Cibdela janthina (Klug 1834) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) is a folivorous sawfly, native to Sumatra, that was introduced in the French island of La Reunion in the Mascarenes as a biocontrol agent of the giant bramble Rubus alceifolius Poir. (Rosaceae). It was released in 2008 and successfully controlled the weed over much of the island. We report herein the first record of C. janthina on Mauritius, the closest landfall to La Reunion located some 145 km to its east-northeast.


This special issue proposes storytelling as a critical concept to examine China ' s contemporary convergence culture. It probes the diverse praxes of multiplatform storytelling and counter-storytelling against the consolidation of a centralized storytelling regime since the Chinese Communist Party ' s (CCP) propaganda campaign and public diplomacy to ' tell the China story well ' were first introduced in 2013. Following Henry Jenkins ' s definition of media convergence and engaging with his seminal work on participation as a key aspect of convergence culture, 1 we ask the following research questions: how have the multiple stakeholders involved in the convergence of old and new media in China interacted among each other and with the state censorship?; in what ways has participation played out in China ' s convergence culture given that China ' s political system is markedly different from the liberal democracies from which Jenkins drew empirical data and built his theoretical model?; and has media convergence precipitated or obstructed the rise of participatory culture and counter-storytelling on the Chinese Internet? Thus, we explore the impact of media convergence on both the political and the popular cultures in China and investigate the possibilities for counter-storytelling in grassroots media use and participation. We use counter-storytelling to name the grassroots praxes of commenting, repurposing, and rewriting mainstream narratives, fully aware of the term ' s rich valence and analytic utility in critical race theory and queer media studies. The process


This research was carried out in the Educational Unit "Francisco Huerta Rendon Babahoyo province Los Rios, in this prestigious institution has been able to verify the little importance given to this technique of collaborative work which is very important in daily life so that the teacher can implement in an adequate way his teaching in the students which has as purpose to achieve the implementation of certain study techniques.

And its benefits that collaborative work offers in the active learning of the students, having as objective to identify the collaborative work in the active learning of the fifth year students of Basic Education, in this study the modality of field, bibliographical, the population that is made up of a determined sample of 60 students.

Where the following results were obtained, it could be verified that a large part of teachers do not apply this study technique in the classroom and that many more tools should be implemented in the traditional teaching process to share knowledge, thus building learning through the collaboration of collaborative groups, which aims to innovate new knowledge.

The results of this research is to focus an equation program where you can comfort the problems that exist in the classroom when working in groups or work teams with students so that you can achieve active learning of good quality with students and with the due training to the teachers on techniques of collaborative work to improve the active learning in the students, it will be possible to have a better control in the learning and it will be possible to cover those shortcomings that exist in the student who does not learn in a fast way and He is continually distracted.


the literature on the life and works of Wagner is already extensive and we are told that he ranks third in bibliographical status to Jesus and Napoleon. But much of this is rather diffuse and turgid so that it is a great pleasure to find that Bryan Magee has now produced a Wagnerian analysis refreshing in its clarity, directness and brevity. This little monograph consists of five essays dealing with Wagner's theory of opera, his attitude to Jews, the cult of 'Wagnolatry', his influence in literature and music, and technical details of the performance of Wagnerian music. All


The study attempted farm level analysis of production and marketing behaviour of dairy farmers, in three major milk producing states, namely Punjab, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh of India. These states represent geographic and institutional diversity of milk production and marketing in India. The study also identified the major constraints faced by the dairy farmers and suggested policy prescriptions for creating future opportunities for the resource poor farmers and entrepreneurs engaged in this sector.


The study explored what diverse 1st-grade children can learn about reading within a year-long balanced approach to emergent reading instruction. The study took place in a 1st-grade classroom where one of the coauthors was the teacher, and there were 20 children from diverse ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. A researcher participant observer visited the classroom. Data were analyzed using the constant-comparison method. Conclusions were that, first, the children were constructing a balanced view of reading: (a) They began to learn about local knowledge about reading, (b) they began to construct global knowledge about reading, (c) they developed a desire to read and a responsive stance to reading, and (d) significant generative moments signaled the children's movement toward more mature reading abilities. Second, a balanced program can be used successfully in a diverse 1st-grade classroom.


In the nascent field of synthetic biology, researchers are striving to create biological systems with functionality not seen in nature. Examples include Salmonella that secretes spider silk proteins [58], yeast that degrades biomass into ethanol [49], and E. coli that produces antimalarial drugs [48]. The field aims to apply engineering methods to biology in a deliberate way. Beyond engineering ends, such methods also provide a constructive means to validating new science. As the great Caltech physicist Richard Feynman stipulated, " If I can't create it, I don't understand it. " Understanding is achieved by constructing and testing simplified systems from the bottom up, teasing out and nailing down fundamental principles in the process [10]. As Drew Endy, an eloquent proponent of synthetic biology, describes it: natural biological systems are fiendishly complicated; instead of endlessly probing them with experiments, in some cases, we are better off rebuilding the functionality from the ground up. This provides engineered " surrogates " that are easier to understand and interact with. Whether viewed as an engineering discipline that tinkers to achieve new functionality or one that builds systems from the ground up, synthetic biology is still in its early stages. The field has been driven by experimental expertise; much of its success has been attributable to the skill of the researchers in specific domains of biology. Creating and integrating synthetic components remains an ad hoc process. The field has now reached a stage where it calls for the development of conceptual design methodologies. Richard Newton had a visionary view, articulated in a talk that he gave shortly before his death in 2007, titled " The Future is Bio-Design Automation " – a view reprised by Jan Rabaey in his keynote speech at the Design Automation Conference in 2007 commemorating Newton. The view is that synthetic biology represents but a new technological substrate for design automation. For electronics, we have a design methodology that involves clear abstractions, standardized interfaces, a constrained design space, and availability of intellectual property. The same requirements exist in biology; designers need to build models, compress them for analysis, and synthesize them into substrates such as E. coli or yeast. As Rabaey commented, " the potential synergy with electronic design automation (EDA) is huge. " Indeed, there have been quite a few deliberate attempts to bring concepts from digital circuit design into synthetic We bring a particular mindset to tackle the problem …


Members of the College will know that in the 1980-81 Parliamentary Session the Social Services Committee, chaired by Mrs Renee Short, examined the problem of achieving for hospital medical staffa proper balance between the number of doctors in training and the number in the career grades. In February 1982 the Government published its response to that Report as a White Paper, and stated its intent of seeking early discussion with the responsible bodies, which include the College, to promote action. The Executive and Finance Committee considered this document and decided to convene a Special Committee which was to submit its report to Council at its meeting in June 1982. I was a member of that Committee and would like to outline in this article the more important manpower implications for our psychiatric specialties of the Short Report and the Government's response to it. It is recommended that a much higher proportion of patient care should be provided by fully trained medical staff than at present. This will involve an increased number of consultant posts to meet service needs; DHSS ministers have suggested targets of doubling the number ofconsultants over the next 15 years, and a reversal of the present ratio of 1 consultant to 1.8 junior staff to 1.8 consultant to 1 junior over the same period. That such targets have financial implications is obvious, and it is difficult to accept that doubling consultant numbers across all specialties and in all regions would be appropriate-but what are the implications in relation to College norms? At 30 September 1981 there were 1,211 consultant posts in adult mental illness, although 109 of these were vacant. They provide 2.27 whole-time equivalent (wte) per 100,000 population; or about I per 41,000 population. The College's long-term aim (Bulletin, December 1977, 5-7) is 1 wholetime equivalent per 25,000 population, though Belter Services for the Mentally III (DHSS, 1975) gave 1 wte per 40,000 as a long-term aim. If doubling of our present complement of posts occurred we would exceed both the College and the Department's long-term aims (to 1 wte per 22,000 population). It should be acknowledged that some regions have much better staffing levels than others, relative to the national rate, ranging at 30 September 1981 from -9.8 wte to +14.5 wte; presumably more expansion would occur in the 'poorer' regions. It can be seen from Table I that doubling the number of consultant posts and filling them would still leave the specialties of psychotherapy and forensic psychiatry behind target, but mental illness (adult), child and adolescent psychiatry and mental handicap would overtake the College's stated targets. The Government's suggested doubling of consultants should perhaps now be compared with the recent Central Committee for Hospital Medical Services (CCHMS) proposals (BMJ, 1982,284, 1575) for medicine, surgery and obstetrics and gynaecology, that an appropriate interim target would be the number of consultants currently in post plus the number (including honorary contracts) which each district would request if no financial or other impediments applied-subject to the capacity to absorb them without significant capital development apart from any likely to come into use within five years. This proposal ·has been accepted by the Senior Hospital Staffs Conference of the British Medical Association (BMJ, 1982, 285, 73). The only psychiatric specialty where consultant expansion is currently limited by the latest manpower guidelines (DHSS, March 1982) is mental handicap. It is anticipated that there will be sufficient trained candidates to meet demands for new consultant posts in mental illness (adult), child and adolescent psychiatry, psychotherapy and forensic psychiatry. The second but linked recommendation is a decrease in the number of junior doctors in most hospitals and most specialties. In the College's view none of the psychiatric specialties have sufficient senior registrars in training to supply adequately trained doctors for a doubled consultant establishment over 15 years. The number of senior registrars in the career ladder should be approximately a fifth to a sixth of numbers in the consultant grade. Two of our specialties are considered in Table II.


