To validate the working mechanism of reinforced embankment supported by cast-in-situ thin-wall tubular piles,field test has been performed in a highway section from Jiujiang to Xiaotang around Guangzhou City.Test results show that tubular pile has a large vertical bearing capacity,and punching failure happens to most piles in static tests.Moreover,the bearing capacity of single tubular pile composite foundation is also large with small settlements.Tests still suggest that soil arching effect and tension membrane effect are the two key factors influencing the load transfer mechanism.The pile-soil stress ratio varies with the embankment loads and differential settlements between piles and soil.The total settlement of tubular pile composite foundation under embankment load is small.Differential settlements are found between soil above pile cap and soil among piles,respectively,and increase of this difference can reflect the degree of soil arching effect.In addition,excess pore water pressure,which is induced by embankment loads,turns up slightly and decreases rapidly along depth.It is nearly zero at the depth of 6.0m.The lateral deformation of embankment is small,and decreases rapidly along depth;and it reaches its peak value at the depths of 3.0 to 4.5m.


Drive system of two five-phase motor serial connected is available in the literature. The power supply of such system is considered as matrix converter (direct AC-AC converter) with three-phase input and five-phase output. The main advantages of such drive topology are the sinusoidal source side current with a controllable input side power factor. The decoupled control is achieved similar to the inverter based drive system. In this paper; we presented the decoupled control of two five-phase Induction Machine (IM) connected in series and powered by five-phase matrix converter. Analytical and simulation results are presented.


This paper investigates rendezvous and docking of two spacecrafts,one of which is a controlled chaser and the other is considered to be a passively tumbling target. Controllers for relative position tracking and attitude synchronization are developed by introducing a characteristic model based method. More practical difficulties and constraints,such as uncertain time delay caused by communication or sensing,unknown dynamic parameters,and flexible dynamics of solar array are taken into account. Finally,an example of rendezvous and docking with a tumbling target spacecraft is given to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approach by using a series of numerical simulations.


Study of language style is part of stylistics study. This study aims to know the use of Lampung spokenliterature Pepancogh. Pepancogh can be classifyed into traditional poetry in form of rhyme. It has been a
Lampung tradition that when people are getting married, they are given custom appellation as a homage.Advices or messages delivered in form of poem are well known as Pepancogh. The data source are gottenform VCD (Video Compact Disk). This study used descriptive analysis method. Technique of the researchare note and observation. From the data analysis of Lampung spoken literature Pepancogh found that thereare alliteration, assonance, anaphora, and simploke.


In order to produce software, different standardized development approaches exist which define the process to follow. This paper investigates common development approaches concerning their profitability. It works out an appraisal which development approach should be used. This appraisal considers the economic performance yield by the ability of different development approaches to deal with customer's behaviour. To evaluate the profitability, multiple simulations were performed and their results were presented. In order to contribute to the decision on the right development approach, 600 simulations were executed and analysed. It was possible to identify a development approach which allows maximizing the profits. This paper helps to understand the relation between process performance and customer's behaviour.


Prior to the introduction of high resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) to quantify the thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and the ganglion cell complex (GCC) in vivo, there was limited understanding of the retinal manifestation of posterior visual pathway anomalies in humans. This clinical picture illustrates a case of retrograde trans-synaptic retinal degeneration in an adult male due to an occipital lobe injury.


Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) is an innovative and emerging welding and material processing technique now extensively used in aluminium industries products. The technology has gained increasing interest and importance since its invention at TWI in 1991. The basic principle of FSW is explained and the continuing development of the technology is described from the perspective of discovery, invention and innovation. Particular attention will be given to the mechanical and structural integrity that can be expected from FSW technology. The paper will introduce some of the variants of FSW, such as Bobbin stir, Twin-stir, Skew-stir, Re-stir, Com-stir, Ras-stir, Dual-rotation stir, and the Stationary shoulder stir welding methods. Keywords Friction stir welding, aluminium alloys, solid-phase welding and material processing, discovery 1 Introduction Friction stir technology is a continuous hot shear process involving a non-consumable rotating tool of harder material than the workpiece itself. The probe portion of the tool is entered into the workpiece creating a plasticised region around the immersed probe and the contacting part of the shoulder. There is a volumetric contribution to heat generation from adiabatic heating due to deformation within a third-body region that surrounds the probe and part of the shoulder. The shoulder region of the tool can provide an additional friction treatment to the workpiece top surface and prevents plasticised joint material from being expelled. Essentially, the shoulder and probe thermo-mechanically soften and then separate the material being processed by the passage of the probe through the material. The material flows around the probe and is then forge-welded together at the trailing edge of the probe. This separation and welding together occurs continuously by back filling from the probe and compaction/containment from the shoulder. This transient separation/re-welding operation happens during and before the trailing edge of the shoulder moves away from the processed/weld track. The transient plasticised region immediately coalesces and forms a solid-phase bond as the tool moves away. If a penetrating probe is used, then there must be continuous material separation and material welding. This operation will occur regardless whet her a bead-on-plate type material processing is carried out or two or more plates are welded together. The basic principle of conventional friction stir welding (FSW) is shown in Figure 1.


Helena Modjeska is the most prominent Polish Shakespearian actress and also one of the greatest interpreters of Shakespeare's dramas in the world. The artist constitutes a part of the history of Poland, Europe and also the USA. The aim of the following article is to present and locate the one and only existing museum of Helena Modjeska in Arden, California on the map of the memory places connected with this artist and set it in the area of cultural and tourist policy of the USA. The most important, from the point of view of the history and culture of this country and also tourist attractiveness, objects are listed on the National Register of Historic Places of the United States and are included into the national program of cultural heritage protection. Arden has been registered and received the status of a national historic landmark as a place of extraordinary cultural and historical value, connected with the person who contributed to the development of the country. In the article there are presented the profiles of the property owners, the history and the present state of the museum, its legal conditions and the way of functioning, as well as its place in the process of constructing the memory of Helena Modjeska.


A primary characteristic of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is fast and non-destructive determination of constituent concentration in products. The main goal is to find the nature of absorption (depending of wave length) and compare it with stable standard. NIR spectroscopy is a technology based on real number of molecules of each constituent and represents highly applicable analytical method. After calibration development or calibration transfer from one to another NIR instrument, it is necessary to verify the slope and bias of calibration. Results from multi year experiments show bias changes, while slope was constant, implicating that calibration changes had translator nature.


Objective:  To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of routine opportunistic screening and brief intervention (BI) by ED staff to reduce high‐risk alcohol consumption.


A semiconductor device comprising a stress is formed on a semiconductor substrate to accumulate an insulating film to cover the gate electrode and the sidewall insulating film, the insulating film in which the stress accumulates stress accumulation, wherein the accumulated stress insulating film comprising: covering the gate electrode and the side the channel portion of the wall insulating film; and an outer portion extending beyond the channel portion, the accumulation of stress insulating film has an increased thickness compared to the outer portion in the channel portion.


Historically, the incorrect waste disposal has been related to epidemics which resulted in thousand of deaths. Despite the efforts to develop sanitary disposal methods in the 19 century, even today, "uncontrolled dumps" are often found in undeveloped countries. These places are responsible for environment pollution and for several diseases. The process of adequate waste disposal begins with the selection of suitable landfill areas, based on environmental characteristics. The goal of this research was to compare two methods of landfill site selection: the first one developed by IG-SMA (1999), and the other by Basilio (2001). Both methods were developed and applied in the same area - region of Campinas, Sao Paulo State, Brazil and this fact explains the choice for them; the comparison was made by superposing maps. Despite the same geographic area, the result was very different and few areas in common were found; IG-SMA (1999) obtained more suitable areas than Basilio (2001). This has been attributed to scale, criteria and attribute differences and, as a conclusion, Basilio (2001) was considered more restrictive than IG-SMA (1999)


The relationship of rations high in fat but poor in protein and choline to the production of hepatic fibrosis in rats, dogs, and rabbits has been demonstrated repeatedly.' Furthermore, except for the presence of ceroid,2 the fatty nges, cellular degenerations, and scarring resemble those of human portal cirrhosis. Several investigators have estab-lished the importance of a deficient intake of lipotropic factors, especially methionine and choline, in the production of hepatic fibrosis and its accentuation by cystine. Nevertheless, there is no clear evidence of the precise role of these dietary essentials in cirrhosis and little study has been made of the corrective influence of these substances on an already developing cirrhosis.


Inclusion has referred different areas of culture throughout history. On social, political, and economic levels, inclusion affects society in many ways. Since people comprise the core of American society, equity and accessibility in all areas is paramount. Current educational thought in America, resounding with the effects of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 2001 (better known as No Child Left Behind, or "NCLB"), has led to increased attempts increased equity and accessibility in education. However, NCLB is inextricably tied to traditional education methods delineated by Tyler and other curricular theorists of his era. The pendulum of educational thought has begun swinging towards integration of constructivist theory. As curriculum is developed and stakeholders are consulted, one group of stakeholders has historically been ignored: students. Consideration of the student as a significant stakeholder in the educational process, along with appropriate rights and privileges, is a key factor in expanding inclusion within the educational realm.


