Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease that characterized by the loss of self-tolerance and the production of autoantibodies (autoAbs) [1, 2]. Lupus nephritis (LN), the severe organ-threatening manifestations of SLE, could cause massive damage to patients[3, 4]. Currently, some exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are considered as potential biomarkers in SLE. However, the role of exosomal miRNAs in Lupus Nephritis (LN) remains unclear.The purpose of this study was to investigate molecular mechanism of plasma exosomal miRNAs in the development of Lupus Nephritis.Circulating exosomes were isolated from plasma of patients with LN, SLE without LN (NLN). Plasma exosomes were authenticated by Western Blot, Nanosight Tracking Analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fluorescence microscopy of co-cultured plasma exosomes and podocytes demonstrated that exosomes were uptaken into podocytes. Moreover, cell apoptosis and the inflammation factors was assessed using Western Blot. We analyzed the expression profiles of miRNAs in LN and NLN exosomes and the expression profiles of mRNAs of podocytes stimulated with LN and NLN exosomes with the help of next generation sequencing (NGS).We demonstrate that exosomes derived from LN plasma could be taken by neighboring podocytes and promote the apoptosis of podocytes and the expression of inflammation factors. In addition, the sequencing found that miRNAs were differentially expressed in LN and NLN exosomes and mRNAs were differentially expressed in podocytes stimulated with LN and NLN exosomes.LN plasma exosomes have a potency to stimulate the apoptosis of podocytes and the expression of inflammation factors. Moreover, differentially expressed miRNAs in exosomes play a potential role in the development of LN.[1]T. Colasanti, A. Maselli, F. Conti, M. Sanchez, C. Alessandri, C. Barbati, D. Vacirca, A. Tinari, F. Chiarotti, A. Giovannetti, F. Franconi, G. Valesini, W. Malorni, M. Pierdominici, E. Ortona, Autoantibodies to estrogen receptor α interfere with T lymphocyte homeostasis and are associated with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus, Arthritis and rheumatism, 64 (2012) 778-787.[2]H.A. Al-Shobaili, A.A. Al Robaee, A.A. Alzolibani, Z. Rasheed, Antibodies against 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal modified epitopes recognized chromatin and its oxidized forms: role of chromatin, oxidized forms of chromatin and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal modified epitopes in the etiopathogenesis of SLE, Disease markers, 33 (2012) 19-34.[3]A. Kaul, C. Gordon, M.K. Crow, Z. Touma, M.B. Urowitz, R. van Vollenhoven, G. Ruiz-Irastorza, G. Hughes, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2 (2016) 16039.[4]M.G. Tektonidou, A. Dasgupta, M.M. Ward, Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease in Patients With Lupus Nephritis, 1971-2015: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis, Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 68 (2016) 1432-1441.None declared


Bacteria are one of the infectious organisms and considered as threats to humans killing hundred thousand people worldwide annually. They have developed highly effective mechanisms to subvert the human immune system, which explains why developing vaccines and controlling these pathogens have been so difficult. Following infections by bacteria, the innate immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils engulf and destroy microorganisms, while adaptive immunity is mediated through the generation of antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes, through a process of gene rearrangement resulting in the production and development of specific antibodies and killer T cell, respectively. However, many microbial pathogens avoid host recognition or dampen the subsequent immune activation through sophisticated interactions with host responses, but some pathogens benefit from the stimulation of inflammatory reactions against the host. Such mechanisms include capsule formation, secretion of toxins or modulator, avoiding immune surveillance, Antigenic variation, cell death manipulation, escape from phagocyte response, subversion of innate pathway, and blockage of acquired immune. Other strategies used by bacteria to invade host immunity include inhibition of complement, inhibition of cytokines, interferon or chemokines, interference with toll-like receptors, blockage of antimicrobial small molecules, and blockage of intrinsic cellular pathways. The paper reviews some strategies used by bacteria in evading host immune system.


The invention relates to a method for joining at least two components using an adhesive composition which is formed as a one- or two-component resin-initiator system, wherein at least one component comprises a lichtaktivierbares additive. The inventive method limited joining areas can be selectively activated in order to fix a joining area already activated a second joining region which has not been activated and thus is not yet cured. Furthermore, the invention relates to a composite, wherein the first component is a structural component of an aircraft and the second component a holder assembly for cable, tubes or insulation materials and the adhesive composition on a polyurethane and / or silane-modified polymer with an activatable by electromagnetic radiation additive based acrylate.


Let K/Qp be a finite field extension. The local Langlands correspondence predicts the existence of a bijection between (certain) representations of a p-adic group such as GLn(K) and (certain) Galois representations, or more precisely representations WK → GLn(E) of the Weil group (with coefficients in an algebraically closed field E of characteristic 0, such as C or Q`). It has been proved for the group GLn by Harris and Taylor (and shortly thereafter in a simpler way by Henniart) in 1998. The aim of the seminar is to learn something about the local Langlands correspondence for GL2 over Qp, and in particular about the connection to the cohomology of modular curves. This case has been known for a long time, based on the work of Langlands, Deligne and Carayol, among others. See [Ca]. We will not prove the local Langlands correspondence even in this case. For a proof, see the book [BH] by Bushnell and Henniart. If there is enough time, or maybe as a continuation some time, it would be desirable to put the results of the seminar into a broader perspective. One interesting topic would be the work of Harris and Taylor [HT]; although this is very technical, it would be a natural choice insofar as the core of the seminar in a sense is "HarrisTaylor for GL2(Qp)". Another theme would be the p-adic Langlands program, where currently a lot of exciting development is going on; see [E], for instance. This seminar is closely related to some of the previous research seminars (although it does not formally depend on them), notably to the seminars on automorphic forms and on quaternion algebras and Shimura curves. Here however, we will put the main focus on understanding how the geometry of the special fibers of modular curves can be exploited to obtain representation theoretic information. Furthermore, many of the tools studied in last semester's seminar on p-divisible groups are very useful here. The main reference for most of the seminar will be Carayol's paper [Ca] (which focusses on the case of Shimura curves, rather than the classical modular curves, but still seems to be the best reference available—the case of modular curves is in fact due to Deligne [D1]). As a kind of guide, one can take §2 in Emerton's paper [E] (but note that there the roles of p and ` are switched). Let us describe the content of the seminar in more detail. Denote by Af the ring of finite adeles over Q. For a compact open subgroup K ⊂ GL2(Af ), let YK denote the (non-compact) modular curve with level structure K. We consider YK as an algebraic curve over Q. Fix an integer k ≥ 1 (think of k as the weight of the modular forms to be considered). One attaches to k a certain local system Fk on YK (either over C, or—as we will understand it— an `-adic sheaf in the sense of the étale topology).


This study investigated the interaction of PTSD and major depressive disorder with common aging-related variables for a community sample of older World War II and Korean War veterans. Older veterans (N = 139) were divided into PTSD and depressed groups on the basis of interviewers' measures and compared on overall adjustment, social support, and health status. Only PTSD affected adjustment and health status.


Solutions of a number of weak organic bases (such as nitro-compounds, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, and alcohols) in mixtures of fluorosulphuric acid and antimony pentafluoride have been examined by dynamic n.m.r. measurements. The rate of proton loss from the conjugate acids of these bases affords an inverse measure of their relative basic strengths, and amplifies the acidity measurements on the solvent system. N.m.r. spectral parameters are listed for the protonated bases.


The present disclosure provides an improved food preparation station. The cooling air separately through the top of each of the food tray, the food spoilage avoided at high ambient temperatures. Side portion of the food tray while also cooled.


KEKB has stopped since June 2010 for upgrading the luminosity 40 times, i.e. SuperKEKB. During the operation of 11 years, a pair of controlled beam abort systems worked more than 10000 times to protect the hardware components of KEKB accelerator and the detector against the high intensity beams of high and low energy rings (HER and LER, respectively). Optimization of the abort trigger was necessary to balance efficient operation with the safety of the hardware. Therefore, we analyzed one-by-one all of the aborts, and continually adjusted the abort system. The diagnostic system was based on a high-sampling-rate data logger that recorded beam currents, RF signals and beam loss monitor signals. The beam oscillation signals, vacuum pressure and detector dose rate were also examined. This paper describes the typical abort causes, optimizations of abort levels, and abort statistics over approximately eight years after having arrived at high current operation.


Contraposing two erroneous tendencies and practices that wholly westernizing the education system in Europe and America and indiscriminately imitating the mode of education in the former Soviet Union,the educator Xu Teli,in his glorious revolutionary and educational career,has always been consciously resisted the improper tendencies and actively guided the education from thoughts to practices in China.He insists in considering Marxism as the guiding ideology in the development of Chinese modern education,promotes the principles of closely integrating education and work,theory and practice,school and community,opposes dogmatism and empiricism,and emphasizes the need to establish nationalized,scientific and popular culture and education.


In this paper,a marked point process based method is used to extract buildings from airborne LIDAR data.At first,a Gibbs energy model is build according to the geometric feature of the object in the point cloud data.This model contains both a data coherence term which fits the objects to the data and a prior term which incorporates the prior knowledge of the object geometric properties. Then the previously defined model is optimized by the RJMCMC(Reverse Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo)algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm.Finally,fine processing removes the terrestrial points,noise points and tree crown points of the extracted objects which are mistakenly extracted as buildings,while combining adjacent objects.The method was tested with three different aerial LiDAR data sets from ISPRS.The results show that our method is capable of efficient and robust building extraction.


