of the method.


Information technology and education have been working hand in hand. Advancement in computer technology has altogether opened up limitless educational innovation. With the rise of popularity of social networking sites (SNS) such as Facebook, educators have been eager to test the usefulness and effectiveness of SNS in the teaching and learning process. This paper summarizes the findings of a case study with the use of a social networking software; Mahara. Participants are 46 students of a technical vocational university in Taiwan. Students are grouped together and assigned a certain task to accomplish with the use of Mahara. Enabling the collaborative functions of SNS to accomplish the task, students are later surveyed with regards to their learning styles, perceived collaborative learning and constructivist internet-based learning environment (CILES) preferences. Result shows that the participants' collaboration is highly significant to their CILES preferences. While, there seems to be no significant effects of learning style towards the participants' CILES preferences. Recommendations are given to further the improvement of SNS use in education.


(57) Abstract: the specific tertiary amine and derivatives thereof, oxalic acid, potassium oxalate, at least one of oxalic acid selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl amine salt of an alkanolamine salt and oxalic acid oxalic acid or It contains a salt thereof, oxalic acid or liquid enhancer composition for amino acid-based herbicide is from 0.1 to 10 times the molar proportion relative to the nitrogen-containing compound to 1 mole of a salt thereof. Enhancer composition of the present invention, even if the composition is used in the form of a liquid in combination with herbicides, it has excellent stability over time with respect to temperature changes, the efficacy of amino acid-based herbicide It can be significantly enhanced.


Significance Diverse regulatory mechanisms balance X-chromosome gene expression between sexes in mammals, fruit flies, and nematodes (XY/XO males and XX females/hermaphrodites). We identify DNA motifs on X that recruit dosage compensation complexes (DCCs) in nematode hermaphrodites to reduce X-chromosome expression. Recruitment sites on X, but not regions on autosomes, contain diverse combinations of different motifs or multiple copies of one motif. DCC binding studies in vivo and in vitro of wild-type and mutant X-recruitment sites validate motif usage. We find that clustering of motifs in different combinations with appropriate orientation and spacing promotes synergy in DCC binding, thereby triggering DCC assembly specifically along X. We demonstrate how regulatory complexes can be recruited across an entire chromosome to control its gene expression.


The correction practice of scientific publications is usually used to correct publication errors by issuing correction notices, and it is less explored compared to retraction practice. The aim of this study is to present an overview of correction practice and to explore the citation situation of correction notices in library and information science (LIS) journals, using 720 correction notices in the Web of Science from 2001–2020. Through bibliometrics and content analysis, we found the correcting rate of LIS was relatively low. The main types of corrected errors occurred in authorship, figure or table, references, etc. Most corrected errors were trivial or minor. The citation situation of correction notices was more complex than expected and could be classified into five types. It was relatively rare to cite both the corrected paper and correction notice in a standardized manner. The remaining four types of citation were unreasonable, which could influence citation practice and reduce the citations of corrected papers. We concluded that the appearance of the correction notice had affected the citation of the corrected papers to some extent, and researchers and databases needed to pay attention to this problem. We also provided some suggestions for improving correction practice.


It is suggested that the equitability concept of Lloyd and Ghelardi provides an approach to resolving the question of resource limitation in a specific field situation. The high equitabilities of predaceous insect groups in an annual grassland community indicated that these populations were food limited, whereas the low equitabilities of the herbaceous insects indicated that they were limited by some other factor not directly involved in competition. The increase in equitability of the spiders (all species of which are predatory) during the growing season was tentatively explained on the basis that reaching a resource—limited equilibrium in relative abundances required more time because of the relative immobility of species in this component. These data also demonstrated how the relative abundances of species can undergo a history of adjustment during seasonal succession. See full-text article at JSTOR


Stringent limits and reduction strategies paths on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are being defined at different levels for long-term temperature stabilization. Given the nearly linear relationship between warming and cumulative net emissions, a carbon budget approach is required to limit global warming, as stated by the IPCC. In this setting, the built environment, as a cross-sectorial and transnational area of activity, plays a crucial role in today's carbon emissions and future reduction potentials. Previous research showed the need for effective and aligned carbon-targets to support and guide all actors in the construction sector towards these challenging global goals. In this context, previous research compared top-down derived carbon budgets for the Swiss built environment with a preliminary estimation of future cumulative emissions of the sector. Findings showed the misalignment of current best practices and the significant magnitude of effort that would be required to comply with such objectives. Nevertheless, limitations in the preliminary work emerged, such as the lack of dynamicity of the parameters included in the model restricting the representativity of its results. The current paper brings further this previous work by integrating the dynamic evolution of the energy supply, the materials' production, and the renovation rate. Results are then presented by mean of a parallel coordinate interactive graph. This interactive component allows the parametric exploration of the compliance with limited global budgets by varying the input parameters. This way the influence of macro-level strategies to decarbonize the Swiss building stock can easily be visualized with reference to the IPCC carbon budgets. Ultimately, the available interactive tool might support policy makers in decisions taken at the building stock level.