Abstract In the first experimental test of the potential of natural disasters to produce identity fusion, we asked residents of Christchurch, New Zealand, to recall their experience of the city's devastating 2011 earthquake. Compared to a control condition, recall increased participants' fusion with their community as a function of the fear they felt and, independently, of the personal harm they suffered; fusion, in turn, mediated their intentions to donate time and money to the community. An exploratory analysis also revealed stronger fusion effects among participants who attributed the event to supernatural agency. The results show that fusion is not dependent on evidence of intergroup conflict, but also raise new questions about the importance of agentic attributions and search for meaning in the fusion process.


Thirty-two crystalline p-iodobenzoyl hydrazones, obtained by the action of p-iodobenzhydrazide with various aldehydes and ketones, are described in this paper. The yields of the products from the reaction were so high that one could easily operate with 300 mg of the reagent to collect enough crystalline product for a study of its physical properties and for analysis.


The Ambient Network (AN) Project is part of the European Commission's 6th Framework Programme and aims to enable cooperation between heterogeneous networks, using current and future wireless technologies, minimising the effort of mobile users to gain access to the services that they are interested in - irrespective of their location or the network they are currently using. Because of the highly mobile nature of users and a demand for instant and dynamic access to services, these networks have to be composed 'on the fly' without any pre-configurations. The use of context information in AN can remove the need for pre-configuration of networks, hence making them autonomic. However, a concern exists that the free and uncontrolled dissemination of context information could breech the privacy of the participants. It is extremely important to address these privacy issues in order to control who has access to what context information. This control can be achieved through the use of well defined policies. This creates a requirement for a framework in the ContextWare architecture for protecting context information. This masters thesis project is part of an effort to create a policy based infrastructure for authorisation of access to network context information within the AN. The thesis investigates, models, and designs an architecture for a policy management system based on OASIS XACML, that creates an extension to the architecture for management of context information in the AN. In addition to a policy management architecture within an AN, a policy management architecture for composing ANs is also created. To facilitate the transfer of requests and policies, the thesis creates a Policy Management Protocol. The designed architecture was then implemented to create a proof of concept. The designed architecture and protocol were evaluated by running tests on the prototype. The measurements from the tests are analysed and presented in this thesis. The analysis of the experimental data indicates that a policy management system is both feasible and practical. The results show that the delay overhead caused by introducing policy management in a distributed context provisioning system, ranges from 1.7% in a system without load to 6% in a worst case scenario. The throughput of the policy management system is 15 requests per second under load.


Two-dimensional (2-D) analytical modeling of interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines is quite challenging due to the nonuniform permeability of the rotor core. The choice of a non-cylindrical rotor frame (e.g., rotor frame with cosine shape) further increases the complexity of the model. This article presents a methodology for the 2-D modeling of IPM machines with cylindrical and non-cylindrical rotor frames. In this model, interior magnets are first mapped to the surface of the rotor body using the equivalent magnetic circuit model. In other words, the IPM machine is transformed into an equivalent surface-mounted permanent magnet (SPM) machine. The rotor shape is modeled by the proper adjustment of the permanent magnet (PM) magnetization pattern of the equivalent SPM machine. Next, the radial and tangential flux components of the equivalent (SPM) machine are computed by solving Maxwell's relations and applying 2-D boundary conditions. The effect of the stator slotting on the distribution of magnetic flux is accounted using the theory of virtual current. The accuracy of the presented model is verified against the finite element (FE) and experimental measurements.


Field studies were conducted to document the response of itchgrass [Rottboellia exaltata (L.) L.f. ♯3 ROOEX] in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. 'Forrest'] to selected herbicides and postplanting cultivation. Early cultivation stimulated emergence of itchgrass seedlings; however, when plots were cultivated two or three times, itchgrass was effectively removed from the tilled area. Cultivation had no effect on the density, height, standing biomass, or seed production of itchgrass plants in the soybean row but did increase soybean yield. In response to a density reduction of 90%, the average weight, number of tillers and branches, and seed production of single itchgrass plants increased by a factor of 2.9, 3.1, 2.3 and 2.6, respectively, in trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine)-treated plots. Individual plants did not increase growth following density reduction by a postemergence application of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid}. Itchgrass plants competing for the entire season in plots treated with trifluralin reduced soybean yield approximately 21 g per weed, while itchgrass recovering from diclofop treatment and competing the remainder of the season reduced yield approximately 5 g per weed.


Objective To explore the technical notes of stereotactic biopsy of the lesions in the intracranial particular regions and the factors influencing it. Methods MRI-guided stereotactic biopsy was performed from December 1994 to December 2005 in 106 patients with intracranial lesions in the particular regions. The patients were aged between 6 and 76 (mean 42.5) years. There were 62 males and 44 females. The lesions were located in the sellar area in 13 patients, in the basal ganglion in 35, in the pineal region in 51, and in the brain stem in 7. The 3D-image reconstructions were obtained by Leksell-G system, 1.0-Tesla magnetic resonance system (Siemens), and ASA-602 stereotactic surgical plan system for choosing the optimal target, the trajectory and the entry point. We performed biopsies for each target by using a Sedan side-cutting needle. The intraoperative frozen section and routine histopathological examination of the specimens were made. The immunohistochemical staining of the histopathological section of the specimens was performed if necessary. Results Of 106 cases of intracranial lesions, 103 were pathologically diagnosed and 3 not. The intracranial lesions were germinomas in 37 patients, pinealoblastomas in 5, lymphomas in 11, metastases in 14, inflammatory lesions in 7, gliomas in 26, and cerebral degeneration in 3. The positive rate of the pathological diagnosis was 97.17%. There was asymptomatic cerebral hemorrhage in 2 patients after the biopsy. No patient died from the stereotactic biopsy. Conclusions The stereotactic biopsy is an accurate, safe and good method to diagnose the questionable intracranial lesions and it is of great value to the pathological diagnosis of intracranial lesions in particular regions.


ABSTRACT Cytochrome P450 has been identified in mitochondria isolated from adrenals removed from patients with Cushing's syndrome or breast cancer. In the presence of reducing conditions and carbon monoxide, difference spectrophotometry reveals its characteristic absorption band at 450 mμ. NADPH appears to be the most effective electron donor for steroid 11β-hydroxylation in this tissue, presumably because of a loss of the usual permeability barriers to this and other nucleotides. Antimycin A greatly stimulated 11β-hydroxylation supported by either malate or isocitrate, suggesting that the unblocked respiratory chain was successfully competing with hydroxylation for these electron sources. The substrate for 11β-hydroxylation (11-deoxycortisol) produces a spectral change in these mitochondria which is essentially identical with that produced in bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. Moreover, this spectral change is kinetically related to 11β-hydroxylation occurring in the same cuvette and appears to reflect ...


In this paper, the combination of spontaneous and stimulated Raman spectroscopy is used to further explore the relationship between OH stretching vibration and hydrogen bond in water under atmospheric pressure and dynamic high pressure and present the change process of hydrogen bond structure in liquid water from a microscopic point of view. The OH spontaneous Raman spectrum of water is deconvoluted into two characteristic peaks, which are 3213 cm-1 and 3436 cm-1 respectively. They belong to the OH stretching vibration under the action of strong hydrogen bond and weak hydrogen bond. In stimulated Raman scattering, under the action of plasma shock wave, the bond length of hydrogen bond is shortened, resulting in the elongation of OH bond length. Corresponding to the enhancement of hydrogen bond, the OH stretching vibration of water is weakened, and the Raman peak moves to the low wave number direction to 3396 cm 1. In the stimulated Raman scattering experiment, due to the exponential enhancement of the output signal, the weaker vibration mode will be masked by the stronger vibration mode. Therefore, only one vibration mode is observed in the spectrum. In this paper, the changes of corresponding hydrogen bond structure under spontaneous and stimulated Raman scattering are compared and analyzed. The research results are helpful to further explore the microphysical mechanism of liquid water molecular interaction and provide a reference for the mechanism research in related fields.


The normal hypervelocity impact of an Al-thin plate by an Al-sphere was numerically simulated by using the adaptive smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ASPH) method. In this method, the isotropic smoothing algorithm of standard SPH is replaced with anisotropic smoothing involving ellipsoidal kernels whose axes evolve automatically to follow the mean particle spacing as it varies in time, space, and direction around each particle. Using the ASPH, the anisotropic volume changes under strong shock condition are captured more accurately and clearly. The sophisticated features of meshless and Lagrangian nature inherent in the SPH method are kept for treating large deformations, large inhomogeneities and tracing free surfaces in the extremely transient impact process. A two-dimensional ASPH program is coded with C++. The developed hydrocode is examined for example problems of hypervelocity impacts of solid materials. The results obtained from the numerical simulation are compared with available experimental ones. Good agreement is observed.


This study was designed to estimate the variation in non-volatile carbon (C) content in different above- and belowground tree parts (stem, living branches, dead branches, stumps, coarse roots and small roots) and to develop country-specific weighted mean C content values for the major tree species in hemiboreal forests in Latvia: Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), birch spp. (Betula spp.) and European aspen (Populus tremula L.). In total, 372 sample trees from 124 forest stands were selected and destructively sampled. As the tree samples were pre-treated by oven-drying before elemental analysis, the results of this study represent the non-volatile C fraction. Our findings indicate a significant variation in C content among the tree parts and studied species with a range of 504.6 ± 3.4 g·kg−1 (European aspen, coarse roots) to 550.6 ± 2.4 g·kg−1 (Scots pine, dead branches). The weighted mean C content values for whole trees ranged from 509.0 ± 1.6 g·kg−1 for European aspen to 533.2 ± 1.6 g·kg−1 for Scots pine. Only in Norway spruce was the whole tree C content significantly influenced by tree age and size. Our analysis revealed that the use of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default C content values recommended for temperate and boreal ecological zones leads to a 5.1% underestimation of C stock in living tree biomass in Latvia's forests. Thus, the country-specific weighted mean C content values for major tree species we provide may improve the accuracy of National Greenhouse Gas Inventory estimates.


