Clustering with Bregman divergence has been used in literature to unify centroid‐based parametric clustering approaches and to allow the detection of nonspherical clusters within the data. Although empirically useful, the large sample theoretical aspects of Bregman clustering techniques remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we attempt to bridge the gap between the theory and practice of centroid‐based Bregman hard clustering by providing uniform deviation bounds on the clustering objective. Our theoretical analysis relies on the famous Vapnik–Chervonenkis (VC) theory, which, although has been extensively used in a supervised learning context, remains largely unexplored in finding empirical risks for unsupervised learning scenarios. As opposed to most of the theoretical works on clustering, our framework allows the number of features (p) to vary with the number of observations (n). The strong consistency of the sample cluster centroids, under standard assumptions in the literature, also follows as a corollary under this general framework. Furthermore, we show that the rate of convergence is at most of the order Olognn , under the standard regularity conditions.


A model for calculation of the economic cross sections of cables within the internal network of a wind farm is presented. The economic cross sections of the internal wind farm cables provide maximisation of the profit generated by the wind farm within its life-span through an optimisation of the balance between the investment and operating costs. This study presents a practical mathematical model for determining the optimal cable cross section based on: the wind statistics at the wind turbine location, wind turbine power curve, price of the electric energy, price of the cable, and interest rate. By using the developed model in the planning phase of a wind farm project each of the connection feeders within the internal cable network can be optimised. The proposed model is demonstrated by the example of a perspective wind farm with a rated power of 25 MW located in the region of Banat, Serbia. The calculations done for the observed wind farm show that the optimisation of the interconnecting cable cross sections makes profit increase of nearly 1 million Euro, compared to the model for the calculation of cable cross sections based only on technical limitations.


Piezoelectric pumps are applied in many fields, such as chemical analysis system and fluid pumping systems. Piezoelectric pumps with high output pressure can meet the needs of more fields. This article introduces the design and fabrication of a high output pressure piezoelectric pump with straight arm wheeled check valve. In this paper, the influence of straight arm wheeled check valve on the output pressure of piezoelectric pump is deeply discussed from the aspect of energy loss. This study investigated the effect of valve arm number (N = 2, 3,4, and 5), the valve arm width (W = 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 mm), and the valve arm length (L = 1.92, 2.02, and 2.12 mm) on the output pressure of piezoelectric pump. The output pressure characteristic of straight arm wheeled check valve piezoelectric pump with different valve parameters is obtained by experiment. Experimental results show that when N = 4, W = 1.0 mm, L = 2.02 mm, the output pressure of the straight arm wheeled check valve piezoelectric pump has the best output pressure of 27.41 kPa at 220 V and 85 Hz. This study provides a reference for the further application of piezoelectric pumps in fluid pumping field.


Currently large digital systems consist of a control unit and many processing units. Much work has been done in partitioning large processing units (PUs) into multiple PUs. However, there is still a large control unit that must control each of these PUs. This results in long lines from the control unit to the PUs and hence a long clock period. We present a method to break the control unit into many smaller control units (local CUs) so that each of these local CUs can sit on the same chip as the PU that it controls. These local CUs are partitioned in such a fashion that there is a pipelined sequence of execution between them.<<ETX>>


Planktothricoides is a newly recorded genus of water-blooming cyanobacteria in China.There is little research on it even no report concerned in Chengdu.While from July to August in 2008,a large scale of Planktothricoides bloom broke out in the Xichi Lake for the first time.In order to investigate the formation causes of Planktothricoides bloom here,the data monitored during 2007~2008 were analyzed.It showed that the eutrophic state was getting stronger in Xichi Lake with an average annual rate of 8.1%.For a large scale of Planktothricoides bloom,the critical nutritional index is 85.The conditions including water temperature of 25℃~30℃,pH of 8.2~8.8 and TN:TP of 10 are in favour of the growth of Planktothricoides.


The numerical densities of granule and Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex of the rat were determined by stereological methods. The density of Purkinje cells in our fixed material was 1,018 ± 39 per mm2 (mean ± s.e.m.) of Purkinje cell layer and that of granule cells 1.92 ± 0.03 × 106 per μl of granular layer. The total area of Purkinje cell layer was 332 mm2 and the volume of granular layer was 48 μl. The rat cerebellum therefore contains 3.38 × 105 Purkinje cells and 9.2 × 107 granule cells, from which there are 274 granule cells for each Purkinje cell. The density of granule cells and the density of parallel fibers in the molecular layer observed in a companion study indicate that the average length of a parallel fiber is around 5 mm.


We present the occultation observation of compact radio source B0019-000 through the plasma tail of comet Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-B. The observation was made with the Ooty Radio Telescope at 326.5 MHz on 2006 May 26, when the plasma tail of the comet was in front of this source. The scintillation was found to be increased significantly for the target source compared to that of a control source. The intensity fluctuation power spectra show both steepening at high spatial scales and excess power at low spatial scales. This observation can be attributed to the turbulence in the comet plasma tail. A two-regime plasma turbulence can explain the time-evolution of the power spectrum during the occultation observation.


PURPOSE: A wind power generator with air resistance changed depending on wind velocity is provided to stably and uniformly generate wind power even if climate is suddenly changed. CONSTITUTION: A wind power generator with air resistance changed depending on wind velocity comprises a coupling, a hub, an operation plate, a link bar, a spring fixing plate, and a spring. The coupling connects the central shaft of rotary blades(10). The hub is coupled to the front of the central shaft and rotates blade shafts of the rotary blades. The operation plate is linearly moved along the central shaft. The link bar connects a lever attached on the central shaft to the operation plate. The spring fixing plate is coupled to the rear end of the central shaft. The spring is inserted between the operation plate and the spring fixing plate.


A noticeable part of acoustic environment is made of sounds radiated by vibrating structures. Most of these sounds are considered as undesirable noise. Especially, those radiated from complex processes involving several non linear effects. In the present work, the transient response of mechanical system is computed first by using LSDYNA, an explicit finite element code for general fluid, structure and fluid-structure interaction problems. By applying the FFT, it's transformed into frequency response which allows to use BEM for computing the noise radiated at any point into space. Results are checked for simple acoustic and classical vibroacoustic problems before applying it for a non linear case. The numerical examples show the efficiency of the present method.Copyright © 2005 by ASME


Basic situation in environment protection of Qinhuangdao Harbor is described and the present situation is analyzed to look forward to the future.


In recent times, the use of cartoons in the newspaper discourse has been a means of presenting the corruption, violence, marginalization and other social vices present in any society. In this vein, this paper assesses the verisimilitude of editorial cartoons in Punch newspaper. To assess the verisimilitude of the selected editorial cartoons and attempt their pragmatic analysis, nine editorial cartoons from the Punch newspaper website: www.punchng.com was analyzed using Grice's Conversational Implicature as its theoretical framework. The contexts surrounding these cartoons are prevalent issues in the Nigerian society. The analyses reveal that there are cases where by Grice's Co-operative principles were observed, flouted, violated and suspended. It also reveals that the observance of Grice's co-operative principles and the knowledge of the contextual factors surrounding the selected editorial cartoons help in proving their verisimilitude. It is believed that this paper will aid further studies in pragmatic analysis of editorial cartoons and make individuals develop more interest in reading and conducting more scholarly works on editorial cartoons.


Abstract Objective The study aimed to compare the quantitative blood loss (QBL) and hemorrhage-related outcomes of pregnant women with and without a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis. Study Design This retrospective cohort study of all live deliveries at Boston Medical Center between April 1, 2020 and July 22, 2020 compares the outcomes of pregnant women with a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 positive diagnosis and pregnant women without COVID-19. The primary outcomes are QBL and obstetric hemorrhage. The secondary outcomes analyzed were a maternal composite outcome that consisted of obstetric hemorrhage, telemetry-level (intermediate care unit) or intensive care unit, transfusion, length of stay greater than 5 days, or intraamniotic infection, and individual components of the maternal composite outcome. Groups were compared using Student's t-test, Chi-squared tests, or Fisher's exact. Logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding variables. Results Of 813 women who delivered a live infant between April 1 and July 22, 2020, 53 women were diagnosed with COVID-19 on admission to the hospital. Women with a COVID-19 diagnosis at their time of delivery were significantly more likely to identify as a race other than white (p = 0.01), to deliver preterm (p = 0.05), to be diagnosed with preeclampsia with severe features (p < 0.01), and to require general anesthesia (p < 0.01). Women diagnosed with COVID-19 did not have a significantly higher QBL (p = 0.64). COVID-19 positive pregnant patients had no increased adjusted odds of obstetric hemorrhage (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17–1.04) and no increased adjusted odds of the maternal morbidity composite (aOR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.50–1.93) when compared with those without a diagnosis of COVID-19. Conclusion Pregnant women with COVID-19 diagnosis do not have increased risk for obstetric hemorrhage, increased QBL or risk of maternal morbidity compared with pregnant women without a COVID-19 diagnosis. Further research is needed to describe the impact of a COVID-19 diagnosis on maternal hematologic physiology and pregnancy outcomes. Key Points Information about blood loss associated with peripartum COVID-19 is limited. COVID-19 diagnosis is not associated with increase in obstetric hemorrhage. COVID-19 diagnosis is not associated with increase in blood loss.


The present invention (1) double bond content of 95 and more than% by weight, (i) at least one selected from the group content is composed of 1 ppm or less, and (ii) an alkaline earth metal, and a first transition metal sodium (Na) with the content of the metal 1 ppm or less vinyl sulfonic acid, or (2) a double bond content of more than 95% by weight, (i) less than 100 ppb content of sodium (Na), and (ii) an alkaline earth metal, and a first transition metal at least one of the metal content of 100 ppb or less selected from the group consisting of vinyl sulfonic acid, and combinations of homopolymers and copolymers, methods for their preparation, or relates to a thin film distillation apparatus suitable for their preparation.


