In this paper we report on large scale multi-physics simulation of beam dynamics in electron linacs for next generation free electron lasers (FELs). We describe key features of a parallel macroparticle simulation code including three-dimensional (3D) space-charge effects, short-range structure wake fields, longitudinal coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) wake fields, and treatment of radiofrequency (RF) accelerating cavities using maps obtained from axial field profiles. A macroparticle up-sampling scheme is described that reduces the shot noise from an initial distribution with a smaller number of macroparticles while maintaining the global properties of the original distribution. We present a study of the microbunching instability which is a critical issue for future FELs due to its impact on beam quality at the end of the linac. Using parameters of a planned FEL linac at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), we show that a large number of macroparticles (beyond 100 million) is needed to control numerical shot noise that drives the microbunching instability. We also explore the effect of the longitudinal grid on simulation results. We show that acceptable results are obtained with around 2048 longitudinal grid points, and we discuss this in view of the spectral growth rate predicted from linear theory. As anmore » application, we present results from simulations using one billion macroparticles of the FEL linac under design at LBNL. We show that the final uncorrelated energy spread of the beam depends not only on the initial uncorrelated energy spread but also depends strongly on the shape of the initial current profile. By using a parabolic initial current profile, 5 keV initial uncorrelated energy spread at 40 MeV injection energy, and improved linac design, those simulations demonstrate that a reasonable beam quality can be achieved at the end of the linac, with the final distribution having about 100 keV energy spread, 2.4 GeV energy, and 1.2 kA peak current.« less


Customer knowledge is a vital external factor which can affect organizational performance and survival. Customer knowledge consists of knowledge for customers (KfC), knowledge about customers (KaC) and knowledge from customers (KfrC). Many researchers regard customer knowledge as a strategic resource for companies to improve innovation, to facilitate the detection of new market opportunities, and to support long-term relationships with customers. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the role of knowledge sharing in improving organizational performance. This study aimed to investigate the impact of customer knowledge, and innovative customer knowledge sharing, on organizational performance. A second aim was to study the mediating effect of innovative customer knowledge sharing. The findings showed that customer knowledge positively influences customer knowledge sharing (CKS) except regarding the factor of knowledge about customers (KAC). Organizational performance (OP) was positively impacted by customer knowledge sharing (CKS). The findings also showed that customer knowledge sharing (CKS) has a mediating effect between customer knowledge (CK) and organizational performance (OP).


A cluster analysis procedure has been used to estimate the fraction of the sporadic interlopers (sporadis bias) identified as stream members among the observed meteor orbits. Using the ar~;ificial meteor orbits with the same distribution as the observed one, the sporadic bias is estimated for the given threshold value of the orbital simflarity D~. It has been shown that in case of the radio meteor eatalogues the Dc values given by the formula proposed in Southworth and Hawkins (1963)and in Lindblad (1971) correspond to the sporadic bias of 8-21%. For the five radio meteor catalogues the values of Dc corresponding to the fixed blas equal to 10% and 15% are given.


The status of the absolute magnitude calibrations is reviewed for the long period Cepheids of population I and II, RR Lyrae stars, evolved "above horizontal branch" (AHB1) variables (periods 0.8 to 3 days), dwarf Cepheids of both populations (the Delta Scuti and SX Phoenicus variables), and the anomalous Cepheids (AC). Evidence shows that the period-color and period-luminosity (P-L) relations for population I Cepheids in the Galaxy and in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds have different slopes and zero points. This greatly complicates use of Cepheids for the extragalactic distance scale. Strategies are discussed to patch the problem. A consensus exists for the ←−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− ( )


Wind turbines experience significant power loss due to insect contamination on the blades. In order to estimate power losses, computational fluid dynamics software or empirical models are used to compute drag increases due to roughness-induced boundary-layer transition. These models require knowledge of the expected levels and location of insect contamination on the blade surface. This is generally unknown, making power loss predictions unreliable. The present study develops a computer simulation to predict this information and uses this tool to simulate insect impingement for a variety of turbine operating conditions. The simulation code combines an invsicid panel method with a Lagrangian insect particle simulation module to first solve for the turbine velocity field and then track insect paths through this field. The effects of blade thickness, angle of attack and insect size are studied for 2D airfoil sections. The simulations show that increasing blade thickness leads to a larger chordwise extent of insect impingement yet lower maximum levels of contamination. Increasing insect mass is also found to increase the chordwise extent of impingement. These results are consistent with previous wind tunnel results and theoretical predictions. The model is then applied to a representative 5-MW turbine model to determine spanwise variation in contamination. Results agree qualitatively with field observation, suggesting that this technique may be used in the future to more accurately predict power losses on turbines. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract Rhombohedral phase PZT thin films with thickness ranging from 50 to 350 nm were deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si and Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates at 580°C by MOCVD. (100)-oriented PZT films were obtained on the former substrates, while (111)-oriented PZT films were obtained on the latter substrates. Dielectric constant and coercive field of both films were almost the same, though rhombohedral phase PZT have polar axis along with (111) direction. These experimental data suggested that there was no strong orientation dependence on the electrical properties of the films.


Abstract Panjehshahin, M.R., Owji, A.A., Mehrabani, D., Mirzaee, M. and Vasei, M. 2003. Effect of curcumin on cholesterol gall-stone induction in rats. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 23: 75–80. To study the effects of curcumin on the formation of cholesterol gallstones, 30 female rats were divided into three equal groups. Diet of rats in lithogenic group was supplemented with 0.5% cholesterol, 0.15% sodium cholate and 0.15% lecithine, whereas, rats in curcumin group were fed similar to lithogenic group with 0.5% curcumin extra for 10 weeks. Lithogenic diet induced stone formation in rats. Cholesterol concentration was significantly decreased in bile of curcumin rats group relative to those of lithogenic group. The number of cholesterol microcrystal was significantly more in bile of rats under lithogenic diet compared to other groups. In curcumin group, the formation of cholesterol crystals and aggregation of microcrystals were not visible, indicating that curcumin could significantly reduce the possibility of gallstone formation.


This paper proposes a parallel packet transmission (PPT) scheme based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The principle of the PPT scheme is to divide a packet into a number of smaller parallel packets, and transmit each smaller packet over an individual subcarrier of the OFDM symbols instead of spreading the data bits in a packet across a number of different subcarriers. It is proved theoretically that the proposed PPT scheme has higher average throughput than the conventional serial packet transmission without precoding. Furthermore, simulation results show that the OFDM system with PPT outperforms the precoded OFDM system with minimum mean squared error equalization in both uncoded and coded cases in terms of average throughput. The PPT scheme provides an alternative and simpler means to combat frequency-selective fading.


Macao survived the COVID-19 pandemic with only 46 confirmed cases and zero death (Macao Government Information Bureau, 2020). As one of the densest tourism cities in the world, Macao was as vulnerable as any other cities under severe outbreak. The success was the result of instant responses from government, support from large enterprises and cooperation of the community. The pandemic fighting process was examined in five phases, in which a few key criteria were demonstrated in managing the crisis. Despite the positive result, the Macao government also learnt a lesson in future planning when the pandemic once again revealed the weakness of sole dependence on the tourism industry.


KRISTINE EMPIE, Ph.D., is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at New England College. She received her Ph.D. in 2001 from the Indiana University of Pennsylvania in Criminology. She also has an M.B.A from Southern New Hampshire University. Dr. Empie is currently involved in research on workplace violence. She has presented on this topic at several conferences, and recently has published a book entitled, Workplace Violence and Mental Illness.


Looking at the relics and distribution structures recently discovered in the area of Baekpo Bay on the Haenam Peninsula, this article attempts to approach the social structure of Mahan on the Haenam Peninsula at the time, focusing on the prestige products showing the symbols of local politics. In the past, the area of Baekpo Bay on the Haenam Peninsula has been recognized as a port of call for coastal routes through literature and excavation data since ancient times. Archaeological data showing that this area is a hub for foreign exchange in Northeast Asia continue to be confirmed, and based on abundant archaeological data, it seems to have served as a gateway to exchanges with China using sea routes formed from B.C. and the rise and fall of Mahan politics in Jeollanam-do. As such, the Haenam Peninsula, where Baekpo Bay is located, has formed a social structural system that can facilitate the distribution of symbolic artifacts such as luxury goods from an early age through various cultural contacts and various internal and external exchanges connected to both sides. The development of the system through various direct and indirect exchanges with the social distribution network served as the background for the international city to be located on the ancient maritime silk road in the Baekpo Bay area, and it was able to function as a society for entering the Korean Peninsula through the sea. In particular, the area of Baekpo Bay, where Hyeonsan-myeon is located, has been identified as the primary gateway to exchanges with China.
Therefore, it was possible to form a social structural system related to internal and external exchanges and distribution from an early age and maintain its position as an intermediate port with Gaya and Japan for a considerable period of time. It is estimated that the establishment of such a system had political forces(chiefs) supported by strong economic power that could maintain their independent power.


Backgroung. PG or granuloma pyogenicum is a common tumor like growth of the oral cavity that is considered to be of non-neoplastic nature, arising commonly as a result of constant low grade trauma and poor oral hygiene and in few instances because of hormonal disturbances. Since it is a benign lesion, choice of treatment is surgical excision with removal of underlying cause if any. A newer treatment modality using laser has been reported 1, 2 Case report. A 16-year-old male patient reported to our sector of oral medicine with the chief complaint of intra-oral painless growth since four months. Past history and medical history did not reveal any relevant information. He was taking no medication and had no history of known drug allergy. On intra-oral examination smooth surfaced and lobu-lated growth of approximately 1.5 × 1 × 0.5 cm in size was present in the palate. The lesion was pedunculated and was freely movable over peduncle. The surface of the lesion showed non-omogenous red color whereas in certain area was covered by yellowish plaque like material. On palpation, growth was non-tender, nonfluctuant, hard and fi-brous in consistency. Treatment plan comprising of excisional biopsy of the lesion using an Er, Cr: YSGG laser. An elliptical incision was made around the peduncle, the lesion was lifted along with the underlying periosteum from the bone surface and removed. Hemostasis was achieved with the same laser and healing was obtained for second in-tention. Excised specimen was preserved and sent for histopathological examination. At 7 days recall, the gingival tissues were healthy with successful healing. Conclusion.


