This article studies the influence of flux diverters (FDs) on energy storage magnets using high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils. Based on the simulation calculation of the H equation finite-element model, FDs are placed at both ends of HTS coils, and the position and structure are optimized. The impact of the diverter structural parameters on the energy storage of the HTS energy storage magnet is explored, and an optimized diverter structure is designed. The rectangle is the most basic structure of FDs, so this article first optimizes the structure of the rectangular FDs and then performs various slotting treatments on the optimized FDs. By comparison, it is concluded that the concave FDs have the best energy storage effect. Then, based on the optimization of the concave FDs, a $\Gamma$ -shaped structure is obtained, further improving the magnet's energy storage effect. The conclusion of the influence factors can be applied to the optimization design of diverter structures and provide a new perspective for improving energy storage.


A microstrip triple-mode bandpass filter using a single patch-loaded cross resonator is reported in this work. First, a square patch is added at the center of a cross resonator, which separates the resonant frequencies of the first and second modes. Then, a pair of slots is etched into the square patch, which splits the first pair of degenerate modes. By appropriately adjusting the patch size and the slot length, these three resonant modes are individually controlled. To feed the proposed resonator, two stub-loaded coupled lines are used to provide a required coupling degree and to suppress the lowest harmonic passband. Predicted results are well confirmed with the experimental ones.


strate to the trainee in such CBTE programs how and when they fit into the total services delivery system of education for exceptional children. The program discussed here is in the program implemented phase of the model. The last two phases of developmental process. programs evaluation and programs refinement. are scheduled to begin upon completion of the 1976-1977 academic year. A 1 year operation period is anticipated as being necessary to make data based program design changes. Modules of instruction and assessment of mastery instrumentation are anticipated to be ready for dissemination at that time.


Purpose: To compare the pharmacokinetics of a pyrimidine nucleoside analogue 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (cytarabine, ara-C) with its amino acid prodrug, L-ilecytarabine, following intravenous and oral administrations to rats. Methods: The plasma concentrations were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection (UPLC/MS/MS) using a new validated method. Results: When cytarabine was intravenously administered at 8 mg/kg, the area under the concentration-time profile (AUC) was 26.29 ± 4.11 μg·h/ml, and the C max was 16.85 ± 3.50 μg/ml in plasma. Then, following oral administration of ara-C and its prodrug, L-ilecytarabine, at a dose of 30 mg/kg (calculated as cytarabine), the AUC (calculated as cytarabine) after L-ilecytarabine administration was 25.55 ± 5.41 μg·h/ml and the AUC after ara-C administration was 11.33 ± 1.52 μg·h/ml. The C max (calculated as cytarabine) of L-ilecytarabine was 5.75 ± 1.68 μg·h/ml and that of ara-C was 2.75 ± 0.67 μg·h/ml. The relative bioavailability calculated as ara-C was 215.15% ± 33.67% for ilecytarabine. Conclusion: L-ilecytarabine is an oral alternative to cytarabine and this study validated the utility of the PepT1-targeted approach to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs.


In this paper, we propose a new supervision objective named uniform loss to learn deep equidistributed representations for face recognition. Most existing methods aim to learn discriminative face features, encouraging large inter-class distances and small intra-class variations. However, they ignore the distribution of faces in the holistic feature space, which may lead to severe locality and unbalance. With the prior that faces lie on a hypersphere manifold, we impose an equidistributed constraint by uniformly spreading the class centers on the manifold, so that the minimum distance between class centers can be maximized through complete exploitation of the feature space. To this end, we consider the class centers as like charges on the surface of hypersphere with inter-class repulsion, and minimize the total electric potential energy as the uniform loss. Extensive experimental results on the MegaFace Challenge I, IARPA Janus Benchmark A (IJB-A), Youtube Faces (YTF) and Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed uniform loss.


This article profiles the social media strategy of the Philadelphia Parking Authority (PPA), one of the United States' largest parking enforcement organizations. The author describes PPA's approaches to blogging, customer service, resolving customer complaints, and use of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.


PCOS patients diagnose by having two of the following criteria: first oligo-and/or anovulation, second hyperandrogenism (by clinical picture with or without biochemical features), and lastly ultrasound findings of polycystic disease. The underlying cause of PCOS is unknown. Theories about cause may include genetic predisposition. The role laparoscopic drilling for ovaries show advancing in treatment of PCOD in form of restore ovulation specially those patients in whom there is resistant to clomiphene citrate or incompliant for long term therapy. The current study was aimed to describe the role of laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) as an effective and successful treatment for infertility in those patients with PCOD in whom medical treatment fail.


Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted growing attention because they are advanced energy conversion devices to efficiently harvest low-frequency mechanical energy from nature. How to increase the permittivity of electrode materials as well as the surface charge density is technically important to improve the output performances of a robust TENG. In this study, an all-inorganic cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) perovskite film with semiconducting characteristics is combined with metallic nano-platinum to build bulk Pt/CsPbBr3 Schottky junctions, which are used as triboelectric electrode materials in vertical contact-separation perovskite TENGs. The systematic characterization demonstrates that the electron binding energy and dielectric properties of bulk Pt/CsPbBr3 Schottky junction tailored perovskite films are maximized by optimizing the Pt dosage. An open-circuit voltage of 273 V, a short-circuit current density of 30.3 μA cm−2 and an instantaneous maximum power density of 1295.5 mW m−2 are achieved by the champion Pt/CsPbBr3 TENG at a Pt dosage of 0.5%. A maximum energy storage of 3.96 mJ is stored in a 1 μF capacitor within a 300 s charging period. This work provides new insights into Schottky junction TENGs for enriching the fundamental principles of both halide perovskites and TENGs.


"Quixotic Modernists" gives close readings of two novels by two little-studied writers of the early twentieth century in Spain, Felipe Trigo's Las ingenuas (1901) and Maria Martinez Sierra's Tu eres la paz (1906), in relation to the canonical Tristana by Benito Perez Galdos, Spain's greatest nineteenth-century novelist. This study shows the modern message (regarding gender), and modernist qualities of the prose of these works. Included are discussions of Quijote intertexts, proverbial language and tactics, the angel and the "mujer-nina", flower, water, and animal imagery, and visual arts in relation to gender definition. Also included are contemporary responses to the novels and material about the authors' lives and Spain's social conditions in the early twentieth century. "Quixotic Modernists" integrates these themes into a study of the novelization of difficulties in transforming contemporary gender and class roles. In all three authors' works, this process of change in roles for both men and women becomes a quixotic enterprise, in which artists as/and characters search to reconnect with an elusive material, social body.


A passive vision sensing system for taking the image of MAG welding pool had been set up.CCD and the near-infrared compound filters system were used to eliminate the arc disturbance,by which clear images were obtained.The relationship between image characteristic information and the weld defect was studied by sync contrast experiments.The visual characters of the pore,weld collapse and the other defect were extracted.Experimental results show that it is feasible to judge the defect by visual characters which offers a technological foundation for automatic identification of welding defect on base of vision sensing.


Petroleum rights in the 6 North African countries (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia) covered in this paper were 1,906,065 km2 at the end of 1984, an increase of 4.6% from the 1,821,966 km2 in force at the end of 1983. This increase is due to large awards in the Sudan despite significant relinquishments elsewhere. Seismic surveys conducted during 1984 decreased to about 510.5 crew-months onshore and 29.5 crew-months offshore. However, exploration in and off Egypt was higher compared to 1983. Exploratory drilling was lower, with only 125 wells drilled compared to 179 tests completed in 1983. The main decrease was in Egypt and Sudan, but drilling in Libya resulted in 20 more completions. A significant oil discovery was made in the offshore part of the Sirte basin, off southwest Cyrenaica. The success rate in North Africa ranged from 19% to 50% (Libya). Development drilling increased during 1984, as higher activity appears to have taken place in 3 countries. Oil production, with an estimated daily rate of 2,952,570 bbl, was up 2.8% from 1983 (2,871,460 BOPD). In Egypt, 7 fields located in the Gulf of Suez area went on stream during the year. Political unrest, which prevailed in southern Sudan during most of 1984, will likely delay the start-up of production in several fields. No statistics are available on gas production in North African countries.


Plant recognition systems that developed by computer vision researchers, help botanists in faster recognition and detection of unknown plant species. Until now, multiple studies focused on the process or algorithms that maximize use of botanical datasets for plants prediction modeling, but this method depends on leaf characteristics which can be changed with botanical data and different feature extraction techniques. On the other hand, recently, due to the popularity and successful implementation of deep learning-based methods in various areas such as image classification, object detection, and speech recognition, the researchers directed from traditional feature-based methods to deep learning. In this research, one more efficient method presented that use transfer learning to recognize plant for leaf classification, which first uses a pre-trained deep neural network model for learning useful leaf characteristics directly from the input data representation. Then use a logistic regression classifier for leaf classification. It is seen that transfer learning from a large dataset to limited botanical dataset in plant recognition task is well done. The proposed method is evaluated on two well-known botanical datasets, i.e., Flavia with 32 classes and Leafsnap with 184 classes, and has succeeded in achieving an accuracy of 99.6% and 90.54%, respectively. The results show that despite the large change in the number of classes in these two datasets, the proposed method, have a good performance and show the better result than methods based on the hand-crafted feature and other methods based on the deep learning in terms of memory and precision.


Research by orthogonal test multiple parameters simultaneously affect change on the degree of rock deformation,this test is 7 levels and 7 factors.The results of analysis show that,in the factors that effect roadway displacement degrees,elastic modulus,friction angle,cohesion were significant factors,cavity size,lateral pressure coefficient,poisson's ratio,the earth stress were factors for the secondary effect.