A paleo-experimental evolution report on elongation factor EF-Tu structural stability results has provided an opportunity to rewind the tape of life using the ancestral protein sequence reconstruction modeling approach; consistent with the book of life dogma in current biology and being an important component in the astrobiology community. Fractal dimension via the Higuchi fractal method and Shannon entropy of the DNA sequence classification could be used in a diagram that serves as a simple summary. Results from biomedical gene research provide examples on the diagram methodology. Comparisons between biomedical genes such as EEF2 (elongation factor 2 human, mouse, etc), WDR85 in epigenetics, HAR1 in human specificity, DLG1 in cognitive skill, and HLA-C in mosquito bite immunology with EF Tu DNA sequences have accounted for the reported circular dichroism thermo-stability data systematically; the results also infer a relatively less volatility geologic time period from 2 to 3 Gyr from adaptation viewpoint. Comparison to Thermotoga maritima MSB8 and Psychrobacter shows that Thermus thermophilus HB8 EF-Tu calibration sequence could be an outlier, consistent with free energy calculation by NUPACK. Diagram methodology allows computer simulation studies and HAR1 shows about 0.5% probability from chimp to human in terms of diagram location, and SNP simulation results such as amoebic meningoencephalitis NAF1 suggest correlation. Extensions to the studies of the translation and transcription elongation factor sequences in Megavirus Chiliensis, Megavirus Lba and Pandoravirus show that the studied Pandoravirus sequence could be an outlier with the highest fractal dimension and lowest entropy, as compared to chicken as a deviant in the DNMT3A DNA methylation gene sequences from zebrafish to human and to the less than one percent probability in computer simulation using the HAR1 0.5% probability as reference. The diagram methodology would be useful in ancestral gene reconstruction studies in astrobiology and also be applicable to the study of point mutation in conformational thermostabilization research with Synchrotron based X-ray data for drug applications such as Parkinson's disease.


OBJECTIVE Our aim is to compare the effect of type 2 diabetes on recurrent major cardiovascular events (MCVE) for patients with symptomatic vascular disease at different locations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 6,841 patients from the single-center, prospective Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease (SMART) cohort study from Utrecht, the Netherlands, with clinically manifest vascular disease with (n = 1,155) and without (n = 5,686) type 2 diabetes were monitored between 1996 and 2013. The effect of type 2 diabetes on recurrent MCVE was analyzed with Cox proportional hazards models, stratified for disease location (cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, coronary artery disease, or polyvascular disease, defined as ≥2 vascular locations). RESULTS Five-year risks for recurrent MCVE were 9% in cerebrovascular disease, 9% in peripheral artery disease, 20% in those with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, 7% in coronary artery disease, and 21% in polyvascular disease. Type 2 diabetes increased the risk of recurrent MCVE in coronary artery disease (hazard ratio [HR] 1.67; 95% CI 1.25–2.21) and seemed to increase the risk in cerebrovascular disease (HR 1.36; 95% CI 0.90–2.07), while being no risk factor in polyvascular disease (HR 1.12; 95% CI 0.83–1.50). Results for patients with peripheral artery disease (HR 1.42; 95% CI 0.79–2.56) or an abdominal aortic aneurysm (HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.23–3.68) were inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS Type 2 diabetes increased the risk of recurrent MCVE in patients with coronary artery disease, but there is no convincing evidence that it is a major risk factor for subsequent MCVE in all patients with symptomatic vascular disease.


Family is the most important social institution, the functioning of which is due to the effect of certain trends that have specific historical character. Russian family under the influence of modern trends is undergoing major changes, the consequences of which are important for both family and for society in general. This article discusses trends in family in Russia and the features of their manifestation in the Perm region. Positive and negative sides of the actual marriage which acts as new social norm in modern Russian society are allocated. Regularities in change of sexual roles in a family and marriage are noted. On the basis of statistical data and results of sociological researches, the tendency of division of a matrimony and parenthood is designated. The social problems caused by decrease in birth rate and increase of number of the persons refusing marriage and a family are described.


The phenomenon of vacant and abandoned villages is happening all over the world. With the urbanization and non-agriculturalization of the population, a large number of people have left their homes empty, and the village space and architectural art have gradually disappeared. These villages are not only important manifestations of traditional architecture and social organization, but also play a crucial role in the maintenance and inheritance of ethnic cultures, and need to be protected. Among them, the degree of abandonment of villages in ethnic minority areas is deeper, and the salvage and protection of their culture is more urgent. This study takes Li County, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China as an example, collects data on 219 village groups through field investigations, and analyzes the interaction between village abandonment and cultural structure. The result shows that the abandonment of villages in this area is influenced by factors such as environment, economy, and culture. Analysis of the entire sample shows that villages with steep terrain and lagging agricultural economic development have higher degrees of abandonment. Tibetan villages are located in mountainous areas with relatively low terrain fluctuations and better natural resources, while Qiang villages have higher terrain fluctuations and more precarious locations. However, the degree of abandonment in Tibetan villages is more serious, which is related to cultural beliefs. Tibetan and Qiang cultures have the same origin but different ethnic beliefs. Tibetan faith worships idols, while Qiang faith worships nature. This indicates that the Qiang people have a heavier reliance on the natural environment of their hometown than the Tibetans.


An endocrine cell carcinoma in the gallbladder of a 59‐year‐old woman is reported. The morphological features of this diagnosis are compared with 14 previously reported primary gallbladder carcinoid tumours that had metastasized. The histogenesis and current classification of endocrine cell tumours is discussed.


In ensemble learning, a higher accuracy can be achieved by integrating some classifiers instead of all the classifiers. But, it is very difficult to select the best classifier combination which can be seen as an optimization problem, from a pool of classifiers. To deal with this problem, we propose a new classifier selection method, Sorting-based Dynamic Classifier Ensemble Selection (SDES), which consists of two stages: (1) classifier sorting, and (2) dynamic ensemble selection on sorted classifier sequence. In the first stage, classifiers are sorted based on diversity, to avoid searching for the nearest neighbors in dynamic ensemble selection methods and greatly improve the selection efficiency. In the second stage, the optimal subset of classifiers is selected from the sorted classifier sequence based on confidence of test samples, to guarantee high accuracy of the optimal classifier subset. Experimental results have shown the effectiveness and high efficiency of the proposed method.