This paper reports analytical modeling and finite element an alysis (FEA) of the effect of two types of air damping (squeeze film and slide film damping) on resonance frequency and qualit y factor of a multi-layer CMOS-MEMS resonator designed for application as a mass sensitive gas sensor. The sensing principle is based on change in frequency or amplitude of the resonator due to adsorption/absorption of trace gases onto an active material to be deposited on the resonator membrane plate. The effect of air damping for mode 1 and mode 2 are investigated and the damping coeffici ent is found to increase from 0.922 × 10 6 Ns/m to 1.768× 10 6 Ns/m for mode 1 and from 0.914× 10 6 Ns/m to 1.708 × 10 6 Ns/m for mode 2 with increase in the overlap area of the fingers from 40 μm to 75 μm, respectively. The quality factor (Q) of the CMOS-MEMS resonator is found to decrease with increasing damping coeffici ent for both modes of vibration while the frequency remained unaffected. Analytical and simulation results shows good agreement for damping coefficient (1.43 % and 1.22 %), resonant frequency ( 3.45 % and 4.4 %) and quality factor (2.27 % and 0.88 %) for mode 1 and 2, respectively.


Multistage Banyan networks are frequently proposed as connections in multiprocessor systems. There exist several studies to determine the performance of networks in which messages are unicasted. In this paper, the performance of buuered Banyan networks, in which messages may also be multicasted is determined using various models. These developed models , which are based on diierent modeling methods, show the particular advantages and disadvantages of the methods and allow the performance evaluation of the networks. The examined modeling methods consist of Petri nets, iterative Petri nets, a simulation in C++ and an analytical method. The results of the modeling methods are compared in calculation time, model development time, and result accuracy.


Through this final work , which consists of two parts , of which the first part includes some theoretical assumptions related to the organizational forms of work while in the second part are done some action research related to the ability to manipulate the balls of different sizes, shall be examined and the importance of the impact of the size range ball on the success in the realization of the given content in some group methodological organizational forms of work for different age groups. This work will be structured activities work with the ball towards the hierarchical complexity of biotic motor skills to manipulate objects.
Checking and character influences of the size range balls was conducted on a sample of 17 children of preschool age, mixed kindergarten group.


Objective To investigate the killing effect of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/gancyclovir (HSV tk/GCV) suicide gene therapy system on retinoblastoma (Rb) cells and the mechanism of bystander effect.Methods By using liposome, pCMV/hytk IRES hrGFP plasmid was transferred into HXO Rb 44 cells.A fluorescence microscope was used to detect the transduction effeciency. The positive cell clones were selected by hygromycin and were named HXO Rb 44 /tk. RT PCR was resorted to demonstrate the sucessful transduction and transcription of hytk gene in the HXO Rb 44 /tk cells. The morphologic features and growth patterns of HXO Rb 44 /tk were compared with those of HXO Rb 44 . Then MTT assay was used to determined the killing effect of GCV on HXO Rb 44 /tk and the mixture of HXO Rb 44 /tk and HXO Rb 44 in different ratios("bystander effect"). The mechanism of bystander effect was studied by the experiment of supernatant shifting.Results The transduction effeciency was 20%. 530bp hytk gene strand was seen through HXO Rb 44 /tk RT PCR. There were no differences in the morphologic features or the growth patterns between HXO Rb 44 /tk and HXO Rb 44 .HXO Rb 44 /tk was more sensitive to GCV than was HXO Rb 44 .The cytotoxicity of HXO Rb 44 /tk was dose and time dependent. An obvious "bystander effect" was seen even with low proportions of HXO Rb 44 /tk, but this effect disappeared when transferring GCV containing supernatant of HSV tk positive cells to the negative cells.Conclusions The transfer of the HSV tk gene into Rb cells followed by the administration of GCV could serve as a model for gene therapy for retinoblastoma, the "bystander effect" in HSV tk/GCV mediated gene therapy occurs by transfer of GCV metabolite from cell to cell through gap junction.


Undergraduate great teacher system is research study great teacher system of grow, which is a new experiment. Practice undergraduate great teacher system, develop of teacher course of study, raise of teacher vocational work, push on overall develop of student and foster bring forth new ideas a person of ability, suit our country join in WTO wihch need the personal resource.


Get information about Pinnacle Point ATA Martial Arts in Sandy, Utah. Learn about Taekwondo and karate for kids and adults!


This paper describes an investigation of the potential for, and subsequent development of, a bus lanes and environmental scheme for London's most popular shopping street which, on the basis of the number of recorded accidents in 1970, appeared to be the most dangerous road in Britain, if not in Europe.


Due to the model and sampling errors of the finite ensemble, the background ensemble spread becomes small and the error covariance is underestimated during filtering for data assimilation. Because of the constraint of computational resources, it is difficult to use a large ensemble size to reduce sampling errors in high-dimensional real atmospheric and ocean models. Here, based on Bayesian theory, we explore a new spatially and temporally varying adaptive covariance inflation algorithm. To increase the statistical presentation of a finite background ensemble, the prior probability of inflation obeys the inverse chi-square distribution, and the likelihood function obeys the t distribution, which are used to obtain prior or posterior covariance inflation schemes. Different ensemble sizes are used to compare the assimilation quality with other inflation schemes within both the perfect and biased model frameworks. With two simple coupled models, we examined the performance of the new scheme. The results show that the new inflation scheme performed better than existing schemes in some cases, with more stability and fewer assimilation errors, especially when a small ensemble size was used in the biased model. Due to better computing performance and relaxed demand for computational resources, the new scheme has more potential applications in more comprehensive models for prediction initialization and reanalysis. In a word, the new inflation scheme performs well for a small ensemble size, and it may be more suitable for large-scale models.


Abstract The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide with long‐term health consequences. Effective strategies to stem the rising childhood obesity rates are needed but systematic reviews of interventions have reported inconsistent effects. Evaluation of interventions could provide more practically relevant information when considered in the context of the setting in which the intervention was delivered. This systematic review has evaluated diet and physical activity interventions aimed at reducing obesity in children, from birth to 5 years old, by intervention setting. A systematic review of the literature, consistent with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, was performed. Three electronic databases were searched from 2010 up to December 2020 for randomised controlled trials aiming to prevent or treat childhood obesity in children up to 5 years old. The studies were stratified according to the setting in which the intervention was conducted. Twenty‐eight studies were identified and included interventions in childcare/school (n = 11), home (n = 5), community (n = 5), hospital (n = 4), e‐health (n = 2) and mixed (n = 1) settings. Thirteen (46%) interventions led to improvements in childhood obesity measures, including body mass index z‐score and body fat percentage, 12 of which included both parental/family‐based interventions in conjunction with modifying the child's diet and physical activity behaviours. Home‐based interventions were identified as the most effective setting as four out of five studies reported significant changes in the child's weight outcomes. Interventions conducted in the home setting and those which included parents/families were effective in preventing childhood obesity. These findings should be considered when developing optimal strategies for the prevention of childhood obesity.


The effects of pressure on μ and m‐calpain stability and specific activity have been examined. Activity and stability of these neutral calcium‐dependent heterodimeric proteinases were studied using an in‐house built bioreactor allowing on‐line spectrophotometric monitoring with retention of pressure. Both isozymes were founded to be rather baro‐sensitive with t1/2 at 1500 bar of 6 min and 11 min for μ and m‐calpain respectively. Activity measurements under pressure showed a biphasic behavior for both proteinases with a slight activation for pressure up to 500 bar and 750 bar for m and μ‐calpain respectively. Activation volume changes indicated that the proteolytic reaction was alternatively favored and disfavored by pressure due to catalytic step activation associated with enzyme‐substrate binding step being continuously inhibited by pressure. Furthermore, autoproteolysis of calpain, a calcium dependent phenomenon was inhibited by application of pressure indicating that pressure inhibition of proteolytic activity could also be due to Ca2+‐binding decrease under pressure. Implication of these results with catalytic mechanism of these heterodimeric proteinases is also discussed.


To realize nanocarbons in general and carbon nanotube (CNT) in particular as on-chip interconnect materials, the contact resistance stemming from the metal–CNT interface must be well understood and minimized. Understanding the complex mechanisms at the interface can lead to effective contact resistance reduction. In this study, we compile existing published results and understanding for two metal–CNT contact geometries, sidewall or side contact and end contact, and address key performance characteristics which lead to low contact resistance. Side contacts typically result in contact resistances >1 kΩ, whereas end contacts, such as that for as-grown vertically aligned CNTs on a metal underlayer, can be substantially lower. The lower contact resistance for the latter is due largely to strong bonding between edge carbon atoms with atoms on the metal surface, while carrier transport across a side-contacted interface via tunneling is generally associated with high contact resistance. Analyses of high-resolution images of interface nanostructures for various metal–CNT structures, along with their measured electrical characteristics, provide the necessary knowledge for continuous improvements of techniques to reduce contact resistance. Such contact engineering approach is described for both side and end-contacted structures.