This paper considers a lightweight boom with an integral hinge consisting of a thin-walled tube made of carbon fibre reinforced plastic with two longitudinal slots. The dynamic deployment of this boom is studied both experimentally and by means of detailed finite-element simulations. The deployment of the boom can be divided into three phases: deployment; incomplete latching, buckling of the tape springs and large rotation of the boom; and vibration of the boom in latched configuration. The simulations show that the most critical phase is the second one, as the highest strains in both the fibres and the matrix occur at this stage. Through the simulations it is found that the deployment of the particular boom design studied in this paper is quite sensitive to the details of the gravity offload system.


This paper attempts to examine the trends and characteristics of public dispute in Korea and to find general features of public dispute based on the theory of conflict life cycle. For this purpose, this paper analyzes public disputes that took place from 1990 to 2009, according to a range of variables, including issue, type, character, duration, intensity, and termination method. The findings are as follows: 1) the number of public disputes has rapidly increased over time: 2) the increase in disputes gained momentum after the economic crisis of 1998; 3) the average number of public disputes is greatest in the second year of each government: 4) the duration and intensity of public disputes differs according to the dispute characteristics and termination methods. This paper suggests that alternative dispute resolution methods such as mediation and arbitration should be strengthened in order to efficiently manage public disputes, and that the dispute management capacity of government as well as the third sector should be radically strengthened. This paper has some limitations as it focuses on efficiency of dispute resolution without deeply discussing procedural legitimacy, democratic character, and effectiveness. Nevertheless this paper makes a positive contribution because it is expected to help improve our understanding of public disputes.


Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are promising fillers for reinforcing polymers toward lightweight and high-strength nanocomposite materials. Understanding the interfacial load transfer mechanism is of importance to take advantage of the extraordinary structural and mechanical properties of BNNTs. Here, we investigate the mechanical properties of electrospun BNNT-reinforced polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) nanocomposite microfibers. The local load transfer on the BNNT–PMMA interface inside the nanocomposite microfiber is characterized based on in situ Raman micromechanical measurements. The effective interfacial shear strengths of 0.1%, 0.5%, and 0.65% BNNT-PMMA microfibers are found to be about 78.4 MPa, 60.9 MPa, and 50.7 MPa, respectively, which correspond to the increases of Young's modulus (tensile strength) of about 67% (25%), 108% (60%), and 133% (69%) from pure PMMA microfibers. The study reveals the constitutive role of the nanotube–polymer interfacial strength in the composite's mechanical property enhancement. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the process–structure–property relationship and the reinforcing mechanism of nanotube-based nanocomposites. Graphical abstract


Soccer match data is becoming widely available, and as a result, new methods to quantify team positioning are found. These methods could potentially be used as features in prediction models to rate players or to find better tactics. However, most methods have seen limited validation of their effectiveness in prediction models. In this thesis, we use a large library of existing spatial features to identify dangerous ball possessions. Some of these features are sparse, and were previously unusable in our models. We show that using NaN-filling, we can successfully introduce sparse features to increase performance of different classification models, including (boosted) LSTMs. We also show that our models are at least capable of comprehending simple indicators for danger. Lastly, we present the best performance of our models, which shows that boosting can improve performance. The LSTMs did not outperform our baseline methods in the current setups, but we show that they could have the potential to become better in the future.


The GRB optical afterglow follow-up at National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC) is introduced. It involves the fast-response 80cm TNT telescope and 1 m EST telescope, as well as the NAOC 2.16 m optical telescope, all located at Xinglong Observatory, and is part of the East-Asia GRB Follow-up Observation Network (EAFON). The observations of XRF 060218, its associated SN 2006aj, and early afterglows of GRB 060124 and GRB 060323 are also presented.


The effects of HDL on the coronary vasculature are well understood, however its direct actions on the myocardium remain to be elucidated. We have previously shown that HDL stimulates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, but whether HDL‐mediated glucoregulatory mechanisms exist within cardiac muscle is unknown. We sought to determine the effect of HDL on myocardial glucose uptake, glycolysis, glucose oxidation, oxidative metabolism and the associated intracellular signalling mechanisms using a neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocyte model. HDL (50µg/ml) treatment increased glucose uptake by 47±10% and glycolysis by 43±8% in association with rapid activation of Akt/PKB and its downstream target AS160, a regulator of GLUT4 translocation. HDL also increased basal and maximal mitochondrial respiration by 40±8% and ATP turnover by 48±8%. Glucose oxidation was increased by 30±6% with 50µg/ml HDL and may contribute to observed increases in total mitochondrial respiration. HDL‐mediated increases in both glycolytic and mitochondrial respiratory capacity may limit ATP depletion during ischaemia‐reperfusion and thereby minimise myocardial cell damage.


Event driven sensor nodes can spend the vast majority of their time in an asleep yet alert state that can dominate the total power budget when the node is heavily duty cycled. They thus require ultra-low power wakeup receivers that always stay on and that can detect wakeup events with high sensitivity. This paper presents a near-zero power, 8.3 nW wakeup receiver that combines the benefits of high quality factor aluminum nitride acoustic RF MEMS transformers with the complexity and sensitivity of 130nm CMOS chips including an envelope detector, comparator and low power clock to achieve -54dBm sensitivity at 457MHz. Keywords—microelectromechanical systems, CMOS integrated circuit, wireless sensor networks, wakeup receivers.


Objective:To observe the efficacy of MEBO Gastrointestinal Capsule in repairing upper digestive tract inflammatory lesion(digestive tract ulcer and inflammation)and eliminating HP infection and to find an ideal method for treating upper digestive tract inflammatory lesion accompanied by Helicohacter pylori infection.Method:22 patients diag- nosed by gestroscopic examination to have upper digestive tract ulcer and inflammatory lesion associated with Helicobacter pylori infection were selected to enter this study.According to the patients,intention,15 of them were treated with oral ad- ministration of MEBO Gastrointestinal Capsule alone(group A)and 7 of rest were treated with MEBO Gastrointestinal Cap- sule in combination with conventional drug(group B).The treatment continued for one month.The efficacy was as- sessed.Result:After 10 days of treatment,all of the patients in both groups had their symptoms improved.93.3% of the patients in group A had their symptoms vanished in 20 days and 100% of the patients in group B had their symptoms van- ished in 20 days.After treated for one month,gastroscopic examination revealed that in group A,HP negative rate was 53.3% and in group B,this rate was 42.9%.In group A,40.0% of the patients turned better and in group B,42.9%. In group A,the ineffective rate was 6.7% and in group B,14.3%.In groups A and B,all the ulcers were cured and the curative rate was 100%.In group A,scar forming rate was 6.7% and in group B,14.3%.In groups A and B,100% of the inflammatory lesions turned better.Conclusion:MEBO Gastrointestinal Capsule has the effects of controlling HP infec- tion.It can relieve symptoms of patients with upper digestive tract ulcer and inflammatory lesion at the early stage and pro- mote regenerative repair of upper digestive tract ulcer and inflammatory lesion.


A new approach to the development of the system of quality and quantity performance indexes representing organizational units is proposed. This approach is based on the method of aggregates and composite rating. The capacity for work of this approach is demonstrated through valuation of the chairs work quality.


The Yellow River Valley of shanxi province is our country's important base of chemical energy industry. There are many mountains but few forests, many rivers but little water. The particular natural geological condition and economic structure has led to shortage of water resources and serious deterioration of water environment. Almost seven tenths of water in rivers can not be use any more. In more than half of all cities in shanxi, the groundwater has been polluted; the main reason for water pollution has changed from industrial waste water to cities' domestic sewage. Overusing of the groundwater, dropping of water level and damages of water environment by coal mining has made the amount of water resources declined and its quality deteriorated, sharp soil erosion, river courses' blocking and silt in reservoirs has been leading the fragile ecological environment to an unbearable end .


Abstract : A method of estimating Producibility Engineering and Planning (PEP) costs for proposed armament systems is presented. The method is intended for use in the development phase of the life cycle of an armament system. A cost estimating relationship (CER) has been developed based upon the number of drawings for an armament system. The methodology of CER development as well as historical costs and numbers of drawings are included as an aid to the cost estimator.


The ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide with stannous octoate was investigated in the presence of pentaerythritol. By this way it was possible to prepare higher molecular weight star-shaped poly(L-lactide)s compared with the linear ones obtained by stannous octoate only. The weight-average molecular weights of linear and star poly(L-lactide)s were measured by light scattering analysis from hexafluoro-2-propanol solution, and the respective Mark-Houwink equations were derived. The second virial coefficient and the intrinsic viscosity of the star polymers were lower than those of the linear ones, which confirms the star-shaped architecture.


Abstract We study the distribution of the time to ruin in the classical risk model. We consider some methods of calculating this distribution, in particular by using algorithms to calculate finite time ruin probabilities. We also discuss calculation of the moments of this distribution.


We consider a bilinear optimal control for an evolution equation involving the fractional Laplace operator of order $0<s<1$. We first give some existence and uniqueness results for the considered evolution equation. Next, we establish some weak maximum principle results allowing us to obtain more regularity of our state equation. Then, we consider an optimal control problem which consists to bring the state of the system at final time to a desired state. We show that this optimal control problem has a solution and we derive the first and second order optimality conditions. Finally, under additional assumptions on the initial datum and the given target, we prove that local uniqueness of optimal solutions can be achieved.