The type of material used in the fabrication of wind turbine blade is a very important factor so that it will not exceed the allowable maximum deflection. An analysis is conducted to study this deflection effect to that power output and as case study, a 7.6 m blade of 10 kW LPN 10000 E turbine is used. Several assumption as such as deflection due to wind speed at perpendicular to local plane local blade are diameter blade and direction of aerodynamic at aerofoil plane local blade are considered. The distribution of blade deflection along the twisted span is assumed uniform. Calculation is performed for the polynomial order of 2,3 and 4, with variety of deflection of 0.2 m, 0.5m, 1 m and 1.5 m. for design wind speed of 9 m per s it was found that for 0.5 deflection, the losses of 6 percent, 9 percent and 12 percent for blade shape polynomial order 2,3 and 4 consequentively are produced; whereas for 1.5 m deflection, losses are 46 percent, 53 percent, and 56 percent for the same polynomial shape. If a maximum loss of 10 percent is taken, then the max allowable deflection is 0.5 m. Keywords: Defleksi, Sudu, Turbin angin, Keluaran daya, Rugi-rugi.


Cuphea is the largest genus in the Lythraceae with about 250 species distributed throughout Latin America (Mabberley 1987), principally in Brazil and Mexico. Within Brazil, the states of Minas Gerais, Goias and Bahia contain the largest number of species, many of which are narrowly restricted endemics, for example, Cuphea sessilifolia Mart. subsp. bahiensis Lourt. from the region of Morro do Chap6u in Bahia; C. teleandra Lourt. from Grao-Mogol in Minas Gerais (Lourteig 1987) and C. rubro-virens T. Cavalcanti (Cavalcanti 1989) also from Minas Gerais. Graham & Kleiman (1987) believe that the primary centre of speciation for Cuphea is found in the upland regions of eastern Brazil, with a major secondary centre in Mexico. Study of the Lythraceae from "campos rupestres" of the Cadeia do Espinhago and the Chapada Diamantina, a chain of mountains situated in the eastern part of Brazil, has shown that the largest number of species of Cuphea is to be found in Minas Gerais. Within the state the genus is best represehted in terms of morphological variation and number of species in the Serra do Cip6 region, where 11 species from 6 of the 14 sections of Cuphea


Vortex generators (VGs) are effectively used to improve the performance of the wind turbine blades by means of flow control. VGs can be represented by local geometrical disturbance on the aerodynamic surfaces. This disturbance generates vortices in the streamwise direction, energizing the boundary layer and hence delaying or suppressing the flow separation. In this way, the entire flow field is reshaped. Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) combined with the experiments is desirable to be able to find the most efficient geometrical shape of VG and the installation of it based on the flow characteristics of the problem. However, there is a challenge of using CFD for VG simulation which is the large number of grid points required to obtain an accurate solution. One of the ways to overcome this difficulty is to model the effect of VG. Therefore this thesis will investigate the ways to model a vortex generator and validate the capability of such a model to simulate the optimal VG shape and installation.


Researchers in the field of vocabulary learning and teaching have made a distinction between two dimensions of vocabulary knowledge: size and depth. However, Milton (2009) empirically argues that these two dimensions


Borrowman's reserved negative judgment on the place of comparative education in teacher education rests on opinions and observations about teachers, teaching, and comparative education, which, though provocative, are debatable. I shall argue that they are restrictive, not all are entirely accurate, and some perhaps misleading. In his classic study, History ofEducation in Antiquity, H. I. Marrou distinguished two types (models) of teacher: the schoolmaster and the pedagogue. A schoolmaster was exemplified by the Sophists, and Protagoras, the greatest of the Sophists, epitomized that type. Socrates was the supreme embodiment of the pedagogue. Protagoras taught the "art of politics": how to train young well-bred Greeks to conduct efficiently affairs of state. His aim was pragmatic and utilitarian: instruction in knowledge and skills that would lead to individual prestige, success, and wealth. The Sophists were specialists in political knowledge and virtue. Their effectiveness as good teachers was judged on the basis of the acquisition by their pupils of certain "learnings" (information, skills, facts) upon which effective government and the wielding of power were founded. Socrates was the "physician of the soul." His aim as a teacher was the "conversion of the soul," which, as Harry Broudy explained, "involved a complete reorientation of the personality." This went beyond mere cognition, knowledge, and skill acquisition, to introjection of the norms of the true, the good, and the beautiful. Socrates was concerned with the human "self," with personal enrichment, and freedom. And he pursued his goal through exhortation: "to jolt the learner into uneasy anxiety about his soul." Now, as I was reading Dean Borrowman's paper, I could not help but be reminded of these two types of teacher and teaching. And I have concluded that Borrowman inclines toward Protagoras and the Sophists rather than Socrates. There was a ray of hope, at first, that Borrowman's conception of a teacher would be Socratic. At least this is what I would have inferred from his statement that comparative education could make teachers "wiser in choices about what to teach to whom." But later, the model of teacher that emerges is that of an efficient technician, who is to be judged not by his wisdom in choosing what to teach whom, and, I might add, how, but solely, or perhaps largely, by behavioral


In this work, gelatin (G)-polyacrylamide (PAAm)-based interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels involving maleic acid (MA) was prepared using by radical polymerization. Full-IPN and semi-IPN hydrogels were synthesized by using glutaraldehyde and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a crosslinker. The water absorbency of hydrogels was investigated, and the values increased with MA and G. The chemical structures of full-IPN and semi-IPN hydrogels were tested by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Morphological test was done by using Scanning Electron Microscope/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Thermal properties were examined with Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analyzer and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The mechanical analysis was performed with Zwick Universal Testing Machine. Thermal and mechanical stabilities of full-IPN hydrogel was higher than semi-IPN. The efficiency of adsorption parameters (contact time, initial feed concentration, and pH) on Chromium (VI) ion adsorbing property of Full-IPN hydrogel was also determined. Isotherms were explained with the Langmuir or Freundlich equations. According to the results of both isotherms, it can be said that the hydrogel surface was homogeneous, and the adsorption of Chromium (VI) occurred in a monolayer.


The fluorescent X-ray spectrometry using standard materials prepared by vacuume evaporation has been applied to determination of iron, lead, manganese, vanadium, titanium, chromium and nickel in airborne dust samples collected on the glass fiber filter by the high volume air sampler. The preparation technique of the proposed standard materials obtained by the vacuume evaporation on the glass fiber filter were very simple and rapid. And calibration curves obtained by this standards were linear. The determination results to the airborne dust by this method were compared with the values obtained by the atomic absorption spectrophtometry and calorimetry showing good agreement for all analyzed metals. The fluorescent X-ray spectrometry using these standard materials is accurate, simple and rapid, therefore authors recomended this method for the determination of metals in airborne dust on the glass fiber filter for air pollution survey.


In the last years, the Kitaev-Heisenberg model with additional couplings in the honeycomb lattice have attracted a great deal of attention due to their relevance in iridate honeycomb materiales. Furthermore, different exotic phenomena has been explored in the frustated  honeycomb lattice for the pure Heisenberg model, such as spin liquid phases, degenerate ground states, thermal and quantum state selection. In this work, we present a study of the effect of the competition between antiferromagnetic exchange couplings up to second nearest neighbours and Kitaev interactions in this lattice for classical spins. We find that in some cases the Kitaev interactions lift the line degeneracy of the Heisenberg model. In others, this degeneracy remains. For strong Kitaev ferromagnetic couplings, our results are compatible with a "stripy" phase, which is expected to be stabilized by  quantum fluctuations. We also discuss the possibility of a "zig-zag" phase for ferromagnetic nearest neighbour interactions.


ABSTRACT This study examines the "Theory of Guidance" according to 'Ali ibn Abi Talib (a). This theory is based on three divine covenants or fundamentals in guidance including the divine Prophet, the divine Book, and the divine human nature (fitrat). Research in this regard seems essential because this theory has not been previously considered or researched in the discipline of education. Research findings indicate that all three of the pedagogic fundamentals—namely the teacher, the student, and the subject matter—are essential elements in guidance. Education can be properly realized through the interaction of these constituents enabling attainment of a status worthy of humankind. It is important to note that the teacher, the student, and the subject matter each have their own place, and none can take the place of another. In this relationship, the teacher begins the educational process. It is the teacher who must understand the role of each of these elements and guide them wisely. In order to fulfill the process of education, the teacher must be prepared to receive guidance, understand the position and character of the student, and have a good command of the topic in a way that matches the nature and needs of the student.


EnglishThis is a study of the relationship between thunderstorm occurrences and various instability indices in the Ile-de-France region (Paris surroundings). The thunderstorms were observed using the French lightning detection network. The indices, derived from midday radiosoundings, are shown to become useless after 2000 UTC, unless one improves them with some afternoon surface observations. The comparison of indices shows that the ones based on the parcel theory are the best correlated with thunderstorm occurrences; this is particularly true for the most electrically active storms. Linear discrimination is used with these indices for the diagnosis and nowcasting of thunderstorms. It allows for a substantial improvement over a climatological forecast, and, to a lesser extent, over a persistence forecast. The indices selected are: Adedokun 2, Telfer, surface pressure and one based on parcel ascent theory. Weather type information increases the percentage of correct forecasts by 2 or 3%. francaisL'etude met en relation des occurrences d'orages, diagnostiquees a l'aide du reseau francais de detection de la foudre, et les valeurs d'indices d'instabilite deduits de radiosondages de 12 h UTC, pour un grand nombre d'indices differents. Les indices deviennent sans utilite apres 20 h UTC, sauf ceux qui utilisent en sus les observations au sol de l'apres-midi. Les indices lies a la theorie de la particule sont les plus correles a l'occurrence d'orage, et ce, d'autant plus que l'on retient seulement les orages les plus actifs electriquement. La technique de discrimination lineaire est appliquee a ces indices pour le diagnostic et la prevision immediate d'orages. Elle permet une amelioration substantielle par rapport a une prevision climatologique et, dans une moindre mesure, par rapport a la prevision par persistance. Les indices utiles pour la prevision des orages de l'apres-midi et du soir sont l'indice 2 d'Adedokun et celui de Telfer, la pression au sol et l'un des indices lies au soulevement (Cape ou hauteur de soulevement). L'utilisation des types de temps permet d'ameliorer de 2 a 3 % le pourcentage de cas bien prevus.


