Malignant melanoma accounts for the highest number of deaths among all skin cancer types, and its incidence has increased dramatically over the past decades. Despite the tremendous therapeutic advances, treatment resistant cells emerge in the vast heterogeneity of melanoma, driving tumor relapse and poor patient outcome. The aims of the studies conducted in this thesis were to contribute to the knowledge with regards to therapy-resistant melanomas, and to explore tumor heterogeneity in relation to cancer progression among the chronic sun-damaged (CSD) melanomas.Therapy resistant cells have lost the melanocyte lineage-specific transcriptional program, which is mainly driven by the master-melanocyte regulator MITF. Paper I validated the MITF-negative (MITFNeg) melanomas to be highly aggressive and associated with inferior patient survival compared with the MITF-high (MITFHigh) cases. We herein discovered an even more undifferentiated melanoma subtype that lacks the MITF upstream marker SOX10 (MITFNegSOX10Neg), characterized by superior metastatic potential and resistance to targeted therapy. Importantly, we found gene methylation explaining the silencing of both MITF and SOX10 in these melanomas. To discriminate the role of SOX10 in MITFNeg cells, in Paper II we engineered SOX10KO by CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Depletion of SOX10 in MITFNeg cells lead to a hyper-undifferentiated phenotype: a new distinct lineage identity state in melanoma. Paper III uncovered a novel layer of regulation of MITF at the translational level. We showed that MITF is regulated by the RNA-helicase DDX3X. DDX3X loss in melanoma leads to decreased MITF, and results in enhanced metastasis and therapy resistance. Interestingly, DDX3X is located on the X-chromosome. Thus, mutations affecting DDX3X associate with poor prognosis in male melanoma patients, implying an exclusive window of opportunity in this gender. Paper IV investigated the molecular features of a unique cohort of high and low CSD (CSDhigh, CSDlow) melanomas. Focusing on the less investigated CSDhigh subtype in view of cancer progression, we found no mutational difference between in situ or invasive phases. We further observed dissimilarity in the heterogeneity levels between CSDhigh and CSDlow melanomas, which suggests distinguishable molecular entities that progress via different routes.Overall, we unraveled the role of melanocyte-specific genes in defining diverse melanoma lineage states, while investigating novel biological mechanisms behind their regulation. Our findings further highlighted the variable heterogeneity in CSD melanoma subtypes, which should be taken into consideration for an improved diagnosis, and when choosing the best treatment options for melanoma patients. (Less)


Gutta is an Enactus UFRJ project, it takes place in Vila Residencial, Ilha do Fundão-RJ, Brazil. During the project's immersion and analysis phase, it was noted that the bay near the community causes flooding due to the tide rising, and that irregular disposal of cooking oil is one of the aggravating factors. ThusGutta arose, seeking, from this problematic, alternatives to create a socioenvironmental and financial sustainability by developing processes of correct discard of cooking oil, and from that to generate a financial return to the community. Gutta aims to create a strong culture of correct disposal of used cooking oil at Vila Residencial, and to empower locals by teaching them how to manage a sustainable enterprise with a focus on the production and sale of flavored candles, which have the used oil in their composition.


Over medication can cause different sorts of issues to the patients in hospitals. Due to over medication we may lose our self control and self healing mechanisms and feel drowsy and some of the people used to cause the vomiting and other sort of issues wit over medication. We are implementing a machine learning mechanism to identify the procedure of avoiding over medication by the practitioners and help the patients to maintain the good health. The main criteria and motto of this article is to identify the paths based on the general readings considered by the gear items provided by the different organizations. The medical fitness applications and other medical applications which are being used for the patients health tracking will be analyzed in this article like a survey article. This survey article will work on different medical systems and their architecture and we prefer in the last one architecture which is best use for the societ.


It is very easy to overlook the fact that plants have interesting and complex sex lives, even though most of us appreciate the beauty of flowers, which are the reproductive organs of flowering plants. For most of human history, a practical knowledge of the facts of plant reproduction has been widespread among people who had an interest in seed or fruit production, that is, farmers and gardeners, and even among country children who noticed that some holly trees do not produce berries (they are male plants) or paid attention to the different forms of primrose flowers. Despite the great interest of breeding systems and of the recognition mechanism involved in the phenomenon of self-sterility, and the potential importance of these facts in plant breeding, surprisingly little attention has been given to the study of self-incompatibility in plants, especially at the molecular level. Botanical science has tended to ignore them, and botany textbooks are full of anatomical and taxonomic facts, while modern botany has concentrated on biochemistry—both passing over functional studies above the cellular level. Although the fundamental principles of sexual reproduction in plants, and the role of pollen in fertilising ovules via the stigmata of flowers, were adequately demonstrated experimentally by Camerarius in 1694, and modes of pol-


South Asia is not in itself the primary zone of interest of China. However, China has since long used the region's dynamics to achieve some of its most important strategic goals. Moreover, since India wishes to establish "its rightful place in the emerging world order", South Asia may soon gain in strategic importance. The region being dominated by the enmity between Pakistan and India, China must strategically choose its position on the conflict. How does China use the Indo-Pakistani tensions to achieve its strategic goals? And how may India redefine its stances in the region to advance its own strategic agenda? The Indo-Pakistani tensions represent an opportunity for China to increase its leverage on the region, because both Pakistan and India are very sensitive to the positioning of foreign powers. But new eventsthe end of the Cold war, the nuclear tests and the beginning of the war on terror forced China to reassess both its strategic interests and its position on the India-Pakistan conflict. Several contemporary developments may lead China to adopt a stance more favorable to India. India itself is now "a swing state" that can choose among several options how to diminish the importance of the Pakistani factor and reorganize Asia.


A new model for monopole catalysis of nucleon decay is proposed. Unlike in the earlier one, the only light fields in this model are the photon and Skyrme (pion) field. The model admits the 't Hooft\char21{}Polyakov monopole and Skyrmion as classical solutions, while baryon number nonconservation occurs through an anomaly involving an intermediate mass axial vector field resembling W and Z bosons. By considering spherically symmetric monopole-Skyrmion configurations, we find that the Skyrmion loses essentially all its mass when interacting with the monopole, which is phenomenologically identical to the monopole catalysis of nucleon decay. Short-distance monopole-Skyrmion physics in this model is interesting too, as there exist almost degenerate metastable monopole-Skyrmion bound states separated by substantial energy barriers. Yet the height of the latter is much smaller than the physical nucleon mass, so the complete disappearance of the normal undeformed Skyrmion remains perfectly possible in Skyrmion-monopole scattering.


The French public health system — once praised by WHO as the best in the world — is overburdened, wasteful and in urgent need of an overhaul, says a government-commissioned report released in January. The diagnosis lays the groundwork for the second of two "modernization" packages — this one targeting the social security system that reimburses medical expenses, the other aimed at the public hospitals themselves — long planned by French Health Minister, Jean-François Mattei. Written by the High Council for the Future of Health Insurance, a 53member panel set up last October that included politicians, medical professionals and health insurers, the report highlighted several problems. In particular, a projected €10.9 billion (US$ 13.7 billion) shortfall in the public health insurance budget in 2004, which could balloon to nearly €66 billion (US$ 82.9 billion) by 2020. Beyond finances, the Council also pointed out troubling medical aspects of a system lacking oversight and accountability. For example, the report noted that "nothing justifies" the consumption of two to four times more analgesics, antidepressants, and tranquillisers in France compared to its neighbours. The associated costs and dangers are "considerable," amounting to over €16 billion (US$ 20 billion) per year and 350 hospitalizations a day due to toxic interactions between prescription drugs. Remedying the situation, the Council wrote, "requires extremely decided actions" and "active participation from all the players in the 'medicine chain': the State, laboratories, drug makers, physicians, pharmacists, public and private health insurers and the patients themselves." The report also discusses "grave inadequacies" in the way the health insurance system is currently managed. Compartmentalization, "confusion about who is in charge of what," and a "sometimes ridiculous accumulation of administration" were cited as major obstacles to efficiency. Only three years ago, France's public health system was hailed the best in the world by WHO. It provides universal coverage while allowing relatively unhindered access to both public and private doctors, services and institutions, generally without long waiting lists. Reimbursement of obligatory medical services averages 76%, but for the sickest patients, costs are 100% paid for up front. The High Council report warned that the current system of refunding medical expenditures "probably promotes some of the problems." As a result, the French are bracing themselves for changes that will likely curb their liberal access to medical specialists, treatments and drugs. They will probably have to pay more, too. Days after the report was delivered, Mattei called for bilateral discussions and set up working groups to detail possible remedies for the ailing health insurance system. The discussions, which are to conclude in early April, will focus on eight topics ranging from the good use of medicines to sharing medical records. The ministry is scheduled to outline the reforms by July. Meanwhile, after months of negotiations, several unions of medical professionals have agreed to participate in writing the decrees that will govern the implementation of another set of reforms called "Hospital 2007." These aim to revitalize French public hospitals as well as make them more cost-efficient. "The last sweeping reform of French public hospitals was in 1958," says gynaecologist–obstetrician, André Nazac, president of a union representing various medical professionals including assistant clinical directors and young doctors, which has signed its support to Hospital 2007. "Staying in the situation we have now would be more serious than what might happen [with Hospital 2007]. So, we prefer to participate in shaping the law rather than wait until it is written and say we don't agree." "Hospital 2007," which will be phased in over 3 years starting in June has triggered work stoppages and protests among some medical professionals, since Mattei, a doctor himself, first outlined its goals in 2002. It proposes to tear down compartmentalization within hospitals by creating mulitdisciplinary "poles" or service units. It also calls for each public hospital to set up an executive committee made up of administrative and medical personnel to direct treatment, teaching and research priorities. Funding will be restructured to give the most active departments and services a larger share of the budget. Other changes will range from updating purchasing and pricing procedures to reducing the wait in emergency rooms. A system of evaluation and promotion based on competency may also be inaugurated. Problems with the French public health care system became increasingly apparent in recent months. When Europe sweltered under a heat wave last August, for example, more than 15 000 people died in France, dwarfing the number of deaths in neighbouring countries. In December, a nationwide flu and bronchitis epidemic led to a shortage of hospital beds. O Charlene Crabb, Paris


