The forces of market, government, cost and competition are impacting organisations to rethink their managerial 'mindset' orientations. Understanding and reformulating the global economic and managerial rules have become one of the most relevant managerial responsibilities in organisations today. Globalisation requires managers not only to consider strategic and organisational issues, but also to reorient their values, goals and belief systems. The ideology of economic reform associated with globalisation, can only be of learning value if the alignment of the national, organisational and individual mind frames is ensured. This paper provides a generic framework of the logic of globalisation driving the alignment of the national, organisation and individual level mind frames. A conceptual model explaining the symbiotic macro (national), meso (organisational) and micro (individual) level interrelationships is presented and supported by the underpinnings of various postulated hypotheses. The theoretical model integrates the key variables of a global managerial mindset and establishes a framework for empirical testing across diverse cultures and contexts. INTRODUCTION The expectations associated with economic globalisation have not been fulfilled as diverse perceptions increasingly create controversies in the external environment. These controversies necessitate strong organisational leadership from a multi-level perspective. The understanding of the global business environment and the analysis of various socio-cultural, technological, political and business forces needs to be internalised and articulated in every aspect of an organisation's functioning. The global mindset of managers not only needs to be anchored on these frames but also in the mapping of the strategic implications of their actions and roles. The globalisation debate and its implications have traditionally focused at the macro and meso levels. Rarely have the implications been extended to the micro – level managerial cognitive dimensions. A growing body of literature in international management emphasises the meso level initiatives in terms of the effective management of the simultaneous and often conflicting pressures to globally integrate the operations of the organisation and respond to local demands (Bartlett & Choshal, 1989; Gupta and Govindarajan, 1989; Prahalad & Doz, 1987). Successful multinational organisations like McDonalds, Coca-Cola, Unilever and Nike have been able to balance these pressures to their advantage and which enabled them to expand operations across the globe. In addition to balancing these competing demands of global integration and local responsiveness, successful multinational organisations also emphasise micro level management in terms of human resource development (HRD) through increased learning and innovation. Bartlett and Ghoshal (1998) emphasise the importance of this HRD leverage which enables organisations to respond rapidly to changes in global demands. The question of how multinational organisations cope with the complexities of globalisation pressures has become an important and challenging issue in the field of international management. A number of scholars argue that sole reliance on structural changes are not sufficient in responding to these complexities and that learning and innovation facilitated by HRD is critical to the success of multinational corporations (Evans, 1993; Pucik, 1992; Bartlett & Ghosal, 1990, 1989). Rhinesmith (1995: 36) argues that, "as companies gain a better understanding of the new, global world in which we are competing, they are learning that people are a new competitive edge". HRD is vast, and in the context of globalisation, the emphasis on skills, capabilities and competencies of managers have been of most importance. It can be argued that, global success and overcoming contextual challenges depends on the sensitivity of its managers, in identifying, observing, interpreting and exploiting the various political, economic, socio-cultural and technological differences between countries and regions. Therefore, the micro – level mindset orientation of managers warrants more scholarly attention. Many recent studies have emphasised cultivation of a global mindset with an increasing onus on HRD, as one of the key elements in creating an intelligent global organisation (Begley and Boyd, 2003; Gupta and Govindarajan 2002; Jeanett 2000; Beechler, Taylor, Boyacigiller, and Levy, 1999; Murtha, Lenway and Bagozzi, 1998; Rhinesmith, 1995, 1993, 1992; Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1989). Ananthram and Chatterjee 1 The Challenge of Global Mindset Development for Managers: Towards a New Framework for Empirical Tool Building CONCEPT OF A GLOBAL MINDSET The concept of a global mindset has developed as a recognised focus of attention in management over the past decade. Global Mindset has been conceptualised in International Management literature as a cognitive structure, a set of observable behaviours, individual competencies, leadership traits and strategic maturity (Gupta and Govindarajan, 2002; Murtha, Lenway and Bagozzi, 1998; Rhinesmith, 1995, 1993, 1992). The concept assumes that human beings and organisations are limited in their ability to absorb and process information. The constant challenge of complexity, ambiguity and dynamism of this information environment is responded to, through a process of cognitive filtration which involves the selection of what is absorbed and how it is interpreted (Gupta and Govindarajan, 2002). An integrated view of the concept can be summarised as '...the ability and willingness of managers to think, act and transcend boundaries of goals, values and competencies on a global scale'. PURPOSE OF THE PAPER Numerous studies have attempted to provide a framework to identify the logic of globalisation across specific industries. There is however a paucity of theoretical literature in the international management area which provides a generic framework of the logic of globalisation which applies to different cultures and contexts and which can be empirically tested. One of the main aims of this working paper is to provide an integrated model outlining the logic of globalisation with a macro (national level), meso (organisational level) and micro (managerial level) perspective. This paper also outlines a framework for the context of the development of a global mindset against the background of the generic model of the logic of globalisation. The theoretical model of this working paper integrates the key variables of a global managerial mindset and offers empirical testability in diverse contexts. THE LOGIC OF GLOBALISATION Globalisation has become one of the most widely debated and controversial topic today. Societies, organisations and individuals are undergoing unprecedented upheavals as global linkages in economic interdependence are responded to, differently, at different levels. The macro-level converging forces of economic globalisation can only be understood by studying the meso and micro-level frames. The symbiotic relationship of the macro-meso-micro interaction is of foremost importance in most industries wanting to expand beyond national boundaries. This provides a rationale for a deeper level understanding of the societal, psychological, cultural, economic and individual level parameters shaping the mindsets of managers (Begley and Boyd, 2003; Gupta and Govindarajan 2002; Jeanett 2000; Beechler, Taylor, Boyacigiller, and Levy, 1999; Murtha, Lenway and Bagozzi, 1998; Rhinesmith, 1995, 1993, 1992; Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1989). Figure One: Context Driven Logic of Globalisation Meso Context (Organisational Level) Micro Context (Individual Level) Macro Context (National Level) Macro Level Pressures of Globalisation Figure One highlights the context driven logic of globalisation. At the macro level, national governments across the globe are seriously considering strategic reform in terms of embracing globalisation. Indeed, China's joining the World Trade Organisation and the recent expansion of the European Union from 16 to 25 countries are examples of this trend. Government policies are increasingly moving away from 'introvert' policies and are allowing foreign investment in the indigenous economy. Apart from government being one of the driving forces towards globalisation at the macro level, industrial organisation theory has identified three other forces impacting global orientation: Market, Cost and Competition (Yip, Johansson & Ananthram and Chatterjee 2 The Challenge of Global Mindset Development for Managers: Towards a New Framework for Empirical Tool Building Roos 1997; Yip 1989). Drawing on seminal work by above researchers, we define the macro level forces impacting globalisation as follows: • Market forces enable the extension of industry's market-scope beyond national boundaries. They are indicated by new customers from global markets, use of global channels and adoption of techniques and processes from global sources. • Cost forces enable the extension of industry's operation-scope beyond national boundaries. They are indicated by global economies of scale, favourable logistics, differences in country costs (including exchange rates), and outsourcing. • Government forces enable the extension of industry's legal and regulatory-scope beyond national boundaries. They are indicated by tariff and non-tariff barriers and regulations encouraging an economic climate that fosters global linkages. • Competition forces enable the extension of industry's competitive-scope beyond national boundaries by creating well-established benchmarks. They are indicated by the matching of structures, processes, systems and strategies employed by competitors. Organisational Paradigms (Meso Level Pressures): Building Organisational Support for Global Reach The macro level forces of market, cost, government and competition now put pressure on organisations, i.e., at the meso level to


This editorial draws analogies between the Boston Board Of Healths decision in 1799 to enforce quarantine regulations during a yellow fever epidemic and the automobile safety standards of the 1970s. To be successful public health actions must not only adhere to sound principles they must also be grounded in scientific knowledge. With these 2 precedents in mind it is good to know that in 1975-1978 the automobile safety standards laid down by the federal government some years earlier resulted in the saving of 37000 lives. In spite of this assurance about the specifics of a public health action the legal protection afforded by mandatory motorcycle helmets has been withdrawn in many states. At a time when one might have anticipated extension of protection to infants and young children instead one sees the the removal of federal standards of automobile safety in the face of evidence that they have saved lives. The movement against vehicle safety standards is only one of many similar recent retrogressions. Such actions against the public health can only be viewed as symptoms of a sick society. While the present wave of nihilism may enable a stronger structure to be built in the future we must protect the life preserving elements of the structure. If our aim is to preserve life rather than status we will be helping a sick society to heal itself and laying the groundwork for public health to emerge from the current passion for ignorant deregulation stronger and more preserving of life than ever.


This paper deals with the identification of input impedance of low voltage (LV) neutral circuit obtained by simulation study. This input impedance affects the transfer potential at LV customers caused by faults on medium voltage (MV) or high voltage (HV) systems. Transferred potential causes many damages in electronic equipments of LV customers year by year in Hungary [1]. Furthermore, the results of this simulation study assist to clearly know the relative importance of different parameters which are affecting transfer potential.


Developments in the youth labour market are regularly framed as successful by the UK Government who argue that young people have a growing and vibrant jobs market. Sociological discourse has tended to focus on the growth in precarious work and the substantial decrease in the availability of employment for young people. Far less attention has been paid to the parallel issue of whether these changes are associated with shifts in occupational level. Yet occupational position remains one of the most powerful general indicators of life chances, social and material reward and status available. To examine how the occupational position of young people in the UK may have altered, this article focusses on two periods either side of the Great Recession (2005-7 and 2015-17). We find there has been a reduction in regional inequality in the level of jobs young men and women are doing. For young men, there has been a disproportionate loss of less advantaged occupations, raising the average occupational position in a number of regions. For women, the opposite trend has occurred; there has been a disproportionate loss of more advantaged occupations, leading to a general drop in the average advantage level.


