Worldwide attention is currently focused on ageing as the massive baby boom cohort move into their later years. The objective of this research is to address the structural lag in societal adaptation of a rapidly greying population by investigating the psychosocial processes of constructing quality of life (QOL) judgements of Australian baby boom career women. This paper will report the preliminary findings from three focus groups conducted in Far North Queensland, the initial stage of a three-stage project. Sixteen employed, or recently retired, participants were encouraged to discuss primarily subjective wellbeing factors perceived as being essential to ensure successful
ageing, such as purpose and meaningfulness in life, spirituality and existential wisdom. Results of thematic content analysis uncovered five emerging themes: generativity, continuity of self accomplishment, spirituality, autonomy and unknown caregiver roles. Australian baby boom career women's voices will be used to inform the development of a conceptual model and measure of
psychosocial wellbeing that is unique to this cohort. By investigating this cohort now, before or as they begin to retire, may ensure that policy can be in place for these women to construct the most beneficial and meaningful roles in their transition to retirement, if indeed they do retire.


Chemical stabilization is widely used in geotechnical engineering to improve the engineering properties of geomaterials. The interaction between the stabilizers and soil particles changes the physicochemical structure of these materials and increases their performance. Water content and density are the indicators used in field practice for construction quality control of the stabilized soils. The nuclear method is currently the preferred technology for field measurement of water content and dry density in geotechnical engineering. However, the nuclear method has been found to give inaccurate results when used on stabilized soils. Researchers at Purdue University developed a procedure to measure soil water content and dry density using time domain reflectometry (TDR). Tests performed on conventional soils indicate that this procedure is accurate and fast. The feasibility of this technology on the stabilized soils was investigated; the preliminary conclusion was that TDR achieves satisfactory accuracy. In addition, the electrical properties measured by TDR are strong indicators of the physicochemical reactions taking place in the stabilized soils, which show that TDR technology can be a useful tool for monitoring these reactions.


The basic purpose of the present paper is the full solutions of the inverse problem (i.e. a finding of necessary and sufficient conditions) for the operator with complex periodic coefficients.


For the first time singlet oxygen luminescence kinetics in living cells were detected at high precision using LED light for excitation. As LED technology evolves, the light intensity emitted by standard LEDs allows photosensitized singlet oxygen luminescence detection in solution and cell suspensions. We present measurements superior to those of most actual laser powered setups regarding precision of singlet oxygen kinetics in solutions and cell suspensions. Data presented here show that LED based setups allow the determination of the photosensitizer triplet and singlet oxygen decay times in vitro with an accuracy of 0.1 μs. This enables monitoring of the photosensitizer efficiency and interaction with the cellular components using illumination doses small enough not to cause cell death.


The popularity of mobile network connected devices continues to expand exponentially. An estimated 5 billion devices exist worldwide. With the expansion of wearable devices, a regular user can carry up to two network connected devices. The 5G network attracts users by advertising low latency data communication and high download and upload speeds. With the number of subscribers on the rise, it is no surprise that concerns of information and cyber security would heighten to match the integrity of data safety. As with any form of information security, there is always privacy concerns of users and their sensitive data. This paper shall provide an analysis of the security architectures of mobile connected networks, where these networks are susceptible in being compromised, popular attack techniques, and the mitigations against attacks.


Embodiments of the invention disclose a polarization light splitting device and a correlation light source. The polarization light splitting device comprises a color wheel. The color wheel comprises a first area. The first area is provided with a function material. A wire grid polarizer, which is stacked and fixed on a light emission side of the color wheel, comprises a circular area corresponding to the color wheel. The circular area comprises a first polarization section corresponding to the first area. The first polarization section is provided with a first metal line array. The first metal line array is in a radial shape in which a centre of a circle is the center or is in a multiple-concentric-circle state of the circle. A driving device is used to drive the color wheel and the wire grid polarizer to rotate along the center of the circle. In the embodiments of the invention, the polarization light splitting device can emit polarized light during a rotation process.


The computational mechanics de nition of a process internal states considers optimal prediction as the criterion for clustering: the process states consist of the histories that lead to the same distribution of future events. Knowledge of the current cluster for a given past, and its associated distribution of possible futures, is the minimal information necessary for making optimal predictions. However when given a practical problem for which a unique prediction is sought, this view o ers no distinction between futures with rather di erent consequences, incurred costs or expected utility. When each future is ponderated by its would-be e ect then decision theory must be used. This article explores the consequences of grouping histories into states with equivalent optimal decisions in terms of utility, rather than equivalent full distributions of futures. The transitions between these decisional states correspond to events that lead to a change of decision. The utility function encodes the a priori knowledge on a system, the decisional states represents the underlying structure matching both the intrinsic system causal states and the external information. An algorithm is provided so as to estimate the states and their transitions from data. Application examples are given for discrete process hidden state reconstruction, cellular automata ltering, and edge detection in images.


A new method for anomaly detection of the program behaviors based on hidden Markov models is presented. The method uses system calls to represent the behavior profiles of programs based on hidden Markov models. The behavior patterns of programs are classified according to their frequency distributions, and the states of the hidden Markov models are associated with the classes of the behavior patterns. Because the collections of observations corresponding to different states are mutually disjoint, the models can be trained with a sequence matching algorithm which requires lower computational complexity and less computation time than the classical BaumWelch algorithm. A decision rule based on the probabilities of short state sequences is adopted while the particularity of the model states is taken into account. The performance of the method is tested by computer simulation. The results show it maintains higher detection accuracy and efficiency than other alternative approaches.


We test the efficient market hypothesis to see if Twitter aggregates information faster than a real-money prediction market. We use Support Vector Machines (SVMs), a supervised learning algorithm, to predict the outcome of the 2012 U.S. presidential elections via Twitter data. We then compare the prediction from SVM against the Iowa Electronic Markets (IEM). A total of 40 million unique tweets were collected and analyzed between September 29th 2012 and November 6th 2012. We observe: 1) The IEM is efficient on all the above days as per the semi-strong efficient market hypothesis definition [1]. SVM does not out predict the IEM. 2) The SVM prediction results are positively correlated with the IEM and predicts Obama winning the election, implying that Twitter can be considered as a valid source in predicting US presidential election outcomes. Using the Granger causality test, no causal relationship was inferred between the two-time series. 3) The candidate frequency count distribution independent of any sentiment analysis on all days is also positively correlated with IEM and SVM. Using Granger causality test, we determined that IEM statistically causes the candidate frequency count distribution in Twitter at the 1% level.


Proppant was prepared by balling,drying and sintering process with Xiaoyi bauxite.Physical properties such as bulk density,apparent density and breakage ratio of the proppant were tested,and the mineralogy and microstructure of the proppant were characterized by XRD and SEM.The effects of size and heating rate were discussed accordingly.The results show that small size and narrow size distribution of the starting material favored the sintering process and thus the corresponding samples exhibited low breakage ratio.


Given a compact set $K$ in the plane, which does not contain any triple of points forming a vertical and a horizontal segment, and a map $f\in C(K)$, we give a construction of functions $g,h\in C(\mathbb R)$ such that $f(x,y)=g(x)+h(y)$ for all $(x,y)\in K$. This provides a constructive proof of a part of Sternfeld's theorem on basic embeddings in the plane. In our proof the set $K$ is approximated by a finite set of points.


In New Zealand, many sports organisations are incorporated societies or not-for-profit organisations, established for the promotion of their sport and providing a range of benefits to their members. To be registered under the Charities Act, an application must be made to the Charities Commission supplying information set out in s.17(1) of the Act. This article highlights that the end of the period for institutions to become or remain registered under Charities Act is coming nearer.


Oxidative stability of milk fats from cows offered naked oats- and barley-based diets were compared in shelf-life tests using the Schaal Oven Test at 63°C, and determination of peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values. Milk fat from cows offered the diet containing naked oats, although containing a higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids, had a significantly longer oxidation induction period (13 days) than milk fat from cows offered the control (barley-based) diet (9 days). However, sensory testing of the milk fats indicated that a perceptible odour difference was apparent between stored (63°C) and unstored milk fats after 3 days of storage irrespective of the diet fed. It is possible that the odours perceived may have originated from the cows' diets or from hydrolytic rancidity reactions. The difficulties of relating chemical and sensory testing of the oxidative deterioration of milk fat or butter are underlined. © 1998 SCI.


A Cultural and Philosophical Study of Teaching Essence not only expresses the reasonable solicitude for teaching study,but also deeply study of the fundamental relationship among people,culture,and teaching.Then,we can show the teaching essence---cultivating student through culture to be human being,and opened up a new space for the considerations about teaching.


Background: Cervical radiculopathy, commonly called a pinched nerve, occurs when a nerve in the neck is compressed or irritated where it branches away from the spinal cord and causes pain that radiates into the shoulder and/or arm, as well as cause muscle weakness and numbness. However, the pain or other symptoms often radiate to the parts of the body served by that nerve. The management available in the current mainstream is not satisfactory. We present a case of cervical radiculopathy, which was treated with the combination of ayurvedic panchakarma procedures and a combination of medications internally. Rationale of the case report: A 37- year- old female patient presented with neck stiffness, neck pain, and numbness at right hand and fingers for five years. Intervention: Ayurvedic procedures such as dhanyamla kizhi, dhanyamla dhara, marsha nasyam, along with internal ayurvedic medications, were carried out for 14 days, and surgery was prorogued as the patient responded positively. Result and outcome: There was a marked improvement in pain, stiffness, and range of movements of the neck. The outcome of this case report shows that cervical radiculopathy may be successfully managed with internal ayurvedic medicines along with panchakarma procedures.