An attempt was made to find the components of the hypnotic experience that give rise to familiar time-distortion effects. A series of experiments is described that examined a variety of hypnosis and hypnosis-like situations, known or expected to induce errors of time judgement. It was found that, if participants closed their eyes and imagined vividly, even in the absence of an induction or any reference to hypnosis, hypnotic-like time effects could be achieved. The results are interpreted in terms of the model proposed by Naish (2001), in which it is suggested that an internal clock runs more slowly when a person becomes detached from reality and generates his or her own experiences. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis


C. E. MILLAR \vbo bas practically every kind of soil ill Micbigan and understaucls all of thclI1. specific procedure or to give any specific advice but rather to call to your attention some fundamental facts which may be of assistance to you in outlining your management program. In the beginning let us examine the soil situa tion on a green. No condition could be more artificial than that existing in greens soil. It is watered copiously at frequent intervals, yet it must not get soggy. Above all, it must not dry out. It must hold ample water but not too much. The green is submitted to constant tramping, yet it must not get packed or hard. Neither must it be too springy. The soil must supply ample nutrilnent to support a luxuriant growth of grass, yet the diet must be balanced so as not to result in weakened vegetation, subject to disease attack and breakdown under unfavorable climatic conditions.


The life history of insular gecarcinid crabs is divided into a marine larval and an adult phase, adapted to the terrestrial environment. As adults, individuals migrate seasonally to locations near the sea, engaging in reproductive behaviors. Therefore, identifying breeding and recruitment areas is crucial for the conservation of insular gecarcinids, especially for those endangered, such as Johngarthia lagostoma (H. Milne Edwards, 1837). We used sex ratio and sexual dimorphism analyses (body and cheliped size) as well as records of juveniles and adults to describe the population structure of J. lagostoma in the Trindade Island, Brazil. During the reproductive period, several population parameters were compared among sites with different altitudes, comprising two beaches (Andradas and Tartarugas) and two hills (Príncipe, 136 m; and Desejado, 612 m). Overall, males predominated in the population and invested more in body and cheliped growth than females. However, at Andradas Beach, it was observed a similar frequency of adult males and females as well as a small difference in the body size between the sexes. In comparison, the smallest crabs were found at Príncipe Hill. The analyzed population presented a predominance of adults, especially at Andradas Beach (93.1%). Compared to the other sites sampled, Príncipe Hill showed the highest abundance of juveniles (males: 22.2%; females: 40.8%). Thus, Andradas Beach was considered a reproductive site, while Príncipe Hill had the highest density of juveniles, which makes them priority areas for the conservation of J. lagostoma in Trindade Island.


The accurate histological differentiation between adenomas, hyperplastic and normal parathyroid glands is vital to the correct operative strategy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. However, this distinction may be unclear by conventional histological techniques. Recent reports suggest that the number of nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) per nucleus may facilitate the distinction between malignant or benign or normal cells. This study comprised 27 paraffin-fixed sections of parathyroid tissue from patients who had undergone surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. Eleven glands were considered on conventional histological criteria to be hyperplastic, ten adenomatous and six normal. The number of NOR per nucleus was counted in 50 cells per slide. DNA flow cytometry was also performed on 20 sections of parathyroid tissue using a Becton-Dickinson FAC scan (Becton-Dickenson UK Ltd., Oxford, UK) with on-line computer; 10 000 cells per section were counted and the results analysed with standard DNA cell-cycle software using a sum of broadened rectangles model. Seven glands were hyperplastic, six adenomatous, four normal and three were carcinomas. The mean NOR count per nucleus in normal parathyroids was 3.1 (range 2.9-3.4) in contrast to adenomas (mean 4.1; range 3,744) and hyperplastic glands (mean 4.3; range 3,747). Normal glands had a lower NOR count than abnormal glands (P<O.O5, Mann-Whitney U test). DNA analysis showed 16 of 20 (80 per cent) parathyroid sections to be diploid; four glands (two adenomas, one hyperplastic and one carcinoma) were aneuploid. We have subsequently performed NOR staining successfully on frozen sections of parathyroid tissue. The technique may have some potential value as an indicator at the


Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical-radiological entity with many causes. The primary abnormality is cerebral vasogenic oedema. Here we describe the management of five patients with PRES syndrome who presented to our hospital. LEARNING POINTS Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) presents with cerebral vasogenic oedema. PRES resolves when blood pressure is controlled. Patients with a history of autoimmune disorder who present with confusion may have PRES.


Comprehensive dissections of three infants with trisomy‐13 and three with trisomy‐18 have revealed several muscles which appear to be "abnormal" at the time of birth and shortly thereafter. Careful observations show that the peculiar morphology of these muscles results from delayed development rather than from anatomical malformation. The observations are compared with physiological, pathological and in vitro experimental studies of delayed embryonic development in human aneuploidy.


The analysis of imaging abilities of axially symmetric optical elements within the limits of paraxial approach is executed. It is shown, that the optical elements which are not having square law dependence on radius, cannot form the precise image in one plane as it is doing by a lens, compensating propagation in free space. However the one lens imaging system is characterized by very short depth of focus which can be effectively extended by an additional optical element, for example, an axicon. Also it is possible to improve quality of the image using of additional phase optical elements with other dependence on radius, including fractional (fracxicon). Inserting an axicon in an objective plane of imaging system allows to compensate a little negative action of the obstacles located on optical axis.


While researchers collect and assemble relevant populations for genome studies, they are also, along with project designers and managers, interested in assembling publics. The public holds significant symbolic and discursive appeal for large-scale genome science. This is particularly the case in projects that collect or study aspects of human genome variation where histories of biological racism continue to cast a shadow over the promises of genomic medicine. In one of Canada's first large-scale biobanks, French Canadians, who are understood as a genetically close or homogenous population, are contrasted with what are referred to as 'immigrants' and 'Québecers from various ethnic and racial backgrounds' in public engagement and consultation forums. These latter groups, thought to provide a form of diversity, both in their views and their biology, are harnessed in the consultation practices as well as in the branding of the biobank. Within the local area of sample collection, the already constructed and available ways to categorise groups provide a powerful frame to narrate the relationship between the public and genome science. The process of making and consulting niche publics not only naturalises particular narratives of national belonging but also enables forms of exchange and sharing in international genome science. Just as assembling populations forms a central component of genome science, displays of publicness are integral for economies of exchange in genome science.