This article addresses race and inequality through the horror sci-fi genre and the musical landscape of two episodes of Misha Green's TV series Lovecraft Country (2020). Moral responsibilities are mediated throughout the series via sonic culture; through analysis of the series' aurality, focus is on the sonic reimagining and resignifying of two episodes: Episode One (E1) "Sundown" and Episode Five (E5) "Strange Case." The unique blend of sci-fi and Cthulhu Mythos adds an additional layer of horror when situated against the backdrop of the racial realities of African Americans in the 1950s and guides the viewer to experience the familiar horror trope by disrupting the ways we experience sound in TV viewing. The soundtrack produces and thematises different sonic emotions and the result is a 21st-century representation of the 1950s: one that reframes racial inequalities of the time for contemporary sensibilities, while actively using the past as raw material for a new present. In this analysis of historical injustices of Black culture through sonic emotion, this article provides a demonstration on how Lovecraft Country engages with race, gender, and sonic culture while embracing the rich tapestry of Black sound by disrupting narratives, challenging racial temporalities, and inviting change.


How has the focus of research papers on a given disease changed over time? Identifying the papers at the cusps of change can help highlight the emergence of a new topic or a change in the direction of research. We present a generally applicable unsupervised approach to this question based on semantic changepoints within a given collection of research papers. We illustrate the approach by a range of examples based on a nascent corpus of literature on COVID-19 as well as subsets of papers from PubMed on the World Health Organization list of neglected tropical diseases. The software is freely available at: https://github.com/pdddinakar/SemanticChangepointDetection.


Mobile communication system according to the present invention has a base station, a base station and a mobile station for communication. The communication protocol between the base station and a mobile station, a plurality of state update frames are defined in the time domain. That the base station, the status update information indicating whether to set the mobile station to which of the active state and suspended state is configured to be transmitted in each of the plurality of state update frames, and, set in the active state by the state update information, the mobile station only so as to transmit the packet. BS earlier than transmission of a packet by a predetermined time, the notice of transmission of a packet by transmitting the control information including information necessary for reception of the packet to the mobile station. The mobile station, in response to the state update information, and setting any one of an active state and suspended state, and, when set to the active state, and configured to be capable of receiving the control information and a packet, receiving a control information and a packet time is set to the suspended state It is not configured. Mobile communication base station, the mobile station, the active, state update


A medical diagnostic device is characterized in that an image processing means (22) includes an image noise removal part (211, 211′) which removes the noise in the generated image of a person to be examined, a signal component enhancement processing part (212, 212′) which generates an enhanced-signal component image by performing signal component enhancement processing of the image from which the noise is removed by the image noise removal part, and an image combining part (213, 213′) which generates a combined image by combining the image of the person to be examined, the image from which the noise is removed by the image noise removal part, and an enhanced-signal component image subjected to signal component enhancement processing by the signal component enhancement processing part.


Supramolecular light-emitting polymers (SLEPs) based on host–guest interactions were developed for solution processed organic electronic devices. The dibenzo-24-crown-8 functionalized blue-emitting conjugated oligomer 1 and green-emitting conjugated oligomer 3 were used as the host materials, and the dibenzylammonium salt functionalized blue-emitting conjugated oligomer 2 was used as the guest material. The resulting linear SLEPs were obtained from the self-organization of the host and guest oligomers, which were confirmed by the nuclear magnetic resonance, viscosity and differential scanning calorimetry studies. Highly fluorescent SLEP nanofibers can be easily obtained by drawing or electron-spinning from the equimolar solution of the host and guest oligomers. The photophysical and electroluminescence properties of the resulting SLEPs were fully investigated. It was found that the SLEPs' emission colors can be well tuned from blue to green with significantly enhanced photoluminescent efficiencies by using 3 as the dopant, which is due to the efficient energy transfer caused by the exciton trapping on narrow band gap host oligomer 3 in the SLEPs. As a result, the designed SLEPs showed comparable electroluminescence device performances to those analogous traditional conjugated polymers. Considering the precisely defined starting monomers and catalyst-free polymerization process for the designed SLEPs, combining the good device performances, the present study provides a promising alternative route to develop solution processed semiconductors for optoelectronic applications.


The liverwort Anastrophyllum minutum, and the mosses Campylopus brevipilus, Pohlia melanodon and Syntrichia latifolia are reported from Madeira for the first time, based on records from riparian habitats. The current threat status in Madeira is assessed for these four species and updated for two other ones.


The assignment question relates the society the stability and advancement.Party's 16 sessions of three CCP plenary conferences further propose the consummation distribution system,enlarges the adjustment dynamics.This article unifies the realistic Condition and the origin which the current assignment disparity enlarges and the understanding exists which to the distribution system reforming named the area and the reform mentality proposes own viewpoint.


Wireless sensor networks consist of spatially distributed sensor to monitor physical or environmental conditions and cooperatively pass their data to a central location. These kinds of network have come into prominence because they hold the potential to revolutionize many segments of our life from environmental monitoring and conservation to automation in traffic monitoring and health-care business. This paper focus on design, implementation and operation of a sensor network requires the assemblage of various disciplines including embedded systems, hardware, networking, information management and distributed algorithms. Most applications of WSNs require deployment in unattended remote locations. Therefore, power awareness is fundamental to data dissemination and routing in a WSN.


Since 1970s, Seoul Metropolitan Area has been growing in physical and demographic aspect. A number of new urban fringes, New City, had been particularly developed from the early of 1990s. To examine the urban growth, the population density maps are generally used to the efficient urban management tool. The density maps from political boundaries, however, were traditionally used to estimate an urban concentration, there is problems to apply directly to urban management decision making due to (i) the abrupt changes between boundaries and (ii) the inclusion of green areas and forests in these areas. The mass-preserving interpolation method, the Pycnophylactic interpolation, could provide more realistic density maps. In addition, the classified urban areas from satellite images corresponding years would turn out to be more reliable results since populations were only applied to urbanized areas. Even though the Pyconophylactic method makes the density larger, it would be useful to produce a general urban growth trend at large scale. Consequently, four different density maps are compared and reviewed for this study, and the cross-sectional analysis provided to glimpse of population density around the city center.


In this paper, a compact wide-band direction finding system is proposed that is suitable for wireless handheld and mobile communication devices. The proposed six-port (SP) design covers a low frequency wide band ranging from 1.68 GHz to 2.25 GHz with a bandwidth of almost 570 MHz. This low frequency operation is unique to this design, as most of the available designs cover high frequency bands starting above 2 GHz. The frequency bands covered by this design are for commercially available wireless standards. This includes GSM-1800/GSM-1900/PCS (1850~1990 MHz) and UMTS(1885~2200 MHz) bands. A Major contribution of this optimized design results in 40% reduction in the total area comparing its size with the most relevant design. The dimensions of the optimized SP design are suitable to be accommodated within a software defined radio and cognitive radio platforms. Low frequency RF DF and compact size of this design are the key features. Moreover, the proposed system based on SP design can be extended to a variety of applications and other low cost microwave measurements as well. This SP design is realized on a dielectric substrate area of 65 × 65 × 0.64 mm3.


Newspapers have recently adopted Web URLs (Universal Resource Locators) into their content. Herein we briefly report an exploratory investigation of this phenomenon. There are a variety of published studies on the role of the Web within news organizations.1 However, we found no empirical work that addresses the specific area of this study - the way in which newspapers refer to and cite Web addresses. This is not a trivial question. An annual survey conducted by the Georgia Institute of Technology offers some insight into the role that newspapers play in referring individuals to the Web. When respondents were asked, "How do you find out about new WWW pages/sites?", 63 percent mentioned print media - magazines or newspapers.2 One of the potential problems with citing URLs in newspapers may be the instability of Internet addresses. Several scholars caution that there is no guarantee that a Web site will remain stationary or that its content will remain the same for any length of time.3 One study of URL stability in scholarly scientific journals noted an 18 percent access failure rate over a six-month period. The authors describe these failures as "site instability" with multiple changes over the time frame of the study or URLs' disappearing completely.4 The use of URLs has been a concern of editors. American Journalism Review reported comments by a number of editors and publishers about the practice of including URLs in stories, suggesting that privacy issues, the motivation of the Web author, content accuracy and decency issues were important considerations for editors.5 The decision of whether and when to include URLs is still an imprecise standard with style and usage rules evolving for newspapers.6 The Associated Press is also engaged in the evolution of URL standards. AP published its guidelines when it announced in early March 2000 that it would begin including URLs with national news, sports and financial wire stories.7 Methods Researchers wishing to receive a detailed report of our methods may contact the lead author. Data were acquired from the Lexis/Nexis "General News, Major Papers" resource for the years 1994-1999, with a randomly constructed week sampled to represent each year. An ideal search strategy would have been to search for the appearance of "www." in all stories ("http://" is not placed before many address listings). However, "WWW" is a key word in Lexis/ Nexis, which complicated the preferred strategy. Therefore, the search was limited to stories in which the terms "Internet" or "World Wide Web" appeared. Observation of URLs in this sample is obviously not an ideal means by which to generalize to all newspaper content. But, in the absence of other studies of this kind, we feel these data do have some value, and this approach did allow the examination of attention to the Internet and the Web by newspapers. For most of our work here, the URL was the unit of analysis. This sample yielded 1554 URLs. Another characteristic we wished to observe about the Web-site references in newspapers was the shelf-life of the listings. To do this we converted the data set to a monthly time series, each month represented by a single day. For this analysis, we checked 2,058 URLs, noting yes or no as to whether the link was still active and arriving at a "dead link ratio" for each month in the series. The date of publication was then compared to the date we checked the link in order to plot changes in the dead link ratio by the age of the link. All links were checked over a period of five days. Findings First, we describe the results of the simple count of stories involving the Web or the Internet. Figure 1 shows the number of stories located in the search, plotted by year with the subset that also contain specific URLs indicated. An expected growth function is demonstrated here, but we also see a hidden trend within these data. Over the five years, observed stories including URLs have gone from 2 percent of sampled stories to 25 percent. …


The test object was column sample of shallow top soil in Nanjing,Suzhou and Wuxi,the unsaturated soil was tested by unilateralist freezing way tests on unsaturated soil,the soil's moisture migration behaviors were analyzed under the influence of moisture content,dry density and freezing time.The following conclusions could be drawn:the sample's freezing front position was relationship with freezing time,the freeze frontal movement speed of begin two hours(1.55 cm/h) was slightly higher than the end of the two hours(1.20 cm/h).The moisture migration capacity and scope were negative correlation with the soil's dry density,the top and bottom moisture variation of sample was relationship with dry density.After unilateralist freezing,the moisture migration was remarkable in unsaturated muddy clay when soil's moisture content was higher.The results also showed that mealy sand was apt to quickly freeze,and moisture migration capacity of that was little impacted by initial moisture content of soil.The water content increment was the same in each frozen section of silty clay under the same freezing conditions.