White egg 2 is one of white egg mutants in silkworm, whose molecular mechanism remains unknown so far. In order to obtain an overall view on gene expression profiles at early embryo development stages, the white egg 2 near-isogenic line was constructed and the whole-genome of silkworm microarray system containing 21375 predicted genes from the silkworm whole genome sequence was employed to investigate gene expression profiles at 0, 24 and 48 h post oviposition between white egg 2 mutant and normal black egg strain. At 24 h post oviposition, 49 genes exhibited at least 2.0 fold differences at expression level, including 24 up-regulated genes and 25 down-regulated genes while at 48 h post oviposition, 52 genes, including 23 up-regulated genes and 29 down-regulated genes were expressed differentially over 2.0 change fold. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that nine differentially expression genes were involved in nine significant (p<0.05) pathways at 24 h post oviposition and 24 significant pathways at 48 h post oviposition, respectively. These pathways were related to amino acid metabolism, sugar metabolism, and series of major physiological metabolism. Our results hopefully shed light on the further study of molecular mechanism of white egg 2 mutant. Key words : Bombyx mori , white egg 2 mutant, microarray, embryo, differentially expressed gene.


Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a secondary event encountered in numerous diseases and clinical conditions either as an acute syndrome or as a chronic, compensated process. The basic pathophysiologic mechanism involves the hemostatic system and is characterized by the intravascular generation of procoagulant activity. It may be triggered by the intravascular invasion of thromboplastic material which is derived either from tissues or locally released from the vasculature of abnormal structures, by endothelial damage, and/or by the breakdown of blood cells. It also may be triggered as a consequence of impaired inhibitor control devices and/or by the inadequate removal of products and activated components of the coagulation system [109, 140]. The efficiency of the reticuloendothelial clearance for thromboplastins, activated coagulation factors and fibrinogen derivatives depends on its capacity and on blood flow [32, 146]. Low blood flow within the vasculature, inadequate capillary perfusion and alterations of the rheologic properties of blood are further causes which provoke procoagulant stimulation and thus hypercoagulability [54] . In general, DIC takes place as a consequence of the intravascular generation of thrombin. Its pathophysiology is characterized by two major events: microthrombosis within the vascular periphery, and the development of a coagulation defect due to the increased turnover of clotting constituents. The latter is referred to as consumption coagulopathy with secondary fibrinolysis [88, 89, 136]. DIC essentially involves the microcirculation, since this is the major site where its pathomorphological substrate, fibrin-rich micro thrombi, is localized [109]. This event occurs either locally within individual organs and then either in relation to their biologic and metabolic function, or to special features of their anatomic and vascular structures and to other factors predisposing them to be the target of DIC ("localizing phenomena"), or generally, leading to systemic impairment of microcirculation with clinical shock [106, 120, 138]. There is evidence which suggests that DIC is one of the major determinants of irreversibility of a shock state [54 ,88 ] . DIC leads to a progressive consumption of certain clotting constituents in the circulating blood, eventually causing hypocoagulability. The hemostatic defect is then characterized by thrombocytopenia, decreased levels of fibrinogen, loss of activity of essential clotting factors, and the presence of circulating soluble fibrin, fibrin monomer and its complexes. Eventually, hemostasis will be critically impaired, leading to a bleeding tendency. Clinical signs of hemorrhage, however,


Relations between the geomagnetic A$_p$-index and magnetic and flare parameters of the super active regions (SARs) are analysed. The small and mean SARs having the spot areas S$\le 1000\, \mu h$ seem to differ from the SARs being large $\delta$-spots (SARs-$\delta$) not only by their parameters but also by relations between them.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html


Abstract This study aimed to determine the effect of induced mild hypothermia (34°C) on the production of two cytokines (interleukin (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha) and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in plasma and the heart of acutely septic rats. After anesthesia and in conditions of normothermia (38°C) or mild hypothermia (34°C), acute sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and perforation. For each temperature three groups were formed: (1) baseline (blood sample collected at T0 hour), (2) sham (blood sample at T4 hours) and (3) septic (blood sample at T4 hours). At either temperature sepsis induced a significant increase in plasma IL-6, TNF-alpha and HO• concentration, compared with the sham groups (P ≤ 0.016). Compared with the normothermic septic group, septic rats exposed to mild hypothermia showed a mild decrease in TNF-alpha concentration (104 ± 50 pg/ml vs. 215 ± 114 pg/ml; P > 0.05) and a significant decrease in IL-6 (1131 ± 402 pg/ml vs. 2494 ± 691 pg/ml, P = 0.038). At either temperature sepsis induced no enhancement within the heart of lipoperoxidation (malondialdehyde content) or antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase). In conclusion, during acute sepsis, induced mild hypothermia appears to reduce some pro-inflammatory and oxidative responses. This may, in part, explain the beneficial effect of hypothermia on survival duration of septic rats.


Excellent class culture exerts a positive influence on the training and the trainees and plays an essential role in improving the quality of the training of primary and secondary school teachers. Based on the analysis of the features of training classes, this paper aims to discuss the principles and ways to build and strengthen the cultural construction of the training classes.


This paper applies the concept of family resemblances to clarify the multiplicity of uses of the word 'good,' both absolute and relative ones. Making a distinction between different moral language-games (normative, evaluative etc), this work holds that there is a focal meaning of 'good' which allows us to deny that Wittgenstein became a relativist. Thus, 'good' refers to what has intrinsic worth and qualifies an act as moral or immoral, that is, whether it must or not be performed.


As the use of data for strategic decision-making in education continues to expand, states and districts have been addressing multiple issues regarding the collection, housing, use, and communication of data among various individuals and entities. State education agencies (SEAs) and local education agencies (LEAs) have been focusing on their data systems through the development and implementation of their state longitudinal data systems (SLDS), data warehouses, data dashboards, assessment systems, and various other elements of the overall data process. As these components continue to expand and improve, the introduction of a comprehensive and well-designed data dictionary has emerged as a critical need for states.


By means of documentary,questionnaire,data statistics and logical analysis,this article researched into peasants' economical income,methods of life,the tired level of body and spirit in Shandong province,and found that there was significant difference in the life quantity.Both the rich and the poor were lack of health,but the peasants who had middle economic income were very healthy.It put forward some suggestions to improve the level of health of Shandong peasants.


Microsoft Corporation commends the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission for having held a joint workshop in December 2012 to explore the impact of patent assertion entities (PAE) activities on innovation and competition and their implications for antitrust enforcement and policy. In response to the agencies' request for further input on the topics covered in the workshop, Microsoft is pleased to submit the following comments.


For use as a driver for a electrothermal-chemical (ETC) gun, a 2.4 MJ pulse power system (PPS) has been developed and built up. The 2.4 MJ PPS consists of 8 modular capacitor banks (CB) with energy of 300 kJ each. The 300 kJ CB modules are designed to operate separately and have a charging voltage of 22 kV and a current capability of 150 kA. Prior to the ETC gun application, various shapes of current pulse have been tried to a dummy resistive load by the multiple CB modules. Investigations on a multimodule operation revealed that the Triggered Vacuum Switch (TVS) in the module are triggered simultaneously when other module fires (sympathetic triggering), and some TVS's cannot block the reverse current (failure in diode function). The analysis of these malfunctions of the TVS and some countermeasures have been performed. As another problem, an overvoltage surge has been observed during multiple modules operations. The peak of surge voltage can be higher than the charging voltage, and it can cause the breakdown of crowbar circuits in the module. Solutions to protect the crowbar against the surge voltage have been suggested and some modifications of CB module have been carried out. The experiments on a multi-module operation confirmed that our PPS consisting of improved CB modules has a sufficient pulse forming capability required for the ETC gun load.


The most well-established women's nonsecular groups in Syria are rooted in faith: al-Qubaysiat and the Syrian Sisterhood. In this chapter, Sana Sayed attempts to understand the activism of Islamist women's groups in Syria.
She gives a historical overview of their movement dating back to 1950 in Syria. She further discusses the problematic presence of these religious, female-led groups and the challenge they face in reconciling their conflicting ideologies with secularists.


Introduction:
 Inflammation has been considered to promote atheroma instability. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) visualizes pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) attenuation, which reflects coronary artery inflammation. While PCAT attenuation has been reported to predict future coronary events, phenotypic features of coronary atheroma exhibiting high PCAT attenuation remains to be fully elucidated yet.

 Objective:
 To characterize coronary atheroma with a greater vascular inflammation.

 Methods:
 We retrospectively analyzed culprit lesions in 69 CAD patients receiving PCI from the REASSURE-NIRS registry (NCT04864171). Culprit lesions were evaluated by both CCTA and near-infrared spectroscopy/intravascular ultrasound (NIRS/IVUS) imaging prior to PCI. PCAT attenuation at proximal RCA (PCAT
 RCA
 ) and NIRS/IVUS-derived plaque measures were compared in patients with PCAT
 RCA
 attenuation ≥ and < -78.3 HU (median).

 Results:
 Culprit lesions with PCAT
 RCA
 attenuation ≥ -78.3HU exhibited a greater frequency of maxLCBI
 4mm
 ≥400 (66 vs. 26%, p<0.01), plaque burden ≥70% (94 vs. 74%, p=0.02) and spotty calcification (49 vs. 6%, p<0.01). whereas positive remodeling (63 vs. 41%, p=0.07) did not differ between two groups. On multivariate analysis, maxLCBI
 4mm
 >400 (OR=4.07; 95%CI=1.12-14.74, p=0.03), plaque burden ≥70% (OR=7.87; 95%CI=1.01-61.26, p=0.04), and spotty calcification (OR=14.33; 95%CI=2.37-86.73, p<0.01) independently predicted high PCAT
 RCA
 attenuation. Of note, while the presence of only one plaque feature did not necessarily elevate PCAT
 RCA
 attenuation (p=0.22), lesions harbouring two or more features were significantly associated with higher PCAT
 RCA
 attenuation (Figure).