Deep learning models are playing an increasingly important role in time series forecasting with their excellent predictive ability and the convenience of not requiring complex feature engineering. However, the existing deep learning models still have shortcomings in dealing with periodic and long-distance dependent sequences, which lead to unsatisfactory forecasting performance on this type of dataset. To handle these two issues better, this paper proposes a novel periodic time series forecasting model based on DA-RNN, called DA-SKIP. Using the idea of task decomposition, the novel model, based on DA-RNN, GRU-SKIP and autoregressive component, breaks down the prediction of periodic time series into three parts: linear forecasting, nonlinear forecasting and periodic forecasting. The results of the experiments on Solar Energy, Electricity Consumption and Air Quality datasets show that the proposed model outperforms the three comparison models in capturing periodicity and long-distance dependence features of sequences.


When reporting results from randomized experiments, researchers often choose to present a per-protocol effect in addition to an intention-to-treat effect. However, these per-protocol effects are often described retrospectively, for example, comparing outcomes among individuals who adhered to their assigned treatment strategy throughout the study. This retrospective definition of a per-protocol effect is often confounded and cannot be interpreted causally because it encounters treatment-confounder feedback loops, where past confounders affect future treatment, and current treatment affects future confounders. Per-protocol effects estimated using this method are highly susceptible to the placebo paradox, also called the "healthy adherers" bias, where individuals who adhere to placebo appear to have better survival than those who don't. This result is generally not due to a benefit of placebo, but rather is most often the result of uncontrolled confounding. Here, we aim to provide an overview to causal inference for survival outcomes with time-varying exposures for static interventions using inverse probability weighting. The basic concepts described here can also apply to other types of exposure strategies, although these may require additional design or analytic considerations. We provide a workshop guide with solutions manual, fully reproducible R, SAS, and Stata code, and a simulated dataset on a GitHub repository for the reader to explore.


Stirred tank reactor (STR) leaching of non-ferrous metals from copper smelting slag was conducted using biogenic Fe3+ solution containing H2SO4. The solution was initially obtained through biooxidation of FeS2+S° byusing a moderately thermophilic microbial culture such as Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans at 45°C and was applied as lixiviant in STR leaching experiments. The effect of pH, pulp density, temperature and initial Fe3+ concentration on leaching behavior of Cu, Fe, Zn and Ni from the slag were investigated. The presence of high concentration of Fe3+ ions was found to promote the leaching of copper and nickel while inhibiting the leaching of zinc and iron. Process pH was considered as the most significant parameter and the optimum leaching results were obtained at pH 1.8 with low fayalite dissolution and jarosite precipitation. During the leaching at this pH (1.8), 25% (w/v) pulp density and 65°C temperature in presence of 20 g/L initial Fe3+ concentration, maximum extraction of Cu (90%) and Ni (85%) was observed in 4 hours whereas Fe extraction was minimum (19%). A schematic flowsheet of multistage leaching process was proposed. The result obtained from multistage batch leaching experiments will be step forward for continuous stirred tank reactor leaching for industrial scale implementation.


MOOCs constitute an important evolution of the environments of e-learning. Despite the success of this phenomenon, the implementations of MOOC content show that many obstacles remain. Moreover, the educational resources are rather simple (course, exercise, blog...) and are stored in a dedicated space. The provision of external pedagogical resources (Serious Game, Remote Laboratory...) becomes crucial. These complex resources are essential to a coherent pedagogical path and to ensure the practical application and the evaluation of the skills required by the learner. In this work, we propose an approach allowing the use of pedagogical resources deployed in MOOC platforms.

The production of resources requires consequent data-processing developments and the investment of time, money and human resources. It is fundamental to exploit them more than once and thus to be able to reuse and share them. In this context, the structuring of educational information via standards becomes crucial.

LOM is a standard that allows indexing pedagogical resources. This standard is considered complex. Moreover, LOM specifies only four levels of aggregation, which are rather general and vague. On the evaluation level, LOM did not specify information for the validation of the learner's skills.
The SCORM standard presents the aggregation of resources and not a sequence of activities, or any navigation from one to another and any communication with the MOOC. Moreover, it does not specify how a MOOC should use the various organization of the content. Concerning SCORM, it is not possible to describe the assessment action, which will be realized with the aggregate contents. It results in a lack of tracking of the learner's activity, that is though necessary for the evaluation of its competencies.

In order to illustrate our remarks, we present here a complex resource "remote laboratory". A remote laboratory proposes a practical activity that is necessary to the learner's formation. It consists in a shareable resource among learners and it is composed of several resources deployed on real physical hardware reachable via remote platforms. This resource is time-constrained: a remote laboratory lasts a fixed duration with an accessibility constraint due to the shareable property. In the case of complex and evolving resources over the time, those standards do not propose any time constraints on the resource and do not present some mutual exclusion concerning a shareable critical resource.

We propose an integration model of a complex pedagogical resource in a MOOC platform. This model deals with static and dynamic aspects. The static elements are those that characterize the structure and the contextualization of educational resource. The dynamic components concern the services that the resource needs for its use.

In this paper, we proposed an approach to integrate complex resources in MOOC (ClarolineConnect). The current resources present very often an insufficiency in practical application and then a lack of evaluation of the relevant competencies acquired by the learner. In this context, we focused on the problem and we built a bundle allowing to deploy a remote laboratory resource. This resource is obviously complex: it has a reservation module of the different resources used and relies also on real hardware. These resources, digital and not, are deployed in distant platforms and invocated from ClarolineConnect via web services.


As the production of chonma became increased by the farmer's cultivation, developments of the processed food such as tea using chonma have been actively pursued. In the present study, the components of chonma and its beneficial effects on health using SD (Sprague-Dawley) rat model were analyzed. The contents of moisture, protein, ash, fat and fiber in dried-chonma were 11.8, 7.6, 3.2, 0.5, and 3.9%(w/w), respectively. The contents of calcium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium were 121, 83, 6.2, 170, 69 and 1,278 mg%. When chow diets containing 0, 0.15, 1.5 or 5.0% chonma powder were fed to SD rats for 4 weeks, no significant differences were observed in the composition of the large-intestinal flora, level of the large-intestinal contents and the weight gains of rats. The level of was higher and the serum cholesterol level was lower in 5.0% chonma group compared with control group. The highest sedative effect was shown in 0.15% chonma group.


Preface.- Weak Convergence of Self-normalized Sums Processes (M. Csorgo, Z. Hu).- Precise Asymptotics in Strong Limit Theorems for Self-normalized Sums of Multidimensionally Indexed Random Variables (D. Deng, Z. Hu).- The Self-normalized Asymptotic Results for Linear Processes (M. Peligrad, H. Sang).- Some results and problems for anisotropic random walk on the plane (E. Csaki, A. Foldes, P. Revesz).- On the Area of the Largest Square Covered by a Comb-Random-Walk (P. Revesz).- A Compensator Characterization of Planar Point Processes (G. Ivanoff).- Central Limit Theorem Related to MDR-method (A. Bulinski).- An Extension of a Theorem of Hechner and Heinkel (D. Li, Y. Qi, A. Rosalsky).- Quenched Invariance Principles via Martingale Approximation (M. Peligrad).- An Extended Martingale Limit Theorem with Application to Specification Test for Nonlinear Co-integrating Regression Model (Q. Wang).- Change Point Detection with Stable AR(1) Errors (A. Bazarova, I. Berkes, L. Horvath).- Change-point Detection Under Dependence Based on Two-sample U-statistics (H. Dehling, R. Fried, I. Garcia, M. Wendler).- Time Series Models in Change Point Detection Tests (E. Gombay).- Diagnostic Test for Innovations of ARMA Musing Empirical processes of Residuals (K. Ghoudi, B. Remillard).- Short Range and Long Range Dependence (M. Rosenblatt).- Kernel Method for Stationary Tails: from Discrete to Continuous (H. Dai, D. Dawson, Y. Zhao).- Central Limit Theorems and Large Deviations for Additive Functionals of Reflecting Diffusion Processes (P. Glynn, R. Wang).- Kellerer's Theorem Revisited (F. Hirsch, B. Roynette, M. Yor).- Likelihood and Ranking Methods (M. Alvo).- Asymptotic and Finite-sample Properties in Statistical Estimation (J. Jureckova).- Publications of Miklomicrons Csorgo.


Introduction Almost all organs can be involved in the infection by Epstein–Barr virus and consequently, the beginning symptoms of infectious mononucleosis may be different.Materials and methods We report a case of infection by Epstein–Barr virus in a 17-year-old girl whose primary manifestation was an initially monolateral and subsequently bilateral dacryoadenitis.Results The incidence of acute dacryoadenitis by Epstein–Barr virus is valued around one case per million people per year, but it is probably underestimated: it is due to infiltration of the lacrimal gland by activated lymphocytes.Discussion An acute dacryoadenitis, especially when it affects a young adult and when bilateral, should guide the diagnostic and haematochemical and serological investigations towards a systemic disease such as infectious mononucleosis. It is almost always responsive to a systemic corticosteroid therapy, but in some cases it can progress towards a dacryocystitis and exceptionally towards the Sjogren syndrome. Appropriate and timely treatment will be able to reduce any subsequent complications.


