A brief overview and comparison is given of dose rates arising from natural background radiation and the fallout from atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. Although there are considerable spatial variations in exposure to natural background radiation, it is useful to give estimates of worldwide average overall exposures from the various components of that background. Cosmic-ray secondaries of low linear energy transfer (LET), mainly muons and photons, deliver about 280 µSv a−1. Cosmic-ray neutrons deliver about another 100 µSv a−1. These low- and high-LET exposures are relatively uniform to the whole body. The effective dose rate from cosmogenic radionuclides is dominated by the contribution of 12 µSv a−1 from 14 C. This is due to relatively uniform irradiation of all organs and tissues from low-energy β particles. Primordial radionuclides and their progeny (principally the 238 U and 232 Th series, and 40 K) contribute about 480 µSv a−1 of effective dose by external irradiation. This is relatively uniform photon irradiation of the whole body. Internally incorporated 40 K contributes a further 165 µSv a−1 of effective dose in adults, mainly from β particles, but with a significant γ component. Equivalent doses from 40 K are somewhat higher in muscle than other soft tissues, but the distinction is less than a factor of three. Uranium and thorium series radionuclides give rise to an average effective dose rate of around 120 µSv a−1. This includes a major α particle component, and exposures of radiosensitive tissues in lung, liver, kidney and the skeleton are recognised as important contributors to effective dose. Overall, these various sources give a worldwide average effective dose rate of about 1160 µSv a−1. Exposure to 222 Rn, 220 Rn and their short-lived progeny has to be considered separately. This is very variable both within and between countries. For 222 Rn and its progeny, a worldwide average effective dose rate is about 1105 µSv a−1. For 220 Rn and its progeny, the corresponding value is 91 µSv a−1. In both cases, the effective dose is mainly due to α particle irradiation of the bronchial tissues of the lungs. Overall, the worldwide average effective dose rate from natural background is about 2400 µSv a−1 or 2.4 mSv a−1. For comparison, worldwide average effective dose rates from weapons fallout peaked at 113 µSv a−1 (about 5% of natural background) in 1963 and have since fallen to about 5.5 µSv a−1 (about 0.2% of natural background). These values perhaps serve to emphasise that even gross insults to the natural environment from anthropogenic releases of radioactive materials are likely to be of limited significance when set in the context of the ambient radioactive environment within which all organisms, including humans, have developed.


Novel architecture for next-generation passive optical network (PON) has been proposed and simulated. The proposed architecture is based on wavelength division multiplexing PON in which orthogonal frequency division multiplexing downstream and On-Off Keying upstream modulation are used in each channel. The key new feature of the proposed approach is source-free single-wavelength upstream transmission. Simulation results verify that both 40Gbit/s downstream and 10Gbit/s upstream data transmission are achieved simultaneously.


Abstract : Humic substances are a class of yellow to black colored organic molecules that are recalcitrant and ubiquitous in the environment. Previous research has shown that humic substances can act as electron acceptors in the anoxic oxidation of acetate by Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms. The reduced humic substances were then able to transfer the excess electrons to Fe(III) abiotically. Our hypothesis was that quinone moieties within the humic substances are the primary reducible group. Using electron spin resonance, the organic radical concentration of the humic substances has been shown to increase up to six-fold after incubation with Geobacter Metallireducens. A direct positive correlation exists between the change in organic radicals and the molar concentration of Fe(III) reduced abiotically by the reduced humic substances from many environments. These findings support the hypothesis that quinone moieties are the electron accepting groups within the humic substances. These findings are very important in understanding the reduction of Fe(III) and other metals in anoxic environments, as well as the oxidation of organic contaminants in polluted environments such as marine sediments.


On the basis of reviewing the system of executive compensation in the listed corporations,we examine the management compensation level in past few years and its possible trends.After that,we make a comparison between the compensation levels among companies with different types of stockholdings and the trends of change.Then,we provide analysis into the types of cash compensation in listed corporation and their characteristics.We find that the performance-related compensation type is increasingly used in the listed corporations,and its level is also higher than that of nonperformance-related compensation type.Lastly,we review the criteria determining the level of management compensation,and it is our finding that the main criterion referred to is the compensation level and performances of the peers in the same industry or areas.


Marine pollution due to spilled oil has become a major issue in the aquatic environment protection over the past decades. Externally, the spilled oil can penetrate animal feathers and fur resulting in decreasing the movement ability and the control ability of the body temperature of animals. When ingested, the spilled oil can also seriously affect the balance of the metabolism, the water retention. As a result, many kinds of animals were found to be killed by oil spills. Finding the effective methods for oil spill treatment is extremely urgent aiming to respond to incidents related to oil spill-recovery strategy. Among as-used methods including physical-, chemical-, biological-, thermal- and mechanical techniques, mechanical equipment showed the highest efficiency and rate of oil spill recovery. In this work, a type of mechanical equipment such as oleophilic skimmers was reviewed on the basis of the published study. The classification and the issues regarding technical parameters were introduced. Finally, impact factors such as weather conditions were mentioned.


The treatment of this subject is best developed by one who has been on both sides and in the middle. The problem (briefly stated) is the general feeling that the two disciplines are not mutually appreciative of each other and are, therefore, less effective as an exploration team than would otherwise be the case. One must understand that, as long as exploration continues to change, to foster the introduction of new methods, and to use men trained in a wide variety of specialties, complete mutual appreciation should not be expected. Complete appreciation will be possible only when the exploration industry is stagnant. It is management's business to optimize the situation by vigorous use and continuous training of earth scientists, and it is everybody's business to avoid unreasonable attitudes and statements. End_of_Article - Last_Page 482------------


LYMPHOCYTE transformation by antigens in vitro is now well documented (Cowling et al., 1963 ; Elves et al., 1963). Lymphocytes from subjects immune to smallpox cultured in the presence of smallpox vaccine show a rate of transformation into lymphoblastoid cells of up to 30% (Elves et al., 1963 ; Matsaniotis and Tsenghi, 1964). However, there is no indication in the literature of the rate of development of this type of reaction following smallpox vaccination. We have recently had the opportunity of studying the behaviour of lymphocyte cultures from a woman in whom a successful primary smallpox vaccination was carried out. The cultures were set up before vaccination and at weekly intervals thereafter. This paper documents the development of antigen induced lymphocyte transformation in vitro and compares this with the recorded rate of appearance of serum antibodies to vaccinia virus.


Purpose
The current study aims to advance the research on the extra-industry network, innovativeness and performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) by examining the mediation role of proactiveness. The study also aims to examine the mediating role innovativeness between extra-industry network and performance.

Design/methodology/approach
This study used the proportionate stratified random sampling method to select the study sample and the questionnaire survey approach to 580 SMEs. A total of 150 completed questionnaires were returned. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was administered to analyze data via Smart PLS 3.0 software.

Findings
The results reflect that proactiveness is mediated by the relationship between the extra-industry network and the performance of Iranian SMEs. In addition, the results illustrated that proactiveness is mediated by the relationship between innovativeness and the performance. The findings also address the limitation of previous studies on Iranian SMEs through the independent examination of the mediating role of innovativeness between firm extra-industry network and performance.

Originality/value
This article is one of few attempts that have addressed the significance of proactiveness as the key mechanism to transform the advantages of extra-industry network and innovativeness relationships to enhance performance.


Objective:To analyze the related factors and clinical features of causing cystospasm and search for the related nursing measures.Method:168 patients from Jun.2006 to Dec.2008 who suffered from benign hyperplasia of prostate gland were selected to accept TURP.There were 26 patients suffering from cystospasm after the operation.Analyzing the causes of cystospasm and the effect after taking related nursing measures.Result:Psychical factor,urinary system infection,operative wound,duct incentive and flush fluid incentive may result in cystospsam.Conclusion:The base of nursing measures lies in evaluating the related factors of causing cystospasm and taking related nursing measures to control illness in embryonic state,relieving the patients pain and improving nursing ability of professional nurses.


The purpose of this research was to explore the impact of high-stakes testing on the learning environment in public schools, focusing on perceptions by teachers, administrative personnel and school social workers. This research was based on the literature that documented how the learning environment in public schools has been affected by high-stakes testing implemented as a result of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). While increases in testing has affected all students, the literature shows that it has marginalized sub-groups of atrisk students, including students with disabilities and students of color. The methodology for this research used a qualitative design that focused on obtaining research perspectives from teachers and other school professionals. Following the methodology, the results of the findings was presented through several different themes: English Language Learners are overly tested, teachers are unable to form healthy relationships with their students, and the loss of subjects and the narrowing the curriculum. This research is important because it provides an important foundation for school social workers and other school personnel given very recent changes in federal legislation designed to improve the learning environment while continuing to hold schools accountable. 3 THE IMPACT OF HIGH-STAKE TESTING


The invention discloses a bimetal composite pipe semi-finished product and a machining method thereof. The bimetal composite pipe semi-finished product comprises an outer metal pipe and an inner metal pipe. The outer metal pipe and the inner metal pipe are respectively provided with a first end opening and a second end opening. The inner metal pipe is arranged in the outer metal pipe in a sleeved mode. A clearance area is arranged between the inner wall of the outer metal pipe and the outer wall of the inner metal pipe. A vent hole is formed in the outer metal pipe, a first sealing device and a second sealing device are arranged at the two end openings of the bimetal pipe respectively, a first plug is arranged at the first end opening of the inner metal pipe, a guide pipe is arranged in the first plug, an inner cavity of the inner metal pipe is communicated with the outside through the guide pipe, a second plug is arranged at the second end opening of the inner metal pipe, a hydraulic sensor and a vent pipe are arranged in the second plug, the hydraulic sensor penetrates through the second plug and extends into the cavity of the inner metal pipe, and the inner cavity of the inner metal pipe is communicated with the outside through the vent pipe. According to the bimetal composite pipe semi-finished product and the machining method thereof, sticking force magnitude between composite pipe layers can be controlled, and bimetal composite pipes meeting the standard requirement can be manufactured.