The objective of the research was to describe the instructional design for the teaching of eanglish speaking at Darul Fithrah boarding school academic year 2016/2017 covering (1) syllabus, (2) learning objectives, (3) classroom procedure,
(4) classroom techniques, (5) instructional materials, (6) media (7) teacher's role
(8) student's role, (9) assessment, and (10) sthrengths and weanesses. Design of this research was descriptive qualitative research. This research was conducted in Darul Fithrah boarding school. Time of this research was scheduled in the second semester of the academic year 2016/2017. Technique of collecting data used was observation, interview and document analysis. In credibility, trustworthiness was involved through triangulation. In analyzing data, Miles and Hubermad's model was considered to be used through data reduction, data display, and conclusion. Based on the reseach data, it was found that (1) the syllabus used for the
teaching is a mixed syllabus, (2) learning objectives found are divided into two, namely general objectives and specific objectives, (3) classroom procedure used is
EEK (Exploration, Elaboration, and Confirmation)(4)classroom techniques used are brainstorming, question and answer, class discussion, filling gap, group discussion, reading aloud dialougue performance, and questioning, (5) instructional materials used are printed materials, visual materials, and internet-based materials, (6) media for the teaching is picture, (7) teacher's role found are organizer, controller, assessor, resource, and motivator, (8) student,s role found are active participants, listeners, and autonomous learners, and (9) Assessment used is formative assesment, middle test and summative assessment. From those reseaach data, it can be concluded that instructional design for
the teaching of English speaking at Darul Fithrah had fulfilled requirements of the instructional design in teaching learning of English speaking although those components were not fully implemented in the classroom due to factors found in strengths and weaknesses of each instructional component therefor, those strengths and weaknes were considered as input for the improvment of better teaching and learning process in the boarding school. In addition, pedagogical implication also influences in designing one best instructional.


Last year, before the Chicago Urological Society, Dr. Burstein and I reviewed a series of fifty-five cases of perinephritic abscess.1Thirty-two were metastatic in origin. The metastatic abscesses are of particular interest because they are usually diagnosed only when the condition has become well developed. They are, in the vast majority of cases, primarily cortical abscesses of the kidney,2thus accounting for the difficulty in their diagnosis. The abscess at first does not communicate with the renal pelvis, so that the urinary and pyelographic findings are negative until some weeks later, when the abscess has extended and communicates with the pelvis. The outer capsule undergoes inflammatory reaction and encapsulates the abscess, and thus here also evidence does not usually present itself until the abscess has spread into the perinephric tissue, when it is possible to make the diagnosis by the presence of a tumor, the finding of pus


Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) is a direct mutagen, it seems to closely related to the etiology of esophageal cancer. Hemin, an endogeous agent in human body, is a biological pyrrol pigment. In this paper, the effect of hemin on the mutagenicity of AME was investigated with 6-thioguanine resistance (6-TGr) mutagenesis assay in Chinese hamster V79 cells. The results showed that hemin itself had no cytotox-ic effect on Chinese V79 cells, and didn't induce mutations over a range of concentration (5-20μM) (P0.05). Mutation frequencies induced by AME at the different doses in the presence of 15μM hemin were lower than that of AME alone (P0.01) . Compared with the control AME(75μgml), mutagenicity of AME were remarkably decrea sed by the addition of 5,10, 15 and 20μM hemin , rhspectively (P0.01). The inhibitory percentage of hemin became greater with the increased dose of hemin. It was demonstrated that the hemin reveals a definite inhibitory effect on the mutagenicity of AME. ,


The acai palm tree is a species of multiple use and of great importance for the Amazonian economy and riverside families. The high appreciation of the acai berry in the national and international markets contributes to the search for new producing areas and the reduction of repressed demand. This research aimed to identify the knowledge of the riverside families about the acai berry extraction activity in the Araguari river valley. The study was between the municipalities of Ferreira Gomes and Cutias, in an extension of 80 kilometers. The properties were sampled according to the following criteria- i) presence of natural acai massifs; ii) acceptance of the research by the interviewee and iii) permission to implement sample plots. Data were obtained through a form and interviews with structured questions. Non-probabilistic sampling (n = 13) was used to select local extractivists who hold acai areas. The field research with extractivists allowed us to infer that the period of high fruit production extends from March to June. The use of byproducts of the acai is little expressive. Although livestock is the most expressive activity in the region, others stand out- fishing, agriculture and extractivism. The commercial production of acai fruit is destined to the municipality of Cutias and most native acai owners have significant interest in the management of this species.


A typical Administrative Law course presents the Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Florida East Coast Railway Co.1 as establishing the rule that statutory text quite close to the magic words, "on the record after opportunity for an agency hearing,"2 is needed to trigger the Administrative Procedure Act's (APA) formal hearing requirements for a rulemaking.3 Florida East Coast Railway is a prime example of an underrated case because, even though the case is well known,4 its renown is