Mesoporous tantalum oxide–sodium fulleride composites were synthesized by solution impregnation and characterized by elemental analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, X‐ray electron photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry, variable‐temperature electron transport measurements, and solid‐state 13C and 23Na NMR spectroscopy. The room temperature conductivity pattern as a function of sodium reduction level displayed a minimum at n = 3.0 and a maximum at n = 4.5, where n is the formal charge on the fulleride. The variable‐temperature conductivity measurements demonstrated that the n = 0.5 and n = 4.5 materials were semiconductors. Solid‐state 23Na NMR spectroscopy of the n = 0.5 composite exhibited three Na environments in the composites: two associated with the tantalum oxide walls and a third associated with the fulleride. The n = 3.0 and n = 4.5 materials showed a large build‐up of Na ions in the wall with no visible Na resonances associated with the fulleride, suggesting a structure in which the fulleride units exist as naked anions in one‐dimensional chains surrounded first by a layer of Na ions and then by a layer of mesoporous tantalum oxide. Solid‐state 13C NMR experiments showed more than one fulleride species in both the n = 0.5 and the n = 4.5 composites, as well as pure C60 in the n = 0.5 material, but almost exclusively C603– in the n = 3.0 material. The retention of carbon throughout reduction suggests that polymerization may have occurred, however this could not be verified by 13C NMR spectroscopy, because the region where sp3 fullerene resonances normally appear was obscured by solvent peaks.


The biological collections are an important source of information providing knowledge and scientific development. The Medical Malacology Collection (Fiocruz-CMM) of Rene Rachou Research Center located at the Laboratory of Medical Helminthology and Malacology (LHMM) has currently about eleven thousand specimens of molluscs of medical and veterinary importance, especially the genre Biomphalaria. Since 1990s, the LHMM receives molluscs from various regions of Brazil and abroad and utilizes morphological and/or molecular method for species' identification. Part of the collection has not been identified by molecular techniques and 332 collection points were unidentified. Thus, o objective of this present study was assess and rectify the identification of the mollusks of genre Biomphalaria of the Fiocruz-CMM. For this the collection was separated into two groups: group I: specimens inserted between 1993 and 2002 with 620 collection points and 5.137 specimens; group II: inserted between 2003 and 2009, with 464 collection points and 1.924 specimens.
The specific identification of specimens from the collection was performed by morphology and/or PCR-RFLP. The results were grouped into six categories: 1) correct data, 2) errors (classified as other species), 3) adjustments (species in synonymy), 4) inconclusive (same species with different molecular profiles) 5) degraded material and 6) sample identified to first time (deposited without identification). In group I, 41.8% of collection points were with correct taxonomic data, 2.1% had errors; 0.8% was adjustment; 25.5% the identification was inconclusive, 1.9% were degraded that was impossible to identify and 27.9% were first time identified. In group II, 70,7% of collection points the specimens were with correct taxonomic data; 5,6% had errors; 10.1% was inconclusive, 5.4% of specimens were degraded making it impossible to identification and 8.2% of specimens were first time identified. The errors has
occurred between: B. peregrina and B. tenagophila (35,8%), B. tenagophila and B. glabrata (20.5%), B. tenagophila and B. occidentalis (7.7%), B. peregrina and B. intermedia (5.2%),B. intermedia and B. straminea (5.2%), B. amazonica and B. cousini (5.1%), B. straminea and B. occidentalis (2.6%), B. straminea and B. oligoza (2.6%), B. prona and B. kuhniana (2.6%), B. tenagophila and B. t. guaibensis (2.6%), B. straminea and B. glabrata (2.6%), B. tenagophila and B. straminea (2.6%), B. peregrina and B. schrammi (2.6%), and B. peregrina and B. straminea (2.6%). The adjustment was from B. obstructa and B. temascalensis are synonymy of B. havanensis. The inconclusive category was B. aff. straminea, B. tenagophila from Argentina and B. peregrina. These data demonstrate the importance of using more than one technique in taxonomic confirmation and the good preservation of specimens' collection.
These data was utilized to update the books receive mollusks and data of CRIA. The studies will continue in specimens of the inconclusive category.


Summary: The environment that contains; skilled nursing leadership who empowers their staff and improves their autonomy also allowing them to participate in the department and organizational policy, good nurse-doctor relationship, adequate resources and skilled mix staffing, play an essential role to enhance control over nursing practice. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify nurses' perception of work environment characteristics. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive research design was used throughout this study. A quota sampling technique was used to recruit the participants (staff nurses and first-line nurse managers) from King Fahd Medical City in Saudi Arabia, who was asked to complete the tool; Perceived Environment Scale-Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI). Findings: 465 nurses participated in this study; 364 were from nurses and 101 from nurse managers, most of the participants were female. Participants were moderately high perceived to their work environments, and there was an association between the characteristics of participants in relation with the work environment. Conclusion: The current study concluded that the nurses' perception of work environment characteristics was moderately high.


Objective To investigate the relationship between HLA12 gene and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in Guangxi Han Nationality.Methods The HLA-DR12 gene presentation of 30 patients with IgAN and 60 healthy controls in Guangxi Han Nationality were investigated by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) technology.Results The frequency of HLA-DR12 in IgAN in Guangxi Han Nationality was significantly higher than that in the control group (P=0.0005,RR= 5.231).Compared with HLA-DR12-negative IgAN patient,HLA-DR12-positive IgAN patients had the significantly higher frequency of persistent microscopic hematuria and proteinuria.The clinical and pathologic features that predict a poor prognosis have no difference between HLA-DR12 positive and negative IgAN patient.Conclusions The gene HLA-DR12 may be a susceptible allele of IgAN in Guangxi Chinese Han Nationality,but it is not an index for a poor prognosis.HLA-DR12-position IgAN patients in Guangxi Chinese Han Nationality had distinguished feature in clinical presentation.


OF TOPIC With the increasing globalization of the software industry, designers must create interfaces that fit the needs of users in foreign countries. Usually, localization projects focus on translation, numbers, dates and insuring that icons are culturally appropriate. Yet, culture also plays a fundamental role in the way that people interact with each other and interpret information. This SIG will explore the need for localization on a more conceptual level to improve international software usability by factoring in the user's cultural needs and biases.


Bulk glassy alloy rods of diameters 18 and 20mm were formed during the tiltcasting of Zr 60 Al 10 Ni 10 Cu 20 . A further increase in the rod diameter to 22 mm resulted in the formation of a mixed structure with approximately 60 vol% glassy phase and 40 vol% crystalline phase, which comprised the central region of the transverse cross-section of the alloy rod. The glass transition temperature (Tg), onset temperature of crystallization (T x ), and liquidus temperature (T 1 ) were measured to be 666 K, 768 K, and 1153K, respectively, and the resultant ΔT x (= T x - Tg), Tg/T 1 , and γ (= T x /(Tg + T 1 )) values were 102 K, 0.578, and 0.422, respectively. The high glass-forming ability of supercooled liquids is attributed to the high resistance of the liquids against crystallization due to the large ΔT x . and high Tg/T 1 and γ values. For the alloy rod of diameter 20 mm, the Young's modulus, yield strength, elastic strain, and plastic strain under a uniaxial compressive load are 80 GPa, 1820 MPa, 0.022, and 0.060, respectively; the plastic strain of the rod with diameter 20 mm is greater than that (0.04) of the glassy alloy rod of diameter 2 mm, although there exist no appreciable differences between their strength levels and fracture behaviors. The success of formation of the large-sized Zr-based bulk glassy alloy rod, which exhibits large plastic strains in conjunction with high strength levels, is promising with regard to further extension of the applications of such highly functional materials.