A mercury‐cell chlor‐alkali plant, operating for 40 years at Airoli (eastern bank of Thane Creek), India, has caused widespread contamination of the surrounding environment. Untreated wastewater from the plant was discharged to Thane Creek for several years. Thane Creek joins the Ulhas Estuary by a narrow arm and opens to the Arabian Sea through Mumbai Harbour. The Ulhas Estuary is impacted by mercury (Hg) released from several industries including two chlor‐alkali industries. In order to understand the historical record of anthropogenic Hg and its association to Al, Fe and total organic carbon (TOC), estimation of Hg, Al, Fe and TOC was made in surface sediments and cores from Thane Creek–Mumbai Harbour and the adjacent coastal area. Though 70% of the chlor‐alkali plant has been changed to membrane cell technology, surficial sediment in the vicinity of effluent release contains a high concentration (up to 1.19 µg g−1 dry wt) of Hg compared with its background value (0.10 µg g−1 dry wt). The contaminated creek sediments are prone to current‐driven resuspension and are acting as a strong source of Hg to the sediment of the coastal region. Several rocks and sediments from the catchment area were analysed to find out the natural background level of Hg. A high suspended load transported from the catchment region provides natural dilution to the Hg‐contaminated sediment of the Bay. Lithogenic and anthropogenic Hg buried in marine sediments is quantified based on normalization with Al, Fe and TOC, and inter‐comparisons of the results indicate comparable values obtained by using Al and Fe, while discernible deviations are found when normalization is carried out using TOC. The Hg profile in the core, from the effluent release site for which sedimentation rate has been established, is discussed in terms of the progressive removal of Hg from the effluent after the mid‐1970s and partial changeover of the manufacturing process from Hg cell to membrane cell production subsequent to 1992. Based on the reported sedimentation rate in the locality, a maximum concentration (49.19 µg g−1 dry wt) of Hg corresponds to the year 1967, when the chlor‐alkali plant started discharging its untreated effluent to the creek. Results indicate that more than 80% of Hg settles in the vicinity of its discharge and, once deposited in the sediment, it is not affected to any substantial degree by diagenesis.


In the article, on the basis of observational data the problems of the specific frequency of globular clusters are studied. Possible relationships between them and the absolute stellar magnitude of their host galaxy are considered, where the observational data published in the literature were presented. It should be noted that before us the relationship between the specific frequency and the absolute magnitude is shown as exponential functions. An empirical relationship between the specific frequency and the absolute value of the host galaxy were obtained and showed that the dependence of the specific frequency on the absolute magnitude is not linear, but has a quadratic function. It is also shown that the specific frequency determines the number of globular clusters in a given galaxy relative to our Galaxy. Also in the article, based on the results of studies of the specific frequency, some discussions are presented related to the origin and evolution of globular clusters. The results obtained show that the ratios of the specific frequency to the luminosity of the host galaxy are different. Variations in the specific frequency of elliptical galaxies are associated with variations in the mass-to-luminous flux ratio. This may be due to the fact that the number of globular clusters in spiral galaxies per unit of luminosity of the halo and not of the entire galaxy. Analysis of the observational data shows that the values of the specific frequency of spiral galaxies are 5–6 times less than that of giant elliptical ones. As a result of the results of studies of the specific frequency of the globular clusters, unsolved problems are listed and possible solutions are shown. It is noted that the problem posed will be solved even more accurately if it is considered by the types of galaxies.


The safety standard for suspended access equipments(SAE) is developed. During the development of the safety standard, consideration was given to a close examination of the standards existing in other industrialized regions and nations such as the Eu.opean Union(EU), the United States, and Japan, as well as the existing domestic safety regulation. Also, a consideration was given to the appraising of the technical level and market conditions of the domestic industry. After careful examination of the current safety practices and issues, it was decided that the standard under development should closely follow those of the EU safety standard. The EU standard provides a detailed account of the calculation methods, safety and stability factors, testing apparatus and procedure, all under unified framework. A number of specific safety requirements have been modified in an effect to properly reflect the difficulties faced by the domestic industry. It is hoped that the safety standard developed here can serve as a valuable tool for policy decisions regarding worker safety.


The effect of calcium ions on the uptake of cadmium by the freshwater mussel Ellptio complanata was studied in controlled laboratory experiments. Radioactive 45Ca and 109Cd were used as tracers. The experiments were designed to minimize geochemical differences between treatments so that the physiological interactions of the two ions could be studied. Uptake of Cd was correlated with concentration of Cd in the experimental tanks. However, the concentrations of Ca also had a strong impact on uptake rates. When uptake of Cd was expressed as a function of the molar ratio of Cd to Ca, greater than 96% of the variation could be explained.


Abstract : The Department of Defense (DoD) has relied extensively on contractors to undertake major reconstruction projects and provide support to its deployed forces, but these efforts have not always achieved desired outcomes. Further, the Iraqi government must be able to reduce violence, sustain reconstruction progress, improve basic services, and make a positive difference in the daily lives of the Iraqi people. This statement discusses the following: (1) factors affecting DoD's ability to promote successful acquisition outcomes on its contracts for reconstruction and for support to deployed forces in Iraq, (2) the deteriorating security situation and the capabilities of the Iraqi security forces, and (3) issues affecting the Iraqi government's ability to support and sustain future reconstruction progress. The testimony is based upon GAO's work on Iraq reconstruction and stabilization efforts, DoD contracting activities, and DoD's use of support contractors spanning several years. This work was conducted in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. GAO is making no new recommendations in this testimony. GAO has previously made numerous recommendations to improve DoD's management and use of contracts. DOD has generally agreed with these recommendations and has taken some actions to implement them.


This study is a follow-up study to a previous publication titled Why Campaigns for Local Transportation Funding Initiatives Succeed or Fail: An Analysis of Four Communities and National Data. This study uses the same case study methodology and expands its coverage to eleven communities from the past four years. The study concludes that voting behavior on ballot measures that involve funding for a transportation package with a substantial rail component are influenced by three elements: 1) the nature of the transportation package, 2) the process used to determine it, and 3) communications campaigns used by both proponents and opponents.


Gel‐polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are expected to play an important role in the next‐generation quasi‐solid‐state lithium batteries (SSLBs), but they suffer from severe thermal and mechanical instability. Herein, a viscoelastic nanofibrous GPE film with high thermomechanical stability for constructing stable quasi‐SSLBs is reported. The GPE is fabricated by in situ polymerization of methyl acrylate in a blockcopolymer (PVDF‐b‐PTFE) nanofiber film followed by being immersed into the commercial liquid electrolytes and then dried. The tough blockcopolymer film shows high polarity that not only enhances the thermomechanical stability, but also promotes the dissociation of Li salts to release more free ions, thereby improving the ionic conductivity of GPE. As a result, the GPE shows high heat resistant to 150 °C, a wide electrochemical window of 5.1 V, and a high Li+‐ion transference number of 0.56. When matching high loading cathodes of LiFePO4 (13.36 mg cm−2) or NCM523 (12.25 mg cm−2), both kinds of batteries present high cycling stability and rate capability at 25 °C. More practically, the GPE can be used to construct soft pack batteries with high capacities, showing appealing application prospects.


Detection and identification of hard targets inside vegetation canopies are among the challenging problems in remote sensing. The two challenging problems are (1) computation of the field propagation through and scattering from foliage; (2) characterization of the scattering from the target illuminated by the attenuated incident field and scattered field from foliage. An accurate hybrid method is proposed to characterize the effects of scatterings from forest components and their near field interactions with the hard target. Electromagnetic (EM) scattering from vegetation canopies can be simplified in terms of problems of scattering from individual dielectric cylinders and thin dielectric disks, modeling branches and leaves, arranged in a semi-deterministic fashion. The coherent summation of all the scattering contributions is considered in order to accurately compute the total field at a given point with in the forest canopy. The total field is composed of the mean field and scattered field and the mean field is derived, using Foldy's approximation. The total field is used as the excitation to illuminate the hard target which may have complex geometry and material properties. In order to have some level of accuracy and computational efficiency, physical optics (PO) approximation, is proposed as a solution for the problem of scattering from electrically large objects. It is shown that reciprocity theorem can be effectively applied to derive the back scattered field from the induced PO currents on the target. By this, the interactions of target and foliage on both illumination and scattering are taken in to account. The challenging step in this process is to determine lit and shadowed points on the target, considering the very complex geometry of the target and very large number of the scatterers around the target, which act as a source of illumination for the target. A powerful technique is proposed to accurately and effectively calculate the induced current on the target including the effects of shadowing. This model has been applied to a simple geometry' of PEC box and the reciprocity theorem is used to estimate the back scattered field from the object.


