This paper reviews basic IoT architectures, the corresponding evolution at different stages, and presents generalized IoT interoperations under the trend of cross-silo and cross-ecosystem communications. In line with these trends and requirements, ID Oriented Networking, with the detailed background and implementation framework, is elaborated, which contributes to achieve unified IoT communications in future networks. Specifically, ION has the following key components: Network Mapping System, ID Management System, and ID Relationship Management System. And additionally, ION is able to naturally support universal mobility of IoT terminals and enhance intrinsic security of IoT networks, while also can facilitate internetworking of all virtual and physical things over distinct domains, for a fully connected world. At the end of this paper, the merits, challenges and future work of ION are briefly discussed as well. KeywordsInternet of Things; IoT; Identifier Locator Split; ID Oriented Networking; ION; Cross-Silo; Cross-Eco.


In this paper Double liquid-level sprayed bubbling flue gas desulphurization is designed in accordance with impinging streams principle.The system using sprayed bubbling technology works reliably and has highefficiency of desulphurization. According to experiment results, the effects of ph value in limestone slurry on desulphurization efficiency and the effects of flue gas velocity at the impact tube inlet on flue gas pressure drop are analyzed.


Combinatorial CBVD (Chemical Beam Vapor Deposition) is a thin film deposition technology which has the ability to produce multi-element thin films with large controlled composition spread gradients. If functional characterizations can be carried out systematically and rapidly on such graded films over full wafers, they enable to identify precisely the best film composition for a given application, and CBVD then easily allows for the deposition of the optimized film homogeneously on large wafers. In this article, we demonstrate the efficiency of such a process development based on the optimization of new Transparent Conductive Oxide thin films (TCO) of few % Nb doped TiO2. We have developed a full wafer metrology instrument which maps the optical thickness and the sheet resistance with a lateral resolution below 400um. We discuss the performance of various algorithms to extract the optical thickness from the white light reflectance measurement in the case of very small thickness. The sheet resistance is measured with an array of four AFM-like conductive cantilevers, allowing accurate sheet resistance (R) measurement where the standard tungsten four probes destroy porous thin oxide films. Application of these measurements to several Nb doped TiO2 films deposited on 4" wafer by CBVD is presented.


Surface activity of some surfactants and dairy proteins were estimated by contact angle (θ) measurements of sessile drops of their aqueous dispersions on a non-reactive planner hydrophobized surface. Data were statistically compared to traditional air-water surface tension (ST) and oil-water interfacial tension (IT) measurements that were determined using the ring method. Sessile drops of serially diluted surfactants (0.01 - 0.5%, w/v) and proteins (0.25 -2.0%, w/v) in 5 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7 (22°C) were placed on cleaned borosilicate glass covers that were hydrophobized by silination using y-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. In all protein dispersions, 6 was statistically comparable to ST and IT and showed the same concentration-dependant trends. The θ of all surfactants was comparable to their ST and IT measurements above their apparent critical micelle concentrations. The θ measurements of cationic sodium dodecyl sulfate and zwitterionic 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane-sulfonate were comparable to the other measurements at all concentrations studied. Data indicate that θ measurements may be used as a rapid and inexpensive tool to estimate SA for quality assurance and control purposes.


Delusions are fairly common features of Parkinson's disease. Some delusions are easily recognised, but others are less well-known and can be missed by health professionals. We describe the case of a female patient with Parkinson's disease who believed, erroneously, that her partner was being unfaithful; this type of delusion is also called the Othello syndrome. After psychoeducation and the start of clozapine, the delusion faded and the relationship became more peaceful.


This article describes a study that examined the effectiveness of Talking Mats, a low-tech communication framework, in allowing people with communication difficulties as a result of stroke to discuss their quality of life. The study included 12 people in different residential situations. The findings have implications for consumer involvement in rehabilitation.


"Green Olympics" is one of the three themes of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.Growing as one of the sustainable development standards,"Carbon Neutral" is an environmental protection activity with the target of CO_2 emission reduction.The paper gives an in-depth analysis of "Green Olympics" and "Carbon Neutral",and puts forward technological as well as economic and public policy-making suggestions.


Video encoder configured to encode the binary Sting indicating the position of the last significant coefficient within a video block. The video decoder is configured to decode the encoded binary string. String can be encoded using a context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC). You can assign a context to binary index of the binary string. Context may be determined according to the mapping function. Context can be assigned to one or more binary index, each index is associated with a different block sizes. 16 last binary index of video blocks × 16 may share the final binary index and context of 32 × 32 video blocks.


has been reported to mediate a variety of biological activities including anti-tumor, inhibition of protein kinase C, induction of apoptosis through generation of reactive oxygen and stimulation of GSH transport. Recently, chelerythrine was also proved to inhibit the BclXL function and it was considered to open up new therapeutic treatments, while the diverse modification of chemical structures has not been systematically exploited yet. Due to the interesting biological activities, the synthesis of fully aromatized benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids has been attractive target for organic chemists. For overcoming the disadvantages of reported methods we have investigated the efficient and rapid methods for above alkaloids and recently reported a versatile synthetic ways for these alkaloids such as oxynitidine, oxysanguinarine and oxyavicine using lithiated toluamidebenzonitrile cycloaddition. To validate the general application of our developed cycloaddition method, we attempted to apply this to synthesis of oxychelerythrine. Our strategy is based on the formation of 3-arylisoquinoline which could be transformed to benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid via intramolecular enamide ring formation reaction. The advantages of this methodology include easy access to the starting material and a one-pot procedure for constructing essential carbon atoms for desired alkaloid. Retrosynthetic consideration of oxychelerythrine indicates that the coupling of o-toluamide 5 with benzonitrile 6 affords 3-arylisoquinoline, which could be converted to an aldehyde and consecutive C ring construction of oxychelerythrine could be performed by an intramolecular ring cyclization method as outlined in Chart 1. The starting benzylamine 1 was treated with ethyl chloroformate and n-BuLi to give benzoate 2, which was then reduced with NaBH4 in DMSO to afford o-methyl benzoate 3 in 84% overall yield. After the hydrolysis of 3 with 10% NaOH, benzoic acid 4 was treated with oxalyl chloride/40% MeNH2 to provide the o-methyl toluamide 5 in good yield as shown in Chart 2. The toluamide-benzonitrile cycloadditon reaction and the synthesis of oxychelerythrine are shown in Chart 3. The deprotonation of 5 with two equivalent n-BuLi gave dianion, which was treated with MOM protected benzonitrile 6 to afford the 3-arylisoquinolin-1(2H)-one 7 in 40% yield. 7 was then reacted with MeI in the presence of 60% NaH to give N-methylated compounds 8 without giving O-methylated one in 80% yield. Deprotection of 8 with 10% HCl gave the alcohol 9 in 86% yield, which was oxidized with PDC to afford aldehyde 10 in 90% yield, which was then treated with Ph3PCH2OMe/n-BuLi to give the olefins 11 as E/Z (1 : 1) mixture in 56% yield. Hydrolysis of 11 with 10% HCl produced the desired benzo[c]phenanthridine compound oxychelerythrine 13 in 73% yield. In this reaction we assumed that hydrolysis produced the aldehyde 12 and the consecutive intramolecular enamide–aldehyde cyclization occurred under an acidic condition. After ring formation, dehydration would easily occur thus producing a fully aromatized ring system of benzo[c]phenanthridine. Herein, we have also accomplished the formal synthesis of chelerythrine because the process to this alkaloid from the corresponding oxychelerythrine was


Turkey is a tobacco producing country, providing 1.7% of total world production. Turkey has a long history and culture of tobacco use, which is a largely male behavior, particularly among groups with low literacy levels (1). Prevalence of tobacco smoking is high and increasing among youth (2). Cigarettes are the overwhelmingly preferred type of tobacco product by smokers; 96% of smokers use cigarettes only. Turkey achieved considerable success in tobacco control during the last 20 years but still has some challenge areas. In this article, the history of tobacco use and tobacco control in Turkey will be reviewed, and future developments including the major challenge areas will be discussed.