 Conclusion:
 More vulnerable plaque phenotypes were observed in patients with PCAT
 RCA
 attenuation. Our findings suggest PCAT
 RCA
 attenuation as the presence of profound disease substrate, which potentially benefits from anti-inflammatory agents.


The present invention provides a touch panel which can improve the detection accuracy of the touch position, a touch position detection method, a touch panel inspection method, the inspection apparatus and the touch panel. A touch position detection method for a touch panel according to the invention, the detection process for obtaining a capacitance value detected in each detection area 101 of the touch panel 100, the capacitance value of each detection area (101) relative basis of each detection area 101, the correlation value table 6, a numerical representation of the effect of the electrostatic capacitance of the other detection areas 101 on adjacent to correct the respective capacitance values by correcting for calculating each correlation correction value a step, a corresponding detection area to the maximum value search step, a maximum value for searching the maximum value of the respective correlation correction value to the maximum area, and correlation with respect to the region including the other detection area adjacent to the maximum area and the maximum area calculating the center-of-gravity position based on the correction value, the calculated center-of-gravity position, includes a touch position acquisition step of acquiring a touch position.


This is a cross sectional and evaluation study having as purpose of analysis the outpatient
department of the ante-natal care at the Integrated Health Care Adolescent Programme
(PROSAD) of the Centro Integrado de Saude Amaury de Medeiros (CISAM). Its objectives
were to investigate the adequacy between structure and organization characteristics,
availability, trainning and integration of the multiprofessional team work, degree of
concordance between developing activities and those established by the PROSAD/MS, the
profile and perceptions of health professionals and pregnant adolescents. A normative
evaluation was adopted as the methodological strategy and different sources of data collection
were used during the period from september to november – 1999. In order to estimate the
degree of adequacy between structure and process, a tool with indicators taken from
proportions of points acquired in relation to expected maximum number was aplied and its
cut-off points are: 0-39%: critical (C); 40-79%: not satisfactory (NS); 80% or more:
acceptable (A). To investigate the degree of concordance between the ante-natal care
activities and those constituted by the PROSAD, a review of 130 medical records of
adolescents who had started the ante-natal care in october and november – 1998 was
undertaken through a checklist. To evaluate the profile and perceptions of health professionals
and adolescents, interviews were carried out: 50 pregnant adolescents and all professionals.
Results showed that the health service does not reach the acceptable degree: 70% (NS). When
it was analysed by subject, the education for health was the unique being acceptable (80%).
The perinatal record and the pregnancy card followed the guidelines established by the
PROSAD/MS. However, it was identified high percentages of issues not been registered:
results of tocogynecological exams (48.5%), counselling of guidelines and activities of the
ante-natal care (56.2%), diagnosis and therapeutic procedures (56.9%) and referals (26.9%).
Most of adolescents were between 17 to 19 years old (53.8%) and 60% lived in Recife. There
was a low degree of literacy (66.1%) with first degree unfinished and an elevated percentage
of these adolescents had not a husband (83.8%). The diagnosis of pregnancy was known more
frequently during the first three months (81.5%) and 46.9% presented three ante-natal care
visits during pregnancy. Only 18% mentioned the presence of the same professional during
the health care visits. The ante-natal care was considered of low risk: 33.8% of adolescents
did not declare any complain and 56% did not have any health problem. The attendances were
considered good by 80% of adolescents. Regarding the health professionals, it was
demonstrated a comprehensible multiprofessional team working for more than five years with
this clientele. Besides, there were the health professionals' perceptions and knowledge about
pregnancy in adolescent period, ante-natal care, PROSAD and quality of health care.
Therefore, it was made clear an inadequate infra-structure and a defected organization,
absence of objectives end norms accessibles end informations of dies produced, need of
health auxiliary workers end lack of trainnings, regular meetings and evaluation of developing
activities. Nevertheless, in spite of the range between what is established by the PROSAD/MS
and what is being performed at the service, some positive aspects are pointed out: presence of
a multiprofessional team work, regularity of records registered during the prior attendance,
brevity to make an appointment for the first health visit, monitoring maintenance and
practices of educational actions.


The existence of a dopaminergic innervation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been demonstrated in rats but has remained controversial in primates. The aim of the present study was first to demonstrate the existence of a dopaminergic innervation of the STN in monkeys using tracing methods and then to quantify the loss of dopaminergic fibers in the parkinsonian state in monkeys and humans. Following injection of Fluoro‐Gold into the STN of a vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops), retrogradely labeled neurons were found to be scattered in all dopaminergic areas of the mesencephalon. Injection of biotin dextran amine into dopaminergic areas A8 and A9 of two monkeys resulted in anterogradely labeled axons located throughout the whole extent of the STN. Labeled axons that also expressed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were reconstructed from serial sections. Some terminal axonal arborizations had profuse branching and occupied much of the STN, and others were restricted to small portions of the nucleus. In TH‐immunoreactive sections, numerous sparse, fine, and varicose TH‐positive fibers were observed in the STN of normal monkeys and humans. Quantification of these TH‐positive fibers revealed a 51% loss of TH‐positive fibers in MPTP‐intoxicated monkeys and a 65% loss in Parkinson's disease patients compared with their respective controls. These findings demonstrate the existence of a dopaminergic innervation of the STN in primates. The loss of dopaminergic innervation in MPTP‐intoxicated monkeys and in Parkinson's disease patients may directly affect the activity of STN neurons and could participate in the hyperactivity of the structure. J. Comp. Neurol. 425:121–129, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The background, concept, and design characteristics of the Caports style, which comes into new domestic fashion trend of sportism, are discussed in this article. Analysis are performed with utilizing pictures, advertizements of fashion magazine such as Vogue Korea, Fashionbiz, Ceci, etc., and photographs from internet sites, domestic papers since 2002. The result of this study is as followings: New life style, arose from the change of social and cultural environment, such as increase in leisure time, fusion and well-being trend, begins to be reflected in caports style in the form of stress on utility and functionality. The caports style is a fusion style based on sports wear with character and fashion. And, it can be adapted as a sports wear and daytime wear. With respect to the form, it emphasizes healthy body line, and as for the material, it strikingly utilizes various and functional materials. It also shows active and cheerful image using bright color, and utilizes functional and decorative details such as line-tape, zipper, hood. The most important characteristic of the caports style is to present a new liberal style by mix & match, layering, and exposing


We investigate firms' incentives for cost reduction in the first price sealed bid auction, a format largely used for procurement. A central feature of the model is that we allow firms to be heterogeneous. Though private value first price auctions are not games with monotonic best responses, we find that for comparative statistic purposes they behave like these games. In particular, firms will tend to underinvest in cost reduction because they anticipate fiercer head-on competition. Using the second price auction as a benchmark, we also find that the first price auction will elicit less investment from market participants. Moreover, both auction formats tend to favour investment by the current market leader and are therefore likely to reinforce asymmetries among market participants.


The proportion design of porous concrete has been down by using of volumetric method and the porosity of speciments made with this concrete is experimentally measured.Meanwhile the permeability coefficients of these speciments are tested so that the relationships between porosity and permeability coefficient and between 7d permeability coefficient and 28d permeability coefficient,under this testing condition,are obtained.


Until recently, the development of a global geography of floods was challenged by the fragmentation and heterogeneity of in situ data and the high costs of processing large amounts of remote sensing data. Such geography would facilitate the exploration of large‐scale drivers of flood extent and timing including wide latitudinal, climate, and topographic effects. Here we used a monthly data set spanning 30 years (Global Surface Water) to develop a worldwide geographical characterization of slow floods (1‐degree grid), weighting the relative contribution of seasonal, interannual, and long‐term fluctuations on overall variability, and quantified precipitation‐flooding delays where seasonality dominated. We explored the dominance of different flooding timings across five main Köppen‐Geiger climates and seven topography classes derived from modeled water table depths (i.e., hydro‐topography) to contribute top‐down insight about the most salient, cross‐regional flooding patterns and their likely large‐scale drivers. Our results showed that, globally, the mean extent of floods averaged 0.48% of the global land area, predominantly associated with hydro‐topography (>2× more extensive in flatter landscapes). Climate drove flood timings, with predictable, seasonally dominated fluctuations in cold regions, interannual, and mixed patterns in temperate climates, and more irregular (higher variability) and unpredictable (less seasonal) patterns in arid regions. Net gains of flooded area dominated temporal variability in 9% of the cells including boreal clusters likely affected by warming trends. We propose that this new geographical perspective of floods can aid different avenues of hydrological research in the upscaling and extrapolation of field studies and the parsimonious representation of floods in hydroclimatic models.


The starting point for this contribution is provided by the two central reporting series "National Reports on Education" as well as the "Report on Vocational Education and Training" with the corresponding "Vocational Education and Training Data Report". These regularly published reports include a comprehensive set of indicators for the description of economic performance in Vocational Education and Training. Since 2016, both series have also been supplemented by the "Vocational Education and Training Report at Federal State Level". This monitor provides additional and expanding insights into vocational education and training and focuses more on the governance level of the federal states policy and the regional conditions of vocational education and training. The aim of this article lies on a critical perspective on the empirical evidence toward the performance indicators of the previously mentioned report systems. The limits and challenges of these indicators are determined. Indeed, corresponding indicator-based reports are limited by deficient data, but it is questionable, whether the lack of differentiation by regions and professions does limit the validity of these indicators.