We analyze Gallager codes by employing a simple mean-field approximation that distorts the model geometry and preserves important interactions between sites. The method naturally recovers the probability propagation decoding algorithm as an extremization of a proper free-energy. We find a thermodynamic phase transition that coincides with information theoretical upper-bounds and explain the practical code performance in terms of the free-energy landscape.


The change of a material structure can reasonably affect its electrical properties. Changing the thermodynamic equilibrium by applying stress on a geomaterial sample, current emission can be stimulated. This kind of emission can be detected experimentally. In the experiments described below various modes of stress change were applied. Stress was increasing with various stress rates, constants or not, until the fracture of the samples. During the experiments current emissions were studied. Results show that the stress rate influences the PSC values but the total charge released by this process does not seem to vary considerably for the various stress rates.


In this paper we are focusing on the components dated to the Neolithic. During mapping of archaeological sites, it was clear that there is ca. 30 km gap between LBK/Želiezovce group and Bukk Culture. So we started a close examination of this finding. After the analysis of key environmental parameters in GIS predictive models for both cultural units were created using fuzzy logic. Methodology of the predictive model calculation will be further discussed in the paper. Results of predictive models show different tendencies of landscape occupation deriving from the environmental conditions. It was suggested that the observed situation could be a result of environmentally induced cultural boundary. In order to see how this boundary developed in the course of the Neolithic, we used spatio-temporal modelling. It was possible to observe shifting of sites probability distribution in particular time clusters. Combination of both modelling methods enabled us to visualize changes in settlement clusters over time and see possible boundaries among cultural units.


Abstract No enterprise will ever be 100% secure. There are just too many threats. This article presents seven practical steps to achieving cyber-resilience. Cyber resilience is not a traditional defensive stance. It requires a change in the way organizations approach security of its information and communication technology (ICT) asset base. Cyber resilience is integrated into the "bones" of the organization and requires the organization to develop a well-defined, explicit architecture of controls to ensure cyber resiliency. The controls assure provable protection of critical ICT assets and their various interdependencies from every form of electronic, human and physical threat; inside and outside the enterprise's eco-system. Cyber-resilient architectures make attacks less likely to succeed, minimize the consequences when they do, increase the work-factor cost and uncertainty for the adversary, and possibly act as a deterrent against future attacks. Cyber resilience is enforced as an organizational condition rather than a deployed set of explicit countermeasures. This goal requires that a robust set of concrete controls are embedded in the enterprise architecture. Effective implementation of a cyber-resilient enterprise architecture requires strategic vision. It also requires day-to-day engagement across the enterprise to ensure that the controls that enable cyber resilience are effective.


A novel code combining system based on Reed-Muller codes is presented. Because of their simple structure RM codes are simple to decode using a trellis based soft maximum likelihood decoder (SMLD). The decoder exploits the modular structure of the RM code to construct a set of nested trellises which minimise the complexity of the decoder by re-using the results of previous decoding attempts. A protocol utilising this technique to produce an efficient code combining ARQ-scheme is also introduced.


Queensborough Community College analyzed the usage of their textbook reserve collection. The library discovered the collection is used most often at the beginning of the semester and around exam time. In addition, the library examined which textbooks by subjects circulate the most and the cost of maintaining the collection. The library concluded that the reserve textbook collection was valuable to the students based on the circulation statistics. The usage is three times the circulating collection even though the service is not advertised. The library wants to transition from print material to digital materials to improve access and accessibility.


Since 2000 the Botswana government has been a model of political commitment in addressing the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Today its public sector ARV treatment programme is the largest in Africa. In this article Christine Stegling describes the background to the Botswana AIDS programme explains how Botswana has integrated the response to HIV with its development goals looks at the issue of 'routine' HIV testing and human rights and highlights some of the challenges that lie ahead. (excerpt)


Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered SARS-CoV-2 virus. The ongoing pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 has rigorous affects worldwide. It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2. Till date, more than 190 countries have been affected. Approximately, half million people are suffering from the disease worldwide at the moment. Over 25000 deaths have been reported due to this pandemic. Although the death rate is about 4.5%, yet immunocompromised patients and people incubating other infections are more vulnerable and prone to COVID-19. Treatment and vaccine against this virus are in development phase. Different regimes of treatment have been tried with varying degree of success under different circumstances. Health awareness, hygiene practices, strict precautionary measures and quarantine are needed to hamper the spread of disease.


Trenonacog alfa (IB1001) is a recombinant factor IX (rFIX) manufactured in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. IB1001 was evaluated in a multicentre clinical trial with haemophilia B patients.


Abstract Objective Recently, the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in human colorectal cancer (CRC) has been a subject of intense focus. We set out to determine the function of one lncRNA, termed urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 (UCA1) in CRC cell proliferation and its underlying mechanisms. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was applied to detect the expression level of UCA1 in 50 pairs of CRC samples compared with non-tumor colon tissues. Cell growth was determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Western blotting was carried out to analyze the related protein expression. Flow cytometry was done to evaluate cell apoptosis by UCA1 inhibition. Results We found an increased expression of UCA1 in CRC samples. Knockdown of UCA1 in HCT116 cells induced a decrease in cell proliferation rate compared to control samples. This oncogenic activity may be enhanced through p53/ p21 signaling. Conclusion Our results supported the hypothesis that upregulation of UCA1 contributes to the unlimited proliferation rate of CRC cells, at least partially through the negative regulation of p53/p21 signaling pathway. Finally, we found that UCA1 merely influenced CRC cell apoptosis.


The present invention provides a method for the grease composition at a good appearance and a high diacylglycerol content produced with good yields at room temperature. The method for producing a refined fat or oil composition comprising the following polymerization step (1) and (2) :( 1) addition of glycerol in the fat or oil composition containing diacylglycerol in 50 mass%, average degree of polymerization of 20 or more glycerol fatty acid esters, and then, the step of cooling; (2) the step precipitated by crystallization from the liquid fraction separated in step.


Abstract Increase of planting density has been widely used to increase grain yield in crops. However, it may lead to higher risk of lodging hence causing significant yield loss of the crop. To investigate the effects of planting density on lodging-related morphology, lodging rate (LR), and yield of tartary buckwheat, an experiment was carried out with a split-plot randomized block design at the experimental farm of Chengdu University (Sichuan, China) in the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Results showed that plant density significantly affected characteristics of stem and root. In each season, with the increasing of planting density, light transmittance, main root length, number of first lateral root, root volume, internode number, and first internode diameter decreased, the plant height, first internode length, abortion rate and LR increased. Increasing density caused decreased grains number per plant, the dry matter weight and yield displayed an acceleration first and then deceleration. The correlation analysis indicated that the internode number, first internode diameter, number of first lateral roots, and root volume were significantly negatively correlated with LR, but positively correlated with stem breaking strength and lodging resistance index. The LR was significantly positively correlated with plant height and first internode length. In both years, the D2 (9 × 105 plant ha−1) and D3 (12 × 105 plant ha−1) yielded more grains than in other treatments, and the effects of density on two cultivars showed the same trend. The results suggested that planting density could alter lodging-related traits, lodging resistance, and yield of tartary buckwheat.


The present study is concerned with thermal physics of the fluid at supercritical pressure (SCP) where many singular phenomena are observed in turbulent heat transfer due to severe property variations of the fluid. Direct numerical simulation is conducted for upward annular flows of CO2 at a pressure of 8MPa with a constant-heat-flux boundary condition imposed on the inner wall. All simulations are made at the inlet bulk Reynolds number of 8900 with particular attention being paid to the structure of the heated boundary layers at SCP. It is shown that most singular phenomena at SCP occur when the pseudocritical temperature arises between the heated wall and bulk fluid temperatures. The mean velocity profile near the heated wall shows no logarithmic distribution in the inertial subrange because a large reduction in the Reynolds shear stress occurs in the viscous region. The computational flow visualization reveals that alternating low- and high-speed streaks in the viscous region are not clearly observed w...


Here, a photocatalytic deoxygenative amidation protocol using readily available amine-boranes and carboxylic acids is described. This approach features mild conditions, moderate-to-good yields, easy scale-up, and up to 62 examples of functionalized amides with diverse substituents. The synthetic robustness of this method was also demonstrated by its application in the late-stage functionalization of several pharmaceutical molecules.


Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) reachability is a powerful tool that provides performance and safety guarantees for dynamical systems. Unfortunately, using the state-of-the-art dynamic programming-based approaches, HJ reachability is intractable for systems with more than five dimensions because its computational complexity scales exponentially with system dimension. To sidestep the curse of dimensionality, we propose an algorithm that leverages a neural network to approximate the minimum time-to-reach function to synthesize controls. We show that our neural network generates near optimal controls which are guaranteed to successfully drive the system to a target state. Our framework is not dependent on state space discretization, leading to a significant reduction in computation time and space complexity in comparison with dynamic programming-based approaches. Using this grid-free approach also enables us to plan over longer time horizons with relatively little additional computation overhead. Unlike many previous neural network reachability formulations, our approximation is conservative and hence any trajectories we generate will be strictly feasible. For demonstration, we specialize our new general framework to the Dubins car model and discuss how the general framework can be applied to other models with higher-dimensional state spaces.


In this paper we propose a new time-frequency analysis method which is based on smoothing technique. The specific algorithm of applying this method to seismic-signal denoising is then amply introduced.Compared with the traditional means of denoising,the time-frequency analysis method proposed in this paper has such merits as clear physical meaning and simple operation.The results of experiments show that this method can greatly enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of seismic signals which are collected at remote observational stations.Therefore,this timefrequency analysis method can serve as a powerful tool when it comes to the remote detection of seismic signal.