The AMBA(Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture) system is one of the most important elements having an influence upon system performance in ARM-based SoC environments. The system guarantees easy connection and good performance as a 32-bit bus system for ARM processors. In this paper, we analyze arbitration algorithms for the AHB bus of the AMBA system and propose an efficient algorithm to improve the performance of the bus system.


This paper deals with the problem of leveraging client business value in a software development outsourcing relationship. We have observed software development projects from two different Dutch IT outsourcing companies and studied the approach they apply in their (successful) projects. The results show that they create a role dedicated to facilitate communication. This arrangement has the potential to put team members in a better position to communicate, facilitating the transfer of information supporting the rationale behind design decisions. Teams are thus better equipped to anticipate change and to react faster in solving everyday problems. This paper describes our observations and the practical implications we expect, such as the improvement of re-buy intention on the client's side.


Seafloor geodesy is challenging but important for understanding the hazards from earthquakes and tsunamis along subduction zones. Two methods of seafloor geodesy are presented based on obtaining self-calibrated measurements with resonant quartz crystal technology sensors. The A-0-A method for calibrating pressure observations utilizes the internal pressure of the instrument housing as a reference pressure to calibrate sensor drift. An 8-month seafloor test at a depth of 900 m, shows the method has reduced the relative drift between two pressure sensors to <1 mm. The rotating (or flipping) tiltmeter calibrates the accelerations of the horizontal channels of a triaxial accelerometer by rotating them into the vertical where the acceleration of gravity is used as a reference acceleration. Laboratory tests are very promising and deployments are planned on the seafloor and at a geodetic observatory.


Background: Epicardial mapping and ablation has been shown to be a useful adjunct in the setting of ventricular tachycardia (VT) storm. The aim of this study is to report ablation outcomes in 53 consecutive VT storm cases in patients with ischemic (ICM) and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), and compare the results of an combined epicardial-endocardial (epi-endo) versus endo-only ablation strategy. Methods: Patients with VT storm referred for ablation between 6/04-6/11 were analyzed into two groups: ICM and NICM. Six month freedom from VT recurrence was compared between patients who underwent combined epi-endo with those who underwent endocardial-only ablation strategy. Results: 53 patients (ICM=26, NICM=27) underwent ablation for VT storm. In the ICM group, there was significantly higher freedom from VT recurrence at 6 months in the epi-endo group compared to the endo-only ablation group (80% vs. 38%, p = 0.03). In the NICM group, there was no difference in freedom from VT recurrence at 6 months in the epi-endo group compared to the endo-only ablation group (25% vs. 31%, p = 0.75). Conclusion: A combined epi-endo ablation resulted in significantly better outcomes compared to endo-only ablation in patient with ICM. No difference was seen for the NICM group. A combined epi-endo should be considered initially in patients with ICM presenting with VT storm.


A sensitive and efficient method for the determination of acidity constants of salicylaldoxime (SALO) (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde oxime), using both Raman spectroscopic and potentiometric methods, at 30 °C in 50 (wt/wt) of ethanol-water mixture and at the constant ionic strength I = 0.1 M is proposed. The effect of pH on the Raman spectra has also been studied. The Raman spectroscopic technique allows the identification of compounds in different molecular and molecular ionic structures. The limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be 0.05 mol dm-3 for SALO by means of Raman peak area. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Quality of Experience (QoE) reflects the customer's perception of service, and is extremely important for operators. In VoIP service, variety of factors will affect customer's QoE, e.g. source data quality and the transmission channel condition. In cellular systems, although higher level of source coding will improve QoE, more radio resource will be consumed and thus degradation of system capacity will be caused. On the other hand, lower level of modulation and coding can ensure the data delivery, but will lead to more consumption of radio resource. In this paper, to solve these problems in multi-user cellular systems, the source coding quality and channel coding levels are jointly considered according to customer's QoE. In the source and channel coding adaptation, customers with over qualified QoE will sacrifice some radio resource to improve the under guaranteed QoE of others, or increase the system capacity. The simulation shows that the algorithm can effectively balance the utility of limited radio resource and increase customer's satisfaction ratio and system capacity.


Hyperprogressive disease (HPD) is a paradoxical acceleration of tumor growth after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. This study aimed to identify the risk factors and to present a predictive model for HPD in patients treated with ICIs.


Restoring non-infected carious primary molars can pose a challenge to the general dental practitioner. This paper aims to assess the effect on primary caries management and patient experience in a general dental practice setting, when restoring non-infected carious primary molars using a Hall preformed metal crown (PMC).


This is a book review of Design Realities: Creativity, Nature and the Human Spirit
By Stuart Walker
London: Routledge, 2019, 342 pp.
Paperback ISBN 9781138580206. £24.99


The Orange-G is used as photo sensitizer with EDTA as reductant for the enhancement of the conversion efficiency and storage capacity of photo galvanic cell for its commercial viability. The observed value of the photo generation of photo potential was 932.0mV and photocurrent was 265.0 µA. The observed power at power point was 156.40 mW and the conversion efficiency was 1.50 %. The fill factor 0.5035 was observed experimentally observed at the power of the cell. The photo galvanic cell that developed can work for 140 min in dark. The storage capacity of the cell is 60.8%. The effect of different parameters on electrical output of the cell was observed. A mechanism has also been proposed for the generation of the photocurrent and photo potential in photo galvanic cell.