Nowadays, power consumption in computer system is an active and important subject of discussion in both research and political communities. Advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) over the past few years have shown an exponential growth during for few decades. There is a need of some strategies for solutions to optimize energy consumption in the ICT sector. Indeed, increasing the performance of such computer systems frequently requires increasing the number of resources, thus leading to higher power consumption and a negative impact on the environment. It not only ensures efficiency and reduced carbon emissions but also leads to potential cost/time savings in organizations. Intense computing actions that work on huge data, generally take hours to compute which could be reduced to few seconds using Grid Computing and Cloud Computing. The paper provides a basis for using Grid Computing and Cloud Computing for green ICT.


The Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter (M3C) is a high-power high-voltage direct AC/AC power converter topology which is suitable for low frequency power transmission and distribution systems, such as offshore wind power integration, long-distance FFTS and subsea electric system. But it has obvious non-linear characteristics, complex system structure, high model order and complex control task. Based on the analysis of vector control, this paper proposes a high-order sliding mode control (SMC) strategy combining linear sliding mode with non-singular terminal sliding mode to control a high-order nonlinear system. According to the simulation results of the output waveform quality and power characteristics, the M3C has a better performance under SMC than PI control. The control strategy proposed in this paper can quickly and simply control high-order nonlinear strongly coupled systems, which provides ideas for the stability control of power systems.


A comparative study was made of three interspecific wheat crosses with regard to the relationship between seed plumpness and plant character in the F2 generation. In general, the degree of vulgare-ness of the plants was associated with the degree of shrunkenness of the seeds, the most shrunken seeds producing the most vulgare-like plants. However, many shrunken seeds did not produce vulgare-like plants and many plump seeds did not produce plants resembling the 14-chromosome parental variety. Desirable vulgare-like plants were obtainable from each plumpness class, the largest proportion being from the shrunken seeds. Plants from shrunken seeds that were germinated under ideal conditions proved to be no more vulgare-like than those which survived sowing under rigorous conditions in the field. The durum × vulgare cross was high in percentage of shrunken seeds and relatively high in the proportion of vulgare-like plants from plump seeds. The dicoccum × vulgare cross was low in proportion of shrunken seeds and...


In haploid strains of Aspergillus nidulans , asci arise from croziers. The two nuclei of the young ascus (the penultimate cell of the crozier) fuse, and the zygote nucleus immediately undergoes meiosis. At diakinesis and first metaphase eight bivalents are seen: three large (one, Chromosome 2, with a satellite), two medium sized (Chromosomes 4 and 5), two small (Chromosomes 6 and 7) and one very small (Chromosome 8). The perithecia of haploid strains are packed with asci and have very few sterile hyphae. Diploid strains (heterozygotes made by Roper's technique) are very different from haploids in that the perithecia contain many sterile hyphae with little cytoplasm and coiled hyphae with dense cytoplasm made up mainly of uninucleate cells, and there are few asci in a perithecium. Croziers are absent: some of the cells of the coiled hyphae become asci. At diakinesis and first metaphase, the same chromosome configurations are seen as in a cross between the haploid strains from which the diploid was synthesized; the chromosomes are bivalents. The young ascus thus has a single (diploid) nucleus which undergoes meiosis, and asci develop apogamously. No evidence of nuclear fusion in the young ascus and of a tetraploid meiosis was obtained. Cultures from ascopores isolated by micro-manipulation from perithecia of diploids were all haploid. Meiosis appears to proceed normally to first metaphase, but typical later stages, and asci with spores, are rarely seen. First anaphase frequently fails to occur, and the chromosomes clump together. In the strain ad 2 y , obtained from a normal strain by X-irradiation, nine bivalents are present, one a very small fragment. In crosses between ad 2 y and a normal strain, and in a diploid made from them, the fragment pairs with Chromosome 6. Asci in the cross between ad 2 y and a normal haploid are highly irregular, often with less than the usual eight spores.


Monitoring of various health parameters every day is not viable as it requires the investment of a lot of time and effort. Travelling all the way to the clinic for a doctor's appointment daily is quite expensive and time-consuming. As the Vital signs and other parameters can be monitored by various gadgets, such as wearable sensors and fitness trackers as well as smartphones nowadays. Most of their gadgets are small and portable in nature as they are supposed to be worn or carried without any inconvenience, which in turn reduces the battery capacity as well as the memory of the device to fit in such a form factor, which limits the scope of Healthcare predictions. Therefore, to ameliorate this effect, the researchers have implemented a technique that utilizes the IoT platform to outsource the recorded data on to the server. The server employs K Nearest Neighbour and Artificial Neural Network that is capable of accurately predicting the Health conditions of a person with the help of parameters, such as Pulse Rate, Blood sugar level, body temperature, etc.


Function for the limitations of existing analog power, a PID algorithm based on high-precision digital power design. DSP and FPGA technology to do with digital PID regulator, produced by the digital PID algorithm to control the PWM wave chopper to control the main circuit, thereby replacing the traditional analog PID regulator. Experiments show that: a flexible system structure change, according to system requirements, for a variety of digital PID control variable, the circuit is more simple, more accurate, more versatile.


Objectives: The respirator is said to be the last resort in terms of protection against many fumes, but is widely used in occupational settings. The surrogate test aerosols used for the certification of particulate respirators (PRs) include sodium chloride (NaCl), dioctyl phthalate (DOP), and paraffin oil. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the differences of pressure drop and particle filtration efficiency between certified single type and certified dual type PRs using NaCl, surrogate particulate, and welding fumes, real hazardous particle. Methods: Fifteen commercial PR products (nine single-type and six dual-type filters) were selected. The NIOSH protocol was used with the TSI Model 8130 automated filter tester for NaCl test and well-designed welding fume chamber was used with a SIBATA filter tester and a manometer for welding fume test. The initial pressure drop and initial penetration, peak pressure drop and peak penetration, penetration pattern and pressure drop pattern, quality factor were compared. Results: The count median diameter (CMD) and mass median diameter (MMD) for the NaCl aerosol were small compared with the measured welding fumes (CMD; 70-80 vs. 170-240 nm, MMD; 200-300 vs. 500-700 nm, respectively). The ANOVA test showed no significant difference between the initial pressure drop of the tested aerosols when single or dual filters were used (p = 0.42), whereas the pressure drop at peak penetration was significantly higher with welding fumes than for the NaCl aerosol (p = 0.04). Also, pressure drop increased much more rapidly in the welding fume test than the NaCl aerosol test. The high initial penetration and peak penetration occurred with the NaCl aerosol and not the welding fumes (p = 0.03, p Conclusion: Taken together, these findings suggest that PRs, which are suitable for NaCl certification, could also be used in workplace settings where welding fumes occur, albeit with caution, because of rapid pressure drop increases. This study has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of the penetration and pressure drop patterns of welding fume aerosols in the real workplace rather than for surrogate NaCl aerosols.


We appreciate the comments of Dr Dimarakis and Mr Anderson [1]. We agree that this is a complex problem as reflected by the multiple approaches that they highlight. Whenever there are so many techniques, it is evidence that none is ideal. With regard to modification of our approach in recent years to achieving myocardial protection in this particular group of patients, we believe that it would be fair to say that, although the practice at Mayo Clinic remains relatively heterogeneous according to surgeon preference, increasingly the surgical staff is comfortable with leaving the patent ITA open [2]. The senior author's (T.M.S.) practice has certainly evolved that direction. Although initially insistent upon control of the ITA to achieve absolute electromechanical silence and uniform cooling as trained in the early 1990s, the outcomes achieved by senior colleagues such as Dr Charles Mullany encouraged the adoption of this more parsimonious approach with excellent outcomes. By the end of his surgical career at Mayo, Dr Mullany preferentially performed the procedure without attempting control of ITA flow; the senior author strove to emulate this master-surgeon's practice. Today, the senior author cools only mildly (32–34°C) and administers cold cardioplegia retrograde every 20 min. It seems to work.


Zhaoqing city is China's first batch of historical and cultural cities and excellent tourist city,has been in the construction of culture strong city in recent years.In this paper,we introduced the general situation of Zhaoqing city history and culture,and discussed the library culture in Zhaoqing strong municipal construction status and function,socialized service mode and system construction based on "cultural strong city" the idea of Zhaoqing university libraries were mainly discussed.


In previous research it has been shown that link-based web page metrics can be used to predict experts' assessment of quality. We are interested in a related question: do expert rankings of real-world entities correlate with search engine (SE) rankings of corresponding web resources? To answer this question we compared rankings of college football teams in the US with rankings of their associated web resources. We looked at the weekly polls released by the Associated Press (AP) and USA Today Coaches Poll. Both rank the top 25 teams according to the aggregated expertise of sports writers and college football coaches. For the entire 2008 season (8/2008 { 1/2009), we compared the ranking of teams (top 10 and top 25) according to the polls with the rankings of one to eight URLs associated with each team in Google, Live Search and Yahoo. We found moderate to high correlations between the final rankings of 2007 and the SE ranking in mid 2008 but the correlation between the polls and the SEs steadily decreased as the season went on. We believe this is because the rankings in the web graph (as reported via SEs) have "inertia" and do not rapidly fluctuate as do the teams' on the field fortunes.