This study utilized a fairly new measure of gender equality from the European Union to dissect the relationship between gender-specific homicide victimization rates and different forms of gender equality across a sample of European countries. Results showed support for a curvilinear relationship between financial equality and female and male homicide victimization, providing support for amelioration and backlash theories, but no support for absolute economic marginalization. While there were some similarities between the female and male models, there were enough differences to warrant further investigations of gendered theories of violent victimization.


This review of the Commission on Money and Credit is in three sections. The frst section describes the background of the commission. The second section discusses the economics of the commission's report. The third section appraises the impact of the commission. The paper is directed to the contributions of monetary commissions to the formation of public policy, and the relationship between the design of the Commission on Money and Credit and its impact.


A summary of the 1993 analysis of cost responsibility, including estimates for 1994 and 1995, is presented. The methodological process is described. The process involves 1) designation of vehicle classes and fleet estimation; 2) revenue estimation and allocation; 3) cost estimation and allocation; and 4) revenue/cost comparison. Based on the analysis, combination trucks pay 46% of their assigned costs; buses pay 40% of their assigned costs; single-unit trucks, except pickup trucks, pay 98% of their assigned costs; passenger cars pay 28% more than their assigned costs; and pickup trucks pay nearly twice their assigned costs.


This paper presents an extensive and useful comparison of existing formulas to estimate wave forces on crown walls. The paper also provides valuable insights into crown wall behaviour, suggesting the use of formulas for prior sizing and recommending, in any case, tests on a physical model in order to confirm the final design. The authors helpfully advise to use more than one method to obtain results closer to reality, always taking into account the test conditions under which each formula was developed


Objective To probe the technical processes of the suboccipital retrosigmoidal craniotomy with replacement of bone flap and its clinical application. Methods The data of 31 patients undergoing suboccipital retrosigmoidal craniotomy for the cebellopontine angle lesions were analyzed retrospectively. Results All the procedures of craniotomy including removal of the bone flap were accomplished smoothly and safely within 48 minutes averagely. No postoperative cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) infection and fever occurred. Only one patient was found CSF leakage from the split incision after taking out stitches and quickly healed after the prompt treatment. Conclusion Suboccipital retrosigmoidal craniotomy with replacement of bone flap is safe and feasible. It may decrease the possibility of postoperative CSF leakage or infection for the cerebellopontine angle lesions.


Experimental acidification effects on stream biota and organic matter decomposition rates in natural, low-alkalinity (7–15 mg CaCO3/L) Michigan streams were studied using paired, artificial, recirculating streams. Acidification to pH 4 with sulfuric acid from pH 7.0 to 7.4 resulted in significant decreased decomposition rates for 5-g leaf packs of white birch (Betula papyrifera) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum). Populations of total macroinvertebrates on leaf packs in the acid stream were substantially reduced over a 264-d exposure period, whereas populations remained unchanged in the control stream. Detailed studies were conducted on a caddisfly, Lepidostoma liba, and an isopod, Asellus intermedius. The Lepidostoma population was resistant to short-term exposure to acidification, but significant mortality occurred after 80 d at pH 4 at 2–4 °C. Late instars were not affected by acidification and emerged after more than 60 d at 15–20 °C. Asellus was very sensitive to acidification with up to 93% mortality ...


The rationale for this special issue of the Japan Forum is twofold: first, to help to fill the lacunae in the literature on risk in Japan by examining the Koizumi Junichirō administration and beyond; and, second, to explore further how the administration's adoption of neo-liberal answers to questions of political economy domestically and a more proactive military role internationally has reshaped the way risk is approached and deployed by policy-makers and other actors (Hook and Takeda 2007). It takes up risk at the international, national and societal levels, with a particularly focus on security. The four articles adopt a case-study approach, examining risk in relation to China and North Korea, at the international level, the intersection of risk at the international and societal levels, with a focus on the impact of American bases in Okinawa, and finally risk and terrorism/counterterrorism. The purpose of this introduction is to offer a wider, conceptual discussion of risk in order to set the context for the articles making up this special issue.


Abstract Scanning electron micrographs are presented of ten species of Carex, illustrating the range of leaf characters displayed by this technique. Leaf-surface characters include the distribution and form of the stomata on the two surfaces, whether they are flush with the leaf-surface or sunk in pits or hidden amongst papillae, and the size, texture and ornamentation of the epidermal cells on the two surfaces of the leaf. Most Carices have their stomata mainly on the underside of the leaf (hypostomous); C. nigra and C. rostrata have most of their stomata on the upperside (epistomous); and C. canescens has stomata on both leaf surfaces (amphistomous). Stomatal distribution can be seen with a hand lens and is a useful field character. The stomata in many species are flush with the smooth leaf surface but, in C. flacca and C. panacea, they are hidden among the closely-set papillae covering the lower leaf surface. In C. rostrata, they are surrounded by papillae on the upper surface in contrast to C. vesicaria, where they lie flush with the smooth lower surface. The presence of forward-pointing teeth on the upperside of the leaves of C. pilulifera is a striking feature in scanning micrographs, in contrast with the smoother surface of C. caryophyllea. Of the needle-leaved species, C. dioica has one broad band of stomata on each side of the leaf, but C. pulicaris has two narrower rows; this character can be seen with a good hand-lens in the field.


The utility model relates to a wheel-track combined transformable mobile robot, which belongs to the technical field of robot study and engineering and comprises a control case, two wheel-track combined moving modules mounted on the two sides of the control case (1) respectively and a tail wheel device mounted at the tail end of the control case. The wheel-track combined moving module comprises a track moving device and a traveling wheel device arranged on the outer side of the track moving device, track driving devices are symmetrically arranged inside the control case, the output shafts of the track driving devices are extended out of the control case, and first gears are arranged on the output shafts and matched and connected with second gears arranged on the track moving device. The wheel-track combined transformable mobile robot can move on flat hard road surface in a wheel traveling mode and travel on coarse, steep, rough and complex terrain in a track traveling mode, and can efficiently move on complex terrain with a reasonable traveling mode. The geometric shape of the track can be automatically adjusted according to the shape and size of an obstacle in front of robot, so that the robot has strong adaptability to complex terrain.


In this paper, a merger and acquisition risk management model is proposed for considering risk factors in the merger and acquisition activities. The proposed model aims to maximize the probability of success in merger and acquisition activities by managing and reducing the associated risks. The modeling of the proposed merger and acquisition risk management model is described and illustrated in this paper. The illustration result shows that the proposed model can help to screen the best target company with minimum associated risks in the merger and acquisition activity.


Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has two major types, classic (PTCC) and follicular variant (FVPTC), which correlate with molecular findings and have varying clinical implications. We assessed the cytologic findings and subsequent surgical pathology findings with the molecular mutations in these two groups, including microcarcinomas. Fourty-four patients with PTC resections over a one-year period were retrospectively examined in conjunction with previous cytologic diagnoses. BRAF, NRAS and TERT promoter mutations for the resected specimens were analyzed. Correlation with previous cytology in regard to molecular mutations and tumor size (microcarcinoma) were made. Significantly more BRAF V600E mutations were seen with PTCC, whereas significantly more NRAS mutations were seen with FVPTC. TERT mutations were only seen with PTCC. Molecular studies for thyroid carcninomas are becoming increasingly more common and influence treatment and patient prognosis. BRAF and or TERT mutations are associated with a worse prognosis. NRAS mutations associated with FVPTC and may lead to milder cytologic changes compared to the BRAF- and TERT-driven PTCC.


When the Afghan government collapsed in the wake of the Taliban takeover in August 2021, a huge humanitarian evacuation got underway (Wadhera 2021; Zalan 2021; Sabbagh et al. 2021). During this evacuation, UK and international news media reported widely on the actions of former Royal Marine Pen Farthing who, along with his animal rescue charity Nowzad, was engaged in an attempt to get around one hundred and forty dogs and sixty cats out of Kabul to the UK on a privately chartered plane (see for more information Kim 2021; Jackson 2021; Tanner 2021). Farthing complained that the UK Ministry of Defence had obstructed this rescue on the ground, despite the fact that Nowzad had arranged a flight paid for by donations and so did not represent either a financial cost to the Ministry and, as the animals would travel in the hold, didn't represent a 'waste' of space on evacuating flights either. There ensued something of a war of words between Farthing and the Secretary of State for Defence Ben Wallace MP, with Wallace eventually declaring 'I'm not prepared to prioritise pets over people' (BBC News 2021a). Several media commentators expressed disgust that Farthing seemed to be doing precisely that (see for example Downham 2021; Kirkup 2021; Hinsliff 2021). The (frequently vitriolic) debate went viral on social media, with opinion divided as to whether Farthing was a hero or a nuisance whose priorities were offensively misplaced. The foregrounding of this sensationalised, momentarily viral debate, this perceived direct competition of interests, in media of all types served to distract from other discussions about the situation in Afghanistan at the time, including whether or not the UK Government was really being honest with the public, and doing all it could to facilitate the evacuation in general. Farthing had dubbed his rescue attempt 'Operation Ark'.