An old spectre once again seems to haunt political life, namely the crowd. The Arab Spring, los Indignados in Spain, and most recently the 2013 uprisings in Turkey, Brazil and even Sweden suggest that both democratic governments and more authoritarian regimes must again reckon with forms of popular protest that appear to mirror, wittingly or not, the kinds of crowd behaviour that attracted keen attention in early sociological thinking. Indeed, when sociology was born in the late nineteenth century, one of its preoccupations was to get to terms with the phenomenon of crowds. In France, conservative scholars were ridden by anxiety in light of the apparent rise of crowds to societal power as well as the alleged predisposition of masses to shake the foundations of the bourgeois society, as marked by the French Revolution and especially the 1871 Parisian Commune. This produced all sorts of frightened analyses of crowds, most pointedly summarized in Gustave Le Bon's 1895 popularizing treatise The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. In this book, Le Bon prophesised a veritable 'era of crowds' (Le Bon 1960, 14), emblematic of barbarianism and hypnotizing–suggestible irrationality (as well as socialism, femininity, and other similar evils) – as opposed to the rational civilized social order that, for Le Bon, was characteristic to society before the advent of modern crowds. So what crowds did, according to Le Bon, was to fundamentally challenge the constitution of the living body of society. To be sure, not all subscribed to the frantic image painted by Le Bon, or for that matter to his (bio)political way of approaching the crowd 'problem'. For example, while in the USA some observers shared Le Bon's and other French conservative observers' fears that crowds were synonymous with socialism, US American discussions of crowds were generally framed against the backdrop of rapid urbanization. Also, in the American context the conservative French concerns were often replaced by more liberal conceptions, according to which crowds did not necessarily signify societal breakdown, but might just as well pave the way for new social forms (for a discussion of French, American as well as German crowd thinking, see Borch 2012). In other words, from early on, sociological conceptions of crowds oscillated between depicting crowds in negative and positive terms: as formless, contagious entities awaiting (or resisting) to be civilized, disciplined, and formed by states and social structures; and as a force which might serve liberating functions. Admittedly, the latter more positive understanding of crowds has been less prominent than the negative one. From a contemporary theoretical perspective, some of the most significant features of early sociological crowd thinking is how centrally it placed the crowd in the understanding of modern society and how marginalized the discourse of crowds has become in much present-day sociological theorizing. Thus, ever since social movement studies gained prominence in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the notion of crowds rapidly receded into the background of sociological attention (see again Borch 2012). As an effect, a preoccupation


SUMMARY The gain scheduling problem considered in this paper concerns a linear system whose state-space equations depend rationally on real, time-varying parameters, which are measured in real time. A stabilizing, parameter-dependent controller is sought, such that a given L 2 -gain bound for the closed-loop system is ensured. Suƒcient linear matrix inequality (LMI) conditions are known, that guarantee the existence of such 'gain-scheduled' controllers. This paper improves these results in two directions. First, we show how to exploit the realness of the parameters using a 'skew-symmetric scaling' technique. Moreover, we show how to apply this technique in a time-varying and/or nonlinear setting. We first devise a general result pertaining to control synthesis of interconnection of dissipative operators, and apply it to the gain-scheduling problem. Owing to its generality, this result can be applied to other problems such as anti-windup control, nonlinear control and model reduction. ( 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Expression of S‐fimbriae is frequent in Escherichia coli strains causing sepsis and meningitis in the newborn period. We analysed the ability of human skim milk to inhibit adhesion of S‐fimbriated E. coli to human buccal epithelia. Adhesion was inhibited by up to 90% using colostrum (5%) and up to 50% with mature milk (5%), indicating that this anti‐infective mechanism depends on the period of lactation. Elimination of up to 99% of immunoglobulins and 91% of lactoferrin by affinity chromatography had no effect on the inhibition of adhesion. After separation of high‐ (> 10 kD) and low‐molecular‐weight fractions of skim milk, only the fraction > 10 kD was found to be able to inhibit bacterial adhesion. In order to further characterize receptor molecules for bacteria, we investigated binding of isolated S‐fimbriae to glycoprotein bands on Western blot strips. Fimbriae mainly bound to a high‐molecular‐weight band (> 200 kD). According to molecular weight and staining behaviour, this band most likely represents mucins. We conclude that carbohydrate residues on secreted mucins of human skim milk are able to inhibit bacterial adhesion to mucosal surfaces. This could provide protection against neonatal sepsis and meningitis caused by E. coli.


A subset of artificial intelligence is deep learning. With the advantages of feature extraction and automatic learning, it has received a lot of attention in recent years from both academic and professional circles. Natural language processing, voice processing, and image and video processing all make extensive use of it. In addition, it has developed into a hub for research in the area of aquatic plant protection, involving the study of pest ranges and the diagnosis of illnesses affecting aquatic plants. Deep learning may be used to recognise aquatic plant diseases in order to minimise the limitations associated with artificially selecting disease spot features, increase objectivity in the extraction of aquatic plant disease features, and quicken the pace of scientific and technical advancement. This review details the development of deep learning technology in recent years for identifying leaf diseases. Using deep learning and cutting-edge imaging techniques, In this work, we discuss the current patterns and challenges in the identification of aquatic plant leaf disease. We anticipate that this work will be a useful tool for scientists looking into the identification of aquatic plant diseases. We also talked about some of the current difficulties and issues that need to be fixed at the same time.


A study was conducted to determine the environmental impact of ionosphere-microwave beam interaction associated with the microwave power system operating in a solar power satellite. Numerous phenomena associated with propagation of intense electromagnetic radiation through the atmosphere were identified. In the lower ionosphere, electron temperature enhancements of several hundred degrees Kelvin occurred within the solar power satellite microwave power beam. Other large-scale density irregularities in the ionosphere were also predicted. (10 graphs, 20 references)


The degradation of stainless steel container materials is a potential problem for long-term radioactive waste storage. Container materials will be exposed to significant ionizing radiation, elevated temperatures, embrittling and/or alloying agents (e.g., gallium), chloride-containing compounds, oxidizing compounds, and a limited quantity of moisture. Additionally, containers will incorporate welds that have heterogeneous compositions due to solute segregation and that may retain significant residual stress. All of the above-listed environmental and material conditions have been shown to be deleterious to material integrity under certain conditions. Research is ongoing into the corrosion, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and embrittlement susceptibility of 3013 storage container materials. The goal of this document is to preliminarily assess the failure susceptibility of storage container materials by inference from the conditions which promote failure. Because laboratory research is incomplete, this assessment should be viewed as a working document. This document was written to support the update to a previous 3013 storage standard.


In the course of our work on the European Eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) from the El Kala wetland (RAMSAR, 2000), we found that this species is of great biological and socioeconomic importance. Unfortunately, this extraordinary global genetic heritage, long considered as a robust species with low vulnerability, is in constant decline throughout its range and made us aware of the fragility of the species. Therefore, we were interested in the impact of parasitism caused by the nematode ectoparasite Anguillicola crassus on the overweight of this species populating Lake Oubeïra (eastern Algeria), and those on a total of 724 eels sampled, with a total length between 10.5 and 89.9 cm, and a total weight between 17 and 1470 g. The epidemiological study reveals that eels suffer from several parasitic attacks including infection of the swim bladder by the nematode Anguillicola crassus. The presence of the eel in Lake Oubeïra throughout the year increases the rate of infection. Anguillicolosis is important in large individuals and in different sexes and stages of silvering.


This study aims to produce cooling system learning media in an easy way to operate and suitable to be used in teaching and learning activities. This type of research was Research and Development with the procedure of developing the media through 10 stages. The technique of collecting data used the validation sheet. The data analysis technique used quantitative analysis. The result of the media expert validation shows that the flash-based cooling system learning media is feasible with an average of 96.4% which included three aspects of assessment, namely: aspects of media display, use of images, sound and evaluation questions, and navigation systems. The result of the material expert validation showed that the learning media of flash-based engineering images was very feasible with the average of 85.4% which included three aspect of assessment, namely: aspects of material relevance, an aspect of learning materials content, and aspect of multimedia ease of operation. The results of user evaluations indicate that flash-based cooling system learning media was very feasible, with the percentage of 84.5% in small group trials and 82.6 in large group trials covering 5 aspects, namely: an aspect of material relevance, a content of learning materials, convenience operation, navigation menu, and system display design.


Appropriate for professionals in gerontology, sports psychology, health psychology, physical education and social science programs that deal with older populations and community resources, this book first discusses the pros and cons of physical activity for older persons. It then explores the theoretical reasons for which older people do not pursue physical activity and how to overcome this reluctance. There is a model included, as well as implications for future social policy.


This conceptual article will provide an in-depth exploration of the relevant literature focused on college and career readiness interventions in elementary schools. Beginning with a theoretical framework, a rationale is provided for early intervention by elementary school counselors. While professional guidelines and standards exist supporting early college and career readiness interventions, research outlining evidence-based practices at the elementary level is scarce. Existing practices used by school counselors are outlined.


Tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes, weighing about 3.7 g, were reared for 20 days on brown fish meal diets with graded levels of pollack liver oil. 0. 2.5. 5.0. 7.5. and 11.0%. The best feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and apparent protein retention were obtained in the group fed the diet with 7.5% oil. Otherwise, there appeared to be no significant differences in weight gain and fatness among the dietary treatments under isocaloric ration size. Moreover, protein sparing effect was also observed in the groups fed the diets with 7.5% oil, sparing about 11.5% of dietary pro tein for 100 g of weight gain compared with the puffer fed the diet without oil. These results indicate that a suitable dietary level of pollack liver oil for the puffer is estimated to be around 7.5%, namely dietary crude fat of about 11.5%, when 48% brown fish meal, 10% wheat glut en, and 17% white dextrin are used as protein and carbohydrate sources.


As judges face growing criticism for 'disproportionate' sentencing of those convicted of inciting riots, Sir Mark Potter, former President of the Family Division of the High Court of England and Wales, assesses to what degree the media influence the judiciary. In the policy brief, he finds that judges generally remain impervious to outside influence, but that sentencing policy is sometimes influenced by public opinion.


Israel is the only state of emigrants in strict sense. In the history of Europe, the Jewish in European countries experienced five waves of immigration into Israel and established the legitimacy of Israel State. The further emigration from all over the world after the establishment of Israel State facilitated the social and economic development and modernization while giving birth to some increasing problems of immigration.


While doing the routine work in the Anatomy Department, Medical College, Amritsar, an unusual but 'distinct muscular slip was found in the left lower limb of a dead body. Description of the slip is as follows :? This slip of muscle took origin by tendinous fibres from the anterior inferior iliac spine, between the attachments of straight head of rectus femoris above, and ilio-femoral ligament below. From here it passed downwards deep to the ilio-psoas and in front of the capsule of hip joint. It got broadened and thinned out


A novel optical system of emitting is discussed. The optical system is used for the interference transmission system and it is used in the photoelectric tracking equipment. The optical system consists of the light source part, a collimating optical system and a special reflection prism. The Coude light path and emitting system of strong source are used for automatically tracking and interfering with aerial or ground target. The system should be useful in the photoelectric countermeasures. The optical design could meet the requirements for the interference of light emission system.