A system LSI is a large-scale circuit comprising a logic core, memory core, analog core, and the like, which means that ensuring sufficient test quality in LSI function tests is a difficult challenge. At Oki, we have adopted Design-for-testability with the object of increasing test quality whilst reducing the test design TAT (Turn Around Time). Recent progress in miniaturization, on the other hand, has led to sharp increases in the number of embedded cores and the size of LSI circuitry, and this has in turn given rise to longer test times. We have developed and implemented design automation tools to support our Design-for-testability and achieve more than 50% reductions in test times for system LSIs. These tools not only cut test time, but also comprise functions for suppressing increases in chip area and power consumption, and speed reductions, all of which form barriers to design-fortestability. They also have functions for optimizing the number of test pins. This essay reports on out Designfor-testability for reducing test times, the design automation tools and design flow we have developed and implemented to put these procedures into effect, and the corresponding reductions we have achieved in test time.


A relation is discussed from which a Gruneisen parameter γG can be calculated if the thermal conductivity κ with respect to pressure p and the bulk modulus B are known. The relation, γG(κ) = B (∂ lnκ / ∂p)T − 13, is analogous to the widely known expression, γG(s) = B∂(∂ lns / ∂p)T + 13, which is used to obtain a Gruneisen parameter from measurements of sonic speed s vs p. The first relation can be derived from the second if the Debye equation κ = ρsΛCi / 3 properly relates κ to s, the density ρ, the phonon mean free path Λ, and the heat capacity Cυ. Further assumptions, Λ∝ρ−1/3 and Cυ is constant, are also used. In an alternative derivation, the same form for γG(κ) follows from the assumption that thermal conduction corresponds to the leakage of a fraction of the energy during each vibration, from each localized vibrational mode, i.e., κ = Jν where ν is the frequency and J is a coupling parameter. Estimates of γG(κ) based on data for several polymers, minerals, and inorganic glasses indicate that it is si...


Preparing data for speech processing applications is in general a task which requires expert knowledge and takes up a large amount of time. Therefore, being able to automate as much as possible this process can have a significant impact on the expansion of the number of languages for which spoken interaction with the machines is available. In this paper we build upon a previously developed tool, ALISA, which was developed to align speech with imperfect transcripts using only 10 minutes of manually labelled data, in any alphabetic language. Although its error rate is around 0.6% at word-level, we noticed that the sentence-level accuracy is drastically affected by a large number of sentence-initial word deletions. To overcome this problem, we propose two methods: one based on utterance concatenation, and one based on voice activity detection (VAD). The results show that these simple methods can achieve around 10% relative improvement over the baseline results.


Summary When seedlings and young plants of these ryegrass varieties are glasshouse-grown in pots with adequate nutrient and light, Tama maintains a 14–16% higher mean relative growth rate (shoot) than Ruanui. A number of developmental, physiological, and biochemical assessments have been made in an attempt to explain some of the reasons for this difference in growth rate. Some discussion on the usefulness of these assessments is given. Tama seeds are twice the weight and contain roughly 1 mg more mobilisable reserves than those of Ruanui and this presumably enables more rapid expression of the embryo's growth potential during early stages of seedling growth. The two varieties differ markedly in their proportions of leaf to root and consequently in the retention of photo-assimilated carbon in their leaves. Extrapolation from dry matter percentages of plants of 1 g dry weight showed that Tama used 54% of photo-assimilated (nonrespired) carbon in the construction of photosynthetic tissue, while Ruanui used o...


Depictions of Arabs and Islam in the Turkish historiography of the 1930s clearly indicate the secular and nationalist character of the new Turkish republic. However, if one looks at the official publications from the 1930s and 1940s, not only the textbooks, the image of Arabs and Islam does not appear simple and coherent. This article reviews the image of Arabs and Islam in Kemalist Turkish historiography and demonstrates the diverse and sometimes conflicting depictions with reference to the various official texts.


Light pollution is a widespread phenomenon with major consequences on nocturnal organisms from individual to community. However, its effects on diurnal organisms are still scarcely studied. We exposed diurnal parasitoid wasps (Venturia canescens) to low (0.7 lux) or high (20 lux) artificial light for two to eight consecutive nights, and quantified its consequences on their physiology and daytime behaviour compared to a control group (0 lux). We next considered potential trans‐generational effects on offspring whose mothers were exposed to light pollution. While in the dark night the wasps showed no activity, exposure to artificial light triggered nocturnal activity and altered diurnal behaviours related to foraging. Wasps exposed to light at night had a greater propensity to choose hosts rather than food compared to controls. They also spent more time feeding when exposed to 0.7 lux of light at night. However, these behavioural modifications were not related to changes in individual energy reserves. Light pollution effects persisted at trans‐generational level: offspring development time and latency before feeding increased when mothers were exposed to 0.7 lux light at night. Even at low intensity, light pollution alters foraging behaviour of a diurnal insect. Searching for hosts or food being essential for fitness, light pollution is likely to have long‐term repercussions on insect populations. Light pollution caused behavioural modifications potentially beneficial for V. canescens in the short term. However, longer term studies (e.g. on lifetime reproductive success) are needed to fully understand its consequences on insects.


The utility model discloses a temperature and humidity intelligent control device capable of being controlled by networks in remote control, in particular to a temperature and humidity intelligent control device for piggeries. The temperature and humidity intelligent control device comprises a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a CPU of the monitor terminal, a computer, an electric control water spraying device and an electric control exhaust device, the electric control water spraying device and the electric control exhaust device are connected with an output end of a photoelectric isolation relay, an input end of the CPU of the monitor terminal receives temperature and humidity signals collected by the sensors and an output end is connected with the photoelectric isolation relay, thereby realizing multi-factor control to the connecting devices. Further, the CPU of the monitor terminal is connected with an Ethernet via the master-control computer, thereby realizing computer remote control of the site temperature and humidity and data display. The utility model has simple installation, novel conception and high developing value, and can realize remote network intelligent control.


Let n be the nilpotent Lie algebra consisting of all strictly upper triangular (n+1)×(n+1) matrices over an integral domain R of characteristic 2.The aim of this paper is to give an explicit description of the automorphism group of the Lie algebra n.We prove that for n≥3 any automorphism φ of n can be expressed as φ=ω·σ·ξ·μ where ω,σ,ξ and μ are graph,inner,extremal and central automorphisms,respectively,of n.


The invention discloses antimicrobial PVC-modified plastic which is characterized by including the following substances in parts by weight: 100 parts of polyvinyl chloride resin, 0.1-1 part of calcium stearate, 0.1-1 part of polyethylene wax, 0.5-2 parts of titanium dioxide, 1-2 parts of zinc stearate, 1-3 parts of chitosan, 0.5-3 parts of sorbitol and 0.1-0.8 part of epoxidized soybean oil. The PVC-modified plastic prepared by the invention has good transparency and flexibility; as chitosan and sorbitol are jointly used as an antibacterial agent, a good antibacterial effect is achieved.


A cyclonic-static microbubble flotation column of a novel construction was used in oil–water separation fields and has high efficiency for oil–water separation. The gas holdup is a key parameter for the evaluation of the performance of a flotation column. The gas holdup, closely related to the bubble size, bubble velocity and superficial gas velocity, is one of the most important parameters characterizing the hydrodynamics of a bubble column. The effect of gas holdup in a cyclonic-static microbubble flotation column was investigated. In addition, several operating parameters such as the circulating pressure, superficial gas velocity, and frother consumption were also investigated. The gas holdup was positively correlated to the superficial gas velocity. The gas holdup of clean water and oil wastewater increased along with the increase of the frother consumption. The separation mechanism of cyclonic-static microbubble flotation column was analyzed.


Assuming generalist feeding habits to be the original condition in carabid beetles, we tested two alternative hypotheses about the evolution of food specialisation: that species specialised on prey that 1) were already of high quality to the generalists, or 2) were of low quality to the generalists due to chemical or other defences. We did this by evaluating in laboratory experiments the food quality to three generalist carnivore species of various prey types, selected among those on which carabids are known to have specialised (i.e. insects, earthworms, molluscs, seeds). The carabids used were adults of Pterostichus melanarius Illiger, Pterostichus versicolor Sturm and Carabus nemoralis Mueller. Insects were highquality food, earthworms were intermediate, and slugs and seeds were low quality food for all species. For C. nemoralis, earthworms were the most preferred prey. The results support the second hypothesis, that food specialisation evolved by breaking the defences of low quality but presumably abundant prey.


Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the diseases that causes high mortality in humans. The prevention of this disease has been sought by medical professionals and researchers. Unfortunately, the handling of TB is still manual and very dependent on medical experts who are very limited in number. In this study we propose an alternative information technology to overcome this problem. To overcome this problem a TB diagnostic system is developed using a fuzzy expert system. Input data on this system are the symptoms suffered by the sufferer, which consists of cough, weight loss, breathless, loss of appetite, and fever. The input data is then processed using fuzzy logic which consists of a process of fuzification, inference and defuzification. The output of the system displays the disease diagnosis interface on the web. Disease rules are given by experts who are experts in their fields and from journal sources. The results of the study are information systems that can provide the results of disease diagnosis to the user. The calculation of the accuracy value is also done to find out how accurate the fuzzy logic is in this system, and from the results of these calculations it is found that the accuracy value is 90% which shows that fuzzy logic is good for the diagnostic process.