A novel parameter called expansion coefficient has been defined to measure both connectivity and collectivity in a population of cells conquering the available space and self-organizing into tissue patterns of the higher order. Connectivity (i.e. interconnectedness) denotes that there are complex dynamic relationships, not just structural, static ones, in a population of cells enabling the emergence of global features in the system that would never appear in single cells existing out of the system. Collectivity denotes that all interconnected cells interact in a common mode. Evolution of this coefficient during differentiation or tumor progression was investigated by the box-counting method. The population of control or retinoid-treated primary cancer cells cultured in the monolayer (i.e. quasi-2D) system possessed fractal dimension and self-similarity. However, the expansion coefficient was close to zero, indicating that connectivity was low, and no collective state emerged. A significant change of the coefficient occurred when primary cells formed aggregates, quasi-3D systems with increased connectivity, and during treatment of the aggregates with retinoid resulting in a collective state (i.e. in differentiation of cells). Those statistical features were lost during tumor progression. All populations of the secondary cancer cells possessed integer dimension and the expansion coefficient was equal to zero.


Accurate relativistic adapted Gaussian basis sets (RAGBSs) for 87Fr up to 118Uuo atoms without variational prolapse were developed here with the use of a polynomial version of the Generator Coordinate Dirac‐Fock method. Two finite nuclear models have been used, the Gaussian and uniform sphere models. The largest RAGBS error, with respect to numerical Dirac‐Fock results, is 15.4 miliHartree for Ununoctium with a basis set size of 33s30p19d14f functions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


. The Malaysian state of Sarawak has a unique history of native title based on adat or customary laws. Native customary rights to land or "NCR"l is a golden thread that runs through the state's land laws from the time of the Brooke rule in 1841 to Sarawak's cession to Britain in 1946 and its independence within Malaysia in 1963. In 1948 the colonial government incorporated NCR into land legislation which eventually became the Land Code 1958, a consolidation of earlier laws. This paper looks at NCR under the Land Code 1958 (Cap 81) and argues for a broader "entitling condition" based on occupation and possession and in accordance with the native communities' traditional laws and customs.


Colombia's long-awaited emergence from armed conflict seems to be under way, at the same time as a passionate green movement is emerging. We trace the use of emotion in newspaper letters to the editor that address environmental matters concerning the Magdalena River in relation to ecology, the conflict, and cultural identity.


The utility model belongs to the technical field of bridge watertight fittings, particularly, involve a water -seepage prevention water drain pipe fitting for bridge. Bridge prevention of seepage water sluicing pipe fitting includes pre -buried water -drain mast, interim shutoff layer and water -drain mast concatenation head, pre -buried pipe of water -drain mast and girder connecting reinforcement welded fastening, there is the interim shutoff layer that can demolish at both ends about it, the lower extreme of the pre -buried water -drain mast of articulate is pieced together to the water -drain mast, and interim shutoff layer is got rid of to the lower extreme junction. Compared with the prior art, bridge prevention of seepage water sluicing pipe fitting construction prevention of seepage effectual, install simple and conveniently, not only shortened bridge construction period, solved traditional reservations outlet edge water -drain mast outer wall phenomenon that seeps water simultaneously.


Knowledge of the magnitude of the energy, entropy, and heat capacity changes involved in ligand binding equilibria of biological compounds is essential for a prediction of the thermodynamic properties of the systems under different en vironmental conditions. Quantitative thermodynamic data will provide the ulti mate test for the quality of ab initio theoretical stability calculations of binding phenomena if such treatments become possible in the future. Heat capacity changes are an excellent qualitative indicator of the structural changes (including the hydration changes) that many proteins and ligands undergo on complex for mation [1, 2]. Since heat capacity is related to the number of degrees of freedom in the distribution of enthalpy states [3], changes in heat capacity resulting from ligand binding may reflect changes in the static and the dynamic properties of the macromolecule. The structural changes associated with the energy changes on complex forma tion can result in permanent shifts of the relative positions of the atoms of the macromolecule large enough to be detectable by X-ray analysis. This is under standable if one realizes that the forces operative between proteins and ligands are of the same order of magnitude as the forces stabilizing the native structure of proteins [4-6]. However, X-ray analysis will only detect the more spectacular structural alterations, since, depending on the characteristic internal macromo lecular interactions, energy changes can be distributed among a large number of weak interactions, each of which need not produce sizable changes in the static structure of the respective groups. Therefore changes in heat capacity will be a more sensitive but less uniquely interpretable diagnostic tool for the detection of "structural" changes particularly, since changes in heat capacity may also reflect


Two international projects, ISIMIP (Inter-sectoral Impact Model Inter-comparison Project) and CORDEX (Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment), have been established to assess the impacts of global climate change and improve our understanding of regional climate, respectively. Model selection from the GCMs (general circulation 10 models) within CMIP5 (fifth phase of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project) was conducted by the different approaches for each project: one is a globally consistent model subset used in ISIMIP and another is a region-specific model subset for each region of interest used in CORDEX. We evaluated the ability to reproduce the regional climatological state by comparing the subsets with the full set of CMIP5 multimodel ensemble. We also investigated how well the subsets captured the uncertainty in the climate change projected by the full set, to provide increased credibility for the scientific outcomes from each project. 15 The spreads of the biases and Taylor's skill scores from the ISIMIP and CORDEX subsets are smaller than that from the full set for the regional means of surface air temperature and precipitation. However, the spreads in ISIMIP and CORDEX extend beyond the spreads from high performed performance models from full set, despite using a small number of models. It was shown that better subsets exist that would have smaller biases and/or higher scores than the current subset. The ISIMIP subset captures the uncertainty range of the regional mean of temperature change projections by the full set better than the CORDEX 20 subsets in 10 of 14 terrestrial regions worldwide. Compared with the randomly selected 10,000 arbitrary subset samples, the CORDEX subset shows low coverage of the uncertainty for the temperature change projections in some regions, and the ISIMIP subset high coverage in all regions. On the other hand, for the precipitation change projections, the CORDEX subsets show lower coverage in half of the regions than the arbitrary subsets, but tend to cover the uncertainty wider than the ISIMIP subset. In the regions where CORDEX used nine models or more, good coverage (>50%) is evident for the projections of both 25 temperature and precipitation. The globally consistent model subset used in ISIMIP could have difficulty in capturing uncertainties in the regional precipitation change projections, whereas it widely covers uncertainties in the temperature change projections. The region-specific model subset, like CORDEX, can cover the uncertainties in both temperature and precipitation changes well compared to the global common subset, but a large number of models is needed. By changing the number of models from the current ensemble members to at least nine members, high coverage for both uncertainties can be also obtained 30 in the other regions and this information would help model selections in the next generations.


You want your students to do oral presentations but do not have time to et them all stand up one after another and present to the whole class. Here are ways to get around the obstacles and have your students practice public speaking on a regular basis. Ideas come from "QualityTime-ESL: The Digital Resource Book" by Marianne Raynaud/


Introducing Perspectives on Process Organization Studies Process, Sensemaking, and Organizaing: an Introduction Stop Making (Philosophical) Sense: Notes towards a Process Organizational-thinking beyond 'Philosophy' Co-Constitution, Causality, and Confluence: Organizing in a World without Entities Adopting a Process Orientation...in Practice: Chiasmic Relations, Language, and Embodiment in a Living World The Poetics of Process: Theorizing the Ineffable in Organization Studies Rediscovering Becoming: Insights from an Oriental Perspective on Process Organization Studies Going Back to Go Forward: On Studying Organzing in Action Nets Actor-Network Theory, Callon's Scallops, and Process-based Organization Studies Organizational Learning through Problem Absorption: a Processual View Temporal Sensemaking: Managers' Use of Time to Frame Organizational Change Studying Metaphors-in-use in their Social and Institutional Context - Sensemaking and Discourse Theory Future-oriented Sensemaking: Temporalities and Institutional Legitimation


The change in image caused by turning reflecting prism in a large angle has been discussed in this paper. Moving image characteristic of the reflecting prism is expressed by characteristic direction and image deflection extreme value plane, it provides the theory basis for designing, scanning and tracing instruments.


The discharge of wastewater containing reactive dyes into water sources leads to health hazards. Colors can adversely affect the natural environment due largely to some qualities like carcinogenicity, being mutagenic, toxicity, and coloration of water. Environmental degradation can be attributed to the destruction of living organisms and the increased biological oxygen demand (BOD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the removal of Reactive Blue 19 dye using the Fenton process from aqueous solution. This research was an experimental study, in which the effectiveness of Fenton in color removal was investigated. The factors influencing this process were: pH, color concentration, the ratio of Fenton reagent (H2O2/Fe2+), and contact time. Finally, after determining the optimum concentration of color, pH, the ratio of Fenton reagent, and contact time, the residual adsorption rates in the samples were measured using direct photometry by spectrophotometer in a wavelength of 594 nm. The results showed that the highest removal efficiency was obtained under the conditions of pH =3, the color concentration of 2 mg/L, the ratio of Fenton reagent = 1:5, and the contact time equal to 10 minutes. The Fenton process is able to remove the Reactive Blue 19 under different concentrations. This process achieved the best removal efficiency in acidic pH.