Due to the very low heavy-ion velocity at injection, the frequency must also be kept low enough and it turns out that Alvarez and twin-line structures become inefficient. Experimental works were carried out at Lyon on a new type of structures well suited for low velocity range, namely the interdigital H-type structure. The dimensions of this type of structure as well as their electrical characteristics proveto be very attractive at low frequency; furthermore, due to the particular field pattern in these resonators, radial focusing of the beam appears to be possible with magnetic quadrupoles at energy as low as 50-60 keV/nucleon and frequency in the range of 20-30 MHz. Such a field pattern also gives good acceptances for the whole cavity. This paper presents our last results, discusses various problems and gives the main parameters of Lyon's 10 MeV/nucleon heavy-ionliner accelerator project.


SEC separates complex branched polymers by hydrodynamic volume, rather than by molecular weight or branching characteristics. Equations relating the response of different types of detectors are derived including band broadening, by defining a distribution function N(M,Vh), the number of chains with molecular weight M and hydrodynamic volume Vh. While the true molecular weight distribution of complex polymers cannot be determined by SEC, irrespective of the detector used, the formalism enables multiple detection SEC data to be processed to both analyze the polymer sample and reveal mechanistic information about polymer synthesis. The formalism also shows how the true weight- and number-average molecular weight, and , can be obtained from correct processing of the hydrodynamic volume distributions.


Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether an association exists between complete blood count (CBC) parameters and bone mineral density (BMD) in elderly females with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to estimate the differences in BMD in T2DM. Methods: The medical records of female patients who had been referred for BMD analysis to a tertiary hospital in Ankara, Turkey were reviewed. Results: A total of 275 women (66 with T2DM, 209 without T2DM; mean age 72.1 ± 5.4 years) were included in study. White blood cell (WBC) counts, lumbar spine BMD (LSBMD) and femoral neck BMD (FNBMD) were found to be significantly higher in T2DM. There was an inverse association between haematocrit (Hct) and LSBMD in diabetic group (r =  − 0.330; P = 0.008). Conclusion: Diabetic patients had higher BMD levels. Regardless of the mechanisms, Hct could be a readily available potential candidate to identify diabetic patients with osteoporosis.


an explanation of the various citizenship education programs now underway in public schools and colleges throughout the nation. While it is understandable that all programs are aimed at developing students into active responsible citizens, the extent of agreement on what is necessary to produce good citizens is quite remarkable. The difference in programs lies mainly in techniques and methods of approach to the problem. There is agreement that the good citizen possess certain knowledge, attitudes, and skills and that students must be given opportunities to learn such knowledge, attitudes, and skills in real and meaningful situations. As stated above, the methods of accomplishing these objectives differ. Since the speaker is most familiar with the methods developed by the Citizenship Education Project of Teachers College, Columbia University, this discussion will be directed towards explaining that program. In so doing, it will be concerned with (1) the nature of citizenship in a democracy; (2) the Citizenship Education Project (CEP) approach to the teaching of citizenship; and (3) CEP methods in operation in schools.


The expansion of a Bose-Einstein condensate in an atomic waveguide is analyzed. We study different regimes of expansion, and identify a transient regime between one-dimensional and three-dimensional dynamics, in which theproperties of the condensate and its further expansion can he well explained by reducing the transversal dynamics to a two-level system. The relevance of this regime in current experiments is discussed.


Two surveillance systems gave a better estimate of influenza hospitalizations in children <5 years of age than either system alone.


Modeling of induced polarization (IP) phenomena is important for developing effective methods for remote sensing of subsurface geology. However, the quantitative interpretation of IP data in a complex 3-D environment is still a challenging problem of applied geophysics. This letter develops a method of determining a 3-D distribution of the four parameters of the Cole-Cole model based on surface IP data. The method takes into account the nonlinear nature of both electromagnetic induction and IP phenomena. The solution of the 3-D IP inverse problem is based on the regularized conjugate gradient method. The method was tested on a synthetic model with variable dc conductivity, intrinsic chargeability, time constant, and relaxation parameters, and it was also applied to the actual 3-D IP survey data. We demonstrate that the four parameters of the Cole-Cole model, namely, dc electrical resistivity, chargeability, time constant, and the relaxation parameter, can be recovered from the observed IP data simultaneously.


Introduction: Lobate scarps and wrinkle ridges are common compressional tectonic landforms on the Moon. However, their appearance and formation are not entirely identical [1-6]. Lunar lobate scarps are typically linear or arcuate in shape and have a crisp appearance with few large superposing craters along the fault trace [2,7-10]. Lobate scarps have asymmetric profiles with relatively steep scarp faces and gently sloping back limbs, representative of the fault dip direction [5]. Scarps are found globally and mainly in the anorthositic highlands [10,11]. Furthermore, the faults that created the lobate scarps typically extend to only the upper kilometer of regolith [12]. In contrast, wrinkle ridges exclusively occur within the maria and are largely interpreted to be the surface manifestation of blind thrust faults, wherein horizontal shortening is accommodated by a fault that does not reach the surface [13-17]. Such faults have been suggested to extend to depths between 100's of meters to several kilometers [13,14,18]. Although ridges and scarps are usually observed independently from one another, a wrinkle ridge and lobate scarp located on the western edge of Mare Serenitatis appear to be associated [19]. The entire length of this E-W trending feature is ~19 km. The wrinkle ridge begins directly west of Dorsum Gast, and its sinuous and boulder-covered ridge cross-cuts the mare basalts until reaching the highlands boundary where it transitions to a lobate scarp morphology. In this study, we investigate the recency of compressional fault movement along the entire ridge-scarp using crater counting methods to investigate whether the fault represents a single or multiple events, and determine its origin. Data and Methods: NAC (Narrow Angle Camera) image data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) were used for this study and processed using Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (ISIS) [20,21]. Using ArcGIS, count areas and crater size frequency distribution (CSFD) measurements were generated using CraterTools [22]. The CSFDs were plotted and fit with Craterstats [23], using the techniques described in [24]. Derived absolute model ages (AMAs) are based on the chronology function (CF) and production function (PF) of [25], valid for lunar craters >10 m and <100 km in diameter. To find the optimal crater count technique, we applied multiple methods to the lobate scarp and wrinkle ridge. First, we applied the method of [9], where AMAs are derived for both the hanging wall and footwall surfaces of the fault. However, the up-hill facing limbs of the lobate scarp have steep slopes resulting in anomalously young ages due to mass wasting. For AMAs derived for the margins of the wrinkle ridge, both surfaces were at equilibrium for all crater diameters less than 300 m. Second, the up-hill facing scarp provided an opportunity to take CSFD measurements directly from the scarp face. Typically, a scarp has a steeply sloping scarp face when the fault offsets a near horizontal surface. Here, the scarp geometry is rotated up-hill, instead making the scarp limbs steeply sloping and the scarp face horizontal, therefore, making the technique of [9] impractical. Although successful, this technique could not be used for the wrinkle ridge as the presumed fault face has a steep slope and is completely covered by boulders. Finally, the Buffered Crater Count (BCC) technique was applied to both the lobate scarp and wrinkle ridge due to the sufficient number of craters (>10 m in diameter) superposing both features. The BCC technique determines ages for linear features independently from the surrounding geologic units [26]. As conventional crater counting includes all craters whose centers are inside the measurement areas, the BCC technique only includes those craters that superpose the linear feature. A buffer is calculated from the diameter from each included crater [27].


My association with the psychosurgical unit now carrying out over 80 per cent of these operations in Britain affords an unusual opportunity to assess the management of treatment-resistant affective disorders by a large number of psychiatrists from various parts of the country. The psychiatrists likely to refer patients for psychosurgery would be expected to be those more inclined to use psychotropic medication and physical treatments in general. Nonetheless, our experience is unequivocally of a widespread under-use of antidepressants. Most referral letters state that '… just about every antidepressant has been tried …', but it is rare for the maximum dose of each drug used to be quoted. The letters suggest that with resistant illnesses the prescription of a series of drugs one after another at the usual doses is the therapeutic strategy, rather than giving one drug only in progressively increasing amounts to the limit of tolerance. Of course, the doses recommended by drug companies are understandably cautious and sometimes excessively so. For example, MIMS (November 1982) gives for "Anafranil" (Geigy); "More severe cases, 75 mg daily or more if necessary" and for "Surmontil" (M & B) "50–75 mg as single dose".