Objective To detect BCR/ABL fusion genes of interphase cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) as an assistant way of diagnosis and treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Methods FISH was applied to detect BCR/ABL fusion genes of 15 CML marrow samples,among which 5 CML marrow smears and 5 CML mononuclear cell smears of peripheral blood mere detected by FISH simultaneously.5 marrow culture cells of non-CML were used as controls. Results 10 of 15 CML marrow samples were cultured successfully and 8 Ph1 chromosomes were detected by chromosome analysis.14 BCR/ABL fusion genes positive cases in 15 marrow samples,4 positive cases in SCML marrow smears,and 2 positive cases in 5 CML mononuclear cell smears were detected by FISH.5 negative cases in 5 non-CML samples were detected by FISH. Conclusions BCR/ABL fusion genes of interphase cells could be detected quickly and reliably by fluorescence in situ hybridization,which was a new way of diagnosis and monitoring of CML.


The traditional products like Sorghum papad such as Sandoli and Bibadi are very popular in Maharashtra and other part of I ndia, however, preparation of these products is tedious and skill-specific. Thus, urban kitchens are mostly away from these products, and younger generation is deprived of these traditional products as it is not available in the market. In the near future the local art and skill may vanish. Therefore, it is necessary to standardize the local processes, art and skill t o develop a process technology for preparation of these products on lar ger scale to meet the need of urban population . The fast moving life of human, demands convenience in food production, preparation and pro duct consumption. Hence process technology for sorgo papad viz Sandoli and Bibadi was standardized and modified. Water bath was used for hot water soaking of sorghum at 90 °C. Papad cutter was developed for cutting of papad in convenient sizes for providing convenience in packa ging, handling, transportation, as well as consumption of sorgo papad. The total time required for preparation of Sandoli and Bibadi by traditional methods was 8 days and 9 days respectively. It was reduced 2 days for Sandoli and 3 days for Bibadi in the developed process technology. The maximum shelf life of Sorgo papad Viz. Sandoli and Bibadi was estimated to be 210 and 220 days respectively at 30 °C under saturated conditions wh ile packed in HDPE (Thickness = 0.036mm). The sorghum utilization can be increased by popularizing indigenous products like Sorgo papad , which would increase the crop value in the market.


The Provo Reservoir Canal Enclosure Project (PRCEP) replaced a 160-year-old, 21-mile (34kilometer) -long open canal with a 126-inch (3200-mm) -diameter steel pipeline to help address public safety concerns, reduce evaporation and seepage losses, improve water quality, increase capacity, and provide a reliable water delivery system to help meet the growing water needs of more than one million end users along the Wasatch Front of Utah. The canal alignment is primarily located on unconsolidated ancient lake sediment deposits, alluvial fans, stream deposits, and landslide deposits from the Wasatch Front Mountains. This paper presents a detailed discussion of the geotechnical challenges associated with these geologic materials. The geotechnical challenges of the project were further complicated by the need to design and prepare bid documents for several alternative materials for the enclosure, with the goal of identifying the most cost effective method of construction and water conveyance for the project. These designs included precast concrete box culverts, castin-place concrete box culverts, non-cylinder reinforced concrete pressure pipe, and welded steel pressure pipe. With challenges properly addressed, this monumental $150 million landmark project was completed one year ahead of schedule.


Water Resources are indispensable natural resources of human.But along with the time going,it had been destroying and became shortage.How to assign water properly has become a fatal social problem.Manas River basinis a large irrigation district which ranks 4th in acreage and 1st in Water-saving technology and atomized degree in whole nation.But they still solve problem with handwork,which willgreatlyreduce the efficiency of workand the utilization efficiency of water resources.So it's of great significance to design a management information system for them.In this paper,we will introduce our application.It's built upon the research of their management and assignment.By using the system,it can save a large amount of money\,aterials and peoples,and solve the conflict of the dispersed water resources and users in space and time.It can help them enhance the precision and efficiency,and at the same time reduce the intensity of work.For the management of the Region,it will be beneficial.


Using the knowledge of multi-body system dynamics, in the multi-body system dynamics simulation software ADAMS ,a virtual prototype of QREV electric car is developed and numerical analysis is carried out for braking performance of the QREV car .The virtual prototype includes front suspension,back suspension, steering and tire subsystem. It researches the ability and stabilization of braking performance through braking of straight line and braking of swerve. The results of simulation show that the car has a better braking performance, and can meet the requirements of the design.


Motivated by the recent advances in additive manufacturing, a novel turbine end-wall aerothermal management method is presented in this two-part paper. The feasibility of enhancing purge air cooling effectiveness through engineered surface structure was experimentally and numerically investigated. The fundamental working mechanism and improved cooling performance for a 90 deg turning duct are presented in Part I. The second part of this paper demonstrates this novel concept in a low-speed linear cascade environment. The performance in three purge air blowing ratios is presented and enhanced cooling effectiveness and net heat flux reduction (NHFR) were observed from experimental data, especially for higher blow ratios. The Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis indicates that the additional surface features are effective in reducing the passage vortex and providing a larger area of coolant coverage without introducing additional aerodynamic loss.


Several team members from BVA and the Animal Welfare Foundation were invited to attend a Royal Garden Party in May, where they had the opportunity to meet Her Majesty the Queen, who is BVA's patron


The squires in Hunan were originally renowned as being conservative.However,under the immense impetus of China's defeat in Sino-Japanese War,they introspected themselves and turned over a new leaf by initiating the movement of "save China from the era of Hunan".This switch of learning from the western countries helped the advent of pooling the efforts of both officials and squires into the reform,which enabled Hunan to sparkle with flame of vitality.However,wide discrepancies occurred when coming to the choice of "facilities renovation" or "politics alteration" due to the interior arguments among squires.Therefore,the westernizers and the moderates withdrew from the reform movement of Hunan when the climax was at the corner.They steered their spearhead towards the radicals,undermining the reform movement of Hunan in a devastating manner till the decline of the latter.