Carrier diffusivity of a lithium electrolyte solution in porous membranes was evaluated by observation of diffusion behavior of ionic species using NMR spectroscopy. We performed analysis on the basis of the restricted diffusion model and a new idea of diffusion distribution. That new concept is engendered in the assumption that observed diffusion values are distributed according to pore size distribution and nonuniformity of pore and polymer density in a membrane. Carrier diffusivity in polyethylene (PE) porous membranes showed characteristic echo attenuation, which differs from echo behavior as a result of random walk migration. We first tried to simulate the echo change on the basis of the restricted diffusion model in porous structure, resulting in disagreement with the observed echo change. As a result, the idea that diffusion values are distributed concurrent with porous geometry was applied to interpret the situation. Introduction of a Gaussian function to represent the distributed condition yielde...


This volume is the latest in the Economic Handbook Series, published by the McGraw-Hill Book Company. As Seymour Harris, the editor of the series, points out in his introduction, it is the aim of this series to "present a distillate of accepted theory and practice, without the detailed approach of the technical treatise." The series is designed for students and for the general reader. As a result, the book, by design, contains relatively little that will be new to the specialist, but it fulfills admirably the objective set for it by the editor and the author. The book will make excellent supplementary material for the advanced undergraduate course or for the graduate course in social insurance. Indeed, it might well serve as a basic text for such courses, although if used in this way, it would need extensive supplementation. For the intelligent layman who is little informed on public policy questions related to social security, the volume gives a very comprehensive and excellent analysis. The volume is organized around major policy questions, rather than specific social security programs. Thus, for example, Part III, dealing with financing of social security programs, considers the basic questions concerning what types of taxes should be used, the pros and cons of reserves, the governmental units appropriate for social security programs, etc., for all the major types of social security legislation. Other fundamental questions considered are the basis for benefits (should they be based upon need, upon contributions made, or upon previous earnings), the effect of income guarantees upon the willingness to work, the risks that should be covered by social insurance, and major administrative problems connected with social security programs. In discussing these basic questions, the author has drawn upon her broad familiarity with social security problems, both in the United States and abroad. She has clearly tried to present fairly and objectively all important points of view. In the judgment of this reviewer, she has succeeded as well as is possible in a field in which personal convictions often generate considerable emotion. On a few points, the reviewer is inclined to take issue with Dr. Burns or to raise questions concerning items treated briefly or omitted entirely. For example, in discussing children's allowances, Dr. Burns states: "There is evidence of some growth of interest in the United States in such measures today, and with increasing frequency the suggestion is made that the United States should follow the example of Canada and Great Britain" (p. 90). As far as the reviewer is aware, there is very little discussion in the United States of adoption of a system of children's allowances. Dr. Burns' generally excellent discussion of OASI reserves might well have included more analysis of the charges made by John T. Flynn and others that reserves are a fraud, represent double taxation, and are also undesirable for other reasons. These charges have no standing whatsoever with professional economists, but have wide popular currency and recur with distressing frequency in popular periodicals. It would appear, therefore, that these ideas should be thoroughly debunked in a volume designed, in considerable part, for the intelligent layman. The bibliographical references contained in the footnotes are extensive and up to date, and should be of real value to students who wish to probe more extensively into the broad range of topics covered in the book. One of the striking features of the volume is Dr. Burns' frequent reference to the need for more basic research on many of the issues inSage Publications, Inc.


Background. We performed this study to develop a new scoring system to stratify different levels of risk of developing new onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) in patients who underwent renal transplantation. Many prognostic variables have been previously described but few efforts have been made to group them in order to enhance their individual predictive power. Material and methods. In a first phase, 100 patients were prospectively analysed to determine which factors were significantly associated with the development of NODAT. A risk score ranging from 0 to 10 points was developed using a multivariate analysis. In a second phase, such score was validated in a new sample of 100 patients. Results. BMI ≥ 23.5 kg/m2, age ≥ 38.5 years, fasting blood sugar at 1st post-operative day ≥ 159.5 mg/dL, fasting blood sugar at 5th post-operative day ≥ 122.5 mg/dL and HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5 were found as independent prognostic variables. A clear distinction was shown among categories of low, intermediate and high risk, defined according to the risk score. Conclusion. This new scoring framework is basic and simple to accomplish. It permits a generally excellent stratification of risk of developing NODAT in patients undergoing renal transplantation. They might be separated in three risk stratification cohorts, which could be of help in early identification of NODAT.


In this article, a numerical investigation of magnetohydrodynamic non-Newtonian nanofluid flow on a stretching sheet through an isotropic porous medium. The effects of both non-linear thermal radiation and heat generation/absorption were studied on distributions of velocity, temperature and concentration. On the other side, the governing partial differential equations have been transformed by using suitable similarity transformations into a system of ordinary differential equations and then solved, numerically by using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method with shooting technique. The principal findings of the study showed up that the effect of both Darcy number and magnetic field on the velocity profile is decreasing, while the impacts of both non-linear thermal radiation and heat source/skin on temperature are increasing and decreasing on concentration distribution respectively. Numerical solutions were calculated for the skin fraction, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number for values of all important physical parameters.


We see frequent headlines about distributed denial of service (DDoS) of ever greater volumes. But does this reflect a true image of the DDoS problem? We can look at recent history to gain some insights into this obsession with attack size.


The effects of selected probiotic candidates Lactobacillus plantarum, Pseudomonas flourescens and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the growth and survival of the fry and fingerlings of the catfish Clarias gariepinus was investigated. The specific growth rate and percentage survival of the fry and fingerlings exposed to the probiotic candidates were evaluated. The fingerlings showed significant improvement in specific growth rate (P<0.05) in all the treatments except in the treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Percentage survival was highest in the treatment with Pseudomonas and Lactobacillus (96.22%) and least in the treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (42%). There were no significant improvements in the water quality parameters in the treatment groups when compared with the control. This study therefore shows that Lactobacillus plantarum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can serve as good probiotic candidates in the control of bacterial and fungal diseases of the fry and fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus.


BACKGROUND
Many children and adolescents with Down syndrome fail to achieve proficiency in mathematics. Researchers have suggested that tailoring interventions based on the behavioural phenotype may enhance efficacy.

METHOD
The research questions that guided this review were (1) what types of mathematics interventions have been empirically evaluated with children and adolescents with Down syndrome?; (2) do the studies demonstrate sufficient methodological rigor?; (3) is there evidence of efficacy for the evaluated mathematics interventions?; and (4) to what extent have researchers considered aspects of the behavioural phenotype in selecting, designing and/or implementing mathematics interventions for children and adolescents with Down syndrome? Nine studies published between 1989 and 2012 were identified for inclusion.

RESULTS
Interventions predominantly focused on early mathematics skills and reported positive outcomes. However, no study met criteria for methodological rigor. Further, no authors explicitly considered the behavioural phenotype.

CONCLUSIONS
Additional research using rigorous experimental designs is needed to evaluate the efficacy of mathematics interventions for children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Suggestions for considering the behavioural phenotype in future research are provided.


After the 1865 cholera epidemic, the holy places of Islam were identified as a source of the spread of cholera that directly threatens Europe. However, we cannot understand the violence of the reaction of the empires and the discredit cast on the pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) without referring to the numerous "contamination narratives" that circulated then, associating Islam with contagion. At the same time that it transformed destitute pilgrims, Indian or Algerian, into "risk groups," up to the Great War, this colonial imagination of the Hajj prompted the most extreme protective measures, the most obvious example being that of colonial Algeria.


Part 1 Agenda of peasant studies and perception of parallel realities: Conceptualising peasants - reconsidering others a generalisation - peasants as sociala entity peasantry - deliniation of a sociological concept defining peasants - conceptualisations and deconceptualisations Shanin's law of mythodynamic drift - in place of an epistomological discourse expolary economies - the political economy of margins. Part 2 Analysing peasants - the general and the particular: The nature and logic of peasant economy the peasants are coming - peasants who travel, migrants who labour and Maxists who write social characteristics of peasant political action peasant politics - on empirical peasantry and hypothetical proletariat - an extract peasant politics - outsiders and plenipotentiaries - an extract the peasant dream - Russia 1905-07 four models - soviet agriculture under perestroika.


Lysozyrne activity was studied in vanous species of fish (13 mild species and cultured rainbow trout Salmo gairdnen and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar). Marked interspecies variation prevailed, most strikingly between rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon; lysozyme activity in the former was at least 20 times greater than in the latter. Tissue distribution was studied in more depth in rainbow trout. Kidneys appeared to have the highest lysozyme levels, followed in descending order by alimentary tract, spleen, slan mucus, serum, gills, liver and muscle. This pattern is compatible with the assumption that lysozymes play an important role in body defence. Using gel filtration chromatography, 2 lysozyrne-like variants with molecular weights (MW) of ca 14 500 (high activity) and 23 000 daltons (low activity) were found in rainbow trout kidn.ey. Only low MW activities (between 13 000 and 12 000 daltons) were detected in Atlanlc salmon. Relevant future research approaches, as well as possible or speculative applications of lysozymes in disease control, are discussed.