Dysgraphia is a disorder in written expression that can be categorized into either developmental dysgraphia or acquired dysgraphia. There are three subtypes of developmental dysgraphia: dyslexic dysgraphia that bears similarities to dyslexia; dysgraphia due to motor clumsiness; and dysgraphia due to defect in understanding of space. The characteristics exhibited by these subtypes may apply to language systems that are alphabetical or phoneme-based in nature. For languages that are logographically based such as Chinese or Japanese, dysgraphia exists in another subtype known as dyslogographia. Though literature on dysgraphia is very limited as compared to studies done on dyslexia, literature on dyslogographia is even more limited. This paper will attempt to discuss about dyslogographia while drawing parallels if possible to the more known subtypes of dysgraphia and to some extent, also dyslexia. Introduction Listening, speaking, reading and speaking are the four main skills in learning a language. The first two skills are developed very early during childhood whereas the latter two are mostly developed during schooling. As written expression is emphasized in the education system, students who are unable to express through writing are handicapped by their inability even though their cognitive abilities are non-impaired. A disorder in written expression is often termed dysgraphia. Dysgraphia can be categorized into either developmental dysgraphia (childhood onset) or acquired dysgraphia also known as agraphia (more so in adulthood onset and in the form of brain damage). Kay (2004) defined dysgraphia as: "A specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin...characterized by difficulties with accurate spelling as a result of phonological processing deficit (dyslexic dysgraphia) and by poor penmanship or handwriting due to inadequate motor skills (motor dysgraphia) and/or spatial perception (spatial dysgraphia). These difficulties typically result in problems in written expression that can be unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and with the adequate pedagogy" (p.2) Deuel (1995) has identified three subtypes of developmental dysgraphia that have been incorporated into Kay's operating definition. There are dyslexic dysgraphia that bears similarities to dyslexia; dysgraphia due to motor clumsiness; and dysgraphia due to defect in understanding of space. The characteristics of the subtypes are as follows: Subtypes Characteristics Dyslexic Dysgraphia Motor Dysgraphia Spatial Dysgraphia Spontaneously written text Poorly legible Poorly legible Poorly legible Oral Spelling Very abnormal Preserved Preserved Copying of written text Preserved Poorly legible Poorly legible Drawing Preserved Poor Very abnormal Finger-tapping speed Normal Abnormal Normal Table 1: Characteristics of dysgraphia subtypes From Deuel, R.K. (1995). Developmental dysgraphia and motor skills disorders. Journal of Child Neurology, Special Supplement, 10 (1), p.7 The characteristics exhibited by these subtypes as well as the operating definition may apply to language systems that are alphabetical or phoneme-


A radiofrequency generator described in a previous paper was applied to release trimeprazine-S 35 and potassium penicillin G at selected sites in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs. Plasma and urinary excretion data indicate that trimeprazine-S 35 is readily and efficiently absorbed when released in the stomach and the upper and middle small intestine. Potassium penicillin G in its biologically active form is more available for absorption when released just beyond the pylorus than when released in either the stomach or more than 3 ft. beyond the pylorus.


Transaction costs can't explain firm' s institutional change completely. According to the historical evolution of the modern firm, the enterprise organizations develop along the path driven by value in essence. The paper builds a contractual model driven by value. There are two aspects for value creation: "inside manufacturing" and "outside marketing". All contractual relationships in the firm are connected and maintained because of driving force from the firm value. Taking the financial markets and financial intermediaries for the platform, the firm investment, financing and management of operating capital can create and maintain firm value more efficiently.


The VHL disease was described in von Hippel's literature in 1911 and Lindau's literature in 1926. It is caused by mutation in the VHL tumour suppression gene located on chromosome 3. The prevalence of VHL has been estimated to be between 1:35,0001 to 40,000. The mean ages (and ranges) of diagnosis of retinal hemangioblastoma (RHb), cerebellar hemangioblastoma (CHb), and renal cell carcinoma are 25 years (1-67), 30 years (11-78), and 37 years (16-67), respectively. It has been well documented that VHL patients may develop further de novo lesions, occasionally many years after the initial diagnosis, despite the complete excision of initial neoplasm. Thus, long-term follow-ups for patients with VHL disease are necessary.


Aiming at the difficult problems of strong coupling and nonlinearity of air cushioned headbox in the control, a neural network (NN) decoupling controller is proposed, which will resolve them and simulate with METLAB. The result shows that the system can achieve the aim stably, definitely and fast by the control strategy.


In this issue of Blood , Witt and colleagues show that it is safe to alter the frequency of laboratory monitoring from every 4 weeks to every 8 weeks in stable patients on long-term anticoagulant therapy.[1][1]

 [1]: #ref-1


Provided are a residue removing liquid composition capable of completely removing a resist residue and a titanium (Ti)-derived residue that remains after dry etching and ashing in via hole formation in a production process for a semiconductor substrate having metal wiring of aluminum (Al) or an Al alloy, at a low temperature in a short time, not corroding parts of an interlayer insulating material, a wiring material and others, and a cleaning method for semiconductor devices using it. The residue removing liquid composition contains (A) ammonium fluoride, (B) methanesulfonic acid, (C) a carbon-carbon triple bond-having compound, (D) a water-soluble organic solvent, and (E) water, wherein the content of (A), (C), (D) and (E) in the residue removing liquid composition is from 0.005 to 2% by mass, from 0.1 to 10% by mass, from 60 to 75% by mass and from 5 to 38% by mass, respectively, and (B) is contained in an amount of from 0.9 to 1.5 times (by mol) the amount of (A).


Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder that emerges in the beginning years of life (12–48 months). Yet, an early diagnosis of ASD is challenging as it relies on the consistent presence of behavioral symptomatology, and thus, many children are diagnosed later in development, which prevents early interventions that could benefit cognitive and social outcomes. As a result, there is growing interest in detecting early brain markers of ASD, such as in the electroencephalogram (EEG) to elucidate divergence in early development. Here, we examine the EEG of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in the transition from infancy to toddlerhood, a period of rapid development and pronounced changes in early brain function. NREM features exhibit clear developmental trajectories, are related to social and cognitive development, and may be altered in neurodevelopmental disorders. Yet, spectral features of NREM sleep are poorly understood in infants/toddlers with or at high risk for ASD.


This work presents a new class of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) resonator toward 60 GHz for the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications. The wide range of the operating frequencies is achieved by resorting to different orders of the antisymmetric Lamb wave modes in a 400-nm-thick Z-cut lithium niobate thin film. The resonance of 55 GHz demonstrated in this work marks the highest operating frequency for piezoelectric electromechanical devices. The fabricated device shows an extracted mechanical <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 340 and an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f\times Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> product of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.87\times 10^{13}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in a footprint of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2 \times 10^{-3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm2. The performance has shown the strong potential of LiNbO3 antisymmetric mode devices for front-end applications in 5G high-band.


The first chapter introduces the issue topic and presents a set of research questions for the study. It then discusses briefly the argument of the book, its methodology, as well as the structure of the book. Specifically, it points out that this book is a comparative historical account of the state and nation-building process in an "organic" upland area that shares lots of similarities in terms of geography and ethnic diversity, yet has become increasingly incorporated into a set of neighboring modern states. Departing from existing approaches that look at such processes mainly from the angle of singular, bounded territorial states, the book argues that a more fruitful approach is to see how state and nation building in one country can influence, and be influenced by, the same processes across borders.


Integrating photonic crystals with MEMS/NEMS structures requires a high level of fabrication analysis in order to achieve the desired outcome. Consequently, the effects of various fabrication methods on device performance must be considered.


Actinobacterias are Gram-positive bacterias found in soil and are distinguished by their production of hydrolytic enzymes, such as amylase and cellulase. These enzymes degrade starch and cellulose, respectively, which are abundant substrates in soil, but that are unavailable for use by other organisms due to their chemical complexity. These bacteria grow in extreme conditions, such as those prevalent in the Brazilian semi-arid northeast, where there are also few studies about this microbial group. Thus, due to the growing interest in the biological functioning of the soil, together with the biotechnology aspect, this work aimed to evaluate the enzymatic activity of twenty eight strains of actinobacteria of the genus Streptomyces, Terrabacter, Nocardia, and Micromonospora obtained from the soil samples of the Ubajara National Park in the state of Ceará. The amylolytic and cellulolytic activities were determined by the enzymatic index corresponding to the relation between the diameter of hydrolysis halo, in millimeters, and the diameter in millimeters of the colony of each strain. The cellulolytic and amylolytic indexes were detected in 75% and 85% of the evaluated strains, respectively. One of the strains evaluated stood out with an enzyme cellulase index equal to 6.90 while the highest rate for amylase was 6.23. The results indicated the ecological and biotechnological potential of actinobacteria from the soil of analyzed region.


Tandem‐mirror trapped‐particle modes are studied in a model system consisting of two connected square wells representing the solenoid and the end cells. Collisions are described by a Lorentz operator. A dispersion relation that is valid for arbitrary ν/ω (ω=wave frequency, ν=collision frequency) is derived. Four limits are investigated. When e≡νRam/ω ≪1+pi/pe, where Ram is the mirror ratio separating electrons trapped in the anchor from those passing to the solenoid and pe and pi are the fractions of passing electrons and ions, collisions destabilize a trapped‐particle mode that is stable in the collisionless limit; the growth rate is proportional to e1/2 for e≪1 and e/ln e for 1+pi/pe ≫e≫1. When e ≫1+pi/pe, the trapped‐particle mode becomes a weakly growing drift wave with growth rate proportional to e−1 ln e for ν/ω≪1 and ν−1 for ν/ω≫1; additionally identified are two flute modes, one of which is unstable for some parameters, and a strongly damped high‐frequency mode.


Abstract This article seeks to establish a direct relationship between objects of holy veneration in the past, and the modern-day veneration of luxury brands. It positions itself within the work of Walter Benjamin and the "aura" of cult objects articulated in his seminal essay, The Work of Art in an Age of Mechanical Reproduction. This positioning is not coincidental, but has been driven in part by the use of Benjamin's arguments at the highest level by lawyers representing luxury brands at the European Court of Justice. Central to the argument of this article are notions of veneration, identification, replicability, and, especially, aura. These same notions have now entered into the legal lexicon of luxury branding. This article articulates the elements required to create and maintain the 'aura' of an object, and to generate its cult following, from a religious relic of the fourteenth century, to brands such as Moët et Chandon and Dior in the twenty-first century.