An investigation with normal pre-school children is reported which confirms and extends earlier findings on subnormal subjects. That transfer is related to the complexity of intervening training is again demonstrated across widely different tasks. In addition, evidence is offered for the interaction of overlearning with complexity, and the possible relevance of transfer in cognitive development is briefly discussed.


The method of modeling and analysis using Pro/E and Moldflow technology are introduced in the paper.The model is finished by using Pro/E,then the 3D model is input in Moldflow.With the help of Moldflow/MPI simulating analysis functions,Gas-Assistant Injection Molding is simulated and analyzed by computering for product.According to the result of analysis of filling and cooling,the process parameters are optimized,products are with good quality obtained,with result to good economic for factory.


In Reply .—Dr Anderson's comments indicate that I did not sufficiently clarify the potential of this surgical technique. There appears to be no difficulty in appreciating the efficacy of this method in repairing lash problems due to disease of the anterior lamella. The posterior lamella, however, is also accessible through this incision. If the offending lashes originate in the meibomian glands of the tarsel plate, direct visualization enables the surgeon to currette, excise, or electroepilate these hairs at their bases. As is shown in Fig 3 of the article, the lid-splitting incision allows inspection of and access to the bases of the lashes whether they originate in the anterior or the posterior lamella. Inversion of lashes due to epiblepharon also can be treated by this technique, if the congenital problem does not resolve spontaneously.


Previous research showed that camera specific noise patterns, so-called PRNU-patterns, are extracted from images and related images could be found. In this particular research the focus is on grouping images from a database, based on a shared noise pattern as an identification method for cameras. Using the method as described in this article, groups of images, created using the same camera, could be linked from a large database of images. Using MATLAB programming, relevant image noise patterns are extracted from images much quicker than common methods by the use of faster noise extraction filters and improvements to reduce the calculation costs. Relating noise patterns, with a correlation above a certain threshold value, can quickly be matched. Hereby, from a database of images, groups of relating images could be linked and the method could be used to scan a large number of images for suspect noise patterns.


INTHODUCTION While in the past years considerable attention has been devoted to the quan titatively describable material component systems of socio-technical systems, the simulation of the cognitive processes determining decision-making and 1 behavior of humanistic systems has received comparatively little attention. There exists a considerable research deficit in this area, despite the fact that the threat due to actions misadapted to a new situation, and caused by deficient cognitive systems, is currently probably by an order of magnitude greater than the threat due to diminishing resources. The behavior of societal actors (individuals, interest groups, organizations) is determined to a large degree by the conceptual systems and procedures of perception, state analysis, 2 and policy synthesis applied in the information processing leading to actions. These concept•1al systems and procedures are representable in natural language; however, a comprehensive and accurate consequence analysis in a verbal-intuitive form is rarely possible (except in trivial cases) on account of the number and complexity of the relationships between cognitive elements. Important functions of natural language (e. g. inference process·es) can also be represented in a formalized language (such as the predicate calculus or a language of constructs within the theory of concepts). In this manner they become amenable for computer processing. Hence, the description of con ceptual systems and procedures as well as conseguence analysis using non numerical computer programs becomes possible~ We have develope~ a nonnumerical computer program DEDUC based on a predicate calculus for the representation of conceptual systems and pro cedures and of the processes of deduction determining in particular behavior relevant operational norms, given the description of a new situation con fronting the system which requires a nonroutine response. Use of the pro gram requires the input of object structures and predicate relations repre senting the segment of the cognitive system applying to the problem area under study. This information can be gotten from empirical studies (mainly content analysis and interviews),


This paper presents an implementation of a laser beam shaping system for both heating a diamond tool and measuring the resulting temperature optically. The influence the initial laser parameters have on the resultant temperature profiles is shown experimentally and theoretically. A CO2 laser beam was used as the source to raise the temperature of the diamond tool and the resultant temperature was measured by using the blackbody principle. We have successfully transformed a Gaussian beam profile into a flat-top beam profile by using a diffractive optical element as a phase element in conjunction with a Fourier transforming lens. In this paper, we have successfully demonstrated temperature profiles across the diamond tool surface using two laser beam profiles and two optical setups, thus allowing a study of temperature influences with and without thermal stress. The generation of such temperature profiles on the diamond tool in the laboratory is important in the study of changes that occur in diamond tools, particularly the reduced efficiency of such tools in applications where extreme heating due to friction is expected.


In this paper we report the determination of oxygen diffusion coefficient for optimally doped manganite thin films of La0.85Na0.15MnO3 (LNMO). The study was performed by means of isothermal conductivity measurements on two different epitaxially oriented thin films grown on SrTiO3 (100) and SrTiO3 (110). The values found for the oxygen diffusion coefficients are around 10-14 cm2s-1. The diffusion seems to be faster for the c-oriented film with respect to the other one (growth on SrTiO3 (110)). The activation energy for the diffusion process is 0.35 eV for the LNMO film on SrTiO3 (100) and 0.66 for the LNMO film on SrTiO3 (110). A possible reason to account for the different behaviour between the two films is proposed.


The Langevin theory of the polarization of a dilute collection of dipoles by an external field is often included in introductory solid state physics and physical chemistry curricula. The average polarization is calculated assuming the dipoles are in thermal equilibrium with a heat bath. The heart of the polarization calculation is a derivation of the average dipole-field projection, whose dependence on the external field is given by the Langevin function. The Langevin problem is revisited, here, and the average projection of any given dipole onto any other dipole from the collection is derived in terms of the Langevin function. A simple expression is obtained for the underlying dipole-dipole angular distribution function.


Objective : Oxytocin antagonists maybe useful in inhibiting the uterine contractions of preterm labor. One such compound is TT-235. The purpose of this study was to compare the resistance of TT-235 and oxytocin to enzymatic degradation by oxytocinase in pregnant human. Methods : Blood samples from pregnant women not in labor were incubated in vitro with known amounts of oxytocin and TT-235. Samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minute intervals for oxytocin analysis and at 0, 10, 60 and 360 minutes for TT-235 analysis. Oxytocin was analyzed by radioimmunoassay after extraction while TT-235 was analyzed by radioreceptor assay. Results : In human blood, oxytocin was readily metabolized with greater than 83% disappearance over the 60 minute incubation period. In contrast, TT-235 was stable up to 360 minutes of incubation. Conclusion : This study suggests that: (1) blood from pregnant human does contain oxytocinase at least in vitro; and (2) TT-235 was resistant to enzymatic degradation by human blood, implying that this oxytocin antagonist may have prolonged activity in vivo in humans.


Since railway traffic has come into people's life, it has been acting as a very important role in people's daily living. The major content of this research is to build a railway accident analysis system based on Artificial Intelligence (aliased as AI) and blockchain technology, which have the function of railway accident reproduction and traffic data analysis, taking the train crash happened on June 29, 2009 in Chenzhou for case study. This research reproduces the environment scenes simulating the accident happened in Chenzhou with the help of MSTS, including the longitude, the latitude, the landform, the buildings, the platforms, the traffic and the track installment of that time, and represents the real situation taking a driver's field of view. Besides, the research also builds a railway traffic data collecting and analyzing system based on C#, with the help of Cheat Engine, Microsoft Access and Visual Studio 2010. The system can automatically track and analyze the traffic data from Microsoft Train Simulator. This reproduction procedure is with great significance for analyzing the real accident in an Artificial Intelligence way, as well as providing a broad prospect for the practical application of blockchain technology.


Shale from basal Campanian strata of the Anambra Basin has been characterized by geochemical techniques. The aims of this study were to assess the quality of its organic matter, evaluate its thermal evolution and highlight its potential as a source rock. The HI versus Tmax and HI versus OI diagrams were used in classifying the organic matter in the shale indicating the presence of Type III kerogen. Tmax values between 424 and 441oC indicate that the shales are thermally immature to marginally mature with respect to petroleum generation. Hydrogen Index (HI) values range from 13.89 to 38.89mgHC/gTOC while S1 + S2 yields values ranging from 0.19 to 0.78mgHC/g rock, suggesting that the shale have gas generating potential. The TOC of shale samples of the studied Ihube locality ranges from 1.31 to 1.98%, an indication of a good source rock of terrestrially derived organic matter. The high oxygen index (OI) (26.93 mgCO2g TOC) and TS (1.32) suggest deposition in a shallow marine environment. Based on the kerogen type, shales from Ihube, Nkporo Formation will equally generate oil and gas if its organic matter attained sufficient thermal temperature.


Objectives: A recent study described increased L-lactate concentrations in ponies with gastrointestinal disease compared to horses, but blood glucose (BG) concentrations were not considered. The study tested the hypothesis that BG and L-lactate concentrations are correlated in horses and ponies with gastrointestinal disease and that BG concentrations, not equid type (pony vs horse), are an independent predictor of L-lactate concentrations. It was further hypothesized that equid type was an independent predictor of BG concentrations. Design: Retrospective study 2008-2016 Setting: University teaching hospital Animals: Admission data from 545 animals (384 horses and 161 ponies) with gastrointestinal disease. Interventions: Data collected included signalment, clinicopathological findings on admission and nature and location of the gastrointestinal lesion (strangulating vs non-strangulating and large vs small intestinal lesion). The association between admission blood L-lactate concentrations, equid type (pony or horse) and BG concentrations was investigated in a multivariable model. Measurements and Main Results: Admission L-lactate and BG concentrations were strongly correlated (n=522; r=0.63; p<0.001). Ponies had significantly higher L-lactate (2.7mmol/L (0.5-18.0mmol/L) versus 1.4mmol/L (0.3-19mmol/L); p<0.001) and BG concentrations than horses (8.4mmol/L (4.2-24.4mmol/L); 151mg/dL (76-439mg/dL) versus 6.9mmol/L (3.426.8mmol/L); 124mg/dL (61-482mg/dL); p<0.001). In the multivariable analysis, L-lactate concentrations were significantly and positively associated with admission BG concentrations in all animals and also with equid type. For each mmol/L (18mg/dL) increase in BG, L-lactate concentrations increased by 7.9% (5.9, 9.9); p<0.001. In comparison to ponies, L-lactate concentrations were decreased by 27.7% (37.4, 16.5); p<0.001 in horses. Admission BG concentrations were significantly and positively associated with L-lactate concentrations in all animals. For each mmol/L increase in L-lactate concentration, BG concentration increased by 6.2% (4.7, 7.6; p<0.001). Admission BG concentrations were not associated with equid type. Conclusion: Admission BG concentrations and equid type are independent predictors of blood L-lactate concentrations in equids with gastrointestinal disease but their relationship requires further investigation.