The objective of this study is to extract and evaluate relevant information for characterising the similarities and dissimilarities in the inherent properties of Dissolved Natural Organic Matter (DNOM) relative to the site characteristics of its origin. A number of classical and sophisticated DNOM characterisation methodologies were used for this purpose. The explanatory capability of site characteristics on the variation in descriptors of DNOM, including elemental analysis (EA), DOC fractionation, SEC, CZE, CGE, UV/Vis- and FTIR spectra, FES, TLS, ESR, ESI/MS, 13 C-CPMAS-NMR, potentiometric titration as well as functional characteristics as biodegradability, response of algae and PAH partitioning coefficient were evaluated. The sampling sites are all natural, coniferous, heathery-forested sites with bogs forming a climatic, anthropogenic deposition and proportional biotope cover gradient. Clustering in PCA of samples from the same site sampled during different seasons implies a basic site-specific DNOM quality. Correlations to the main principal components as well as a correlation matrix, singled out total S-deposition as the key explanatory site parameters accounting for most of the variation in the DNOM descriptors. Other significant factors were length of growing season, biotope coverage (i.e. peatland/ or lake/watershed ratio), site elevation and the TOC and H + concentration. The total S-deposition was strongly negatively correlated to the molecular weight, aromaticity, carboxylic acidity and sorption capacity of PAH. The greater the proportion of lake and histosol biotopes of the sampling sites the greater the aliphatic character of the DNOM.


This book documents the Labour Party's construction of the race concept in political discourse from the 1930s Indian independence negotiations and the defense of Jews from anti-semitic attack in East London.


From cartoons to comic strips, through internet gags and
humorous adverts, to sitcoms and funny remarks in editorials
and opinion articles, the media thrive in linguistic
manifestations of humour. Whether or not it serves as a playful
distraction, a selling strategy, or an instrument to make a
point, attack indirectly or voice the unspeakable, humour in
the media deserves attention both as a discoursal device and a
sociolinguistic phenomenon. This seminar invites papers that
look into the various roles humour plays in print and
audiovisual media, as well as the forms it takes, the purposes
it serves, the butts it targets, the implications it carries
and the differences it may assume across cultures. Research
areas include, but are not limited to, (critical) discourse
analysis, sociolinguistics, intercultural studies, semantics,
pragmatics, semiotics, communication studies, and rhetoric.


Background Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction remains a challenging operation. There are many factors to be considered in this technique, including graft material selection and method of fixation. This prospective study compared the clinical results of single-bundle PCL reconstruction using a hamstring tendon autograft, with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Patients and methods A total of 26 patients were included in the study: 13 patients who started physical therapy on the second postoperative day and 13 who had their knees immobilized in full extension for 3 weeks. All patients had an isolated chronic PCL rupture. The evaluation parameters included the International Knee Documentation Committee scores and the Lysholm knee scores. Results The results showed a significant difference in the functional scores between the two groups. In contrast to many recent reports that favor early range of motion exercises, the results of this study showed better clinical results with delayed rehabilitation. Conclusion Protection of the knee early in the postoperative period improves the clinical results.


Recently, researchers from Dalhousie University, The Royal Military College, and the Defence Research Establishment Atlantic started work on estimating water density, and eventually underwater acoustical properties, from in situ and remotely sensed data. This requires the development of assimilation schemes to project vertically into the ocean interior the surface information gathered by remote sensing. Initially, we are concentrating on inferring the seasonal distributions of temperature and salinity on the continental shelf. We are experimenting with new ways of assimilating such data into fully nonlinear, baroclinic models using the incremental approach. In a nutshell, the approach uses two parallel ocean models: a complex model to be fit to the data, and a simple model with known adjoint that is used to correct the control variables of the complex model. The result is a set of seasonal fields that is consistent with the observed data, and dynamical constraints imposed by the model, within prescribed e...


This paper aims to define the issue of identity and the problems raised by globalization in relation to the search for the Self. The sociological theories of Zygmunt Bauman and Alain Touraine, specifically concerning the loss of perception on the Self, together with the loss of any reference structures typical of
modern society such as family, sexuality and ethics, underpin the analysis. As Bauman points out in his works, postmodern society – or as he called it 'liquid modernity' – has a very strong impact on the postmodern subject, leaving him/her alone in the existential fight against the global and mass society. In this paper these theories find application in Isabella Santacroce's works, specifically in the books where the main characters deal more evidently with the search for the Self as it collides with their families – in whom they do not recognize any morality, thus
attempting to find a respite from the sorrow of psychological uncertainty through the abuse of alcohol. Similarly, these young characters misuse sexuality by making the female body an instrument of domination. In this "post-human" perspective, the characters expose their social malaise by degrading themselves
in promiscuity and prostitution. Sexuality, on the other hand, also becomes the only chance to still enter into close contact with the other, a human contact that can bring love and a new dialogue.


Abstract
This bachelor thesis has been assigned by the company ACG Nystrom, Boras. ACG Nystrom is working in cooperation with a Swiss company named Jentschmann AG. Jentschmann is a manufacturer of ...


A switching mode DC-DC converter controlled by the integrated-voltage-control method works stably and has no steady state error and a quick response time. We propose a new NPC (neutral-point-clamped) multi-level four-quadrant DC-DC converter controlled by the integrated-voltage-control method. It consists of eight hysteresis comparators driven by an error voltage integrator. The working region is divided into eight regions and one of eight power transistors driven by one of eight comparators to on/off in each prearranged region. The neutral-point voltage can also be kept at a constant value by a new restrain control scheme.


The invention discloses a fertilizer and a processing method thereof and particularly discloses a compound microbial liquid drip irrigation fertilizer and a preparation method thereof. The fertilizer is mainly obtained by taking yeast waste liquid as a raw material, adding sodium hypochlorite for sterilization and then adding streptomycs micuoflavus as a seed bacterium to carry out aerobic fermentation. The fertilizer takes the yeast waste liquid as the raw material of the microbial fertilizer and streptomycs micuoflavus as the seed bacterium, can decompose the matters which can not be decomposed by the previous yeasts, contains plenty of organic matters, amino acids and trace elements, is liquid, is low in production cost, is simple and practical to apply, can be directly sprayed, especially can be added to spray irrigation or drip irrigation water so as to be applied, is especially suitable for improvement of virgin soil and has the advantage of good soil improvement effect.


Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent and leading causes of cancer death worldwide [1]. The survival of patients with potentially curable colorectal cancer is mainly determined by pathologic tumor and lymph node staging. In locoregional disease, the extent of lymph node involvement is the most significant indicator for disease freeand overall survival rates [2]. Currently, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) the tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging system is widely used for staging colorectal cancer. According to this staging system, lymph node staging is defined based on the number of involved lymph nodes [3]. Evaluation of at least 12 lymph nodes is currently considered as an adequate node staging in colorectal cancer [4]. However, despite advances in colorectal surgery, inadequate lymph nodes examination remains a common practice in resected colorectal cancer [5,6]. This pitfall is more prominent in the rectal location, particularly in cases receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiation [5,7]. In an analytical review, the mean total number of lymph nodes examined was 10.9, while 5.4% of patients having no lymph node identified and only 41.2% of all patients had adequate (≥12) lymph node evaluation [5]. Insufficient lymph nodes staging of colorectal cancer can potentially lead to understaging of patients with stage III and categorizing these tumor as stage I and II disease [8]. Subsequently, it causes a significant clinical challenge for predicting the prognosis and determining adjuvant treatments [2].


The author introduced the bidding condition of construction preparation engineering of BMPDP, expounded some problems and the processing condition in project construction and fulfilling contract. It supplied reference for the main_body project and other equipment stocking and bidding management.


In present study invertase producing yeast were isolated from various fruits samples.Total 16 invertase producing organisms were isolated of which Pichiakudriavzeviiis the choice of organism for invertase production because of its characteristic high fermentability.Pichiakudriavzeviiproduced 2.02 U/ml invertase. Optimization of production conditions were studied, where 37 C temperature, 6.0 pH, Glucose as carbon source, peptone as nitrogen source, incubation period of 24 hoursand 2.0 % inoculum size could produce 2.79 U/ml invertase.


The length-biased version of the Weibull distribution known as Weibull lengthbiased (WLB) distribution is considered, it is shown that it is unimodal throughout examining its shape. Other properties of the distribution were studied such as the moments, and the hazard rate function. It is shown that the hazard function is upside bathtub shaped for values of the shape parameter that are less than unity and increasing otherwise. Bayesian and non Bayesian estimation problems are also considered. a numerical example is introduced for illustration.


Color image of two soldiers in combat uniforms. One is shooting a military rifle and the other has just landed next to him by parachute. Additional parachutes can be seen in the distance.


Abstract : Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of supersonic flow over a flat-plate with and without adverse pressure-gradient at Mach 3 were carried out in close collaboration with the experimental effort at Princeton University by G. Brown and co-workers. To confirm that simulations and experiments were based on the same "baseflow," the experimental baseflow profiles were compared with our Navier-Stokes results. The downstream development and the spatial growth rates of the disturbances obtained from the Navier-Stokes computations and from experimental measurements were compared as well. Overall, a remarkably good agreement was achieved. Towards the understanding of the nonlinear mechanisms, we investigated numerous nonlinear resonance and breakdown scenarios. Our simulations have shown that due to the stabilizing effects of compressibility for supersonic boundary layers, the transition process can be stretched significantly in the downstream direction and sometimes the transition process may even be aborted so that a turbulent boundary layer is never fully established. The extent of the transition process and the intensity of the temperature fluctuations, and the resulting heat load, depend strongly on the nonlinear mechanisms.