In this paper, the relationship between the digital earth and electronic chart is analyzed at first, and the application of electronic chart is discussed based on the conception of digital earth. The international standards are method of data composition for electronic chart are also introduced in brief. It describes in detail the mode of some methods applied in electronic chart, such as the seamless joint of worldwide charts, infinitely variable zooming, common interface of software, querying and retrieving for geo-objects.


Since income support policies goals are often vague and not explicit, evaluators are used to concentrate their attention on perverse effects such as welfare dependence. But there are other aspects to take into account. Social workers use some "theories" in dealing with claimants and claimants implement some strategies to overcome poverty. Theories and strategies have to be explicitly developed in order to perform a more accurate evaluation. Moreover, the dynamic character of poverty calls for a longitudinal methodology, in particular Event History Analysis. This technique can be applied to the administrative data collected by social services regarding the duration of benefits and the characteristics of claimants. An evaluation "exercise" will be developed regarding the income support policies of the Council of Turin from 1991 to 1996.


During the implementation of construction projects, due to complexities and uncertainties challenges are very likely to arise. The main root of cause identified is the concern of risk immanent in civil industry. Rise of risk factors during construction of a project have great influence on total cost flow and project schedule. So its identification is our prime concern followed by its detailed assessment. Using the cost flow perspective, analysis is done to evaluate the impacts of risk accompanying during the construction period on the initial forecast cost flow. In the first phase a questionnaire survey was regulated to various regional construction contractors and engineers to determine the crucial risk factors influencing on their cost flow forecast and total time of project. Adopting mean ranking analysis, the survey generated 15 eloquent risk factors. A second phase of data collection takes into account the assemblage of forecast and actual cost flow data from case study projects to substantiate their variation at preordained time periods. By taking assistance of construction experts, who worked on case study projects, were requested to rate the level of risk occurrence and impact by using the significant risk factor recognized in the first phase, resulted in the observed variation. The technical staffs including engineers, contractors, and architects try to work all together to achieve main goal of economy but still the project ends up in cost and time overrun. Main reason of this fiasco is the ignored significant risk factors which finally takes toll on total cost and time of the project. This paper identifies various risk factors, its impact on cost flow profile and also factor specific measures to prevent cost and time overrun.


The contents of nutrition components in skin of farmed Acipenser schrenckii were analyzed.The results showed that the contents of crude protein and pure protein were 38.70% and 17.90% respectively.The total contents of 18 kinds of amino acids in fresh skin of Acipenser schrenckii was 33.67%.8 essential amino acids accounted for 20.04% of the total and the first limiting amino acid was Trp.and amino acid score was 72.00.The contents of moisture,ash,crude lipid and total saccharide were 57.50%,2.54%,5.78% and 0.80% respectively.Acipenser schrenckii skin was rich in minerals,respecially microelements such as Zn,whose content was 21.30 mg/kg.


Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating, chronic, persistent inflammatory disease that is characterised by painful and swollen joints. The aetiology of RA is unknown, however whereas past research has concentrated on the role of immune or inflammatory infiltrating cells in inflammation, it is becoming clear that stromal cells play a critical part in regulating the quality and duration of an inflammatory response. In this review we assess the role of fibroblasts within the inflamed synovium in modulating immune responses; in particular we examine the role of stromal cells in the switch from resolving to persistent inflammation as is found in the rheumatoid synovium. leukocyte traffic in a non-inflamed state, however, during inflammation, various subsets of leukocytes are recruited leading to accumulation in


Abstract This article introduces and discusses the findings of the Canada School Choice Policy Index (CSCPI). This is the first index of its kind that measures the development of school choice policies across the Canadian provinces from 1980 to 2020 using eight unique indicators of choice. In contrast to other countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the CSCPI reveals that although Canada has witnessed an increase in school choice over time, this increase has largely been contained within public education systems rather than in the expansion of private education options. Our findings raise the importance of future research to address growing choice in public education systems across the provinces, in addition to choice in the private sphere.


The electronic business based on the message background makes government produce great changes in the way of working and management.The changes not only affect the change of government function,turning to the flat government management from the traditional one but also has important influence on city function.It produces the result of co-work,replacement and service.


ABSTRACT For the small baseline subset (SBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique, the construction and subsequent robust solution of a deformation model is a key factor in obtaining monitored surface deformation results with high precision and high reliability. Here, the performance of the least squares (LS) and singular value decomposition (SVD) methods for the robust solution of SBAS InSAR deformation models are compared via tests with simulation and real SAR data. The LS method is used to solve the SBAS InSAR deformation models of 62 and 48 multi-temporal differential interferogram series; the SVD method is used to solve the SBAS InSAR deformation models of 60, 41, 58 and 53 multi-temporal differential interferogram series; the solved deformation results of the six series by the LS and SVD methods are compared and verified with the simulated deformation values and global positioning system (GPS) measurements. The results indicate that there is a moderate ill-posed degree in solving the SBAS InSAR deformation model by the LS method. The LS method can correctly retrieve the deformation information without considering any errors; however, in the case of serious random error, the deformation information acquired through the LS method is different from that of the simulation and is affected by the error of the multi-temporal differential interferometric phase series. The LS-solved results of real SAR datasets of two series are consistent, but are not in good agreement with the results of five GPS measurements. When the number of subsets is two, all types of deformation information solved by the SVD method follow the same rules as the results solved by the LS method. However, when the number of subsets increases to three and four, the stability of the SVD method becomes very poor; the SVD method can then only correctly solve the distribution of deformation in the study area, and the other solved deformation information, such as deformation velocity, is no longer credible.


In the article the author considers the problems of the relative essence of poverty as a socially significant phenomenon, of forming the attitude to it and its bearers on the pert of the society and the state, as well as the influence of the economic mechanisms, cultivated during the social and economic development, of combating poverty on the rate and directions of institutionalizing social protection.


A time-varying image recording device controls a recording operation for recording time-varying image data in a recording medium. The time-varying image data is sequentially recorded in blocks, and block information containing the total number of blocks and so on is recorded after a series of blocks. It is determined whether a recording process result for the time-varying image data is normal or not. A block information recording capacity, which is a capacity that is necessary to record block information, is obtained based on the number of blocks already recorded in the recording medium, when the recording process result is abnormal. An address of the recording medium, at which the block information should be recorded, is sensed in accordance with the block information recording capacity.


Solution A ε-differentially private mechanism can be achieved by simply adding noise independently drawn from a Laplace to each true percentage. To compute the parameters of the Laplace we need to know the sensitivity of the query f . Let x and x′ be two adjacent databases (x ∼ x′) that differ only for one record. Without loss of generality, let us assume that x′ contains one more record than x, and that the medical condition of the additional record is c0. Let k0, k1, . . . , k9 be the true counts of the medical conditions c0, c1, . . . , c9 in x. Then these counts will be k0 + 1, k1, . . . , k9 in x ′. Observe that the maximum distance between the percentages of x and x′ is when the number of records of x is n. Let d be the distance between answers of f obtained by summing up the differences in the percentages (corresponding to Manhattan distance). We have:


Original scientific paper A new class of adaptive robust predictors has been considered in the paper. First an optimal predictor is developed, based on the minimization of a generalized mean square prediction error criterion. Starting from the obtained result, an adaptive robust predictor is synthesized through minimization of a modified criterion in which a suitably chosen non-linear function of the prediction error is introduced instead of the quadratic one. Unknown parameters of the predictor are estimated at each step by applying a recursive algorithm of stochastic gradient type. The convergence of the proposed adaptive robustified prediction algorithm is established theoretically using the Martingale theory. It has been shown that the proposed adaptive robust prediction algorithm converges to the optimal systems output prediction. The feasibility of the proposed approach is demonstrated by solving a practical problem of designing a robust version of adaptive minimum variance controller.


Upper limb motion tracking plays a major role in several applications such as movement evaluation of workers, gaming, human-machine interaction and medical rehabilitation. There are many systems to perform upper limb tracking they can be non-visual (inertial), visual (with markers or marker-free) or robot-aided. Despite this variety of tracking systems, they have limitations and some of these systems also consist of specifically designed sensors and tend to be designed for a specific goal, making them unsuitable for acting in all the applications mentioned above. This way, the need for a global upper limb motion tracking solution arises. For that purpose, the 3DArm Upper Limb Inertial Tracking System was developed. Based on literature review, this system was built in order to track the upper limb for various applications. In order to do that, two inertial sensors were placed on the upper and lower arms and the upper limb was modeled so that the joints and movements could be described in a global body reference frame. Then, data from inertial sensors were combined through an Extended Kalman Filter sensor fusion method with biomechanical constraints, in order to obtain orientation. The sensors were aligned with each other and with the global body reference frame so that the upper limb position could be described in the global body frame. After finding sensor orientation relative to the global body frame, the upper limb kinematic model was used to reconstruct upper limb motion. To evaluate the system, 3DArm was compared to Kinect and, in spite of the small deviation between them a maximum mean error of 10,60 centimeters and 16,33 centimeters for the elbow and wrist joints, respectively the experimental results demonstrated that the proposed tracking system had an acceptable performance, in different movements. Therefore, 3DArm can be considered a viable tracking system with the advantages of being portable, without occlusion problems, small-sized, unobtrusive, low-cost and lightweight. Moreover, it was difficult to guarantee that the two sensors were aligned with each other. To overcome this problem, a sensor-to-body frame transformation, without the need of aligning the sensors with each other and with the global body reference frame, was developed. With a calibration movement, each axis of the global body reference frame was defined. The results of the sensor-to-body frame transformation showed that the calculated elbow and wrist positions resulted in errors in the same order as the ones reported when sensors were manually aligned on each arm segment. Although results were promising, further development of this project is required to potentially improve upper limb motion tracking.