The authors provide an overall assessment of the current state-of-the art in multimedia information technology, the future directions and the engineering challenges faced by the designers and researchers working in this area. They describe how the newly emerging networking and high performance storage technologies can provide unique opportunities for building interesting multimedia applications, which were unconceivable previously.<<ETX>>


of the uterine arteries producing hypoxia in the fetus, and tachycardia and hypertension in both the mother and the fetus. Cocaine exposure at critical stages of pregnancy can cause fetal abnormality (in particular renal anomalies and, characteristically, prune belly syndrome), spontaneous abortion, abruption of the placenta, premature labour and all the problems of prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, decreased head circumference, perinatal cerebral infarction, tremor and irritability in the newborn


HIS represents the third part of the paper on robust model validation. It is dedicate to simulations and numerical results showing the validity of the robust model validation method we have developed in the first two parts. Specifically, our case study is focused on a open-loop model describing an aeroelastic dynamical system. The same problem could be posed for a closed-loop aeroservoelastic system. If the first situation addresses only the quality of the analytic model and the practical measurements, the second case encompasses in a hidden way the quality of the controller to allow one safely to perform model-based process control with practical measurement updates. This second case is of paramount importance in aerospace engineering where the struggle for cleared flight control law is intens, more than ever. Recall that our method is based on efficiently computing tight approximations (i P , b P ) of the true computationally intractable (NP-hard) pair (i P , b P ), the supremum of all uncertainty levels we can afford ourselves to have about the analytic model § and its experimental counterpart b § such that the feasibility sets of the uncertain linear matrix inequalities representing the property in question P have non-empty intersection. Alternatively, the pair of system bodies – balls when k · k2 is used to measure the uncertainty and boxes, when k · k1 is the candidate norm– with radii or sizes (i P , b P ) have empty intersection or not, are the basic ingredients of a simple geometric test which can discriminate between two situations – robust consistency and robust invalidation. The key factor is played by a liftand-project scheme developed within the framework of the so-called Matrix-Cube theory 5–8 which enables one to obtain a ¼ -tight approximation of the pair (i P , b i P ).


Long-term use of glucocorticoids (GC), especially dexamethasone (Dex), could result in osteoporosis through induction of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of osteoblasts and increased differentiation of osteoclasts, finally leading to bone loss. Therefore, searching for new agents that could block Dex-induced cytotoxicity would be a good way to treat osteoporosis. In this study, we show that, synthetic benzo[1,2,5]selenadiazole derivatives (SeDs) could be used as effective inhibitors of Dex-induced osteoblasts apoptosis. This protective effect was correlated with their lipophilicity, cellular uptake and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, mechanistic studies reveal that, treatment of osteoblast cells with Dex resulted in overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA fragmentation, activation of caspase-3/-9, mitochondria fragmentation, phosphorylation of p53, and activation of MAPKs and AKT pathways. However, pre-treatment of the cells with the synthetic SeDs effectively blocked these intracellular events, which suggest that SeDs could protect osteoblast cells against Dex-induced cell apoptosis via attenuating oxidative stress and downstream signalling pathways. Therefore, this study demonstrates a new therapeutic application of SeDs to antagonize GC-induced osteoporosis.


A recent paper on quantum walks by Childs et al. [STOC'03] provides an example of a black-box problem for which there is a quantum algorithm with exponential speedup over the best classical randomized algorithm for the problem, but where the quantum algorithm does not involve any use of the quantum Fourier transform. They give an exponential lower bound for a classical randomized algorithm solving the black-box graph traversal problem defined in their paper. In this note we give an improved lower bound for this problem via a straightforward and more complete analysis.


We have synthesized Pt–Ni octahedral nanocrystals with Ni(OH)2 naturally formed on their surfaces as a promising catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in an alkaline solution. For Pt–Ni octahedra of 9 nm in size, they exhibited specific and mass HER activities 15 times and 4.6 times greater than those of a commercial Pt/C catalyst in 0.1 M KOH solution.


There is no consensus in the literature concerning the possible effects of increasing the number of alternative brands on the behavior of consumers. The present study investigated the effect of brand quantity on the duration of search behavior in supermarkets, using a methodology based on direct observation. During the observation period, 1509 buying occasions were recorded, in six products categories, with the number of alternative brands varying from 3 to 12. Search duration was measured from the moment consumers started to look at the product on the shelf until they picked it up and placed it in the shopping cart. Regression analyses, relating search duration to quantity of brand and other variables (shelf space, level of brand differentiation, among several others), suggested that increases in the number of alternative brands were significantly related to increases in search duration. Analyses also indicated decreases in search with increases in brand differentiation, increases in cart volume, decreases in product shelf space, presence of promotions, and increases in average product price. Such results demonstrate the usefulness of a behavioral approach that emphasizes potential effects of situational variables on consumer behavior and suggest several managerial applications.


An increasing interest is rising on the study of rockfill embankment dams during overspilling. Design criteria of earth dams are being reviewed in many countries to guarantee an increasing safety level in front of an exceptional flooding. Current work focuses on the numerical simulation of such structures under extreme conditions. A generalized non-darcian model is studied for the flow outside and inside a porous medium [1]. This is included as a generalization of a Navier Stokes model and used together with a level set method to take in account free surface effects [2]. This flow is coupled with the motion of the structure of interest, which is modeled via the Particle Finite Element Mathod [3]. This allows to take into account arbitrary variation for the structural domain while preserving the full efficiency of an eulerian approach for the solution of the external and internal flow. All of the solvers are implemented in the same framework, a multiphysic code called Kratos [4]. The final objective is the definition of a reliable numerical tool for the assessment of the behavior of rockfill embankments during overspill phenomena.


Topramezone is a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor. Due to its broad-spectrum, high efficiency and low toxicity, topramezone is a candidate herbicide for the construction of genetically modified (GM) herbicide-resistant crops. In the present study, we screened a topramezone-resistant isolate Sphingobium sp. TPM-19, and cloned a topramezone-resistant HPPD gene (SphppD) from this isolate. SpHPPD shared the highest similarity (53%) with a HPPD from Vibrio vulnificus CMCP6. SpHPPD was synthesized in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and purified to homogeneity using Co2+-affinity chromatography. SpHPPD was found to be a monomer. The Km and kcat of SpHPPD for 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (4-HPP) were 82.8 µM and 15.0 s-1, respectively. SpHPPD showed high resistance to topramezone with IC50 and Ki values of 5.2 µM and 2.5 µM, respectively. Additionally, SpHPPD also showed high resistance to isoxaflutole (DKN) (IC50: 8.7 µM; Ki: 6.0 µM) and mesotrione (IC50: 4.2 µM; Ki: 1.3 µM), and moderate resistance to tembotrione (IC50: 2.5 µM; Ki: 1.0 µM). The introduction of SphppD gene into Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced obvious resistance against topramezone. In conclusion, this study provides a novel topramezone-resistant HPPD gene for the genetic engineering of GM herbicide-resistant crops.


Recently Chinese education market and social interest has been extended. Accordingly, smart learning based on smartphone applications became part of new educational paradigm. Also, there are more active research and development of applications for the Chinese language education. In this paper, we designed and implemented the smartphone functional application prototype for learning basic Chinese characters. Expression of Chinese characters, the comparison, listening in pronunciation, voice recording and listening, related content learning, and implement testing presented using casual user interface. In the future study, we will develop the prototype with user interface for learning Chinese conversation and individual index of evaluation can be effective learning Instrument without additional tools.


The paper discusses some basic questions about viruses and hackers in the computer domain , and compares the merits and disadvantages of many anti-virus tools . Then it designs the logic circuits of hand-disk protection and provides a new method for renewing of computers and network products.


Background: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of the doctors and students at Silchar medical college and hospital, Assam, India. Pharmacovigilance has gained worldwide importance and this study tries to widen its base in the north eastern part of India. The major task of pharmacovigilance programme is to collect and analyse the reports of adverse drug reactions and inform the potential risk. Methods: The study was cross sectional, questionnaire based, designed to assess KAP of pharmacovigilance. 220 participated among whom 100 were post graduate (PG) students of various departments, 60 MBBS students and 60 interns. Results: The difference in knowledge between the post graduates, interns and MBBS students were highly significant, though all of the groups scored in the moderate section. In the practice section, significant difference was found among the groups, but it is alarming to see that the scoring of the MBBS students fell in the poor category. Conclusions: PGs, interns and MBBS students had a good attitude towards pharmacovigilance but knowledge and practice needs improvement. Constant motivation and support through seminars, workshops and adverse drug reporting will remarkably improve this programme.


Background: Maternal health is of paramount concern all over the world and has been a priority in India as well with the maternal health programs evolving over the time, addressing new arenas and overcoming challenges to reach the Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) target with quality. (1) In tribal areas various barriers in health seeking behavior are impediments towards maternal health.Methods: An explorative qualitative study was undertaken in a tribal area of Srinagar, Kashmir, which is a rural field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine Government Medical College, Srinagar. Focus group discussion (FGD) and in-depth interviews were conducted. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the FGD and in-depth interview data.Results: The data analysis generated following five themes: Theme 1: Perceptions and practices among tribal pregnant women in Faqir Gujree area. Theme 2: Socio-cultural influences, attitude and beliefs. Theme 3: Health system related barriers. Theme 4: Community related barriers. Theme 5: Cultural barriers among the pregnant women.Conclusions: There is a need of continuous behaviour change communication (BCC) with pregnant women and community members. In addition to addressing these issues, the health system related issues need to be addressed and improved in order to improve access to health care facilities by these pregnant women. Thus, a comprehensive tribal-sensitive health care system incorporating the above cultural issues is required to improve the health care access among these vulnerable ANC patients.


This study provides an analytical formula for CVAR calculated using t-distributions with non-integer degrees of freedom. We generalize standard formulas, calculated on the assumption of normal log-returns without compromising on the difficulty of the calculation procedure involved. We also extend the results of Heikkinen and Kanto (2002) to show the impact of kurtosis on values of CVAR. The results are summarized in a closed-form formula that can, with little effort, be used by risk managers in the evaluation of risk exposures for a family of heavy-tailed distributions.


An approach of fast and optimum on-line fault restoration of transformer in the distribution substation is proposed with the combination of PN model and GA. The PN model is built to solve the operation of restoration strategy according to the substation running mode. GA is adopted with the function of optimum strategy based on the control of ordering and constraint strategy, which is optimized to cut load scheme according to the load reliability class, minimum operating time of load, the overload ability of healthy transformer capacity, and a little power on bus-tie current breaker. The results of the simulation show that the approach is feasible and effective and has high practical value.