An apparent deletion of Ph, the chromosome-5B suppressor of homoeologous pairing, was obtained by X-raying normal pollen and using it on plants monosomic for a 5B chromosome carrying the marker Hai...


We investigate the sterile neutrino oscillations at a neutrino factory. First of all, we briefly review the standard three flavor neutrino oscillations. We next review the present status of four flavor neutrino oscillation. After these reviews, we study (3+1) sterile neutrino oscillations at a neutrino factory. We analyze it using the two setups including the backgrounds and the systematic errors: a neutrino factory with 50 GeV (20 GeV) stored muons with two detectors located at L=3000, 7500 km (L=4000, 7500km) from the source. At these neutrino factories, we study sensitivities to the active-sterile mixing angles θ24 and θ34 using νμ disappearance and νμ to ντ appearance channels. We find that these channels are sensitive to the mixing angles. Furthermore, we study sensitivities to θ13 and the active-sterile mixing angle θ14 using νe to νμ and νe to ντ appearance channels, and also to the combinations Ue4Uμ4 and Ue4Uτ4 which are relevant to the short baseline oscillation experiments using νe to νμ and νe to ντ appearance channels. We find that the 50 GeV (20 GeV) set up can constrain sin 2θ13 ≤ 7 × 10−5(2 × 10−4); θ34 ≤ 12◦(14◦); θ24 ≤ 7.5◦(8◦) at 90% CL. Our results hold for any value of ∆mSBL ≥ 0.1 eV. We also invastigate the discovery potential to discriminate the four flavor neutrino schemes to the three flavor neutrino ones. Furthermore, the dependence of the performance of the νμ disappearance and the νμ to ντ appearance channels on the systematic errors are investigated. Finally, we investigate CP violation in four flavor neutrinos and find that the νμ to ντ appearance channel is useful.


The yttrium alkynide (C5Me5)2Y(C≡CPh)(THF), 1, and the related trienediyl [(C5Me5)2Y]2(μ-η2:η2-PhC═C═C═CPh), 2, can be isolated from the reaction of (C5Me5)2Y(η3-CH2CHCH2)(THF) with phenylacetylene in THF and hexane, respectively. Complex 1 reacts with tBuN═C═NtBu to afford the conventional amidinate insertion product (C5Me5)2Y[tBuNC(C≡CPh)NtBu-κ2N,N′], 3. However, the analogous reaction with iso-propyl and cyclohexyl carbodiimides involves C–H activation and forms the iminovinyl complexes (C5Me5)2Y[C(═CHPh)C(N═CMe2)═NiPr-κ2C,N], 4, and (C5Me5)2Y{C(═CHPh)C[N═C(CH2)5]═NCH(CH2)5-κ2C,N}, 5, respectively. The reaction is formally a variation of the Alder-ene reaction in which a C–H bond of the carbodiimide (ene) is activated and transferred to the alkynide ligand (enophile) bound to yttrium. The trienediyl 2 reacts with iso-propyl carbodiimide via conventional insertion to form a bis(amidinate) product with a trienediyl linker, namely, (C5Me5)2Y[μ-κ2-(iPrN)2C–C(Ph)═C═C═C(Ph)–C(NiPr)2]Y(C5Me5)2, 6. The alkynid...


There is extensive research on students with disabilities but there is a research gap when it comes to faculty with disabilities. The purpose of this study is to understand the lived experiences of faculty members. This qualitative study centers the attention on participants intersectionalities (social identities) to dive deep into the impact of employee development in academia. This research will look at what type of direct and indirect discrimination exist in their world of higher education. Some of the questions asked in the interviews are: Have you faced additional difficulties as a faculty member because of your disability? What are other social identities that have had an impact on your career, do you believe that they have intersected with your disability in terms of impact?


Insulin resistance is the basis of metabolic disorder in metabolic syndrome,such as diabetes,hypertension,obesity,arteriosclerosis,and so on.Besides complex hereditary factor and environmental factors(age,obesity,racial difference) in its pathogenesis,mechanism of insulin-targeted organs as well as receptors,abnormal expression of adipose-derived cytokines and its influence on insulin signaling pathway and the other factors all play the important role in the genesis of insulin resistance.


The matching between Add&Drop (A&D) and S-BVT in EONs is investigated. Two A&D architectures have been identified avoiding or not channel contentions. A trade-off between costs and flexibility can be found depending on the status of the network.


Foreword ( Klaus Schwab) Introduction. PART I New Times New Needs. CHAPTER 1 Outer globalization. A business world of disorder the new businessparadigm. The great globalization race how nationscompete. Five planets wanted environmental imbalancesand growth principle. More wealth and more inequality economicimbalances and growth principle. The silent killers social imbalances andgrowth principle. CHAPTER 2 Inner globalization. Generation MeWe conscious labourmarkets. The Global Brain hybrid markets. Collaborative problem solvers collectiveintelligence markets. Civil power brokers activism markets. Conscious buycotters ethical consumptionmarkets. PART II New Needs New Solutions. CHAPTER 3 The routes to sustainable business success. The new faces of capitalism blurring sectorborders and the fourth sector. The value of social entrepreneurship threedimensions of the new business paradigm. Responsible business 2.0 from CSR to CSI andthe four enabling Cs. A business force for good the power ofpartnerships and converging fields. CHAPTER 4 Visions for the future. An evolutionary revolution in the midst of aparadigm shift. Utopias and pessimism about hope andfear. Everyone has a role to play and the power ofYOU! References. Further reading. Acknowledgements. About the author. Index.


Welding control method and apparatus. Welding current during welding is controlled, the temperature of the parts to be welded joints and / or welding is to be kept as possible the same temperature. Welding current, at a constant rate per unit time is reduced linearly. Or it is continuously controlled in accordance with any function or curve. Welding current toward the desired direction may be controlled gradually or in a suitable step. .FIELD 1


A natural milk flavor was prepared by lipase hydrolysis and subsequent oxygen pyrolysis of butter.In order to find the similar compounds between the flavor and milk,two brands of commercial milk powder were systematically ana- lyzed by SPME-GC-MS and GC-MS.The comparative results showed that most of compounds which were found in milk were also appeared in milk flavor.Some compounds such as olefine aldehyde,which were found in milk,were not obtained in products prepared by lipase hydrolysis.These differences resulted in different aroma characters.Finally,ox- ygen pyrolysis was used to resolve these differences,whose experimental results showed that it was a good method to pro- duce those compounds.


This research sought to explore the nature and consequences of tensions and conflicts of interest for GPs in safeguarding children and how these are seen and responded to from a range of professional, parental and child perspectives and managed in order to promote best practice.


This was an investigational process of endophthalmitis in an operating room following cataract surgery. Studies have shown that patients' own skin flora is a prime consideration as a source of endophthalmitis.


The flow driven by the strike-slip faulting is theoretically analyzed in this paper. The surface of the strike-slip fault is generally near vertical, and the corresponding plates move in horizontal directions during the faulting. The focus of present paper is on the flow at the early stage when the faulting is activated. Standard procedures for deriving the exact solution of the induced flow are first demonstrated. Based on the derived solution, flows generated by three kinds of faulting are examined to observe and compare the evolution of velocity profiles and the corresponding kinetic energy. The results show that the flow energy rapidly decays as the speed of the moving plates begins to slow down. Moreover, mathematical methods proposed in this study provide a useful basis for related studies on not only geophysics, but also fluid mechanics, industry manufacturing, heat-conduction problems, and other possible applications.


Copyright information: Taken from "Elevated osteopontin and thrombospondin expression identifies malignant human breast carcinoma but is not indicative of metastatic status"Breast Cancer Research 2003;5(5):R136-R143.Published online 9 Jul 2003PMCID:PMC314424.Copyright © 2003 Wang-Rodriguez et al., licensee BioMed Central Ltd (Print ISSN 1465-5411; Online ISSN 1465-542X). This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL. Negative control (100×), cytoplasmic OPN staining of the majority of tumor cells in selected cases (the stroma fibroblasts and endothelial cells did not stain for OPN) (200×), TYRP-1 staining in normal breast duct epithelium (staining is specific for the epithelium and not for the surrounding stroma tissue) (100×), TSP-1 stained only selected tumor cells (brown signal) and not the majority of the tumor (100×), OPN was localized in normal breast duct epithelium but not in myoepithelial cells (100×), and TRYP-1 in breast tumor cells (200×).


"An Introduction to National Film Theoretical System" is a exploring and original book on film theory.In this book,the author points out that nationality is the spiritual core of Chinese movies,establishes the essential and direct theory on the basis of dialectical analysis of Chinese and foreign traditional literary arts,discovers the directors′ magic use of variables on the spot and finally highlights the importance of Shenli and spirit theory in the artistic creation of films.


Sociologist Edwin Sutherland first coined the term "white-collar crime" on December 27, 1939 during his presidential address at the fifty-second annual meeting of the American Sociological Society. Sutherland began his speech by arguing that much of what his colleagues understood about crime—namely, that it was restricted to the streets and largely committed by individuals in the lower social classes—was "misleading and incorrect." According to Sutherland, the most serious criminal offences were not being committed by the poor or the "delinquent," but rather by society's most "respected business and professional men." This book review is available in Osgoode Hall Law Journal: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol55/iss1/12


A thermoplastic modified Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) based leadframe for the packaging of microwave power devices is presented in this work. Three parts will be detailed in the proposed paper: the modified LCP material customized and developed by Speed company, Air Cavity Package (ACP), and modified LCP based ACP. The modified LCP material has the characteristics of delayed crystallization, low shrinkage and high dimensional stability, stable mechanical properties, and low dielectric properties. It is suitable for micron/nano metal filling combinations to achieve high binding force and high sealing application scenarios.The air cavity package provides excellent environmental protection for microwave power devices. The presented LCP based ACP leadframe has advantages of low cost, lightweight, and robust. In the meanwhile, this paper adopted Nano Molding Technology (NMT) to make metal and LCP material have better adhesion.