This paper reports on studies we are conducting to evaluate 3D stereoscopic rendering systems accuracy and efficiency. These studies are part of our project dealing with tele-operation, namely the use of virtual reality technology to increase immersion feeling of teleoperators and to test specific conditions by changing the feeled physical laws. We concentrate on depth perception because it has been shown to be a major factor for simple motor actions like navigation tasks or for complex and dexterous manipulation tasks. We present our stereoscopic rendering system and the methodology we developed to assess it and validate its efficiency in delivering the right stimulations to perceive accurately virtual worlds in 3D. We discuss also its potential use in worlds where physics (gravity forces, viscosity, etc.) aren't conventional.


Somatic embryogenesis from callus induced in epicotyl and hypocotyl segments can be viable native species in order to better -benefit ratio costs, and rates of clonal multiplication. In this sense, two trials were established to induce callus and adventitious buds on hypocotyl and epicotyl segments of cumaru bean seedlings germinated in vitro in different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators. At first, we used the MS medium supplementwith ANA (0.0, 1.5 mg.L-1) and TDZ (0.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg.L-1) distributed in factorial 2 x 3 x 2 (x auxin cytokinin x explant) with eight replications. In the second, it was used the WPM medium supplemented with BAP (2.0 mg L-1) and plus 2,4-D (2.0 and 4.0 mg L-1) in a factorial 2 x 2 (auxin x explant) with 15 repetitions each. They were evaluating callus formation and the average number of adventitious shoots during the period of 90 days. The results indicated that the highest average for callus formation was observed when the explants were subjected to concentrations of 8.0 mg L-1 TDZ combined with 1.5 mg L-1 ANA in MS medium. For the formation of buds, the WPM medium plus 2.0 mg L-1 2,4-D in the second experiment, induced higher number of shoots, being significant the use of auxin, and its interaction with the type of explant.


Based on the theory of planned behavior, the paper analyzes the influencing factors on green technological innovation for paper industry from three perspectives: attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control,and proposes some strategies to promote green technological innovation of paper industry from facilitating positive behavioral attitude, strengthening the role of subjective norm and enhancing perceived behavioral control.


The invention discloses a method for code assigning, reading and data correlation of each pack of cigarettes. The method comprises the steps of producing small pack packages of cigarettes and carton packages of cigarettes; assigning codes when printing cigarette packages; conducting carton package with a carton packing machine; scanning unique bar codes on small pack packages and carton packages with a bar code reading device; and conducting exception handling during bar code reading. The method can be used for code assigning for each pack of cigarettes, and codes accurately correspond to bar codes. The method is characterized in that modification of a production line is low in work load, small in influence range and convenient to implement during reading of bar codes; a modification link of the production line is performed after quality inspection and rejection and facilitates accurate corresponding between carton codes and pack codes; the modification link of the production line is performed before shipping of cigarette cartons, the speed requirements for reading and detection of bar codes are greatly reduced, and then the cost of devices to be added is reduced.


Despite the growth of many mega churches and the seemingly endless proliferation of parachurch organizations (including numerous new ministries promoting the creationist revival), there also has been significant growth in humanist and other anti-Christian activities. There has also been a great upsurge of Islam and other religions in countries all over the globe, not to mention the growth of cultic and occultic pseudo-Christian organizations in great variety everywhere. The world religious situation is in sad confusion, despite revivals of sorts in Africa, South America, and elsewhere. From the Biblical perspective, too frequently, "the god of this world [that is, Satan] hath blinded the minds of them which believe not" (II Corinthians 4:4), and "the whole world lieth in wickedness" (I John 5:19). As far as organized humanism is concerned, it is worth noting that the American Humanist Association (AHA) has led in the development and publication of a new Humanist Manifesto. The AHA has become quite experienced in writing manifestos by now. Humanist Manifesto I was first published in 1933, at the time John Dewey and others organized the AHA. Then, forty years later (1973), Humanist Manifesto II was published under the THE EVOLVING HUMANIST MANIFESTOS


During anti-Japanese war women in Shanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border,under the leadership of the Party,fully practiced their rights in their participation in the political affairs,which presents polytropism of main body,multiplicity of way and so on.The political participation of women in border can promote women liberation and women's political sympathy to CCP,speed up the democracy construction step of border,guarantee border area's harmony and stable and so on.


In the frame of an EU project, a new electromagnetic prospecting instrument was designed and constructed for environmental and engineering applications. The instrument works in the frequency domain ...


This paper explores possibility of detecting intrusions into computer networks using network packet payload analysis. Quick overview of current IDS state of the art is given. Issues with IDS are explained. Integrated approach to IDS building is suggested. Anomaly detection process improvements are recomended. Current prevailing methods for network intrusion detection based on packet meta data, headers, are compared with method proposed in paper. Reasoning behind packed payload analysis for intrusion detection is presented. Modeling of HTTP normal and anomalous payload using artificial neural networks is suggested as best approach. Future work is defined.


Past studies suggest that phonon confinement and the associated group velocity reduction are the causes of the observed drop in the cross-plane thermal conductivity of semiconductor superlattices. In this work, we investigate the contribution of phonon confinement to the in-plane thermal conductivity of superlattices and the anisotropic effects of phonon confinement on the thermal conductivity in different directions, using a lattice dynamics model. The dispersion relation in a free-standing quantum well is calculated and compared with superlattices. We find that the reduced phonon group velocity due to phonon confinement may account for the dramatic reduction in the cross-plane thermal conductivity in superlattices, but the in-plane thermal conductivity drop, caused by the reduced group velocity, is small and cannot explain the reported experimental results. This suggests that the reduced relaxation time due to diffuse interface phonon scattering, dislocation scattering, etc., should make a major contribution to the in-plane thermal conductivity reduction in superlattices.


Taking the criminal reconciliation's empirical study as foundation,this paper carries on the analysis on some problems in practice: the applied code of criminal reconciliation are not unified,the suit rate is relatively low,the suitable procedure is far from standard,the conciliatory way is simple,and so on.The paper also introduces reforms of some experiment sites concerning the criminal reconciliation applicable scope,the organization,the criminal reconciliation procedure,and so on,and proposes the suggestion to regulate the criminal reconciliation.


The final discussion session of the Newcastle Earthquake Conference outlines changes that need to be made in relation to earthquake engineering, hazard analysis, and response. The recommendations are based on a broad feeling of consensus by conference participants. The discussion also includes feedback of problems currently facing industry and civic professionals involved in the Newcastle earthquake of 1989., i.e insurance assessment, continuing ground movement, demolishment vs. repair, and the public perception of engineers.


We present a numerical study of type IIB supergravity solutions with varying Ramond-Ramond flux. We construct solutions that have a regular horizon and contain nontrivial five- and three-form fluxes. These solutions are holographically dual to the deconfined phase of confining field theories at finite temperature. As a calibration of the numerical method we first numerically reproduce various analytically known solutions including singular and regular nonextremal D3 branes, the Klebanov-Tseytlin solution and its singular nonextremal generalization. The horizon of the solutions we construct is of the precise form of nonextremal D3 branes. In the asymptotic region far away from the horizon we observe a logarithmic behavior similar to that of the Klebanov-Tseytlin solution.


After wheat seeds were irradiated with different doses of synchrotron radiation (SR) (soft X-rays), the biological effects on the germination rate, the membrane lipids peroxidation product of cells and the activities of some related enzymes were studied. Results showed that with the increase of the SR dose (within the range of 72—216 J·cm-2 ), the germination rate of the wheat seeds rised, but reduced rapidly when the dose beyond 216 J·cm-2; MDA, the peroxidation product of membrane lipids, rised with the SR dose (within 72—216 J·cm-2 ); and that the relative enzymes, such as SOD, CAT and POD, didn抰 increase stably with the rise of MDA. Moreover, the changes of their activities were` not simultaneous though the activity of APX and the content of chlorophyll in treated-group were lower than those in control group all along. Mechanism of the effects was discussed as well.


Objective To investigate the ocular contusion Blood nursing measures. Methods From January to 2012 randomly selected in 2010 April in our hospital treatment of blunt ocular contusion Blood in 67 cases, all patients at admission to hospital after treatment in the conventional therapy was given based on health education, daily life care, health education. Results Grade Ⅰcases of Blood patients after drug conservative treatment with hematocele quickly absorbed, secondary Blood treated with drugs and other conservative treatment for 5~6 days after the blood not absorbed, grade ⅢBlood patients undergoing anterior chamber irrigation operation. Conclusion In ocular contusion Blood patients during therapy, to care, can promote patients to actively cooperate with treatment, to ensure the treatment effect.