Objective: The aim of this study is to develop the Computerized Procedure System (CPS) quality management system through analyzing the requirement of UAE project procedure, guideline and ISO9001. Background: Quality is an action to make assure that quality is secured in condition that is match up with the technical requirement, function, properties or related rules which user or consumer needs. Method: For this, the Final Quality Management System is comprised through 1) The standard analysis related in exist quality management system, quality standard, and quality in nuclear domain, 2) Drawing items which comprise Quality Management System based in quality standard document and CPS quality grade and 3) the interface connection of the drawn item. Results: The Final Quality Management System is composed of planning and managing design and development of the item, management of connection in different organizations, progress management, and input, output, review, verification, and feasibility confirmation for the renewal of output. Conclusion: This Quality Management System will be utilized as an UAE CPS Quality Assurance System.


With the increasing recruitment of university for more than ten years,various non-governmental institutions are constantly emerging.The number of high school graduates continues to decrease and in the admission process,the competition for the students' quality has intensified.Ensuring college students' quality is the key issue of the next phase of university work.The students' quality depends on the overall score,the basic quality,professional compatibility.To improve the students' quality,we should consider professional setting,test planning,publicity and consulting,archives examination,the communication with examinees,admission method and find suitable methods and countermeasures with university characteristics.


In this paper, a salary-plus-bonus incentive mechanism is proposed to motivate WiFi Access Points (APs) to provide data offloading service for mobile network operators (MNOs). Under the proposed salary-plus-bonus scheme, WiFi APs are rewarded not only based on offloaded data volume but also based on the quality of their offloading service. The interactions between WiFi APs and the MNO under this incentive mechanism are then studied using Stackelberg game. By differentiating whether WiFi APs are of the same type (e.g. offloading cost and quality), two cases (homogeneous and heterogeneous) are studied. For both cases, we derive the best response functions for WiFi APs (i.e. the optimal amount of data to offload), and show that the Nash Equilibrium (NE) always exists for the subgame. Then, given WiFi APs' strategies, we investigate the optimal strategy (i.e. the optimal salary and bonus) for the MNO to maximize its utility. Then, two simple incentive mechanisms, referred to as the salary-only scheme and the bonus-only scheme, are presented and studied using Stackelberg game. For both of them, it is shown that the Stackelberg Equilibrium (SE) exists and is unique. We also show that the salary-only scheme is more effective in offloading more data, and the bonus-only scheme is more effective in selecting premium APs (i.e. providing high-quality offloading service at low cost), while the salary-plus-bonus scheme can strike a well balance between the offloaded data volume and the offloading quality.


In developing countries, problems of poverty and the environment are inextricably intertwined, with any potential resolution requiring underlying political, social and economic causes to be addressed. An integrated research approach to examine such problems should not only involve a transdisciplinary team that covers the broad scope and perspective of relevant issues, but also ensure that interactions between different issues are deliberately explored. Differences in theories, methods, terminologies and research interests of team members, often hinders integration and leads to such complex projects being fragmented by disciplines. This paper describes a template for developing a conceptual framework for a project aimed at promoting socially inclusive and sustainable agricultural intensification in West Bengal (India) and southern Bangladesh. The project involves consideration of the various climate, market, environmental, social, political and health risks that threaten the livelihoods of these rural communities. The proposed template was designed to provide a common framework that the team can readily co-develop and thus overcome some of the challenges of working with transdisciplinary teams. This framework underpins the integrated modelling activities of the team. In our conceptual framework template, processes are described in terms of a change to resources, the direct and indirect drivers of this change, and the direct and indirect impacts of the change. We selected terms that are unambiguous, yet broadly applicable and neutral, avoiding value-judgments. The use of more neutral terms will enable the framework to be used to represent both opportunities and challenges, as well as positive and negative directions of change. It will also help avoid imposing certain perceptions onto others – for example, what is viewed as a risk or disbenefit by some may be viewed as an opportunity or benefit by others. Therefore, the neutral language is more amenable to cross-cultural contexts and teams. A change in resources can include any increase or decrease in tangible and intangible assets, capabilities, capacities, or behaviours. Additional factors can be any factor that affects the rate of change – i.e. one that increases or reduces the magnitude of change or impact, or the capacity of the subject to avoid, cope with or adapt to the specified change. Examples of the use of the template are provided in this paper. The template is modular in nature, so that diagrams can be readily combined to capture multiple system processes and complex pathways of influence. As multiple diagrams are combined, impacts from a change in one resource may become drivers for change in another resource. The template allows divergent ideas from the team to be mapped out and linked together in one common framework, facilitating a genuinely transdisciplinary process.


One of the objectives of the Health Education (midwifery) curriculum is to make midwives professionals in the early detection of maternal and neonatal emergencies. Compulsory courses that teach early detection are obstetric care for childbirth and newborns, namely early detection using a partograph. The results of preliminary studies in midwifery 3rd-semester students can be six (60%) filling in the partograph incorrectly and incompletely and four (40%) filling in the partograph correctly and completely. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of applying partograph pocketbooks by students to fill out partographs. The research design used in the study was pre-experimental with the one-group pretest-posttest design approach. Partograph filling dependent variable and independent variable: partograph pocketbook. Has passed the ethical test with certificate number 1576/KEPK/STIKES-NHM/EC/1/20203. The statistical test used paired T-test with α 0.05. The results of the study of filling in the partograph of midwifery students before using the partograph pocketbook had a value of almost half 62-71, while the results of filling in the partograph of midwifery students after using the partograph pocketbook were mostly 82-91, statistical tests showed 0.00< 0.05 which means that the partograph pocket book effectively helps students in filling out the partograph. This research can be a source of knowledge for students to improve their skills in filling partographs.


In this paper, we present a piano practice assisting system that tracks the user's piano performance with mistakes (note insertions, deletions and substitutions) and arbitrary jumps (repeats and skips) using a HMM with a fast Viterbi decoding algorithm. After tracking the user's free practice, the system provides feedback on various aspects of his/her performance, including information on missed and mistakenly played notes, jumps in the performance, and note overlap for evaluation of legato and staccato articulation. Additionally, the system provides information for comparing the user's practice performance with a teacher's exemplary performance with regards to tempo and dynamics. The practice support system's usefulness was evaluated in a subjective experiment, in which piano students of varying experience used the system and gave feedback on its features.


Histatin 5, an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) found in the saliva, has been investigated in two studies, and in two different perspectives. In the first study, the structural properties of a conjugated histatin 5 fragment is characterized in an effort to explain its enhanced fungicidal properties. It was discovered that the conjugated molecule, spermidine, does not affect the conformation of the histatin 5 fragment, and that spermidine most likely protrudes from the protein and thus becomes more easily accessible for transport molecules. In the second study, histatin 5 was instead used as a model IDP to investigate the viability and accuracy of selected force fields used for simulating IDPs. The temperature dependence of the structural properties was studied, and it was concluded that the force fields for IDP simulations used in this study were not able to capture the temperature-induced structural changes of histatin 5. (Less)


The Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is a disease being the important medical problem of worldwide countries including Thailand because the fever is likely to cause the Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) due to the immediate leakage of plasma. This study has the aim to review the clinical data of dengue hemorrhagic fever and to determine the problems of diagnosis and management at each stage of disease at Puttamonthon Hospital, Nakornpathom province. Study design was retrospective descriptive study. The subjects were 108 patients in Puttamonthon Hospital who were diagnosed Dengue infection during January 2007 to December 2007. All patients who had dengue infection were assessed for sex, age, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and complication. Among 108 patients, there were 57 male and 51 female patients. The ratio of male to female was 1.27:1. Range of age was 2-46 years (mean 20 years). The high prevalence of disease occurred during July-October. The frequent clinical features in these patients were fever (100%), headache (46%), nausea/vomitting (42.6%), hematemesis (5.5%), diarrhea (12%), and abdominal pain (9%). Most patients were the severity of grade I (38%), grade II (14% ) and grade III (3%) . None were the severity of grade IV. All patients were survived. The physicians must actually know pathophysiology and management of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Care of these patients with clinical practice guideline and early appropriate referral can reduce mortality and complication of the disease.