This paper presents a design of GSM/DCS dual-band filter based on hybrid parameter elements. General microwave dual-band bandpass filter is realized by using lumped parameter elements only. Using two different parameters elements can combine advantages of two different parameters elements to meet engineering application requirement. Actual measured results of the filter sample are in good agreement with simulated results.


1. Experiments were conducted to determine the phototaxis responses of each larval stage of two species of Xanthid crabs and to assess the influence of light on depth regulation.2. Two primary orientations in response to light are described.3. Secondary orientation in response to light results in positive phototaxis in all four zoea stages and the megalopa of each species.4. In response to changes in light intensity, the first zoea stage of P. herbstii demonstrated high photokinesis. Although some increase in swimming rate in response to increased light intensity was noted in larvae of L. floridanus, particularly in the first zoea stage, the differences were not statistically significant. It is suggested that larvae of L. floridanus may swim at their capacity at low light intensities, in contrast to larvae of P. herbstii.5. Light response dominates that of gravity in the first zoea stage; in the megalopa, gravity response dominates that of light in a majority of individuals.6. Light aimed down the axis of...


"State aid: main developments between 1 May and 31 August 2009"* On 10 June 2009, Luxembourg informed the Commission that a € 320 million loan had been set up for restructuring Kaupthing Bank…


Objective: Auditory attention is one of the most important skills and abilities which students require for passing different school levels, which this ability is a defect in students suffering from dysgraphia. The current study seeks to examine the effect of play therapy on improving auditory attention of students suffering from Dysgraphia in a single-subject study. Methods: Participants in the current research were three students visiting Shenakht Clinic of Esfahan. For each participant, three sessions as the base-line, 12 sessions of play therapy and 3 treatment-review sessions were dedicated. In order to measure the extent of improvement in auditory attention and dysgraphia, NEPSY test and spelling test were applied respectively. Results: Findings of the current study showed that a visual analysis of data diagram, based on the descriptive statistics indicates effective intervention for all three participants . Conclusion: Results of the current study show that auditory attention is improved by play therapy in students suffering from dysgraphia. Therefore, play therapy can be used as a method for improving the academic performance of students suffering from dysgraphia.


The purpose of this article is to argue for transformational leadership as a relevant theoretical basis for leadership in nursing in meeting with demands of efficiency. Following the introduction of the New Public Management in the health care sector in Norway, efficiency demands in particular give organizational realities that do not coincide with traditional quality in nursing. It is therefore important to study nurses' experiences in relation to leaders and increased demands on efficiency. Data from a Norwegian empirical study is re-analysed in relation to the main components of the transformational leadership model: idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration. Empirical examples are presented within the frame of the main components of the transformational leadership model. More concretely, the examples show that the nursing leader is a person with great influence. It is of importance how the leader inspires and intellectually stimulates the nurses in their daily work and also takes individual care of them. Our conclusion is that nursing leaders who promote nurses' capacity may, as an effect of that leadership, find that nurses are better able to meet demands on efficiency.


traditional for allergy based on in conjunction with (SPT) quantification of sIgE to the allergen. These tests but the (OFC) is diagnose food allergy to identify other approaches to diagnose food allergy to the need for OFC, such as using the basophil activation test (BAT) alongside SPT and/or sIgE quantification to increase the accuracy of diagnosis. BAT has been evaluated (but not validated) in several studies for diagnosing food allergies. Most of the data available to date is for BAT as a diagnostic tool for peanut allergy, with a reported sensitivity ranging from 85% to 95%, and a specificity between 65% and 94%. 2- 5 In this regard, the BAT shows promise as an accurate test for food allergy; however, its use is still limited to the research setting. To support the use of BAT in the clinical routine, several factors need to be addressed, including standardization of methodology, technical validation, and assessment of feasibility in terms of access to flow cytometry and fresh blood samples.


Null Lagrangians and their gauge functions are derived for given standard and non-standard Lagrangians. The obtained standard null Lagrangians generalize those previously found but the non-standard null Lagrangians are new. The gauge functions are used to make the action invariant and introduce the exact null Lagrangians, which form a new family of null Lagrangians. The conditions required for the action to be invariant are derived for all null Lagrangians presented in this paper, thus, making them exact. As a specific application, the exact null Lagrangians are derived for a second-order ordinary differential equation. The application shows that the exact null Lagrangians can be obtained for any ordinary differential equation with known Lagrangian.


Clustering belief functions is not easy because of uncertainty and the unknown number of clusters. To overcome this problem, we extend agglomerative algorithm for clustering belief functions. By this extended algorithm, belief distance is taken as dissimilarity measure between two belief functions, and the complete-link algorithm is selected to calculate the dissimilarity between two clusters. Before every merging of two clusters, consistency test is executed. Only when the two clusters are consistent, they can merge, otherwise, dissimilarity between them is set to the largest value, which prevents them from merging and assists to determine the number of final clusters. Typical illustration shows same promising results. Firstly, the extended algorithm itself can determine the number of clusters instead of needing to set it in advance. Secondly, the extended algorithm can deal with belief functions with hidden conflict. At last, the algorithm extended is robust.


This report describes a genetics clinic for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) in an underserved population. Genetic counseling was provided to 151 patients, and 131 underwent BRCA genetic testing. This was a unique, group-based establishment of an HBOC genetics clinic, which to our knowledge had not previously been reported.


MicroRNA (miRNA) expression patterns are highly variable across human tissues and across cancer specimens. The intuitive assumption is that transcription is the main contributor to mature miRNA expression patterns, with post-transcriptional processes further modifying miRNA expression levels. Here we report the surprising model that, on the global level, post-transcriptional regulation dominates over transcriptional regulation in determining mature miRNA expression patterns in both normal tissues and cancer. Taking advantage of large genomic datasets in which the expression of both mature miRNAs and their host genes have been quantified, we establish and validate transcriptional and post-transcriptional metrics, with miRNA host gene expression estimating transcriptional regulation and mature miRNA to host gene ratio estimating post-transcriptional regulation. On average, the post-transcriptional metric contributes 2.8-fold more than the transcriptional metric to the variance of mature miRNA expression. The variation of the balance between the two mature miRNAs (5p and 3p miRNAs) produced from the same precursor hairpin is a non-negligible contributor to miRNA expression, explaining ∼27% of the variance of miRNAs' post-transcriptional metric. Data of normal tissues yield similar results as cancer specimens. Additionally, the post-transcriptional metric is superior to the transcriptional metric in classifying cancer types. We further demonstrate that the post-transcriptional metric separates miRNAs into distinct groups, suggesting that there are groups of miRNAs that are co-regulated on the post-transcriptional level. Our data support a model in which the post-transcriptional regulation is the major driver of miRNA expression variation, and paves a way toward better mechanistic understanding of post-transcriptional regulation of mature miRNA expression.


As the number of nursery facilities and infants who stay there is continuously increasing, IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) of nursery facilities should be managed strictly and thoroughly because infants are more susceptible to infections due to their low resistivity. In this study the characteristics of IAQ and ventilation associated factors were investigaed for suggesting a desirable condition for IAQ management. Environmental factors were not much related to IAQ characteristics rather than internal factors such as structures of the room. And the positive effect of ventilation on IAQ was obvious and seemed to hinge on factors related to window area especially window/wall ratio. Results of this study indicate that the structure with broader window area of a room and frequnet ventilation can be an effective way for keeping IAQ of nursery facilities clean and safe.


Abstract Phase diagram of poly (ethylene oxide)-poly (propylene oxide)-poly (ethylene oxide) copolymer (AL-64) and nonionic surfactant dodecyl polyoxyethylene (23) ether (Brij 35) aqueous solutions has been determined at 25°C using the titration method. Hexagonal, cubic and two lamellar liquid crystalline phases were found and characterized by use of polar optical microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. Dynamic rheological measurements were further performed on the found liquid crystals. It has been shown that the cubic and lamellar phases exhibit elastic properties, while the hexagonal phase presents viscoelastic properties. At the constant water content, with increase in the concentration of the copolymer AL-64, the rheological G′ and G″ moduli, the critical shear stress and the network strength of the hexagonal liquid crystals get decreased. The two lamellar phases exhibit clearly different rheological properties, and the lamellar phase lies in Brij35 rich side possess stronger network strength than the hexagonal phase, through the rheological data analyses.


Putting people first is the core of scientific outlook on development and also the soul of ideological and political work.Insisting the idea is the importment guarantee for opening up the new situation of the work in the new period and concrete embodiment of deeply supplying scientific outlook on development.Ideological and political work,focusing on human subject,is used to solve such issues as a person's thinking,viewpoint as well as political stand,develop his capability for understanding and transforming the world and enchance his political consciousness.The author advocates conducting the work on the basis of people oriented,knowing and holding its feature and law and driving the work with the reform spirit to make it better embody epochal character,grasp regularity and be rich in creativity.