M; } MANUFACTURING in the United States has great di1V versity, marked complexity, and wide distribution. Because of these characteristics the areal distribution and intensity of manufacturing cannot be portrayed as easily as those of grazing, farming, or even mining. The fabrication of materials does not consist simply of the adding of value to any raw materials within a single establishment. Manufacturing of most articles is shared by many plants, each specializing in one or more steps in the fabrication, the articles passing from one plant to another until the final article is ready for the ultimate consumer. By its very nature manufacturing is an intensive use of small areas of land, in contrast to agriculture where broad expanses are covered with a more or less continuous cultural pattern of land use. Manufacturing districts often are composed of closely packed manufacturing centers or of rather widely-spaced and segmented centers in which the industries may have common characteristics and interests. In some sections manufacturing consists of a few outstanding industries, whereas in others many kinds of industry make up the picture. In most manufacturing districts the land area used by factories is a very small fraction of the area of the district. This dispersed nature of manufacturing adds to the difficulties of portraying its areal distribution. As the activity of manufacturing embraces raw materials, power, labor, capital, value added by manufacture and value of the finished product, the data of any one of these criteria alone will not give an accurate portrayal of the areal distribution or intensity of manufacturing. Various attempts have been made to show the distribution of manufacturing in the United States by the use of data on only one of the factors of industry. On the basis of wage earners engaged in industry in cities of 10,000 population and over Sten de Geer delineated the American manufacturing belt (Sten de Geer, "American Manufacturing Belt," Geografiska Annaler, 1927, Arg. IX, Haft 4, pp. 233-259). By using such data of wage earners only in cities of 10,000 population or more, much manufacturing of the country is eliminated, since in many sections a considerable amount of manufacturing takes place in small towns and even in rural unincorporated villages. By using number of wage earners, Thompson and Creamer analyzed the relocation and decentralization of industry in the United States with the census unit of industrial areas (Thompson, Tracey E., "Location of Manufacturing Industries in United States, 1899-1929," Monograph of the Census Bureau, Washington, 1931; Creamer, D. B., "Is Industry Decentral-


Are the arguments that the writer uses any good?"1 Ethics papers are difficult to read not because the writer attempts to be ambiguous but because the concepts of philosophy, of which ethics are a part, are complex. They have been the source of great debates by philosophers for centuries. What is truth? Whose interests are being served? What and who is right? All these and many more are questions of ethics.


Cancer mortality among adults in the United States and Canada is analyzed using data from official and unofficial sources including the Canadian Cancer Register. Mortality levels and trends during the 1970s are first examined and differentials by sex age geographic area and social group are described. The proportion of mortality attributable to various risk factors including diet and tobacco smoking is then assessed. The findings indicate that adult mortality caused by malignant neoplasms varied little during the 1970s since the decrease in deaths due to stomach and cervix uteri cancers was canceled out by the increase in lung cancer caused primarily by tobacco use. The highest mortality rates were found in the eastern part of the continent which was industrialized and urbanized earlier. The poorest social groups had higher death rates due to the most frequent forms of cancer except for breast cancer. (summary in ENG)


The purposes of this study were to assess secondary school students' decision-making and game-play ability and to investigate how game understanding, assessed by a standardized video-based test, corresponds to students' decision-making and skill execution ability in actual game play. Students (12, aged 14–15 years) participated in a video-based game understanding test and played three different types of three vs three modified soccer games for ten minutes. All matches were video recorded and analysed using a coding instrument developed for examining the components of game play decision-making and skill execution. The results revealed that the students already had a basic conception of both offensive and defensive game situations. Furthermore, the students' game understanding and game-play ability were found to be related.


Introducing the concept of involutory matrices determined algebras,and using algebraic methods and matrix skill to show that the Jordan full matrix algebra is involutory matrices determined.As an application,we prove that if an invertible linear map on the full matrix algebra that fixes the identity matrix and sends an involutory matrix to an involutory one,then it is a Jordan automorphism.


A server 120 receives a message that is given a permission for requesting an action on a first device 110, with the action of a separate control unit 131 is veranlassbar. The server compiles information that identifies the action and 110 allow the first device, a check authorization. The compiled information is transmitted to a second device 150th The first device 110 may receive a message from the second device 150 with which the cause of the action is required. The first device 110 checks the validity of the request based on the received message and whether the action is an action which is to cause the first device 110 or by the control unit 131st If it is determined that authorization is present and that the action of the control unit 131 to cause the first device transmits 110 a request to the control unit 131 to cause the action.


Many college instructors are using podcasts to distribute course lectures, enabling students to use their portable media players as study aids. This paper describes the impact of student-created podcast media on learning, of both topic-specific knowledge and relevant podcasting technologies. The paper also shares web-based resources for automating the process of updating a podcast feed and converting the audio into searchable text, making podcasting an even more-viable technology for teaching and learning. By creating podcasts, students learn multimedia technologies and share their knowledge with their classmates. Students use mobile devices to review each other's podcasts, creating a community of learners both inside and outside the classroom. An end-of-semester survey suggests that students find the process of creating their own podcasts and viewing their classmates' podcasts to be beneficial to their own learning process.


Using a unique 1994 Los Angeles County Household Survey of foreign-born Mexicans and the March 1994 and 1995 Current Population Surveys, we estimate the number of unauthorized Mexican immigrants (UMIs) residing in Los Angeles County, and compare their use of seven welfare programs with that of other non-U.S. citizens and U.S. citizens. Non-U.S. citizens were found to be no more likely than U.S. citizens to have used welfare, and UMIs were 11% (14%) less likely than other non-citizens (U.S.-born citizens). While these findings are not surprising given the institutional and legal obstacles UMIs face, they are in light of recent restrictive immigration and welfare policy changes. They also directly contradict public perceptions that UMIs use an undeserved share of public assistance. Lastly, we demonstrate how results differ depending on the unit of analysis employed, and on which programs constitute "welfare."


The antipeptic activities of a series of undegraded κ‐ and Λ‐carrageenans and degraded carrageenans have been examined by two methods. The activities differ quantitatively. Compared with the κ‐carrageenans, the Λ‐carrageenans, as a group, have greater activity and this is associated with low 3,6‐anhydro‐d‐galactose and high ester sulphate content. Within the series of undegraded carrageenans, both κ and Λ, differences in antipeptic activity are significantly and positively related to differences in sulphate content. In addition to the effect of sulphate, 3,6‐anhydrogalactose content appears to be inversely related to activity but in the Λ‐series only; differences in viscosity are without effect. Initial degradation without loss of sulphate resulted in loss of activity but further degradation, also without loss of sulphate did not reduce activity further. Antipeptic activity appears to depend on a combination of structural features of which the differences between κ‐Λ carrageenans, molecular size and polyanionic properties are aspects.