In vivo determinations of amino acids are important for improving our understanding of physiological states of biological tissue function and dysfunction. However, the chemically complex matrix of different biological fluids complicates the assay of this important class of molecules. We introduce a method for characterizing the amino acid composition of submicroliter volumes of vitreous humor perfusates. Low‐flow push‐pull perfusion sampling is compatible with collecting small volume samples in a complicated matrix that are potentially difficult to separate. An efficient, sensitive, and rapid analysis of amino acids from in vivo perfusates of the vitreous is presented with 3‐(4‐carboxybenzoyl)‐2‐quinoline‐carboxaldehyde (CBQCA) derivatitation and capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation with laser‐induced fluorescence detection (LIF). Derivatization with CBQCA for up to 2 h provided high sensitivity and low detection limits at the nM level. Seventeen amino acids including D‐serine (D‐Ser) and D‐aspartate (D‐Asp) were resolved in less than 10 min. Importantly, D‐Ser is separated from its enantiomeric pair. Characterization of vitreal amino acids with this assay technique will be useful for understanding ocular diseases and physiological mechanisms in vision.


To solve the problems of wastewater treatment in translocation reconstruction engineering of a tobacco plant,a comprehensive wastewater treatment plant with capacity of 600 m3/d was built,and the partial wastewater was reused after advanced treatment.Aimed at the characteristics of low influent concentration,small treatment quantity,large shock loading,organic matters and SS with difficult degradable polymers,the hydrolytic acidification/biological contact oxidation/physicochemical processes were adopted.The design parameters of the main structures are given.The operation results indicate that the total removal rates of COD,BOD5 and SS are 96.4%,98.1% and 98.7% respectively.The effluent quality can meet the waterscape criteria specified in the Reuse of Urban Recycling Water―Water Quality Standard for Scenic Environment Use(GB/T 18921-2002).


A new simple airborne method based on wide optics camera is developed for leaf area index (LAI) estimation in coniferous forests. The measurements are carried out in winter, when the forest floor is completely snow covered and thus acts as a light background for the hemispherical analysis of the images. The photos are taken automatically and stored on a laptop during the flights. The R2 value of the linear regression of the airborne and ground based LAI measurements was 0.89.


Etiocholanedione (ED), a natural metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone, has antiobesity effects in animals when given orally and is nontoxic. We carried out a trial of oral ED in obese humans. In a 20-week randomized double-blind crossover study, 14 subjects lost significantly more weight and body fat during treatment with oral ED, 4 gm daily, than during placebo administration. Mean weight loss during ED administration was 2.8 k 5.5 kilograms, which was equivalent to 0.53 k 0.91 kilograms per week per 100 kilograms of body fat; mean weight change during placebo administration was essentially zero: M.21 f 4.2 kg, or 4.04 f 0.74 kglwW100 kg body fat. The difference between the weight changes in the two periods was significant: for A kg, P<O.O5; for A kglwW100 kg body fat, P<0.03. Densitometric measurement of body fat content showed that the mean weight loss coincided almost exactly with the mean decrease in fat content; thus, over the 10-week period of ED administration, the mean fat loss was about 5% of the initial body fat content. Three of the obese subjects had strikingly greater fat loss, about 18%, 19%, and 25% of the initial body fat content. There were no significant subjective or objective side effects of ED administration.


The study sets to investigate the complex nexus of why the majority of SMEs from the manufacturing industry of Ghana decide to focus on the domestic market, while few choose to sell a proportion of their goods abroad (thus engage in export activities), even though they face and operate in similar market conditions. While a huge variety of clarifications to this issue exists in current writing analyzing the export behavior of SMEs organizations, these clarifications anyway are uncertain and confined in geographic extension along these lines created nations setting. Methodologically, the study utilizes both quantitative and qualitative techniques in addressing the phenomenon. The quantitative method involves the logit probability regression analysis while the qualitative analysis is based on a systematic content review of data amidst descriptive statistics. Overall, firm size, sub sector, workforce education levels, government inclusion, financial availability and participation in international and domestic business networks are found to be the key drivers explaining why some manufacturing SMEs from Ghana choose to export, while majority of others remained focused on the domestic market. In light of the discoveries it is presumed that SME proprietor administrators in Ghana trying to fare ought to put resources into the improvement of both local and global systems as a methods for improving their entrance to worldwide markets. From a policy point of view, an intriguing suggestion for the legislature of Ghana to give further help in a bid to encourage the actions of industrial associations in Ghana is profoundly underscored.


The overall purpose of the research discussed here is the enhancement of home-based care by revealing individual patterns in the life of a person, through modelling of the "busyness" of activity in their dwelling, so that care can be better tailored to their needs and changing circumstances. The use of data mining and on-line analytical processing (OLAP) is potentially interesting in this context because of the possibility of exploring, detecting and predicting changes in the level of activity of people's movement that may reflect change in well-being. An investigation is presented here into the use of data mining and visualisation to illustrate activity from sensor data from a trial project run in a domestic context.


In this study; it is aimed to reveal the factors affecting teachers' organizational commitment with the opinions of the administrators. In line with the purpose of the research carried out in the qualitative design, a study group was formed with 20 primary school administrators, interviews were conducted and data were obtained. In this direction; Data was obtained on the individual factors, in-school and out-of-school factors that affect teachers' organizational commitment, and what are the managerial behaviors that increase or decrease organizational commitment. Descriptive analyzes of the obtained data were made for the result. According to the results of the research; Teachers' personal characteristics, education levels and professional seniority affect organizational commitment at an individual level. School culture, managerial behaviors, rewarding and wage factors are organizational factors that affect teachers' organizational commitment. Professionalism, professional development, status and socio-economic status of the teaching profession are external factors that affect teachers' organizational commitment. The fact that the administrators exhibit a management approach that is flexible, participatory, fair, gives importance to communication and supports the teacher increases the organizational commitment of the teachers. The oppressive and authoritarian management approach and excessive supervision of the administrators reduce the organizational commitment of the teachers.


Skin lesions have consistently had one of the most rapidly increasing incidences of all cancers. Early diagnosis is particularly important. However, even with the help of dermoscopy, differentiating malign and benign lesions is a challenging task. More than that, there are many practical situations where only macroscopic imaging is available. This work focuses on macroscopic images segmentation of black skin lesions. We propose a method combining mathematical morphology and edge detection. After the artifacts extraction stage, we refine the skin lesions by using an opening followed by a dilation algorithm. We then proceed to edge detection. We finally make a comparison of our combination method with existing classical methods.


We have demonstrated that tocotrienol (T3) supplementation reduces adipose inflammation, M1 macrophage infiltration, and insulin resistance. However, mechanisms remain unrevealed. Emerging evidence suggests that obesity activates Nod‐like receptor 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome instigating the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we hypothesized that T3 supplementation inhibits activation of Nlrp3‐dependent inflammasome. To test this, leptin receptor‐deficient (db/db) mice were fed with or without 0.1% T3 for 8 weeks. T3 supplementation substantially delayed the onset of diabetes by reducing hyperglycemia, hyperphagia, diabetic thirst, and polyuria. Consistently, infiltration of M1 macrophage (F4/80+/CD11b+) into adipose tissue was markedly decreased in T3‐fed mice. To determine whether attenuated insulin resistance is attributed to an inhibition of Nlrp3 inflammasome activation, peritoneal macrophages (PM) were isolated. T3 supplementation significantly decreased 1) Nlrp3 gene expression, 2) caspase1 cleavage, and 3) Nlrp3 inflammasome‐dependent IL‐1b and IL‐18 expression and 4) autophagy activation in PM. Intriguingly, co‐treatment with autophagy inhibitor and T3 abolished inhibitory effects of Nlrp3 inflammasome activation. Taken together, our results suggest that T3‐mediated autophagy activation attenuates Nlrp3‐inflammasome in macrophage, which in turn disconnects proinflammatory signaling axis between macrophage and adipocyte leading to an improvement of insulin sensitivity.


We have recently reported that the extinct nuclide I129 in meteorites appears to have been produced during the solar nucleosynthesis process, by the neutron-induced reactions and the relative contributions from (a) and (b) depending on the U/Te ratios in the meteoritic matters [Kuroda et al., 1966].

According to Wood [1966], the meteorite Renazzo represents a most primitive state of meteoritic matter. Reynolds and Turner [1964], however, showed that the I120−Xe129 formation intervals are substantially the same for chondrites like Renazzo, which apparently has not been metamorphosed at all, and a chondrite such as Bjurbole, whose cooling time is large compared with the mean life of I129. Thus, it was felt worth while to calculate the formation intervals of a number of meteorites, especially gas-rich carbonaceous chondrites, on the basis of the production of I129 according to equation a. In view of the 'historic' meaning of the expression 'I129−Xe129 formation interval' (referring to Xe129 formed by the decay of I129 from galactic nucleosynthesis) it seems appropriate to choose another expression for formation intervals calculated ,on the basis of equation a. Thus, we shall introduce here the new term 'Te128−Xe129 formation interval.'


The problem of crime in American society touches the life of almost every citizen. Statistics reveal its dimensions. One violent crime (murder, forcible rape, robbery, or aggravated assault) occurs every twenty-seven seconds in the United States.' In 1979, there were 1,178,539 violent crimes reported to law enforcement agencies.^ In the same year, 18,254 violent crimes were reported to Indiana law enforcement agencies.^ The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration's National Crime Survey estimated that during 1978 the instances of personal victimizations from the crimes of rape, robbery, and assault totaled 5,941,000." . ,,


In this study, a novel magnetically heterogeneous catalyst based on the immobilization of boron sulfonic acid onto Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2–BSA) is reported. Fe3O4@SiO2–BSA was characterized via FT-IR, X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis. The performance ability of this catalyst including acid sites was evaluated for the synthesis of pyrano coumarins under solvent-free conditions with high yields. Thermal stability of the catalyst and its easy separation by a magnetic field make this catalyst a good heterogeneous system and a useful alternative to other heterogeneous catalysts.