PURPOSE: A manufacturing method of polyethylene terephthalate multi-filament yarn having high strength, low shrinkage and 2.5-8denier of single yarn fineness is characterized by controlling a stress-strain curve and fine-structure of partially oriented yarn(POY) to increase drawability on a drawing step and being capable of manufacturing a treated cord having excellent dimensional stability and strength. The multi-filaments are useful for a tire and an industrial belt. CONSTITUTION: Polyethylene terephthalate multi-filament yarn is obtained by the steps of: (A) extruding spun yarn containing over 85mol% of ethylene terephthalate unit and having 0.90-1.2 of inherent viscosity at 290-310deg.C; (B) passing the melted and spun yarn through a delay cooling zone, followed by quenching and solidifying the melted and spun yarn; (C) winding the partially oriented yarn(POY) at spinning velocity making birefringence to 0.05-0.08; and then (D) multi-drawing the wound yarn in total draw ratio of under 2.0. The POY has a stress-strain curve elongating the yarn at 0.5g/d of inherent stress on under 5%, having 20-100g/d of inherent modulus and elongating the yarn at 3.5g/d of stress on over 100%. The polyethylene terephthalate yarn has a stress-strain curve elongating the yarn at 2.0g/d of inherent stress on under 3%, having 50-150g/d of inherent modulus, elongating the yarn at 6.0g/d of stress on under 8% and elongating the yarn from at least 8.0g/d of tensile strength till the yarn is cut. The polyethylene terephthalate yarn has (1) 0.8-1.0 of inherent viscosity, (2) over 8.0g/d of strength, (3) over 10% of elongation, (4) over 0.20 of birefringence, (5) 1.385-1.395 of density and (6) 3-5% of shrinkage.


Experiment design in domains with weak theories is largely a trial-and-error process. In such domains, the effects of actions are unpredictable due to insufficient knowledge about the causal relationships among entities involved in an experiment. Thus, experiments are designed based on heuristics obtained from prior experience. Assuming that past experiment designs leading to success or failure can be recorded electronically, this thesis research proposes one method for analyzing these designs to yield hints regarding effective operator application sequences. This work assumes that the order in which operators are applied matters to the overall success of experiments. Experiment design can also be thought of as a form of planning, since it involves generation of a sequence of steps comprising of one or more operations that can change the environment by changing values of some of the parameters that describe the environment. Experiment design operators can therefore be thought of as plan operators at higher levels of abstraction. This thesis proposes a method for learning contexts within which applying certain sequences of operators has favored successful experimentation in the past. The motivation for this thesis arose from study of experiment design in macromolecular crystallography. The goal of experiments in this domain is to obtain a good quality crystal of a macromolecule (protein/DNA/complex) so that it can be X-ray diffracted to yield the 3-D molecular structure. There is little understanding about how the large number of parameters (> 25) such as temperature, pH, and macromolecular concentration, interact and influence the growth of a particular macromolecular crystal. Yet, it is observed that some people are able to produce good quality crystals faster than others (crystal growing can take anywhere from a week to a few years). This observation seems to indicate that it is quite likely that these "good" crystallographers are using some pet solutions or other methodology that is helping them search this vast parameter space effectively and efficiently. We can refer to the different ways that crystallographers search the parameter space (by setting up appropriate experiments) as design biases. It would be desirable to capture these design biases or preferences through knowledge engineering, via interviews with the experts. The caveat is that such knowledge tends to be very hard to convey verbally without reference to a specific protein or DNA molecule. Since the experiments are done over a long period of time, the most accurate record of the precise methodology used is found in the laboratory notebooks of individual crystallographers. We have found a way to capture the information found in laboratory notebooks electronically via an easy-to-use interface [ 11. The Temporal Induction of Plan Sequence (TIPS) framework proposed in this thesis aims to provide a set of hints regarding operator application sequence for a particular problem posed by an experiment designer. The major component of TIPS is a symbolic inductive Rule Learner (Temporal-RL) that uses the method of temporal specialization to learn design biases from past cases of successful and failed experiment designs. Design biases are characterized by a context, followed by a set of temporal relationships (e.g., before, during) expressed among operators. Contexts refer to characteristics of the macromolecule (e.g., protein name, class, weight). The learned contexts are used for matching with the particular problem characteristics given by the user to TIPS. Learning structured attributes is an open problem in machine learning. This thesis provides one method to deal with structured attributes such as steps in a plan. New symbolic learning representations are introduced for instance and concept description languages. These representations exploit the structured aspects of steps in experiment design. A symbolic inductive learner is augmented with capabilities to learn statistically significant relations between normal attributes (not structured) and structured attributes (steps and sequence of steps), with respect to the class of successful or failed experiment designs. The thesis also demonstrates that learning at different levels of abstraction by exploiting structures inherent in a domain can be efficient and meaningful.


Based on the vibration zone characteristic of units in Ertan hydropower station,the formula of the non-distributable zone of automatic generation control(AGC) is calculated,the non-distributable zone of units is computed under different operation modes and different water heads.The non-distributable zone is avoided in the program setting of AGC distribution load.It not only can prevent the unit from operating in the vibration zone when load cannot be distributed,but also can improve the operation condition of the unit and the performance of the AGC system.And it also provides reference data and theory foundations for operator on-duty.Moreover,the formula of AGC non-distributable zone of two vibration zone is calculated,which is worth popularizing.


An interesting incident of St. Cyril's life, teacher of the Slavic people, is presented in this paper. According to his Life St. Cyril traveled to the Arabic Caliphate as a Roman envoy and participated in the relevant discussions between the two states before his mission to the Slavic people in Great Moravia. The Life describes the discussions between Cyril and the diplomats of the court of the caliph, which give us a clear picture of the relations between the two countries and their people in the 9th century.


One of the main research areas in social networks is community detection among them. In this research, the structure of communities of a social network considering their overlap has been detected with reliance on the quantum-based genetic algorithm (QIGA). This is a new dual-phase algorithm for community detection as an optimization problem. This algorithm has taken advantage of the modularity function as the target function. In order to detect communities considering their overlap, Jaccard's coefficient and the Jaccard median have been used in preprocessing stage. Results indicate that different amounts of overlap and modularity are achievable by incorporating a coefficient into the existing correlation between Jaccard's coefficient and the Jaccard median. This coefficient has been regulated using the three networks of karate, dolphin, and soccer. The huge air traffic control network has also benefitted from the mentioned regulated number. Implementation outcomes show that the suggested algorithm is able to detect community structure in overlapping networks with pinpoint accuracy.


Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data from solutions of diblock copolymers having a side-group liquid crystal polymer (SGLCP) block and a random-coil polymer (polystyrene, PS) in a small-molecule liquid crystal (LC) solvent is presented in Chapter 3. The diblock copolymers self-assemble in LC solvent to form micelles composed of PS-rich cores surrounded by SGLCP-rich coronas. Extensive efforts were made to fit the SANS data to structural models in order to extract parameters such as the core radius, the corona thickness, and the aggregation number, but the results are inconclusive. This appendix details the successes and failures of the data-fitting methods used.


The brushless DC (BLDC) motor uses a few Hall sensors to determine the position of the rotor and to subsequently drive the motor. Without additional hardware, the velocity measurement depends on the consecutive sensor outputs. Therefore, the speed measurement frequency in a BLDC motor is velocity dependent. Conventional approach for the BLDC motor control uses shunt resistor to allow constant current sampling rate. However, the sampling time for the velocity measurement is still variable. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a variable sampling frequency observer (VSFO) for the velocity estimation. A constant sampling rate model-based controller can then be build around the proposed VSFO. The paper also presents a conservative controller design procedure to guarantee system stability. Experimental results showed that the proposed control is effective. The VSFO provides an access to accurate velocity measurement. It also offers additional freedom in the control design.


Locke, in writing about 'Trifling Propositions' which bring no increase to our knowledge, remarked 'When we affirm the said truth of itself, it shows us nothing but what we must certainly know before. What is this more than trifling with words? It is but like a monkey shifting his oyster from one hand to the other, and had he but words might no doubt have said "Oyster in right hand is subject and oyster in left hand is predicate", and so might have made a selfevident proposition of oyster, i.e. oyster is oyster'.


To adapt to the changes of battlefield environment and the uncertainty of weapon system itself,an improved ADC effectiveness evaluation model was proposed.ADC model was expressed in interval form,making the optimal effectiveness estimation included in the estimation results.Combined with antiaircraft weapon system of effectiveness evaluation index,the specific performance assessment ADC interval model was built and verified.


New quantitative data show that the Bicoid morphogen gradient is generated from a dynamic localized source and that protein gradient formation requires protein movement along the anterior-posterior axis.


Tissues from 104 cows in herd were examined for brucellae. Brucella abortus, strain 19, was isolated from 22 cows, a field strain of B abortus, biotype 1, was isolated from 9 cows, and both strains were isolated from 2 cows.


Unsteadiness associated with shock wave boundary layer interactions across a variety of environments is the focus of the experimental study reported herein, recorded via synchronized high-speed measurement of planar velocity fields and wall-pressures. Such unsteadiness has been witnessed to present at frequencies much lower than that found in the incoming boundary layer, and has been linked with a range of damaging local flow phenomena. Despite significant research, there remains considerable disagreement as to the core mechanisms involved. Recent work suggests upstream fluctuations are significant in lowstrength interactions, while downstream effects appear dominant in high-strength interactions. The situation for intermediate strength interaction, i.e. incipiently separated flow, is less clear and appears to display a mixture of these influences. In this study we analyze the interaction with two different configuration types, each with multiple cases varying interaction strength, from incipiently separated interactions to those featuring fully separated flow. 14◦ and 20◦ compression ramp interactions are observed in the Mach 2.0 facility, along with oblique shock reflection interactions induced by 7◦, 8◦, 9◦, and 10◦ shock generators. Resultant unsteadiness beneath the interaction is recorded with a series of fast-response wall-pressure transducers. The approach is unique in that these interactions have been tested in a single facility, with common inflow conditions, limiting other external influences. Scaling of the mean interaction structures by length and imposed interaction strength collapse well to recent models proposed in literature. Unsteady wall pressure spectra agree with similar trends observed in other facilities.