Summary In embryonic bones growing in tissue culture the process of calcification of cartilage can be inhibited by NaF without influencing growth. To achieve this effect the concentration of fluoride had to be 20 times greater than that which will produce inhibition of calcification in test-tube experiments. The inhibition in the present experiments is probably due to at least two things: lst, interference with the Production of Phospho-Pyruvate as a substrate for bone phosphatase; 2and, some degree of binding of calcium by fluoride.


Abstract In this paper a lumped element model of RF MEMS capacitive switches which is scalable with the lateral dimensions of the bridge is proposed. The dependence of the elements of the model on the bridge dimensions is introduced by using one or more artificial neural networks to model the relationship between the bridge dimensions and the inductive and resistive elements of the lumped element model. The achieved results show that the developed models have a good accuracy over the whole considered range of the bridge dimension values.


Abstract : The insertion loss of the HGU-56/P Aircrew Integrated Helmet System (AIHS) configured with Oregon Aero replacement earcup products was evaluated in accordance with the American National Standard Microphone-in-Real-Ear and Acoustic Test Fixture Methods for the Measurement of Insertion Loss of Circumaural Hearing Protection Devices [ANSI S12.42-1995 (R1999)], microphone-in-real-ear method. Insertion loss of the HGU-56/P AIHS configured with the Oregon Aero HushKit replacement earcup foam was essentially equivalent to the helmet's standard configuration. Employing the Oregon Aero SoftSeal replacement earcup seal with the HushKit foam yielded a small improvement in insertion loss over the standard helmet configuration. However, the Oregon Aero SoftSeal/HushKit Combo soft replacement earcups provided significantly poorer insertion loss than the standard earcup configuration. As with the Army's current flight helmet/earcup combination, double protection (i.e., earplugs in addition to the sound-protective flight helmet) is required in certain high-noise environments.


Introduction The acute occupational therapy department at a specialist paediatric hospital in metropolitan Australia is undergoing a service transformation to increase their alignment with contemporary occupational therapy philosophy and practice. The purpose of this study was to explore occupational therapists' current knowledge and skills regarding contemporary occupational therapy philosophy and practice, and their attitudes and motivation towards a service transformation. Method Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with eight occupational therapists. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for thematic data analysis. Findings Four major themes were established: a glimmer of occupation; variability with recognising and articulating the core of occupational therapy; therapists externalising challenges; and the barriers and enablers to the transformation. Conclusion The findings suggest that therapists in acute settings are attempting to incorporate contemporary occupational therapy philosophies in practice. Therapists recognised the power of occupation and the benefits of an occupation-based approach, and hence were accepting of the service transformation; although the implementation of occupation-based practice appears to be inconsistent in acute settings. Findings highlight a need to enhance therapists' knowledge of contemporary occupational therapy. However, therapists did not foresee this as a significant factor, leading to feeling a lack of control and externalising the barriers to service transformation.


The present invention relates to a variable vane assembly having a rolling guide and the fixed member radially and axially fixed by one or more axial stops constrained unison ring. The variable vane assembly for a variable nozzle turbine, comprising a plurality of blade support is secured to the arm of the nozzle ring vanes, vane arms are engaged within the recess of the inner edge of the unison ring. The unison ring is rotatable blade arm pivotally about the axis of the nozzle ring, whereby pivoting blade coordination. Unison ring and the radial guide rollers secured to the nozzle ring is axially fixed - guide pin combination radial radial confinement, and one or more axially secured to the nozzle ring by a stopper axial restraint.


[Objectives]To observe the clinical efficacy of ambroxol hydrochloride injection on acute attack of chronic bronchitis.[Methods]80 patients with acute attack of chronic bronchitis in No. 537 Hospital of PLA from October 2006 to December 2008 were randomly divided into the control group (40 cases) and the treatment group (40 cases). The control group was given the conventional treatment which included anti-infection, expectorant and antiasthmatic. On the basis of conventional therapy, the treatment group received additional ambroxol hydrochloride injection 30 mg + 5% glucose (or normal saline) injection 250 ml by intravenous drip, twice a day for 7~14 days. The incidence of cough and expectoration, change of lung rale, and recovery of body temperature were observed.[Results]In the treatment group, there were 11 cases with marked effect (27.50%), 16 cases showed effect (65.00%), 3 cases were no effect (7.50%), and the total effective rate was 92.50%. In the control group, there were 7 cases with marked effect (17.50%), 23 cases showed effect (57.50%), 10 cases were no effect (25.00%). There was significant difference between two groups (P0.05). No adverse reaction was found in two groups during the treatment period, the clinical medication was safe.[Conclusion]On the basis of conventional therapy of anti-infection, expectorant and antiasthmatic, additional ambroxol hydrochloride injection has definite therapeutic effect and good safety on acute attack of chronic bronchitis, is worth popularizing and applying in clinic.


The present invention is antistatic property, transparency, scratch resistance and provides a good laminate and the anti-reflection film. More specifically, the present invention comprises a laminate comprising a first layer in the lower side of the first layer and the first layer in the uppermost, the laminate comprising a tin oxide-containing needle-like antimony in the second layer, and it providing an anti-reflection coating. Preferably, the second layer is a cured product which contained, and total solid concentration of curing the curable composition of an organic-based solvent of 0.5 to 75% of the following compound (A-1) to (D). Further, the compound (A-1) may be surface-treated. (A-1) needle-like antimony-containing tin oxide to 40 to 80% by weight (B) containing hydroxyl groups of from 5 to 40% by weight of a polyfunctional (meth) acrylate and reaction product of diisocyanate (C) 5 to 30% by weight of the polyfunctional (meth) acrylate (D) 0.5 to 10% by weight of a photopolymerization initiator Laminate, an anti-reflection film, needle-like antimony-containing tin oxide


Individual differences, like motivation, aptitude or age are widely accepted to be the key factors that influence second language learning success and as such have been a major area for research. Unlike aptitude or age, motivation is a factor that a learner can have an influence on. This paper focuses on motivation and demotivation of English language learners at the University of Applied Sciences Baltazar Zaprešić. Dӧrnyei (2001) defines motivation as the choice of a particular action, the amount of effort exerted in it and the persistence with it. Furthermore, Dӧrnyei (2001) defines a demotivated student as someone who was once motivated but lost his or her interest for some reason. The first part of the paper lists key definitions and types of motivation and demotivation. Previous studies have revealed that in today's world learners in general learn English out of practical reasons (they think they will need it in the future), i.e. they see English as lingua franca. When it comes to demotivation, there are two sets of factors: extrinsic (teacher, course materials) and intrinsic (attitudes, self-esteem). To continue, the second part provides an overview of previous surveys aimed at determining gender differences in motivation and presents the results of a quantitative survey that was conducted on a sample of 62 first year business, cultural management and office management students at the University of Applied Sciences Baltazar Zaprešić. The aim of the paper is to determine whether gender differences in motivation and demotivation for learning English exist and to describe them. The initial hypothesis states that there are some differences in motivation and demotivation among the genders. The results of the research will provide guidelines for future research and teaching practice, likewise.


According to the teaching parameters, presuppositions for basic education, this article proposes to present the results obtained in an experimental qualitative and quantitative study carried out in two classes of the 1st year of high school, from the Federal Institute of Piauí Campus Teresina Central (IFPI / CATEC) through the pre-test and post-test search method using the Google Forms online resource. At the time, the objective was to configure, in analysis and evaluation, the advancement of student learning, so that it was possible to demonstrate the importance of the use of playful tools, linked to the applied triad: theoretical class, Didactic Game and Science show allied to the process of learning. teaching and learning, within the discipline of Biology, in related subjects of Biochemistry, as well as highlighting the methodologies that were possible to apply, and the ways that they also contributed to the teacher training of undergraduates in Biological Sciences, IFPI / CATEC, participants of the Institutional Program for Teaching Initiation Scholarship PIBID. Proving the literature, it was possible to notice that the students involved had a better performance, besides being more involved with the highlighted discipline, since the insertion of these activities together with the lectures, satisfactorily contributed to provide the organization to be able to learn. Have a better benefit from working in groups, as well as providing better performance in developing critical thinking about the importance of knowing what healthy eating consists of, as well as promoting the possible ways of achieving healthy eating within the school environment. extended to the students' family, and how the entities that involve Biochemistry are in daily actions, thus offering a more effective science teaching.


A zero-frequency seismic metamaterial (ZFSM) consisting of a three-component seismic metamaterial plate and a half space is proposed to attenuate ultra-low frequency seismic surface waves. The design concept and models are verified firstly by lab-scale experiments on the seismic metamaterial consisting of a two-component seismic metamaterial plate and a half space. Then we calculate the band structures of the one-dimensional and two-dimensional ZFSMs, and evaluate their attenuation ability to Rayleigh waves. A wide band gap and a zero-frequency band gap (ZFBG) can be found as the band structure of the seismic metamaterial is almost equal to the band structure of the seismic metamaterial plate plus the sound cone. It is found that the Rayleigh waves in the ZFSM are deflected and converted into bulk waves. When the number of the unit cells of the ZFSM is sufficient, the transmission distance and deflection angle of the Rayleigh waves in the ZFSM are constant at the same frequency. This discovery is expected to open up the possibility of seismic protection for large nuclear power plants, ancient buildings and metropolitan areas.