The United States recently enacted legislation that mandates reductions in SOx emissions of about 50% by the end of the century and somewhat smaller reductions in NOx emissions. Similar broad emission reductions are underway in Canada. Such large reductions are generally expected to lead to significant reductions in acid deposition loading; however, the expense of the required actions suggests that mid-course evaluations of the effectiveness of the emission control programs will be desirable. Smaller but still significant changes in annual S emissions in the United States and Canada in recent years present an opportunity to test and evaluate methods to identify trends in source-receptor relationships. From 1979 through 1988, aggregated annual emissions of SOz decreased about 15% in both the United States (Kohout et al., 1990) and Canada (Vena, 1989). One might anticipate that a similar decrease in sulfate wet deposition would be found, if integrated over a sufficiently large region (National Research Council, 1983). However, data for evaluating the deposition trend over the entire decade are limited. Although monitoring of precipitation chemistry was widespread by the end of the period, in the initial years many networks had much sparser station density and lower data capture. The number of wet deposition monitoring sites with suitable sulfate results for the entire period ranges from 26 to 35, depending upon the criteria for acceptance (Sisterson et al., 1990). Although Sisterson et al. found that only a handful of sites exhibited statistically significant trends in deposition (some increasing, some decreasing), both annual wet deposition and precipitation-weighted concentration of sulfate decreased over the period at most sites, with a decrease of about 14% in the median PWC from 1979 through 1987. The preponderance of decreases in deposition suggests that trends in ensemble statistics might be statistically significant. However, the appropriate approach for testing ensemble trends is not immediately obvious. First, ensembles must be defined. Techniques such as cluster analysis can group monitoring sites with similar deposition characteristics, but the sites do not necessarily have similar patterns of antecedent emissions. Second, data on emission trends are usually aggregated, either nationally, regionally, or across states and provinces, but emission rates of individual sources within a state or province do not change uniformly. Third, any underlying deposition trend is confounded with the effects of meteorological variability, primarily associated with changes in wind patterns and precipitation frequency and intensity. Increased rainfall tends to increase deposition and decrease concentration by dilution, but in neither case in a simple manner. One of the perceived advantages of examining the trends for ensembles of


Introduction to the film by Frank Krutnik

Selected scene commentary by Frank Krutnik, author of In a Lonely Street: Film Noir, Genre, Masculinity


Dielectric Barrier Discharges (DBD) are created in a high pressure gas at around 1 atm, and produce non-thermal plasmas. The DBD plasmas are widely used for many applications such as the production of ozone, the treatment of harmful exhausted gases, a plasma display panel, and so on. Characteristics of the DBD plasmas which are usually produced between parallel plane electrodes have not yet been understood well that is because diagnostics of micro discharges forming the DBD plasmas are very difficult due to their short life times (< 100 ns) and small sizes (< 100 μm). Moreover, they are produced between plane electrodes randomly both in time and in spatial position. Therefore, measurements of detailed plasma parameters of the micro discharge have been strongly desired for spreading applications of DBD. In order to assist understanding of DBD plasmas, we have been developing the laser Thomson scattering (LTS) as a diagnostic method of micro discharge of DBD plasmas [1, 2]. However, the direct application of the LTS method to the usual micro discharge of DBD plasmas is very difficult because they can not be controlled spatiotemporally. Therefore, instead of the usual micro discharge of DBD, we tried to use a pulsed filament discharge that is a type of capacity coupled discharge (CCD) [3]. In this paper, measurements of electron density and electron temperature of the pulsed filament discharge are presented. For the LTS system, we used the second harmonics beam of the Nd:YAG laser as the light source of LTS. A triple grating spectrometer having high rejection rate was used to measure the LTS spectra. The electrical circuit for generating the pulsed filament CCD plasma has a capacitor of 50 pF in series with discharge electrodes. After an ignition of the CCD, the electric field between electrodes is weakened because the discharge current charges up the capacitor. As the result the discharge stops [3]. The pulsed filament discharge plasmas were generated in a Ne gas at a pressure of 400 Torr by applying the DC voltage of 3 kV. The electrode set used in this experiment was consisted of a needle electrode and a hemispherical electrode (φ=2 mm) with a gap of 0.5 mm. The rise time of the voltage was about 10 ns. The pulse width of the current waveform was around 20 ns FWHM. The time jitter of the discharge start was around 2 ns, which allowed us to have reproducibility of the LTS signals. An important parameter that assures the similarity between DBD and CCD can be a total electric charge that flows through the discharge channel. In the experiment, the total charge of the pulse filament CCD was estimated to be 3×10 C so that it is not far from that of DBD (< 3×10 C) and, at the same time, will provide enough number density of electrons for the first attempt of the laser Thomson scattering measurement. Figure 1 shows an example of observed LTS spectra at the center of the discharge. The measurement time was about 15 ns after the start of the discharge. From this electron term spectrum, it is found that the scattering is in the collective regime and the scattering parameter α is around 1. For this case, ne can be determined from the differential wavelength of the off-axis spectral peak, and then, Te from the spectral shape. From this spectrum, ne and Te values were evaluated to be ne=(5.5±1)×10 m and Te=3.0±0.5 eV, respectively.


The hbfgf (human basic fibroblast growth factor) gene cloning in a pET-3a expression vector, in spite of having the appropriate results in the amount of hbFGF hormone expression, after a while it leads to the leaky expression. Our attempts in order to find its several causes and solve the above problem resulted in sub-cloning the mentioned gene in the pET-22b vector. The obtained results demonstrated the acceptable amount of the gene production. Moreover there was no leaky expression in the host cell before induction. It can be concluded that it is due to the existence of an extra repression system for preventing the hbfgf gene to be transcribed before the induction. The extra repressor is a lacO sequence in the down stream of the T7 promoter and a lacI gene to encode lac repressor.


130 soil samples from farmlands in Weibei dry-land mining area were collected and analyzed for the content of Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,Zn. The results indicated that the average contents of Cd,Cu,Pb were higher than those of Shaanxi Province soil background,while Cr and Zn contents were lower than those. The geostatistical analysis results suggested that the heavy metal contents decreased from west to east,and had the highest contents all around cement factory. There were significantly positive correlation among Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb and Zn. The principal component analysis was applied to estimate the sources of heavy metals. Cd in factor 1 was associated with anthropogenic activities,whereas Cr in factor 2 was mainly controlled by parent material,Cu,Pb and Zn were affected by both two factors. The quality of soils were evaluated with pollution load index( PLI) and potential ecological risk index( PER),respectively. The results show that coal mine area was clean or slightly to moderately polluted,while the cement factory area was moderately polluted. Heavy metals in soil were ranked by pollution index as Cd,Pb,Cu,Cr,Zn.


In 20 patients treated on account of advanced cholecystitis, inflammations of the biliary pathways and liver a cephalosporin of the third generation, cefoperazone, was administered within the framework of antimicrobial treatment after surgery or after endoscopic intervention. In the laboratory investigation of the study in isolated bacteria minimal inhibitory concentrations and serum, biliary and tissue levels of cefoperazone were assessed. The minimal inhibitory concentrations in the assessed bacteria were several times lower than the levels assessed in serum, bile and the wall of the gallbladder. The infection was eradicated in 20 patients. Seventeen patients were cured (85%).