Categorizing places based on their network connections to other places in the region reveals not only population concentration but also economic dynamics that are missed in other typologies. The US Office of Management and Budget categorization of counties into metropolitan/micropolitan and central/outlying is widely seen as insufficient for many analytic purposes. In this article, we use a coreness index from network analysis to identify labor market centrality of a county. We use county-to-county commute flows, including internal commuting, to identify regional hierarchies. Indicators broken down by this typology reveal counterintuitive results in many cases. Not all strong core counties have large populations or high levels of urbanization. Employment in these strong core counties grew faster in the postrecession (2008–2015) than in other types of counties. This economic dimension is missed by other typologies, suggesting that our categorization may be useful for regional analysis and policy.


Adsorption of fluids in nanoporous materials is important for several applications including gas storage and catalysis. The pore network in natural, as well as engineered, materials can exhibit different degrees of connectivity between pores. While this might have important implications for the sorption of fluids, the effects of pore connectivity are seldom addressed in the studies of fluid sorption. We have carried out Monte Carlo simulations of the sorption of ethane and CO2 in silicalite, a nanoporous material characterized by sub-nanometer pores of different geometries (straight and zigzag channel like pores), with varied degrees of pore connectivity. The variation in pore connectivity is achieved by selectively blocking some pores by loading them with methane molecules that are treated as a part of the rigid nanoporous matrix in the simulations. Normalized to the pore space available for adsorption, the magnitude of sorption increases with a decrease in pore connectivity. The increased adsorption in the systems where pore connections are removed by blocking them is because of additional, albeit weaker, adsorption sites provided by the blocker molecules. By selectively blocking all straight or zigzag channels, we find differences in the absorption behavior of guest molecules in these channels.


This research studies the utilization of alumina waste and silica waste for geopolymer production. The study makes the reuse of aluminum hydroxide waste (Al-waste) for geopolymers. For cement materials, both Al-waste and fly ash (FA) were mixed at different water, sand, fly ash contents of


The dopant effect of heavy‐metal complexes on the charge injection, transport, and device efficiency in electrophosphorescent polymeric light‐emitting devices is studied. Two types of polyfluorenes are used as the host medium, and different types of Ir complexes are used as dopants. The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics are analyzed at different dopant concentrations. Four regions are indicated in the I–V characteristics, with each region being controlled by a different process depending on the device configuration and applied field. The effect of the dopant concentration on the potential‐barrier height of the interface is estimated using the Fowler–Nordheim model. It is found that the Ir complex may alter the potential barrier between the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of the host polymer and the adjacent layer's work function. It is shown that the dopant reduces the potential barrier for hole injection into the polymer, thus reducing the turn‐on voltage. The results here are compared with those of other authors who have observed an increase in the turn‐on voltage with increasing dopant concentration. The effect of Ir complexes on the electron transport and exciton formation is significant; the dopant increases the free‐electron density and enhances electron mobility by reducing the characteristic energy of the electron trap, Et. At high applied fields, the electron‐transport mechanism is controlled by space‐charge‐limited current with high‐concentration exponentially distributed intrinsic deep‐trap states of the electron. Et and the power factor, m, are determined as a function of dopant concentration. The effect of the Ir‐complex dopant on the external quantum efficiency (EQE) and luminance intensity depends on whether the dopant acts to balance carrier (electron and hole) injection and transport, or to disturb the existing balance. For poly[9,9‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)fluorene‐2,7‐diyl] (PF2/6) end‐capped with bis(4‐methyl phenyl)phenylamine (am4) (PF2/6am4), a dopant concentration of 2 % balances the electron–hole mobility and enhances the EQE, while for polyspirobifluorene:bis(triphenyl)diamine the EQE collapses because of the large shift in electron mobility, upsetting the existing balance of the carrier injection and transport. Balancing carrier injection and transport and confining the injected carriers inside the active layer—not simply the energy‐transfer mechanisms alone—are the key issues for high power and EQE.


Objective:To investigate the effective substance basis from 95% Alcohol elution constituents –bitter resolution and composition of Evodia rutaecarpa(Juss.) Benth.Var.bodinieri(Dode) Huang.Method:Isolation and purification were carried out by silica gel column chromatography,ODS RP-column chromatography,HPLC etc.Structural determination of the pure compounds was based on physico-chemical properties and various spectral data analysis.Result: Seven compounds were obtained from E.rutaecarpa.They were identified as narcissin(Ⅰ),Isorhamnetin-3-O-galactoside(Ⅱ),hyperoside(Ⅲ),isoquercitrin(Ⅳ),syringoside(Ⅴ),β-sitosterol(Ⅵ),dehydrolimonin(Ⅶ).Conclusion: Compound Ⅰ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ are isolated from E.rutaecarpa for the first time.


INTRODUCTION One of the emerging themes in recent organization theory and strategic management research has been the central role that knowledge plays in organizational performance. Grant (2001), for example, looks at the advantages of a knowledge-based perspective in organization theory, focusing on knowledge as the critical resource in the production of goods and services. Similarly, Teece (2001:125), notes an "increasing recognition that the competitive advantage of firms depends on their ability to create, transfer, utilize and protect difficult to imitate knowledge assets." Nonaka, Toyama, and Konno (2001) claim that continuously creating knowledge is the reason for a firm's existence, noting the widespread acceptance of the view that the ability to create and utilize knowledge is the most important source of a firm's sustainable competitive advantage. Related to this emphasis on knowledge as a central organizational resource is the growing interest in knowledge management and knowledge management systems – information systems designed to support creation and transfer of knowledge in organizations. In their review of knowledge management and knowledge management systems, Alavi and Leidner (2001) develop a framework for analyzing knowledge management processes and the role that information technology may play in supporting them. The framework provides a foundation for exploring successful deployment of information technology in support of knowledge creation and transfer. The purpose of this study is to explore the extent to which knowledge management activities are performed in organizational settings, the extent to which they are supported by information technology, and whether information technology support has a positive impact on knowledge management activity. The study is designed to apply to a variety of organizational settings, including for-profit and non-profit organizations. The first section of the paper describes the framework used to identify activities that are part of the organizational knowledge management process. The second section reviews research related to factors that may encourage or impede knowledge management activity and presents a causal model relating these factors to knowledge management activity levels. The third section summarizes the research questions addressed by the present study and the methodology used in data collection and analysis. The paper concludes with a discussion of the results of data analysis and directions for future research. FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES In order to explore the relationship between knowledge management and improved organizational performance, it would be useful to have a framework that would assist in recognizing and describing the various activities encountered in an active knowledge creation and sharing environment. In their review of knowledge management and knowledge management systems, Alavi and Leidner (2001) outline the types of knowledge involved in knowledge management and the knowledge creation and transfer activities that are used to distribute and apply the knowledge in organizational settings. As an aid to understanding what might be encountered in a knowledge management environment, we have developed a composite model depicting the knowledge management elements found in Alavi and Leidner's paper. The resulting framework is presented in Figure 1. The framework delineates various types of knowledge, knowledge creation activities, and knowledge transfer activities. Each is described in the discussion that follows.


Acid and base catalyzed polycondensationreaction of phenol and bisphenol A with crotonaldehyde and cardanol results in novolac and resol type phenolic resins. Phenolic oligomers are characterized by their viscosity, average molecular weight and FT-IR spectral studies. Glass reinforced composites of all phenolic oligomers were prepared. Composites are characterized by their synergetic thermal stability by Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential scanning calorimery (DSC), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical properties such as flexural strength, impact strength and hardness, chemical resistance, fibre content over a broad range of compositions. The thermal and curing behavior of the resins are found to vary markedly with the mole ratio and the purity of crotonaldehyde or cardanol. Composites prepared from these resin having very good mechanical properties.


Abstract : Symposium OO intended to provide a forum for discussing what might be termed "complex self-assembly", even though it features "hierarchical self-assembly" in its title. The idea of the symposium is that the units of self assembly themselves should have considerable complexity and/or programmability, and that this complexity should be reflected in the self-assembled structures that result, for example either allowing the construction of complex patterns at large length scales (perhaps hierarchically) or allowing construction into the 3rd dimension. To this end, the Symposium OO featured three tracks on three different aspects of self-assembly: (1) self assembly based on the specific binding interactions afforded by biological molecules such as DNA and protein ("Biological materials"), (2) self-assembly of complex particle systems such as colloidal particles with specific and arbitrary shapes ("Complex particles") and (3) self-assembly of structures based on programmed structural changes in 2D materials to create more complex materials ("Folding, rolling and wrinkling").