Veterans frequently endorse symptoms of mental illness while not utilizing mental healthcare to its full extent. Previous studies have focused on barriers to veteran mental healthcare, but have lacked analysis of what leads to the barriers themselves, as well as enroll sampling frames both longitudinal and representative of the veteran population. This study contributes to the literature in all of these ways, through multivariate regression and mediation analysis of a sample of 1090 veterans randomly selected from a database of over one million US veterans. The sample was gathered in two waves, and consisted of a survey that asked a wide variety of questions. Analyses revealed that PTSD symptoms (parameter estimate= 4.220, p<.0001), good social support (parameter estimate= -1.344, p<.0001), and perceptions "it's up to me to handle my own problems" (parameter estimate= -.541, p<.0001) were strong indicators of number of visits to a mental health professional in the next year. Mediation analysis showed PTSD to have a direct, positive effect (β =5.679, t=9.702, p<.0001) on number of visits, but also an indirect, negative effect on number of visits when the "its up to me" barrier was used as a mediator. Additionally, social support was also shown to have a direct, negative effect (β =-.372, t=-4.081, p<.0001) on number of visits, but an indirect, positive effect when the "its up to me" barrier was used as a mediator. These results suggest a dual pathway in both PTSD and social support and their effects on number of visits when the "it's up to me" barrier is considered. Implications include clinicians and policy makers addressing the importance of belief systems and the role of social support to increase mental health utilization. VETERAN UTILIZATION OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE 5 Tipping the Scales: Improving Utilization of Mental Health Care in Military Veterans Prevalence of Mental Health Problems in Military Veterans As part of their career, veterans of the United States military are often times exposed to potentially traumatizing events in combat. It is not surprising, then, that they are vulnerable to suffering from PTSD, depression, substance abuse, and their respective symptomology. This vulnerability to mental illness has been well documented, as research shows deployments and combat to be predictive of high rates of mental illness (Kok, Herrell, Thomas, & Hoge, 2012; Seal, Bertenthal, Miner, Sen, & Marmar, 2007; Hoge et al., 2004; Kang & Hyams, 2005; Lapierre, Schwegler, & Labauve, 2007; Milliken, Auchterlonie, & Hoge 2007). Hoge and colleagues at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research studied a sample of three thousand members in four U.S. combat infantry units and reported that 17.1% of those deployed to Iraq and 11.2% of those deployed to Afghanistan met criteria for PTSD, while 14% met criteria for MDD (Hoge et al., 2004). The same research group, studying the issue of TBI, found that among US Army and Marine military personnel, 4.9% endorsed an injury with loss of consciousness and 10.3% an injury with altered mental status (Hoge et al., 2008). The RAND study, which involved a telephone survey of nearly two thousand Iraq and Afghanistan US veterans from 24 geographic areas, found 20% screened positive for PTSD or depression and 19% reported probable TBI during deployment (Tanielian & Jaycox, 2008). In a large VA sample of veterans, it was found that 25% of the sample was given a mental health diagnosis by VA's across the country. Additionally, of the sample diagnosed with a mental health need, more than half (56%) were given at least 2 separate, distinct mental health VETERAN UTILIZATION OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE 6 diagnoses (Seal, Bertenthal, Miner, Sen, & Marmar, 2007). In a follow up study, another study authored by a similar research group found 36.9% of veterans from 2002-2008 in a VA sample were given a mental health diagnosis, with 21.8% showing PTSD and 17.4% MDD (Seal, Metzler, Gima, Bertenthal, Maguen, Marmar, 2009). Veterans' Rates of Accessing and Utilizing Mental Healthcare Considering the frequency of the appearance of mental illness diagnoses in veterans, one would think that veterans would be utilizing treatment options fully. This, however, does not seem to be true, as studies have shown veterans to be under accessing mental healthcare (Kim, Thomas, Wilk, Castro, & Hoge, 2010; Sareen et al., 2007; Hoge et al., 2004; Sudom, Zamorski, & Garber, 2012; Milliken et al., 2007). Kim et al. (2010), for example, found that while 44% of active duty soldiers reported at least one mental health problem 12 months after deployment, only 13% reported receiving treatment in the last month. Additionally, even when veterans do access mental healthcare, they seem to not utilize in it for long enough periods. Hoge et al. (2014) found that among those who screened positive for PTSD and had pursued treatment, only 52% went enough times to be classified as receiving minimally adequate care. In a VA sample, Seal et al. (2010) found that only 9.5% of veterans with a recent diagnosis of PTSD utilized treatment fully (9 or more sessions in a 15 week period) within the first year of diagnosis. Also, Lu, Duckart, O'Malley, and Dobscha (2011) found that only 33% of an 852 veterans sample received minimally adequate treatment (nine visits within a year of screening positive for PTSD). It should be noted that being a women or enlisted (McKibben et al., 2013), as well as living in an urban location (Lu et al., 2011), have been identified as predictors of higher rates of treatment use. VETERAN UTILIZATION OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE 7 It is critical to note that this is similar to the civilian population. One study found that among individuals from the general population in 2001-2003 who showed a mental disorder, only 33% accessed treatment (Kessler et al., 2005). Another study found an almost identical rate of accessing care in victims who suffered anxiety from Hurricane Katrina (Wang et al., 2007). Similar to veterans, mental healthcare in the general population is also not utilized fully, as one study showed 40% of people with a serious mental health illness were not receiving treatment. In the same study, 20% of patients who did access treatment stopped receiving it prematurely, with over 70% of those people refusing care after the first or second session (SAMHSA, 2012). Efficacy of Treatment for Veterans Despite low access and utilization, treatment for mental health disorders has in fact been shown to be effective for veterans. In a survey of 1,659 active duty service members, Wong et al. (2013) found that, of the veterans who had used mental healthcare, 73% reported that treatment helped "a lot or some" while nobody rated it as "not at all" helpful. Additionally, since the VA system began to emphasize empirically tested treatment techniques, the literature as a whole has decidedly supported the effectiveness of treatment. For example, Eftekhari et al. (2013) studied the effect of prolonged exposure therapy on veterans, finding that of the 87.6% of 1931 veterans who pretreatment screened positive for PTSD, only 46.2% continued to show a PTSD diagnosis following treatment. Similarly, many other studies have found positive outcomes for the use of empirically supported treatment with veterans (Tuerk et al., 2011; Goodson, Lefkowitz, Helstrom, & Gawrysiak, 2013; Mott, Sutherland, Williams, Lanier, Ready, 2013; Alvarez et al., 2011). VETERAN UTILIZATION OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE 8 Definitions of Barriers to Care for Current Study If treatment is effective and a large proportion of veterans need it, then why don't they get it? There have been many empirical studies attempting to answer this question. In particular, research has sought to identify robust 'barriers to cares' in military and veteran populations. Before reviewing this research, one should note that there are different types of barriers. Corrigan, Druss, and Perlick (2014) describes two broad sets of barriers that may undermine care seeking and service participation: "(a) Person-level barriers are attitudes and behaviors that affect health decisions, including stigma leading to avoiding treatment or dropping out prematurely, poor mental health literacy, beliefs of treatment ineffectiveness, lack of a support network that promotes care seeking, and perceived cultural irrelevance of many treatments; (b) Provider and system-level barriers include lack of insurance, financial constraints, staff cultural incompetence, and workforce limitations." (p.37-38)" As such, the former set of barriers refer to what this study will term 'internal barriers to care', meaning perceptions an individual has that encourage or discourage him/her from obtaining mental health care. The latter set of barriers refer to what this study will term 'external barriers to care', which refer to obstacles in the environment (e.g., lack of transportation, cost of care, inability to get time off work) that encourage or discourage an individual from obtaining mental health care. It is also conceptually important to recognize there are different types of treatment utilization; specifically, barriers to care can be divided into 2 categories: barriers to accessing care and barriers to continued utilization of care. Aday and Anderson (1974) remark on VETERAN UTILIZATION OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE 9 accessing care simply being determined by who uses the health care system, and more importantly, who does not. On the other hand, the authors also reflect on the importance of continuing the use of care after accessing it, often referred to as utilization in studies. It is important to make the distinction because as Donabedian (1972) states "one must distinguish two components in use of service: 'initiation' and 'continuation.' This is because different factors influence each, though any one factor could influence both." (p. 111). Correspondingly, this study categorizes extant research on veterans' barriers to care into 'barr


Polyaniline hydrochloride was prepared by the oxidation of aniline hydrochloride with ammonium peroxodisulfate in dilute hydrochloric acid. The polyaniline films were produced during the polymerization on the microscope glass surfaces immersed in the reaction mixture. The thin film was created and its thickness has been about 100 nm. We have measured the spectral transmittance together with temperature changes. The polyaniline thin film is conductive and we observed changes in optical transmittance spectra and reflective spectra with electric current. Optical spectra have been measured in range from 380 nm to 1010 nm. The electric conductivity has been changed with silicate substrate. This substrate influenced the free electrons distribution and therefore the optical properties of polyaniline. Due to electric current going through the nanofilm its sensitivity to temperature has been increased. We also observed two specific spectral windows. The first one was characterized by its insensitivity to temperature; the second one has been temperature sensitive. The central wavelength of insensitive window is about 500nm. This property can be the base for novel sensors structures. We used Ocean Optics USB spectrometer for evaluation of spectral changes. Wideband white light halogen source from the same manufacturer has been applied as a light source. Small polarizing dependence of reflected light has been observed too.


The legal profession is a restrictive one. It is an institutional requirement that education in a law school should be the first threshold to get into the legal profession in most countries of the two law families. With the characteristic of artistry, intelligence, mystery and regulation of law, legal profession should be qualified by special professional accomplishments. The institutional law school will foster the formation of legal professional community. At present, it is urgently called by the realities of our country to confirm institutional law schools as the gatekeepers of legal profession and establish more institutional law schools capable of cultivating legal specialists.


A Super Junction (SJ) MOSFET with high aspect ratio p/n columns structure has been proposed to improve the trade-off relationship between breakdown voltage and specific on-resistance (Ron)- We have proposed a new trench filling epitaxial growth technique to fabricate this structure. In this work, we tried to apply this method to 600 V-class SJ-MOSFETs. We succeeded in fabricating p/n columns structure of which the aspect ratio is 25. It shows that its Ron is lower than that of IGBTs, and is the lowest in the reported 600 V-class Si devices.


A wireless maintenance system of a power distribution terminal comprises a preposing device installed in the power distribution terminal and a handheld device arranged outside the power distribution terminal. The preposing device is formed by connecting an input/output (I/O) module, a central processing unit (CPU) module I, a wireless module I and an antenna I in sequence, wherein the I/O module is electrically connected with a maintenance port in the power distribution terminal, the antenna I extends out of the power distribution terminal, the CUP module I is electrically connected with a storage module I, and a power supply module I is used for supplying electric power for the modules. The handheld device is formed by sequentially connecting an external interface, a CPU module II, a wireless module II and an antenna II, wherein the CPU module II is further respectively electrically connected with a liquid crystal display (LCD) and a storage module II, and a power supply module II is used for supplying electric power for the modules. The wireless maintenance system of the power distribution terminal utilizes the wireless communication technology to complete upgrade operation of power distribution terminal equipment without opening the power distribution terminal equipment.


The urban heat island (UHI) effect has caught the great attention with the fast urbanization processes. Kolkata Metropolitan Area in India is one of the regions experiencing rapid urbanization that has resulted in UHI which will influence the regional climate, environment and socio-economic development. Two distinct Land sat ETM+ images (year of 2000 and 2010) are analyzed to delineate the UHI and its effectiveness on environment by converting the gray-scale values of band 6.1 into kinetic land surface temperature with considering the emissivity factor of land use / land cover. This analysis showed that UHI is representing the higher value of Normalized difference Built-up Index (NDBI), the temperature of which is located within the CBD region of Kolkata and also with the scattered pattern along Hugli River due to the industrial location. In order to validate the relationship between Urban Heat Island and Built-up index, several indices also are used for the correlation study like Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Moisture Stress Index (MSI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) etc.


Two Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.Varieties,Beautiful Face and Qingling Red,were selected to study several important physiological and biochemical factors during the natural senescence process of petal.The results showed that the contents of soluble protein in two varieties petals both have a speedily decreasing process,SOD activity was increasing in early stage and decreasing later.MDA content and O-·2 production rate increased with the evolution of senescence progress.The change trend was similar in the two varieties of Nelumbo nucifera,but some differences between them existed because of their different florescence length.The peroxidation of membrane lipid was considered primarily to be one of the major physiological factors leading to the short florescence of Nelumbo nucifera.


The utility model discloses an oil -water well electrochemistry target is transferred and is driven, stifled water auxiliary device, this auxiliary device appearance (2) are the polygon, adopt insulating material to make, encircle electro -insulating rubber circle (1) of (3) in it for the iron content. During the use, will the utility model discloses oil -water well electrochemistry is transferred and to be driven, stifled water auxiliary device overlaps respectively on oil pipe and sucker rod, just so avoided when giving electrically connecting electrode through the cable, between oil pipe and oily well casing, oil pipe and the sucker rod contact electrically conductive, but also avoided oil pipe and sleeve pipe touching, sucker rod and oil pipe's touching.