The article critiques the television program "The Wire," with a particular emphasis on what can be gleaned from it about management, trade, and society. The authors say the show demonstrates how policing, politics, and education are driven by performance measures, as well as the impact of unintended consequences stemming from seemingly minor managerial decisions. In their view "The Wire" shows how trade is governed by global capitalism. They illustrate these and other observations through examples cited from several of the shows seasons


Purpose: The purpose of this study is to react to COVID-19 and is intended to transcend the regular thoughts to deeper issues towards humanity and nature This paper also extends further the article "pedagogy of life beyond extinction" published in the Journal for Multicultural Education This paper continues this discussion by further inward reflections on the self and the search for ultimate happiness amid the current pandemic that emerged in 2020 The study focusses on a holistic perspective towards a pedagogy that extends further the previous article by focussing on issues of happiness, dialogue and self-awareness Design/methodology/approach: This study adopts a reflective and exploratory, style that is an enabler for future research into a pedagogy that is focussed on humanity and nature Findings: The conceptual paper explores a holistic perspective towards a pedagogy that considers issues of happiness, dialogue and self-awareness Originality/value: This study's intention is to extend the notion of pedagogy that looks beyond educational institutions in seeking a wider understanding of humanity and nature The concept of "pedagogy of life beyond happiness" is used as a way to understand levels of the "self" as a way to gain deeper self-awareness This provides a lens for seeking ultimate happiness © 2021, Emerald Publishing Limited


Legacy methods of troubleshooting and root-cause analysis in networks involve time-consuming manual analysis of log files to understand and debug faults. Logs track system states and ensure that critical events are recorded to help troubleshooting and root cause analysis. Log files and their corresponding entries are ubiquitous and are important sources of information for interpreting system state. As methods have improved, many automated log collection and reporting systems have been developed to ease the burden on system administrators. With the increased pervasiveness of machine learning, this technology is capable of changing the way newer network management systems are built. We propose an event identification and management framework based on natural language processing concepts. Our system processes events in a log file as a natural language sequence and builds models of the extracted events to be used in various online or post-processing scenarios. We demonstrate how text categorization and sentence similarity concepts can be used to automatically identify events in logs. We also illustrate the advantages of our event extraction framework in different use cases and how our system helps to make network troubleshooting and management more efficient.


Teacher-education leaders everywhere are seeking ways to pull more closely to gether all elements of the preservice pro gram. Mr. Boynton, Head of the Business Education Department, Teachers College of Connecticut, New Britain, relates the offerings of his field to the life problems of high school boys and girls.


When entering the PIN(personal identification number), the greatest security threat is shoulder surfing attack. Shoulder surfing attack is watching the PIN being entered from over the shoulder to obtain the number, and it is the most common and at the same time the most powerful security threat of stealing the PIN. In this paper, a psychology based PINpad technology referred to as DAS(Dynamic Authentication System) that safeguards from shoulder surfing attack was proposed. Also, safety of the proposed DAS from shoulder surfing attack was tested and verified through intuitive viewpoint, shoulder surfing test, and theoretical analysis. Then, a PINpad with an internal DAS that was certified for its safety from shoulder surfing attack was designed and produced. Because the designed PINpad significantly decreases the chances for shoulder surfing attackers being able to steal the PIN when compared to the ordinary PINpad, it was determined to be suitable for use at ATM(automated teller machine)s operated by banks and therefore has been introduced and is being used by many financial institutions.


Abstract Either from the perspective of the finite supply capacity of global resources and energy, or from the perspective of global environment restrictive conditions, developing countries can not repeat the old development road of developed countries, either in view of the international pressure China is currently facing, or in view of China's own resources endowment and stages of development, we must actively face such a challenge of climate change. We must recognize that the issue of climate change may be a great restraint to the present and future eco-social development, and may also be an important driving force and new opportunity to push forward the transformation of development pattern, to take a new road of industrialization and to realize sustainable development. This demands us, on the one hand, to take the Scientific Outlook of Development as the guide to make efforts to control the emission of greenhouse gases and continuously increase the capability of adapting to climatic change, and set up the overall plan to respond to climate change of our country, and on the other hand, we should unswervingly take the road of sustainable development, save energy, optimize energy structure and strengthen biological protection in slowing and adapting to climate change.


An unmaned surveillance robot consists of rifle, laser receiver, thermal imager, color CCD camera, and laser illuminator. A human guard can be replaced with such a robot to take care dangerous surveillance tasks. Currently most of surveillance robots are mounded at a fixed post to take care of surveillance tasks. In order to watch blind areas, it is necessary to modify such a surveillance robot to become a mobile robot. In this paper, simulation based design procedure of mobile surveillance robot has been introduced. 3D CAD geometry model has been produced using Pro-Engineer. Required pen and tilt motor capacities have been analyzed using ADAMS inverse dynamics analysis. A target tracking and stabilization control algorithm of the mobile surveillance robot has been developed in order to stabilize the system from the motion of the vehicle which experiences the rough terrain. ADAMS-Matlab co-simulation has been also carried out to validate the proposed target tracking and stabilization algorithm.


The focus for this paper is how information literacy is taught and practiced in Swedish upper secondary schools. Special attention is paid to the critical evaluation of the credibility and the auth ...


Adjusting of LCD TV white balance is a key factor during the production process.At present,LCD TV white balance is adjusted by PC on product line.Existing method normally thinks about color temperature,but not thinks about color difference.When different luminance signal is displayed on TV,color difference of some luminance signal is greater.So feeling of watcher is bad.In this paper,a new method is proposed in which the automatic adjusting of LCD TV white balance will be implemented based on PC and Chroma7120.The result of experiment indicates the method can meet the requirement and operate conveniently.


Leafy stems and connecting underground rhizomes of Polytrichum commune Hedw. contain leptome tissues similar in structure to phloem. Isolated stems in clonal groupings were pulse labelled with {sup 14}CO{sub 2}. Labelled sugar, mostly sucrose, glucose, and fructose, appeared in the pulse labelled stems 30 min after treatment. A small amount (3.3%) of labelled sugar was transported to neighboring stems. Silver grain deposition in microautoradiographs of interconnecting rhizomes occurred predominantly over leptome tissues. Increased amounts of translocated radioactivity appeared in starch and cell wall polysaccharide pools one week and six weeks after treatment. These results (1) indicate that transport of photoassimilate occurs through the leptome of perennating rhizomes, (2) demonstrate that translocated carbon is subsequently utilized or stored, and (3) raise important questions about the significance of long distance transport in the life strategy of this complex clonal moss.


This thesis aimed to examine the relationship between climate and atmospheric CO2 concentrations through rapid climate changes during the Holocene. Climate was reconstructed using high-resolution, radiocarbon dated, lake sediment geochemical proxies (magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition, total carbon/nitrogen/sulphur determinations and biogenic silica), vegetational reconstruction (pollen analysis) and stomatal frequency based CO2 reconstructions. The stomatal frequency based reconstructions of CO2 provides decadal scale data, which complement ice core measurements. Lakes sediments from south-central Sweden were collected and the analyses were focussed on a c. 1,000 year period centred at c. 4,000 cal. yr BP when an abrupt change to a cooler/wetter climate had previously been recorded. Secondly, lake sediments from the Faroe Islands earlier than the Saksunarvatn tephra layer (dated to 10,240 cal. yr BP) were collected, as it is known that this period was subject to sudden large-scale climatic coolings. The Faroe Islands are also expected, and have been previously shown, to be sensitive to ocean driven climatic change. The results from south-central Sweden showed that the transition from the relatively warm/dry middle Holocene climate to the cooler/wetter late Holocene was characterized by two major, well defined steps (c. 4,450-4,350 and c. 4,000-3,800 cal. yr BP). At c. 4,000-3,500 cal. yr BP, forest composition demonstrated distinct changes and pollen productivity declined markedly. Stomatal frequency analysis of Quercus and Betula indicated a fairly rapid decrease in concentrations around 3,600 cal. yr BP but due to large uncertainties produced by low leaf concentrations, this decrease is considered tenuous. The early Holocene results from the Faroe Islands covering the time period 11,230 to 10,330 cal. yr BP, and reconstructing both winter and summer conditions, indicate a period of increased storminess and cooler winters at c. 11,150 cal. yr BP. This was followed by a period of stability in both seasons between c. 11,000 and 10,680 cal. yr BP, at which time a distinct increase in variability is suggested by the data. Notably, a mainly winter cooling occurred at c. 10,600 cal. yr BP and winter/summer coolings at 10,450 and 10,300 cal. yr BP. These events broadly correlate with ?18O inferred atmospheric temperatures over Greenland and the reoccurrence of meltwater outbursts into the North Atlantic Ocean. The concurrent reconstruction of CO2 was based on Salix herbacea leaves and indicates a distinct decrease in global concentrations at c. 11,050 cal. yr BP, a consistent and steady decline between c. 10,900 and 10,600 followed by increased variability. The onset of CO2 variability occurs 80 years after the recorded changes in climate. The CO2 trends show a similar pattern to the reconstructed climatic changes and indicate that the climate of the Northern Hemisphere was significantly impacting the global carbon cycle. Additionally, the CO2 reconstruction shows a remarkable similarity to proxy-inferred solar activity changes, which may suggest that CO2 responded rapidly to these changes via responses in climate.