Results of the research on Bosniac cultural heritage served as a starting point for registrating, collecting and processing data on authors and their work. This chapter surveys authors and their works starts with one of the prominent writers coming from the Oriental-Islamic component of the culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose writing in the field of logic (manuscripts) has been preserved; these works are of the Bosniac named Ḥasan Kāfī al-Āqḥiṣārī. One of the most prominent writers of Bosniac origin who wrote in Arabic was Muḥammad b. Mūsā Allāmak al-Bosnawī as-Sarayī. Muṣṭafā Ayyūbī-zāde al-Mōstārī was among the most prominent writers in Bosnia and Herzegovina who wrote in Arabic. Reference books and other sources contain very little data on Muḥammad b. Muṣṭafā al-Caynawī. The only still known work of his from the time he taught at the madrasa, is the one in logic, called Revelation of Secrets in Commenting on ?Isagogue?.Keywords: Ḥasan Kāfī al-Āqḥiṣārī; Arabic; Bosniac cultural heritage; field of logic; Herzegovina; Muḥammad b. Muṣṭafā al-Caynawī; Muḥammad ibn Mūsā; Muṣṭafā Ayyūbī-zāde al-Mōstārī; Oriental-Islamic component


This study was conducted to determine and outline the main theoretical characteristics of the concepts of «self-education», «self-educational activities of future foreign languages teacher», «adaptation», «professional adaptation of foreign languages teacher», «individualization of professional training of future foreign languages teacher» at institutions of higher education. The author defined self-educational activity as: internal, conscious, purposeful process of personal improvement and professional growth of future teachers-philologists in the field of foreign languages based on the processes of self-knowledge, self-education, self-control and self-realization in the process of professional training through the development of psychological-pedagogical qualities of the personality of a foreign language teacher. The self-educational activity of a foreign languages teacher in the experimental environment of an educational institution is considered productive. It is characterized by creative initiative, pedagogical search, development of pedagogical skills, motivation of self-education, interest in the results of their activities. It was noted by the author that the self-educational activity in the process of individualization of professional training of future foreign languages teacher is a process characterized by: multifunctionality and multi-activity of a university teacher who implements advanced pedagogical-methodological experience, forms own experience, creates new didactic sources of information (educational-methodical complexes, methodical manuals, monographs, electronic teaching aids); multi-vector training of future foreign languages teacher and creating a model of individualized learning trajectory (independent and self-developing activities - group work on a foreign language; writing abstracts, articles and participation in national and international conferences on foreign languages; academic mobility and grant activities; internships abroad).


The International Agency for Research on Cancer GLOBOCAN project has predicted that India's cancer burden will nearly double in the next 20 years, from slightly more than a million new cases in 2012 to more than 1·7 million by 2035. In India, chronic respiratory diseases have emerged as a leading health care burden with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) being the second leading cause of deaths and disability-adjusted life years. Patients with COPD are 6.35 times more likely to develop lung cancer. The deadly dual epidemic of "chronic respiratory diseases and cancer" warrants not only prevention but also creating an increased awareness among oncologists as well as pulmonologists to enable early diagnosis and treatment. It would be incorrect to assume that the scope of a pulmonologist in oncology is just diagnosing and treating lung cancer or prescribing chemotherapy for lung cancer. There is a larger world full of opportunities beyond that, and we look at the pulmonologist as a member of a multidisciplinary oncology team working together with the surgical, radiation, and medical oncologist and ancillary specialties to address all the issues highlighted earlier that are faced in oncology practice. The current exposure to pulmonary oncology and related complications during postgraduate training for respiratory medicine in India is limited. It is necessary not only to educate the pulmonologist on their role in an oncology setup but also to increase the awareness across all oncology specialties regarding the pulmonologist's contribution in management of the cancer patient. In this review, written based on our experience gained in our pulmonology service in our tertiary oncology center, we have tried to portray the wide role of the pulmonologist in oncology. We have realized that what is lacking is the basic awareness regarding the above potential, both among pulmonologists and oncologists. Our mission is to take this message across specialists in India, highlighting how we can work synergistically in the fight against cancer.


Rates of turnover, excretion, and oxidation of glucose have been measured in alloxan-diabetic rats and compared to values obtained in normal rats under similar conditions. Alloxan-diabetic rats showed almost normal rates of glucose uptake (turnover rate-excretion rate) but at levels of plasma glucose approximately 3.4 times normal. Under these conditions the ratio of oxidation rate to uptake rate of glucose in alloxan-diabetic rats was very close to that measured in normal animals, thus indicating that lowered availability of insulin does not modify the pattern of intracellular regulation of glucose oxidation which in the normal animal is a function of the rate of glucose uptake by the tissues.


Objective To discuss the effect of early rehabilitative treatment on functional restoration in patients after cerebral hemorrhage operation. Methods All 26 patients after cerebral hemorrhage systemically received rehabilitative treatment when post operation clinical symptom, nervous symptom keep steady for at least 24 hours. Results The post-rehabilitative evaluation of main functional station is significantly higher than that of pre-rehabilitation (P0.01). Conclusion Early rehabilitative treatment plays an active role in the function restoration of patients after cerebral hemorrhage operation.


Aim  The aims of this study were to estimate the frequency of hearing loss in children with cerebral palsy (CP), to examine factors associated with hearing loss, and to describe aspects of hearing in a population sample of children with CP and hearing loss.


Using measures of longitudinal learning that are widely available to institutional researchers, this study found several important biases associated with learning gains self-reported by university graduates.


The invention provides a method for comprehensively evaluating a running status of a power distribution network. The method comprises the following steps: evaluating multiple index systems selected from a preset index base; by adopting an analytic hierarchy process, assigning the selected index systems and indexes through expert review to obtain subjective weight values of all the index systems and all the indexes; then, based on collected data of all the indexes, acquiring objective weight values of all the indexes by adopting an entropy weight method and acquiring scores of all the indexes by adopting an averaging method; acquiring comprehensive weights of all the indexes by combining the subjective weight values and the objective weight values of all the indexes; acquiring comprehensive scores of all the index systems by combining the comprehensive weights and the scores of all the indexes; acquiring an evaluation result of the power distribution network further by combining the comprehensive scores and the subjective weight values of all the index systems. By implementing the method provided by the invention, by adopting a manner of combining a subjective weighting method and an objective weighting method, not only is the subjective experience of working personnel considered but also objective comparison between all the indexes is considered, so that the evaluation result is more scientific and reasonable, and has expandability.


As a software system evolves, the system's codebase constantly changes, making it difficult for developers to answer such questions as who is knowledgeable about particular parts of the code or who needs to know about changes made. In this article, we show that an externalized model of a developer's individual knowledge of code can make it easier for developers to answer such questions. We introduce a degree-of-knowledge model that computes automatically, for each source-code element in a codebase, a real value that represents a developer's knowledge of that element based on a developer's authorship and interaction data. We present evidence that shows that both authorship and interaction data of the code are important in characterizing a developer's knowledge of code. We report on the usage of our model in case studies on expert finding, knowledge transfer, and identifying changes of interest. We show that our model improves upon an existing expertise-finding approach and can accurately identify changes for which a developer should likely be aware. We discuss how our model may provide a starting point for knowledge transfer but that more refinement is needed. Finally, we discuss the robustness of the model across multiple development sites.


The e.s.r. behaviour of single crystals of calcium copper acetate hexahydrate and calcium cadmium acetate hexahydrate containing ca. 0·5% copper has been investigated at Q-band frequencies in the temperature range from room temperature to that of liquid nitrogen. At room temperature g∥= 2·365, g⊥= 2·064, A∥(63Cu)= 0·0143, and A⊥(63Cu)= 0·0015 cm.–1. At temperatures <140°K the e.s.r. measurements show that a small structural change occurs. The room-temperature e.s.r. data, coupled with published single-crystal polarised spectral measurements, are interpreted in terms of a simple crystal-field model. The nature of the bonding in the complex is also discussed.


Serum/Plasma MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Lung Cancer Hui ZHANG, Xiaofeng CHEN Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China Corresponding author: Xiaofeng CHEN, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (to Xiaofeng CHEN)(No.30872553) and Basic Research Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (to Xiaofeng CHEN)(No.10JC1419200).


The existence of polarised growth is an indication that growth centres do in fact exist. This paper describes a method to test for polarised growth within a multi-growth-centre environment. Application of the method in the United States shows that there are centres around which growth is polarised. However, this polarisation is not as straightforward as expected and it is shown that the type of polarisation can vary with time and with the size of centres to which growth is diffused. For example, in recent decades small centres were positively polarised around growth centres whereas large centres were negatively polarised. The latter result is an indication that the use of growth centres may not always be a good regional planning tool. By analysis of the polarisation of growth rates in a system of centres, information is also given on the mechanism of growth diffusion.