In software engineering education, large projects are widely recognized as a useful way of exposing students to the real-world difficulties of team software development. But large projects are difficult to put into practice. First, educators rarely have additional time to manage software projects. Second, classrooms have inherent limitations that threaten the realism of large projects. Third, quantitative evaluation of individuals who work in groups is notoriously difficult. As a result, many software engineering courses compromise the project experience by reducing the team sizes, project scope, and risk. In this paper, we present an approach to teaching a one-semester software engineering course in which 20 to 30 students work together to construct a moderately sized (15 KLOC) software system. The approach combines carefully coordinated lectures and homeworks, a hierarchical project management structure, modern communication technologies, and a web-based project tracking and individual assessment system. Our approach provides a more realistic project experience for the students, without incurring significant additional overhead for the instructor. We present our experiences using the approach the last 2 years for the software engineering course at The College of William and Mary. Although the approach has some weaknesses, we believe that they are strongly outweighed by the pedagogical benefits.


The emission of electrons is an important aspect of the nonlinear dynamical behaviour of strongly excited metallic clusters. We present a numerical study of electron escape for sodium clusters based on a density-functional Hamiltonian, using quantal and semiclassical approaches. The results are compared with a simple analytical model for particle emission. The proper choice of the grid boundary conditions in the quantal case and the usefulness of a semiclassical treatment are discussed. For the test case Na + 9 , we evaluate probabilities for producing diierently charged ionic states as a function of the deposited excitation energy.


Delphastus pusillus (LeConte), an indigenous coccinellid predator of whiteflies, including sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), feeds on all stages of whiteflies. In laboratory tests, fourth-instar and adult female D. pusillus exhibited a marked tendency to avoid fourth-instar B. tabaci parasitized by the aphelinid endoparasitoids Encarsia transvena (Timberlake) and Eretmacerus sp. nr. californicus Howard in favor of unparasitized whiteflies. The age of the parasitoid within the whitefly influenced the extent of the avoidance. Whiteflies with first-instar parasitoids were not avoided, but those containing third instars and pupal parasitoids were significantly avoided. The presumed causes of the avoidance include parasitism-induced hardening of the whitefly cuticle and introduction of air into the whitefly around maturing parasitoids. D. pusillus and parasitoids tend to attack different stages of the whitefly. This attribute increases temporal separation, enhancing the options for the use of D. pusillus in pest management programs in conjunction with parasitoids.


Material screening of gate dielectrics for complementary metal oxide semiconductor applications is often complicated by the inability to deposit test samples. We examine the aqueous chemical solution deposition (CSD) technique as a simple, inexpensive, and fast technique to deposit thin metal-oxide layers. We deposited Nd 2 O 3 layers on 1.2 nm SiO 2 . The thinnest stack (7.2 nm) yielded an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of 3.1 nm with a gate-leakage current of 1.4 X 10 -6 A/cm 2 at V FB - 3 V. EOT scales linearly with physical thickness, allowing a k-value extraction, approximately 14. Our results suggest that aqueous CSD is a viable method for fast gate-dielectrics screening.


Let k be a field and G be a group. In this paper we are concerned with special cases of the general problem of finding the isomorphism types of G-graded algebra structures on the k-algebra of matrices MmðkÞ, where m is a positive integer. We propose an elementary approach, which relies on linear algebra and the duality between group actions and gradings for finite cyclic groups with appropriate roots of unity. In the Hopf algebra language, this duality means that the group algebra of a finite cyclic group is a selfdual Hopf algebra, provided that the field has enough roots of unity. Among the G-gradings of MmðkÞ there are some which are easy to understand, called good gradings. A grading is good if all the matrix units eij; 1 i; j m, are homogeneous elements. In fact a good grading is just ENDðVÞ for some G-graded vector space V of dimension m (see [4, 1]). It is important to study good gradings, since under certain assumptions on k, G and m, any grading is isomorphic to a good one. In this case, the classification of the isomorphism types of G-gradings reduces to the classification of the isomorphism types of good G-gradings, which is a more combinatorial problem. For example if the group G is torsion free, then by using ingredients of graded Clifford


were subspecies.) We assume a correspondence between the evolution of mind and body: The brain and its basic principles of operation are the same as that of Homo Sapiens who existed 50,000 years ago; if the species has the same morphological characteristics 50,000 years hence, it will have the same brain operating on the same basic principles. The Victorians postulated that natural selection ceased changing the body, but continued to shape the mind. For them, natural selection on mental qualities was an active, ongoing process that occurred, as Darwin wrote, &dquo;by the less intellectual races of man being exterminated.&dquo; These men also feared that natural selection would be disengaged because the natural sympathy of moral men would cause them to preserve the unfit. Robert J. Richards transports the problems from Darwin's time to ours in Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior (hereafter Emergence). Its historical narrative has two objectives. One is a defense of the author's historiographic method, a natural selection model. Ideas are generated and culled against a variety of problem contexts such as the mind of an individual scientist, the scientific community, and the larger cultural milieu. By identifying the selective features of these contexts, the historian can trace the causal relations in the evolution of ideas. The other objective is to defend a


In this paper we will present an algorithm that is capable of recognizing symmetry in an electronic network graph in better than O((n+b)/sup 2/) time for typical circuits. Applications in symbolic analysis and behavioural modeling are presented.<<ETX>>


To minimize loss of life the first three days after an earthquake are the most important and therefore demand the right decisions in a very complex environment. Beside the resulting responsibility and the time pressure members of an emergency operation centres (EOC) have to make their decisions on the base of limited, uncertain and dynamically changing information. A result of the work in the Collaborative Research Center (CRC) 461: "Strong Earthquakes: A Challenge for Geosciences and Civil Engineering" is the Disaster Management Tool (DMT). One of its modules, the DMT-EOC, deals with these problems by providing a training environment for table top exercises (EOC-TRAINER) and assistance for EOC members after a real earthquake disaster (EOC-ADVISOR). A major goal during the conception of the system was the development of a flexible and extendible architecture able to integrate different concepts and programming interfaces. The system provides a simulation to serve as environment for the exercises as well as a background for the evaluation of real decisions. The EOC-ADVISOR additionally combines operation research approaches for an optimal resource allocation with the reviewing of user decision by a rule-based evaluation using a multi-agent system (MAS). The decision support is based on the Recognition-Primed Decision (RPD) model, an approach to describe the natural decision-making process of persons in the disaster response domain. The paper gives an overview of the models behind the system components and their implementation.


Computer-based traffic modeling has experienced a tremendous increase in both acceptance and popularity. Expectations have advanced beyond the current reality of the traffic modeling craft. These expectations have contributed to the growing mythology which surrounds traffic modeling. Misconceptions are being spread (or at the least left unaddressed) by well-meaning experts unable, or unwilling, to educate the end user to the needs and limitations inherent in the traffic modeling process. These misconceptions are the basis for most of the myths which pervade traffic modeling. The remainder of this paper summarizes the ten most common of these myths.


Based on the analysis of our social history, educational policy, recreational activities, formation of body, physiology and psychology, this article studies the reasons of descending for endurance quality of college students today. Then we offer the way to improve it from PH theory, teaching circumstances, changing practicing way and principle of teaching.


Let Peary seek his Arctic goal; His countrymen prefer a Pole Less brumal and uncertain; And Roe and Howells the prolix Must bow to Henry Sienkiewicz, Democratized by Curtin. Anonymous, "Columbus Sienkiewicz," The Outlook, New York, March 12, 1898 The subject of Henryk Sienkiewicz and America is hardly exhausted with the acknowledgment of the enormous popularity of Quo Vadis in the United States. Sienkiewicz himself visited America in 1876, in fact traveled extensively through the country and recorded his impressions at some length in his Listy z Ameryki (Letters from America), a large part of which was translated into English and published in 1959. Sienkiewicz's relations with Helena Modrzejewska (Modjeska) and her debut in the American theater at the time of his visit add to the interest of his sojourn in the United States. Another phase of Sienkiewicz's relations with this country embraces the fascinating career of his American translator, Jeremiah Curtin, whose name remains as intimately linked with translations from Polish literature, particularly the works of Sienkiewicz, as Constance Garnett's has been with English renditions of the Russian masters of the nineteenth century.


31 32 Up today, rearing of common octopus, Octopus vulgaris paralarvae is severely limited 33 by the lack of success during the paralarval stage, with generalised mortalities occurring 34 before the settlement of the juveniles. Among others, a lack of balance in the lipid and 35 fatty acid composition of the food can be at the basis of this problem. The use of on36 grown Artemia cultured with the microalga Isochrysis galbana and further enriched 37 with Nannochloropsis sp. has proven a certain degree of success. The present work aims 38 at studying the effects of this rearing protocol on the fatty acid composition of 39 paralarvae, by comparison with a diet based on on-grown Artemia further enriched with 40 a high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) oil emulsion. Although apparently no clear 41 association between the fatty acid composition of the enriched preys and that of total 42 lipids of paralarvae could be established, further fractionation and fatty acid analysis of 43 the total lipids of the paralarvae into polar and neutral classes, followed by PCA, 44 revealed that irrespective of the diet, both lipid fractions showed distinct fatty acid 45 patterns. Besides, the fatty acid composition of the polar lipids was more conservative, 46 whereas that of the neutral lipids was more influenced by diet and showed more 47 variation among dietary treatments. 48 Page 2 of 18 Aquaculture Research Aquaculture Research


2003 Background: Concurrent radiation and TMZ followed by 6-12 months of adjuvant TMZ (d 1-5 of a 28d cycle) is the current standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed GBM. The addition of cytostatic or signal transduction agents may enhance efficacy without a significant increase in toxicity. A phase I trial (Neuro-oncology 2009) established the safety of ddTMZ with 2 or 3 of the cytostatic agents. Methods: This randomized phase II study was conducted by the Brain Tumor Trials Collaborative (BTTC) and the MDACC CCOP. The primary objectives: determine if specific cytostatic agents added to ddTMZ alters outcomes (PFS, OS) and compare triplet with doublet therapy. Eligibility criteria: centrally confirmed newly diagnosed GBM, age ≥18, KPS≥60, stable or improved after chemoradiation (pseudoprogression allowed), adequate hematologic, renal and hepatic function. Pts were randomly assigned to 12 treatment cycles (28 d/cycle) in 8 arms: ddTMZ alone (150 mg/m2/day, 7-d on, 7-d off) or TMZ-containing double...