As one of the most important components in rotating machinery, rolling bearings are fragile due to their harsh working environment. The empirical wavelet transform (EWT) method has been used to identify bearing faults by constructing an adaptive filter bank and decomposing the vibration signal into different modes. However, the EWT method separates different parts based on the local extremum of the Fourier spectrum. This segmentation strategy is highly susceptible to other components such as gears, and sometimes the fault characteristics of bearings cannot be detected. To overcome the above drawbacks, frequency phase space empirical wavelet transform (FPSEWT) method is proposed in this paper, which divides the spectrum into several parts and uses the Teager energy distribution as a reference for dividing the Fourier spectrum. Then, the differential search (DS) algorithm is applied to automatically identify the optimal right and left boundaries of the sensitive frequency band. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by both simulated signals and experimental data. The fault feature ratio (FFR) values of sensitive components increased from 8.08% to 18.67%, which indicate that the proposed method can successfully extract fault symptoms of rolling element bearings in the presence of environmental disturbance.


The geometry of closed surfaces equipped with a Euclidean metric with finitely many conical points of arbitrary angle is studied. The main result is that the set of closed geodesics is dense in the space of geodesics.


The invention discloses a self-seal hard dual-valve seat of a balance-type valve core. The self-seal hard dual-valve seat comprises a valve cage, a regulating sleeve, a seal ring and the valve core; the seal ring is arranged between the valve cage and positioning steps of the regulation sleeve; and the inner diameter part of the sear ring and the valve core are in contact seal. According to the invention, the seal effect is realized through the deformation of the seal ring through the pressure difference of media at two sides of the seal ring.


Haizi went on the road of writing poems under the influence of the campes culture and the idealism of 1980′s,and he made his own contribution to the modernization and globalization of the new poems.The yeas of 1986 divided Haizi′s writing area into two periods,the former poems are filled with fresh,happy,love and national cultural traditional topics.


This paper describes the study carried out to predict few meteorological parameters of the nextday using the observed parameters of previous day through statistical methods. Multiple linear regression model was formulated for a hill station, Patsio, situated between Manali and Leh, for two winter months(December and January) separately. Twelve meteorological parameters were predicted using 18 predictorsob served on the previous day. Ten years data has been used for the computation of regression coefficients. A  comparison of the forecasted parameters with the observations was made through the regressionmodel. The prediction of the developed regression model was reasonably close to the observations.The relevant statistical error associated with the linear model (standard error) was also estimated. Theoutput of this regression model will be useful in developing knowledge-based and statistical-basedavalanche forecasting model


This essay analyses the advantages and disadvantages of 3D modeling methods and tools.It provides a solution of 3D virtual Real Estate roaming system based on AutoCAD,SketchUp,3DS MAX and VR-Platform,and introduces the system construction process in detail.Finally,it realizes the virtual real estate roaming system and discussed about the concerned technical problems.


Deletion of the late cornified envelope (LCE) proteins LCE3B and LCE3C is a strong and widely replicated psoriasis risk factor. It is amenable to biological analysis because it precludes the expression of two epidermis‐specific proteins, rather than being a single‐nucleotide polymorphism of uncertain significance. The biology of the 18‐member LCE family of highly homologous proteins has remained largely unexplored so far.


We propose the following classification scheme for superconductors, depending on the probable type of electron--electron interaction: A) Semiconductors containing impurities with negative Hubbard energy in which pairs exist in r-space when T>T/sub c/: Pb/sub 1-x/Tl/sub x/Te, Ba(Pb/sub 1-x/Bi/sub x/)O/sub 3/xxx. In this case the superconducting phase transition must compete with the ordering of ions having different charges: Pb/sub 1-x/In/sub x/Te. B) Metals near the metal--insulator transition with virtual two-electron levels near the Fermi level: Na/sub x/WO/sub 3/. C) Metals containing ''active'' atoms (ions) with an odd number of electrons and a small Hubbard energy. We suggest that the contribution of diamagnetic polar configurations to the total energy of the metal can increase when coherent states are formed: Nb, La/sub 3/S/sub 4/, Nb/sub 1-x/Ti/sub x/xxx.


In 40 years of attending conferences of a scientific nature around the world, I have never encountered a workshop/ conference such as the one I attended at Cranfield University on 11 October this year. Entitled "Inhalable toxic chemicals on board aircraft", it was organized and chaired by Professor Jeremy Ramsden, himself not one of the authors of the final report of the "Aircraft Cabin Air Sampling Study" produced by Cranfield University, partly in response to questions raised in the Houses of Parliament concerning reported instances of illness of air crew and passengers, and which triggered the conference. Unfortunately the report has received a great deal of adverse criticism, both from campaigners trying to improve cabin air quality and from scientists, but nevertheless had been used by the UK Transport Minister to declare that air travel was safe and contaminated cabin air was not a problem. I thus attended the conference having read the Cranfield report with an open mind but in the knowledge that the report itself left many unanswered questions, particularly regarding the concentrations of organophosphates measured in the cabin air and the link to illness and indeed the mechanism by which these organophosphates, tricresyl phosphates (TCP), could cause damage to human beings. However, I was unprepared for what followed. I had assumed that the Workshop would answer these questions and that I would be reassured that air travel as a passenger was safe. As the day progressed my comfort zone was severely shaken as the conference provided an eclectic mix of scientific papers and emotional personal diaries of pilots and passengers affected by air travel. The mix of professional science reporting followed almost immediately by evocative and emotional personal stories and some individuals' fights against the system evoked a seesaw of emotions ranging from logical objectivity, empathy and compassion to pride and hope that individuals can fight and win against "big brother" society. The following is a summary of the day's events; the individual presentations and papers are published separately but the overall impression and the questions that followed are reported here in order to give a flavour of the proceedings from a personal point of view. During the day there was considerable humour and the level of sustained interest of the 50 or 60 people present until late at night was quite extraordinary.


The author have developed compact optical isolators operating at 480 nm wavelength with an insertion loss of 1.0 dB, isolation of 30 dB, size of 4 phi *4.5 mm and endurance against laser power of approximately 500 mW using Cd/sub 1-x-y/Mn/sub x/Hg/sub y/Te single crystals for the first time.


Over the last couple of months nearly every news broadcast and newspaper headline has made reference to the 'global financial crisis', the 'credit crunch' or the 'subprime mortgage meltdown'. But what does this mean for your superannuation and your ambitions for retirement?


Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver malignancies. Yet, the outcome of the traditional chemotherapeutic agents in the management of HCC still unsatisfactory, most probably due to their limited therapeutic efficacies. Thus, there is an urgent medical need for alternative therapeutic approaches for fighting HCC. Aim: our study aimed at evaluating the possible synergistic antitumor activity of the herbal alkaloid berberine (BER) with the conventional doxorubicin (DOX) in a DENA-induced HCC rat model. Methods: HCC was induced in male Wistar rats by oral DENA administration in their drinking water (100 mg/L) for 8 weeks. In addition to a positive and negative control groups, a group of animals (10 rats) was given DOX (4× 2.5 mg/kg, i.v., weekly). Another group (10 rats) was given BER (100 mg/kg) by oral gavages daily for one month. A third group (10 rats) was given a combination of both BER and DOX in the above described dose and schedule. Results: Combination between DOX and BER was superior over their corresponding individual administrations as indicated by significant improvement in the overall estimated indices of liver function. Also, in comparison to individual therapy, this combination was obviously more potent to reduce the levels of novel HCC related tumor markers including serum AFP-L3 and tissue levels of Golgi protein 73, and glypican 3. Furthermore, histological investigations and assessments of hepatic tissue levels of some oxidative stress markers strongly confirmed the advantageous effects of combined BER and DOX in fighting DENA-induced HCC. Conclusion: our study conclusively revealed that combining BER with DOX exhibited a promising preclinical anticancer efficacy and could be considered as a novel strategy to synergistically combat HCC in clinical practices.


In this article, we address the low-frequency dynamics of a turbulent separation bubble (TSB) with a mean length of Lb ≈ 0.18 m that occurs in a one-sided diffuser at an inflow velocity of U∞ = 20 m/s. Distinct low-frequency content at Strouhal numbers of O(f Lb/U∞) = 0.01 is detected through time-resolved wall pressure measurements. By applying Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition to velocity fluctuations in the diffuser symmetry plane, these pressure fluctuations can be linked to a large-scale longitudinal contraction/expansion motion falling into the same frequency range. Further velocity field measurements in cross-sections of one diffuser half-plane indicate that the mean flow field of the TSB is characterized by a near-surface outward-directed velocity component and a large-scale streamwise side wall vortex. During the expanded TSB state, however, these flow features are suppressed as the streamwise velocity is temporarily increased near the side wall but reduced near the symmetry plane. The results presented in this article suggest that the low-frequency breathing motion is a highly three-dimensional phenomenon. Future studies should address the associated complex dynamics that are shown to be governed by aperiodic events of temporary TSB expansion.