Zimbabwe recorded an increase in communal farmers' contribution to the marketed maize crop after independence. Many observers considered this increase 'phenomenal', attributed it to a direct result of the government's effort to increase agricultural production by the small farmer and described the increase a 'success story' or 'agrarian miracle'. According to the proponents of this miracle thesis, the institutional support which gave rise to it includes land reform, a favourable pricing policy, enhanced extension, training and research, improved access to credit and input supplies, strategic geographical spread of marketing depots and collection centres, improvement in communications network and positive support for farmer organisations in the hither-to neglected communal areas. The subsequent lapse in productivity experienced in the late 1980s and 1990s was blamed on the structural adjustment programme for curtailing the capacity of government to continue its role as key playmaker in the sector. While acknowledging an increase in total African marketed produce after 1980, this paper argues that, this was primarily a 'natural' response to the prevailing climate of peace, the enthusiasm of independence and increase in 1 This paper attempts to highlight the research objectives, the process and the key findings of a research effort towards the writing of a Doctoral thesis. The purpose of the paper therefore is to invite comments and suggestions on how to carry on from this point after three years of gathering information on the subject of agrarian transformation focusing on African agriculture in Zimbabwe since independence. This paper should be regarded only as an attempt to put the ideas and thoughts about the issues researched together in some way and as the beginning of a journey towards building a logical and comprehensive argument. It is aimed at soliciting for contributions in the form of suggestions for further reading, theoretical and philosophical questions as well as the organization of the material. This research would not have been possible without the funding made possible through the involvement and assistance of many people. My supervisor, Professor Freund, facilitated access to funds through the NRF whilst also providing money through his own discretionary facilities to make the research possible. The W. Kellogg Foundation provided a once off grant for field-work for the initial year, 2001. Professor Jeff Guy and Dr Shirley Brookes facilitated a trip to Norway where I raised some funds for a follow up trip to the field in 2002. The Graduate School also provide two research grants (2003 and 2004) making further research possible. Dr David Moore generously cushioned me whenever I things got tough. To the above and everyone else who gave me support, I am most grateful. Dr D. Moore and Dr Raj Patel, commented on the first drafts at very short notice, however the inadequacies herewith are my own.


We consider a time-division duplexing multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output system, where a so-called beamforming training (BFT) occurs prior to the downlink (DL) data transmission. The BFT process helps the users to obtain the estimates of effective channels, and thus facilitates a more reliable DL data detection compared to the conventional case, where the users have only the statistic channel knowledge. We first derive the closed-form lower bounds on the achievable DL data rates in the conventional and BFT schemes, using the minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) precoder. This enables us to further analyze the spectral efficiency, which takes the loss due to the training overhead into account. Moreover, we also consider a realistic scenario where the channel aging is present: it may destroy the training gain and lead to an efficiency loss. The effects of channel aging in both schemes are evaluated. In simulations, the performance of MMSE precoder is compared to the maximum-ratio transmission and zero-forcing precoding methods for both schemes in the static and aging channels.


With the prolific increase in utility of smartphones across the spectrum of users, universal accessibility becomes mandatory without compromising security. This paper proposes an approach to authenticate users with a multimodal mechanism which is better suitedfor visually impaired. The model incorporates text medium in the form of braille, kinetic medium in the form of orientation and the keystroke dynamics through pressure gradient sensors. The proposed model is designed to reduce the vulnerability against attacks such as aural eavesdrop, shoulder surfing. The cross-platform compatibility is one of the major advantages of the proposed model. The adoptability of the proposed model among the visually impaired users is validated through focused group user feedback analysis.


We report on two different projects being developed at the University of Bologna, both of which make use of the new XPointer language, for which two different implementations were deemed necessary. The first project is an HTTP proxy for providing external linkbases expressed in XLink. The second is an extension to XSLT to express transformations on string patterns as well as node patterns. Both libraries have been implemented with ease and efficiency, demonstrating the usefulness and reasonableness of the language.


To foster the ability of the students' innovation spirit as well as the personal experience and participation,the advanced academies develop innovation education.Based on the modern teaching method and comparison of the traditional teaching and with the method of experience,the experience teaching mothod reflects the merits of two methods in teaching.


This book results from a Stice lectureship which the author held at the University of Washington, Seattle and is published as part of The Earl and Edna Stice Lecture-Book Series in Social Science. The aim of the series is to produce short introductory books developing key themes concerned with such matters as privacy, community and the purpose of government. In this book, Plummer seeks to raise a series of related questions about intimacies, politics and change in contemporary society. As he states, many of the topics he discusses have been debated quite extensively elsewhere. What is new are the ways in which he links these matters, especially in the connections he draws between the seemingly 'private' world of intimacies and the more 'public' world of politics. In essence, Plummer uses the opportunities this book offers to map out his ideas about the changing character of different intimate relationships and to suggest ways of developing new approaches to understanding their significance in people's lives. In this regard he is not seeking to provide definitive answers but rather to pose wide-ranging questions and debate a variety of different arguments. As becomes more apparent towards the end, the book enables Plummer to set out a synoptic and open agenda for future projects examining different aspects of people's changing understandings of the place of intimacy in social and political, as well as personal, life. It is in this spirit that he introduces the idea of 'intimate citizenship' as a means of highlighting different elements within his thinking about the shifting public / private boundaries evident in the contemporary practices and discourses that frame our different intimacies. This format allows him to discuss somewhat disparate themes, all linked around the general idea of intimate citizenship. The first three chapters focus on issues of intimacy in contemporary society. The introductory chapter specifies some of the new choices individuals are now able to make about their intimate practices and the 'troubles' associated with these. These include issues such as the organization of family life, the body, new reproductive technologies, and different forms of sexuality. The second chapter focuses on the transformations there have been in our understandings of intimacies, drawing on the idea of intimacies nesting on the wider social and cultural 'flows' of globalization. The third chapter develops the analysis of intimacy by examining the moral and political conflicts that emerge around different intimate practices, such as gay and lesbian rights, abortion and reproductive issues, body modification and erotic expression. The middle three chapters of the book focus directly on issues of citizenship. The core argument is that established ideas about citizenship are no longer adequate in a world where the old certainties and 'grand narratives' of modernity are increasingly under question. In calling for a new understanding of citizenship, Plummer highlights issues around belonging, identity and Book reviews


The development of a fully parallel hexagonal thinning algorithm is reported and compared with a similar algorithm for use with rectangularly sampled images. Both algorithms produced good skeletons, but the hexagonal could be implemented with only 50% of the logical operations required by the rectangular.


The science education community has embraced the deployment of contemporaneous technological tools and platforms in the service of improving science teaching, learning, and assessment. Technology use in science education has ranged—among many other things—from computer-assisted instruction in the 1970s, to using microcomputer-based laboratories and first-generation simulations and micro-worlds in the 1980s and throughout the 1990s. The 1990s also witnessed the deployment of interactive videodiscs, multimedia, hypermedia, and other digital resources as cognitive tools in science classrooms (Songer, 2007), which was followed by efforts to harness the power of the Internet to, for instance, share data in support of multisite student-driven inquiry projects, among many other applications (Abd-El-Khalick, 2001). The last two decades featured the expanded and integrated use of learning-specific software applications, interactive visualizations, modeling tools, and immersive e-learning environments in science teaching and learning (Krajcik & Mun, 2014). The last decade or so has witnessed rapid and groundbreaking advancements in technologies and digital platforms, as well as their application to teaching and learning. These include advances that made high-powered computing and powerful applications in serious gaming, and virtual and augmented reality more accessible to mainstream users. Similar advances have been evident in big data curation, data mining and data analytics, natural language processing, as well as next-generation machine learning and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to the real-time and adaptive assessment of learning. The coordination through powerful computing and AI of tangible, immersive, intelligent, and multiuser technologies and digital media systems (coordinating, for instance, learner interactions with interactive wall displays, intelligent interfaces, multitouch tables, motion sensors, etc.) now allow the creation of digital ecologies that provide learners with highly engaging and authentic interactive science learning experiences. Simultaneously, these technologies and interfaces enable the collection of massive data about the choices, behaviors, and cognition of an individual learner or groups of learners (keyboard strokes, mouse clicks, eye tracking, body movement, etc.) that allow for real-time feedback both to learners and their teachers, as well as the delivery of adaptive and personalized learning experiences (ILSDI, 2014). These digital technologies and ecologies have the potential to transform science teaching and learning, as well as deliver on the promise of more personalized science education experiences in service of promoting scientific literacy for all (NGSS Lead States, 2013) including, but not limited to, historically underrepresented populations in science, culturally, ethnically, and linguistically diverse students, as well as learners in underprivileged and underserved communities in the United States and around the globe. The aims of this Special Issue of JRST is to provide a platform for reporting on empirical research that examines the use and impact of 21st century cutting-edge technologies, technological platforms, technological activity, and digital ecologies on science teaching, learning, and assessment. We also Received: 20 December 2018 Accepted: 20 December 2018


The principle,structure and system composition of tiny-oil ignition burner were expounded.The application of tiny-oil ignition burner in Kunming Second Power Plant was introduced.Aiming at the problems occurred in operation,some relevant improvement measures were proposed.


Blue‐green light increased the chlorophyll concentration and chloroplast number of cells of Stephanopyxis turris (Grev.) Ralfs, compared to white light controls. Light fields for growth were 400 μW·cm−2 (12:12 LD cycles). Chlorophyll increased up to 100%/cell, but no change in the ratio of chlorophylls to major carotenoids occurred. The effect was, therefore, not that of complementary chromatic adaptation. At the same time, blue‐green light enhanced the photosynthetic fixation of CO2. At the ultrastructure level, an increase in, and rearrangement of, the thylakoid system occurred.


Graves of New Zealanders killed at Rhenoster Kop, South Africa, 29 November 1900. Photographer unidentified.
Quantity: 1 b&w original photographic print(s).


Rabies is a kind of the infectious diseases caused by the rabies virus(RV),which can lead to infect 100% of fatality with man and animals and seriously threaten people health.In this paper,the author mainly summarized the biology properties and the methods for detection of RV,it could provide the technical support for RV detection more effectively.