The comprehensive evaluation of water resources allocation alternatives can be regard as a data aggregation problem,and the allocation of water resources has the instinct of multi-objective,fuzzy and uncertainty.The reasonable allocation comprehensive evaluation model of water resources is presented considering the weights of different indices based on the improved D-S combination formula.The case study of Shiyang River basin has demonstrated the practicability of D-S evidence theory which need to deep application.


Map Reduce is a highly efficient distributed and parallel computing framework, allowing users to readily manage large clusters in parallel computing. For large-scale data search problem in the distributed computing environment based on Map Reduce architecture, in this paper we propose an Ant colony parallel search algorithm (ACPSMR) for large-scale data. It take advantage of the group intelligence of ant colony algorithm for global parallel search heuristic scheduling capabilities to solve problem of multi-task parallel batch scheduling with low efficiency in the Map Reduce. And we extended HDFS design in Map Reduce architecture, which make it to achieve effective integration with Map Reduce. Then the algorithm can make the best of the scalability, high parallelism of Map Reduce. The simulation experiment result shows that, the new algorithm can take advantages of cloud computing to get good efficiency when mining large-scale data.


The article deals with the problem of phraseological conceptualization as a process of cognition and rethinking of socio-cultural meanings with the help of fixed language forms. Synchronous and diachronic analysis allow to trace the changes occurring in the semantic field of Russian and English phraseological units. The paper considers the concept of motivation of phraseological units and its connection with the internal form of phraseological meaning. The processes of transformation of phraseological units that occur during the historical development of society are instantiated. The influence of gender and age criteria on the estimated connotation of phraseological images is demonstrated. It is concluded that phraseological units are special linguistic units that can be compared with a living organism undergoing certain stages. Three stages of the life cycle of phraseological units have been identified: occurrence due to the influence of extralinguistic and linguistic factors, flourishing at which there is widespread use in speech (it is possible to expand the scope), and obsolescence, that is, phraseological units completely cease to be used in modern speech due to loss of understanding those phraseological images with the help of which these phraseological units used to be conceptualized. Practical significance consists in the fact that the results of the study can be used as the basis for further study by linguists of the historical origin of phraseological units, as well as internal and external factors that contribute to occurrence and fixation of phraseological units in speech.


The integration of digital technologies into apparel forms allows designers to explore and visualize new creative possibilities. How the technology is used and how design concepts are perceived in the industry are areas of crucial importance to the technology's longevity. Our goal, as collaborative artists, focuses on integrating technology into the creative process to create both art and industry-oriented apparel. The applications of digital textile and apparel design have implications for many areas of the industry, but we have focused on three: art-to-wear, custom design, and mass customizable products. The body of research and artwork that we have developed suggests that a systematic approach to integrating new technologies into the textile and apparel design process can be developed, recorded and employed in future design explorations to inspire the most rapid technology integration with the greatest potential for new product conceptualization.


A difficult issue in stress management is to use biomedical sensor signal in the diagnosis and treatment of stress. Clinicians often make their diagnosis and decision based on manual inspection of ...


Additive manufacturing (AM) has experienced a phenomenal expansion in recent years and new technologies and materials rapidly emerge in the market. Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) becomes more and more important to take full advantage of the capabilities provided by AM. However, most people still have limited knowledge to make informed decisions in the design stage. Therefore, an interactive DfAM system in the cloud platform is proposed to enable people sharing the knowledge in this field and guide the designers to utilize AM efficiently. There are two major modules in the system, decision support module and knowledge management module. A case study is presented to illustrate how this system can help the designers understand the capabilities of AM processes and make rational decisions.


Particle accelerators are used in a wide array of medical, industrial, and scientific applications. To meet the needs of these applications, the controllable settings of the accelerator are often optimized to produce specific particle beam parameters, both during the initial design of the system and on-the-fly during operation (i.e. "tuning"). For example, at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, settings are adjusted for each scientific experiment to create custom electron beam shapes and energies. At present, this process relies heavily on manual tuning by human operators and simplified analytic models that do not fully capture the system behavior. There is growing interest in using machine learning to help model and control accelerators like the LCLS. Here, we discuss ongoing work in using machine learning to create fast-executing, accurate surrogate models that can aid this tuning process.


The 1989 privatisation of the electricity supply industry (ESI) proved hugely embarrassing for the UK's nuclear sector. With performance and costs scrutinised as never before, the nuclear stations were ultimately revealed as unsaleable-forcing a reluctant, and palpably irritated Government to make last-minute provisions for retaining all the UK's nuclear capacity within the public sector. The author describes how, faced with the prospect of a slow decline into insignificance, the UK nuclear industry is now looking to the Government for a new lease of life.


Malaysia's agenda in the late 1990s involved making the transition from an industrial economy to a knowledge-based economy. Thus, the more traditional purpose of education, that is, to produce an educated person, needs to be reevaluated. If the nation's Vision 2020 is to become a reality, the educational program needs to make a fundamental shift toward creating a more technologically literate and thinking workforce. The education culture must be transformed from one that is memory-based to one that produces an informed, thinking, creative, and caring generation. This paper discusses some of the reforms in the 1990s that Malaysia has undertaken to improve the quality of education. Among the reforms described are the new primary and secondary curricula. Focusing mainly on secondary education, the setting up of different types of schools, changes in assessment methods, and exemplary projects undertaken by the Ministry of Education are highlighted. A brief overview of the expansion and privatization of higher education is also presented. (RT) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Education Reforms in Malaysia. Aida Suraya Muhammad Yunus U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Zi Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


The wireless charging system is disclosed. Power transmission unit having a wireless charging system includes a plurality of the transmitting coil of the vehicle in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; And measuring a plurality of transmission coils in each of the current and voltage, including a charging power only to some transmission coil of the plurality of transmission coils based on the magnitude of the current and voltage of each transmitter coil of the measurement is the control can do.


In the framework of the DRIVE program, the DOMINC (Drive On Motorway IN Cooperation) project deals with the innovative concept of "cooperative driving" in which every vehicle will be aware of the movements of other vehicles. The background of the project is first given, followed by a discussion of the concept of cooperative driving.


The most important role in ensuring navigation safety on inland waterways is played by the timely provision of navigators with timely and reliable navigational, meteorological and track information, as well as safety information. To solve this problem, the complexes of automatic identification stations' coastal and ship networks deployed currently can be used. This communication channel (with free traffic for inland waterway transport) is currently used extremely ineffectively due to a small number of serviced vessels. The article substantiates the structure of a digital information system based on deployed networks of automatic identification stations for inland navigation vessels and its functional purpose. The issues of algorithmic and software support development for the process of preparation, transmission, reception and processing of transmitted information are considered. The structure of the database and algorithms for the formalized information packets' formation in the direction of bank-to-ship are proposed. The formats of address and broadcast messages are presented. A variant of transmitting differential corrections to ships from control-correcting stations via networks of automatic identification stations without using the currently used radio channel is considered. The options for the dialog boxes of the digital information system for the dispatcher and the navigator are given.


Abstract : Insulin to glucagon (I/G) ratios were found to be higher in portal than in peripheral blood in human subjects in the postabsorptive state and after injections of glucose or alanine. This reflects greater removal of insulin than of glucagon by the liver. Nevertheless, peripheral I/G ratio provides an index of the portal ratio since there is good correlation between the two. Studies are in progress of the effects of total parenteral nutrition on transport of glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and other substrates between liver and leg in depleted or septic human subjects. Coterminous measurements are also made of nitrogen and energy balance and hormone concentrations. We plan to initiate studies of oxidation and clearance in human subjects of intravenous fat emulsions labelled with 14C. (Author)


Conventional method of construction hinders the actualization of triple success project objectives of time, cost and quality delivery of construction projects while IBS method is used for closing these negative effects. Hence, this study aimed at examining critical success factors (CSFs) influencing the implementation of industrialized building systems (IBS) in Nigeria. Adopting a cross-sectional survey design, a close-ended questionnaire was purposively administered online to construction professionals who have distinct knowledge and experience on projects where IBS has been implemented. The data was subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics using IBM SPSS v. 21. The study findings showed that good working relationship, training of skilled workforce, effective communication route and financial capacity are the CSFs furthering the implementation of IBS in a developing country like Nigeria. The implication for practice is for construction stakeholders to develop these competencies to maximally improve the implementation of IBS projects. The study developed a framework that the project stakeholders can implement for an efficient industrialized building system on construction projects.


According to Han-shu 汉书(History of the Han Dynasty), the river named as Jiduanshui 籍端水 was located in the south of the Mina'an冥安 County. The river is an important tributary of the Shulehe 疏勒 河River, but the river dried up today. Where is the Great Lake (Daze 大泽, namely the Mingze 冥泽 in the Han and Tang Dynasties) with 260 li 里 in length and 60 li 里 in width? It is an important item for the studies Dunhuang geography, even for the history and geography of the whole northwest China. It is also related to the changes of the river course and environment form ancient to now. There are more attention about it and many discussions in the academic word. The author has surveyed many times in the last ten years, and researched relevant texts repeatedly, then, makes a new inquiry into the place, direction of the river flow and the history changes.


Amorphous silicon films deposited on high quality fused-silica wafers were crystallized using an excimer laser. A unique configuration was used, which is referred to as selective-area crystallization. This was done by using surface masking of the film during standard laser irradiation. The resulting microstructure of the films was then characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The samples processed using the selective-area crystallization method resulted in one of three microstructures. Samples processed with the lower laser energy densities (200-300 mJ/cm 2 ) demonstrated a standard microstructure consistent with regular laser annealing (grain size ∼ 200 nm). Samples processed with higher energy densities (300-470 mJ/cm 2 ) demonstrated either enlarged grain growth (a factor of three greater than standard microstructure) or anomalous grain growth (unusual aspect ratio or geometry).