The article considers one of the controversial aspects of Russian mediation in the Georgian-Abkhazian armed conflict of 1992–1993, related to the stationing of Russian troops in the confrontation region. The author emphasizes that the presence of Russian troops on the territory of military operations made it possible for Georgia to consider Russia not only as intermediary, but also as a conflict participant, which the Georgian party sought to use to resolve the Abkhazian problem according to its own scenario. The Georgian leadership relied mainly on obtaining technical and military assistance from Moscow. The diplomatic aspect was no less significant for Tbilisi: it was necessary to neutralize Russia, whose leadership had a poor conception of the actual situation in the conflict area. The article presents the Moscow mediation mission analysis and evaluation, which were implemented by the author taking into account Russian priorities in the region and, first of all, the desire of the Russian Federation to maintain its influence on the Caucasian states. The author came to the conclusion that Russia played the role of an interested mediator in the conflict between Georgia and Abkhazia, whose efforts were aimed at preserving national positions in Transcaucasia


A lthough the hallways and class rooms of our public schools look the same as they did a generation ago, the current inhabitants of the schools are significantly different in ap pearance and in attitude. Amidst the generally cheerful and interested stu dents who greet today's teacher are more and more wan, bleary-eyed faces. These students, at least four or five in almost every high school class, often miss school, don't finish homework, and receive poor grades. Not only are they un committed to school work, but they participate in few school activities. Students Who Work Several factors contribute to this adoles cent apathy, the first being the enor mous increase in the number of adoles cents who have jobs. According to recent statistics, 42 percent of all high school sophomores are employed part time. The number of seniors who work has increased to three out of five, or 63 percent (Peng and others, 1981). Not only do more adolescents work, but they now work more hours. For example, 56 percent of male students with jobs worked more than 14 hours a week (Cole, 1980). Although the benefits of adolescent employment have been widely touted (adult responsibility and increased com munication skills, for example), the costs of working are less clearly explicat ed. Greenberger and Steinberg (1981), in their comprehensive study of youth employment, found that working leads to a decline in school performance and diminishes adolescent in volvement in school. They also found that working


Every business entity should be able to enhance their competitive strength through achieving the financial goals. Financial statement analysis should be adopted to appraise the financial performance of the concerned companies. Information and results obtained from financial analysis are important to all stakeholders. Interest of the different stakeholders is conflicting. Out of different stakeholders, managements of the companies worry about their financial performance. So, in this paper, an attempt to analyze the financial performance of Pokhara Finance Company and Annapurna Finance Company has been made. Journal of Nepalese Business Studies Vol.1(1) 2004 pp.101-106


This paper explores an outmoded facsimile printing technology employed in wire transfer facsimile machines in the mid-twentieth century. Major news agencies such as the Associated Press and United Press International provided wire-transfer facsimile services to share news images with their subscribers. Facsimile printing machines accelerated the transmission of images, subsequently printing them using a variety of techniques including traditional gelatin silver printing, and electrostatic and thermal processes. This paper describes a technique called electrolytic printing, which has been largely left out of the dominant literature on facsimile technology. Electrolytic printing was popular in news agency machines from the mid-1950s to approximately the mid1970s. Prints from this process have distinct features including a warm image tone, limited detail in the high-density areas, partially translucent paper supports, and the image is almost as clear on the verso as it is on the recto. The image materials are investigated, as well as preservation concerns. Introduction In 2006 the Tamiment Library & Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University (NYU) acquired the archive of the Communist Party of the USA (CPUSA). The collection contains the photograph morgue of the CPUSA's newspaper, the Daily Worker, which comprises 224 linear feet of press images made in various photographic processes. As part of the cataloging protocol NYU staff archivist Hillel Arnold and Conservation Librarian Laura McCann worked to identify the processes and news sources. They identified gelatin silver developed-out prints and chromogenic prints made by the Daily Worker's staff photographers, as well as electrostatic and thermal facsimile prints made on wire transfer facsimile printing machines from both the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI). One type of print found in the collection was distinctly different from all the others and Mr. Arnold and Ms. McCann identified the source as UPI's facsimile printer, the Unifax. Research into the Unifax revealed it was inaugurated February 27, 1954 (Editor & Publisher March 6, 1954, page 12). However, further investigation revealed that no literature exists to describe how the printer worked, or what composes the image material. Given the absence of information and concerns regarding the long-term stability of Unifax prints, the project was passed on to the author with the following goals: research the history and development of wire transfer facsimile printing and create a timeline for the development and use of the Unifax printer; determine the materials and methods of production of Unifax prints; and conduct preliminary research into the stability and preservation of Unifax prints. History of Wire Transfer Facsimile Printing and Unifax The invention of wire transfer facsimile printing is intertwined with technological developments of the Industrial Revolution, and it played a significant role in the globalization of information through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The timeline begins following Samuel Morse's 1837 invention of the telegraph, a method for coding and sending messages as electrical current. Shortly after a man named Alexander Bain invented the earliest concept of a facsimile printer, which he received a patent for in 1843 (Costigan 1978, 2). Bain developed the idea for this printer from his prior invention of a Wessling, ANAGPIC 2012, 2 synchronized clock system. He determined that if synchronization could be maintained between a master and a system of machines, then the same could apply for replicating text and images. For his facsimile printer Bain designed a metal stylus that simultaneously traced the original text (which needed to be in relief) and contacted a piece of paper saturated with water, sulfuric acid, and a saturated solution of yellow prussiate of potash (Costigan 1978, 3). The electrical reaction between the metal stylus and the wet components created the dark areas of the image. Bain's system was not economically viable for its time, but it did incite continued research including Giovanni Caselli's "pantelegraph", which received a patent in 1861. Caselli oversaw the construction of telegraph lines specifically for his instrument throughout France and Europe in the 1870s, which transmitted hand-written notes and simple line drawings (Huurdeman 2003, 49). Dr. Arthur Korn is another important inventor credited with setting up a dedicated transmission system between Berlin and London in 1910, and for sending the first transatlantic image via radio wave from Rome to Bar Harbor, Maine, in 1922 (Costigan 1978, 4). The transmission stirred American interest in this technology, leading three companies to establish their own dedicated systems: the American Telephone and Telegraph company (AT&T), the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), and Western Union. In 1934 the AP bought out AT&T's picture division, and then dramatically unveiled a nation-wide system at one o'clock in the morning on January 1, 1935 (20 Years with AP Wirephoto, 1). The AP's innovative network of telephone wires connected newspapers in twenty-one cities across the country to a central hub in New York. There, a machine would scan a photographic print and convert the density information to electrical signal. The signal would then travel over the telephone lines to distant cities where receiving machines would reconvert the signal into density information and transfer it to photographic negatives. This meant the receiving newspaper had to subsequently print the negative into a positive silver image, which had many drawbacks including limiting the speed at which a newspaper could turn around an image for printing. Nearing the middle of the twentieth century new non-silver printing technologies began to be introduced into facsimile printing systems. Interestingly, the AP and UPI almost simultaneously introduced similar non-silver systems in 1954. UPI received a trademark for the Unifax in June of 1954, and the AP received a trademark for their version, Photofax, the following August (United Press Associations Corporations, trademark 71668129; Associated Press Corporation, trademark 71671083). Curiously, no patents exist for the Unifax or Photofax machines. These two machines employed the same technology, which appears to have used materials similar to Alexander Bain's original concept (Diamond and Carr 1972, US patent #3,668,079). The technology is referred to as "electrolytic facsimile printing" and it relies on a chemical reaction facilitated by an electrical current in the presence of an electrolyte solution. Unlike the later techniques of electrostatic and thermal facsimile printing, electrolytic printing was entirely abandoned as a facsimile technique. Very little literature or research exists describing this process, despite its otherwise wide and popular use in the middle of the twentieth century. Wessling, ANAGPIC 2012, 3 Technical Description of the Process Unifax prints, and electrolytic facsimile prints in general, have many unusual characteristics. An image created by the Unifax machine is printed on a partially translucent paper support, and is monochromatic in a range of warm brown densities. The paper support retains good flexibility and feels satiny to the touch. There is no baryta or similar ground layer, nor is there evidence of a binder such as gelatin. The image is made up of many parallel lines, barely visible to the naked eye. Detail is often lost in the highdensity image areas, resulting in regions of flat, dark color. Perhaps one of the best identifying properties of electrolytic prints is that the image is almost as clear on the verso as it is on the recto. Frequently the edges of the prints are unevenly trimmed, although two opposite edges will always be machine-cut. This is a result of the paper being fed from a roll. Finally, there will always be a strip of printed text as part of the image identifying the subject and the news source. During cataloging of the Daily Worker collection archivists noticed the Unifax prints had a tendency to offset ghost images onto each other, and they appeared to have stained their original, poor-quality folders. These observations raised concerns regarding their preservation, which have yet to be resolved. The Unifax prints were rehoused at Tamiment Library in good-quality folders, separated from the other photographic materials as a precaution against further offsetting. After approximately two years the prints do not appear to have caused any changes to their new folders or to each other. While no patent is available for the Unifax printer specifically, many patents can be found for various electrolytic facsimile printers and printing papers. It seems likely that UPI and the AP were re-branding printers made by other companies and simply providing a non-stop stream of images. U.S. patent #3,668,079, filed by Arthur S. Diamond and David E. Carr in 1971, is the only patent to reference the Unifax printer (and the AP Photofax printer), and it has provided the basis for the following description of the printing process. Electrolytic facsimile printing works on the same principle as an electrolytic cell, whereby a flow of electrons is established from an exterior energy source between a metallic anode and cathode in the presence of an electrically conductive solution. The result of such a cell is the depletion of metal at the anode and plating out of metal at the cathode. In the electrolytic facsimile printing machine there is a cylinder with a metal wire wrapped around it (called a helix wire), which acts as a cathode and rotates during printing. Positioned below the cylinder is a stationary metal blade, commonly made from iron, steel, copper, or silver, which acts as an eroding anode. Paper is fed from a roll between these two parts and receives the facsimile image. A single rotation of the cylinder causes the h


Energy consumption is significant even when the base station is idle in traditional cognitive radio networks. Taking into account both the energy saving in the base station and the latency of the secondary user packets, we propose an energy saving strategy with N-policy sleep mode in this paper. From the perspective of an overlay structure, we establish a two-dimensional continuous-time Markov chain model to capture the stochastic behavior of the proposed strategy. The stable condition of the system is obtained accordingly. Using the method of matrix geometric solution method, we derive the performance measures, such as energy saving rate of system and average latency of secondary user packets. Moreover, we provide simulation statistics as well as analysis results to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy and the accuracy of the performance estimation. Finally, we present an artificial bee colony algorithm to optimize the sleep parameter in the proposed strategy.