Disclosed is an object to provide a polycarboxylic acid polymer having a high dispersibility in various solid powder system. SOLUTION: In the polycarboxylic acid polymer comprising a reactive alcohol derivative and a dibasic acid derivative having a polymerizable binding sites, the reactive alcohol derivative poly alkylene oxide chain ends the carbon atom number of 3 or 4 a polyalkylene oxide addition, at this time, a polycarboxylic acid characterized by having an alkylene oxide having a carbon number of 3 or 4 at the end at a rate of 0.1 to 30 mol% based on the total molar amount of the alkylene oxide chain providing a system polymer. .BACKGROUND


Many of the tools developed for the study of shock physics for weapons related work have direct application in industry. For example, instrumentation developed in the study of shock physics has been used to good advantage in the commercial explosives industry. The development of additional sensors is ongoing, though the manner in which these sensors are used and the data analyzed are slightly different because of the application. On the other hand, some of the tools, procedures, and methodologies need some changes in order to provide the best utility to the industrial community. Take reactive hydrocode modeling as an example. The use of reaction rate laws which are very good at modeling the ideal explosives used in shock physics are not universally applicable to industry uses of explosives because of the need to use the energy release rates to tailor the explosive to the job at hand. For example, warheads typically use ideal explosives which release their energy very rapidly and under shock conditions whi...


A controller for a continuously variable transmission reduces a change of a target speed ratio (γtgt) of the continuously variable transmission when a sensitivity coefficient (K) (= dta / dTetgt) is large as compared to when the sensitivity coefficient (K) is small. If the sensitivity coefficient (K) is large, a change of the speed ratio (γ) is suppressed so that the stability of the transmission ratio (γ) is improved. If the sensitivity coefficient (K) is small, the response of switching is improved. The controller changes a suppression degree of a shifting of the continuously variable transmission in response to the sensitivity coefficient (K), so that it is possible to prevent a shift, where necessary. Therefore, it is possible to attain both an improvement in the stability of the transmission ratio (γ) as well as an improvement of the response of a shift in the automatic vehicle speed control. This eliminates a perceived by a driver feel uncomfortable.


A series of waveguide couplers using a novel configuration have been designed and measured from WR-5.1 (140-220 GHz) to WR-1.5 (500-750 GHz). The coupling is achieved using a microstrip quarter-wave coupled line, allowing for coupling factors from 7 dB to 11 dB and directivity of better than 20 dB. The coupling circuits consist of a quartz circuit micromachined into an "H" shape to transition from microstrip to waveguide. Measurement of the couplers showed good agreement between the simulations and experiment. The measured insertion loss ranges from 2 dB at WR-5.1 to 5 dB at WR-1.5.


In this paper, we introduce a new method for categorisation natural image based on different techniques. Concerning the color and texture, we made a pre-treatment to convert the database images on to the gray-scale and the Haar wavelet transformation. For this, we use the Oriented Gradient Histogram (HOG) for each sub-band to extract these image features. We have used a proper classification based on the support vector machine (SVM) to recognize these images. The result part and experience applied on a Corel database that is known in natural images shows a better performance of the proposed system based on accuracy and speed compared to other CBIR methods.


Measures of the air traffic controller are reviewed and critically assessed. There are many reasons for measuring the controller, and no measure can yet be treated as either indispensable or useless. Some of the most successful studies have employed many different measures. There has been a bias toward measuring the controller as part of the system rather than in his or her own right. It has proved difficult to establish adequate measurement criteria because of uncertainty about the relative importance of the factors involved. The development of new measures and the refinement of existing ones may lead to progress. A reinterpretation of the controller's tasks and functions in relation to psychological constructs should be attempted.


The end of the twentieth century and early twenty-first century is a time of global upheaval and radical changes in all spheres of public life. As a result of these changes has formed a new socio-economic and cultural development model of the country. Including happened and transformation approaches in the management of migratory flows at the state level. Only the application of economic instruments in the management of migratory flows will ensure Russia's national security. Ключевые слова: иммиграционные потоки, экономический инструментарий менеджмента, безопасность России.


Abstract : The Air Force Installation Restoration Program (IRP) is involved in assessing and managing health risks from exposure to toxic chemical contamination at hazardous waste sites on Air Force facilities. In human health risk assessment, data from epidemiological studies are valuable when available. However, data from animal studies are usually extrapolated to humans because the human data are often insufficient. Thus, uncertainties arise concerning the relevance of the animal data to humans. This report presents the results of an independent evaluation of selected relevant scientific literature. It identifies and discusses experimental methods that are potentially useful for the quantitation of parameters that are necessary for the modeling of chemically- induced cellular changes that occur in carcinogenesis. The report presents an overview of the cell dynamics of carcinogenesis in terms of a conceptual two- stage model and briefly evaluates experimental approaches which may be applicable, focusing especially on the liver and lung of rodents.


Feasibility of Y 2O 2S is analysed as auxiliary electrolyte of determination sulpher sensors in this paper.A chemical reaction is proceeded under high temperature.The product is prepared and analyzed by X ray foam diffractometer.its chemical composition is determined by qualitative analysis,high pure powder of Y 2O 2S is gained.The proper thermodynamics character is calculated in binary solution of rare earth Y Fe according to the phase diagram of Fe RE,meanwhile,thermodynamics is calculated in a systematic way on some sulphides,which is thought of being feasible as auxiliary electrodes.By contrast,Y 2O 2S is superior to any sulphides.


A.INTRODUCTION: Because of today's highly competitive business environment and the need to do more with less, computer-based management information systems (MIS) are becoming increasingly important to PHAs that want to remain competitive. Consequently, more and more PHAs are relying on information systems to effectively manage their operations. For this reason, operational reviews of these systems need to be conducted to ensure that effective PHA management controls are in place, including procedures in which to guarantee the integrity, efficiency, security, and reliability of the MIS.


Discusses the term "technical debt". It's so prevalent that we shorten it to tech debt or even just TD. What counts as technical debt has expanded over the years, which has caused many people to lose sight of the interesting phenomena that Ward Cunningham was talking about when he coined the term in 1992. Today, any code that a developer dislikes is branded as technical debt. Tech debt is also hacky code, code written by novices, code written without consideration of software architecture (so-called big balls of mud), and code with antipatterns flagged by static analysis tools.


. A variety of associative algebras is called nonmatrix if it does not contain the algebra of 2 × 2 matrices over the given field. Nonmatrix varieties were introduced and studied by V. N. Latyshev [4–6] in relation with the Specht problem. Some characterizations of nonmatrix varieties were obtained in the paper [9]. In the given paper the notion of nonmatrix variety is extended for nonassociative algebras, and the characterization from [9] is generalized for alternative, Jordan, and some other varieties of algebras.