Conclusion In connexion with the health of factory workers, home circumstances play at least as big a part as working conditions, and it is ordinary sickness that is the chief time-loser. The problem thus overflows from the field of industrial medicine into the spheres of public health and general practice. The inquiry here reported brings out the need for improved and standardized sickness records relating to factories, and underlines the importance of explicit certification by medical practitioners. In preventive medicine, all possible measures against the winter incidence of colds and influenza in the factories are a first requisite. A consideration of factory working hours is inseparable from the problem of sick absence. The health of munition workers, as of the general population, is on the whole being well maintained.


A 4-D FMCW LiDAR is demonstrated. In comparison to the traditional p-i-n PD in its receiver-side, the cascaded M-layers APDs provide a better quality of 4-D images with unprecedented high velocity-sensitivity (5µm/sec) for slow-moving objects.


The aim of this study was to identify students' perceptions about personal information disclosure and anonymity in a specific Facebook University Community. The explicit goal of this Community is the sharing of secrets and the revelation of students' deepest thoughts and feelings on high sensitive issues as their erotic or sexual life, leading to information disclosures in various ways. An online survey was conducted and spread through Community's Facebook profile in order to record students' perceptions about the Community and to identify disclosure practices as well as perceived benefits and costs deriving from their participation. Anonymity as expected is valued positively while privacy violations seem to bother less since this is a public Community resulting in a stated comfort about secondary disclosure taking place through reference to persons' physical or other characteristics. This study enhances existing literature on Facebook, by enlightening more facets of personal information disclosure on Facebook students' communities.


Background. Erythema nodosum (en) is usually considered to be a septal panniculitis, and nodular vasculitis (nv) a lobular panniculitis. We tested the usefulness of this histologic classification in clarifying a frequent clinical dilemma: en versus nv.


Case study learning materials are often used for information moral education. The traditional learning materials show cases focusing on damage or feelings of a victim that appears in the case. On the other hand, feelings of other characters, such as wrongdoers or victim's relatives, are rarely shown. In this article, we propose a new learning material that the learner can examine a case from various viewpoints by using. By examining the case from the viewpoints of the wrongdoer or the victim's relatives, the learner can think carefully feelings of them. Additionally, we have developed a prototype of the learning material. Based on the prototype and an interview to elementary school teachers, we discuss the effects of using the learning material.


Objective:To analyze the etiological factors and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia among full-term neonates.Methods:The etiological factors,treatment,and prognosis of 358 full-term neonates with hyperbilirubinemia were analyzed retrospectively.Results:The etiological factors of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia included perinatal factors,infection,breast milk jaundice,neonatal wet lung,and other factors.After blue light irradiation and assisted treatment for(26.7±14.4) hours,the average value of bilirubin decreased from(326.21±71.81) μmmol/L to(175.04±48.97) μmmol/L.Conclusion:It has great significance for reducing the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia to enhance perinatal health care,improve obstetrical techniques,prevent infection,and conduct blue light irradiation-dominated comprehensive treatment early combining with the related factors.


Intentionally and reasonably using time delay may result in surprising performances. It has been proved that system uncertainties and disturbances can be observed with time delay observer to enhance the system robustness. The time delay observer with low pass filter is presented to eliminate the oscillations of control signal in this paper. Simulation results show that the time delay observer with low pass filter, which is capable of observing system uncertainties and disturbances almost immediately, is a good method of robust control.


The average transitional quadrupole moment of two superdeformed bands in {sup 133}Ce and the yrast superdeformed band in {sup 132}Ce have been measured as {ital Q}{sub {ital t}}=7.5{plus_minus}0.8 {ital e} b using the Doppler shift attenuation method and exploiting target-thickness induced Doppler broadening. These results are consistent with total Routhian surface calculations and indicate that the occupation of the {nu}[530]1/2 orbital has little polarizing effect upon the shape of the superdeformed core.


A field experiment was conducted during two successive years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013) in a clay saline soil located at South of El-Hussynia plain, Research Station ,Port-Said Governorate, Egypt. This study aims to evaluate the utilization efficiency of some industrial byproducts i.e. Sugar lime, vinasse, by-pass, pyrite (FeS2) and aluminum sulfate (Al2 (SO4)318H2O) individual and interaction among them as a soil amendments and their effects on improving some chemical and physical properties of saline sodic soils, comparing with gypsum application, under Intermittent leaching technique was adopted using El-Salam canal water. The results showed that the chemical and physical properties of the studied soil were clearly improved due to amendments addition. The common parameters of saline sodic soil i.e., EC, pH, ESP, RSE, B.D, P.R, and WTD were clearly improved. The superior improvement of these parameters was resulted from T8, T9 andT7. The amendment can be arranged, ascending as follows: T1< T2< T10< T6< T3< T5< T4< T11< T13< T12< T7< T9< T8 for both surface and subsurface layers. The final aim is to displace Na from an exchange complex and replace it with Ca, leading to a decrease of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) or increased removal sodium efficiency (RSE) consequently improvement of soil structure. An additional advantage to this strategy is that any mixture is inexpensive and ready available in large quantities in contrast to gypsum in this study.


Objective:To observe the efficacy of Firebird drug-eluting stent in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Method:90 patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease from March 2005 to December 2006 were enrolled to have the treatment of percutaneous coronary invention,47 in Domestic Firebird Stent group and 43 in Bare Stent group. All patients were administered asprin and Clopidogrel regularly before and after procedures,meanwhile, medical treatment was used strongly and strictly. Followed up the patients after PCI,observed the major adverse cardiac events(MACE),and compared the efficacy between the two groups. Results:Coronary angiographic(CAG) showed that the patients with more than 2 lesion coronaries take 71.11 % of all.74 Firebird Stents were implanted in Firebird group and 55 Bare Stents were implanted in Bare metal stents group.Each patient has got an successful operation. Mean follow-up duration was 10.2±3.3 months after stent implanting. 3 patients suffered angina pectoris reoccurrence and 2 suffered major adverse cardiac events(MACE) in Firebird Stent group,while 13 patients suffered angina pectoris reoccurrence and 13 suffered MACE in Bare metal stent group. Rate of angina pectoris reoccurrence and MACE occurrence in Firebird Stent group were much lower than that of in Bare metal stent group,there was significant difference between the two groups(6.4% vs 30.2%,P0.01;4.2% vs 30.2%,P0.01).Some patients in each group had got CAG recheck. 1 patients suffered restenosis in Firebird Stent group and7 in Bare Stent group,there was no significant difference between the two groups(P0.05). Conclusion:Firebird stent in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease has a definite clinical efficacy,which can reduce the occurrence of MACEs.


System productivity, nutrient uptake and apparent nutrient balance in the wheatmungbean- T. aman rice cropping system was studied. The experiment comprised four treatments-absolute nutrient control (T 1 ); farmer's practice (T 2 ); AEZ basis fertilizer application (T 3 ) and soil test basis fertlizer application (T 4 ). The treatments were compared in a RCBD with three replications over two consecutive years, 2008-09 and 2009-10. The experiment was conducted in Chhiata clay loam soil. The average yields of wheat, mungbean and T. aman ranged from 1415 to 3096 kg ha -1 , 1020 to 1463 kg ha -1 and 2999 to 4282 kg ha - 1 , respectively showing T 4 as the best treatment. The same treatment (T 4 ) demonstrated the highest nutrient uptake by the crops. The apparent balance of N and K (difference between nutrient uptake and nutrient addition) was negative; however it was less negative for T 4 treatment. The P balance was positive for all the treatment except T 1 . Positive S balance was observed in T 3 and T 4 but negative in absolute control and farmer's practice. Zinc and B balance was also positive in case of T 3 and T 4 , but negative for T 1 and T 2 except B. The study suggests soil test basis fertlizer recommendation for the wheatmungbean- T. aman rice cropping system. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 42(3): 509-520, September 2017


Starting oscillation or slow response will occur if the initial position of the motor used in the Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm manipulator is not known. To obtain the initial position of the motor, an improved high-frequency injection method is proposed. First, a high-frequency rotating voltage signal is injected into the stationary coordinate system, and the initial position information is extracted by the heterodyne method. Second, an improved position tracking observer is proposed to estimate the rotor position. Taking the joint of a four-axis Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm as an object, a special position servo drive system is designed. The design principle, simulation analysis and experimental verification of the proposed method are presented, respectively. The results show that the initial position of the motor can be estimated by the proposed method, enabling high torque and fast start of the Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm manipulator.


Kafka's works reveal the essence of the absurd world,when people feel living nonsense,human consciousness can be immersed in the boundless loneliness,fear.In the full sense of absurdity of time and space,Kafka uses the"comic","password","deformation"and other art practices,deeply shows the world of absurdity.


My research is a practice-based PhD that investigates how new forms of jewellery and objects can be created by combining traditional and digital technologies. These include the ancient jewellery technique of filigree and 3D printing technologies.