Ultrafast optically pumped semiconductor disk lasers (SDLs) provide an enabling combination of gigahertz pulse repetition rates, short pulse durations, high peak power and good beam quality. However, the successful demonstration of shorter pulse durations with pulses as short as 100 fs has come at the expense of lower optical-to-optical pump efficiency for ultrafast SDLs based on active InGaAs quantum wells (QWs). The optical pump efficiency, which also depends on the pulse repetition rate, decreases with the pulse duration to values typically below 1% in the sub-300-fs regime. For a better understanding of this trade-off between shorter pulse durations and optical efficiency we present an empirical model based on three time constants: the carrier lifetime in the conduction band, the time required for a pulse to empty the carrier reservoir of a QW and the time needed to refill the QW through the continuously pumped GaAs barriers. With the time constants used as fitting parameters we obtain a reasonably good agreement for the measured efficiency of all previously published MIXSEL results. Furthermore we have investigated the SDLs gain dynamics and our measurements have confirmed that shorter pulses significantly reduce the gain saturation fluence. A simplified description of the QWs as a 3-level system could accurately reproduce the gain saturation curves and let us identify spectral hole burning as the main cause of the reduced gain and efficiency. This will be a challenge for further improvements of the ultrafast performance of ultrafast SDLs based on InGaAs QWs.


Particularly lax regulations in the provision of credit in an environment of a low interest rate policy of the US Federal Reserve Bank (Fed) have led to the oversupply of cheap loans. This enabled banks in the USA to invest without considering the risks of those investments – indeed, without even, on occasion, fully understanding the risks. They then passed on those risks to unsuspecting competitors around the world. These competitors have hidden these transactions from the public by dubious means that removed them from their balance sheets. These mechanisms have also been used by banks and other financial companies to move risks beyond the purview of regulators. The bankruptcy of several million US home owners that stemmed particularly from the interest rate increases by the Fed in the spring of 2007 has, since then, spread in both breadth and depth. The credit markets were the first to be hit by the crisis. The banks then followed. The crisis then spilled over into the real economy by the end of September 2008. The latter stage was most conspicuously marked by the collapse of Lehman Brothers, the US investment bank, which because of its extensive links was a systemically important financial institution. Its collapse, therefore, had serious repercussions. The most serious downturn in the global economy in decades is, as a result expected for 2009.


We are using x‐ray crystallography to probe the structural basis for the many aspects of protein biosynthesis that require the intact ribosome. Our goal is to make an atomic‐resolution "movie" of a ribosome in the process of making a protein. We have obtained crystals of the entire E. coli ribosome that diffract x‐rays to a resolution of 3.1–3.2 Å. We are now refining ribosome structural models at a resolution of 3.5 Å. These models reveal possible mechanisms for mRNA and tRNA translocation, the nature of the ribosomal subunit interface, and structural features in the peptidyl transferase center that may be important for catalysis. Moreover, we are using these crystals to probe in atomic detail the effects of antibiotics on the full ribosome and mutations in the ribosome that lead to antibiotic resistance or perturb key steps in translation.


The power of genetic analysis and genetic manipulation is at present considerably greater for the house mouse than for any other experimental mammal. A great variety of genetically homogeneous material is available in the form of mice from 244 different inbred strains.' This variety makes possible structural analysis of hemoglobins through pooling of blood from large numbers of mice from the same inbred strain, with the expectation that other investigators can at any time obtain identical research material for further analysis. Knowledge of the formal genetics of house mice is also quite extensive; mutant alleles have been recognized at 453 different genetic loci, of which 275 have been located in 19 linkage groups.z Most of these have recently been correlated with specific ones of the 20 chromosomes, all of which have been identified cytologically.3 This richness of background genetic knowledge demonstrates that studies of hemoglobin structure and genetics may be particularly fruitful in mice. We hope to bring this potentiality home to this particularly pertinent audience by covering as succinctly as possible the current state of knowledge concerning genes controlling the structures of both a and B chains of adult mouse hemoglobins. We will discuss primary structures, but will also deal with practical formal genetics, especially as this relates to our concepts of mammalian unit genes. Variations in mouse embryonic hemoglobins will also be discussed briefly, but of course nothing can be said about distinct feral hemoglobins, since it is doubtful if these exist in the mouse. Most of the material summarized here has been published at length elsewhere, as indicated in reviews by P0pp,~9 Glucksohn-Waelsch,6 Russell and Bernstein,' and Russell and colleagues.8* Quite different methods must be used for detailed physical chemical studies determining primary structure of a polypeptide chain than for equally detailed breeding tests searching for evidence of genetic linkage. You are all amply aware that primary structure analysis requires time, skill, patience, , and a reliable supply of lots of hemoglobin with the same primary structure. Formal genetic studies require rapid, foolproof methods for assigning a specific genotype to a single individual in a segregating population, so that techniques other than fingerprinting or sequencing must be used. We have chosen to present in this paper one new timesaving method, with the firstfruits of its application; namely, critical data establishing linkage relations of the locus controlling structure of the mouse adult hemoglobin a chain.