Dear Sir Rhode et al. (1), with a case-control study of 411 patients and 411 control subjects, found the frequency of the restless legs syndrome (RLS) to be significantly higher in patients with migraine than in controls (17.3% vs. 5.6%, P < 0.001). Their findings are in accordance with an earlier observation of a high frequency of RLS in patients suffering from pain of different origin, including migraine and other kinds of headache (2). In the latter study, stress was laid upon the history of medication intake as the sample consisted of psychiatric outpatients all treated with antidepressants for depressive or anxiety disorders. Antidepressants, like many other agents, had often been reported to provoke RLS, whereas the role of analgesics in RLS had not been considered ever before (2). However, patients suffering from migraine, or from other chronic pain syndromes like tension-type headache, chronic (recurrent) back or joint pain, or suffering from somatoform pain disorder, very often take substances of either class: antidepressants and analgesics. Leutgeb and Martus (2) observed that in patients on long-term antidepressant medication but without regular intake of analgesics (n = 172), the frequency of RLS (9%) was in the range of its frequency in the general population (e.g. 7.2%, cf. (3)). Out of 71 patients with comorbid chronic recurrent pain who had regularly taken non-opioid analgesics, 49 had RLS of any frequency and severity (2). Besides this statistical clearness (i.e. 69%), the clinical observation of an improvement of all RLS symptoms in those patients (16 out of 49) who had stopped abuse of analgesics under the antidepressant therapy prompted the authors to ascribe the analgesics a major role in facilitating RLS. Berger (4), in a comment on that study (2), warned not to generalize the observed association of analgesic medication and RLS to other populations. Yet, he himself and specialists of a tertiary care headache centre in his Westphalian region, having now found the above-mentioned significant comorbidity of migraine and RLS, extensively discuss the possibility that long-term intake of headache medication 'could be a major factor explaining the occurrence of RLS in migraine patients' (1). The underlying mechanism remains unexplained. From a neurophysiological viewpoint, in headache patients, regular (over-) use of analgesics might enhance central excitability not only for pain but also for RLS (5). As discussed by Rhode et al. (1), in patients with migraine, pre-existing hypersensitivity of central and peripheral dopamine receptors could further enhance the risk of RLS in which a dysfunction of the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system is very likely to play a major role (6). However, the assumption of central sensitization as proposed for migraine and neuropathic pain does not necessarily apply to pain due to degenerative spine or joint disease, or to somatoform pain disorder, which were also frequent comorbidities in patients with RLS (2). Analgesics of the NSAID-type could interfere with cellular prostaglandin pathways processing dopamine. Mattammal et al. (7) have shown that NSAIDs inhibit the (iron requiring) cooxidation of dopamine. Having focused on the additional comorbidity of depression in their study, Rhode et al. (1) did not find a significant difference in the prevalences of depression between migraine patients with RLS and migraine patients without RLS. These findings complement the conclusion drawn from the results of the study on the patients of the secondary care psychiatric practice that neither depression nor anxiety disorders seem to be causative for the RLS (2). However, the comorbidity of (severe) RLS may worsen pre-existing depression (8). Though limited because of having used a self-assessment depression questionnaire, Rhode et al. (1) found that migraine patients with RLS scored higher than migraine patients without RLS.


...................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 6 Study Area ................................................................................................................................... 8 Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Study Design.......................................................................................................................... 10 N-mixture Models.................................................................................................................. 12 Activity Analysis ................................................................................................................... 14 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 14 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 18 Management Implications ......................................................................................................... 23 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................................... 23 Tables ........................................................................................................................................ 27 Figures ....................................................................................................................................... 33 Fawn Survival in the Exurban, Heterogeneous, Predator Rich Landscape of NorthWestern Connecticut .................................................................................................................. 42 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 43.................................................................................................................................... 43


Here we study the projects of life of Muslims who have served their sentences for fraud and other crimes and returned from Russian prisons in the past three years. There was a hypothesis that the Muslim culture had significant impact on the processes of resocialization and social adaptation after the release from prison. However, it was not confirmed: a high percentage of repetitions of crime were revealed among previously convicted Muslims, as well as the inefficient use of religious resources as a worldview and humanitarian foundation. The theory of socialization (T.Parsons) and the theory of identity (G.Mead) were used as a methodology for empirical study.


Does a healthy diet reduce the risk of high blood pressure in women who had a history of gestational diabetes? Also, a new meta-analysis indicates that a way to predict preeclampsia may be possible. Plus: A look at the impact of preconception lifestyle on pregnancy loss.


Oral sub-mucous fibrosis is a premalignant condition recently recognized as "areca nut-induced oral fibrosis." It is "achronic disease which is irreversible, affecting oral and systemic health of patients." However, Areca nut or betel nut is the primaryetiologic reason for Oral Submucous fibrosis (OSMF); other factors like excess chilies intake, nutritional deficiencies, andimmunological factors are also considered causative agents for the disease. It causes inflammation and fibrosis of the submucosaltissues causing trismus and rigid oral mucosa. The treatment for this disorder includes numerous conservative, medicinal, andsurgical management; however, no treatment modality has been proven to be a standard treatment option. Herbal modalities areseen to be more effective in OSMF treatment. Unfortunately, the literature on the management of OSMF cannot do justice to allthe treatment modalities at one stop. The new trends and treatment modalities for OSMF keep adding up from time to time, andyet formulating the perfect treatment protocol for OSMF management is still challenging for dental clinicians due to themultifactorial etiology, complexity of the disease, and changing trends in treatment. The present review aimed to enlighten cliniciansabout the current disease scenario and tried to include all the latest treatment modalities. The objectives are to review and assessthe existing situation of this disease with a brief on the efficacy of different available treatment modalities used to help dentalphysicians formulate a treatment protocol with knowing the proper effects, advantages, and disadvantages of each modality andenlightening the potential future treatment options for OSMF.


In May 2016, the WHO recommended a 9-12 month MDR-TB treatment regimen for pulmonary MDR-TB patients without confirmed resistance to a medicine in this regimen (excluding isoniazid resistance). The majority of MDR pulmonary TB (PTB) cases in Singapore originate from South-east Asian countries where capacity for full drug susceptibility testing (DST) is not widely available. We report the phenotypic drug susceptibility pattern of these cases to detemine their eligibility for the WHO shorter MDR-TB regimen. From 2002 to 2016, there were 214 foreign-born MDR PTB cases diagnosed in Singapore. These originated from Indonesia (n=76), Myanmar (n=54), China (n=37), Philiippines (n=18), Vietnam (n=15), India (n-7), Bangladesh (n=4) and others (n=3). Nine (4.2%) were XDR and 28 (13.1%) pre-XDR cases. Phenotypic DST showed 16.7% (35/209) resistance to ofloxacin, 5.2% (11/213) resistance to kanamycin, 23% (49/213) resistance to ethionamide, 47.2% (101/214) resistance to ethambutol, 56.7% (68/120) resistance to pyrazinamide and 5.4% (4/74) resistance to clofazimine. 151 (70.5%) of the 214 cases were resistant to at least one of these six constituent drugs of the WHO shorter MDR-TB treatment regimen, and only 15 (7%) showed confirmed susceptibility to all six drugs. The WHO shorter MDR-TB treatment regimen is not applicable in at least 70% of MDR-TB patients in South-east Asia if the patients in our study are representative of those in their countries.


The production of strange baryons ..sigma../sup +- / (1385) and ..gamma../sup -/ has been observed in e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilations at 29 GeV center-of-mass energy, by use of data obtained with the High Resolution Spectrometer at the SLAC storage ring PEP. The total mean multiplicities are measured to be = 0.033 +- 0.006 +- 0.005 and = 0.016 +- 0.004 +- 0.004 per hadronic event. The results are in good agreement with the Lund string model.