One important issue in phase-shifting interferometry is to eliminate phase-shift errors so as to enhance achievable measurement accuracy. We propose a new phase-measuring algorithm that can identify the actual amounts of phase shifts directly from interlerograms without prior calibration. This is named the A-bucket algorithm and has the advantage of being inherently free from any phase-shift error that is constant across an interferogram. The main emphasis of this paper is given to a practicable application of the A-bucket algorithm to prove that accurate measurement is allowed in portable mode even in the presence of vibration.


The recent progress in electrochemiluminescent (ECL) assay is reviewed. This review begins with the fundamental researches in ECL, including the discovery of new ECL-active species, such as biochemical, organic and metallorganic materials, digital modeling of ECL process, the flow cells used in ECL assay, and electrochemiluminescent sensor. The application of ECL in environmental analysis, immunoassay, nucleotide acid hybridization sensor. The applications of ECL in environmental analysis, immunooassay, nucleic acid hybridization assay, and other aspects are reviewed with the latest references in detail. Finally, the main problems in the further investigation are outlooked, so are its prospects.


Each beep is a tone complex with a central component N and a component spacing f0. Centrefrequency fc=f0∙N+∆f. The tone complex is Harmonic for ∆f=0 and Inharmonic otherwise. Timing: each beep 200 ms with 100 ms pause, and 300 ms pause between the two intervals. Random start phase for each tone component in each beep to reduce envelope cues between H and I. Signals at 30 dB SL Threshold Equalizing Noise (TEN) at -15 dB compared to beeps. Tone complexes filtered with bandpass filter centered at 1200 Hz with 500 Hz bandwidth. While 0<∆f<f0/2 the I complex is percieved as a tone complex with a higher pitch than f0.


Objectives The aim of this study is to explore the association among DRD4 polymorphism, temperament and alcohol drinking behavior of Koreans in their early adulthood. Method Participants were 172 healthy Korean adults (mean age $28.1{\pm}0.8$ ). Their temperament was assessed with the Temperament ...


Abstract In 2007, Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted survey and trial excavation to the Xiaowu Site in Lingbao City. The trial excavation recovered two tombs of early Yangshao Culture. Both of the tombs were rectangular earthen pit tombs of multiple secondary burials. The M1 of them yielded 79 individuals of human skeletons, and M2 yielded 17 individuals. The M1 was one of the large-scale multiple secondary burial tombs of the Yangshao Culture yielding the most individuals of human skeletons found to date. In the Sanmenxia area, the secondary burials of the Yangshao Culture are rare; these two secondary burial tombs found in Xiaowu Site are the first discovery of this type of burials of early Yangshao Culture in this area, and also the second collective discovery of multiple secondary burial tombs of early Yangshao Culture at the joint area of Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan Provinces in the recent several decades, so they have significant academic values.


Analysis of the steel slag hot stuffy production line problems.pool to hot stuffy,billet,seal and other technological transformation,reducing the risk of hot stuffy pool,improve the hot stuffy steel slag of pulverize effect,saving a lot of energy consumption.


In the article influence, state, problems and prospects of introduction of IFRS, is exposed in the system of record-keeping of bank institutions of Ukraine.


Urinary incontinence is a far-reaching and complex problem for older persons and has major psychosocial, economic and health consequences in affected women. The aim of this case report is to demonstrate that simple physiotherapeutic intervention can bring about dramatic improvement in the continence status of a patient and as a result improve the quality of life of such a patient. A literary review, the patient history, profile and the findings of the physical examination are presented. Physiotherapy and the outcomes are further discussed.


The authors describe a new technique, frequency-resolved capacitance spectroscopy (FRCS), for observing deep-level emission rates in semiconductor diodes and determining their activation energies. The technique uses a simple swept-frequency capacitance bridge with quadrature phase-sensitive detection.


For the numerical study of the stability and accuracy of the strip tension control system under processing of different strips,the mathematical model was firstly investigated by using Matlab software.The details about the stability and accuracy of the strip's tension control system while processing two different strips were reported,and strip of minimum stiffness was used in stability and accuracy analysis in the design.The research lays the foundation for the further optimization of the strip's tension control system.


Recent publications from field and simulation studies indicate that runoff per unit area decreases as the length of the slope being observed is increased. This scale effect has been observed and documented for slopes with a uniform infiltration capacity as well as for slopes along which infiltration capacity is variable. This paper presents the design and testing of a laboratory flume for the study of the processes that lead to this scale effect, particularly for the case of slopes covered with crops. The features of the flume include reliable experimental control of soil water content prior to rainfall, high intensity rainfall without erosion, uniform crop growth along the slope, and the option of varying the infiltration rate independently of rainfall and soil characteristics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Multiwavelength optical sources have potential applications in both Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) and Optical Time Division Multiplexing (OTDM) transmission systems. To date sources able to generate multiwavelength picosecond pulses have been demonstrated using external cavity grating lasers [1]. Here, multiwavelength pulses are generated using a monolithically integrated device, which is able to lase simultaneously on four WDM channels.


Background: Microtia-anotia has a global prevalence of 2.6 per 10,000 live births. Children with microtia-anotia will have an associated anomaly or an identifiable syndrome pattern in 20–60% of cases. The most common anomalies are facial cleft, facial asymmetry, renal abnormalities, cardiac defects, microphthalmia, polydactyly, and vertebral anomalies. Methods: This series consists of retrospective study of 30 patients who presented to the department of ENT, KEM Hospital between January 2010 to June 2013. Case Records of patients with congenital external ear deformity who presented to the E.N.T. Department during the time period from January 2010 to June 2013 were reviewed for the grade of microtia. The patients were also evaluated for associated congenital anomalies. Results: Associated anomalies in patients included facial paralysis, unilateral renal agenesis, congenital heart diseases, Cleft palate, microphthalmia, microcornea, iris coloboma, hemivertebra. Also Goldenhar syndrome / Hemifacial microsomia, TreacherCollin syndrome and PierreRobin syndrome were the related syndromes to congenital external ear deformity in our series. Conclusion: Congenital external deformities may be associated with spectrum of other anomalies and the patient should receive best coordinated care from otolaryngologists, audiologists, paediatricians, heart specialist to improve the quality of life. Early hearing assessment should be followed by proper rehabilitation for adequate speech and language development.


Seismic hazard of aftershocks is evaluated using the ground motion amplitudes from small aftershocks of 2014 Mw 6.2 Jinggu earthquake in Yunnan province of China. We assess the site condition and develop the ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) of this region. The strong duration is also calculated to further understand the potential seismic hazard to nearby structures. The dataset includes over 500 events of Mw 1.5-4.0, more than 2,500 three-component records at hypocentral distances less than 45 km from 11 stations which are operated by Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province. The ground motion amplification derived from the horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratio of each station ranges from 1.1 to 4.6. The time-average shear-wave velocity to 30 depth (VS30) for stations is estimated using fundamental frequencies associated with peak H/V ratios. GMPEs are obtained by regression based on the entire dataset. The values of geometrical spreading coefficients in GMPEs for peak ground velocity (PGV), peak ground acceleration (PGA), and response spectral acceleration (PSA) at frequencies 3.3 Hz and 5 Hz are close and higher than those for PSA at frequencies 1 Hz and 2 Hz. Significant duration (Ds) of strong ground motion is calculated, and it suggests that Ds systematically decreases with PGA. However, no strong correlation is observed regarding hypocentral distance, magnitude, and VS30.


We describe, a integrated optical MEMS racetrack resonator based force sensor. This sensor works on the change in the refractive index of the optical sensing element. The resonant wavelength of the sensing element is changed under the applied force of the sensor, which can be read out at the drop-port of the IO racetrack resonator. This force sensor provides a wavelength shift obtained is 120 pm per 1µN, Q-factor of 8153.


A procedure for haze detection and removal from high-resolution satellite images using wavelet analysis (HAWAT) has been developed. It involves the analysis of the low spatial frequency information content of a scene. The image contaminated by haze is decomposed into different spatial layers with wavelet transforms. Although haze is distributed in the lower frequency layer, this layer may also contain a component of land cover that is spatially and temporally relatively stable. A haze-free reference image of the same area is used to characterize land cover. The component of the characterized land cover is then subtracted with wavelet analysis. The residual wavelet coefficients are used to construct a spatially varying mask for subsequent haze detection and removal. After smoothing, the mask is subtracted from the contaminated image to obtain a corrected image with haze-off characteristics. Both visual inspection and statistical accuracy assessment show that the haze calibration is valid and robust.


As more and more people live near the sea, future flood risk must be properly assessed for sustainable urban planning and coastal protection. However, this is rarely the case in developing countries where there is both lack of in-situ data collection and forecasting tools. Here, we consider the case of the Kapuas River delta (KRD), a data-scarce delta on the west coast of Borneo Island, Indonesia. We assessed future flood risk under three climate change scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5). We combined the multiple linear regression and the GIS-based bathtub inundation models to assess the future flood risk. The former model was implemented to model the river's water-level dynamics in the KRD, particularly in Pontianak, under the influence of rainfall changes, surface wind changes, and sea-level rise. The later model created flood maps with inundated areas under a 100-year flood scenario, representing Pontianak's current and future flood extent. We found that about 6.4%–11.9% more buildings and about 6.8%–12.7% more roads will be impacted by a 100-year flood in 2100. Our assessment guides the local water manager in preparing adequate flood mitigation strategies.