Part 1 Advances and retreats in the mid-Victorian, 1850-1870: the case for change material changes and "Victorian values" politics - independence and accommodation divided cultures. Part 2 The emergence of mass labour and a mass working class: overview the workplace - conflict and compromise politics - competing loyalties culture - custom, commercialization and class.


Induction therapy has been increasingly used in pediatric heart transplantation. This study evaluated the impact of anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG) versus basiliximab as induction therapy on post‐transplant cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, rejection at 1 year, coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV), and mortality in pediatric heart transplant recipients receiving antiviral prophylaxis.


The article addresses the in fl uence of the energy factor on formulating China's political and economic strategy towards Central Asia. Therefore, the article provides the profound analysis of the PRC energy strategy in the region, namely its principles, goals, objectives and mechanisms. The article also examines the key areas of energy cooperation between China and the fi ve Central Asian states, as well as the major joint energy projects. Moreover, the article takes a close look at the Silk Road Economic Belt as one of the largest and most ambitious Chinese economic projects, for it is directly relevant to the development of energy cooperation in the region. The author also analyses the prospects as well as possible problems of further energy cooperation between China and Central Asian states.


e-Learning environments are applications that use the Web infra-structure to support teaching and learning activities; they are designed to have good usability using a desktop computer with keyboard, mouse and high resolution medium-size display. Devices equipped with pen and touch sensitive screen have enough computational power to render Web pages and allow users to navigate through the e-learning environments. But, pen-based or touch sensitive devices have a different input style; decreasing the usability of e-learning environments due the interaction modality change. To work on mobile contexts, e-learning environments must be improved to consider the interaction through pen and touch. In a previous work, we presented the InkBlog, a blog tool that receives input data from pen allowing users to handwrite posts. In this work, we present an extension of InkBlog to receive input from multitouch screens. We described the changes over the InkBlog architecture and implemented components to treat data generated by pen and touch. Keywords-Human-Computer Interaction; Electronic Learning Environment; Mobile Devices; Interaction Styles.


The majority of existing driver-behavior and carfollowing data sets, upon which many models are based, are relatively old and focus primarily on the following vehicle instead of the lead vehicle. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to look at how lead vehicle speed varies along basic uniform roadway segments, with grade and with horizontal curvature in the microscopic traffic. The simulation results showed that lead vehicle speed will remain constant under any circumstances, irrespective of slope or grade, or road type. The simulation results may not, however, reflect real lead vehicle dynamics in the real world. The behavior of a lead vehicle at an intersection with a traffic signal was also investigated. When approaching a red light, a linear regression was drawn between lead vehicle deceleration distance and its original speed, i.e., the speed before deceleration. The study showed that at higher roadway speeds, more lead vehicles slowed down to pass the intersection with a green light. Moreover, this study examined how a change in speed for all vehicles in a curve is caused by the change in speed of the lead vehicle. The study, calibrated using field data, was carried out by an Application Programming Interface function in the advanced simulation model, namely AIMSUN. The results showed that if the speed of all of the lead vehicles is influenced by roadway curvature, i.e., there is a reduction in speed, the overall average speed of the traffic network will be affected in the same manner regardless of the volume and speed limit.


Background Research utilisation in clinical decision-making is crucial to enhance quality healthcare, professional development and cost-effective health service. Nurses and midwives have a vital role in research utilisation. However, many factors influence research utilisation of nurses and midwives. Objectives To determine research utilisation and identify factors that affect research utilisation among nurses and midwives. Methods An institutional-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from 23 May to 30 June 2019. A total of 631 nurses and midwives participated in the study. Categorical variables were coded with dummy variables and multiple linear regression model was carried out. The level of significance was set at p value less than or equal to 0.05 with 95% CI. Results Participants' total mean score in the research utilisation scale was 2.27 (SD±0.77) and their mean age was 28.41 (SD±4.71) years. The study revealed that 70.4% (444) of participants had poor research utilisation. Self-efficacy in research utilisation skills (B=0.86, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.97), support for research utilisation (B=0.4, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.55), attitude (B=0.23, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.38), barriers to research utilisation (B=−0.63, 95% CI −0.72 to −0.54), nursing/midwifery work index (B=0.07, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.11) and hospital's level of healthcare (B=4.5, 95% CI 2.13 to 6.9) were statistically significantly associated factors of research utilisation. Conclusions This study revealed poor research utilisation among nurses and midwives. Barriers to research utilisation, supporting factors for research utilisation, attitude, self-efficacy in research utilisation skills, hospital's level of healthcare and nursing/midwifery work index were found to be statistically significant predictors of research utilisation. The most common barriers to research utilisation were insufficient time and inability to understand statistical terms used in research articles.


Imperial Military Transportation in British Asia is an insightful addition to both the literature on the First Burma Campaign (1941–42) and the history of military transportation more broadly. Charney's work details the battle to modernize a railway system that had been beset by colonial and organizational politics and adapt it to military use, describing how it ultimately helped facilitate Britain's longest fighting retreat and the evacuation of terrified civilians as Burma fell to the Imperial Japanese Army. Works including Lunt's Hell of a Licking, Carew's The Longest Retreat, and the more recent First Burma Campaign by Grehan have documented the military perspective on the fall of Burma. Charney uses primary documents, including the personal papers of Brigadier John Biddulph, who led the transformation of the railways, to describe the difficulties of implementing a technical transportation revolution in the face of not only the Imperial Japanese Army, but also the closed ranks of the Burmese Railway and resistance from the military establishment. Brig. Biddulph's papers and official documents from both Britain and India chronicle the work of this transportation "prophet" as he strove to turn a light colonial railway system into a vital artery of military transportation and evacuation. Charney describes how even wartime experience and proof of concept can sometimes count for little when the audience is unresponsive or hostile to change. Critical issues influencing military adaptation and relations with civilian institutions in war are explored and the friction such relationships often produce is illustrated by first-hand accounts and analyzed expertly by the author. The role of colonial politics is handled well, with the influence of racial hierarchies and cliques in the governance of British Burma and its railways are examined in detail. Brig. Biddulph's experience at Longmoor, the military's railway training establishment in the United Kingdom, and his wartime service in Iraq and India provide background for his quest to change the Burmese rail system. Biddulph's drive for change came during the chaos of wartime and the results exemplify "better late than never." Imperial Military Transportation explains that the change in Burma's railways was not simply one enlightened British officer's quest to reform a backwards colonial railway—a key B O O K R E V I E W S


I recently attended a meeting of the Management Science Roundtable on the impact of new technologies on the MS/OR professions. The details and action plan of that meeting will be the subject of a further article or editorial; I would like to speculate on what I learned from conversations during coffee breaks and cocktails.

The MS/OR environment is changing rapidly. MS/OR users are everywhere, calling what they are doing everything but MS/OR. Perhaps these two suggestions---certification and selling the profession at high levels---may help prevent a major decline in the credibility and the value of what MS/OR offers management practice.


While it is generally assumed that several light beams propagate independently in a refracting medium, the exception of laser beams may be extended to usual time-incoherent light provided that conditions of space-coherence are fulfilled. Very few molecules have convenient properties, the simplest one being atomic hydrogen in 2S and 2P states (called H* here).
The interaction increases the entropy of a set of beams without a permanent excitation of H*, a loss of energy by a beam having a high Planck's temperature producing a decrease of its frequency, and the thermal radiation getting energy.
Atomic hydrogen in its ground state is pumped to H* by Lyman alpha absorptions, producing a redshift of the light. The combination of the Lyman absorptions and the redshifts they produce, induce oscillations which generate a spectrum in which the lines deduce from each other by relative frequency shifts which are products of an integer by a constant z_b=0.062.
These purely physical results may be applied in astrophysics, searching where H* may appear. In particular, the computed spectra of the accreting neutron stars, remarkably identical to the spectra of the quasars, may explain that these stars seem never observed. The too high frequencies of the radio signals from the Pioneer probes may result from a transfer of energy from the solar light allowed by a cooling of the solar wind able to produce H*. A similar transfer to the CMB may explain its anisotropy bound to the ecliptic.


The study reported in this paper builds on a broader work aiming to identify factors that affect the development of prospective primary teachers' efficacy beliefs (TEB) with respect to teaching mathematics. Eight student teachers were interviewed in the beginning, in the middle and in the end of a fieldwork course; they were encouraged to reflect on their experiences throughout the course. The analysis of the data revealed that mentors could influence student teachers' beliefs through their own teaching style, the feedback they provide to students, and the latent messages they implicitly convey to students. Yet, mentors' influence on prospective teachers' TEB should be regarded as a function of variable factors including the student-mentor personality matching. Implications for developing practicum courses and for further research are drawn.


ABSTRACT A mathematical formulation is presented for a three-dimensional flow of air through a grain bed that has spatially variable resistance to flow. Equations are presented to describe resistance for the three-dimensional airflow through a grain bed that has a binary system (two different porosities) of bed voidage. The equations developed are independent of coordinate systems. It is shown that the methods of lines, coupled with a sophisticated ODE integrator, constitute an effec-tive approach for solving the nonlinear partial differen-Tial equations that describe the airflow through porous media. The method outlined for calculating airflow parameters in grain beds is a necessary first step in understanding the nonuniformity in drying or cooling of grain and the phenomenon of hot spot generation in bioprocesses. Computations were made for a cylindrical bed with two different porosity distributions. The void fraction distribution had a marked effect on the axial velocity profile.