Potter M (1980) ' The power of seated thought ' Area 2, 1-2 Pyle G and Rugg D (1991) 'The power of Arrest: a new carpet cleaning product' Progress in Furniture Geography, floor $ Sack R (1986) Furniture territoriality (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) Smith Kneel (1992) ' I won't stand for this!: a diatribe against uneven furniture which leads to spillage' Antipathy XIX, 2-211 Sofa Ed (1989) Postmodernism in geography: examining our interiors and posteriors (Vice Versa Press, Oxnard) Tabler Waldo (1965) Furniture projections: why tables tend to beflat like maps (Orthogonal Press, Des Plaines) Willmott Couch (1990) 'The couch potato and evaluating a fit with the Porkbutt model' Slow and Easy Progress in Geography I, 1-2


The transportation-based supply chain model can be formulated as the constrained nonlinear programming problems. When solving such problems, the classic optimization algorithms are often limited to local minimums, causing the difficulty to find the global optimal solution. Aiming at this problem, a filled function method with a single parameter is given to cross the local minimum. Based on the characteristics of the filled function, a new filled function algorithm that can obtain the global optimal solution is designed. Numerical experiments verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm. Finally, the filled function algorithm is applied to the solution of supply chain problems, and the numerical results show that the algorithm can also address decision-making problems of supply chain transportation effectively.


Objective: Few data were available on glycemic control at the early prediabetic stage, though it is the important stage to prevent diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this research was to examine the glycemic control effects of herb medicine treatment (DA-9802) in prediabetic stage patients. Methods: In this randomized, single blind, placebo-controlled study, we compared Sanyak extract (DA-9802) with placebo for the treatment of glycemic control effects in prediabetic stage patients. 45 volunteers who satisfied the requirements were enrolled in the study. They took Sanyak extract (DA-9802) or placebo treatment three times a day for 8 weeks. Blood sugar, Total Symptom Score (TSS) and blood serum were measured at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Results: In the DA-9802 group, fasting blood sugar changes between before 8 weeks significantly decreased. Fasting blood sugar, fasting blood sugar gaps between before and after treatment for 8 weeks, insulin changes and C-peptide significantly decreased at 8 weeks compared with those of the placebo group. Conclusion: Herb medicine treatment (DA-9802) is effective in glycemic control on prediabetic stage.


In this review we cover some aspects of metal–salophen and metal–salen complex chemistry related to their supramolecular attitude. We examined under the lens of the non-covalent interactions their potential to behave as building blocks for auto-assembled architectures, supramolecular receptors and catalysts, although this last point has been only briefly mentioned.


This study investigates one reason why real estate master limited partnerships (MLPs) are undervalued. The study finds that parents of MLPs, generally, and parents of non-real estate MLPs experience positive stock price increases when creating MLPs in the same business as the parent firm and insignificant price increases otherwise. Parents of real estate MLPs experience insignificant stock price changes whether or not the MLP is in the same business as the parent firm. However, despite insignificance, we find evidence that real estate parents forming real estate MLPs may experience greater stock price appreciation than non-real estate parents creating real estate MLPs.


There are some problems in the volume. "Middle class" is sometimes presented as a residual category or only implicitly defined. Here it usually refers to role in the mode of production, but it is also used in reference to wealth, status, and education. The use of the term "middle classes" in the plural is confusing; sometimes it refers to the respective middle class of each country of the Maghreb; other times it suggests multiple middle classes within each country. Rank, stratification, and class are little differentiated by most of the authors. Some other questions remain. How does class articulate with ethnicity — in the cases of the Mozabites and Soussis, for example?; and do forms described as "pre-capitalist," as in Ageron's essay, lead inevitably to capitalism? Of course, many of these theoretical issues have been debated at length elsewhere; here the authors appear to assume a a critical consensus about them on the part of their readers.


Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among pregnant women in district Chitral, Pakistan. Design: A descriptive cross sectional study. Place and duration of study: The study was carried out in a public hospital in district Chitral, Pakistan from May 2008 to June 2008. Subjects and Methods: A consecutive sample of 340 pregnant women was approached for recruitment in the study. A short translated Khowar version of the Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale (AKUADS) was used to detect depression and a questionnaire was used to determine the associated factors of depression. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 15 using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression technique. Results: Using the AKUADS, at a cut off score of e" 13, the prevalence of antenatal depression was around 34 %. The multivariate analysis showed that verbal/physical abuse (P=<0.001), unplanned pregnancy (P=<0.001), and illiteracy (P=<0.001) were independently associated with depression. Conclusion: More than one third of pregnant women in district Chitral suffer from depression and this is associated with illiteracy, verbal/physical abuse and unplanned pregnancy. Policies must aim to incorporate routine screening programs for depression in obstetric care. Service providers can be trained to detect and manage depression and to refer women to the appropriate services. Counseling of couples may prevent unplanned pregnancies and reduce domestic violence.


The large number of families available in the National Adoption Registry as opposed to
the four times smaller number of children ready for adoption demonstrates that adoption in
Brazil faces difficulties in achieving the desired success of placing the child in a surrogate
family. Given this, this paper aims to analyze the development of the adoption process until its
completion, evaluating the position and concern of the magistrates, the Child and Youth Courts,
the State and society and the adopters in relation to the institutionalized child. Static reports
made available by the National Council of Justice were used to draw the profile of the minor
and the applicants to adopt available in 2019. The discourse of the adopters and their
motivations for the return of the infant during the adoption process were evidenced. The
analysis of the judgments related to the return of children in the adoption showed that the civil
liability of the adopters can be applied either in the cohabitation stage or after the adoption
sentence.


【Task】 Excellent wear resistance is mechanical properties, chemical properties and is moisture resistant, corrosion resistance, acid resistance, excellent base resistance, low-E coating film also has excellent thermal properties, and window containing it to provide the functionality of building materials. A Substrate; low emissivity coating layer; wherein and top coating layer, said top coating layer is a metal layer from the low emissivity coating layer, is a multi-layered structure successively comprising a metal oxide layer and the metal oxynitride layer low emissivity coating, its preparation and window functional building materials containing it. .FIELD 1


This article tries to make Amancio Landin known to the readers. He was a man with a passion for oceanic discoveries, and with an especial interest in the vindication of Galician sailors.


The Swedish democrats crossed the four percent threshold for parliament representation in Sweden for the first time in the election 2010. This controversial party has teared open a lot of emotion in the Swedish debates, mostly because of their anti-immigrant politics. The Swedish democrats politics all weigh heavily upon a clear distinction between the swedes and the non- swedes. The party appears to act in a context colored by orientalism, creating a clear category of "the others". They argue the importance for a homogeneous Swedish culture and therefore also argue for the so called capital failure of the multicultural society.
The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the Swedish democrats construct the "Swedishness" and what this mean to the category of "non-Swedes".