Alternative sources for petroleum fuels have been the prime concern of most of the environmentalists. It is also a concern for economists due to the depletable nature of the fossil fuel. Vegetable oils are considered as good alternatives to diesel as their properties are close to diesel. At present biodiesel is commercially produced from the vegetable oils by esterification processes. Since most of these oils are edible, its cost restricts the usage. The de oiled cakes after crushing the seeds contains around 2% of oil with less fatty materials is aimed in this study. The fuel is prepared by adding various dry de oiled cake powders (coconut, neem, ground nut and gingili) at different proportions ranging from 3 to 25% by weight with diesel. Experimental results reveal that, the fuel has the potential to reduce smoke, CO emissions simultaneously along with marginal increase in brake thermal efficiency. The combustion characteristic of each fuel is analysed and recorded. The petroleum based diesel fuel needs to be substituted with alternate fuel to meet the energy demands in the future for developing countries. The fossil fuels are depleting drastically which increases the demand in the international market that affects the economy of the developing countries like India. Thus an alternate energy source has to be identified to overcome the problems with the petroleum based diesel fuel. One such energy source is fuel derived from vegetable oil that is bio diesel. Many bio diesels in the form of esters are being experimented to suit the diesel engine without any major engine modification. Pure coconut oil usage in diesel engine shows lesser smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) emissions compared to diesel fuel since it has oxygen molecules which results in enhanced oxidation (1). With pure coconut oil and diesel fuel blends in an automotive DI diesel engine increase in brake power and net heat release rate with a reduction in emissions such as HC, CO, NOx, smoke are reported for coconut oil in the fuel blend. The increase in brake power is expected due to larger fuel droplets and oxygen content in coconut oil, which contribute to better combustion. When the coconut oil in the fuel is increased above 20 % decrease in performance was reported which is attributed to lower calorific value, with a reduction in emissions (2). Coconut oil methyl ester COME was investigated by a couple of authors in a variable speed DI diesel engine and their results show that COME gives maximum torque occurs at lower speed compared to diesel and the emissions are lowest for COME compared to diesel and pure coconut oil (3,4). COME was compared with palm and rapeseed oil biodiesel and the results show that the


Salvia Sclarea is a medical plant which is used in pharmatical and cosmetc industries. In order to study the effect of different temperatures on germination of this plant a study was conducted at Khorasan Razavi agicultural experiment station at Mashhad (Experiment design was randomized block withe four replications). Seed were germinated at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees of centigrade. Petridishes was sterilized under 180 oc for 2 hours befor stating the test. Counting seeds were daily for 14 days at the end of the test, numbers of germination and index of germination powers were calculaed. The result showed that the minimum and maximum temperatures for Savia Sclarea germination were 15 and 25 oc, respectively. Optimum temperature for germination was also 25 oc. At this temperature germinated seeds had maximum length of rootlet, length of stemlet and percent of germination. Keywords : Germination, Cardinal Temperaturesat


Looking back of the bfief history of development of American community college, it analyses the connotation and types of transfer education of community college. Based on the successful experiences of transfer education of American community college, some thought are discussed on cultivating the ability of sustainable development for students of higher vocational college in China.


The graphic correlation technique of Shaw (1964) is not restricted to biostratigraphic applications. Supplemented graphic correlation (SGC) expands the original technique to include nonunique events (log patterns) to add to the understanding of the geologic history of an area. Nonunique events are evaluated in light of the biostratigraphic data and may be used to refine correlations provided that (1) the investigator has reason to believe that the log patterns respond to time-significant phenomena over the areal extent of the specific problem at hand, and (2) all nonunique events to be considered are tested for geologic reasonableness before they are used. Dinocyst and acritarch occurrence data and single-point resistance electric logs from three Paleocene to Eocene cores in the Virginia Coastal Plain illustrate the method. The two western cores show similar geologic histories, but the thickness in the northernmost core is approximately 30% greater. SGC reveals four episodes of deposition in the easternmost core relative to the western cores. During late Paleocene time, relative accumulation rates increased in an easterly direction. A major change in sediment source and supply occurred in early Eocene time when relative accumulation rates increased to the north. Graphic correlation combining biostratigraphic events and time-significant log-type datamore » can increase resolution in correlation. Possible correlations are tested and refined during the graphic procedure and multiple lines of evidence are used to produce geologically reasonable, and informative, results.« less


This presentation discusses how The Portal to Texas History is harnessing technology to enable collaboration with small museums and libraries. This presentation includes information on the workflows, planning, metadata elements, and goals for the Portal project.


This paper focuses on how to efficiently reduce power consumption in coarse-grained reconfigurable designs, to allow their effective adoption in heterogeneous architectures supporting and accelerating complex and highly variable multifunctional applications. We propose a design flow for this kind of architectures that, besides their automatic customization, is also capable of determining their optimal power management support. Power and clock gating implementation costs are estimated in advance, before their physical implementation, on the basis of the functional, technological, and architectural parameters of the baseline design. Experimental results, on 90 and 45 nm CMOS technologies, demonstrate that the proposed approach guides the designer towards optimal implementation.


The integrated farming system (IFS) is a comprehensive farm practice to improve small and marginal farmers' livelihoods. The IFS enhances nutrient recycling and food security and promotes greater efficiency of fertilizers and natural resources. To improve livelihood, profits, and employment generation holistically through an IFS method, a study was conducted over four years, from 2016 to 2019, to define the farming condition in 1036 households in the Muzzafarnagar district of Western Uttar Pradesh. Crop + dairy was the most frequent farming method (68%) followed by crop + dairy + horticulture + goatary. Compared to older cultivars, improved rice, maize, wheat, and barley cultivars enhanced crop yield by 17 to 42%. Transplanting sugarcane and intercropping of mustard increased system yield from 58.89% to 86.17% compared to the sole sugarcane crop. Nutritional kitchen gardening resulted in an average saving of $20 to $25 during the Kharif season and $20 to $27 during Rabi season. Exotic vegetables such as broccoli, Chinese cabbage, cherry tomato, kale, parsley, and lettuce were introduced, which increased regular income. With the adoption of a multi-tier-based system, the net returns from the system improved from 0.6 lakh to 2.20 lakhs per ha. Enhancing the fodder availability resulted in a 27.5% milk yield improvement. The study's outcomes demonstrated that a five-member family's annual protein (110–125 kg) and carbohydrate (550 to 575 kg) requirements can be easily met using the IFS technique. According to the study, IFS approaches combined with better technical interventions can ensure the long-term viability of farming systems and improve livelihoods.


In order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms showing that no dissociated ion radicals are produced even in acetonitrile solution when some complexes of the strong electron donors and acceptors with CT absorption bands in the visible region are photoexcited, the authors have made detailed time-resolved transient absorption spectral measurements and time-resolved fluorescence measurements upon the pyrene-pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) system in various solvents with picosecond laser spectroscopy. A weakly fluorescent electron-transfer (ET) state with 400-ps lifetime is formed by photoexcitation in benzene solution, while nonfluorescent geminate ion pairs with much shorter lifetimes due to the charge recombination (CR) deactivation are formed in more polar solvents. In all solutions examined, dissociation into free ions from the geminate pair cannot compete with the CR deactivation which becomes faster in more polar solvents due to the decrease of the energy gap between the ion pair and neutral ground state. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that ion pairs produced by encounter between excited pyrene and unexcited PMDA in acetonitrile have more loose structure and show a smaller CR rate constant than those produced by exciting the ground-state complex.


In recent days 3D images are more used for analysis of distance using stereoscopic techniques. In general these images were enhanced to illusion of depth information for an image. Mathematically single image based perception unable to deliver the depth information and at the same time the stereo pair can be processed to deliver these parameters. The forth ground and background can be extracted without affecting the other side by obtaining the disparity map for the stereo image. For that image completion or enhancement depth based patch scaling is preferred. 3D cloud point applied here helps us to calculate the parameters like depth from the ground point and height from the ground point.


Single-phase earthing faults occur commonly in a power grid. While a single-phase earthing fault happens following the three-phase tripping in transmission line, the zero-sequence current at the later tripped side usually has a sudden change. According to the analysis of fault waveforms, the gain of zero-sequence current may be affected by the nonlinearity of line parameters to some degree. Taking into account the nonlinearity of transmission line parameters, the relationship among line parameters, fault points and zero-sequence current is analyzed quantitatively. The study results are helpful for better understanding the action of relays after faults. The simulation results verify the accuracy of the theory analysis.


This paper discusses the job satisfaction of the miners,and points out the factors affecting job satisfaction of miners are:reward,the job itself,the management measure and the interpersonal relationships.Effective measures should be taken such as making fair job reward rules,optimizing job environment and improving job conditions,and building harmonious relationship.These measures can improve job satisfaction of miners,also improve corporation's management.


A parametric cost model for mercury ion propulsion modules is presented. A detailed work breakdown structure is included. Cost estimating relationships were developed for the individual subsystems and the nonhardware items (systems engineering, software, etc.). Solar array and power processor unit (PPU) costs are the significant cost drivers. Simplification of both of these subsystems through applications of advanced technology (lightweight solar arrays and high-efficiency, self-radiating PPUs) can reduce costs. Comparison of the performance and cost of several chemical propulsion systems with the Hg ion module are also presented. For outer-planet missions, advanced solar electric propulsion (ASEP) trip times and O2/H2 propulsion trip times are comparable. A three-year trip time savings over the baselined NTO/MMH propulsion system is possible with ASEP.


Well over a decade on since the rejection of the past regime, a clear picture has emerged of the public attitudes towards the new democratic order in Poland. A low level of public satisfaction is present with respect to the functioning of the current democracy. In May 1995 during a bitter Presidential election campaign, satisfaction with the functioning democracy fell to 24%, and as recent as 2001 CBOS recorded only 8% satisfaction. The dissatisfaction with the functioning democracy has not however been reflected in a fall in democratic support. By democratic support I mean the belief that many parties competing for power through free elections is the 'best' system of government available. On the contrary, as Table 1 illustrates, the belief in the current democracy's superiority to alternative systems of government has actually raised from approximately half of the population in 1992 to a relatively stable ratio of approximately two thirds of the population. This article sets out to investigate the reasons for democratic support at times of widespread dissatisfaction. I divide the investigation into the following key fields of enquiry on the subject: – First I investigate the importance to democratic support of the democratic principle of power.


as forensic ones. Most laboratories have adopted extensive procedures to minimize errors, including errors of specimen mixups. (A chain of custody will not address most other sources of laboratory error.) It should be possible to argue persuasively that the rate of specimen mixups is much less than 1 in 100. A certainty of correct specimen identification of well over 99% should satisfy the criminal evidentiary standard of "beyond a reasonable doubt," aswell as the less stringent criteria of "reasonable medical certainty" or "preponderance of evidence." A chain of custody could actually hinder the legal use of clinical laboratory results in some jurisdictions. To facilitate the use of medical alcohol results in court, some states have adopted laws specifically allowing their introduction in evidence. These laws may require that the specimen be obtained in the regular course of business and solely for the purpose of medical management. Adopting a chain of custody with no clinical benefit would provide ample grounds to argue that a forensic intent was also present and that the result was therefore inadmissible. Similar arguments could be advanced if whole blood or protein-free filtrates were used for analysis. I believe that using whole blood or protein-free filtrates and following a chain of custody would result in increased work, increased costs, prolonged turnaround time, and decreased clinical significance of the results. My experience suests that adopting these recommendations would yield very limited benefits in most clinical laboratories. Our laboratory, which serves a busy urban Emergency Department, including a regional Trauma Center, performs about 5000 ethanol determinations per year. We receive inquiries about the legal significance of <1% of these results. Under these circumstances, adopting the suestions would have negative effects on >4950 results and possible benefits for <50. In fact, results for most of the latter have been so high that there has been no question that statutory intoxication was present. For those few specimens for which the legal significance of the serum alcohol concentration is in doubt, our laboratory has developed an interpretive algorithm (6) that has been well accepted by lawyers and courts. Most inquiries have been satisfactorily handied by telephone, with the majority of the remainder being answered with a brief written opinion. Depositions have never exceeded three per year, and court testimony has been required less than once a year.