This paper addresses the problem of targeted test generation for actor systems. Specifically, we propose a method to support generation of system-level tests to cover a given code location in an actor system. The test generation method consists of two phases. First, static analysis is used to construct an abstraction of an entire actor system in terms of a message flow graph (MFG). An MFG captures potential actor interactions that are defined in a program. Second, a backwards symbolic execution (BSE) from a target location to an "entry point" of the actor system is performed. BSE uses the MFG constructed in the first phase of our targeted test generation method to guide execution across actors. Because concurrency leads to a huge search space which can potentially be explored through BSE, we prune the search space by using two heuristics combined with a feedback-directed technique. We implement our method in Tap, a tool for Java Akka programs, and evaluate Tap on the Savina benchmarks as well as four open source projects. Our evaluation shows that the Tap achieves a relatively high target coverage (78% on 1,000 targets) and detects six previously unreported bugs in the subjects. 2012 ACM Subject Classification Software and its engineering → Software testing and debugging


Black carbon (BC) particles become hydrophilic after mixing with soluble matter in the atmosphere, and their optical and radiative properties can be significantly modified accordingly. This study investigates the impact of aggregate structure on optical and radiative properties of aged BC, that is, BC coated by sulfate or organic aerosols, especially during hygroscopic growth. A more realistic BC morphology based on fractal aggregates is considered, and inhomogeneous mixtures of BC aggregates are treated more realistically (with respect to particle geometries) in the multiple sphere T‐matrix method for optical property simulations. As relative humidity increases, BC extinction is significantly enhanced due to an increase in scattering, and the enhancement depends on the amount and hydrophilicity of the coating. The absorption exhibits less variation during hygroscopic growth because the coating of aerosols already leads to BC absorption close to the maximum. Furthermore, hygroscopic growth not only results in negative radiative forcing (RF) at the top of the atmosphere but also slightly weakens the absorption in the atmosphere (inducing a negative RF in the atmosphere). Compared to the more realistic model with BC as aggregates, the currently popular core‐shell model reasonably approximates the top of the atmosphere RF but underestimates the atmospheric RF due to hygroscopic growth by up to 40%. Furthermore, for the RF caused by internal mixing, the core‐shell model overestimates the RFs at the surface and in the atmosphere by ~10%.


Supercritical water gasification is a promising technology to recover energy from wet waste biomass feedstock. To properly design the supercritical water gasification plant, heat transfer characteristics of the heating section is essential. Although the supercritical water has been an object of study for a long time, report on heat transfer characteristics of the flowing biomass slurry feedstock is limited. The purpose of this study is to measure heat transfer characteristics of biomass slurry flowing in the tube. Heat transfer characteristics of the biomass slurry was measured experimentally, and correlation was made to predict the heat transfer characteristics. The resulting is applicable only to the biomass slurry tested here, but the procedure developed in this study should be applicable to other kinds of biomass slurry.


The article is devoted to the analysis of existing concepts of economic growth in the light of their influence on the condition of the state financial system. The authors show the reflection of financial indicators in fundamental macroeconomic functions and reconstruct many of them. The concept-based feasibility of the main growth indicators of the national economy can serve for practical studies and further – for extrapolation of scenarios used for regulating structural financial parameters of the financial system to ensure stability of the latter in real conditions of high volatility of the external market. A comparative analysis of the dynamics of macroeconomic and financial indicators of the Russian economy is carried out to identify trends in the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation. In view of high relevance of research on the sources of sustained economic growth, the main goal of the authors is to search for a fundamental conceptual justification of the possibilities of socio-economic development while maintaining stability of the country's financial system. The result of the study is a theoretical model design that reflects a combination of economic and financial parameters of national economy, whose regulation can ensure the growth of national economy under financial stability.


Disclosed is a photosensitive composition having photosensitivity which is alkaline developable without containing a crosslinking agent. Specifically disclosed is a silicon-containing photosensitive composition characterized by containing a silicon-containing polymer including at least one polymer (A1) represented by the general formula (1) below, wherein at least one of R11-R1n is an H and the rest of them are organic groups, or at least one polymer (A1) and one polymer (A2) represented by the general formula (2) below, and a compound (B) which generates an acid or a base when irradiated with an active ray or radiation ray. POLYMER (A1) (1) (In the formula, at least one of R 11-R1n represents an H, and n represents an integer of 1 or more.) POLYMER (A2) (2) (In the formula, R21-R2n represent atoms other than H or functional groups, and n represents an integer of 1 or more.)


Through rules of thumb and PI simulation, this paper mainly analyzes the malfunction point that may bring about conduct interference, and brings forward improvement measure to resolve the existing and potential failure.


Much of the software and many of the algorithms commonly used to simulate forest growth and harvesting activities have been optimized for short-term projections based primarily on larger-sized trees and are focused on even-aged silvicultural systems. Using data on trees 1.5 in. dbh and larger from the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP), we have adapted the widely available Landscape Management System (LMS) and Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) software to make long-term simulations using even and uneven-aged silvicultural management systems. MOFEP is designed to test the long-term effects of even-aged, uneven-aged, and no harvest treatments on a variety of ecosystem attributes. To simulate the economic outcomes of these three treatments, we have written new LMS algorithms that simulate the effects of uneven-aged harvesting. Our results show that in the Missouri Ozarks even-aged and uneven-aged management silvicultural systems yield long-term (100 years) economic outcomes that are not statistically different. This result reinforces the need for land managers or landowners to consider esthetics, nontraditional forest products, and other nonmarket values in their decision matrix. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):42-47.


Lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) activity was first analyzed on PBL populations fractionated on the basis of the expression of TII or T3 antigen. LAK cell precursors were found to be present in both TII+ and TII‐ populations, but only in the T3‐ cell fraction. The generation of LAK activity in highly purified T3‐ populations of PBL was not accompanied by expression of T3 antigen during a 5‐day culture period. LAK activity was next analyzed at the level of limiting dilution clonal microcultures. TII+T3‐ and TII+T3+ cells, cloned under optimal culture conditions, gave a frequency of proliferating cells of approximately I cell in 1.25 for TII+T3+ and I cell in 10 for TII+T3‐ cells. Clones were screened for their ability to lyse fresh ovarian carcinoma cells and K562 target cells. The majority of LAK clones were derived from the TII+T3‐ cells; moreover, most of the clones derived from these cells displayed LAK activity. Clones displaying LAK activity lysed a panel of fresh or cultured tumor target cells, but failed to lyse PHA‐activated lymphoblasts. Surface marker analysis indicated that all the clones had maintained the original TII/T3 phenotype. Whereas 2 T3+ selected LAK clones expressed the T8+T4‐ phenotype, only I out of 9 T3‐ clones was T8+T4‐, all the others lacking both T4 and T8 antigens.


We consider model order reduction for unsteady incompressible NavierStokes problems. A reduction of computational complexity is achieved by a Galerkin projection of the solution of a high-dimensional reference problem onto a low-dimensional subspace. We focus on subspaces generated by a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of space-adapted finite element snapshots. In previous works, we have investigated adaptive POD-Galerkin modeling for elliptic and parabolic problems [1, 2]. Incompressible flows pose additional challenges regarding the stability of the resulting reduced-order models and regarding the implementation of inhomogeneous initial and boundary condition. We propose two approaches to computing reduced spaces which result in stable POD-Galerkin models. The first approach employs a projection of the adapted velocity snapshots onto a space of functions which are weakly divergence-free with respect to a pressure reference space. The resulting reduced-order model is a system of ordinary differential equations for the velocity POD coefficients. The second approach is based on separate PODs of the adapted velocity and pressure snapshots. Here, the velocity POD basis is enriched by supremizer functions computed on a reference velocity space. The stability of the velocity-pressure pair of reduced spaces is linked to the inf-sup constant of the reference discretization. We analyze the complexity of the proposed reduced-order models, present numerical results for a benchmark problem, and compare our methods in terms of accuracy per computational cost.


IN THE 1920s, an obscure Anglican cleric in a forgotten town laid the foundation for America's greatest shrine in historic preservation, Colonial Williamsburg. It was this cleric who garnered the support of the Rockefeller family and gathered together professionals for the first time to address historic preservation on a large scale. In the gathering together of this team of experts, the historic preservation movement in America really began. The team looked at Williamsburg and tried to take it back to its colonial splendor, sometimes with great sensitivity and great accuracy and, at other times, with some questionable restoring or rebuilding. In a recent poll, by a vote of twelve to one, the American public preferred Williamsburg over any other historic preservation site in the nation. During the bicentennial in 1976, more than one and one-half million people


Laboratory and pilot plant experiments on anoxic selector activated sludge systems were conducted on two wastewaters in some cases supplemented with nitrate, acetate or glucose. To prevent bulking sufficient anoxic selector detention time and nitrate levels must be available to reduce selector effluent soluble COD to below 100 mg/l and to reduce readily metabolizable organic matter to virtually zero ( Soluble COD/NO 3 -N removal stoichiometry is in the range 6.0-6.7. Selector systems have elevated soluble substrate removal and denitrification rates compared to CSTR systems. These rates are not affected greatly by temperature (20-25°C) for CSTR sludges but are for selector sludges. Upon exhaustion of nitrate in a selector soluble COD leaks out of the activated sludge in significant amounts. Thiothrix sp. and type 021N denitrify only to NO 2 and at much slower rates than Zoogloearamigera does to N 2 . A sequencing batch system provides an optimistic estimate of the SVI that can be obtained by an anoxic selector system.


This article presents a systematic review of group counseling interventions facilitated by school counselors that included academic achievement as outcome targets. We examined the articles that met the criteria to identify any therapeutic factors within the group interventions. A total of 18 articles met the criteria and all of the studies with the largest effect size (i.e., above .8) were found to have imparting information as one of the therapeutic factors coded as part of the intervention. Five articles were either qualitative in nature or did not present enough descriptive data to calculate effect size. These articles included at least three therapeutic factors and raised an important implication for mixed-method research studies to ensure more inclusive approaches in the future. We provide recommendations for practice and research and conclude this article with a call for more group counseling research in schools.