The Product Responsibility Law is aimed to protect consumers' lawful interest. However, in accordance with the principle of equality, the interests of producers and sellers should also be taken into account. With reference of foreign laws, it is benefit for our countries' product responsibility legislation by explicating defense cause in product responsibility case. And it is also helpful for self-development and willingness of producers' manufacture and sellers' management.


The topological quantum materials, including Dirac and Weyl semimetals, represent a new class of quantum materials with symmetry-protected band touching points. The essential properties of Dirac/Weyl fermions, including light effect mass, high mobility and non-trivial Berry phase, can be revealed by quantum oscillations. Here we present the first systematic de Haas–van Alphen (dHvA) oscillation studies on the recently discovered Dirac line-node semimetal ZrSiS a new type of topological phase of mater with Dirac crossings along a one dimensional line. In contrast with the recently-reported weak Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations which attenuate quickly when the field is rotated close to the ab-plane, the dHvA oscillations in ZrSiS were found to be strong under arbitrary field orientations, enabling us to explore not only the intrinsic properties of Dirac fermions but also the dimensionality of Fermi surface consisting of Dirac line node. Our experiments not only reveal evidence of Dirac fermions from multiple Dirac bands, but also show the Fermi surface enclosing the Dirac nodal line is of three-dimensional character for the first time. Furthermore, we observed surprisingly strong Zeeman splitting in the dHvA oscillations related to a small Fermi surface with a two-dimensional character. These results shed light on the nature of the line-node Dirac state of ZrSiS.


The present invention relates to a food dispensing machine or other livestock. It comprises a tipper (1), an ejection blower (9) and unraveling drum (15) .It is noteworthy in that the transmission means (23) for driving the unraveling drum (15) in rotation during work comprise at least one transmission belt (26) which is associated with a clutch device (27).


Molecular dynamic simulations of the time dipole correlation function g(t) were performed, at several temperatures, for both an isolated molecule of 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]propane diacetate (DDA) and a canonical ensemble of these molecules contained within a cubic box with periodic boundary conditions. To perform the simulations in a reasonable computing time, the calculations were carried out at temperatures well above the glass-transition temperature. Fitting of the relaxation response in the time domain to the KWW equation g(t) = exp[−(t/τ*)β] is good for rather low values of the stretch exponent. The nature of the simulated relaxations is discussed.


While people often follow frames in opinion formation, they are also capable of resisting or even counteracting frames under certain circumstances. This paper stresses the importance of cognitive responses to framed messages and investigates the cognitive processes that lead people to follow or resist frames. It develops a schematic model of the frame-cognition interaction and specifies the conditions under which resistance and countervalent responses are expected. The paper experimentally tests the predictions measuring individuals' spontaneous associations with framed messages (N=357). It finds that people counteract frames if these are recognized as unduly biased, and follow frames if their prior attitudes are too disparate to discover frame biases. Furthermore, stronger prior attitudes decrease the strength of successful framing effects, but increase the power of countervalent responses. Framed opinion formation is thus mediated by cognitive responses, which depend not merely on the frame or prior attitudes alone, but on a nonlinear interaction between both. Common wisdom in valence framing is straightforward: Positive frames lead to more positive evaluations, and negative frames to more negative ones. Outcomes are shaped by the frame, and the frame alone. However, this simple view has been called into question by several striking findings. Nelson and Oxley (1999) report that, under some circumstances, people are clearly able to resist the frame-embedded valence, even if they take over other components of the frame such as issue-contexts (see also Baden, 2008; Brewer, 2001; Gross, 2000; Zaller, 1992). People then stick to their previously formed judgments, rather than relying on frame-suggested valences. Chong and Druckman (2007b) have found evidence that frame valences can even backfire if they are not seen as convincing by the participants (see also Barker, 2005; Peffley & Hurwitz, 2007). Both kinds of findings point to the suspicion that the interaction between frame and cognition has not been investigated sufficiently in much framing research. In the interaction between pre-formed attitudes and the frame, either side may prevail, compromises may be forged, or entirely new insights may arise from connections so far unthought. It is the purpose of this study to develop and test a schematic model of the processes through which valenced frames interact with pre-formed attitude structures. Spelling out the roles of salient prior attitudes and densely integrated knowledge in framed cognition, it specifically aims to understand under which conditions framing is likely to fail, or even raise opposing responses. To assess these responses, this study records spontaneous associations raised by a frame and compares their valence to those suggested by the frame. It proposes an understanding that formulates resonant, resistant, and countervalent responses to framing as possible outcomes of the same fundamental cognitive processes. Deriving and experimentally testing specific expectations, the paper aims at contributing to a more inclusive view on framing effects. THEORY Kommentar [cb1]: Angle tow outlet, split in 2 §s Before we can understand what effects frames might have on cognitive processes, it is necessary to review what is known about the role of knowledge structures and attitudes in opinion formation. According to Zaller (1992; Zaller & Feldman, 1992), reported opinions are constructed ad hoc based on various underlying beliefs: Whenever people are asked to give their opinion, they scan their memory for relevant knowledge. Retrieving multiple beliefs, they weight these considerations by importance and then summarize the implied evaluative loadings (Nelson & Oxley, 1999). Variation in opinion can thus be explained by the sampling of beliefs entering the construction (see also Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980; 2000; Baden, 2008; Chong & Druckman, 2007a; Kuklinski & Hurley, 1996; Rhee, 1997; Zaller & Feldman, 1992). If considerations entailing positive evaluative implications prevail, the reported opinion will be positive; negatively charged considerations fuel negative opinions, and an even balance of valences implies an ambivalent response – or, possibly, no response at all (Brewer, 2001; Matthes, 2007; Zaller, 1992). What is less clear, however, is where these considerations come from. Early researchers in persuasion tended to assume that communicated messages contribute the bulk of considerations used by respondents (e.g., Hovland, Janis, & Kelley, 1953). With the decline of hypodermic theories, more subtle theories have taken over in communications. According to researchers in framing and agenda setting, communicated messages don't necessarily provide the belief content underlying opinion responses. Rather they tap beliefs already stored in the respondent's mind (see D. A. Scheufele, 1999 for a review). To the degree that people possess accessible beliefs about an issue, any reference to that issue activates the range of stored considerations and makes them likely to inform subsequent judgments. Framing scholars have emphasized that by selectively referring to specific contexts of referred-to issues, message frames can direct cognitive activation towards specific subsets of stored information (Shen, 2004). Beliefs resonating with the frame are likely to be retrieved, whereas mismatching considerations remain below conscious attention. In that sense, although ultimately people's own beliefs feed reported opinion, frames decide to a large degree which subsets of a person's knowledge comes to bear. Only recently has attention re-focused on some complications in this interaction between communicative and cognitive resources for opinion formation. Most obviously, Price and Tewksbury (1997) remind everyone that, to be tapped by frames, knowledge must be available in a respondent's mind, which may not be the case. Elaborating in the same vein, de Vreese (2004b) and Slothuus (2008) note that frames might well provide new information and affect the respondent's state of knowledge. Moreover, the same authors suggest that frames may induce people to revisit their knowledge, drawing new connections between beliefs already held (see also Baden, 2008; Peterson, 2004). In such cases, activated beliefs can no longer be unambiguously described as either stored considerations or message-proliferated information alone. From the interaction between both, new beliefs may emerge that are not simple functions of either ingredient. This observation is, of course, not new. In 1968, social psychologist Greenwald noted that the degree to which people received and remembered the contents of persuasive messages predicted reported opinion badly. According to Greenwald, people's cognitions on an issue were dominated by thoughts rooted entirely or at least partly in respondent's pre-existing attitude structures. People used the communicated information, but more often than not interpreted it in light of their own understandings (see also Petty, Brinol, & DeMarree, 2007). Following this perspective, it appears that messages do not directly form the bulk of opinion. Cognitive responses to communicated messages do (Brewer, 2001; Greenwald, 1968; Gross, 2000). Attitudes & Schemata When people react to information they perceive, they draw upon their schematic knowledge and attitude structures. Schemata and attitudes are, to a certain degree, two aspects of the same phenomenon. According to theorists in social cognition and cognitive psychology, a person's beliefs are stored not as discrete units, but as a web of relations between all kinds of cognitive objects; all meaning is relational, as Holyoak and Thagard (1995) aptly summarized: One cannot believe "that X", but only "that X relates to Y (in a particular way)" – i.e., X has property Y, causes effect Z, or a whole range of other semantic relations. The environment of a concept stored in the mind determines the range of meanings it can assume. Thus, the set of all beliefs a person holds can be represented by a large network of semantic relations between concepts. However, within the cognitive networks, there are subsets of relations that are frequently activated together; certain contexts of concept X make sense particularly if other contexts and concepts Y are also present. Such areas within the network are marked by a high density of connections: Very likely, the common neighbor concepts of X, which are usually activated together, are seen as semantically related as well. Such highly integrated subnetworks thus form relatively coherent knowledge structures grouping beliefs held to be strongly related: They build cognitive schemata that can be retrieved and act as wholes (B. Scheufele, 2004; van Dijk & Kintsch, 1983; Zaller, 1992). Since beliefs often carry evaluative implications (Ajzen & Fishbein, 2000), such schemata cannot only be thought of as coherent knowledge structures, but also as relatively stable and readily applicable resources of valenced beliefs for opinion formation: attitudes. Within schemata, beliefs are frequently considered together, enabling and motivating people to resolve evaluative dissonances (Visser, Holbrook, & Krosnick, 2007). Thus, schematically organized beliefs will yield highly coherent and strong judgments. For enhanced clarity, attitudes will be referred to in this paper as the evaluative loads contributed by the beliefs of coherent schematic structures, rather than potentially all beliefs pertaining to an object. While evaluative implications tend to be relatively coherent within schemata, different schemata about the same object – also neighboring ones – may carry quite different valences. Thus, whenever people possess multiple schemata about an object, this implies that they hold multiple attitudes towards it, which may (and often will, see Zaller & Feldman, 1992) be countervalent (de Liver, van der Pligt, & Wigboldus, 2007; Gamson & Modigliani, 1987; Zaller &


A team of researchers from the Faculty of Agriculture in Novi Sad designed an original device for the regeneration of osmotic solution used in the process of osmotic drying. The effects of two types of ceramic (porcelain) fillings and air temperature on the regeneration process were studied. On the basis of Fisher's criterion, it was concluded that air temperature affects the specific energy consumption for a probability of 95 %. Moreover, it was also concluded (on the basis of Fisher's criterion and for a probability of 95 %) that a type of a porcelain filler has no impact on the specific energy consumption. In addition, a mathematical model of the functional dependence of regeneration kinetics on regeneration temperature and duration was also established. The regression analysis resulted in the functional dependence of regeneration kinetics and energy efficiency on the air temperature and the type of examined fillers.