Even thought, in the official texts, especially in the last one published relating to the educational health policy (1), health is presented as a component of the mission of all the professionals working within the school setting,, schools set a low priority on health promotion (HP) (2) andprofessionals in the workplace are not always aware of their HP role (3;4). A HP initiative was designed specifically for this context to address these issues and enable the school staff to implement an HP policy (5;6). This initiative aimed to promote children's social, emotional and physical health by contributing to children's well-being at school. Its objective was to develop sustainable HP projects in school settings by the empowerment of local actors. The main strategy was the development of teachers' health promoting practices and school's health promoting environment. The initiative was implemented in 115 primary schools in 6 French regions. The project started in 2007. In each region, a steering committee was created, composed of school board representatives, parent representatives, other regionally relevant actors, and a support team (teacher trainers, pedagogical advisers, members of HP services and members of local HP non-governmental organizations). This team was in charge of the program implementation. These six support teams, one per region, were trained to deliver training and support to the teachers and the schools concerning the principles, values, resources and evaluation of the HP program. Pedagogical resources were also provided to each school. The project was supervised by a scientific committee formed of health and educational experts and practitioners.
The research part of this project is based on a realistic approach (7) and aimed at contributing to answer the main following research questions:
1. What are the mechanisms and contextual factors that allow the regional team to develop a HP approach in their region?
2. How do the strategies developed through the HP program influence the development of teachers' HP practices and the schools' health promoting environment? How do these practices influence children's perception of their life in school?
The objective of this paper is to present the methodological issues as well as the first results concerning the mechanisms and the contextual factors that allow the development of such program and to present the first results of the factors that influence children's' perception of school well-being.

Method

Mixed methods (MM) and methodological pluralism are more and more often used within the HP field (8;9). Using more than one method within a research project produces a more complete picture of the phenomena being studied (10). The complete protocol of this research using realistic and MM approaches has already been published (11). Different sources of data were used: -four questionnaires were drawn up: •children's questionnaire, to collect data on children's perception of their life in school; •teachers' questionnaire, to collect data on teachers' attitudes to HP, on their own practices and factors that might influence them, as well as on their perception of the climate in their school; • families' questionnaire, to collect data on how the families perceived life at the school and their relationships with the school; •and, school communities' questionnaire, to collect data on the local community's attitudes to HP, on HP activities implemented in schools on how schools can be considered an HP environment; -two forms were designed to collect contextual information; - documents produce by the national and regional teams during the implementation stage of the program were collected; -and, semi-directed interviews were also conducted with the regional teams

Expected Outcomes

The first results show the main contextual issues favourable to the development of such program are the support of academic inspector and of the health department and public health local agencies. Training allowed the development of a health education approach by teachers and had an impact on the evolution of teachers' representation of health education as well as an impact on their perception of their everyday life in the school setting. Children had rather positive perceptions of their life at school and they were influenced by the school size, by the link between school and families and to the teachers' perceptions of their role as health educators. The type of results obtained and the practical interest of research approaches using mixed methods as well as their potential implication for policy development will be discussed.


As a new production paradigm,Mass Customization(MC) has gained attention both from the industry and the academia recently.Many factories began to implement this paradigm.In practice,MC used to be understood from a technical perspective,such as modularization,postponement,but did not reach the desired results.In theory,research from the perspective of organizational management has not yet attracted attention,and empirical research using Chinese factories as objects has not been carried out yet.Based on the Socio-Technical Systems Theory,the impact of work design on the implementation of MC was studied.First,the definition and content of work design were clarified;then,employee empowerment,feedback,autonomous maintenance,training and reward system were chosen as practice of work design;finally,some hypothesizes were promoted as the basis for further empirical research.


The area of patient telemonitoring utilizing wearable devices is of particular importance and relevance during the last years. Monitoring of physiological and physical parameters may improve significantly the assessment and management of a patient health status, as it can contribute to the reduction of healthcare cost by avoiding unnecessary hospitalisations and ensuring the direct confrontation of emergency situations. Innovative wearable computer and software technologies are deployed to provide vital patient data monitoring and connect clinicians with patients using wearable computing technology via workstations, wireless devices and the Internet. Having realized the impact of this technology era to the healthcare industry, this chapter focuses on the e-health tools and practices related to wearable computing systems. The chapter investigates the current and AbstrAct


Mini-invasive technique relies on mini skin incision: 5–8 cm long, no tourniquet, no Hoffa's fat pad, and patellar tendon stress. The incision has to allow the inspection in flexion of the contralateral compartments and the inspection–treatment of the patella in extension (osteophyte removal). During the procedure it is mandatory to check the proper position of the prosthesis components. In case of varus or valgus degeneration, we can perform a parapatellar medial or lateral minimally invasive approach. In my own experience, from 1984 to 1996, I performed 1067 unicondylar knee replacements (UKR) by the traditional approach. From 1997 to 2001, I operated using the mini-invasive technique on 1091 UKRs. The comparison between these two groups of patients has shown less postoperative pain, quicker recovery and shorter hospitalisation time in the mini-invasive group. There were no differences between groups for shortterm results. For long-term results, in March 2001 we evaluated 112 patients with a UKR (AllegrettoTM – Sulzer Medica) and a relative standard approach with 8–10 years follow-up. These implants were performed between November 1990 and March 1993, in 105 cases in the medial compartment and in seven cases in the lateral. The preoperative indications were: 98 arthritis, four HTO sequelae, four condyle osteonecrosis, three post-traumatic sequelae, three UKR revision, in eight cases the ACL had degenerated. At follow-up, seven patients were dead, 0 were lost, three revised and two submitted to an arthroscopy (lateral meniscus degeneration). The cause of three revisions (2.5%) was one femoro-patellar degeneration and two aseptic loosening, no septic revision. We think that these survival rates cannot be modified by a minimally invasive technique. Technically, the mini skin incision needs the observance of some basic rules. A preoperative plan is mandatory to address the thickness and slope of bone cuts as well as prosthesis size. Prosthesis instruments and hardware must be designed to be suitable for minimal bone exposure. With experience we can utilise free hand surgical technique; this technique reduces the operative time and invasiveness. Skin landmarks have to be easily recognised on the anatomical region to preserve the soft tissue around the approach. Skin incision is para-patellar medial or lateral. It starts proximally 1 cm below the superior margin of the patella. It ends distally within 1 cm below the joint line. To expose the femoral condyle it is not necessary to dislocate the patella, but it should be relatively subluxed. When the prosthesis is fitted, the mini-incision allows for a reliable check of stability, alignment, and prosthesis component relation. The mini-invasive technique permits faster surgery and is particularly suitable for one-stage bilateral UKR procedures and patients with systemic heart and vascular disease. Concerns may arise: the learning curve. The mini para-patella skin incision, among the superior and inferior geniculata arteries, allows a safe and straight approach to the knee.


In this paper Granger's test is employed to examine the causal relationship between the size of the export sector and national income per capita (as well as their respective growth rates) for China for the period 1952–1985. Our empirical results favour a bi-directional causal sequence between these two variables. However, these findings disappear when a similar test is used for the sub-period 1952–1978. The difference in results between these two sample periods points to a change in causal relation after 1978 which coincides with the adoption of an "outward looking" strategy by the Chinese government in that same year. [124]


This study aims to: 1). Assessing the level of environmental vulnerability to banjir bandang disasters in South Solok, 2). Assessing the level of social vulnerability of banjir bandang disasters in South Solok 3). Assessing the level of economic vulnerability of banjir bandang disasters in South Solok, using descriptive methods. Data analysis using overlay analysis. The results of this study revealed that 1). Environmental Aspects are the results of the research of sub-districts that have high flash flood susceptibility, namely the use of forest land located on the slope of V (>45%), having Andosol soil types with a slightly sensitive category to banjir bandang, which has a distance from the river> 21 meters and has high rainfall is >2500 mm/year. Sub-districts with a moderate hazard category in the use of rice fields, which are located on latosol soil types that are sensitive to flash floods, have a distance of 15 meters from the river, and are in rainfall of 1000-1200mm/year. The sub-district which is located on a slope between 15-25 or equivalent to class III, has argonosol soil type that is sensitive to flash flood susceptibility


【This main purpose of this study was to assess the effects of two different types of ethics education on the moral judgement of clinical nurses. One type was free discussions among nurses with given specific moral issues and the other type was discussions guided by experts on specific moral issues. The study employed a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent pre test-post test design using two different control groups. The conceptual framework of the study was derived from the Kohlberg′s Moral Development Theory (1969) and the Greipp′s Ethical Decision-Making Model (1992). The data was collected during the period of October 14 through December 15, 1998. Sample consists of 32 nurses working in the ICU who met research criteria. 16 nurses were assigned to the free discussion group and 16 nurses to the group for the guided discussion with experts group. For the pre-test, the DIT which was developed by Rest (1984) and JAND by Ketefian (1998) were used with some modification by the author. After the education, only JAND was used to assess the changes in moral judgement. The collected data was analysed using SPSS PC program. The findings are as follows: 1. There was no significant difference between two groups in their general characteristics. Only difference which was statistically significant between two groups was that realistic score on Case 3/Medical Research and Autopsy was higher in the free discussion group. 2. Hypothesis 1: "There will be a difference on the moral judgement of nurses before and after they receive an ethics education". This hypothesis was supported partially. Those who had low scores on moral judgement before the education tended to have higher scores after the education on the same issues. And, after the education, the nurses tend to give lower scores on the dilemmas they had experienced frequently at work; while giving higher scores on those dilemmas they had no prior experience. 3. Hypothesis 2: "The effect of education may differ depended upon the moral development index [P(%)] score of nurses". The effect of education was different depend on moral development level. The group who′s P(%) scores was low at the pretest has higher scores in realistic moral judgement after the education, while the groups with middle or high P(%) scores went down after the education. These changes were statistically significant in some cases, thus, the Hypothesis 2 was partially supported 4. Hypothesis 3: "The method of ethics education will have different effects on the moral judgement of nurses". Even though several nurses attended the guided discussion stated that the education program broadend their perspectives the difference between two groups was not significant and this hypothesis was not supported. In conclusion, both types of ethics education had helped the nurses to acquire the skills to deal some nursing dilemmas. The effects of ethics education may differ according to the moral development index - P(%) score. However, because of some of the limitations of this study, mainly small sample size, short term education, unable to control other variables which may affect moral judgement of nurses, further research is warranted.er research is warranted.】