At the beginning, culture means the way of life is the way of thinking and how to express the dislocation, emotions, and any community that does only every family It has its own culture to deal with the life parties, and a social reading for culture will be seen from this point of view Today's era of cultural development and cultural change through media channels and globalization campaigns will change very quickly in a way that is mixed It happens that there is a lot of problems between accepting and rejecting it, this was one of the reasons for the preparation of this subject because of its coming The large number of refugees from the middle and lower parts of Iraq, as well as western Kurdistan, have flowed into Kurdistan, causing cultural disintegration and cultural development, as each region has its own culture.
       This research was a part of some basque syllables about the first weapon and the characteristics of cultural developments, the second subject of The Culture of Culture, the change, the delay and transfer of the culture of the third The work of the capital in the culture of the community, the fourth story of the speech of the language of the culture on a book of the fifth style of the coultoro against The first of these is the "Saeed Ibn Al-Saeedi" (the son of The Prophet) and the coultore mechanics of the world and the more intelligent knowledge.


In this paper,it adopt DSP2812 as controller for brushless direct current(DC) motor and carry through the hardware and software programming for control system.It use the dual closed-loop control of PI revolving speed and PI current regulator to achieve a precise control of revolving speed,and establish the mathematical model of the brushless DC motor control system.Finally,the results of the MATLAB / SIMULINK simulation verify the feasibility of the system.


: A growing number of consumers are participating in the new product development process with companies. Companies can both obtain product ideas from users and also increase the purchase intent of consumers who see information about the product that has been conceived of by an actual user. Consumers infer the quality of products when they see a display in which product ideas are created by users rather than companies. In this paper, we describe this quality inference as an "Originator Effect" and review the relevant prior research. The previous investigations have been based on the following two trends: (1) mediating factor research to explore the background of the "Originator Effect", and (2) boundary condition research to investigate the conditions under which the "Originator Effect" is lost. In addition, among future investigations to expand the "Originator Effect" research, the author claims three subjects: (1) investigations of mediation factors, (2) investigations of boundary conditions, and (3) investigations of both mediation factors and boundary conditions.


Recently, the notion of having object-oriented languages that allow their programs to reason about themselves or reflect on their computations has attracted the attention of many researchers. This interest in reflection did not materialize until Pattie Maes presented her paper "Concepts and Experiments in Computational Reflection," at OOPSLA-87, in which she exposed the strong relationship between reflection and object-oriented programming. Since then, many others have developed and implemented several object-oriented languages and systems that provide reflective facilities.


A study was made of the inelastic scattering of pi mesons with an energy of 160 Mev by the nuclei of photographic emulsions. The experimental results are compared by the probability test method by using an assumption of the validity of pair meson-nucleon collisions in a nucleus. The average potential of the interaction was determined. (W.D.M.)


Research into the public is a subject of
academic investigation, marketing campaigns, and also of
museologists's interest. As a result of changes occurring
in culture, these involving Polish museology as well, a
closer knowledge of the public's needs and expectations
has become today one of the tasks also challenged by
museums. However, as the initial investigation conducted
by the National Institute for Museums and Public Collections
(NIMOZ) in the 2017 research into the public demonstrates,
rare application of the knowledge of museum visitors has
seldom translated the results of this research into the
practical approach of definite institutions.
Several reasons that make museologists refrain from
applying the theories used in social sciences to museums can
be named. Some of them result from the lack of experience,
others from staff shortages; they, however, impede seeing
in social research a tool useful for planning changes and for
opening up to the community. Nevertheless, despite all these
difficulties it can be observed that promoting the research
into the public among museologists boosts the impact of the
theories on their practical approaches in respective museums.
Sharing with other professionals the examples illustrating
definite solutions that can be applied in this respect, along
with the factual support by NIMOZ providing national
research, trainings, and publications, have gradually and
effectively been increasing the influence of the knowledge
of the public on museum's operating in social life. An
interesting instance of such a process can be seen in e.g.
the programme of the research into the public implemented
by the Józef Piłsudski Museum in Sulejówek.


The supramolecular approach has been exploited to modulate the fluorescence resonance energy transfer between an oligofluorene fluorophore and an ionic styryl dye with the assistance of a protein (bovine serum albumin) in aqueous medium. Self-assembled nanoparticles of oligofluorene with a negatively charged surface have functioned as the energy donor, and the positively charged styryl dye acts as the energy acceptor. The hydrophobic pockets in the secondary structure of the added protein enabled complimentary supramolecular interactions in the ternary complex. Moreover, it provided a rigid, nonpolar microenvironment to the dyes, thereby reducing the charge-transfer phenomenon in the dye and favored emission from the locally excited states. As a result, modulation of the energy transfer was observed, yielding significant tuning in emission wavelengths (or color) of the donor–acceptor complex.


BACKGROUND/AIMS
The possible involvement of a thromboxane (TX) A2 inhibitor, sodium ogzarel (SO) was investigated in the regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interleukin (IL)1-alpha in liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury.

METHODOLOGY
Rat livers were subjected to 90 min of total hepatic ischemia. Five minutes before the ischemia insult, 10 mg/kg of SO was administered intravenously (SO group); control animals received normal saline solution (NS group). Plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hyaluronic acid (HA), TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha and three plastanoids, 6-keto prostaglandin (PG) F1 alpha, PGE2 and TXB2, were measured before ischemia insult and 5, 60 and 120 min after reperfusion. Parts of the left lateral lobe were taken for measurement of adenosine nucleotides and histological examination. The cumulative survival rates for the first 10 days after I/R injury were examined for each group. SO was administered at various doses (0.3-30 mg/kg) and TXB2, TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha were measured.

RESULTS
Significant differences were recognized between the plasma AST, HA, TXB2, TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha and energy charge levels, the degree of liver necrosis and survival rates of the two groups. Dose-dependent inhibition by SO of the production of TXB2, TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha was observed.

CONCLUSIONS
Regulation of TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha by SO is possibly associated with the hepatoprotective effect of SO.


To overcome the big error existing in the common optical flow technology for determining wind direction based on brightness constancy model(BCM),an energy function optimization method was proposed for determining wind direction which depends on brightness and gradient constancy model(BGCM) with the feature of sea clutter images.Firstly,energy function is constructed with the common brightness constancy assumption,gradient constancy assumption as well as spatio-temporal smoothness constraint.Secondly,by calculating the derivation of optical flow components from energy function,the nonlinear Euler-Lagrange equations are obtained.Finally,optical flow field and main ocean surface wind direction can be achieved with iterative method to solve Euler-Lagrange equations.The improved method is finally validated with the real shore based X-band radar image.The superior performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by smaller estimation errors and well correlation when compared with results of the previous technique.


This article first gives an overview of the distributed optimization, including its application scenarios, advantages and developments. Then we introduce the formal mathematics model of distributed optimization problem along with three distributed optimization algorithms: DGD, EXTRA and DEXTRA. Next we perform the simulations of DEXTRA over both static and dynamic graphs, in which we verify its correctness but also find the fluctuation of convergence over dynamic graphs. Some of our assumptions are proposed regarding to this issue.


Melanchthon certainly did not hold the same doctrine as Luther on the subject! And in turn, the English Article of 1536, which is based on the Wittenberg Article, says that "under the form and figure of bread and wine" (the Wittenberg Article had "sub speciebus ") the Body and Blood of Christ are '~ corporally, really, and in the very substance exhibited, distributed and received unto and of all them which receive the said sacrament." Whatever this English article teaches, it certainly does not teach Transubstantiation! Rather, like the Continental formulre, it would seem to be deliberately ambiguous. And that is all I claim on p. 249 of my work. 8. One last word. Like the Church Times review, Mr. Beevor displays a lamentable misunderstanding of the force of a Nihil Obstat. This phrase simply means that, in the judgment of the censor, there is nothing in the book contrary to faith or morals. A book may be extremely silly, and a censor may disagree with its statements or conclusions, but unless it is against Catholic faith or morals, he is bound to give it his Nihil Obstat. E. C. MESSENGER.