The chiral anomaly is a fundamental property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). It governs the transition amplitudes for processes involving an odd number of Goldstone bosons of chiral symmetry breaking. In case of the coupling of three pions to a photon, the magnitude of the resulting coupling is $F_{3\pi}$ and the value is predicted by chiral perturbation theory with small uncertainty. It can experimentally be measured in $\pi^-\gamma \to \pi^- \pi^0$ scattering. Here, we report on a precision experiment on $F_{3\pi}$ using the COMPASS experiment at CERN where pion-photon scattering is mediated via the Primakoff effect using heavy nuclei as target. We exploit the interference of the production of the $\pi^- \pi^0$ final state via the chiral anomaly with the photo-production of the $\rho(770)$ resonance over a wide mass range ($M_{\pi^- \pi^0}<1\textrm{ GeV}/c^2$). This is in contrast to previous measurements restricting themselves to the threshold region ($M_{\pi^- \pi^0}<370\textrm{ MeV}$) only. Our analysis allows to simultaneously extract the radiative width of the $\rho(770)$ resonance and gives a stronger handle on $F_{3\pi}$ in a unified approach thereby minimizing systematic effects rarely addressed previously.


The collective forest is the major part of forestry in south of China. Various management forms such as farm house-hold management, collective management, share cooperation management, and other kinds of management have been booming since "3-disition". Having evaluated the practice of these main management forms, this paper gave some grounds and methods to set up a system of multiple forestry management for future, which would be developed due to the foundation of effective running mechanism and real feasible measures.


Abstract : Two short articles, one on the training of one of the first female pilot to be trained by the Chinese Air Force. The second article is on the experiences of a pilot trainee of Tibetan origin.


This study was designed to obtain fundamental frequency (Fo) data based on repeated measures from a group of normal subjects and to provide preliminary normative data of Fo variability within individual subjects. Sixteen female subjects participated in this study. Their Fo's were measured daily for 8 days. It was found that the Fo's of both individual subjects and of the subjects as a group varied considerably over the 8-day period. It is recommended that the clinician take repeated, over time measurements of clients' Fo's and other vocal parameters in order to establish sound baseline data for voice therapy.


In order to ensure the safety mining in the steep inclined seam under water body,based on the deposit conditions of the deep inclined seam in South No.2 Mining Block of Longhu Mine,the dispersed element UDEC2D numerical calculation method was applied to study the goaf roof control method effect of the deep inclined seam mining to the surrounding rock control of the coal mining face.The results showed that when the goaf was not backfilled,the surrounding rock deformation of the coal mining face would be highest and the immediate roof deformation would be parabolic;when the goaf was partially backfilled at the low section with 40 m,the roof deformation would be linearly increased in tendency and at the no backfilling section of the goaf,the roof deformation would be parabolically increased in tendency.when the goaf was fully backfilled under the different backfilling strength,the roof displacement would be varied in linear and the elasticity module of the backfilled mass would be 0.5 GPa which could meet the requirements of the roof support under the available mining depth;with the backfilled mass strength increased in the partial backfilled goaf and the fully backfilled goaf,the deformation of the roof and floor would be in a decreasing tendency and the roof control effect of the fully backfilled goaf would be obviously better than the partial backfilled goaf.


Summary

A feral population of 183 Kenyan olive baboons representing 5 troops was surveyed for salivary ABO-like antigens. Unlike previously reported populations, a high frequency of the O allele and low frequency of the B allele were detected. This observation may be the result of founder effect and/or genetic drift.


In recent years, there has been a power consumption increase in large cities due to the intensive development of new neighborhoods and the widespread introduction of powerful electrical appliances. There is also a steady upward trend in non-linear load, largely due to the transition to energy-efficient light sources. In this regard, urban cable networks operate at the limit of their capacity, which means operating with the maximum allowable core temperature limit. The problems of monitoring the temperature of cable insulation are an urgent problem in the electric power industry. One of the most promising areas of research is the development of methods for determining the residual lifetime of cable insulation, which can be calculated from monitoring temperature of insulation and other factors that significantly affect the insulation material. The paper analyzes the possible methods to monitor the cable insulation temperature. Mathematical equations are proposed for an indirect temperature monitoring system for cable using distributed measurements technology.


Drivenc by the challenges in large-scale renewable energy integrated power system, grid connected PV inverters are required to participate power grid frequency regulation actively, and cooperate with traditional units to improve the level of power grid safety prevention. This paper proposes an engineering frequency regulation strategy for PV inverters in large-scale PV station. The practical engineering approach adopt a distributed frequency regulation control based on the consistency algorithm, so that PV inverters are enabled to have the ability of state perception and actively participates in the frequency regulation of the power grid. The control system contains engineering frequency regulation strategy, output power reserve control and droop control, which provides a reasonable and rapid distribution frequency regulation strategy for PV inverters and support the power grid frequency automatically. Simulation results validate the correctness and feasibility of the control strategy.


Inhibition of hyphal growth in Aspergillus fumigatus due to the presence of living cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa correlates with ultrastructural abnormalities which include plasmolysis, vacuolation and degeneration of organelles. Hyphal cells adjacent to and distant from bacteria are equally affected, indicating translocation of the inhibitor or its diffusion through agar.


The use of silver, which is a potent antibiotic, has attracted our interest in testing it as an anti-stress drug for technological stresses such as transportation and pre-slaughter handling. Based on the results, we have developed a new technology for improving the quality of food raw materials, including the intramuscular injection of ultrafine particles (UFP) of silver at a dose of 0.01 mg / kg of live weight. This allows improving the quality characteristics of by-products (liver, kidneys, lungs), which is characterized by an increase of both saturated fatty acid (namely, palmitic one) by 23.7% and unsaturated (oleic) acid by 38.6%; and at a dosage of 0.05 mg / kg of live weight – in terms of myristic, palmitic and oleic fatty acids compared to the control group without the drug administration. This contributed to a decrease in the activity of free radical oxidation in animals and increased adaptive abilities. However, the best adaptive qualities with an increase in the amount of corresponding fatty-acids were animals who were intramuscularly injected with UFP of silver at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg of body weight.