Objective—To study abnormalities in the resting ECG as independent predictors for all cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in a population based random sample of men and women, and to explore whether their prognostic value is diVerent between sexes. Design and subjects—An age and sex stratified random sample was selected from the total Belgian population aged 25 to 74 years. Baseline data were gathered and resting ECGs were classified according to Minnesota code criteria. The sample was then followed for at least 10 years with respect to cause specific death. Results are based on observations from 5208 men and 4746 women free from prevalent CHD at the start of the follow up period. Results—Although the prevalence of major abnormalities in general was comparable between sexes, women had more ischaemic findings, ST segment changes, and abnormal T waves on their baseline ECG, while men showed more arrhythmias, bundle branch blocks, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Fitting the multiplicative eVect on subsequent mortality between all ECG classifications under study and sex indicated that the prognostic value of ECG changes was equal in women and men. Independently of other risk factors and other major ECG


In an inoculation experiment of P. digitatum against orange fruits, when phosphate buffer solutions of different pH, ranging from pH 2 to pH 8, were used as the media for spore suspension, affected area (macerated area) developed rapidly with the acidic spore suspension, while slow development was resulted with neutral to alkaline spore suspension.Spore germination, mycelial growth and PG activity were more vigorous in weakly acidic (pH 4-5), and no relationship was observed between the growth of the fungus and the development of affected area. Consequently it was concluded that the factor governing development of the affected area seems primarily to be acids produced by the fungus, and not to the fungal growth itself or its PG activity.


Motion and Tirne Study. By Ralph M. Barnes. New York: Wiley &Sons, 1949. xii, 559 pp. This third edition follows the lines that were laid down in the earlier editions of the same work. The chapter on process charts has been expanded to include a number of new examples which represent the new fields into which motion study has expanded during and since the war. Thus, where the second edition, published in 1940, largely confined its examples of piocess charts to the metal fabrication industries, the new edition picks them from fields as varied as dairy farming and warehousing. This latter field leads to the introduction of the gang process chart which did not appear in the older edition. A new chapter treats the subject of man-machine charts quite adequately. Perhaps the most noteworthy addition is the new Chapter IV which ties all of the succeeding chapters into an organized pattern. This chapter, "Developing a Better Method," gives a bird's-eye view of the breakdown of the work from start to finish. Each succeeding chapter fits into a mosaic pattern and lends a sense of organization to the new edition which was lacking in the old ones. Professor Barnes is perhaps America's leading exponent of the application of micromotion techniques to job improvement. As such, he is a follower of the atomistic approach in psychology. It might have been wise to introduce some of the working concepts of the British school of industrial psychology and gestaltists. This would have indicated to the student that there is still some discussion about the validity of the very assumption upon which some of these techniques are built. Barnes does report the results of the experiment performed by Mundel and himself which proved that therbligs can be assigned no fixed times independent of the sequence in which they appear. It seems to me that experiments of this nature open up the whole usefulness of the concept of a therblig at this stage in the development of motion study. Gillespie, a leading management consultant in England, takes violent exception to the whole concept of the micromotion approach. Some inclusion of this critical material would have rounded out the book. Certainly the continued inclusion of principle of motion economy number 4 ("Hand motions should be confined to the lowest classification with which it is possible to perform the work satisfactorily") is misleading or meaningless. The last word, "satisfactorily," is so flexible that it makes the rest of the sentence meaningless. Thus, according to this principle, fine work performed with the fingers with a rigid wrist represents a superior method to work in which the wrist participates rhythmically. Finger work is in a lower class than wrist and finger work. If the word "satisfactorily" has been inserted to cover this type of contingency, then the principle will mean different things to different people. It is a nonoperational definition and, therefore, of virtually no usefulness. The chapter on fatigue shows little change from the preceding edition. The historical distinction between physiological and psychological fatigue is


The article deals with the Russian language dictionaries of derivational-semantic type. According to the authors' point of view, derivational aspect of lexis is represented there most fully, as well as its important part derivational semantics. Its analysis is timely at the present stage of the linguistics development. The authors offer to complicate the typology of derivational-semantic dictionaries of the Russian language. They partitioned subgroups of derivational-semantic dictionaries of derived words, explanatory derivational-semantic dictionaries, derivational-semantic dictionaries of morphemes and family-of-words derivational-semantic dictionaries. The necessity of creation of the special derivational dictionary of word meanings is noted.


Abstract Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disorder. Though corticosteroids are the cornerstone of therapy, the Janus kinase inhibitor abrocitinib has shown promise in recent clinical trials for the treatment of AD. Objective To assess the overall efficacy and safety of abrocitinib in moderate to severe AD. Methods All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy and safety of abrocitinib in moderate to severe AD were included in the meta-analysis. Results The pooled analysis revealed a significant proportion of patients achieving Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) response (RR = 3.52, 95% CI; 2.78–4.46, p < .00001), Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) response (RR = 3.35, 95% CI; 2.54–4.41, p < .00001), and Peak Pruritus Numerical Rating Score (PP-NRS) response (RR = 2.54,95% CI; 1.95–3.30, p < .00001) in abrocitinib arm compared to the placebo arm. Moreover, the pooled analysis also suggested that treatment-emergent adverse events (TAEs) were relatively higher with abrocitinib than placebo (R.R. = 1.17; 95% CI; 1.06–1.29, p = .002). Conclusions This meta-analysis showed that abrocitinib had a significant beneficial effect and tolerable adverse effect profile in patients of AD. Dose regimens of 200 and 100 mg seemed to have similar benefits. However, long-term trials are needed for corroboration. Key points Abrocitinib is emerging as a potential treatment option for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. The pooled analysis from 4 RCTs demonstrated significant effectiveness of abrocitinib in both physician and patient-reported outcomes like IGA, EASI, and PP-NRS. The drug was also well-tolerated across the trials. The number needed to treat (NNT) for all efficacy outcomes was low suggesting clinically desirable benefits with the use of abrocitinib. Trial registration: Review registration number PROSPERO database: CRD42021255634.


PTEN is a tumor suppressor that negatively regulates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by functioning as the lipid phosphatase for phosphatidyl inositol 3,4,5‐triphosphate (PIP3). Alterations in the PI3K/AKT pathway have tremendous influence on the oncogenesis of cancer, whereby loss of PTEN function leads to aberrant changes in cell proliferation, growth, survival, and protein synthesis. There are multiple modes of altering the cellular phosphatase activity of PTEN, including decrease or loss of expression, mutation, or post‐translational modification. A cluster of post‐translational phosphorylation sites are located on the C‐terminal tail at residues 380, 382, 383, and 385, which serve to modulate the lipid phosphatase function of PTEN by driving a conformational shift from an open active to closed inhibited state, resulting in a decrease in enzymatic activity and reduction in lipid membrane binding. Many questions centered on the mechanism of PTEN's C‐terminal tail dependent autoinhibition still remain unanswered. In order to provide a detailed mechanism on the molecular features that contribute to its autoinhibitory state, we employed expressed protein ligation (EPL) to install site‐specific and stoichiometric phosphorylation at these residues. We used photo‐crosslinking and designed mutants, which revealed tail interactions between the C‐tail and both the C2 and catalytic domain. These data have enhanced our understanding of the autoinhibitory conformation of PTEN and may pave the way for the rational design of new therapies for the treatment of cancer.


The use of spent oil shale material as aggregate for flexible pavement construction was investigated, and its suitability for use both in base courses and in bituminous surface courses is discussed. To assess the aggregate and asphalt-aggregate characteristics of spent shale the following tests were performed: the Los Angeles abrasion test, the dry sieve analysis, the specific gravity test, the Atterberg limits test, and the Hveem method of mix design. The results of the testing showed that the spent shale aggregate was well-graded, flat, angular, highly absorbent, friable, and nonplastic, has a rough surface texture, and wears relatively easily. The aggregate mixes tested by the Hveem stabilometer yielded high strength values and were relatively lightweight. The asphalt-spent shale mixtures studied showed very high total resistance (combination of stability and cohesiometer values) values, i.e., more than adequate load-carrying capability. However, the asphalt contents necessary for these very high strengths were also high. Based on the results of the tests performed, it seems apparent that this particular type of spent shale material might perform very well in flexible pavement structures. Although the material showed more than adequate strength and stability, it may not stand up as well to the abrasive action of traffic on high-capacity roads and may be expensive because of the seemingly large amount of asphalt needed. However, this mixture might perform very well as a surface course layer for lower capacity roads (e.g., secondary roads).


The monograph is devoted to the development and justification of conceptual approaches, methods and tools to improve the availability of payment services of Russian money transfer systems through the development of user identification systems.


There are many forms of pollution, and the negative human footprint is observed in many areas, including deforestation. Various organizations or environmental activists are trying to combat this increasingly widespread phenomenon. The development of Machine Learning in recent years and the proliferation of satellite imagery sources are suitable as viable solutions to this problem. This paper aims to analyze and implement an unsupervised machine learning algorithm to monitor deforested areas using its own set of aerial images.


Over the past four years, the Royal Fine Arts Museums of Belgium have undertaken a huge research project. Taking as a starting point the unique collection of fifty or so works of art the Royal Fine Arts Museums of Belgium have in their possession, three researchers have looked closely at Rubens' oeuvre - from both an historical and a material angle - with the help of the most up-to-date technologies.The collection includes signed pieces and pieces produced in Rubens' atelier as well as a series of paintings that the Antwerp master executed in collaboration with famous fellow painters such as Jan Brueghel the Elder, Anthony van Dyck and Cornelis de Vos. The works included consist of oil sketches, peinture de cabinet and alterpieces, and illustrate the extraordinary quality of Rubens' most productive period, a period in which he developed into both creative genius and entrepreneur. In addition, an extensive study of the humanist painter's artistic theories that led to the development of his paintings is also worked out.