Contrastive analysis of the performance of 7 classical polarimetric detectors is presented for multi-look case after extending the identity likelihood ratio test (ILRT), the optimal span detector (OSD) and the single channel detector (SCD). The ideal detection performances of the optimal polarimetric detector (MOPD), the multi-look polarimetric matched filter (MPMF), the multi-look polarimetric whitening filter (MPWF), the multi-look span detector (MSD) and the above three after extended are compared by using Monte Carlo simulations and the analytical method respectively, since two kinds of general mathematical expressions of the theoretical performances of the SD, OSD and SCD are derived for multi-look case. Area under the ROC curve (AUC index) and the concept of 'gain of multi-look processing' are first used to evaluate these detectors, while the results indicate that the optimum number of nominal look is 4 for polarimetric radar under low and medium resolution, and the ranking result for 4-look case is obtained, that is, OPD > MPWF ≈ MILRT (multi-look ILRT) > MOSD > MPMF ≈ MSD > MSCD. The adaptive detection performances are analyzed at the same time, which demonstrates that polarimetric detectors perform well when observation number is greater than 32 for 4-look case while 64 for single-look case. Finally, a novel approach to compute the CFAR threshold of the span detectors is proposed by using the theoretical threshold derived in this paper.


Kim Jong-sam, one of Korean post-war poets, has unique poetics in Korean poetry history. In his poetry, we can find imperfect sentences, grammatical errors, ellipsis and some jumps in the logic. But they are not foolish grammatical errors but results from the rhetorical intention. His poetics is that of catachresis, one of rhetorical concept. Catachresis is the apparently inappropriate substitution of one word for another. As it refuses the order of reason, it's metaphysical background is similar to the philosophy of postmodernism. Catachresis is an inevitable rhetorical concept in a post-war condition in which God had perished. The frequent emergence of catachresis in poetry is a symptom of the death instinct and nihilism. Catachresis in Kim Jong-sam's poetry is another symptom of his pessimism. (Seoul National University)


The mathematics curriculum in the UK has changed dramatically over the last ten years and mental calculation strategies have attained a dominant position in the primary curriculum. Drawing on data from a study of trainee teachers" competence in mental mathematics, this study explores the implications of the change in curriculum focus for trainees" capacity to work "connectedly" within the context of mental mathematics. The results and analysis of the test of trainee teachers" competence and their procedural preferences provide very little evidence of connected thinking. The differences and evidence of success associated with different operations suggest that they may experience and perceive mental mathematics, not as a whole, but as an assortment of disparate procedures. The study highlights the need to address the way in which calculation is covered on courses of initial teacher training.


5085 Background: Orchiectomy is curative in 50–80% of patients (pts) with clinical stage I testicular germ cell cancer (CSITC) and modern chemotherapy at the time of relapse is nearly always curative. Traditional management in the US and Europe, which includes retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) or adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy, imposes a significant treatment burden on all patients with CSITC. This study investigated outcomes of active surveillance in all pts with CSITC, with additional post-orchiectomy therapy reserved for only those pts who recur. Methods: Since 1998, Oregon Health & Science University's institutional policy has been to recommend active surveillance alone to all CSITC pts after orchiectomy, independent of known risk factors. We retrospectively identified and reviewed the charts of 90 pts with CSITC treated between 1998 and 2006. Prognostic factors for relapse, time to relapse, post-orchiectomy treatment required, and overall survival rates were tabulated. Results: Of the...


The sharp seasonal fluctuations in gas consumption in the domestic sector and prioritizing this segment have led to serious gas supply problems in other subdivisions, such as power plants during cool seasons. One of the approaches presented in this field is storing liquefied natural gas in warm seasons and using it during the colder seasons to supply the power required for power plants. In this regard, processes were selected based on the capacity required for storing liquefaction units over a 200-day period for a commonly combined cycle power plant with a power generating capacity of 332 MW. In this study, the simple expanders – nitrogen and two expander – nitrogen liquefaction processes have been evaluated. Changes in environmental and operating conditions (such as changes in discharge, pressure, temperature, and composition percentage of natural feed gas components) are problems that peak shaving units will face permanently. As a result, low sensitivity to changing conditions is one of the important criteria in choosing the right process. In this study, the dimensionless sensitivity analysis method was used to study the behavior of liquefaction cycles. The results show that the simple expander – nitrogen process has a higher power consumption. The sensitivity to changing environmental and operating conditions for the two-expander process is 70% lower than that of the simple expander – nitrogen process. Also, the uncertainty in power consumption overall values is 2.58% for the simple expander – nitrogen process and 1.14% for two expander – nitrogen process.


Metagenomic analysis based on shotgun sequencing data provides a critical avenue for learning about the composition of microbial communities found in environmental or human samples. In the context of medicine, accurate estimation of the microbial community composition found in human samples can be critical to understanding the role viruses and bacteria play in the human body, as well as to diagnosing patients. Many prevalent methods for estimation of genome relative abundance (GRA) rely on direct summarization of alignment results and often result in biased or unstable estimates [1]. Machine learning and statistical methods designed for accurate and efficient estimation offer an alternative to such methods. Xia et al. [1] proposed GRAMMy, a model for estimating GRA using the EM algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation. The GRA is modelled as a finite mixture model from which reads are drawn, and the role of the algorithm is to estimate this mixture. The model achieves very high accuracy estimates. One of the limitations of the GRAMMy model, however, is that its computational implementation requires serial computation performed on a single machine which for rapidly growing read sizes is a significant limitation. Here we provide a brief overview of the biological setting of the estimation problem, overview the EM algorithm used, and show how it can be parallelized.


The purpose of the present research was to study th e effect of caffeine consumption on arousal, activation, and dart-throwing performance at differ ent times of day. Based on previous works "arousal" has been defined as the energetic state a t any particular time and task-related "activation" as the task-related change in state from re sting baseline to the task situation. 24 participants (mean and standard deviation of 21.86 ± 2.20 years of age) participated in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled repeated-measures cstudy and were studied for 6 weeks and 1 session per week in order to measuring arousal, activation, and dart-throwing performance in the morning and evening. In this study, an increase in skin conductance level (SCL) was used as the marker of arousal increase. The res ults of repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that caffeine and placebo ingestio n lead to increased arousal and activation but it does not affect dart-throwing performance. Furth er, time of day did not affect the results.


The purpose of this paper is to explore the theories pertaining to the dynamics of contextual factors, technology paradox, and job performance of employees so as to answer specific questions related to the theories' progressive advancement, and to evaluate the relationships among them in the context of mobile phones, using the evidence-based systematic review methodology. The term technology paradox has evolved over past decades, and theories have been postulated to explain its nature and relationships with its antecedents and outcomes; however, there is a dearth in the integrative models. Thus, the theory of paradox has been combined with other theoretical lenses to conceptualize tensions and responses to enrich extant theories on technology paradox and job performance. The finding of the study identifies seven research gaps in the available literature, which need to be plugged so that a holistic model is developed to address the interrelationships among the aforementioned research constructs.


Following a recent report of unexpectedly high affinity of 5-azidoimidacloprid to insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, derivatives with four halogen atoms and cyano and nitro were prepared, and the insecticidal effect was evaluated in American cockroaches by injection alone and with synergists, piperonyl butoxide and propargyl propyl benzenephosphonate. The log (1/MLD) value, the minimal lethal dose in mol, was 8.96 for imidacloprid, and 8.82 for the fluoro derivative. The other derivatives were less active. Synergists enhanced the activity of all compounds. The log (1/MLD) value for 5-azidoimidacloprid, 7.37 without or 8.18 with synergists, was not striking in this experiment. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan


There is considerable evidence that many Americans do not possess the essential knowledge needed to develop realistic retirement goals along with the saving and investment strategies necessary to attain their retirement goals. Given the low level of saving by many households, the need for enhanced financial education to improve the level of financial literacy is an important policy issue. Employer-sponsored education programs can play a major role in disseminating specific information in order to increase the knowledge related to retirement planning.