The purpose of this paper is to develop a benchmark of performance standards for Global Logistics Provider in the merging logistics market. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) can be employed to compare and analyse the efficiencies of Global Logistics Provider(3PL, 4PL). That is because Global Logistics Providers are able to reach the highest level of efficiency by using Logistics institutions and Logistics service systematically. This research is focused on analyzing the efficiencies of top 40 Global Logistics Providers. The framework assumes that the Providers use three inputs to produce one output. The inputs include number of employees information system, and number of warehouses. The output is the annual turnover. The results show that Panalpina, C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Maersk Logistics/Damco, Hub Group, Lander Global Logistics on Global Logistics Providers are the efficient providers. This paper also allows the inefficient DMUs to establish their benchmarking strategies. The strategies are dependent on the assets such as number of employees, information system, and number of warehouses.


Disclosed is a bended heat exchanger (10), which comprises: a first collecting pipe (101) and a second collecting pipe (102); a plurality of flat pipes (103), which have two ends thereof respectively connected with the first collecting pipe (101) and the second collecting pipe (102) and which are arranged spaced apart from each other along the axial directions thereof; and fins (104) which are arranged between adjacent flat pipes (103) and extend in a corrugated manner along the length direction of the flat pipes (103), the thickness of the fin (104) being FT; in the first and the second collecting pipes (101, 102), the larger external diameter is OD, and the larger wall thickness is T; the width of the flat pipes (103) is W, the arc radius of the fin (104) is FR, the height of the fin (104) is FH, and 0.01≤(100×FT×FR×T)/(FH×OD)≤9.


Information about the preparation and realization of the attractive program for the "Star Night" on September 25, 2009, in Shumen, is presented. Its goal is popularization of the European initiative "Research Night" in Bulgaria. Празникът "НОЩ НА УЧЕНИТЕ 2009" в Шумен


In this work we present a framework for fish population monitoring through the analysis of underwater videos. We specifically focus on the user information needs, and on the dynamic data extraction and retrieval mechanisms that support them. Sophisticated though a software tool may be, it is ultimately important that its interface satisfies users' actual needs and that users can easily focus on the specific data of interest. In the case of fish population monitoring, marine biologists have to interact with a system which not only provides information from a biological point of view, but also offers instruments to let them guide the video processing task for both video and algorithm selection. This paper aims at describing the system's underlying video processing and workflow low-level details, and their connection to the user interface for on-demand data retrieval by biologists.


Low pressure membrane processes ie microfiltration and ultrafiltration are widely app lied in water and wastewater treatment. The main exploitation problem connected with those technologies is the decrease of membrane capacity during the process caused by blocking of membrane pores with organic and inorganic substance (so-called fouling). The performance of a tomic force microscopy analysis enables quantitativ e determination of membranes roughness and allows to characterize membrane surface before and after foul ing. The paper discuss results of filtration of three surfac e waters differ in properties, mainly in specific U V absorbance (SUVA 254 ).


Our background station V07B-01 shows He increasing with depth reaching a maximum of He = 11% at ~2500 m depth. This is in contrast to historical profiles collected in 1987 and 1997, which show < 1% at 2500 m. The somewhat higher values at shallow depths in these historical profiles are due to He production by tritium decay. The source of this deep excess in our 2007 background cast is unknown. It is too deep to be the result of activity from the submarine volcanoes of the Aeolian Arc, which are active at depths <1000 m. One possibility is that there has been a major water mass change in the deep Tyrrhenian Sea since 1997. (The 1987 and 1997 data courtesy of W. Roether and B Klein). 3 3


We utilize a kinetic description to study the dispersion relation of Alfven waves propagating parallelly to the ambient magnetic field in a dusty plasma, taking into account the fluctuation of the charge of the dust particles, which is due to inelastic collisions with electrons and ions. We consider a plasma in which the velocity distribution functions of the plasma particles are modelled as anisotropic kappa distributions, study the dispersion relation for several combinations of the parameters κ∥ and κ⊥, and emphasize the effect of the anisotropy of the distributions on the mode coupling which occurs in a dusty plasma, between waves in the branch of circularly polarized waves and waves in the whistler branch.


Foliar sprays of malathion 50EC, diazinon 25EC, acephate (Orthene) 75SP, and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Dipel) were tested on 2nd and 4th instars of Datana integerrima Grote and Robinson on black walnut trees. Excellent control resulted with foliar spray applications of all the mentioned insecticides.


Abstract Pollinators have long been implicated in plant speciation. Peter Raven's earlier work was instrumental in integrating foraging energetics of animals into our understanding of how shifts in major pollinators influence the evolutionary diversification of floral traits. More recently, efforts by Raven and others in the area of conservation have inspired pollination biologists to consider the implications of pollinator shifts and losses due to human activities. This paper uses the shift between hummingbird and hawkmoth pollination as a model for exploring impacts of pollinator shifts on plant populations. Recent studies have quantified the degree of reproductive isolation due to such pollinators in several genera. Data from Ipomopsis Michx. further allow us to consider whether recent changes in pollinator regimes have demographic consequences for plant populations. A majority of plant populations may currently suffer from pollen limitations on seed production, but few data exist on the demographic consequences of poor reproduction. In Ipomopsis, reduced seed production due to pollen limitation can impact the number of individuals surviving to reproduce in the next generation. Some populations of I. tenuituba (Rydb.) V. E. Grant are estimated to have finite rates of increase less than unity, which can be explained in part by current low levels of hawkmoth pollination. In the absence of an increase in hawkmoths, selection for wider corolla tubes and other floral traits could, in principle, attract enough hummingbird pollination to result in a growing population, but models show that such evolution by natural selection may leave the population vulnerable to local extinction. We need more studies of the quantitative demographic consequences of changes in pollinator regimes. Such studies should consider how evolutionary changes influence the risk of extinction.


Access alternative resources. Shale gas recovered from source rocks as an energy resource, though unconventional, is attracting considerable attention due to its untapped potentials. Recent development in shale extraction techniques has made the recovery process becoming more lucrative and economically viable. Kerogen is thought to play an important role in gas recovery due to being the primary organic component of shale. However, the interactions between trapped shale gas and kerogen remain poorly understood due to confinement effects resulting from the latter being a heterogeneous nanoporous structure with complex pore characteristics. This study set out to examine the diffusive behaviour of methane molecules in kerogen matrices of different types (Type I, II, and II) and maturity levels ranging from A to D for Type II kerogens on a molecular scale. We employed Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations to compute the methane adsorption and then followed with equilibrium molecular dynamics (EMD) simulations to compute the mean square displacement (MSD) of methane within the kerogen matrices at reservoir-relevant conditions, i.e., 375 K and 275 bar. Moreover, transport diffusivity of methane was calculated through non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations. Our results have shown that self-diffusivity of methane exhibit some degree of anisotropy in all kerogen types, except for Type I-A kerogen, where isotropic diffusion can be observed. Self-diffusivity appears to correlate positively with pore volume for Type II kerogens, where an increase can be observed with maturity. Highest diffusion rate can be observed in Type I-A kerogen. Swelling upon methane adsorption can also be appreciated. The findings can contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of gas transport in shale and may lead to further development of extraction techniques, fracturing fluids, and recovery predictions.