Polysomes consisting of 40S ribosomal subunits attached to monosomes, disomes, trisomes, and tetrasomes have been isolated for the first time by the use of isokinetic sucrose density gradients. They are formed upon incubation of rabbit reticulocyte lysate in the presence of 10 mM NaF. It is proposed that these structures represent transient initiation complexes for protein synthesis.


Teaching researchers and other educational theorists have long searched for the constancies of teaching. This seems the natural thing to do given the dominating modernist vision of theory and a concomitant desire for a "theoretical" basis for both research and practice. Some examples of the search for constancies come easily to mind in the outcomes of quantitative studies, of standard deviations of selected variables of sample populations, or their more sophisticated correlational counterparts.(n1) Researches and rhetorics of teaching reform also contain these constancies. Recall, first, the implied valuing of effective teaching universals and even "the" knowledge base for teaching. Recall second, however, that some constancies have been recognized as constraining good teaching. Two recent useful examples are those named in evaluator Sirotnik's persistencies and historian Cuban's continuities of classrooms.(n2) The latter are beginnings of a process of deconstructing teaching constancies, that is, of making their meanings problematic and open to inquiry. To such an end, this article is a contribution. Initially, such deconstructing is difficult. For instance, when one enters classrooms, their regularities and normalcies are taken for granted, indeed often not even "seen." Examples abound in rows and tables for student seating fronted by a teacher's desk, great amounts of teacher talk, and students working "on task." Significantly, however, something else can be seen: classroom and teaching contingencies.


The key process indicator – coke oven flue temperature – is difficult to detect online with instruments in the coke oven heating process, thus an intelligent forecasting model is developed which is composed of four parts: the data gathering and handling unit, the optional forecasting unit, the online amendment unit and the effect evaluation unit. The optional intelligent forecasting model and its corresponding algorithm are established for different categories of practice operating conditions. In normal operating condition, the nearest neighbor clustering algorithm based on the principal component analysis and neural network with the radial basis function is selected. In unconventional operating condition, the case-based reasoning technology is selected. The models of different conditions are validated and applied according to the actual data in a steel enterprise coke production, the results show that the established forecasting model can reflect different practice conditions and meet the real-time control requirements.


The problem of velocity selection of reaction-diffusion fronts has been widely investigated. While the mean-field limit results are well known theoretically, there is a lack of analytic progress in those cases in which fluctuations are to be taken into account. Here, we construct an analytic theory connecting the first principles of the reaction-diffusion process to an effective equation of motion via field-theoretic arguments, and we arrive at results already confirmed by numerical simulations.


The pros and cons of federal aid for highway maintenance are discussed. Data on Pennsylvania's maintenance effort are given. A proposal to return to the states a small portion of the federal tax for highway maintenance and safety is made.


Polyester blend composition comprising blending, the at least two copolymers, especially branched and linear biodegradable copolymer is selected from a particular copolymer. Blown film produced from the polyester blend composition, as well as the production method of the polyester blend composition and the film also provided. It said film biodegradable, transparent, have excellent mechanical properties.


The article analyses Hawtrey's influence on Keynes's monetary thought. On the one hand Hawtrey carries on ricardian tradition and on the other he introduces the monetary macroeconomic paradigm. His theory includes both exogenous and endogenous money. Keynes is inspired by Hawtrey's approach but breaks with ricardian conclusions. This implies a desagreement between Keynes's and Hawtrey's analysis of money supply, the term structure of interest rates and bank risks.


Imine reductases (IREDs) show great potential as catalysts for reductive amination of ketones to produce chiral secondary amines. In this work, we explored this potential and synthesized the pharmaceutically relevant (R)-rasagiline in high yields (up to 81%) and good enantiomeric excess (up to 90% ee) from the ketone precursor. This one-step approach in aqueous medium represents the shortest synthesis route from achiral starting materials. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that tertiary amines also can be accessed by this route, which provides new opportunities for eco-friendly enzymatic asymmetric syntheses of these important molecules.


Glioblastoma Multiforme: Geographic Variations in Tumor Size, Treatment Options, and Survival Rate by Susan Rebecca Nohelty MSN, Georgetown University, 1993 BSN, Columbia Union College, 1988 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Health Walden University March 2015 Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a destructive brain cancer that results in death 12 to 15 months after diagnosis. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine if variations in tumor size at diagnosis, treatment options, and survival rate occur in GBM patients living in urban and rural areas of the United States. Using the behavior model of health services as the theoretical framework, this study used secondary data sets of GBM cases reported from 1988 to 2011 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Tumor size was measured in millimeters; treatment was evaluated by ascertaining the number of GBM patients who had surgical resection of their tumors, radiation, and chemotherapy; and survival rate was evaluated using Cox Regression analysis. With a sample size of 33,202 cases, data were examined using descriptive and multivariable analyses with SPSS. Results showed statistically significant differences in tumor size at diagnosis in rural patients compared to urban patients (p = 0.0085; p = 0.018), more urban patients were treated with radiation compared to rural patients (p < 0.001), and rural patients had poorer survival rates than urban patients (p < 0.001). Finally, when controlling for region, race, age, gender, education, and income, longer survival time was associated with urban status, female cases, and higher family income (p < 0.0001), and greater age was associated with reduced survival time (p < 0.0001). Study results could promote positive social change by identifying predictive variables associated with health outcomes of GBM patients. It may also educate providers on the risk of rurality of patients diagnosed with GBM, and inform lawmakers responsible for the creation of healthcare policy and the equitable allocation of healthcare resources.Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a destructive brain cancer that results in death 12 to 15 months after diagnosis. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine if variations in tumor size at diagnosis, treatment options, and survival rate occur in GBM patients living in urban and rural areas of the United States. Using the behavior model of health services as the theoretical framework, this study used secondary data sets of GBM cases reported from 1988 to 2011 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Tumor size was measured in millimeters; treatment was evaluated by ascertaining the number of GBM patients who had surgical resection of their tumors, radiation, and chemotherapy; and survival rate was evaluated using Cox Regression analysis. With a sample size of 33,202 cases, data were examined using descriptive and multivariable analyses with SPSS. Results showed statistically significant differences in tumor size at diagnosis in rural patients compared to urban patients (p = 0.0085; p = 0.018), more urban patients were treated with radiation compared to rural patients (p < 0.001), and rural patients had poorer survival rates than urban patients (p < 0.001). Finally, when controlling for region, race, age, gender, education, and income, longer survival time was associated with urban status, female cases, and higher family income (p < 0.0001), and greater age was associated with reduced survival time (p < 0.0001). Study results could promote positive social change by identifying predictive variables associated with health outcomes of GBM patients. It may also educate providers on the risk of rurality of patients diagnosed with GBM, and inform lawmakers responsible for the creation of healthcare policy and the equitable allocation of healthcare resources. Glioblastoma Multiforme: Geographic Variations in Tumor Size, Treatment Options, and Survival Rate by Susan Rebecca Nohelty MSN, Georgetown University, 1993 BSN, Columbia Union College, 1988 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Health Walden University March 2015 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to two very special people in my life: my sister, Doll, and my husband, Jim. My sister, Doll, courageously and tenaciously fought to beat the dismal odds of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Although she eventually succumbed to this disease in October 2011, she left a lasting legacy of hope and inspiration to her family and friends who loved her. This dissertation would not have been possible without the love and support from my husband, Jim (affectionately known as Dude). He wholeheartedly supported my dream of earning a PhD; in fact, my dream became his dream. He took over all responsibilities of running a household, kept the home fires burning, and spent many evenings and weekends alone. All I had to do was worry about work during the day and course work at night and on weekends. Dude, you are my best friend, my confidante, and the most special love of my life. Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to give thanks to the chair of my dissertation committee, Dr. Hadi Danawi, for his never-ending support throughout this dissertation journey. Second, I would like to extend heartfelt appreciation to my second committee member, Dr. Richard Jimenez, and University Research Reviewer, Dr. James Rohrer. All three of these academic professionals shared their collective expertise so that I could create a quality product, and realize my dream of earning a PhD. Third, I'd like to thank my Form and Style Editor, Dayna Herrington, for her invaluable skill, expertise and guidance. Finally, I am forever grateful to Walden University and the many professionals who helped me throughout this entire academic journey.