ABSTRACT The Gum Island field is located adjacent to a small topographic feature of the same name elevated over five feet above tidal marsh about 13 miles west of Port Arthur, Texas. French Island field lies along Taylors Bayou, four miles due north of Gum Island. Figures 1 and 2 demonstrate the position of these fields, both with respect to the Hackberry embayment and nearby points of geographic interest. The two fields, discovered as a result of the same initial exploration effort, are combination stratigraphic and structural traps. The principal reservoirs are Oligocene middle Frio-Hackberry in age. They are localized as a result of rapid filling of downwarped troughs created by older growth fault structural movement, principally of Vicksburg age, but persistent during lower and middle Frio. These troughs became the locality of subsequent turbidity current scours. Pre-Hackberry structural maps, Hackberry sand distribution maps, structural and stratigraphic maps, both prior and subsequent to discovery, as well as seismic and subsurface cross-sections, demonstrate the nature of the oil and gas traps, as well as the geological history of the area. At both French Island and Gum Island, an erosional surface of significant magnitude at the base of the Hackberry has been described, and its principal area of effect depicted. The resulting unconformity does not greatly affect Hackberry accumulation at French Island, but at Gum Island the stratigraphic position of the unconformity relative to older beds is not only indicative of strong pre-Hackberry structural uplift, but also of a prominent adjacent downwarp and erosional scour providing a turbidity current avenue. The unconformity also bears a direct relation to individual subsequently deposited Hackberry sand reservoirs. Figure 3 demonstrates the complex erosional channel, channel fill and fault complex at French Island. Figure 4 indicates a similar but less complex erosional, depositional, and structural sequence of events resulting, in part, in the Gum Island, Hackberry field. Both fields are productive, not only in Hackberry beds, but younger beds of Anahuac and upper Frio age. Gum Island also demonstrates limited Miocene accumulation of oil and gas. End_Page 167------------------------ Figure 1. Location map of area of interest relative to the salt basin and the Hackberry embayment. End_Page 168------------------------ Figure 2. Location map showing French Island-Gum fields in relation to nearby producing fields. End_Page 169------------------------ Figure 3. North-south cross-section through the French Island area, Jefferson County, Texas. End_Page 170------------------------ Figure 4. East-west cross-section through the Gum Island area, Jefferson County, Texas. End_of_Record - Last_Page 171-------


The role of age in second language learning has been the concern of many researchers and educators to the date since children enjoy different characteristics in comparison to adults. This qualitative study aims at investigating cognitive and affective features of successful and less successful children in EFL classes. Regarding the influential role of interaction between teachers and children, the way teachers reacted to children"s cognitive and affective status has been examined too. 152 children were chosen randomly from various English institutes in Mashhad, Iran. Moreover, in order to figure out the quality of teacher talk, 43 EFL classes were observed and the voices of teachers were audio-recorded for further investigation. The findings of this study revealed that proficient students in EFL classes benefited from various cognitive and affective characteristics. In addition, the teacher discourse was richer with respect to proficient children in a way that the quality of teachers" interactions with proficient children enjoyed more positive cognitive and affective feedback. It was realized that when proficient learners lacked necessary knowledge to come up with cognitive challenges, they got positive affective feedback and positive or neutral cognitive feedback. However, with less-proficient children, teachers mostly used negative affective feedback and neutral or negative cognitive feedback. This study is fruitful for the teachers who want to improve the quality of teaching English to children and for those


The taxonomic history of the order Procellariiformes has been one of conflicting and diverse opinion (Mathews 1948; Alexander et al. 1965; Sibley & Ahlquist 1972; Harper 1978; Cracraft 1981). Most studies of the group have employed traditional morphological comparisons (Murphy 1952; Murphy & Pennoyer 1952; Kuroda 1954; Bourne 1968; Harper 1980; Imber 1985) or newer biochemical ones (Sibley & Ahlquist 1972; Harper 1978; Barrowclough et al. 1981; Sibley & Ahlquist 1983). Despite the validity of these approaches, systematic problems remain, such as the relationships within the genera Pachyptila, Pterodroma, Puffinus and Pelecanoides.


A new and sensitive fluorimetric method for determination of trace Cr(VI) was reported.It was based on effect of Cr(VI) on the fluorescence of Cefradine solution.In hydrochloric acid solution of pH=3.0,the maximum excitation and emission wavelengths of cefradine were found to be 350 nm and 431 nm,respectively,when the dosage of CEPC is 0.400 g/L.A good liner relationship between the relation fluorescence intensity and the concentration of Cr(VI) ranged from 1.00×10-6~4.00×10-4 mol/L,with detection limit of 8.30×10-7 mol/L.Some common anions and cations do not interfere.It has been applied for the direct determination of Cr(VI) in environmental water,with the satisfactory result.


Research on the next generation network architecture is a hot topic. To meet the requirements of the new Internet environment and eliminate the shortcomings of the existing network, integrated network is presented. In the naming system part, a system based on Chord algorithm was used, and multi-path is introduced to improve the name resolution reliability. In this paper, we mainly pay attention to the reliability model of integrated naming network system which can be attributed as a multi-path transmission issue, and the name resolution paths used in the network path may be cut off by attacks or other events. This paper focuses on parallel multi-path, which is recoverable when failure happens, transmission reliability, and proposes a corresponding reliability model to get the probability of successful transmission in such conditions. Finally, a numerical simulation is devised to demonstrate the multi-path name resolution's high reliability.


Chlorine-36 production rates from potassium have been calibrated for the top 10m of the lithosphere, where "6C1 is produced by two main reaction channels: i) spallation, which dominates 3bCl production in the top 2 metres below the earth's surface, and ii) negative muon capture, which dominates at depths of between 2 and ~20 metres below the earth's surface. Rock samples were collected from two sites: i) rock surfaces exposed by the end of the Loch Lomond Readvance glaciation in Scotland 11,600 years ago, and ii) a 6.1m depth profile at a granite quarry in south eastern Australia, for which a steady state J6C1 concentration dictated by a history of constant erosion was assumed. In addition, the 36C1 measurements were made on pure K-feldspar mineral separates to remove the b0Cl contributions from calcium, iron and titanium, and to minimise the 36C1 contribution from chloride. The potassium spallation production rate was deduced from 18 Scottish Kfeldspar mineral separates to be 161 (9) atom (gK)'1 y r1 at sea level and high latitude. This value lies between two earlier calibrations after these had been adjusted to allow for 36C1 production by negative muon capture and low-energy neutron capture. The 36C1 yield per stopped negative muon was determined from 15 Kfeldspar mineral separates in the depth profile to be 5.80(0.48)xl0'2 atom per stopped p at sea level and high latitude. Assuming a negative muon stopping rate of 175 p g'1 yr'1, with a 10% uncertainty, the 36C1 production rate by negative muon capture on 39K is 10.2 (1.3) atom (gK)'1 yr'1 at sea level and high latitude. A calibration of the fast neutron flux just above the air/ground boundary was also obtained from 36C1 measurements on eight pure quartz mineral separates prepared from the Scottish samples. This quantity is required for determining the 36C1 production due to low-energy neutron capture on 3oCl in the near-surface. A value of 740 (63) n (g air)'1 yr'1 scaled to sea level and high latitude was determined, which is -35% higher than the previously published value.


A new concept for the reduction of noise affecting audio signals transmitted in telecommunication channels is proposed. This concept is exploiting some features of the human auditory system. A strong subjective effect of noise suppression in noisy audio can be obtained by uplifting the masking thresholds above the estimated level of the noisy components or by reducing this level in such a way that the components be maintained just below the masking thresholds. The foundations of the engineered method together with the appropriate algorithms are described. A discussion on the results of experiments carried out and some conclusions are also included. The main focus is put on the perceptual foundations of the noise reduction method.


C-Ring oxidized estrone acetate derivatives as antiproliferative agents were prepared and tested against five cancer cell lines by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Flow cytometry assays to evaluate cell viability and modifications in cell cycle phases and molecular docking research against estrogen receptor α, steroid sulfatase, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 were performed. 9α-Hydroxy,11β-nitrooxyestrone acetate was the most cytotoxic molecule against hormone-dependent cancer cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry experiments revealed that this 9α-hydroxy,11β-nitrooxy derivative markedly reduced HepaRG cells viability (~92%) after 24 h of treatment. However, 9α-hydroxyestrone acetate led to selective inhibition of HepaRG cells growth, inducing a G0/G1 cycle arrest, and did not originate a proliferation effect on T47-D cancer cells. Docking studies estimated a generally lower affinity of these compounds to estrogen receptor α than predicted for estrone and 17β-estradiol. Therefore, this structural modification can be of interest to develop new anticancer estrane derivatives devoid of estrogenic action.


This paper proposes a video summarization support method using Interactive Evolutionary Computation (IEC). The proposed method allows a user, a producer of summarized video, to summarize the video according to the user's preference. To achieve this, this method evaluates a solution on basis of qualitative (user preference) and quantitative (video features) criteria. Experimental results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed method.


e14591 Background: Early-onset colorectal cancer is rare. The aim of this study is to characterize those patients. Methods: Medical records of 5212 colorectal cancer patients were reviewed referred...


Aim—To define neonatal pial middle cerebral artery infarction. Methods—A retrospective study was made of neonates in whom focal arterial infarction had been detected ultrasonographically. A detailed study was made of cortical middle cerebral artery infarction


Background/Objectives : In Korea, rapid industrial development has changed the flow of rainwater, and flooding of rivers and depletion of groundwater have become problems. Methods/Statistical analysis : The permeable block was manufactured, and the existing permeable block has the disadvantage of efflorescence. The efflorescence affects not only strength but also product life. In order to prevent the efflorescence, the use of cement, which is the main cause of the efflorescence, was reduced and fly ash as an alternative to cement was used as an industrial byproduct. Polymers were used to increase strength and durability. Findings : The test items were density, water absorption, flexural strength, compressive strength, porosity, permeability coefficient, and efflorescence state. Density and water absorption decrease as the polymer addition rate increases. The flexural strength and compressive strength increase as the addition rate of polymer increases. Porosity and permeability coefficient decrease as the addition rate of polymer increases but satisfy the KS standard. When the amount of efflorescence was observed, it was confirmed that the amount of efflorescence decreased as the addition rate of polymer increased. Improvements/Applications : Future experiments predict that non-cemented permeable blocks will be produced and will not produce efflorescence completely.


Earthquake catalogs are one of the fundamental products of seismology. Modern seismograph networks locate upwards of hundreds of thousands of earthquakes annually, while laboratory experiments are capable of generating similarly large datasets over several seconds. ZMAP is a set of tools driven by a graphical user interface (GUI), designed to help seismologists analyze catalog data. ZMAP is primarily a research tool suited to the evaluation of catalog quality and to addressing specific hypotheses; however, it can also be useful in routine network operations.


Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) present a difficult localization problem for traditional radar systems due to their small radar cross section and relatively slow speeds. To help address this problem, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is developing and testing acoustic-based detection and tracking algorithms for UAVs. The focus has been on detection, bearing and elevation angle estimation using either minimum mean square error or adaptive beamforming methods. A model-based method has been implemented which includes multipath returns, and a Kalman filter has been implemented for tracking. The acoustic data were acquired using ARL's tetrahedral microphone array against several UAV's. While the detection and tracking algorithms perform reasonably well, several challenges remain. For example, interference from other sources resulted in lower signal to interference ratio (SIR), which can significantly degrade performance. The presence of multipath nearly always results in greater variance in elevation ang...


By its very nature, relational aggression is about relationships. Human relationships are incredibly complex and multifaceted and are influenced not only by the individuals involved in the relationship but also the context and culture in which these relationships exist. The purpose of this study was to create a group that could help adolescent girls to identify and to challenge gender-role stereotypes, and maximize the potential for individual socialization. The Go Grrrls Program was implemented to help the girls learn skills they could utilize to change the way they interact with the world. A pre and posttest questionnaire was given to a sample of six ninth grade girls at a Western New York High School. The sample included six females who were selected at random. Each student completed thirteen sessions of group counseling. Results for each student are reported. The study demonstrated that the girls had a 1.1 percent change in the category of self-efficacy and a 5.2 percent increase in the category of self-esteem. Limitations of the study are discussed. Implications for counselors are presented. The Hidden Side of Bullying 6 The Hidden Side of Bullying: A Study and Intervention of Relational Aggression Studies conducted in the United States confirm that bullying is a pervasive problem in our schools (Hienrichs, 2003; Barton, 2003). Findings from three studies reported at the 107 th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association (APA) led the APA to release a statement that: "Bullying is a pervasive problem, with estimated world wide rates of 5 to 15 percent. Bullying occurs more frequently and with greater lethality today than in the 1970s and 1980s (Fried & Fried, 2003, p.2)." In fact, the number of children, who have committed serious and lethal mass attacks on school with multiple victims, is increasing (Orr, 2003). School bullying gained increased attention in the United States due to media attention on homicide and suicide cases where bullying was a precipitated factor ( Dake, Price, & Telljohan, 2003). The National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) reported that in the United States, approximately one in seven schoolchildren is a bully or a victim and the problem directly affects about five million elementary and junior high students (Beane, 2005). Smokowski and Kopasz (2005) wrote in their article that one in three children is affected by some form of bullying. Also, a recent national study conducted in the United States of over 15,000 junior high and high school students found that 8.4% of those surveyed reported being bullied at least once a week. The study purported that maltreatment by peers was detected as early as kindergarten (Dill, Vernberg, Fonagy, Twemlow, & Gamm, 2004, p. 159). Also, a survey conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD), published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in April 2001, reported that almost a third of American children in grades 6 – 10 are directly involved in The Hidden Side of Bullying 7 serious, frequent bullying (which includes many form of harassment, intimidation, and emotional violence) – 10 percent as bullies, 13 percent as victims, and 6 percent as both. Other national surveys report even higher figures (Garbarino & deLara, 2002; Packman, Lepkowski, Overton, & Smaby, 2005). Reports are constantly being made by different organizations and groups about school violence. Here are some figures to consider:  Every seven minutes a child is being bullied. Four percent of the time, an adult intervenes. Eleven percent of the time, another student comes to help. Eightyfive percent of the time, there is no intervention whatsoever (Bureau of Justice).  Forty percent of students fear bullying of some kind when they use the school bathroom (Bureau of Justice).  Teachers are bullied and robbed – an average of 84 crimes per 1,000 teachers each year (Bureau of Justice).  According to a study conducted by the National Education Association, 6,250 teachers are threatened with bodily injury on a daily basis, and 260 are physically attacked. In an average month in public secondary schools, 5,000 teachers are actually harmed (Fried & Fried, 2003).  Almost 3 million crimes occur on or near school property every year (U.S. Department of Justice).  Twenty percent of high school students reported they had carried a gun during the preceding thirty days (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).  One in five high school boys reported taking a weapon of some kind to school (Josephson Institute of Ethics). The Hidden Side of Bullying 8  Seventy five percent of boys and almost 60 percent of girls reported hitting someone in the past twelve months because they were angry (Josephson Institute of Ethics) (Orr, 2003). Researchers posited that peer aggression and victimization in schools are a significant threat to the development of mental and social well being among children and adolescents, particularly if endured over time. It was found that repeated victimization produced insidious, potentially debilitating effects, including increased anger and depression, low self-esteem, and social withdrawal (Stevens, Bourdeaudhuij, & Van Oost, 2002; Dill et. al., 2004; Olweus, 1993). Victims, compared to their nonvictimized peers, experienced higher levels of peer rejection, delinquency, school avoidance, and dissatisfaction with school (Cullerton-Sen & Crick, 2005, p. 149). It is hardly surprising, then, that the National Education Association reported an estimated 160,000 students missing school every day specifically to avoid bullying (Sheras, 2002, p.17). Given the negative consequences of bullying, it can no longer be minimized and trivialized by adults, taken lightly, brushed off, or denied. Thousand of children go to school every day with fear and trepidation; others feign illness to avoid being taunted or attacked on the way to school or in the school playground, hallways, and bathrooms; still others manage to make themselves sick at school as to avoid harassment in the locker room. Bullying in some cases has become a life and death issue. Some victims, whose cries went unabated and unrelieved, have struck back with incomprehensible violence. Others who reached what they felt were an utterly hopeless and irretrievable point, have turned the violence inward and killed themselves (Coloroso, 2003; Fried & Fried, 2003). The Hidden Side of Bullying 9 I shall remember forever and will never forget Monday: my money was taken. Tuesday: names called. Wednesday: my uniform torn. Thursday: my body pouring with blood. Friday: it's ended. Saturday: freedom. The final diary pages of thirteen-year-old Vijay Singh. He was found hanging from the banister rail at home on Sunday (Coloroso, 2003).  January 1999; Manchester, England: Eight-year-old Marie Bentham hanged herself in her bedroom with her jump rope because she felt she could no longer face the bullies at school.  January 2001; Holyoke, Colorado: Fourteen year old Miranda Whittaker killed herself with a gun in her family"s home. Her parents have filed a suit against local school officials for their failure to deal seriously with the aftermath of the sexual assault of their daughter. They accused the school district of failing to provide their daughter with a safe and secure learning environment free of sexual harassment. According to the suit, Miranda was a twelve-year-old student when she reported that a sixteen-year-old popular student athlete in this small community had raped her. The sixteen-year-old pleaded guilty to second-degree sexual assault and was sentenced to four years of probation and a deferred judgment. (He was later accused of raping and impregnating another girl. Paternity tests concluded he was the father of the child). The Hidden Side of Bullying 10  March 7, 2001; Williamsport, Pennsylvania: Elizabeth Bush, a fourteen-year-old eight grader, brought her father"s gun to school and shot and wounded a friend who allegedly turned on her and joined in with her tormentors, who often called her "idiot, stupid, fat, and ugly" (Coloroso, 2003, p. xxi).  April 8, 2002; Halifax, Nova Scotia: A popular and outgoing student, fourteenyear-old Emmet Fralick shot and killed himself in his bedroom. He left behind a suicide note saying he could no longer take the bullying from his peers. It was reported that Emmet faced extortion, threats, and beating from other teenagers (Coloroso, 2003). The list could go on for many more pages. The common thread in all of these accounts is that these children were bullied relentlessly and in most cases, the bullying went on without substantial objections, indignation, adequate intervention, or outrage (Coloroso, 2003). Consequently, it is critical that adults create an environment in schools where bullying is not tolerated under any circumstances and where prevention and intervention programs can diminish or eradicate such harmful behaviors. What Is Bullying? In order to solve or to prevent a problem, it needs to be defined. Researchers have offered several definitions of bullying as a basis for developing prevention and intervention programs. In 1989, Askew defined bullying as a continuum of behavior that involves the attempt to gain power and dominance over another. That same year, Besag maintained that bullying is the repeated attack – physical, psychological, social, or verbal – by those The Hidden Side of Bullying 11 in a position of power on those who are powerless to resist, with the intent of causing distress for their own gain or gratification. In 1993, Farrigton asserted that bullying is repeated oppression, psychological or physical, of a less powerful person by a more powerful person or group of persons. Smith and Thompson (1991) posited that bullying intentionally causes hurt to the recipient. This hurt can be either physical or psychological. In addition, three further criteria particularly distinguish bullyi


The aim of the study was to develop an ischemic skin flap model in laboratory mice with the description of necrotic and apoptotic processes in time course, and demonstrate the regenerative characteristics of non-healing skin wound under the conditions of a formed flap. Materials and Methods. The study involved 20 BALB/c mice. The first experimental stage describes an ischemic flap on day 1, 2, 3, and 5 after flap formation using histology, immunofluorescence, morphometry, and TUNEL. At the second stage a non-healing wound was modeled on the flap, and its pathogenesis was histologically compared with an acute wound. Results. A formed flap showed such histological ischemic features as blood-filled vessels, micro blood clots in blood vessels, coagulation necrosis, migration of inflammatory cells, as well as extravasation, true skin edema and hyperproliferation of epithelial cells. Maximum pathological changes were found on the third postoperative day, and by day 5 the wound partially healed. Morphometry demonstrated a significant increase in blood-filled vessels and the tendency for epithelial layer reduction in a skin flap of experimental animals compared to the control ones. Apoptotic cells were observed on days 1, 2, 3, and 5 of a formed flap. Some areas showed cell clusters around hair follicles. No apoptotic cells were revealed in control animals. By the moment of complete regeneration of acute wounds, non-healing wounds exhibited no epithelialization and a formed mature cicatrix that enables to interpret the difference in wound healing as significant. Conclusion. Ischemia causes major pathological skin changes, as well as results in delayed wound healing. A developed non-healing wound model can be used to study wound healing mechanisms and the ways to influence them.