Previous investigations of the core gene regulatory circuitry that controls embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency have largely focused on the roles of transcription, chromatin and non-coding RNA regulators1–3. Alternative splicing (AS) represents a widely acting mode of gene regulation4–8, yet its role in regulating ESC pluripotency and differentiation is poorly understood. Here, we identify the Muscleblind-like RNA binding proteins, MBNL1 and MBNL2, as conserved and direct negative regulators of a large program of cassette exon AS events that are differentially regulated between ESCs and other cell types. Knockdown of MBNL proteins in differentiated Manuscript correspondence to: Benjamin J. Blencowe, PhD, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, Office 416-978-3016; Fax 416-946-5545, email@example.com. *Co-first authors Full Methods and any associated references are available in the online version of the paper. Author Contributions H.H. performed experiments in Figs. 1–4, S2–9 and S11–13. M.I. performed bioinformatic analyses in Figs. 1–4, S1, S3, S7, S10 and S14, with input from N.L.B.-M. L.D., A.G. assisted with secondary MEF reprogramming experiments and clone characterization, and D.T. generated secondary MEF lines and performed chimerism testing. P.J.R., T.T. and M.G. performed human reprogramming experiments and iPSC characterization. H-K. S. performed teratoma assays. B.A. and B.J.F. generated splicing code data. I.P.M., H-K. S. and D.O. assisted with ESC overexpression and differentiation experiments. E.W. and C.B.B. generated and analyzed CLIP-Seq data. E.N. and V.S. performed RT-PCR validation experiments. B.J.B., H.H., and M.I. designed the study, with input from J.L.W., J.E., A.N. and J.M. B.J.B. H.H., and M.I. wrote the manuscript, with input from the other authors. NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Nature. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 February 25. Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2013 June 13; 498(7453): 241–245. doi:10.1038/nature12270. N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript cells causes switching to an ESC-like AS pattern for approximately half of these events, whereas over-expression of MBNL proteins in ESCs promotes differentiated cell-like AS patterns. Among the MBNL-regulated events is an ESC-specific AS switch in the forkhead family transcription factor FOXP1 that controls pluripotency9. Consistent with a central and negative regulatory role for MBNL proteins in pluripotency, their knockdown significantly enhances the expression of key pluripotency genes and the formation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) during somatic cell reprogramming. A core set of transcription factors that includes OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2, together with specific microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, controls the expression of genes required for the establishment and maintenance of ESC pluripotency1–3,10–12. Alternative splicing (AS), the process by which splice sites in primary transcripts are differentially selected to produce structurally and functionally distinct mRNA and protein isoforms, provides a powerful additional mechanism with which to control cell fate7,8,13, yet its role in the regulation of pluripotency has only recently begun to emerge. In particular, the inclusion of a highly conserved ESC-specific "switch" exon in the FOXP1 transcription factor changes its DNA binding specificity such that it stimulates the expression of pluripotency transcription factors, including OCT4 and NANOG, while repressing genes required for differentiation9. However, the trans-acting regulators of this and other AS events14–16 implicated in ESC biology are not known. These factors are important to identify, as they may control regulatory cascades that direct cell fate, and likewise they may also control the efficiency and kinetics of somatic cell reprogramming. To identify such factors, we used high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data to define human and mouse cassette alternative exons that are differentially spliced between ESCs/iPSCs and diverse differentiated cells and tissues, referred to below as "ESCdifferential AS". A splicing code analysis17 was then performed to identify cis-elements that may promote or repress these exons. The RNA-Seq data used to profile AS were also used to detect human and mouse splicing factor genes that are differentially expressed between ESCs/iPSCs and non-ESCs/tissues. By integrating these data sources, we sought to identify differentially expressed splicing regulators with defined binding sites that match ciselements predicted by the code analysis to function in ESC-differential AS. We identified 181 human and 103 mouse ESC-differential AS events, with comparable proportions of exons that are ≥25% more included or more skipped in ESCs versus the other profiled cells and tissues (Fig. 1a, Supplementary Figs. 1a, 2 and Supplementary Tables 1, 2). When comparing orthologous exons in both species, 25 of the human and mouse ESCdifferential AS events overlapped (p<2.2e−16; hypergeometric test). The human and mouse ESC-differential AS events are significantly enriched in genes associated with the cytoskeleton (e.g. DST, ADD3), plasma membrane (e.g. DNM2, ITGA6) and kinase activity (e.g. CASK, MARK2 and MAP2K7) (Supplementary Table 3). They also include the aforementioned FOXP1 ESC-switch AS event, and previously unknown AS events in other transcription or chromatin regulatory factors (e.g. TEAD1 and MTA1) that have been implicated in controlling pluripotency18,19. These results suggest a considerably more extensive role for regulated AS in ESC biology than previously appreciated. The splicing code analysis revealed that motifs corresponding to consensus binding sites of the conserved Muscleblind-like (MBNL) proteins are the most strongly associated with ESC-differential AS in human and mouse. The presence of MBNL motifs in downstream flanking intronic sequences is associated with exon skipping in ESCs, whereas their presence in upstream flanking intronic sequences is associated with exon inclusion in ESCs (Fig 1b, human code; Supplementary Fig. 1b, mouse code). To a lesser extent, features resembling binding sites for other splicing regulators, including Polypyrimidine tract Han et al. Page 2 Nature. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 February 25. N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript binding protein (PTBP) and RNA-binding fox (RBFOX) proteins, may also be associated with ESC-differential AS. From RNA-Seq expression profiling 221 known or putative splicing factors, eleven genes showed significant differential expression between human ESCs/iPSCs and other cells and tissues (Bonferroni-corrected p < 0.05, Wilcoxon rank-sum test) (Fig. 1c and Supplementary Table 4). Remarkably, MBNL1 and MBNL2 had the lowest relative mRNA levels in ESCs/ iPSCs compared to other cells and tissues (Fig. 1c, Supplementary Fig. 3a and Methods). Quantitative RT-PCR assays confirmed this observation (Supplementary Fig. 3b). Similar results were obtained when analyzing mouse expression data (Supplementary Fig. 3c–e and Supplementary Table 4). PTBP, RBFOX and other splicing factors potentially associated with ESC-differential AS by the splicing code analysis did not exhibit significant differences in mRNA levels between ESCs/iPSCs and other cells or tissues. Collectively, these results suggest a conserved and prominent role for MBNL1 and MBNL2 in ESC-differential AS. Because MBNL proteins are expressed at minimal levels in ESCs compared to other cell types, we hypothesized that they may repress ESC-differential exons in non-ESCs, and/or activate the inclusion of exons in non-ESCs that are skipped in ESCs. Indeed, previous studies have shown that in differentiated cells, MBNL proteins suppress exon inclusion when they bind upstream flanking intronic sequences, and they promote inclusion when binding to downstream flanking intronic sequences20,21. The results of the splicing code analysis are consistent with this mode of regulation, when taking into account that MBNL proteins are depleted in ESCs relative to differentiated cells and tissues (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. 1b). To test the above hypothesis, we used siRNAs to knockdown MBNL1 and MBNL2 (to ~10% of their endogenous levels), individually or together, in human (293T and HeLa) and mouse (neuro2A [N2A]) cells (Fig. 2a and Supplementary Fig. 4a; see below). For comparison, knockdowns were performed in human (H9) and mouse (CGR8) ESCs. RTPCR assays were used to monitor the ESCswitch exon of FOXP1/Foxp1 (human exon 18b/ mouse exon 16b), which is partially included in ESCs and fully skipped in differentiated cell types9. The splicing code analysis suggested that this exon is associated with conserved regulation by MBNL proteins, through possible direct disruption of splice site recognition (Fig. 2b; see legend and below). Knockdown of MBNL2 in 293T or HeLa cells resulted in a <1% increase in FOXP1 exon 18b inclusion, whereas knockdown of MBNL1 alone, or together with MBNL2, resulted in increases in PSI, from zero to 2–2.4% and 6.5–7.1%, respectively (Figs. 2c, 3c and Supplementary Figs. 4b, 5). More pronounced effects were observed for Foxp1 exon 16b in N2A cells (PSI shift from 0 to 15.1 for the double knockdown; Fig. 2d and Supplementary Fig. 4c). Knockdowns in ESCs had modest effects on exon 18b/16b splicing, consistent with the low levels of MBNL/Mbnl expression in these cells (Supplementary Fig. 4d, e). Knockdown of a third MBNL family member, MBNL3, which has a more restricted cell-type distribution compared to MBNL1 and MBNL222, had no detectable effect on exon 18b splicing (Supplementary Fig. 5). These results suggest that MBNL1 and MBNL2 proteins have conserved and partially redundant roles in the negative regulation of FOXP1/Foxp1 exon 18b/16b inclusion. To assess the extent to which ESC-differential AS events are contro


Grid computing, being a gifted way for distributed supercomputing. There are lots of challenges for grid computing, both from technical point of view and from nontechnical point of view and there are quite a few barriers from grid computing being widely accepted by common end users. Grid computing is taken to the next level which aids in the discovery and use of remote resources for computing and storage. The Grids create an illusion of a simple, large and robust self configuring virtual computer consisting of well connected heterogeneous systems sharing various resources. The users don't need any direct control over the diverse resources of the Grid. A major difficulty for Grid services is how to gain confidence that a distant system is performing in accordance with their norms. Proper resource distribution and deployment cannot be achieved unless trust is established in the Grid. In this paper we have discussed different challenges and barriers for the improvement and usage of grid computing are listed. Abstract— Grid Computing ,Trust ,Challenges . Grid Computing ,Trust ,Challenges .