The application of electrolyte additives is one of the most efficient methods to improve Li-ion battery performances. Among a variety of additives, vinylene carbonate (VC) has been widely studies in different Li-ion systems and showed many advantages.[1] As a reductive agent, VC additive preferentially reduced before the cointercalation of the solvent and generate a better solid electrolyte intherphase (SEI), which contribute better electrochemical performance of the battery. Moreover, VC was also found to have positive effect on the thermal stability of the cell. Methyl difluoroacetate (MFA) is a fluorine-contained organic solvent and has good thermal stability coexisted with Li metal or lithiated carbon negative electrode. It has been studied as a competitive candidate for making a safer electrolyte.[2] However, the electrochemical performance of the MFA-based electrolyte was still need to be improved. Sato [3] found that adding VC to LiPF6/MFA electrolyte could improve the cycling performance of the cell greatly. Moreover, the good thermal stability of LiPF6/MFA electrolyte was remained. Although the beneficial role of VC additive on LiPF6/ MFA electrolyte has been demonstrated, detail studies on the effect of VC are still need to be carried out, especially the mechanism of SEI formation with VC additive in electrolyte. In the present work, DSC and TG-MS analysis were carried out to study the thermal behavior of graphite electrode cycled in MFA/VC-based electrolyte. The effect of VC on SEI formation in MFA electrolyte was then investigated. MFA (Daikin Fine Chemical) was used after being dehydrated by molecular sieves. 1 mol dm LiPF6/MFA electrolyte was prepared in Ar-fillled glove-box. Electrodes containing 95 wt.% graphite (LF-18D, Chuestu Graphite) and 5 wt.% PVdF were coupled with lithium foil in coin cells. After electrochemical pretreatment, the negative electrode was taken out from the cell, washed with DMC and vacuum-dried for 12 hours. For TG-MS analysis, each sample was packed into a stainless steel pan and transferred into TG chamber located in the glovebox. With increasing the temperature to 700C at a rate of 5C/min under helium flow, the gaseous species released from the sample were monitored by MS. For DSC measurement, the sample was crimp-sealed in a stainless steel pan. The temperature profile of solvent, electrolyte or mixture of electrolyte and electrode was carried out by a TG-DSC system. During measurement, the TG signal was monitored simultaneously to confirm that there was no leakage. The cycling performances of the cells with different VC concentration in the electrolyte for ten cycles were investigated. By adding 1, 3, and 5% VC in the electrolyte, the specific capacity and cycling efficiency of the cells were improved greatly. But it was noticed that although 3% and 5% VC additives provided higher discharge capacity at the beginning than 1% VC, cycling efficiency of the former two decreased rapidly than the latter. After ten cycles, the cells with 1%VC additive showed stable and highest capacity among all cells. On the other hand, adding of VC into the MFA electrolyte decreased the irreversible capacity of the first cycle, which indicated at thinner SEI was formed on the graphite negative electrode with MFA/VC electrolyte. By using impedance measurement, the supposition was approved because internal resistance of the battery decreased with application of VC additive. For all delithiated graphite electrode cycled in MFA electrolyte with different VC concentration, CO2 and CO were found to be main components of gas species during TG-MS analysis. No fluorine-contained gas species were detected. Figure 1 shows the m/z=44 (CO2) mass signal of delithiated graphite electrode powder obtained with different VC concentration. When VC was added into the electrolyte, much larger MS signal from the delithiated graphite was detected. It indicated that the SEI formed with VC contained much more organic components than that formed in MFA electrolyte only even with thinner SEI. Considering of the difference of SEI thickness, the SEI formed with VC additive should has higher content of organic components. This phenomenon should caused by the preferential reduction of VC before MFA was reduce to form SEI during cointercalation. However, the SEI formed with 1%VC were found be have different organic component ratio with that formed with 3 and 5%VC because the amount of CO2 released at 220 and 430C were quiet different between them. It might be the reason for different electrochemical performance between them. It was supposed that too thick SEI was formed with superfluous VC additive and became a barrier for Li ion translation. Detailed discussion will be presented in the meeting. Acknowledgement This work was financially supported by the Li-EAD project of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan. Reference [1] S. S. Zhang, J. Power Sources 162 (2006) 1379-1394. [2] M. Ihara, B. T. Hang, K. Sato, M. Egashira, S. Okada, J. Yamaki, J. Electrochem. Soc. 150 (2003) A1476A1483. [3] K. Sato, S. Okad, J. Yamaki, to be submitted.


The effect of the layered surface tissues of the head on the measurement of brain oxygenation by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been investigated by both time-of-flight measurement and Monte Carlo simulation on models consisting of three or four separate layered homogeneous media. The clear cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) layer surrounding the brain has previously been shown to significantly affect light distribution, and in the head the brain surface is deeply folded with many CSF filled sulci. Therefore the most sophisticated model has four layers including a clear 'CSF' layer containing slots imitating sulci on the brain. Simpler models are also used and the light distributions in each are compared to examine the effect of the CSF layer. The mean optical pathlength of each model calculated from the temporal point spread function (TPSF) of the time-of-flight measurement agrees well with the Monte Carlo prediction. The fractional pathlength in each of the layers and the spatial sensitivity profile, which indicates the volume of tissue interrogated, are calculated by the Monte Carlo method. Results show that the light distribution in the head is highly affected by the existence of the clear CSF layer, and the optical pathlength and spatial sensitivity profile in the models with a clear layer are quite different from those without. However the presence of the sulci hardly affect the light distribution, the results from the sophisticated brain model with sulci being almost the same as those of the model with a simple CSF layer.


The wormhole attack is one of the most severe security attacks in wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, we analyze the effect of the wormhole attack in shortest path routing protocols. Using analytical and simulation results, we show that a strategic placement of the wormhole can disrupt on average 32% of all communications across the network. We also analyze a more severe attack in which several attackers make wormholes between each other and give an upper bound on the average number of communications that can be disrupted. Finally, we propose a new robust and secure on-demand distance vector routing protocol which is able to route packets as long as there is a non-faulty path between the source and the destination.


The immune response of the rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta ) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine γ globulin (BGG) has been examined by simultaneous injection of the two antigens isotopically labeled with 125 I and 131 I, respectively. The kinetics of both antigen elimination and antibody synthesis varied widely within the group of animals studied. BSA was exponentially eliminated from the circulation with a half-life of 7.5 ± 0.7 days and BGG with a half-life of 2.7 ± 0.6 days. Circulating anti-BSA antibody was initially detectable 17.0 ± 3.2 days after injection of antigen in the primary response and 10.2 ± 3.8 days after injection of antigen in the secondary response. Anti-BGG antibody was first detected at 16.4 ± 5.3 days in the primary response and at 10.3 ± 2.1 days in the secondary response. A frequent lack of correlation was observed between anti-BSA hemagglutination titers and ammonium sulfate binding measurements even though only IgG-type antibody was demonstrable in most instances. This was interpreted to indicate an intra-class heterogeneity of IgG antibody with respect to hemagglutinating activity. Primary anti-BSA and anti-BGG antibody responses of both the IgG and mixed IgG-IgM types were detected. In the latter type of response, IgG and IgM antibody appeared simultaneously. IgM-type antibody was observed for only the first 6 to 8 days of the response, only IgG antibody being present thereafter. In the secondary response to both antigens, all monkeys produced IgG antibody alone, except for one animal in which an immunoglobulin thought to be IgA exhibited anti-BSA binding activity for a period of 9 days.


Flood disasters are one of the most serious meteorological disasters in China. With the rapid development of information technology, individual monitoring tools could not meet the need for flood disaster monitoring. Therefore, a new integrated air-space-ground method, based on combined satellite remote sensing, unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing and field measurement technology, has been proposed to monitor and assess flood disasters caused by a dam failure in Poyang County, Jiangxi Province. In this paper, based on an air-space-ground investigation system, the general flooded areas, severely affected areas, and more severely affected areas were 53.18 km2, 12.61 km2 and 6.98 km2, respectively. The size of the dam break gap was about 65 m and 34.7 m on 22 and 23 June. The assessment precision was better than 98%, and the root mean square error (RMSE) was 0.86 m. The method could meet the needs for flood disaster information at different spatiotemporal scales, such as macro scale, medium scale and local small scale. The integrated monitoring of flood disasters was carried out to provide the whole process and all-round information on flood evolution dynamics, the disaster development process for flood disaster monitoring and emergency assessment, and holographic information for emergency rescue and disaster reduction, as well as to meet the need for different temporal and spatial scales of information in the process of disaster emergencies.


Plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) are often regarded as pests when their population densities exceed a certain threshold. Vegetation restoration measures are commonly used for the ecological control of pikas. Nevertheless, it is not known how effective these measures are, and if effective, which factors are responsible for the decline in pika densities. Four commonly used grassland restoration measures: exclosure [E], exclosure/fertilized [EF], exclosure/overseeding [EO], exclosure/fertilization/over‐seeding [EOF], were implemented in grasslands degraded by high densities of pikas, and the pika density (PD) and vegetation traits in each treatment plot were monitored for 4 consecutive years. Neither the PD nor the vegetation composition was affected by any of the vegetation restoration measures within the first year. From the second year onwards, all the vegetation restoration measures had a significant effect on the vegetation composition and structure, such as an increase in the height, cover, and biomass. All the vegetation restoration measures, except E, had a significant suppressive effect on pika densities as time progressed, with the combination EOF measure having the largest effect. The stepwise regression analysis indicated that the vegetation height is the main factor that determines the PD. Similarly, structural equation modelling showed that vegetation restoration measures reduce PD primarily by increasing vegetation height. This may be because the height of the vegetation is closely correlated to the predation risk of pikas. Our results highlight the importance of vegetation height in pika management, suggesting that the key to successful pika management is to find a sustainable grazing system, which is beneficial to the growth of the dominant graminoids and maintains a high plant diversity for the sustainability of grassland ecosystems.


This study looks at the question of whether soybeans, soybean meal, and soybean oil produced in the United States and exported were part of a single, world geographic market during the decade of the 1980s. An answer to this question is sought using an approach to defining a geographic market based on the notion of instantaneous causality. The empirical results suggest that there was but a single identifiable world market for these commodities over the period of study.


Wound healing is achieved through a normal biological process in the human body with four precisely and highly programmed phases: Hemostasis, Inflammation, Proliferation, and Restoration. Successful wound healing must occur with the proper sequence of phases and time frame. Interference of many factors like bacterial infection, diabetes, obesity, smoking, and nutrition causing impaired wound healing. This article reviews the recent literature on wound healing ability of antibiotics and metallic nanoparticles. Influence of these factors on repair may lead to better understanding of the combination of antibiotics with different types of metallic nanoparticles to therapeutics that improve wound healing and resolve impaired wounds. Different types of antibiotics were used to release the pressure of infections which obliviously affect the wound healing process. Development of novel and potent bactericidal agents is of great clinical importance due to novel strains of the bacteria and other infectious microorganisms. Metallic Nanoparticles were investigated intensively due to their superior properties in physical, chemical, and biological aspects. It is essential to maximizing the proper knowledge of these properties and potential applications of Metallic Nanoparticles in several areas while minimizing their risks to humans and the environment. The aim of this paper to critically review metallic Nanoparticles from the perspectives of research trends in bacterial infection in Wound healing.