The Serres basin is situated in the eastern part of Greek Macedonia. The administrative demarcations of the Serres prefecture (nornos) will be used t o define the region, as they coincide almost perfectly with natural boundaries. The valley of the Strymon river, about 50 miles long and 10 miles wide, constitutes the core of the region. The valley is almost entirely surrounded by mountains. The river runs through it in a southeasterly direction, and the mountains t o the east and the west run roughly parallel. Beyond the mountains t o the north lies Bulgaria. Where the river breaks through the mountains runs the road connecting Serres with Sofia. In Ottoman times, this was the main caravan route t o Europe. Most important today, however, is the thoroughfare that connects Serres with Thessaloniki in the west, while the second main transport artery follows the valley of the Angitis (a tributary of the Strymon) and links Serres with Drama and Kavalla in the east. Till the canalization of the Strymon (1933) the river flooded regularly. Malaria was a common disease. Around the turn of the century there were large estates (chiniks) in the plain, owned by Turks and some Greeks. Free villages ( K E @ U X O X ~ M . ) occupied the surrounding hills and the mountains. The population was especially dense in the mountain foothills. Besides Greeks, Bulgarians and Turks lived in the region. The Bulgarians lived primarily in the north, whereas the Turks were more dispersed. According to Angel,' the three administrative subdivisions (Sidirokastro, Serres/Nigrita, and Zichni) contained 40, 40 and 17% of the Turkish population, respectively. In 1913 the region became part of the Greek state. As a result the trade route to the north was closed, and Serres and its hinterland were reoriented toward Kavalla and, increasingly, Thessaloniki.


FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to medicine, namely to means of psychological and emotional relaxation of people and to protection of human eyes optionally from undesirable light exposure and visual demonstration of reluctance to get in contact with other people. Method of human eye protection against external light effects during sleep or its simulation with random eyelid closure at bedtime or deliberately for its simulation between eye and source of light effects protective opaque screen is placed At opening of eyelid randomly or deliberately protective opaque screen is removed or changed for transparent one. Device includes protective liquid crystal screen made with possibility of changing light-transmitting capacity of light to dark depending on position of eyelid of person, and it is equipped with at least one contactless sensor of eye opening/closing. EFFECT: group of inventions allows to carry out successfully psychological and emotional relaxation of users of different age due to use of structure of opaque screen during sleep or its simulation. 5 cl, 4 dwg, 3 ex


This paper proposes a point-to-multipoint (P2MP) Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) based hierarchical service management system. Traditionally, general management systems deployed in some service providers control MPLS label switched paths (LSPs) (e.g. RSVP-TE, LDP) and services (e.g. L2VPN, L3VPN and IP) separately. In order for the dedicated management systems for MPLS LSPs and services to cooperate with each other automatically, a hierarchical service management system has been proposed with the main focus on point-to-point (P2P) TE LSPs in MPLS path management. In the case where P2MP TE LSPs and services are deployed in MPLS networks, the dedicated management systems for P2MP TE LSPs and services must work together automatically. Therefore, this paper proposes a new automatic correlation between P2MP TE LSPs and each service. In particular, this paper proposes a new algorithm for a correlation between P2MP TE LSPs and multicast VPN services. The capacity and performance searching on both a sub-LSP and correlation tables are evaluated, and the results show this system is very scalable within real MPLS production networks. This system, with automatic correlation, appears to be deployable in real MPLS production networks.


According to characters of auto covering parts such as large size, thin thickness, complexity in shape, low degree of standardization and expressed by model, etc. This paper put forward the drawing die design process of auto covering parts based on NX software. The assembly drawing of the auto covering part drawing die was shown in detail. In accordance to the mold design process, the digitized model was parametrically designed. The competitiveness of the auto covering part mold manufacturing enterprises was significantly improved with the application of 3D mold dynamic simulation s and automatic forming line simulation.


AbstractA modified anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic reactor was developed to investigate the influence of both a low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and low temperature on microbial community structure and biofilms. The thickness and density of the biofilm on the suspended carriers and production of extracellular polymeric substances decreased with temperature. The biofilm thickness was more obviously affected by temperature than was the biofilm density. The polysaccharide-to-protein ratio at 10°C was remarkably higher than at 18°C, which would suggest that microbes secrete more polysaccharides in low-temperature conditions. Filamentous bulking was observed at 10°C when SVI was above 170 mL/g; however, this phenomenon did not occur at other temperatures. Our experimental data support the hypothesis that low temperature was more likely to lead to sludge bulking than was nutrient limitation. Chao1 values of metagenomic sequencing at 26°C were higher than those at 10°C. Haliscomenobacter, a primary filamentous specie...


and Dr. Armin R. Schulz Children's Literature Collection Books and Articles about the study of children's and young adult literature


Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is known to be a powerful technique for the characterization of small molecules and structural and dynamics studies of biomolecules [...].


The extraction of oil from oil reservoirs beneath the North Sea has stimulated an immense popular interest in oil exploration and production. The mass media cover many of the sensational aspects of the industry but the mechanisms of the production of oil from the reservoir are not often mentioned. This is partly because the reservoir is a huge heterogeneous volume hidden underground, but also because some background in science is required. The mechanisms of oil recovery depend to a great extent on what happens at the interface between the displaced and displacing fluids at the pore scale (μm) and the reservoir scale (km). Oil is left unrecovered in areas of the reservoir where the displacing fluid has not passed (by-passed zones–sweep efficiency) and as droplets trapped in the pores in areas where displacement has occurred (microscopic residual oil–pore displacement efficiency). The physics at the interfaces, including the interplay between capillary, (interfacial tension, wettability), viscous and gravity forces is fundamental to an understanding of the retention of this residual oil (a common reservoir average estimate is over 60%) trapped by the capillary forces or by-passed by the displacing gas or liquid due to inhomogeneity of the reservoir. The alteration of the balance of these forces is the key to enhancing the oil recovery, either by sweeping new areas of the reservoir or recovering some of the microscopically trapped oil.

This article is written to provide some of the background to oil production in the context of enhanced oil recovery (EOR). It firstly covers oil recovery that is normally practised, then describes the EOR techniques currently under active development and finally discusses some of the problems that research must overcome before EOR can be successfully implemented with confidence.


The present invention relates to a reading that myricetin acts as an effective inhibitor of serotonin N-acetyltransferase, and a pharmaceutical composition for treating a serotonin N-acetyltransferase-associated disease which comprises myricetin as an active ingredient. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is particularly useful for treating sleep-disorder, depression, stress-related diseases or obesity.


Referee comment: This raises questions about this study: how can 30-min measurements of average attenuation along a 16-km link covering part of the catchment provide information for flash flood warning in the Ze'elim basin without the radar information? Such a microwave link cannot provide information on (a) the local rain intensities occurring within the 16-km link – this length is much larger than the typical scales of convective rainfall in the area, and this is partially addressed by the method you propose, and (b) all for the portions of the catchment not covered by the link path.


In this study we investigate whether sovereign credit ratings have any discernible impact on credit rationing in Euro zone countries. We utilize firm-level data from the Survey on the Access to Finance of SMEs for the period 2009-2013 conducted by the ECB. A negative association between the rating of sovereign creditworthiness and credit rationing is identified, while credit rationing varies substantially even among countries with the highest quality of sovereign bonds. Credit rationing is lower in sovereigns with high quality ratings and higher in sovereigns near default. These results remain intact when fundamental firm characteristics (e.g. firm's age and size, sector of economic activity, financial situation etc.) are taken into consideration. This indicates that the interconnection of sovereign debt risk with domestic credit market outcomes is robust.


Current development of the maritime transportation system, namely fleet and ports specialization, growth  of  vessel  sizes,  rationalization  of  routs,  trade  regionalization  etc.,  has  made  many  traditional approaches  and  calculation  techniques  practiced  for  many  long  years  in  port  design  procedures  to  be inadequate and insufficient. A generally acknowledged tool for this task today is the simulation technique. In the same time, modern object oriented simulation approach provides usually only ad hoc solution for a project. It lacks the generality that was the main and natural feature of its traditional analytical predecessors. Very high time and labor consumption of simulation comes to a conflict with a very narrow scope of the resulting model's application domain. This paper describes a new approach used to create a simulation tool for the port designers and planners combining the universality and generality of the analytical (so called "static") methods with the efficiency  and  accuracy  of  the  object‐oriented  simulation.  The  concept  represented  in  the  paper  was implemented  in  the  software  product, which  enabled  to  conduct  experiments  that  proved  the  validity  and adequacy of the model. The simulation tool was used in several sea port design project and now is a common instrument of several leading port design and consulting company in Russian Federation. http://www.transnav.eu the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation Volume 10


This work discusses the criteria proposed to consider wild bees as bioindicators and specifically applied to orchid bees in neotropical forests. Some of the issues are: 1) the deficiencies of the sampling methods, which makes it difficult to accurately assess species inventories. 2) missing knowledge about the biology of many species. 3) spatial or temporal distribution of most species remains unknown, which may misslead the results of short-term studies. 4) It is not clear whether orchid bees are affected by climate change as seen in other bees, which weakens their predictive potential. 5) A measure of the economic benefits provided by orchid bees is needed to better appraise them and their conservation. Finally, future studies should develop predictive models for conservation, accounting for evolutionary aspects like phylogeny or distributions; together with studies of the effect of disturbance on the physiology of the bees.