Abstract Background CMV is the most common cause of congenital infection and may result in permanent neurodevelopmental injury including vision and hearing loss. A vaccine to prevent transmission of CMV during pregnancy or to immunocompromised persons is a public health priority. Neutralizing antibodies (nAb) to the CMV envelope glycoprotein B (gB) in natural infection are thought to confer protection, but some vaccine candidates based on this protein alone have been insufficiently immunogenic. In this FiH dose-ranging, controlled, observer-blinded study the safety and immunogenicity of an eVLP expressing the ectodomain of gB fused to transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (gB-G) was evaluated. Method Healthy CMV-seronegative 18–40 year olds at three sites in Canada (Vancouver, Montreal, Halifax) were randomized to one of four dose formulations (0.5 µg, 1 µg, or 2 µg gB content with Alum) or 1 µg gB without Alum, or placebo given on days 0, 56, and 168. Outcome measures were solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AE), severe AE, gB binding antibody titers and avidity assessment, and nAb to CMV infection of fibroblast and epithelial cells. A Data Safety Monitoring Board was in place. Result Among 128 participants, the most common solicited local and general AEs were pain and headache, respectively. No SAEs or withdrawals occurred. A dose-dependent boosting of nAb titers was observed after doses 2 and 3, with the highest titers in the Alum-adjuvanted 2.0 µg dose recipients. Fibroblast cell nAb were seen in 100% of 2.0 µg dose recipients, and epithelial cell nAb in 31%. Epithelial cell nAb was correlated with higher geometric mean gB binding titers, and there was a correlation between fibroblast and epithelial cell nAb titers. Conclusion An eVLP CMV vaccine was immunogenic at very low doses in healthy seronegative adults and no safety signals were seen. Alum adjuvantation increased immunogenicity as did higher antigen content and multiple doses. This phase 1 trial supports further development of this eVLP CMV vaccine candidate. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02826798 Disclosures S. Gantt, VBI Vaccines: Investigator, No direct financial benefit—company provided institutional support for clinical trial. C. Quach, VBI Vaccines: Investigator, No direct financial benefit—company provided institutional support for clinical trial. D. E. Anderson, VBI Vaccines: Employee and Shareholder, Salary. F. Diaz-Mitoma, VBI Vaccines: Consultant and Shareholder, Salary. J. Langley, VBI Vaccines: Investigator, No direct financial benefit—company provided institutional support for clinical trial.


Catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 with renewable H2 to methanol represents a promising pathway for reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Catalysts play a key role in enhancing both the hydrogenation rate and methanol selectivity. ZrO2 is a promising catalyst support, promoter and even active species for CO2 hydrogenation due to its versatile properties and weak hydrophilic character. Over the past decades substantial progress has been made in designing high performance catalysts and understanding the hydrogenation mechanisms over ZrO2-supported catalysts. ZrO2 interacts with metals and/or other oxides and consequently may affect the CO2 adsorption and activation, enhance the dissociation of H2 and spillover of atomic hydrogen, change the reaction pathways and/or the binding of key reaction intermediates for further conversion. The synergistic effects induced by ZrO2 could be achieved by improving the metal dispersion, modifying surface basicity and interacting with other components (metals, cosupports or pro...


For a kind of nonlinear multi-stage dynamic system and the properties its right function has, the existence and continuity with respect to the parameters of the solution have been discussed. We decompose the identification problem into bilevel multi-stage optimal control problem by the different parameter styles (time parameters and system parameters), and both of them are equivalence. Applying semi-infinite optimization and uniformly convex approximate, etc., we deduce the existence of optimal solution and necessary condition for optimality for the both original identification problem and bilevel multi-stage optimal control subproblems respectively. And it has been successfully applied to produce 1,3-propanediol in fermentation process (waiting for publication in another paper)


Objective The nude mouse model of pancreatic cancer was established by implanting PC-3 cell subcutaneously into the animal,to observe the therapeutical effect of pAdEgr-1-TK with irradiation and prodrug GCV addition to the cancer cell.Methods 1×107 PC-3 cells together with 0.1 ml phosphate buffer solution(PBS) were implanted subcutaneously into 24 nude mice,which were divided equally into 4 groups.By the time when the tumor grew to 0.6 cm,the group PC-3/pAdE was injected with the mixture of PBS and pAdEgr-1,pAdEgr-1-TK was directly injected into the tumor of group PC-3/pAdET(non-irradiated) and group PC-3/pAdET(irradiated) qd for 3 days in the dosage of 1×109 pfu/ml×0.1 ml per mouse,meanwhile,GCV was injected into the abdominal cavity(25 mg/kg/day) for 14 days,when the mice would be irradiated by 60Co-γ in dosage 10Gy and once more 48 hours later.The volumes of the tumor were measured every 3 days(longer diameter × shorter diameter 2/2).At last,the tumors were taken out of the killed mice to observe the pathologic changes under light microscope.Results Tumor successfully grew in all of the mice without variance during the latent period.No variance existed(P=0.824) before treatment(irradiation and GCV).After the treatment,the growth of tumor was very fast in the control group but markedly slowed down in the experimental group,while the volume and weight of tumor of group PC-3/pAdET were apparently less than that of the other three.All above-mentioned indicated that TK gene promoted by Egr-1 gene was activated to transcript by γ-rays,and TK suicide gene was highly expressed to inhibit the tumor cells significantly.Conclusion The nude mouse model of pancreatic cancer is successfully established,and the downstream TK suicide gene can be highly expressed activated by the radio-inducible Egr-1 gene promoter,which provide therapy effect in pancreatic cancer in vivo.


A method to calibrate the relative position of patient's cut to the basic coordinate system of the robot was propose in this paper. Two laser lights of different inclinations were installed below the small arm,through the geometric relationship the coordinate of patient's cut was measured,and offered the essential laparoscope posture information for the robot control. The accuracy of calibration was analyzed by the use of MATLAB,the method and error analysis were validated by the calibration experiment.


A large (8,700 m 2 ), single story, heated, slab-on-grade building was constructed at Deadhorse, Alaska in 2008/2009 using an array of 42 flat-loop evaporator thermosyphons to maintain the permafrost beneath the structure. The thermosyphon evaporators were installed in August of 2008 and the condensers were assembled to the evaporators in February 2009. The completed thermosyphons were activated in early March 2009. One of the thermosyphons in the array was instrumented with platinum RTD temperature sensors on the evaporator and condenser, quartz pressure transducers at the condenser end and thin film heat flux sensors on the evaporator to monitor performance. Localized air temperature and wind velocity were also measured. A data logger was installed and has been recording measurements every 3 hours continuously since the thermosyphons were activated. The data clearly shows the response of the thermosyphons at the onset of the freezing season as well as the response of the cooled subgrade during the thawing season. When operating, the instrumented 178 meter long thermosyphon evaporator is nearly isothermal with a measured temperature differential of less than 0.5°C along its length. Detailed response along the length of the thermosyphon is shown. The maximum temperature of the evaporator at the onset of the freezing season appears to have stabilized at -1.9°C after two full seasons of freezing. The methodology for sizing the thermosyphons for this structure is discussed in addition to recommended practices for designing subgrade cooling systems using flat-loop evaporator thermosyphons.


This article is intended to serve as a basis for discussions and, as well, a stimulating critique on monitoring Transitional Labour Markets (TLM) in Europe. TLM arouse interest from many researchers across Europe and beyond trying to develop new policy directions based on a complementary relationship between flexibility and security with the aim of allowing people to move both in and out of paid employment more easily. The concept of TLM provides a framework and guidelines to develop a new strategy of social risk management and social integration as well as an alternative to full employment deemed to be no longer applicable to Europe. Currently, the so-called European social model is seen having a big stake in the future of TLM. Numerous items in the TLM tool-kit are already good practices in Europe. The lack of foresight concerning the elements of successful supportive bridging mechanisms comes from the fact that such situations, in most cases, were not the outcome of deliberate TLM and "flexicurity" strategies. The level of consensus-building, the type of welfare regimes, in a word, the "context" should still be considered as a crucial linchpin. Using a linear scaling technique and the Principal Components Analysis (PCA), the article states a way at improving the European political and strategic learning process through the building of a composite TLM index.


Objective: Research into how staff working in eating disorder setting may be affected by their work is still a reasonably new area, with many previous studies relying on homogenous groups for recruitment or utilising survey based methodologies. Therefore, this study used a grounded theory approach to construct a theory of changes to body image, perceptions of food and diet experienced by clinicians, how these changes are experiences or made sense of, and what factors may contribute to these changes.

Method: Thirteen members of staff were interviewed about their body image and eating habits before and since working in eating disorder settings. Participants were drawn from a range of different staff groups. Interviews were analysed using grounded theory to develop a theoretical model of why changes to body image and eating habits may occur.