After implementing Evidence Regulation, the necessity and possibility with perfect procedure has been analysed before examining, and proposed the imagination of perfecting; Restrain degree , evidence from exchanging new evidence systems etc. On the basis that the question existing in the course is analysed when to put the proof, offered suggestion of reforming, namely confirmed and put time limit , restriction to proof rationally that is postponed putting to the proof, do well the evidence to exchange.When the condition is fine, cancelling the new evidence system,reducing waste of judicial resources, guaranteeing that the lawsuit is high-efficient.


An experiment investigated the influence of vocal intonation on children's processing of explicit and implicit text concepts. Children at two age levels (5 & 7 year olds) listened to narratives in which the story characters' affective tones were either consistent or inconsistent with story content. The children's comprehension of the narratives was assessed through a cued recall, recognition, and free recall task. Overall, the discrepant cues tended to affect children's processing of implicit but not explicit text material. Several age level differences were also observed. The cues influenced the older but not the younger children's speed of processing implicit information. On the other hand, vocal intonation affected the younger but not the older children's appraisals of story outcome. It was speculated that young children assign more weight to vocal information in making assessments of story outcome than do older children.


We have performed micromagnetic simulations to investigate the magnetic behavior of exchange spring grains for hard disk recording applications. The thickness ratio between magnetically hard and soft layers was varied while the soft layer anisotropy was altered to maintain a suitable energy barrier between opposite magnetization states. The minimum required magnetic field for switching a grain and the corresponding field angle were both significantly reduced in exchange spring material compared with single-phase grains. This could lead to reduced cross-track write errors in hard drive systems and assist the development of magnetic multilayer recording technologies.


We study a family of (potentially non-convex) constrained optimization problems with convex composite structure. Through a novel analysis of non-smooth geometry, we show that proximal-type algorithms applied to exact penalty formulations of such problems exhibit local linear convergence under a quadratic growth condition, which the compositional structure we consider ensures. The main application of our results is to low-rank semidefinite optimization with Burer-Monteiro factorizations. We precisely identify the conditions for quadratic growth in the factorized problem via structures in the semidefinite problem, which could be of independent interest for understanding matrix factorization.


BACKGROUND
Considerable research has increased our understanding of antibiotic prescribing practices in hospital settings when it comes to nosocomial pneumonia. Much less is known about the antibiotic prescribing patterns for hospitalized non-critically ill patients with nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP).

OBJECTIVE
As part of a multisite quality improvement project, we sought to examine patterns of antibiotic prescription among healthcare providers as a function of underlying comorbid, functional, and clinical factors.

SETTING
Three tertiary care centers.

INTERVENTION
Chart reviews of 397 individual admissions were performed on patients admitted from nursing homes with the diagnosis of pneumonia between January 2005 and September 2007.

RESULTS
Compliance with national guidelines for the treatment of NHAP was poor. Overall, the 3 most commonly used compounds for inpatient treatment were fluoroquinolones (51.4%), ceftriaxone (45.0%), and azithromycin (42.1%). Monotherapy was prescribed in 57.1%. Fluoroquinolones represented 79.5% of these cases. Patients with higher acuity of illness were more likely to receive a combination of vancomycin plus piperacillin/tazobactam (P < 0.001). Median duration of treatment was 8.0 (range, 3-21) days. Stratified analyses showed that combination therapy was used more often on University-affiliated services than on private service (54% vs. 35%; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
There was poor adherence with antibiotic guidelines for the treatment of NHAP. In the absence of outcome data on guidelines compliance, antibiotic use was influenced by patients' age, severity of illness, and providers' academic affiliation. Future research should focus on outcome measures and physicians factors that influence nonadherence.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To improve compression performance by dividing respective languages or the respective kinds of the characters of different statistical properties within the respective languages and compressing them for a unicode or the like for instance for which the different languages coexist. SOLUTION: For compression, after separating a data string into language strings for the respective languages discriminated in a language discrimination means 10 in a language string separation means 12, they are compressed in a language string compression means 14. For restoration, from the respective language strings restored in a language string restoration means 20, the data string where the plural kinds of language codes coexist is restored by a language string reconstitution means 22. In the case of Japanese source data, division for each different byte constitution or the division for each character kind inside the code is performed and the compression and the restoration are performed. Further, the compression and the restoration can be performed by unifying the byte constitution.


Abstract Many scholarly works have identified potential strategies for hiring underrepresented minority faculty members. However, no known nationwide study of business schools has explored whether these various strategies are associated with more faculty diversity. The authors explored best practices in corporations and higher education in the following areas: diversity priorities, strategic planning, outreach to underrepresented minority communities, administrative structures, and diversity training. The nationwide survey of business school deans showed that authority structures, which have proven to work in business, also are effective in academia. Similar to business results, training programs by themselves do not seem to be effective in increasing diversity.


Aims: Qualitative assessment of rice bran supplemented bread with local breads. Study Design: The study was designed to identify good quality bread between rice bran supplemented bread and local breads. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Five different varieties of rice brans (BR-5, BR-10, BRRI28, BRRI-39, and Kalijira) were collected from Noor-Habib Grain Industries Ltd. Sopura, Rajshahi, Janata Auto Rice and Flour Mills Ltd.Bogura, North Bengal Auto Rice Mills, Naogan, Biswas Rice Mills, Natore, and Chaudhuri Auto Rice Mills Dinajpur respectively. The research was carried out at Natural Products Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Laboratories, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Original Research Article Rahman et al.; EJNFS, 11(3): 108-113, 2019; Article no.EJNFS.2019.017 109 Methodology: A comparative analysis of prepared rice bran supplemented bread and locally available bread has been done for the parameters such as moisture, ash, Fiber, Fat, protein, carbohydrate, total sugar, saponification value, FFAs and iodine value. Results: The prepared rice bran bread contained wheat flour and five different varieties of rice bran named BR-5, BR-10, BRRI-28, BRRI-39 and kalijira. The physicochemical characteristics of prepared rice bran supplemented bread such as moisture, ash, Fiber, Fat, protein, carbohydrate, total sugar, saponification value, FFA and iodine value were varied from 26.0-28.4 %, 2.17-2.83%, 1.54-1.96%, 6.95-8.04%, 6.64-7.25%, 43.2-46.3%, 5.60-6.80%, 150-169 mg KOH/g fat,1.16-1.51 mg KOH/g fat,92.1-100 g I2/100 g fat respectively. On the other hand, physicochemical characteristics of locally available bread like moisture, ash, Fiber, Fat, protein, carbohydrate, total sugar, saponification value, FFA and iodine value were found to be ranged from 31.1-32.9%, 2.702.93%, 2.04-2.61%, 7.91-8.12%, 5.49-6.21%, 39.9-41.4%, 7.13-8.61%, 138-149 mg KOH/g fat, 1.63-1.86 mg KOH/g fat, 57.4-71.0 g I2/100 g fat respectively. Conclusion: It may be concluded that prepared rice bran supplemented bread might be considered superior quality than the locally available bread.


Surface modification of the electrodes was conducted from sulfuric acid solutions containing the corresponding metal-chloride complexes using cyclic voltam- metry. Comparing the charges of the hydrogen underpotential deposition region, and the corresponding oxide reduction regions, it is concluded that a platinum overlayer on gold forms 3D islands, while gold on platinum forms 2D islands. Foreign metals present in an amount of up to one monolayer exert an influence on the change in re- action rate with respect to both hydrogen evolution (HER) and oxygen reduction (ORR) reactions. A platinum overlayer on a gold substrate increases the activity for HER and for ORR, compared with pure gold. These results can be understood in terms of a simple model, in which the change in the H and OH binding energies are directly proportional to the shift of the d-bond center of the overlayer. On the con- trary, a gold layer on platinum slightly decreases the activity for both reactions compared with pure platinum.


In this article we present preliminary results of finite difference time domain simulation of blue phase liquid crystal using commercial software (Lumerical FDTD Solutions). Blue phases exist in highly chiral liquid crystals just below the clearing temperature. Natural temperature range of this phase is very small (~1° C) which severely limits their finding any practical application. After polymer stabilization significantly increased the temperature range they have emerged as a potential candidate material for future displays.
Finite difference time domain (FDTD) method solves Maxwell equations by discretising them in time and space and evaluating them in a leap frog manner. Starting from the director field model of BP-II, we deduce the direction cosines of all the molecules in the unit cell, which is composed of double twisted cylinders (DTC). As a first order approximation space in the unit cell outside any DTC is assumed to be isotropic. It can be clearly seen that the light with same handedness as that of helical twist get strongly reflected whereas the other handedness does not see the bandgap. The work on extension of this model is ongoing.


O-City is a non-profit project funded by European Union with the aim of promoting Orange Economy throughout education and collaboration among municipalities, educational entities and businesses. This project has two main assets, the O-City e-learning platform and the O-City World platform. This paper presents the technical aspects of the O-City World platform, which is a digital application that allows interaction among cities, educators and professionals. This platform has a role-based access control with seven different users able to perform different functionalities. Thanks to the collaboration among these stakeholders the platform is growing exponentially.


This article explores how the American public weighs tradeoffs between foreign and compatriot fatalities during war. This focus provides an important window into the meaning and significance of citizenship and national identity and, in turn, the most fateful consequences of inclusion and exclusion in the international context. To examine these attitudes, we conducted an original survey experiment asking subjects to consider a fictional US military operation in Afghanistan. We find that: (1) Americans are significantly more willing to accept the collateral deaths of foreign civilians as compared to American civilians in operations aiming to destroy important military targets; (2) Americans are less willing to risk the lives of American soldiers to minimize collateral harm to foreign civilians as compared to American civilians; (3) Americans who express relatively more favorable views of the United States compared to other nations are more willing to accept foreign collateral deaths in US military operations; and (4) Americans are more willing to accept Afghan civilian collateral deaths than those of citizens from a neutral state, such as India. Many Americans recognize that placing a much higher value on compatriot lives over foreign lives is morally problematic, but choose to do so anyway.