The paper presents a new optimization method for PI controllers of back-to-back voltage source converters using a vector control scheme to enable the control of active and reactive power transmission between two independent grids, for example, an emulator as a load or a source between the medium voltage distribution grid and a low voltage island grid. The control principle based on three phase systems in dq-components enables an independent control of active and reactive power with a simple structure using PI controllers. The presented optimization method using pole placement (PP) technique for tuning of the controllers leads to a higher degree of freedom and therefore to better results compared to the modulus optimum (MO) optimization method discussed in [1], [2]. A cascaded control model consisting of inner current and outer power/voltage control loops is being used for the optimization of the system's transient response. The mathematical modeling of the control system as well as the evaluation of the controller parameters are described in detail. A comparison of the presented optimization method for controllers with existing methods is shown by simulation results using the software PSCAD.


Lysine-specific demethylase is a demethylase enzyme that can remove methyl groups from histones H3K4me1/2 and H3K9me1/2. It is expressed in many cancers, where it impedes differentiation and contributes to cancer cell proliferation, cell metastasis and is associated with inferior prognosis. LSD1 is associated with its corepressor protein CoREST, and utilizes tetrahydrofolate as a cofactor to accept CH2 from the demethylation process. The fact that the cofactor is best bound to the active site inspired us to explore its interactions to LSD1/CoREST enzyme complex utilizing molecular dynamics simulation, which aids designing novel and potent inhibitors. We have implemented a previously derived model from the MD simulation study and the key contacts to the active site in a subsequent structure based drug design and in-silico screening. In silico mining on National Cancer Institute (NCI) database identified 55 promising and structurally diverse inhibitors toward LSD1/CoREST complex. The anti-proliferative activities of the identified compounds were tested against neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cancer cell line which known to highly express LSD1/CoREST complex. Applying the abovementioned molecular modeling procedure yielded Four compounds of LSD1/CoREST inhibiters with IC50 <2µM. The four lead compounds were tested against SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line that known to express high level of LSD1 and illustrated a potent activity with an IC50 ranging from 0.195 to 1.52µM. To estimate the toxicity of the selective leads, they were tested against normal fibroblast cells and scored a relatively high IC50 ranging from 0.303 to ≥100µM. These compounds are excellent candidates treating cancers that overexpress the LSD1 enzyme.


When assessing the level of development of territories, the problem of finding objective qualitative data that will characterize it arises. One of the possible sources of such data is the remote sensing of the Earth (RSE). The article is devoted to the analysis of the possibility of using the product of RSE – the map of night lights, for modeling the economical dimension of the sustainable development of the regions of Ukraine. Using the regression and correlation analysis and neural networks, appropriate models for assessing the level of economic development of the Kherson region, Donetsk region, and the AR of Crimea were obtained. The study was carried out by the team of the World Data Center for Geoinformatics and Sustainable Development of the Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. It was part of research on the analysis of the behavior of complex socio-economic systems and processes of sustainable development in the context of the quality and safety of people's lives.


Reported crime rates have risen, and arrest rates have too, particularly among the young. Men have higher victimization rates than women, and blacks have higher victimization rates for crimes of violence than whites. Social Indicators, 1976 tells us this and a bit more about crime and responses to it, but overall the picture presented is at once insufficiently informative and inappropriately precise. The shortcomings of major data sources are acknowledged, but questionable findings are presented as near certain. Uniform Crime Reports trends for 1960-75 are presented without the important context of earlier trends. Important data from the National Crime Survey are presented without mention of probable artifacts. Data on system response to crime could have been presented so as to provide insight into the probable cause of the increases shown in trends in reported offenses. Important data, particularly those showing a declining rate of imprisonment, have been omitted, and the interrelations of crime and response have not been highlighted. The major shortcomings of the chapter seem to result not from inadequacies in execution of the design, but rather from limitations in available data and from the apparent assumption that data presented in chart form speak for themselves.


Let R be a prime ring with a generalized derivation δ and m,n,p∈N.Using GPI theory,under the assumption that either 6 is not a common divisor of m and n,or p=1,the authors have proved that [δ(x),δ(y)]=p for all x,y∈R if and only if δ(x)=x or δ(x)=-x,and m=n=p=1.


This paper describes a new type of broadband band -pass filter in which both the center frequency and band width are variable. The filter is composed of four balanced mixers, two loca loscillators, an amplifier, and high -pass and low -pass filters. The center frequency and band width can be varied by changing the frequencies of two local oscillators. The center frequency is variable in the range 2 -16 GHz, and the band width in the range 20800MHz. Proposed Band -Pass Filter In this paper, a band -pass filter whose center frequency and band width can be varied has been proposed. The filter is composed of four balanced mixers, two local oscillators, an amplifier, and high pass and low -pass filters. The center frequency and band width can be varied by changing the frequencies of two local osTh2.5 diode used in the mixer (the analysis is given in (2)). To eliminated this component, the following scheme was taken. At the port 3 of the mixer A, both the fundamental and harmonic components exist. The latter is eliminated by low -pass filter 1 and the fundamental component is transmitted to port 4 of mixer B. Since the fundamental and harmonic components also coexist at port 6 of mixer B. we insert amplifier 1 between port 6 of mixer B and port 8 of mixer C. This amplifier is a band -pass filter with gain, and the only the fundamental component is transmitted. The amplifier also compensates the conversion loss in the mixer A and B. If we connect directly port 6 and port 8, the fundamental and harmonic components are combined with a local signal of frequency fL1 which is given to port 9. As a result, various new harmonic components are cillators.Lowpass Highpass Lowpass produced and appear at port 10. Therefore, filters filter 2 filtert A e C AmplifierD Amplifier amplifier 1 is necessary. Similarly, the RF signal 7 Power fL1 ©divider a Power Balanced L2 divider Mixer Local Local Oscillator Oscillator Fig. 1 Circuit diagram of a filter 3 output of port 10 of mixer C contains the Output fundamental and harmonic components, and these components pass through the high pass filter. Amplifier 2 has a role of selecting only the fundamental component and compensating the conversion loss. The power with frequency fL2 is fed to port 9 of mixer C and to port 12 of mixer D. Low -pass filter 2 followed by amplifier 3 connected to port 13 of the mixer D. The output signal is obtained through amplifier 3 which selects only the fundamental component and compensates the conversion loss due to mixer D. This circuit configuration enables us to make the output frequency equal to the input frequency By changing the frequencies fL1 and fL2, one can vary both center frequency and band width. Even for high frequency range, the deterioration of characteristic curves and Q values of the filters caused by the skin effect do not affect the performance of this circuit. Figures 2a-2c show how we should select fL1 and fL2 in order to have higher center frequency and to vary band width. In these figures, the lower and upper abscissas indicate fL1 (solid line) and fL2 (broken line), respectively, and the ordinate indicates the center frequency of the band -pass filter. The range depicted The structure of this filter is shown in Fig. 1. The input RF signal is given to port 1 of a balanced mixer A. Low pass filter 1 is inserted between port 3 of the mixer A and port 4 of the mixer B. The IF signal coming from port 6 of the mixer B is enhanced by amplifier 1, and transmitted to port 8 of the mixer C. The power with frequency fL1 is fed to port 2 of the mixer A and to port 5 of the mixer B. A high -pass filter and amplifier 2 which are connected in series are inserted between the two mixers C and D. The input port of the high -pass filter is connected to port 10 of the mixer C, and the output port of the amplifier is connected to port 11 of the mixer D. Low pass filter 2 is connected to port 13 of the mixer D. This filter is followed by amplifier 3. The output signal is obtained through the amplifier. The reason why we used amplifier 1 and 2 is given in the following. The harmonic component is produced because of the nonlinear detection characteristics of the 5 -Band Band-Pas Filter widt ncyand of -16-1 Omiya Asahi-ku, Osaka 535  b -pas filter in h t  .  m l loscillators, and high low-pass  osci  is variable in the range 2-16 GHz band width in the range 20Band-Pass -pass and band width can be been propose i b m  osc and high and low filters. The center  ' 2 , ^ Amplifie Tq ' 1 Amp lifter r>-3 —' '^-'Out ' d at FfuTefi


This review focuses on the management of newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit with intra-amniotic fluid infection. The goal is to describe some of the ways in which a perinatal pathologist and neonatologist may collaborate during the newborn stay. Tools that facilitate and enhance communication between pathologists and neonatologists are discussed. Also discussed are special situations that often require more than the normal amount of communication for optimal care.


In line with the analysis of the content and format of the reading examination of IELTS and the exploration of the cognitive process of reading,the paper suggests that college English reading teaching should be combined with the students' major study to encourage them to do deep reading in literature related to their major;and that reform of the format of English reading examination should be undertaken to reduce the objective questions and increase the subjective ones to yield positive washback effect of reading examination on teaching and language learning.


The environmental features in the northern regions of Russia present an interesting case for enhancing knowledge of tourism. The importance of tourism development for the northern region's economy makes the study of the influences on the newfound goal of sustainable tourism development imperative. The study, which comprised of scientific researches into the problems of tourism in the northern regions of Russia, showed an extremely low exploration level for this particular topic. This paper investigates economic, environmental and historical factors as well as that of natural potential and how they influence sustainable tourism implementation in the North of Russia. An analysis of the tourism industry in the northern regions of Russia highlighted its lack of development and the absence of a specific development scenario for the tourism cluster. This paper describes the research progress into the impact that tourism has on the environment in the context of the northern regions of Russia through a review of the growing literature in this field. This paper proposes measures for promoting tourism in the North of Russia aimed at the growth of the regional economy and accounting for the ecological, social, cultural and historical factors of the environment. This paper proposes a theoretical framework and methodology for studying the development of tourism in the northern regions of Russia. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s4p387