ObjectivesPhantom limb perception is common following amputation, and is sometimes characterised by pain that resembles the characteristics, intensity or location of past pain. We tested Flor's model that phantom pain results from memory for long-lasting znoxious input. MethodsWe report a questionnaire study of 283 amputees, that explored the experience of painful, non-painful and postural somatosensory memories in the phantom. We explore the impact of pre-amputation pain and impairment duration, and complications in the limb (eg, infection, gangrene, surgery, and vascular disease). Differences in mood, coping and adjustment to amputation are also explored in those with somatosensory pain memories. ResultsOur findings support Flor's model, as amputation-related and non-amputation-related pain memories, and non-painful memories comprised pains or sensations that were either enduring/recurring pains or sensations (eg, ingrown toenail, corns, chilblains, arthritis-type pain in winter, night-cramps, or holding a tennis racquet), or resulted from a painful event with a "core-trauma" element (eg, fracture, crushing/penetration injury). Pain memories related to amputation were more common following functional impairment before amputation; infection or surgery prior to amputation; or having diabetic or vascular amputations—which are associated with multiple complications, including neuropathic changes, infection and prior surgery. Furthermore, participants with amputation-related pain memories exhibited higher sensory pain ratings, as well as poorer mood and adjustment to the limitations of amputation. DiscussionWe propose that somatosensory pain memories likely relate to the generation and maintenance of limb representations upon which intense or emotionally powerful past experiences have been imprinted.


: This paper presents an accurate and simple method to evaluate the performance of AD/DA converters affected by clock jitter, which is based on the analysis of the mean square error (MSE) between the reconstructed signal and the original one. Using an approximation of the linear minimum MSE (LMMSE) filter as reconstruction technique, we derive analytic expressions of the MSE. Through asymptotic analysis, we evaluate the performance of digital signal reconstruction as a function of the clock jitter, number of quantization bits, signal bandwidth and sampling rate.


ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to measure HMGB1, TNF-alpha, and IL-8 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), serum and TLR2 and TLR4mRNA expression in lung tissue of rabbits with two grades of acute lung injury (ALI). The animals were randomly assigned to groups with severe (S) and mild/moderate (MM) ALI, induced with warm saline, and a control group. HMGB1, TNF-alpha, IL-8, TLR2mRNA and TLR4mRNA were measured after ALI induction. The results showed increased levels of IL-8, TNF-alpha, HMGB1 and TLR4mRNA in the ALI groups. HMGB1, IL-8 and TNF-alpha concentrations in BAL were higher in S compared MM. Increased TLR4mRNA was observed in S and MM versus control. The results suggest an early participation of HMGB1 in ALI together with IL-8 and TNF-alpha and association with severity. TLR4 has early expression and role in ALI pathophysiology but is not associated with severity.


The spontaneous utterances of children with specific language impairment (SLI) were examined for their argument structure. The verbs used by the children were categorized into four types based upon the number and placement of their obligatory arguments. The categories consisted of unergative intransitives, unac-cusative intransitives, transitives, and ditransitives. The results of the study revealed that children with SLI omitted subject arguments more frequently than their younger MLU-matched peers. Such omissions were most likely in sentences with unaccusative intransitives. These findings raise the possibility that children with SLI have difficulty with the movement required to achieve the surface representation of unaccusative verb constructions.


Abstract Houghton, O'Connell & O'Flaherty (1998) produced the first set of Irish norms for the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). However, since this research was conducted in 1996, Ireland has undergone profound social, economic and political changes. This study sought to replicate elements of the original Irish normative study to determine if these norms were still valid. Additionally, this study sought to produce Irish norms for the CDI's five subscales (negative mood, interpersonal problems, ineffectiveness, anhedonia and negative self-esteem), an area of examination overlooked to date in Ireland. Results from a multistage, stratified random-sampling survey conducted in 2002, involving 2,297 post-primary school students from the mid-west region of Ireland, identified significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms among girls compared to results from 1996. As expected, depressive symptoms among girls were significantly higher than among boys. Similarly depressive symptoms among older adolescents...


in which it is written. The author appears to think in German ; his vocabulary is half way between German and English and sentence after sentence is unintelligible until it is translated back into German. For example, the phrase ' levelled out ' in English means 'excluded by a process of levelling ; ' but it is here used to mean ' retained and imitated in parallel forms by a process of levelling' (e.g. on p. 102). 'At the same time' is used on p. 110 as a subordinating Conjunction, a fact which probably few readers will'discover. 'As ' is used in § 7 instead of 'for example,' with the result that the sentence states precisely the opposite of the author's meaning. ' The whole formation originally started out' (p. 324); ' fell together in ' (passim), 'old-inherited'; ' acuted ' ; 'doubtlessly', and 'already' instead of ' even,'are similar Germanisms. The form ' athematic' has been generally discarded by English teachers in favour of ' non-thematic' ' Insomuch as ' (p. 301) is used instead of ' in so far as ' with havoc to the meaning. ' In this grammar uand iconsonant are written u and i when they form the second element of a tautosyllabic diphthong (as in <j>eyya> Xeiira) ; in all other positions they are written w or respectively f and j ' (p. 73). The last sentence is, of course, not what Prof. Wright means, since consonant i is nowhere written to; the explanation is simply that he uses the English word ' respectively ' as if it were equivalent to the German respektive, and has also been a little careless in omitting commas. An English student ignorant of German would never guess that all that was meant was ' w (or in the Greek alphabet f) and j . ' This list might be prolonged indefinitely ; but enough has been said to show the drawback to the usefulness of the book which it implies, and also apparently the unhappy isolation in which the subject is left in the University of Oxford. Until some account of Greek Phonology can be drawn up with the brilliant clarity and brevity of Niedermann's Handbook of Latin Phonetics the ordinary student will certainly find his best help to the historical study of Greek in Dr. Giles' Handbook already mentioned, or Mr. John Thompson's Greek Grammar. On the other hand, Professor Wright's book contains a much larger quantity of illustrative material which will be of very great use to students who have mastered the subject far enough to be independent of the language in which it is presented to them ; and for this reason it deserves and is sure to receive a grateful welcome from all English teachers of the subject.


This paper synthesizes the technical feasibility study carried out for a hybrid ocean energy converter. The solution envisaged involves a 100m large semi-submersible platform designed with five columns and equipped with floating pitching Wave Energy Converters (WECs). This floating structure is mounted with a 5MW wind turbine. The present study covers power performance estimations and structural analysis. The first section describes the "Wave to Wire" model programmed in both frequency and time domain. The mathematical and hydrodynamic assumptions are highlighted together with the numerical model. The second part starts with the assessment of the performances of this device, carried out on in-house simulation codes. Based on combined wave and wind resources, the annual average absorbed power figures are compared with published results for existing ocean energy converters. The total rated power of the combined system reaches 10MW. Eventually, the last section approaches practical topics, directly related to the capital and operational costs inherent to an industrial development phase. The total steel mass of the semi-submersible is estimated first, from structural calculations carried out for a selection of 3D static loads cases. Then, the extreme loads from the WECs are taken into account for a second design phase.


In recent years, the development of metal material structures has brought a new horizon on the development of Metal Dielectric or Plasmonic Photonic Crystals. They involve the use of metals with very small dimensions, often nanodimensions, where metals exhibit a very distinctive behavior as compared to their bulk counterpart. In this paper we study the physical and optical properties of the basic elements of those structures, in particular in thin films. We report results of chemical synthesis and optical behavior for several material samples: silver particles of 2–10 nm size obtained by reduction of Ag+, silica spheres SiO2 in the range of 200–400 nm size, silica spheres with silver nanoparticles SiO2‐Ag0, and TiO2 nanoparticles obtained by the sol‐gel method. In each case, the material morphology was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while their physical properties were studied by means of photoluminescence. Two different excitation wavelengths, 320 and 380 nm, were employed and the lu...


Heterosis breeding is a potential tool to achieve improvement in quantity, quality, and productivity of pumpkin. A line x tester mating design was used to study standard heterosis for earliness and yield characters in pumpkin. An investigation was carried out during 2009 to 2010 with twelve lines and three testers at Department of Vegetable Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to study the heterosis and combining ability for earliness and yield characters. Evaluation of parents based on per se and general combining ability (gca) effects revealed that the parents Kasi Harit, Vadhalagundu Local and CO 2 were identified as the best genotypes for improvement of earliness and yield characters. The hybrids viz., Kasi Harit × Avinashi Local and Vadhalagundu Local × CO 2 had registered favourable values of mean, significant sca and standard heterosis for earliness and yield characters. Considering the per se performance, specific combining ability (sca) and the standard heterosis, the aforementioned hybrids had registered favourable values for the most important characters like earliness, number of fruits and yield of fruits. Further, these top performing F1 hybrids can be tested in different seasons over different locations for assessing their stability for high yield.