Objective: The role of CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 has not been fully examined in Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of CXCL12/CXCR4 in the peripheral blood of patients with PD and healthy controls. Methods: CXCL12 serum levels and CXCR4 mRNA levels were measured in 30 PD patients and 40 controls using ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. Results: CXCL12 serum levels were significantly higher in PD patients compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Moreover, CXCR4 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of PD patients was significantly increased compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Our findings provide new information on the expression of CXCL12/CXCR4 in PD. CXCR4 expression in PBMC or CXCL12 serum levels may be potential biomarkers of inflammation in PD patients.


Abstract A series of flame retardant epoxy composites were prepared based on bisphenol A epoxy resin, T31 curing agent, intumescent flame retardant and CYH-277 toughener. The combustion and thermal degradation properties of the epoxy composites were evaluated by cone calorimeter test (CCT), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy and smoke density test (SDT) respectively. The CCT results showed that the addition of CYH-277 can decrease heat release rate, total heat release and smoke production rate, reduce the char residue, and delay the ignition time of flame retardant epoxy composites. EP-3 with 14 wt-% CYH-277 toughener comparatively showed the best flame retardancy among all samples. The TGA results showed that CYH-277 toughener had an influence on the initial decomposition temperature rather than on the char residues. In addition, the SDT results showed that EP-1 had the best smoke suppression ability.


At present, there are a large number of variants of malware and are constantly updated. The generalization of detection algorithms based on traditional machine learning methods is attenuated and the accuracy rate is constantly declining. This paper proposes a multi-feature fusion bi-directional temporal convolutional networks (BiTCN) malware classification algorithm. According to the n-gram sequence features of malware opcode operand and application programming interface (API), the algorithm introduces BiTCN to mine bidirectional time series features, enhances the algorithm's time series feature extraction ability, and improves the classification accuracy of the algorithm. The experimental results show that BiTCN can effectively avoid sequence features easily interfered by obfuscation technology, and can effectively detect malware variants.


Commodification was carried out by the editor as an effort to maintain the existence of an event program, this was also done by the editor of Liputan 6 Pagi, SCTV. The research method used is a case study. Data collection methods used are interviews, and literature studies with qualitative analysis using the theory of Political Media Politics by Vincent Mosco. This study also revealed that there is a news commodification on the news that is broadcast. Commodification of audiences is done in packaging news by paying attention to the interests of the audience. The types of workers who intersect with media workers, but media workers get comfort and job satisfaction, which may be unwittingly capable and maximally utilized by SCTV.
Keywords: Commodification, News Program, Editor, Liputan 6 Pagi, SCTV.


3D-display implementation on the basis of 2D acoustooptical laser scanner and volumetric liquid-crystal screen is presented in this paper. A stack of liquid-crystal layers, which can be switched into a transmitting or a scattering state, creates display medium. This display is a powerful and flexible tool, which can be used in multivarious applications.


Any language undergoes continuous change by internal development and/or by external influence caused by contact with another language. Phonological interference between two languages in contact consists mainly of introducing certain sounds which may or may not be phonemic in one language into another in which they do not exist at all or may exist as allophones. In the latter case, the allophones of the second language are phonematized. For example, Egyptian Arabic has the sounds as an allophone of [b] before voiceless stops such as f ipt^am] for ['ibtasam] "to smile". However, due to European influence/* formed a contrast with [b] such as [bsyano] "his declaration" and [payano] "piano". Accordingly, p has lately assumed a phonemic status in Egyptian Arabic besides its allophonic function. If certain sounds of language A, for example, do not exist at all in language B, they are either rendered with the nearest phonemic sound of language B without any phonological influence, or borrowed directly with a marked interference. This feature is illustrated by the v sound which originally did not exist in Egyptian Arabic, but has lately assumed a phonemic status as indicated by [villa] "villa" which contrasts with [filla] "cork". Certain normal allophonic features of language A may be carried over to language B in which their occurrence is not normal. Assume, for example, that in language A certain sequences of sounds do not occur without a predictable process of assimilation or dissimilation or other allophonic variations conditioned by the nature of the sounds in the language; a bilingual speaker of language A and language B in which these features are not normal, may extend and normalize these features in language B. In this case the influence remains within the allophonic


This paper discusses the vital function of libraries in the acceleration of quality education in universities,also demonstrates the way that libraries try to fit the demand of quality education.


Pent-4-ynoic acid (I) is alkylated with the halides (II) and then selectively reduced, forming the cis- or trans-alkenoic acids (IV) and (VII).


A multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear output tracking problem with unmatched nonlinearities and disturbances is considered. The solution of this problem is addressed by methods of variable structure control. The nonlinear transformation of the coordinates of the initial nonlinear system, based on "remaining dynamics" is found. This transformation changes the system to a form convenient for the sliding mode synthesis. The sliding surface as a nonlinear dynamic operator has been designed to provide the desired linear performance of the output tracking error in the sliding mode. The system with such a sliding mode controller has obtained the combined features of the system with the conventional compensator (accommodation to the unmatched disturbances) and the conventional sliding mode controller (insensitivity to the matched disturbances).<<ETX>>


Sir: We read with interest of the protocol-based approach for prescribing donezepil described by Jani and Prettyman ( Psychiatric Bulletin , May 2000, 25 , 174-177).

However, the criteria suggested as guidelines for making the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and tests used to determine the


The end of the Cold War has given rise to a new euphoria about democracy and the democratic process, including by some who had earlier trumpeted the warning calls (Huntington 1991; Fukuyama 1992). And yet, as democracy celebrates its triumph over communism, there are continuing signs of public doubts about the vitality of the democratic process. Joseph Nye and his colleagues (1997) demonstrate that low levels of political trust among the American public have continued into the 1990s. The large protest vote for Perot in 1992 and the term-limits movement signal Americans' continuing political doubts. Several cross-national analyses suggest this is not a distinctly American phenomenon (Dalton 1996). This chapter builds on Hans-Dieter Klingemann's global analysis (Chapter 2) by focusing on political support in advanced industrial societies. Our goal is to determine how citizens in these nations judge the democratic process today. Is there a popular crisis of democracy? We face two challenges in answering this question. First, there is the conceptual problem about what is meant by 'political support' or 'support for democracy'. Second, there is the empirical problem of assembling the appropriate crossnational and cross-temporal data to evaluate claims about changes in public opinion. This chapter addresses both of these topics to provide a framework for assessing public support for democratic politics in advanced industrial societies.


Objective:To study the changes in the activity of protein kinase C(PKC)in murine peritoneal macrophages (PMФs) at different time intervals after severe scalding and to assay the activity of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) of PMФs under the action of H-7, a specific PKC inhibitor. These experiments were designed in an attempt to clarify the mechanisms underlying the functional disorders of macrophages from the angle of signal transduction. Methods:The experimental model was set up with mice which had been subjected to full-thickness grade Ⅲ scalding of 15% of the TBSA(total body surface area). From these animals, PMФs were collected. Both membrane and cytoplasmic PKC activities were assayed with the isotope(γ- 32P-ATP) incorporation method, while the NF-κB activity was detected with the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Results:Both membrane and cytoplasmic PKC activities were upregulated after scalding and the former showed a positive correlation with the changes in TNF-α mRNA. The NF-κB activity decreased under the action of H-7. Conclusions: Activity of both PKC and NF-κB was shown to be markedly increased following severe scalding. The PKC-NF-κB signal pathway seemed to be involved in the regulation of TNF-α expression in the macrophages.


In 2007/8, a 'new' UK university business school sent ten students from a single internationally-focussed programme to study abroad. In 2013/14, almost three hundred students from across the board applied to go abroad the following year. Historically uninterested in studying abroad, Accountancy students became the fastest growing group of participants. This case examines the radical implementation of a post-modern, marketing-led approach to developing and promoting work and study abroad opportunities in one of the most challenging contexts: British higher education. Uniquely combining 'retro-marketing' techniques with student engagement methods to target a specifically-developed segmentation of Generation Y students not only increased participation generally. It also drove individuals' ambition and commitment, at the same time as eliminating entirely 'premature return' of culture-shocked students. These 'consumers' were converted into the programme's greatest advocates using peer-to-peer co-creation. Several counter-intuitive aspects of this initiative are explored and paradoxical juxtapositions are identified.


The present invention relates to a time line creation device and method, and a recording medium. The time line creation device according to the present invention includes a pre-processing unit which copies multiple packets transmitted and received by multiple wireless terminals and servers via a communication network, connects the copied packets and information about the packet copy time point to each wireless terminal internet protocol (IP), a subject of packet transmission and reception, as well as to each server IP/port, an object of packet transmission and reception for mapping the multiple packets; a time line creation unit which creates time lines in which multiple time slots assigned either in one-second slots or sixty-second slots are arranged from the packet copy starting time point to the ending time point; a slot assigning unit which maps the packets mapped by the pre-processing unit to each time slot on the created time line according to the copy time point; and an identification (ID) assigning unit which assigns IDs for continuous slots on the time line and, especially assigns the same ID to the next slot as the previous slot when the next slot is occupied and found within a certain error range.