Results: Three core categories were defined, and a theoretical model was postulated in which pre-existing body image and ideas of food, the work environment, access to support, the impact of patients themselves and promotion of chaotic eating through the work itself all interplay to create change. Individual differences in management and the "personalised meaning" ascribed to these changes media how these changes are labelled and managed. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.


* Acknowledgments * Introduction * Breaking a Nation * Desperate Measures * Fighting by the Rules * Occupying Territory and Seizing Property * The End of a Peculiar Institution * Taking Liberties on the Home Front * The World Watches * The Art of Blockade * Ending a Rebellion * Forgiving But Not Forgetting * Conclusion * Glossary of Legal Terms * Notes * Index


This paper concerns the changes in attitudes towards the use of force within the South African police force after democratisation. The paper debates the current approaches towards the analysis of violence and a new theory on community and conflict management is developed. This new theory aims to provide a new framework for analysing the use of violence. The theory is then applied on a fieldwork conducted at a local police station in Cape Town, South Africa.


Objective: To compare anterior nasal packing (ANP) versus silver nitrate cautry (SNC) in controlling spontaneous unilateral anterior epistaxis in terms of complications. Materials and methods: This analytical study was conducted at Department of ENT, DHQ Hospital, Lakki Marwat from August 2007 to July 2010. Patients of any gender and age with spontaneous unilateral anterior epistaxis were included in the study. Patients with bilateral anterior epistaxis, posterior epistaxis, post-traumatic epistaxis, and epistaxis due to neoplastic or hereditary haematologic disorders were excluded. Patients were divided into group 1 and 2 of 50 each on alternate basis. Data was collected for gender, age, recurrence of bleeding, pain, infection, exposure of septal cartilage, breathing difficulty and facial edema and was analyzed for differences between groups by using unpaired t test for numeric data while Chi-Square for nominal data. Results: Out of 100 patients 67 were male and 33 female with male preponderance. Mean age of the patients was 36.56±24.83 years in group 1 and 36.52±25.44 years in group 2 (p= 0.994). Age group 05-10 years was most frequently involved. Pain, breathing difficulty and facial edema were statistically significantly lower in group 1 (p=0.025, 0.025, 0.041 respectively) while the difference for recurrence of bleeding, infection and exposure of septal cartilage were non significant. Conclusions: The decreased post procedure morbidity associated with SNC makes it a superior procedure over ANP for managing spontaneous unilateral anterior epistaxis.


denaturation of the tyrosinase with and without the presence of palladium complex. The tertiary and secondary structures of tyrosinase were detected by fluorescent and Circular Dichroism (CD) techniques. Results: The inhibition modes of palladium complex were competitive in both activities of the enzyme with Ki values of 3.74 and 10.55 μM for cresolase and catecholase activities, respectively. In thermal denaturation, the melting points (T m ) of the enzyme were 59.4˚C and 51˚C for the sole enzyme and its treatment by palladium, respectively. In chemical denaturation, the magnitudes of half denaturant concentration (C m ) were 1 μM vs. 1.36μM and the free energy of Gibss (ΔG H2O ) were calculated 9.3 vs. 7.5 kJ/M for the sole enzyme and its treatment by palladium, respectively. Conclusions: In overall the palladium complex acted as a good inhibitor of tyrosinase and induced the enzyme thermodynamic and conformational instability, therefore it can be considered in the hyper expression of tyrosinase in melanoma cancer.


An expression for the anomaly of any representation of the SU(N) groups and SU(N/M) supergroups is presented. Some anomaly free complex representations of SU(N) and SU(N/M) are pointed out. For SU(N) these occur for N?5 and for large dimensions. For SU(N/M) they already occur for low dimensions. Also a generating function to obtain the eigenvalues of all Casimir operators of SU(N/M) is given and an extension to other supergroups is pointed out.


This article examines the ways in which French imperialism in Syria - understood as an interaction involving both French and Syrians, rather than as an agent in its own right - constructed a hierarchy of civilizations which justified French dominance. This construction took place in the speech and writings of French and Syrians. To describe it I will use the term 'rhetoric' rather than 'discourse', because the hierarchies under discussion existed purely in words, written and spoken, particularly in the dictionary sense of the word 'rhetoric': to persuade or influence others. Rhetoric here is a subset of 'discourse' in the Foucauldian sense. The practices of the colonial state - the administrative divisions it imposed, the intelligence networks it created, the soldiers it deployed, and much else besides - could all be subsumed to 'discourse' in this wider sense. But the hierarchies discussed here are far more discernible in rhetoric than they are in the other perhaps more concrete aspects of discourse, where French dominance is less the natural order of civilization and more a question of brute (and contested) power.


In this paper initially a parallel coupled bandpass filter with centre frequency 2.4 GHz and fractional bandwidth 20%, has been designed and simulated. Hence, the out-band rejection performance of this parallel coupled filter has been improved by using a proposed "Coupled Closed Loop Square Resonator Structure". Using this proposed structure, an additional transmission zero or attenuation pole is introduced in the harmonic passband region extending from 4.4 to 5.1 GHz improving the out-band rejection of the filter. The filter is designed on FR4 substrate having relative permittivity 4.4 and substrate height 1.59 mm using IE3D full wave electromagnetic simulator.


Purpose: We have applied OBI guidance together with a respiratory gating system to effectively control patient positioning for amplitude gating treatment with breath hold. The deep inspiration breath‐hold treatment has been proven effective in reducing the heartdose for left‐breast treatment. Breath‐hold technique is also useful for other sites where respiratory motion exists. In this study, we quantified the degree of intra‐fraction motion detected via continuous monitoring of patient position throughout treatment delivered during a single breath hold or multiple breath holds. Method and Materials: A real‐time position management (RPM) system (Varian, CA) was used to monitor radiation treatment for patients with tumors located in the thoracic through upper‐abdominal regions and the left breast. Simulation CT scans were acquired during breath holds when the breathing level was between the upper and lower thresholds that were preset in the RPM system. OBI kV radiographs and CBCTimages were used to verify the patient position and breath‐hold level during the treatment sessions. To assure accurate positioning, the OBI/CBCT images were acquired only when the breathing level was within the same thresholds as those used for the simulation CT. Cine mode portal vision images were acquired every second during treatment. The intra‐ and inter‐breath‐hold position variations were analyzed based on the cine mode portal vision and kV radiographicimages.Results: The intra‐/inter‐ breath‐hold position variations were analyzed for a total of ninety two fractions in six patients undergoing OBI guided breath‐hold treatments. The breath hold length ranged from 10 to 50 seconds. The intra‐breath‐hold position variation was within 2 mm. The inter‐breath‐hold position variation, within the same fraction, was within 4 mm. Conclusion: With proper OBI guidance and respiratory gating, the breath‐hold technique can effectively control the target position for treatment of cancer sites where respiratory motion exists.


The authors introduce a new software tool that implements peer-reviewed methods for estimation of physical and chemical properties in pure compound phases, bulk mixtures, and individual particles. These properties include vapor pressures, solution densities, activity coefficients, and hygroscopic growth factors. Description of these methods with example applications are provided. The manuscript describes the method of programmatic mapping of compound structure to input parameters for various estimation methods using chemoinformatic techniques, and the construction of a software program that enables users to access this functionality through a central repository.


In today's global marketplace, organizations are continually faced with the need to change their structures and processes to attain a competitive advantage. Implementation of new technology and information management systems results in inevitable changes in organizational procedures impacting on the people involved. Resistance to change may impact on this process and contribute to failure of this system. Managing change in an effective and efficient manner may negate this impact. This paper compiles a set of guidelines to support change which involves the incorporation of technology in an organization. These guidelines were mapped to a model, the GIC (Guidelines Implementing Change) model comprising all identified factors. These guidelines are utilized to guide the implementation of a new system, while simultaneously evaluating the success of these set guidelines. This research is cross disciplinary, affecting the areas of organizational behaviour, software project management, and human factors.


The aim of the present work is to obtain effective permittivity of the reaction mixture during esterification reac- tions that can be used in a dynamic simulation environment and analysis the dielectric properties during the reaction process. Microwave heating serves as an excellent tool for carrying out such reactions and the multiphysics simulations need effective permittivity as one of the most important inputs. In this work, we perform the esterification reaction between ethanol, acetic acid and butyric acid using a temperature cycle in order to measure the effective permittivity of the reaction mixture. The ob- tained result is fitted using a bivariate function of the concentration of one of the products of the reaction and temperature of the mixture. The computed results show good agreement with measured values with maximum errors for the synthesis reactions of ethyl butyrate and ethyl acetate being 4.94% and 3.68%, respectively.


The mass production of disposable polyolefin products has led to serious plastic pollution and an imbalance between manufacturing and recycling. Given these challenges, the chemical upcycling of waste polyolefins has attracted extensive attention due to its high efficiency and economic benefits. Herein, we review the development of polyolefin chemical upcycling in heterogeneous catalysis. The status quo of polyolefin recycling is first discussed. We then introduce the advanced strategies for chemical upcycling in the view of different value‐added products and discuss their challenges and prospects. Our in‐depth analysis centers on the catalytic mechanism and the design principle of heterogeneous catalysts. Finally, we outlook the promising directions to facilitate the degradation process via polymer and catalyst design and optimized catalytic engineering. Innovative strategies are expected to promote the chemical upcycling of polyolefins, bringing great promise for the sustainable development of society.