In this paper, partial cavitation over axisymmetric bodies have been solved, using the Boundary Element Method (BEM), based on potential. In this method, the cavity and the wetted surface of the body will be estimated by panels. Then, the cavitation will be modeled, by means of Green's third identity integral. For this purpose, the rings of the sources are distributed on the cavity surface, and the ring of the dipoles are distributed on the body and the cavity surface. The high speed and also proper accuracy in calculating the geometry of the cavity and the drag coefficient are considerable advantages of this method.


Information extraction and analysis from the enormous graph data is expanding rapidly. From the survey, it is observed that 80% of researchers spend more than 40% of their project time in data cleaning. This signifies a huge need for data cleaning. Due to the characteristics of big data, the storage and retrieval is another major concern and is addressed by data indexing. The existing data cleaning techniques try to clean the graph data based on information like structural attributes and event log sequences. The cleaning of graph data on a single piece of information alone will not increase the performance of computation. Along with node, the label can also be inconsistent, so it is highly desirable to clean both to improve the performance. This paper addresses aforesaid issue by proposing graph data cleaning algorithm to detect the unstructured information along with inconsistent labeling and clean the data by applying rules and verify based on data inconsistency. The authors propose an indexing algorithm based on CSS-tree to build an efficient and scalable graph indexing on top of Hadoop.


1. Production of Fine Particles by Comminution.- Comminution Energy Reduction by Two-Stage Classification.- Power Requirements for Ultrafine Grinding and Drying of Low-Rank Coals in a Fluid-Energy Mill.- Problems Inherent in Using the Population Balance Model for Wet Grinding in Ball Mills.- Correlation of Adsorption of Surfactants with Fracture and Grinding of Quartz.- Comminution and Ash Reduction of Coal Particles.- 2. Sizing, Mixing and Flow Properties.- Rheology of Concentrated Suspensions.- Rheological and Transport Analysis of Micronized Coal-Water Suspensions Prepared in Conventional and High-Speed Stirred Ball Mills.- Velocity of Variously Shaped Particles Settling in Non-Newtonian Fluids.- Detailed Flow Patterns in the Cylindrical Cyclone Dust Collector.- Universal Blender for Cohesive and Free Flowing Powders.- 3. Surface and Colloidal Phenomena in Fine Particle Processes.- The Role of Particle Forces in Determining the Rheological Properties of Concentrated Dispersions.- Selective Separation of Fine Particles at a Charged Solid/Liquid Interface.- Adsorption of Collectors on Minerals Effects of Lateral Interaction and Molecular Size.- Adsorption and Wetting Characteristics of Pure Non-Metallic Minerals in Contact with Cationic Surfactants.- Surface Characterization of Surfactant-Modified Colloidal Alumina.- Fourier Bessel Characterization of Polished Metal Surfaces.- 4. Surface and Colloidal Chemistry in the Processing of Clays.- Interparticle Forces of Clays.- Application of SIMS to the Study of Polycation Adsorption on Kaolin.- The Behavior of Polyelectrolyte Adsorption on Kaolin.- Ultrasonic Gelling of Channelized 2:1 Clay In Ionic Media.- 5. Processing of Fine Particles by Flocculation and Dispersion.- Effects of Polyacrylic Acid Concentration on Its Conformation and on the Stability of Alumina Suspensions.- Shear Flocculation and Flotation of Galena and Synthetic PbS.- The Hydrophobic Aggregation Flotation of Rutile Particles.- Selective Flocculation of Chrysocolla Fines with Anionic Polyacrylamide/Acrylate Polymer.- Thermodynamics of Adsorption of a Hydrophobic Polymeric Flocculant on Coal, Pyrite and Shale Minerals.- Synthetic Copolymers Tailor-Made for the pH Controlled Selective Flocculation of Extrafine Dispersions of Ilmenite with Respect to Rutile.- Selective Deslimings of Fine Iron Ores Based on Aggregation Between Magnetite and Hematite.- 6. Separation of Fine Particles by Flotation.- High Speed Photographic Investigation of Coal Flotation.- A Study of Surfactant/Oil Emulsions for Fine Coal Flotation.- Sequential Separation of Carbonate and Siliceous Gangue Minerais During Phosphate Ore Processing.- Split Flotation of Calcite from Wollastonite and Microcline The Calcite Rich Wollastonite Ore of Northern Sweden.- Operating Parameters in the Column Flotation of Alabama Oil Shale.- 7. Fine Particle Processing with Multiple Physical, Chemical and Biological Phenomena.- Grinding and Flotation Characterized with the Parameter Action.- Upgrading Fine-Grained Iron Ores.- Processing of Hematitic Iron Ores.- Ore and Coal Processing with the Turbocharger Electrostatic Separator.- Biometallurgy for Manganese and Copper Ores.- Silver Recovery Through Molten Salt Destruction of Sludges and Other Solids.- Pilot Scale Ferrous and Sulfide Metals Treatment in Wastewater Cleanup.- Author Index.


ABSTRACT Using public administration theory, we examine whether professionalized or closed bureaucracy are associated with individual participation in startups and whether these associations are contingent on the level of economic development of a country. We use a novel cross-national 2015 dataset of bureaucratic structures and a sample of 106,818 individuals from 22 countries from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey. Our findings indicate that both closed and professional public administrations lower the odds of being in a startup. Furthermore, we find that the underlying economic conditions within countries can moderate these relationships. Specifically, our results indicate that the negative relationship between both closed and professional public administrations and the odds of being in a startup is amplified in low-income countries.


Interspecific hybridization has resulted in the recent origin of several hybrid Senecio taxa at diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid levels. As part of research aimed at constructing and comparing genomic maps of each of these taxa and their parents, we have isolated microsatellite loci from genomic DNA libraries of S. vulgaris and S. squalidus. Primers of 35 loci amplified microsatellites resolved in agarose gels from one or more of S. vulgaris, S. squalidus, S. aethnensis and S. chrysanthemifolius. Approximately 71% of primers amplified a product in all four species. A survey of microsatellite variation in S. chrysanthemifolius over a subset of 14 loci resolved 2–11 alleles per locus in polyacrylamide gels with expected heterozygosity (HE) ranging from 0.26 to 0.87.


Objective To investigate the related factors for delayed postcraniotomy intracranial hematoma. Methods Clinical data were collected from 271 hospitalized patients admitted from Jan. 2007 to Apr. 2011,the related factors of the postcraniotomy intracranial hematoma were statistically analyzed by univariate and multivariate binary Logistic regression. Results 52 patients had delayed postoperative traumatic intracra-nial hematoma. 12 factors such as continuing coma,positive Babinski sign,skull fractured had significant differences(P0.05). By multivariate analy-sis in which showed that the thrombin time(P=0.027,OR=1.154),positive Babinski sign(P=0.000,OR=4.107),skull fracture(P=0.000,OR=4.980) were the independent risk factors for delayed postcraniotomy intracranial hematoma,while surgical opportunity was the protective factor(P =0.016,OR=0.91). Conclusion Severe traumatic brain injury patients treated by early operation,with continuing coma,accompanied with positive Babinski sign as well as prolonged thrombin time were probably to have postcraniotomy intracranial hematoma.


With the emergence of various applications that have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, the capability of a network to support QoS becomes more and more important and necessary. This dissertation explores QoS in Cognitive Packet Networks (CPN) by using adaptive routing, flow and congestion control.
We present a detailed description and analysis of our proposed routing algorithms based on single and multiple QoS constraints. An online estimation of packet loss rate over a path is introduced. We implement and evaluate the adaptive routing scheme in an experimental CPN test-bed. Our experiments support our claims that the users can achieve their desired best-effort QoS through this routing scheme.
We also propose a QoS-based flow and congestion control scheme that is built in the transport layer and specially designed to work with CPN to support users' QoS while remaining friendly to TCP. Theoretical models and experimental analysis are presented. Finally we experimentally demonstrate that the proposed flow and congestion control scheme can effectively control the input flows, react to the congestion and work with our proposed adaptive routing scheme to achieve users' QoS.


Abstract : Research on directed energy source processing of hard-iron base materials demonstrates the effect of environment, alloy chemistry and processing parameters on the nature of the crystal structure, distribution, and compositional variation of phases. In molybdenum high speed steels, for example, it is found that segregation resulting from convective and turbulent flow during glazing may either result in large scale phase separation or compositional variation within a phase. Another example of the importance of processing conditions is a clear demonstration of the effect of small oxide particles in inducing martensite during laser processing. A detailed analysis has been made to determine the effect of deflection coil parameters on the distortion of surface area glazing patterns. This is particularly important in developing techniques for preparing uniform rapidly solidified layers. In studying molybdenum base high speed steels the value of the carbon content is found to be important in determining delta ferrite formation and the peritectic reaction of this phase to form austenite and carbide phases. In contrast to M2 (where the carbon concentration is 0.85wt%) a homogeneous gamma/alpha phase mixture forms in materials with a carbon content of or = 1wt%, i.e. the alloys M7, and M42. However in these two materials combined convective and turbulent flow during glazing results in a significant composition variation of the refractory elements. Tempering largely removes this inhomogeneity and results in the formation of a homogeneous tempered martensite structure. A most important effect observed in M2, M7, and M42 was the shift to longer tempering times of material glazed at moderate to high beam velocities.