This paper analyzes how the liquidity coinsurance provided by interbank markets affects the incentives to raise bank capital. Following Gale (2004), bank capital is considered as a buffer to shield deposits from banks'liquidity shocks and then it represents an additional (costly) source of liquidity insurance. Hence, bank capital and interbank markets are to a certain extent substitutes, and we characterize the conditions under which a negative relationship exists between the level of bank capital and the level of participation in the interbank markets. Moreover, we argue that in order to smooth liquidity shocks banks tend to postpone dividend payments when the interbank market is unable to provide additional liquidity because of highly correlated shocks throughout the economy. This mechanism produces three implications: i) an inverse relationship between bank capital changes and participation in interbank markets; ii) an inverse relationship between dividend changes and participation in interbank markets; iii) a positive relationship between the level of dividends and participation in interbank markets. All these relationships find strong support in the data. JEL Classification: G21.


Recent advances in laser technology, optical sensing, and computer processing of data, have lead to the development of advanced quantitative optical metrology techniques for high accuracy measurements of absolute shapes and deformations of objects. These techniques provide noninvasive, remote, and full field of view information about the objects of interest. The information obtained relates to changes in shape and/or size of the objects, characterizes anomalies, and provides tools to enhance fabrication processes. Factors that influence selection and applicability of an optical technique include the required sensitivity, accuracy, and precision that are necessary for a particular application. In this paper, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision characteristics in quantitative optical metrology techniques, and specifically in optoelectronic holography (OEH) based on CMOS cameras, are discussed. Sensitivity, accuracy, and precision are investigated with the aid of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable gauges, demonstrating the applicability of CMOS cameras in quantitative optical metrology techniques. It is shown that the advanced nature of CMOS technology can be applied to challenging engineering applications, including the study of rapidly evolving phenomena occurring in MEMS and micromechatronics.


Environmental policy, while often well-intentioned, can fall short when environmental issues intersect with Indigenous community concerns. The intention of the United States National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is for federal agencies to consider the adverse environmental impacts prior to action. While NEPA has resulted in some agencies making more environmentally conscious decisions, agency self-interest is sometimes prioritized over socio-ecological well-being. Rather than using environmental impact assessments (EIAs) for their potential to inform just and sustainable environmental decisions, in practice federal, state, and private agencies have the power as assessment document authors to create geopolitical narratives. These narratives can be utilized to legitimize the outcomes that best serve their interests rather than the well-being of the surrounding physical and social environment. This article further explores the details of these narratives through two case studies in which Indigenous communities argued that the EIA documents did not adequately consider their worldviews or holistic adverse impacts. Through the utilization of a case study structure, a qualitative content analysis of EIA documents, and an environmental geopolitics framework informed by Indigenous scholarship, this article illustrates how the EIA process, in its current form, allows for agencies to justify or obscure geopolitically motivated actions, often at the expense of Indigenous communities. This work aims to critically enrich EIA scholarship by exploring the phenomenon of inadequate consideration of Indigenous worldviews through an Indigenous environmental geopolitics framework, building on conceptual understandings of the shortcomings of the EIA process and encouraging changes that make strides toward more equitable environmental assessment practice.


A method and an apparatus for managing neighbor cells of an active mode terminal in a mobile communication system are provided to define an event supporting the handover of an active mode terminal in accordance with a 3GPP(3RD Generation Partnership Project) LTE(Long Term Evolution) system and to minimize power consumption of the active mode terminal in executing management for neighbor cells in the 3GPP LTE system. A UE(User Equipment) transmits a measurement report message to inform an E-RAN(Evolved Radio Access Network) that a handover event has been generated(221). In this case, the measurement report message contains a cell identifier of a neighbor cell "A", which has generated the handover event, and a management result value related to the cell "A". Then, the UE activates a measurement stopping timer to stop management for the cell "A". If a handover command is not received from the E-RAN until the timer expires, the UE doesn't execute management for the cell "A" anymore by recognizing that handover cannot be executed due to a network situation. In case it is impossible to perform handover to the cell "A", the E-RAN, receiving the measurement report message, doesn't carry out handover procedures for the UE(231), and updates a context associated with the radio state of the UE in order to put the cell "A" in a list of cells having better radio strength than the present serving cell "X"(233). Also, the E-RAN doesn't transmit a handover command message to the UE(241). The UE also puts the cell "A" in a list of cells having better radio strength than the serving cell "X"(251), and then stops management for the cell "A"(253).


Reactions of cadmium(II) with 5-(4-carboxybenzylamino)isophthalic acid (H3L) in the presence of 2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (pybim) and 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) by hydrothermal method lead to two complexes, [Cd(HL)(pybim)]·H2O (1) and [Cd2(L)(HCOO)(bpy)2(H2O)]·H2O (2). Complexes 1 and 2 have been characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, Infrared spectra, and elemental and thermogravimetric analyses. 1 has a double-chain structure while 2 consists of uninodal 3-connected 2-D hcb networks with (63) topology. Luminescence and sorption properties of 1 and 2 were also investigated.


Simple Summary Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) constitutes a devastating disease with late diagnosis and poor overall survival, complicated by clinical presentations similar to benign pancreatic diseases. We aimed to analyse clinical parameters for differentiating suspected PDAC from benign conditions. The study holistically explored the presenting symptoms and routine laboratory test results of pancreatic disease patients during their consultation at secondary/tertiary care, including their demographic, lifestyle and comorbidity characteristics. Developed on a prospectively recruited cohort, this is the first machine learning-based prediction model that differentiates PDAC patients from those with benign conditions with a high degree of recall (sensitivity) and precision (positive predictive value). The model could serve to support clinicians' decisions when assessing patients with pancreatic pathology and separating potential malignant candidates from benign ones for urgent referral to a tertiary centre. This could improve upon the current UK guidelines enabling early detection of PDAC by developing a digital referral tool. Abstract The study aimed to develop a prediction model for differentiating suspected PDAC from benign conditions. We used a prospective cohort of patients with pancreatic disease (n = 762) enrolled at the Barts Pancreas Tissue Bank (2008-2021) and performed a case-control study examining the association of PDAC (n = 340) with predictor variables including demographics, comorbidities, lifestyle factors, presenting symptoms and commonly performed blood tests. Age (over 55), weight loss in hypertensive patients, recent symptoms of jaundice, high serum bilirubin, low serum creatinine, high serum alkaline phosphatase, low red blood cell count and low serum sodium were identified as the most important features. These predictors were then used for training several machine-learning-based risk-prediction models on 75% of the cohort. Models were assessed on the remaining 25%. A logistic regression-based model had the best overall performance in the validation cohort (area-under-the-curve = 0.90; Spiegelhalter's z = −1·82, p = 0.07). Setting a probability threshold of 0.15 guided by the maximum F2-score of 0.855, 96.8% sensitivity was reached in the full cohort, which could lead to earlier detection of 84.7% of the PDAC patients. The prediction model has the potential to be applied in primary, secondary and emergency care settings for the early distinction of suspected PDAC patients and expedited referral to specialist hepato-pancreatico-biliary services.


Purpose:The present quasi-experimental study investigated the efficacy of an exercise class at a community clinic for middle-aged and elderly patients with lifestyle-related diseases who were being treated at the clinic. Methods:The study examined two groups of subjects:an intervention group of 56 patients who participated in the exercise class and a control group of 56 outpatients matched with the intervention group for age, gender, and BMI. Lifestyle-related disease indicators, physical activity, behavior modification stage, exercise-induced changes in subjective symptoms, and change in lifestyle were assessed. Ranging from mild to moderate in intensity, the exercise regimen consisted primarily of aerobic exercises, with some resistance exercises. No restrictions were placed on number of repetitions or duration of exercise. Results:Significant declines in BMI, blood pressure, and HbA1c were observed in the intervention group. Physical activity for the intervention group increased by an average of 5.9 METs・hours/ week. The subjects reported significant improvements in behavior modification stage and gave high marks for the exercise-induced changes in subjective symptoms. Conclusions:For middle-aged and elderly patients with lifestyle-related diseases, participation in an exercise class held at a community clinic visited periodically by the patients improved behavior modification stage, BMI, blood pressure, and HbA1c. The results suggest that exercise classes held at community outpatient clinics visited at regular intervals by patients can be useful in improving lifestyle-related diseases.


Abstract: During the process of mathematics learning, problem solving is one of the important factors in influencing the success of mathematics learning. The objective of this study is determining students' difficulties in understanding logarithm functions. It is also intended to find out alternative solutions in overcoming the problems. The form of this research is a qualitative descriptive study using Spradley model data analysis through research procedures from Sudjana publication book. Based on preliminary observations, students' mathematics problem solving skill at SMAN 1 KEDUNGWUNI has various ways. The number of students of class X MIPA 3 SMAN 1 Kedungwuni 1 is 32 students. 25% of students have high problem-solving skill, whereas 75% have low problem-solving skill. The cause of the problem is derived from teachers, students, and learning tools. Students' mistakes in solving some tasks related to logarithm functions material become obstacles in the next learning process. The written test analysis results and interviews results of students regarding their difficulties in solving logarithm function include: students tend to have low understanding related to initial concepts of logarithm functions, students have difficulty in understanding the application of logarithm functions, and they find a difficulty in applying it into task in the form of story. Alternative solutions that can be implemented to deal with these problems are building the concept of logarithm functions from the previous chapter, namely root and exponent, emphasizing the concept of logarithm functions by giving related tasks, and practicing more tasks about logarithm functions. Keywords: Analysis, Mathematics, Logarithms, Roots, Exponents.