The hexagonal boron nitride which was obtained as a reaction product by the vapor phase reaction of BCl₃and NH₃was decomposed again thermally in the temperature range of 1100-1450℃ to synthesize boron nitride whiskers and powders. The effects of reaction conditions on the particle size and morphology of the hexagonal boron nitride were investigated by utilizing X-ray diffraction and SEM. The boron nitride whisker was obtained by thermal decomposition of the reaction product which was obtained at 300℃. The procedures of the BN formation are as follows: Amorphous--(BN)4H--BN. The reaction products obtained at 500℃ were decomposed thermally for 9 hours at 1200℃, the particle size and shape were 230㎚ and sphere-shaped, respectively.


The T2D750/22 gin pole with double rockers are investigated,aiming at the construction characteristics of two 370-meter high towers in the large-crossing transmission project between Zhoushan island and mainland.The innovative technologies of the gin pole include calculation of violent typhoon resistance at high attitude of island,hoisting and reeving system,anti-interference device of hoisting and luffing rope,bilateral moment control system,anti-collision device for the rocker,hoisting system for lifting mast section and SC60 frequency conversion construction hoist etc.


The Kala Kosa Division of Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts is bringing out a Lexicon containing 250 fundamental terms which link philosophy and the different disciplines of the Sastras with aesthetics and art in all its dimensions. This first preliminary volme contains eight major articles on the following concepts: brahman, purusa, atman, sarira, prana, bija, laksana and silpa. The volume treats elaborately with these concepts.


Previous work driving hydrological models directly with data from regional climate models (RCMs) used data on an approximately 25x25km grid, which generally required some form of further downscaling before use by hydrological models. Recently, higher resolution data have become available from a NERC Changing Water Cycle project, CONVEX. As part of that project the Met Office Hadley Centre has run a very high resolution (1.5km) RCM, nested in a 12km RCM driven by ERA-Interim boundary conditions (1989-2008). They have also run baseline and future climate scenarios, nesting the RCMs in a global climate model. The 12km RCM runs cover Europe, while the 1.5km RCM runs only cover southern Britain.


by exposing them in their home cages to three different stimuli: the experimenter's hand, a live pigeon, and a rear-projected conspecific image when the birds were exposed to intermittent access to food. A positive correlation between the hand test and live pigeon test was evident, but no relationship between either of these responses and the response to a pictorial image was observed. These results combined with other ethological observations cast doubts on the usefulness of schedule-induced responses to pictorial targets in the assessment


Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of automatically propagated contours of organs at risk (OARs) based on respiratory‐correlated navigator‐triggered four‐dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (RC‐4DMRI) for calculation of internal organ‐at‐risk volume (IRV) to account for intra‐fractional OAR motion. Methods and Materials T2‐weighted RC‐4DMRI images were of 10 volunteers acquired and reconstructed using an internal navigator‐echo surrogate and concurrent external bellows under an IRB‐approved protocol. Four major OARs (lungs, heart, liver, and stomach) were delineated in the 10‐phase 4DMRI. Two manual‐contour sets were delineated by two clinical personnel and two automatic‐contour sets were propagated using free‐form deformable image registration. The OAR volume variation within the 10‐phase cycle was assessed and the IRV was calculated as the union of all OAR contours. The OAR contour similarity between the navigator‐triggered and bellows‐rebinned 4DMRI was compared. A total of 2400 contours were compared to the most probable ground truth with a 95% confidence level (S95) in similarity, sensitivity, and specificity using the simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE) algorithm. Results Visual inspection of automatically propagated contours finds that approximately 5–10% require manual correction. The similarity, sensitivity, and specificity between manual and automatic contours are indistinguishable (P > 0.05). The Jaccard similarity indexes are 0.92 ± 0.02 (lungs), 0.89 ± 0.03 (heart), 0.92 ± 0.02 (liver), and 0.83 ± 0.04 (stomach). Volume variations within the breathing cycle are small for the heart (2.6 ± 1.5%), liver (1.2 ± 0.6%), and stomach (2.6 ± 0.8%), whereas the IRV is much larger than the OAR volume by: 20.3 ± 8.6% (heart), 24.0 ± 8.6% (liver), and 47.6 ± 20.2% (stomach). The Jaccard index is higher in navigator‐triggered than bellows‐rebinned 4DMRI by 4% (P < 0.05), due to the higher image quality of navigator‐based 4DMRI. Conclusion Automatic and manual OAR contours from Navigator‐triggered 4DMRI are not statistically distinguishable. The navigator‐triggered 4DMRI image provides higher contour quality than bellows‐rebinned 4DMRI. The IRVs are 20–50% larger than OAR volumes and should be considered in dose estimation.


In this paper, we consider for a finite commutative ring R ′ and let Γ(Z ′ n) be the zero divisor graph of R ′ . Let L(Γ(Z ′ n)) be a line graph of Γ(Z ′ n). Let Γ(Z ′ n) be a zero divisor of line graph, a set Ed ⊆ V (L(Z ′ n)) (V (L(Z ′ n)) = q = E(G)) is an efficient domination zero divisor of line graph Γ(Z ′ n), if each vertex in V (L(Z ′ n) − Ed is adjacent to every vertex in Ed and ‖ N [e] ∩ Ed ‖= 1 for all e ∈ V (L(Z ′ n)). The minimum Cardinality of edge in said a set is called the efficient domination zero divisor of number L(Γ(Z ′ n)) and is denoted by γe(L(Γ(Z ′ n))). In this paper many bounds on were found in terms of the elements of γe(L(Γ(Z ′ n))). Moreover its relations with other domination parameters were obtained.


Business may be in the best position to address the world's environmental problems. However, firms are still struggling with the how and when of their sustainability strategies. The goal of this case study is to uncover bridges and barriers to incorporating environmental issues into business strategy. We collect semi-structured depth interviews with upper level executives at a global, B2B manufacturing firm. Analysis reveals six elements of an environmentally sustainable business plan: (1) unify the organizational vision, (2) create visible leadership, (3) address multiple stakeholders, (4) focus on innovation, (5) communicate the message, and (6) implement the strategy. We nest these components under the normative, strategic, and operational management framework of corporate sustainability, and then present future research directions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment


The article is devoted to the problem of defining the essence of the term "artistic discourse" in modern linguistic science. It includes a short review of scientific literature on interpretation of the basic concepts, such as "discourse", "text", and "speech", which help to express the authors' attitude and understanding of them. For ensuring independence of judgment the authors give their own definitions of the key terms: "discourse" and "literary text". In the course of the research they have revealed a potential opportunity to interpret the concept of the literary artistic discourse not only by means of the concepts "text", "literary text", but also by means of establishing correlation of this term with the term "creative context". In this regard, the paper considers such concepts as "context", "stilema", "stylistic system", "the writer's "face"", "creative and not creative context", etc. As an object for research they used the works of foreign, Russian and Kazakhstani scientists on the considered problem. Ключевые слова: художественный дискурс, текст, контекст, творческий контекст, стилема, стилистическая система, «лик» писателя.


As a result of complex contractual relationships, multiple stakeholders with different interests are involved in public-private partnership (PPP) projects. Compared to traditional models, PPP projects have more uncertainty. This study integrated stakeholders and risk factors in PPP projects from a network perspective to better determine how to control risks. Using social network analysis (SNA), a case study was conducted to identify the critical risk factors, and mitigation actions are proposed. The results indicated that, compared to other stakeholders, local governments play the most important role in PPP projects. Managers should therefore pay more attention to political and legal risk factors and develop reasonable risk-sharing plans. This study expands PPP risk research from the individual level to the network level and provides a visualized, innovative research paradigm for PPP risk analysis. The results can also be used by project managers for decision-making, risk management, and other processes, thus helping to achieve the sustainable management of PPP projects.


Texture has been widely accepted as a feature of primary significance in digital image processing field. In this paper, we present a simple approach to classify types of rock into three groups, which are homogenous, non-homogenous dark rock or bright rock containing less finer black grains, and non-homogenous bright rocks which contain numerous finer black grains or large black grains. Modified Spatial Frequency Measurement (SFM) is adopted to analyze and classify the textural rock feature. Prior to analysis process, the color images of rock are transformed to one dimensional pixel intensity array using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This reduces the dimension of the data set to a spectral band, which capture almost all of the energy in the original textures. From the results of experiments, we demonstrate that using PCA and SFM to classify types of natural rock images yields promising result. Therefore, our proposed approach is a simply practical method to be used to classify different types of natural rock images led to the rapid decision-making.


Thorough curettage with methyl-metacrylate cementation is presented in a series of 5 cases with a follow-up time between 7 and 55 months. The advantages of this method are full and early mobility and stability. It is suggested that the heat generation could be an advantage of the method. Two of the tumors were situated in the distal femur, two in the proximal tibia and one in the distal radius. Of our five cases, favourable results have been obtained in four cases, but local recurrence and lung metastasis have been found in one case in the distal radius, which is malignant giant cell tumor.