The urban thermal environment is affected by multiple urban form and natural environment factors; research on the accurate prediction of the urban thermal environment, considering the interaction among different urban environmental factors, is still lacking. The development of a machine learning model provides a good means of solving complex problems. This study aims to clarify the relationship between urban environmental variables and the urban thermal environment through high-precision machine learning models as well as provide scenarios of future urban thermal environment developments. We defined an urban thermal environment index (UTEI), considering twelve urban form and natural indicators sourced from the remote sensing data of 150 cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji region from 2000 to 2015. We achieved accurate predictions of UTEI through training a gradient-boosted regression trees model. By unpacking the model, we found that the contribution rate of elevation (ELEV) was the highest. Among all the urban form indicators, the elongation index (ELONG), urban population (POP), nighttime light intensity (NLI), urban area size (AREA), and urban shape index (SHAPE) also had high contributions. We set up five scenarios to simulate the possible impact of different urban form factors on the overall urban thermal environment quality in the region. Under extremely deteriorated patterns that do not control urban expansion and vegetation reduction, the average UTEI could be as high as 0.55–0.76 °C in summer and 0.24–0.29 °C in winter, yet in the extremely optimized situation, UTEI decreased by 0.69 °C in summer and 0.56 °C in winter. Results showed that better urban form improves the quality of urban environments and can provide important insights for urban planners to mitigate urban heat island problems.


In existing installations, series-connected light switches or dimmers typically lack a neutral wire connection at the light switch lead-out. Hence, it is a challenging issue to design and power wall-mounted control terminals for smart LED lighting systems, which are not battery operated. Based on the results of [1, 2], this paper addresses the described problem and demonstrates an advanced control device fully compliant with the `Digital Load-Side Transmission' (DLT) standard [3]. In addition to a user interface with a liquid crystal display (LCD), this DLT control device provides two wireless links, namely WiFi and ZigBee, enabling external control from wireless devices. Besides brightness, color and color temperature adjustment, the presented control device also features group control and commissioning of attached luminaires. Standby power is minimized by featuring the so-called `power controlled off state' of the DLT standard. The developed control device unites the advantages of low standby power consumption, compatibility to wiring in existing installations and accessibility with wireless controls. To the best of the authors knowledge, this is the first robustly tested DLT control device with such a high amount of versatility and functionality.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This research is supported by Northrop Grumman. We collaborated with Donald Steiner, Leon Li, Jason Kobes, Steve Seaberg, Peter Meloy, Paul Conoval SOFTWARE BUNDLE (SB) FEATURES • Software modules are stored in encrypted form in the Software Bundle (SB) • Selective dissemination based on access control policies; client's browser crypto capabilities, trust level, context • X and Y, can securely share software in a controlled manner via smart contracts running in the blockchain network • Every request and transfer of software module is logged as a record in the blockchain's distributed ledger • Software transfer in case when authorization has been granted by both smart contract and policy enforcement engine of the SB • Self-integrity check • Policy evaluation and enforcement • Selective dissemination of software modules


This study is entitled "The reasons for khorasan egression against the Abbasid (Aliphat(A.D46-_ 749/A.H 232_ 132) a (( ording to Persian sources . It consists of preface and two studies. A preface was devoted to a brief investigationabout the study, its curriculum and the most important sources that we relied on. The first topic dealt with the most important movements that took place against the Abbasid caliphate. A second topic was devoted to examining the reasons for the establishment of these political, social, veligions and economic movements. The study ends with the most important results of the research.


Flow cytometry is an analytical technique that examines cells suspended in fluids. It uses a built-in laser beam to illuminate individual cells as the fluid passes through. The illumination causes fluorescence and scattered lights, which are emitted and reflected from the examining cell. These lights are split and filtered onto detectors and converted into electrical signals.


For correspondence: Dr. Sunil Kumar Raina, Department of Community Medicine, Dr. RPGMC, Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India. E-mail: ojasrainasunil@ yahoo.co.in Dear Sir, This is in reference to the article entitled "Prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort among the workers engaged in Jewellery manufacturing" published in Indian J Occup Environ Med (2015;19:44‐55).[1] The author deserves credit for their effort. However, I have a few concerns with the design of this study. The author in the section "Subjects and Methods" states that cases selected for the purpose of this study were workers engaged in jewellery manufacturing (Group 1) with a minimum 1‐year experience in the same job, whereas the controls selected for the purpose of this study were graduate students who were engaged in post‐bachelor studies. The author further states that the controls were age‐matched with the cases. Further, as an inference from the results, the author had chosen 110 controls against 500 cases.


In this paper we give a brief overview of our studies on dynamical processes in diluted-magnetic-semiconductor heterostructures based on (Zn,Mn)Se and (Cd,Mn)Te. Presence of free carriers is an important factor which determines the energy- and spin transfer in a coupled systems of magnetic ions, lattice (the phonon system) and carriers. We report also new data on dynamical response of magnetic ions interacting with photogenerated electron-hole plasma. (Zn,Mn)Se/(Zn,Be)Se structures with relatively high Mn content of 11% provide spin-lattice relaxation time of about 20 ns, which is considerably shorter then the characterictic times of nonequilibrium phonons ranging to 1 μs. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


This paper expounds the significance for the public library to carry out the reader activities, and puts forward some strategies for the public library to carry out the reader activities.


Parathion (O,O-diethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) and fenvalerate [(RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (RS)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate] were applied by controlled droplet applicators (CDAs) and conventional hydraulic nozzles in refined soybean oil, soybean oil + water, or water, to mature cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as ULV (ultra-low volume, < 5 litre ha−1), VLV(very low volume, 5-50 litre ha−1), or LV(low volume, 50–200 litre ha−1) carrier rates. The use of CDA or soybean oil applied as ULV and VLV sprays did not produce greater deposition or persistence for either insecticide during the 49-h test period following application. In general, insecticide persistence was greatest when applied with water or soybean oil + water as LV sprays using the conventional TX8 hydraulic nozzle.


This paper presents a floating point unit(FPU) with 3 stages for a 3D graphics shader engine. It targeted to accelerate 3D graphics in portable device environments. In order to design a balanced architecture for a shader engine, we analyzed shader assembly instructions and estimated the performance of FPU with the method we propose. The proposed unit handles 4-dimensional data through separated two paths that are lead to general operation module and special function module. The proposed FPU is compiled as a form of the cascade FPU with 3 stages to efficiently handle a matrix operation with relatively low hardware overhead. Except some complex instructions that are executed using macro instructions, all instructions complete an operation in a single instruction cycle at 100MHz frequency. A special function module performs all operations in a single clock cycle using the Newton Raphson method with the look-up table.


In this paper, the authors present an analysis of the finite element solution to linear differential equations using new Chebyshev polynomial basis functions of degree r (1≤ r < ∞) in the interval [0, h]. The advantage of this technique over our recent result in [3] is that the finite element solutions obtained for the class of linear differential equations is suitable for computer automation.


The invention relates to a low-carbon olefin catalyst made through dehydrogenation of low-carbon alkane and a preparation method thereof and mainly solves the problems that in an existing preparation technology, the alkane conversion rate is low, and the selectivity is lowered in the use process. According to the low-carbon olefin catalyst made through dehydrogenation of low-carbon alkane and the preparation method thereof, a coprecipitation method is adopted for introducing copper, nickel, manganese, cobalt and other transition metal elements into a zinc ferrite carrier, and a composite metal oxide carrier is obtained; then, an impregnation method is adopted, platinum components and tin components are loaded, in other words, a water solution of soluble salt of the platinum components and tin components is dipped, and the platinum-tin catalyst is obtained after drying, baking and steam treatment; by means of the technical scheme, the problem is well solved, and the low-carbon olefin catalyst made through dehydrogenation of low-carbon alkane and the preparation method thereof can be used for industrial preparation of low-carbon olefin catalyst made through dehydrogenation of low-carbon alkane.


Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the dynamics involved in the emergence and change of management accounting routines. It seeks to provide an understanding of the ways in which these complex routines foster stability and change in management accounting practices. Design/methodology/approach - A longitudinal case study was conducted at the Rabobank Groningen – an autonomous member of the cooperative Rabobank group – over a period of four years. The emergence of a new routine of planning and control was traced, which evolved substantially over the period of study. Findings - It was found that the cognitive representations of the routine studied, i.e. the way it was subjectively understood, provided a temporarily stable basis for the routine. Change arose from improvisations through its recurrent performances. It was also found that change could result from complex dynamics in the routine, as opposed to viewing them as static and stable entities that react to "external" stimuli. Research limitations/implications - The research findings contribute to an understanding of the reproduction of management accounting routines and the ways in which change can arise in these routines. It provides a means to study the micro-processes of reproduction of routines, which play an important part in institutional theories of management accounting change. Originality/value - This paper places management accounting routines and their processes of reproduction at the centre of the argument to provide an understanding of the role of routines in accounting change. Since the notion of management accounting routines has not been developed extensively, this understanding contributes to studies into the nature of routines and their role in management accounting change.


A multi-cell wireless network with full spectrum reuse is considered. The energy efficiency of the entire network is evaluated based on a predefined cost function. The energy consumption per bit (J/bit) is used as the evaluation metric. A method is proposed to improve the energy efficiency (EE) of the network employing cell coordination. The main idea is to get an insight on the EE of wireless networks and how to improve that of the network by using a binary power control mechanism. A SINR threshold is calculated based on the number of cells and channel gains of the network. Using binary power control, the users who do not obtain the required SINR are kept silent for a period of time until they get good channel conditions. It is then shown that this criterion outperforms the orthogonal resource allocation scheme and random cell switch off scheme. Finally, it is observed that the number of coordinating cells in a cluster is EE limited. Hence it can be used to determine the number of cells that should be operated inside a single cluster when binary power control is employed. The results obtained can be used as upper bounds for initial calibration of a practically implemented system.