 Key words: Pumpkin, Per se performance, general combining ability (gca), specific combining ability (sca) standard heterosis.


Zn–Ni alloys were electrodeposited on a Cu electrode at 10–500 A·m −2 and 5 × 10 4 C·m −2 in an unagitated zincate solution at 293, 313, and 333 K. The effect of solution temperature on the electrodeposition behavior of Zn–Ni alloys from alkaline zincate solutions was investigated. The transition current density at which the deposition behavior shifted from a normal to an anomalous co-deposition was almost identical at 293 and 313 K but increased at 333 K, due to enhanced H 2 evolution and Ni deposition at 333 K. The current efficiency for alloy deposition increased with solution temperature in both the normal (10–50 A·m −2 ) and anomalous (500 A·m −2 ) co-deposition regions. In the normal co-deposition region, Ni deposition and H 2 evolution mainly occurred, and the current efficiency increased with solution temperature due to the stronger promotional effect of increase in solution temperature on Ni deposition. In the anomalous co-deposition region at 500 A·m −2 , Zn deposition and H 2 evolution mainly occurred, and Zn deposition appeared to proceed based on a mixed rate-determining process comprising the charge transfer and diffusion of Zn ions. The current efficiency increased with solution temperature due to the accel-eration of the Zn ions diffusion. The Ni content in the deposited films increased with the solution temperature at all the current densities, since Ni deposition was accelerated to a greater degree than Zn deposition by increasing the solution temperature in the region where the charge transfer process was rate-limiting. The γ -phase of the deposited films also increased with increasing solution temperature.


The RF system for the STA (Science and Technology Agency of Japan) 8-GeV storage ring consists of four 1-Mw klystrons and 508-MHz cavities, which are located in four 6.5-m straight sections with low betatron functions. The accelerating voltage amounts to 12 MV to compensate for the energy loss due to synchrotron radiation in bending magnets (8.3 MeV) and in insertion devices (3.2 MeV) and parasitic energy loss (0.5 MeV). An overvoltage ratio of 1.33 gives a sufficient quantum lifetime. Since 32 single-cell cavities or 14 three-cell cavities are used in this RF system, a single-cell cavity and a three-cell cavity, in which each cell is coupled with off-axis slots, were studied. The RF characteristics were calculated with the computer codes developed in RIKEN and were measured by using model cavities. Methods to overcome the coupled-bunch instabilities are taken for a beam current of 100 mA.<<ETX>>


Lauren Roberts Student, Faculty of Education Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Contact References The term "environmental health ethics" as a whole did not appear in the EcoSchools curriculum documents. However, the following terms linked to EHE were present: "ethics," "environmental health," "healthy environment," "health of the environment," "health of the soil," "health of all living things" and "healthy functioning of the Earth's living systems". Their frequencies are examined below (Figure 1). Introduction


This paper proposes a novel two-factor attention based encoder-decoder model (TwoFactorEncoderDecoder) for multivariate weather prediction. The proposed model learns attention weights from two factors, namely, temporal information and prior knowledge inferred information. Here, temporal information contains change patterns hidden in observed time series data, while prior knowledge inferred information gives various types of meteorological observations in weather forecasting. Attention weights of the two factors are used to select the intermediate outputs of the encoder, and then combine the selected result with information inferred by prior knowledge for weather forecasting by a more effective way. In addition, this paper proposes a loss function for multivariate prediction. Compared with Mean Square Error (MSE) loss function, the proposed loss function can fit small variances more accurately in performing multivariate prediction. Compared with the attention model that only uses temporal information or the prior knowledge inferred information, the proposed TwoFactorEncoderDecoder model has encouraging improvements in prediction accuracy on the public weather forecasting dataset, namely, the MAPE of t2m is increased by 5.42%, the MAPE of rh2m is increased by 2.92%, and the MAPE of w2m is increased by 1.67%, which shows the effect of the two-factor attention mechanism. Source code for the complete system will be available at https://github.com/YuanMLer/TFAEncoderDecoder.


The nature of the eigenvalues characterising the electromagnetic wave propagation in a homogeneous isotropic double-layer dielectric structure of infinite extent on a perfectly conducting ground plane is discussed.


This article reports selected findings of a life history study, which utilised both focus group and individual interviews to explore the retirement experience of eight older rural men. Analysis from an occupational perspective pointed to occupational adaptation as a theoretical framework through which to understand their experiences, providing a basis for conceptualizing the naturalistic strategies utilized by the men who participated in the study as they moved into retirement within the very particular physical and sociocultural context of rural Australia. Based on selected findings, the authors suggest that occupational adaptation may be a particularly salient framework through which to understand how well populations cope with the challenges associated with occupational transitions across the lifespan.


Objective: To compare medical radiologists' subjective qualitative commentary on cervical spine alignment to the images' actual quantitative and objective mensuration. Methods: One-hundred-and-eight consecutive lateral cervical x-ray radiology reports were reviewed for commentary about cervical alignment. The radiographs were digitized and quantified into theoretical categories and compared to the commentary. Results: Of the 100 images included for evaluation, 55 images had comments pertaining to 'normal,' 20 had 'no comment,' and 25 reports mentioned some sort of 'abnormal' alignment. Excessively hypolordotic/kyphotic necks were typically labeled as normal. Forward head posture and intersegmental kyphosis were frequently found in this patient sample but were never mentioned in a report even when in the severe range. Conclusion: Medical radiologists in this study made generalized, non-specific comments regarding cervical lordosis, if mentioned at all. This suggests that they may not perceive the importance of cervical spine alignment as being involved in a patient's complaint even when evidence suggests that cervical spine sagittal alignment is implicated in neck and headache symptomatology, physiological function, neurophysiological outcomes, and degenerative changes. This situation may fuel existing barriers between differing healthcare professionals as to how much emphasis should be placed on spinal alignment in the etiology of a patient's cranio-cervical complaints. (J Contemporary Chiropr 2021;4:17-25) Key Indexing Terms: Cervical Lordosis; Cervical Kyphosis; Radiology; Forward Head Posture; Subluxation


PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to identify the prevalence of postprandial hypotension (PPH) and risk factors for PPH in Korean elderly people.

METHODS
A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with community dwelling and nursing home residents. The blood pressure of 162 adults aged 65 yr or older was measured before meal as a baseline and then at 15 min intervals from immediately after the meal through 90 min after the meal. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression with the SPSS WIN 14.0 program were used to analyze the data.

RESULTS
The prevalence of PPH was 29% and the PPH occurred immediately after the meal continuously through 90 min after the meal. The biggest drop in systolic blood pressure occurred at 45 min after the meal. Risk factors for PPH were age, base line systolic blood pressure, and presence of cardiovascular disease.

CONCLUSION
To prevent side effects of PPH such as falls and syncope, nurses should provide careful management of PPH and prohibit activities until at least 90 min after a meal. We also recommend that risk of PPH should be included in fall prevention guidelines for elderly people.


President Bush had established a tax reform commission that was exploring various alternatives to the tax system. Many of the reform options under consideration would provide greater tax preferences for general savings such as consumption-style taxes or more targeted approaches such as those that eliminate the tax on capital gains and dividend income. Consumption taxes, in general, tax amounts consumed and, thus, do not tax amounts that are saved. Similarly, eliminating the tax on capital gains and dividends would provide a specific tax incentive for saving through investment in capital assets. These reform proposals may increase aggregate savings by taxpayers. However, this increase in aggregate saving may come at the expense of retirement saving and may not provide uniform saving across all income classes. Evidence with lump-sum distributions from existing qualified retirement plans shows that employees, particularly lower income employees, who have access to their savings before retirement tend to spend these funds, rather than saving them for their retirement years. Thus, an overall increase in saving will not necessarily translate into an increase in saving for lower income individuals or to an increase in retirement savings.Employer-sponsored qualified retirement plans generally offer all eligible workers the opportunity to save for retirement. If qualified retirement plans were no longer offered by their employers, many low-income individuals would not possess adequate resources or motivation to save on their own for retirement. Reform and targeted relief proposals that have been proposed will do little to alter the fact that individual savings tends to be very low among lower income individuals. Therefore, although tax reform potentially will increase overall saving, it is likely to come at the cost of retirement savings by lower-income individuals. As a result, providing favorable tax treatment for individual savings may erode retirement savings, leading to greater wealth disparities among retirees and threatening the financial security of a significant number of people.


The path planning is an important issue as it allows a robot to get from a point to another. Such a path between two points has to be optimized based on user defined requirements and environmental conditions. Most of the existing solutions to path planning problem assume robots to be holonomic. However, ordinary mobile robots are kinematically constrained in practice. A novel solution has been proposed for the path planning problem based on existing ant colony optimization methods which can be realized with practical mobile robots with the aforementioned constraints. Simulation results show the applicability of the proposed path planner to the nonholonomic mobile robots. Performance of the proposed algorithm has been compared with its preceding version. The performance of the proposed path planner may be further improved by fine-tuning its parameters.


Abstract L-Proline has been used as an organocatalyst for an efficient synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes by treatment of aldehydes (aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic) with 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione. Three new compounds have been prepared. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Leverage Puppet roles and profiles, and discover how to target specific Docker configurations on hundreds or even thousands of systems using simple hostname patterns.


A simplified method has been proposed for finding Two-dimensional Convolute Integers, including central and none-central point evaluation and Multi-convolution integers. The study shows that 2D-convolute integers can be obtained by ID-convolute integers through orthogonal combination. The results are equal to the corresponding reports, but the calculation is much simple.