As a part of studies to lower the infrared (IR) emissivity from the surface of exhaust nozzle in the turbo jet engine, stainless steel plate was coated with copper particle/meta-aramid resin composites and the IR emissivity of the plate were investigated. Binders of filler particles based on synthetic polymers generally undergo thermal decomposition before 300℃. It was found that the meta aramid resin was thermally stable after the test at 320℃, confirming the excellent thermal stability. Contents of copper particles in the composites were varied from 0 to 70% by volume. It was observed that the copper particle/meta aramid resin composites showed good adhesion after the tests at 320℃. The specimen coated with the composite containing 50 vol% of copper particles showed the lowest IR emissivity, 0.6, at 320℃.


The Dongxin oil field in China is characterized by a multiplicity of faults that cut the field into small blocks. Development units are divided into three classes according to the amount of natural energy. Insufficiency of natural energy is the main feature of development of the field which dictates the application of waterflooding. The point is emphasized that different types of units are to be differently treated. A comparative study of different types of flooding is presented.


Second semester (ATA) in laboratory techniques has particularly informatics lab schedule is very dense, plus a number of laboratories that can be said to be less, making the class split occurs, which then mengakibatan Pasa distance value of a class of students became very distant. To build an additional laboratory informatics techniques, it takes a lot of things that must be designed and provided. Factor cost, time and human resources are the things that must be considered and provided. Alteratif otherwise be presented is by developing a virtual laboratory. The concept of virtual laboratory is eleraning development. E-learning is a new alternative learning patterns, which combine aspects of teaching and use of information technology. Site built automata virtual laboratory is intended to reduce the schedule practicum in informatics engineering laboratory. Thus solving the class does not occur.. The result is a virtual laboratory of automata that can only be used by students who are taking the course and also the construction of automata page administrators to manage databases and content of the virtual laboratory automata.


The main purpose of the study was to explore the impact of the perceived self-efficacy on the academic adjustment among a sample of Qassim University female undergraduates. Two tests were utilized; the perceived self-efficacy and the academic adjustment, the validity and reliability of the tests were insured. A sample of 150 undergraduate from Qassim University enrolled in the first semester of the academic year 2016/2017 from the faculty of Arts and sciences/Ar-Rass, the participants were selected by the simple random technique. The participants level of the perceived self-efficacy was low, the means scores range between 1.05 - 1.61, the social dimension score was the highest (M = 1.61), and the emotional dimension score was the lowest (M = 1.05), the overall means of the test score was 1.38; the academic adjustment score was also low the means range between 1.05 - 1.28, the academic dimension means score was high (M = 1.21), and the teacher-learner relationship score was low (M = 1.05), the overall means of the test was 1.21. The statistical correlation between the emotional dimension and the academic adjustment dimensions was not significant. But a significant statistical correlation was found between the dimension of determination and perseverance, the cognitive dimension and the overall perceived self-efficacy and the academic dimension.


Dear Editor, Generalized verrucosis (GV) is a chronic and progressive infection caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV), described in the past as synonymous with epidermodysplasia verruciformis and more recently classified within epidermodysplasia verruciformis disorders. This skin condition, clinically very similar to EV, is distinguished by its different histopathology and genotype of HPV involved and implies a systemic immune deficiency for HPV and other infectious agents (Przybyszewska, Zlotogorski, & Ramot, 2017). GV includes two main different clinical conditions; the first defined as cutaneous HPV infection presenting with greater than 20 lesions and distributed in more than one localized region of the body and the second, as in our case, with an acral distribution pattern which limits functions of daily living. It manifests clinically as verrucous papules and plaques that are highly resistant to topical and systemic therapies. Generally, cutaneous lesions have a tendency to be disseminated over the body, but some case reports only had a few lesions limited to the extremities. A 60-year-old Egyptian woman attended our clinic in December 2016. She presented many confluent common warts on the feet, occurring bilaterally with bilateral Stage III not pitting edema, with positive Stemmer sign, from which she had been suffering for 10 years. The right foot was the most affected with more than 50 lesions (Figure 1a). Heart, renal, and hepatic function were preserved. Superficial or deep venous circulatory system occlusions were excluded with Eco-color Doppler. No immunodepression was detected in the complete blood count and lymphocyte subset analysis. The subject was negative for HIV infection. Due to the patient's country of origin (Egypt), where filaria is endemic, blood sampling, a skin biopsy, and urine screening for microbiological parasite detection were performed. The results of these findings were negative. The negativity of these tests does not definitively exclude the possibility that lymphedema was secondary to the damage of the lymphatic system, caused by Wuchereria Bancrofti. Family history and clinical history suggest this diagnosis. To rule out the clinical appearance derived from a framework of acquired cutaneous lymphangiectasia (El Sayed et al., 1995), two biopsies were performed, located on two different sides of the dorsal surface of the right foot which confirmed the diagnosis of cutaneous warts. Studies have shown that lymphedema can reduce immunological surveillance and facilitates human papillomavirus infection (Paul & Carlson, 2011). We considered the patient's clinical condition as GV, deeming the lymphedema responsible for a state of functional immunodepression that encourages the spread of HPV, even though the patient blood serum quantitative analysis did not demonstrate immunodepression. The negative result of the microbiological investigations for filariasis could be a false-negative. Direct identification of the parasite is difficult and may require analysis of several samples before the result is confirmed. Additionally, the patient may not actually be afflicted with filariasis but instead may have secondary lymphedema from a previous filaria infestation. The analysis of the antibody framework with IgM and IgG specific to filaria could confirm this hypothesis; however, it is a diagnostic method offered only by very few specialized centers and cannot be performed by our laboratories. Anogenital dysplasias were not highlighted during the medical examination. Considering lymphedema secondary to heart failure, we can reasonably exclude a coexistent warts, immunodeficiency, lymphoedema, anogenital dysplasia syndrome (Aydin & Heidenheim, 2016; Heinig & Wollina, 2015; Kreuter et al., 2008; Vozza et al., 2009). Topical application of sinecatechins 10% was proposed as an elective therapeutic approach, applied once-daily for two 7-day periods during two consecutive months (between December 2017 and February 2017). This schedule was quite different from the recommended dose regimen (three times per day for up to 16 weeks). This therapeutic choice is dictated by the pharmacodynamic properties of the product whose main mechanism of action is not related to stimulation of the subject's immune system response, like imiquimod (Wagner et al., 1999); rather the sinecatechins seem to exert their antiviral action thanks to a potent antioxidant action. In addition, sinecatechins could interfere with HPV adhesion and penetration into skin cells and interfere with the antiapoptotic action of HPV proteins E6 and E7 (Qiao, Cao, Xie, & Shi, 2009). Although the application of sinecatechins 10% did not follow the approved dosage schedule, the clinical outcome was a 50% reduction in wart lesion number and also a reduction in the extent of the affected area after 1 (Figure 1b) and 2 months (Figure 1c) of followup. A marked reduction of walking-induced pain was observed during the therapy, with the patient reporting extreme satisfaction. A few studies have analyzed the off-label effectiveness of sinecatechins 10% in the treatment of extra genital warts, showing that this product is very effective in treating plantar warts, recalcitrant facial warts (Clouth & Schöfer, 2015), and in severe multiple molluscum contagiousum lesions (Padilla et al., 2016). Abbreviations: GV, generalized verrucosis; HPV, human papilloma virus; NMSC, nonmelanoma skin cancer. Received: 6 March 2018 Revised: 25 April 2019 Accepted: 3 June 2019


Though English departments, including my own at the University of Nebraska, have been teaching digital humanities (DH) courses for over a decade, hyperbolic claims about the perils and promises of using computers in the study of literature continue to appear in the press. A piece in the Los Angeles Review of Books likens the algorithms used by some digital humanities methods to fascism (Marche). Another, in The Huffington Post, compares the rise of digital humanities to " our uncritical acceptance of drone attacks " (Mohamed). On the other hand, digital humanists such as Franco Moretti, who famously promote " distant reading " as opposed to close reading, project a future for the humanities that radically departs from long-cherished methods. The controversial Digital Humanities Manifesto 2.0, put out by a group of scholars at UCLA, includes a lot of talk about DH's " utopian core " and optimistic " democratization of culture and scholarship " (Presner). In my experience teaching dozens of courses and workshops on digital textual representation, the pedagogical value of digital tools—specifically TEI (Text Encoding Initiative)—is more complex and ultimately more rewarding than these caricatures imply. Text encoding, at least the in-depth, student-conceived markup that I teach in my classes, is not free of complications. It is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and sometimes extremely frustrating to beginners. It requires reliable computers, preferably ones the students can take home, and a classroom license for software (I use Oxygen XML Editor) that costs several hundred dollars. In order to create projects that can be publicly displayed, students require access to a server with certain technological specifications. Also, TEI is far from an uncontroversial way of approaching texts even in the digital editing community—it is predicated on a theory of textuality that is open to an array of criticisms, and anyone who has worked with it for a long time will have a lengthy list of quibbles regarding various features. (Frankly, I'd like to see TEI become one of several widely accepted and well-documented ways we can approach digital editing.) Notwithstanding its practical and theoretical hurdles, TEI is an invaluable tool for teaching literature. It makes a few pedagogical goals central to the work of the class: students must pay careful, consistent attention to the text; they learn to understand the cultural record as malleable; they feel a clear sense of purpose, audience, and expertise when writing; they leave with transferable technical skills. …