The in vivo efficacy of engineered tissue constructs depends largely on their integration with the host vasculature. Prevascularization has been noted to facilitate integration of the constructs via anastomosis of preformed microvascular networks. Here we report a technique to fabricate aligned, spatially defined prevascularized tissue constructs with endothelial vessels by assembling individually tailored cell-laden polyelectrolyte hydrogel fibers. Stable, aligned endothelial vessels form in vitro within these constructs in 24 h, and these vessels anastomose with the host circulation in a mouse subcutaneous model. We create vascularized adipose and hepatic tissues by co-patterning the respective cell types with the preformed endothelial vessels. Our study indicates that the formation of aligned endothelial vessels in a hydrogel is an efficient prevascularization approach in the engineering of tissue constructs. Introduction Cell survival within implanted engineered constructs depends on the timely formation of distributed, anastomosed vasculature. Timely integration of the constructs with the host vasculature is important in providing oxygen and essential nutrients and the removal of metabolic waste products. Viable cells also require blood circulation within close proximity as the diffusion limit is approximately 100–200 μm. There is thus a need to create prevascularized tissue-engineered constructs that facilitate rapid and directed anastomosis. The creation of a preformed microvascular network within a tissue construct has been successful in promoting vascular integration with the host 4, . These networks have been shown to rapidly anastomose with host vasculature, overcoming the problems posed by the slow ingrowth of physiological vasculature. Prevascularization is generally achieved by seeding or encapsulating endothelial cells (EC) with other cell types. However, in many of these approaches, the distribution of vasculature within a thick construct relies on in vitro cellular infiltration and self-organization of the cell mixture. These cellular processes are slow, and the resultant vascularization of the tissue construct is not uniform. Furthermore, the need for a critical concentration of endothelial cells in order for vascular self-assembly to occur in vitro severely limits the number of other cells that can be co-cultured. One approach is to co-pattern endothelial cells with other cell types in a hydrogel. The patterning of EC in a prevascularized construct would serve to guide the distribution of the newly formed vasculature, while simultaneously allowing for localization of endothelial cells in defined regions at the critical density, leaving the rest of the tissue construct space available for other cell types. Moreover, placing cells within hydrogels, instead of creating completely cell dense tissue constructs would provide an initial reservoir of nutrients to the encapsulated cells, while allowing further diffusion of the required nutrients. However, co-patterning multiple cell types within a hydrogel is not a simple task. Cells have been patterned in three-dimensional (3D) hydrogels by techniques such as dielectrophoretic force cell patterning, laser-guided direct writing, micromolding of cell-laden hydrogels and organ printing. However, these techniques are limited by slow cell aggregation, the need for large volumes of cell suspension, complicated multi-step processes, and expensive instrumentation. As a result, largescale production of implantable 3D cell-patterned constructs at high resolution remains a challenge. Furthermore, these approaches have, to date, not successfully addressed the problem of vascularization and mass transport through thick engineered tissue constructs. Thus, our goal is to develop a scalable technique to build 3D cell-patterned constructs for creating vascularized tissue. An attractive encapsulation technique to create cell-laden hydrogel fibers is interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation (IPC) . The advantage of this encapsulation technique is that the fibers are produced under aqueous conditions at room temperature. The fibers are therefore amenable to the incorporation of biologics, including cells and proteins. Subsequently, each cell-laden fiber can be used as a building block to create complex tissue constructs. In the present study, we develop an IPC fiber assembly technique to create an aligned endothelial vessel network that anastomoses with the host vasculature in a mouse model. Cell-laden fibers can also be assembled into highly patterned multicellular constructs. Patterned constructs of ECs with adipocytes and hepatocytes anastomose with the host, leading to vascularized tissues. This technique provides an easily adaptable platform to create 3D cell-patterned hierarchical structures that are spatially well-defined and supported by vasculature, leading ultimately to functionally enhanced tissue. Results Assembly of cell-laden polyelectrolyte fibers. Individual fibers were drawn in parallel from polyionic droplets arranged on a template and then assembled into higher order structures (Fig. 1a). Fusion of these fibers was attained via secondary complexation, resulting in a continuous yet heterogeneous matrix (Supplementary Fig. S1) that could be easily handled (Supplementary Movie 1). The importance of being able to create individual niches at high resolution in a 3D environment has been recognized , and we have achieved this by incorporating biologics in the polyionic solutions prior to drawing them into the fibers (Figs. 1b, c). Viability of encapsulated cells using this technique is generally high, with cells able to migrate and proliferate within the fibers (see Supplementary Fig. S2, Movies 2 and 3). Alignment of cells in fiber constructs. To create an organized network of endothelial vessels within the hydrogel, we first investigated the process of cell alignment and selfassembly to form tubes within the fibers. To demonstrate the use of fibers to align cells, we assembled IPC fiber constructs from the complexation of water soluble chitin (WSC) and rat methylated collagen (RMC) with sodium alginate to form a continuous hydrogel with fibrous features and a uniform distribution of RMC (Supplementary Fig. S3a, b). We showed alignment of ECs along the fiber axis. Similar observations were made with several other cell types. (Supplementary Fig. S3b – e and Movie 3). We have also studied neural stem cell (NSC) alignment and differentiation in our constructs. Fiber constructs with encapsulated NSCs were cultured in neural differentiation medium. After 10 days, we observed parallel alignment of NSCs. Additionally, positive staining for neurofilaments indicated in situ differentiation of NSCs within the construct (Supplementary Fig. S3f). In a further study, we observed tube morphogenesis of encapsulated Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells when co-cultured with NIH3T3 fibroblasts (Supplementary Fig. S4a). This behaviour was not observed in a control MDCK monoculture system (Supplementary Fig. S4b). The formation of parallel tube tracts indicated that the aligned collagen component within the matrix has directed tube formation along the fiber axis. Formation of endothelial vessel network in IPC hydrogel. We hypothesized that by assembly of EC-laden IPC fibers, we would be able to achieve patterning of an aligned vascular network within a gel matrix. We proceeded to investigate fiber constructs made up of repeating units that contained a central human EC-laden fiber for the ability to develop and maintain an endothelial vessel network in vitro and in vivo (Fig. 2a, illustration). Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were used as mural cells to stabilize the endothelial vessels . The formation of aligned endothelial tubes was observed within 24 h when cultured in vitro, which was verified by immunofluorescence staining for human von Willebrand factor (hVWF) positive endothelial structures within our construct flanked by basement membrane protein – collagen type IV (Col IV) (Fig. 2a, fluorescent image and Supplementary Movies 4 and 5). These endothelial tubes, when co-encapsulated with hMSCs, remained stable for up to 56 days (Supplementary Fig. S5). Next, we implanted these endothelial constructs subcutaneously into mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) after 24 h of in vitro culture. To demonstrate that the endothelial vessels anastomosed with the host vasculature, dextran rhodamine dye was injected into the tail vein of the mouse at Day 14. Aligned vessels containing dextran rhodamine dye were observed in the explanted tissue construct (Fig. 2b). The presence of human nucleiand hVWF-positive cells around these vessels indicated that the engineered vessels in the fiber assembled hydrogel had integrated with the host vasculature (Fig. 2b). Histological analysis of constructs explanted at Day 28 showed that the acellular control construct exhibited minimum cell infiltration and an absence of vessel-like structures (Fig. 2c). In contrast, the endothelial construct demonstrated preservation of endothelial vessel structures with the infiltration of red blood cells (RBCs) (Fig. 2c). Uniform distribution of these RBCs containing endothelial vessels was observed within the implanted constructs (Supplementary Fig. S6). The presence of the implanted endothelial cells lining the vessels in our explanted EC-laden constructs was confirmed by human specific CD31 staining (Fig. 2c). Moreover, patterning cells around the aligned endothelial tubes in a secondary structure guaranteed the close proximity of each cell to a vascular element, below the 200-μm threshold distance associated with mass transfer limitations (Fig. 2d and Supplementary Fig. S7). Hence, patterning EC within a hydrogel led to the formation of a prevascularized bed with patterned, perfused blood vessels. Engineering prevascularized adipose tissues. We evaluated the ability of the fiber construc


In recent years there has been an unprecedented number of cases of histoplasmosis reported. What has heretofore been regarded as a rare semitropical disease is being found in increasing numbers of cases throughout the United States, the total now having reached about 35 cases. Meleney 1 reviewed 32 cases occurring up to July 1940. Since that time 1 case has been reported from the Mayo Clinic 2 and 1 patient has been under observation at the University of Michigan. The latter patient died just prior to the death of our patient. The relatively high incidence (7 cases) in the state of Michigan is particularly interesting. The purpose of this report is to add another case to the growing list and also to point out a previously unrecorded manifestation. The close resemblance of systemic histoplasmosis to American leishmaniasis has been pointed out frequently. 1 The patient described here exhibited a mucocutaneous


Accompany with fast-pace development of technology, people start to use social media for travel information, while companies also invest at social media influencer advertisement for better revenu. As the number of media user search tourism content on social media platform consisten increase, influencer advertisement market effects of consumer behaviour is inevitable, however, most of previously research are only focus on general effects, the specific aspect research like effects on hotel is rare been done. Because the research topic is rare been research, this essay use qualitative method, obsevation and focus group as research method. The focus group result naturally points out that social media influencer did affect consumers hotel preference, but it did not create new general factor that vital for judge hotel experience and hotel selection, most of the media user only take influencer generated tourism content as one of the reference source, they will make independent decision after crtical compare between different resource. Furthermore, there are two suggestion of commercial decision and consumer decision at the end of the essay, which suggest hotel focus on quality control first, then invest at truthful advertisement, and consumer need to develop ability of indentify fake or exaggerate social media influencer tourism content.