Taking the key block for research object,which was the large mining height workface main roof fractured to be symmetrical during first weighting and was seen as a deformed body,strictly in accordance with corresponding relation in mechanical derivation,analyzed the relation between block deformation and horizontal force at different rotation angle and different subsidizes deformation.The critical point in balance-instability transformation of the body structure was explored;and detail analyzed the horizontal force changes acting on the key block in the process of rotation and sinking was carried out;and the quantization relationship of horizontal force with rotational angle,block coefficient and the force on the key block were worked out;and the relationship of rotational angle with block coefficient during rotating instability or sliding instability,and the range of carrying capacity when the key block is balance,were also worked out.Measured against the conclusion of the traditional method of calculating,the value of horizontal force derived in strict accordance with geometric relationship is two times bigger;the balance range of key block is improved.The regression formula of key block's carrying capacity was worked out.Whether the key block in the fractured roof will lose balance or not can be predicted by this formula.


Coupling between spin and charge degrees of freedom in electrons is a source of various electronic and magnetic properties of solids. We theoretically study charge density waves induced by the spin-charge coupling in the presence of magnetic orderings in itinerant magnets. By performing a perturbative calculation in the weak-coupling limit of the Kondo lattice model, we derive a useful formula for the relationship between charge and spin density waves, which can be applied to any magnetic orderings, including noncollinear and noncoplanar ones composed of multiple spin density waves called multiple-Q magnetic orderings. We demonstrate the predictive power for single-Q and double-Q states including skyrmion and meron-antimeron crystals on a square lattice, in comparison with the numerical calculations. Moreover, we show that the charge density waves contain richer information than the spin density waves, and are indeed useful in distinguishing the spin textures with similar spin structure factors. We discuss the relation to bond modulation in terms of the kinetic bond energy and the vector spin chirality. We also perform numerical calculations beyond the perturbative regime and find that the charge density waves can be enhanced when the electron filling is commensurate. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of the spin-orbit coupling, which can lead to additional charge density waves owing to effective anisotropic magnetic interactions in momentum space. Our result will provide a way to identify complex magnetic orderings and their origins from the charge modulations.


We give an elementary proof of a recent metrical Diophantine result by D. Kleinbock related to badly approximable vectors in affine subspaces.


Writing over eighty years ago, John M. Manly posed the questions that have shaped scholarly debate over the nature and extent of Chaucer's debt to medieval rhetoric ever since: ''What . . . was medieval rhetoric? Who were its principal authorities in Chaucer's time? And what use did Chaucer make of methods and doctrines unmistakably due to the rhetoricians?''1 In his answer to the first question, Manly restricted medieval rhetoric to a set of formal precepts that fell into three categories: ''(1) arrangement or organization; (2) amplification and abbreviation; (3) style and its ornaments.''2 Especially among the generation immediately following the 1926 publication of Manly's landmark essay, that definition prevailed and shaped many subsequent studies devoted to identifying the various rhetorical figures employed in Chaucer's poetry. Those who wrote such studies also accepted Manly's answer to his second basic question: the principal sources of rhetorical doctrine for Chaucer and his contemporaries were the Latin textbooks composed in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries by Matthew of Vendome, Geoffrey of Vinsauf, and others, several of which were made available in modern printed editions by Edmond Faral only two years before Manly explored their influence on Chaucer.3 Often referred to as artes poetriae, these are treatises on general composition, a genre that Douglas Kelly has designated more precisely as ''arts of poetry and prose.''4 The most


Studied the causes of the size effect phenomenon of the process of nano-hardness measurements. First of all, theoretically discussed the impact of the indenter tip radius on the hardness measurement and analysis of its impact trend, after the use of molecular dynamics method on the ends of arc with a radius of 50nm standard three pyramid indenter and the ideal shaped indenter for a different indentation depth under indentation process simulation. Theory and simulation results show that: indenter tip with a circular arc is the important reason for the produce of the nano-hardness size effect phenomenon. In nano-hardness measurements, if the constant load experiments using different ends of the radius of the indenter for testing, then the larger the indenter of the tip radius is, the greater measured hardness value. If using the same indenter, then the smaller test indenter of the indentation depth is, the greater corresponding to the indentation angle, so the measured hardness value greater.


By analyzing the threat of erosion of soil and the effect of wter and soil conservation, the necessity of hydraulic power and water and soild conservation in sustainable development was clarified. In addition, it further discussed the important role that water and soil conservation plays in sustainable development through examples of Tieling's practical work.


This paper's major aim is to illustrate how competition and co-operation are causally interrelated in the social life of nonhuman primates. In many species, competition for resources and mates commonly leads to xenophobic alliances and to the formation of intra-group dominance orders in which coalitions and alliances play a major role. In this sense, competition fosters co-operation. After briefly reviewing the nature of alliances in primates, this paper focuses on matrilineal dominance systems, which characterise many species of the Cercopithecidae family (macaques, baboons, etc.). In these societies, females socially inherit their mother's rank above lower-ranking matrilines with the result that kin rank next to each other. This paper summarises 10 years of experimental research on the composition and dynamics of alliances in a captive group of Japanese macaques (Macacafuscata). The main experimental paradigm consisted in manipulating the composition of the group, thereby dismantling existing alliances and inducing the formation of new alliances and new rank orders. Results reveal the existence of a complex interplay of kin and nonkin alliances responsible for the acquisition of rank and, later, for the maintenance of rank relations within and between kin groups. Opportunistic, selfishly motivated interventions in conflicts, performed by juveniles sharing the same targets (common targeting principle), appear to account for the initial formation of alliances in these dominance systems and, possibly, in various other situations as well. Such relatively simple processes may have paved the way for ontogenetically and phylogenetically more sophisticated forms of co-operation, such as reciprocity involving delayed benefits to the donors.