Since the paper published in the American Journal of Archaeology last April1 was written, further evidence has emerged to add to our knowledge of relations between Crete and Byblos at the end of the Early Bronze Age. The new evidence not only augments that published previously but it may perhaps help us to a better understanding of it. In the previous article the writer illustrated three Byblite daggers found in Cyprus, and two which were found in Crete. The latter both belonged to the type of tanged dagger with a "swollen" base which tapers rapidly into a narrow blade (Stronach's type VII). Two further examples of this type have now been identified by the author. One of these was found in the cave at Psychro (Ill. i:i).2 This is an interesting example for several reasons, not the least of which is that it bears a remarkably close resemblance to the small dagger of this type found at Trapeza (Ill. i :2), and discussed in the previous article.' The fact that it is broken in almost exactly the same places we may regard as coincidence, but the almost exact repetition of the measurements and proportions of the Trapeza blade might perhaps suggest that these weapons came from the same workshop. The rivets are arranged in the same way on both daggers, and one wonders. in fact if the similarity of the damage to the two daggers might not also be indicative that the daggers were originally hafted in the same way. For its Byblite parallels we can do no better than quote those which we gave for the Trapeza dagger, of which the best is probably Byblos 2183.' The dagger's other point of interest is its date. Although the Byblos daggers of this type cannot be dated as late as ca. 1750 B.c. and the start of MM III, the Psychro dagger cannot be earlier than ca. 1850 and the start of MM II, as this is the earliest pottery associated with the metal objects.' We might therefore attribute a similar date (MM II) to the dagger found at Trapeza, which we have seen to be so similar to this one from Psychro. Trapeza is of course less than ten miles from Psychro, across the other side of the Lasithi plain. This relatively late date may in fact be applied to both the dagger from Platanos Tholos A discussed in the previous article,' and to another tanged dagger of this type found in Tholos B at the same site (Ill. i:3).8 This dagger differs from that found in Tholos A principally in the arrangement of the rivets. In this case there are two rivets in the shorter


"Invariably the great religions constitute merger between classical and popular strains. A symbol of such symbiosis was once advanced by John Clark Archer of Yale. It took the form of the letter X on its side, as the Romans wrote it to signify 1000. Thus one stroke stood for mythical folklore and sundry visible elements of mass religion as they appear in rite and cult. The other stroke represented classical, conceptual, and scriptural norms of faith and order. "These two strokes of the symbol may be conceived in terms of two historical streams flowing down from antiquity. Intersecting at a given point in time, they form a traffic circle, so to say, affording both transit and interchange for future direction.


A model of the expansion of the universe is proposed, based on the assumption that the universe in its early stages was not in a hot state but in a pure, metastable quantum state. This assumption makes it possible to solve the basic paradoxes of standard cosmology from the unified positions and within the framework of the standard model, namely, the horizon problem, the flatness problem of the universe, the problem of the absence of monopoles, and the problem of the predominance of matter over antimatter.


The enthalpies of formation of crystalline and gaseous, sulphur-bonded, thiourea complexes of the type [MII(tu)4Cl2], (MII= Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Hg) have been measured by reaction calorimetry. Co-ordinate bond dissociation energies. (M–S), indicate that the M-S bonds in these complexes are weaker than M–O and M–N bonds in other octahedral complexes. The total metal–ligand bond energies show the effect of ligand field stabilisation which, for Fe and Ni complexes, is in accord with the spectroscopically determined values of Δ. The Co complex is less stable than expected.


To compare the MIC values between the mycelial form and yeast form and to study whether the tempera ture and form can influence the antifungal susceptibilities,according to the E-test method of NCCLS M27-p document ,the MIC of mycelial form at25℃and yeast form at37℃of6Penicillium marneffei(PM)strains to5antifungal agents(itraconazole,keto-conazole,fluconazole,5-fluorocytosine,amphotericin B)was acquired.The MIC ranges of itraconazole,ketoconazole,5-fluo-ro cyto sine,fluconazole and amphotericin B on mycelial form were0.002-0.032μg /mL,0.016-0.19μg /mL,0.008-0.19μg /mL,1.0-8.0μg /mL and0.125-6.0μg /mL respectively only there were3resistant strains on amphotericin B.The MIC ranges of i-tra conazole,ketoconazole,5-fluorocytosine,fluconazole and amphotericin B on yeast forms were0.002-0.75μg /mL,0.012-0.125μg /mL,0.012-0.25μg /mL,1.5-6.0μg /mL and0.047-2.0μg /mL respectively,there were2resistant strains on5-fluorocy-to sine and amphotericin B and1resistant strain on fluconazole.The results suggested that the susceptability to itraconazole was su perior to the other4antifungal agents,next were ketoconazole and5-fluorocytosine,by contrast,amphotericin B was the least suscep tible.The susceptabilities of mycelial and yeast of PM to the above mentioned antifungal agents were dif fer-ent.How ever,the temperature and form of PM did not affect the susceptibility.


The invention discloses a composition for in-vitro detection of a hepatitis B virus C antibody. The composition comprises a hepatitis B virus C antigen with more than two antibody identification epitopes, antibody binding proteins and a labeled antibody labeled by a marker. By coating a specific amount of antibody binding proteins on a detection medium, an antibody to be detected and the composition can be combined more effectively so that a detection effect is improved.


Human indoor localization was previously implemented using wireless sensor networks at the cost of sensing infrastructure deployment. Motivated by high density of smartphones in public spaces, we propose to use a robot-assisted localization system in which the low-cost Kinect sensor and smartphone-based acoustic relative ranging are used to localize moving human targets in indoor environments. An extended Kalman filter based localization algorithm is developed for real-time dynamic position estimation. We present both simulations and real robot-smartphone experiments demonstrating the performance with a localization accuracy of approximately 0.5m.


An observer based PWM dead time optimization approach for DC/DC-converters with synchronous rectifiers is introduced. The method is well suited, if optimization of PWM dead times at varying converter bus-voltages is required. In order to minimize effects of uncertainties, disturbances and noise on the estimated state variables, an intrinsic hardware implemented observer is proposed. A two-phase DC/DC-converter prototype for an automotive dual-voltage power-net was developed. The optimization concept was realized in the converter control structure without using additional components. The detection of optimal PWM dead times, increasing efficiency and reduction of voltage transients were shown experimentally.


tag=1 data=The effects of the herbicide tebuthiuron on seedlings of Mimosa Pigra and native floodplain vegetation in Northern Australia. by A.M.Lane, R.J.Williams, W.J.Muller and W.M.Lonsdale

tag=2 data=Lane, A.M.%Williams, R.J.%Muller, W.J%Lonsdale, W.M.

tag=3 data=Australian Journal of Ecology,

tag=4 data=22

tag=5 data=4

tag=6 data=December 1997

tag=7 data=439-447.

tag=8 data=PLANTS%CHEMICALS

tag=10 data=The study covers the floodplains of three major river systems in Northern Australia. [Mary River, Finniss River, Adelaide River].

tag=11 data=1998/4/1

tag=12 data=98/0012

tag=13 data=CAB


A simple and practical method for direct synthesis of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) from silica (SiO2) and methanol was achieved using a base catalyst and acetal as a dehydrant under carbon dioxide (CO...


ABSTRACT Patient discomfort due to the excessive length of the distractor rod is one of the disadvantages of alveolar distraction osteogenesis. Although this seems to be a minor complication, it can cause severe mucosal irritation on the opposite arch, and uncontrolled forces can lead to the loosening of the screws and the inactivation of the distractor. The purpose of this case report is to introduce an acrylic appliance that is very useful in avoiding the mucosal irritation caused by the long distractrrod. The appliance is simple, effective, and easy to fabricate. (Eur J Dent 2008;2:204-207)


The presence of common antigens (Ag) between Fasciola gigantica and Lymnaea natalensis was demonstrated. Two different groups of mice were immunized with: crude somatic extract of L. natalensis and redia of F. gigantica. The mice's polyclonal antibodies (Ab) were evaluated by ELISA and immunoblotting. Both extracts were immunogenic in mice according to these two techniques, when evaluated against the homologous Ag. From 11 to 13 bands were identified in L. natalensis and from 9 to10 bands were recorded in redia Ag by the autologous sera. Cross-reactions between F. gigantica and L.natalensis were found by ELISA and immunoblotting. Anti-F. gigantica Ab recognized 10 components in snail crude extract. Likewise, immune sera against snail extract identified eleven bands in redia Ag. This is the first work that demonstrates the shared Ag between redia of F. gigantica and L. natalensis. From this finding it may be concluded that L. natalensis constitutes a rich source of Ag for serodiagnostic and prophylacticstudies for F. gigantica. The snail antigen (SAg) is easy to obtain, with a high recovery of proteins and low cost, compared to other parasite Ag.


William Buckland (1784–1846) first identified and scientifically studied coprolites in the early 1820s. Although some of his contemporaries did not look favorably upon him or his research, Buckland's early experiments advanced paleoecology and taphonomy. Because our informal presentations with coprolites resulted in students' spirited reactions, we investigated whether coprolite introduction, accompanied with its history of science, had potential for meaningful learning in K-12 Earth Science classrooms. Practicing Earth Science teachers (N = 28) enrolled in an online paleontology course researched coprolites, identified potential student interest, and designed coprolite activities for their individual classrooms. Resulting projects were diverse and creative, and incorporated investigations into fossilization processes, paleoenvironments, food chains, and geologic time. In anonymous surveys, teachers indicated that their students' interest in coprolites is high. We propose inclusion of coprolites and their history in Earth Science classrooms as a portal to hook students' interest and as springboard to additional scientific topics.


Stress is the debilitating effects caused by constant pressure both at work and home are modern phenomenon. However, stress or at least temporary stress, is a very necessary part of our life. One important function of short term stress is to channel our resources to deal with challenging or even life-threatening situations. Stress is a common problem that affects almost all of us at same point in our lives. Stress is the body"s reaction to a change that requires a physical, mental or emotional adjustment or response. Stress can come from any situation or thought that makes you feel frustrated, angry, nervous, or even anxious. Stress is caused by an existing stress – causing factor or stressor. Stress is defined as an organism"s total response to environmental demands or pressures. More recently, however, the word stressor has been used for the stimulus that provoke a stress response. One recurrent disagreement among researches concerns the definition of stress in humans. Stress in human results from interactions between persons and their environment that are perceived as straining or exceeding their adaptive capacities and threatening their well-being. The element of perception indicates that human stress responses reflect differences in personality, as well as differences in physical strength or general health. is the way that you feel when pressure is placed on you. A little bit of pressure can be productive, give you motivation, and help you to perform better at something. However, too much pressure or prolonged pressure can lead to stress, which is unhealthy for the mind and body. This study brings down the level of stress among teachers in various colleges.