Abstract This paper finds evidence consistent with a separating equilibrium where high search cost investors choose mutual fund families that offer a broad product array, while low search cost investors find it most efficient to allocate their resources across families focused in a particular product line. Considering both security research and distribution efficiencies, we find that focused families offer investors about a 50 basis point annual advantage in domestic equity funds over our period of study. Innovations in distribution, such as fund supermarkets, as well as financial advice priced below the breakeven threshold, can lever the benefits of family focus. © 2006 Academy of Financial Services. All rights reserved. JEL classification: G23; I23 Keywords: Mutual fund; Family; Specialization 1. Introduction Mutual fund investors must choose the proportion of their assets to be invested across and within various classes, such as stocks, bonds, international, or specialty sectors. Another, less apparent, decision is whether investors should direct their money into one mutual fund family that offers funds with almost all possible combinations of these choices or should they spread their money across several fund families, each offering only a subset of an investor's choices. This paper investigates whether investor welfare is improved by investing widely across several families that specialize in a narrow product line of funds versus investing narrowly with one or two families that offers a wide variety of fund products. We find evidence consistent with a separating equilibrium in which high search cost investors will find it most efficient to invest in fund families that offer a broad product array (herein "unfocused families"), while low search cost investors will it most efficient to allocate their resources across families focused in a particular product line. Fund families that offer a broad product array may be strategically targeting investors with high personal administrative and search costs (Sim and Tufano, 1998; Massa, 2003; Siggelkow, 2003). By offering funds across many asset types, unfocused families can offer "one stop shopping" to investors thus lowering investors search costs as well as the costs of administering to their accounts. Additionally, if family marketing and distribution expenditures and investor search costs are substitutes, investors with low search costs might efficiently self-select (focused) families with lower marketing/distribution costs, while higher search cost investors are better served by families with a wide variety of offerings. Thus we would expect to see unfocused families charge higher 12b-ll (marketing) fees and be more likely to include loads on their funds to encourage brokers to recommend them. Investors with low search costs will find it efficient to select focused families only if they have the ability to offer higher net returns than unfocused families can offer. Prior studies of economies of scale and scope provide some insight into how focused families may have the ability to offer higher returns. Similar to the findings in more traditional production settings (Berger & Ofek, 1995), the mutual fund industry may experience diseconomies of scope in both research and operations. A family's lack of specialization could have offsetting costs for both its business and for the investors in its funds. Eaton (1995) provides just such an example in the case of Fidelity's ill-fated attempt to extend its successful equity fund investment strategies into bond funds. Thus, families that specialize within a narrow product line may be able to provide higher gross returns or higher returns net of operating expenses than diversified families because of diseconomies of scope. Furthermore, unfocused families may experience diseconomies of scale in implementing their investment objectives. Sirri and Tufano (1998) and Jain and Wu (2000) find that fund families that advertise experience abnormally large cash inflows, while Barber, Odean, and Zheng (2004) and Walsh (2004) find that funds that charge 12b-l fees also experience higher cash inflows. …


Flange clearance flow is a complex flow phenomenon in axial flow units. Clearance vortex and vortex cavitation caused by it have always been the focus of research at home and abroad. In this paper, the steady cavitation calculation of Kaplan turbine with blade tip clearance width of 0.5mm, 1mm and 2mm is carried out under four working conditions. The energy characteristics, clearance flow characteristics and cavitation characteristics of the runner under different clearances are analyzed. Results show that: The energy characteristics of the runner domain are greatly affected by the tip clearance width. When ω/D increases by 1%, the power coefficient P * decreases by 0.83%~1.45%, and the efficiency η decreases by 0.3%~0.5%. With the increase of the clearance width, the diameter of the clearance leakage vortex band becomes thicker, and the vortex length gradually extends to the outflow edge of the blade, and the included Angle with the blade suction surface gradually increases. The cavitation type of the tip area is mostly leaking vortex cavitation when there is a tiny clearance. Clearance cavitation and leakage vortex cavitation grow as tip clearance rises, and the interaction between them is reinforced.


267 Background: Cancer-related mental disorder reduces (e.g., depression and anxiety disorder) not only treatment compliance but also compromises the quality of life of the patient. However, psychiatric intervention at the cancer notification has been barely performed in Japan because Japanese people traditionally tend to have a prejudice against psychiatric consultation and about sexual activity. In order to provide more effective treatment for breast cancer patients, it is necessary to treat cancer-related mental disorder in Japan.

METHODS
Based on Self-rating Depression Scale, Hamilton's Rating Scale for Depression and Beck Depression Inventory, the questionnaires were modified for Japanese patients by psychiatrists and clinical psychologists of our hospital. We asked newly diagnosed breast cancer patients an original self-completed questionnaire regarding the depression and anxiety disorder between January 2010 and March 2011. This questionnaire consists of 14 questions about depression and anxiety disorder without questions of sexual activity, which has two points each question (maximum total points were 28). We recommended the psychiatric interference by a psychiatrist and the clinical psychologist to all patients with more than 14 points in this questionnaire.

RESULTS
We obtained data from 116 patients. No patient refused to answer the questionnaire. 23 patients had higher than 14 points in this questionnaire. Of 23 patients, 9 patients received psychiatric intervention without medication, and four patients received psychotropic medications. Based on the results, we avoided the administration of anticancer agent by intravenous infusion in three patients who had higher than 14 points in the questionnaire. Multivariate analysis revealed that unmarried status is associated with a significantly higher score (OR 16.1; p = 0.013).

CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggest that our original self-completed questionnaire is useful for the screening of the cancer-related mental disorder in order to provide appropriate therapy to newly diagnosed breast cancer patients.


The invention discloses a device for testing a limited soil mass rigid retaining wall soil pressure model. The device comprises a model box, loading systems, a retaining wall and a measuring system. Toughened glass is fixedly embedded in the side face of the model box, and a rigid cushion block is welded to a model box base plate. A reaction frame is arranged on the loaded side, and eight groups of clamping steel blocks are welded to a frame. The two loading systems which can work independently are installed on the reaction frame and connected with a movable retaining wall through a fixed hinge support, and fixed boundaries are installed on the specific clamping steel blocks according to the earth filling width requirements. A micro soil pressure box is embedded in the retaining wall, and a dial gage is installed at the rear of the movable retaining wall. A digital camera is placed in front of the side face of the model box. Different earth filling widths, wall soil contact surfaces and retaining wall displacement and shifting modes are simulated, changes of active or passive soil pressure are monitored, and a soil mass displacement field and slip crack faces are studied. According to the device for testing the limited soil mass rigid retaining wall soil pressure model, effective test data support can be provided for studying the soil pressure problems on the conditions of limited soil mass, and help is provided for a follow-up theoretical analysis model.


Abstract Some of the character education programmes that were implemented in American public schools during the first three decades of this century are examined. The educational theory underlying these programmes is contrasted to John Dewey's ideas on moral education. Character education programmes reflected a trait‐inspired approach to morality: character was assumed to be a structure of virtues and vices. Dewey's conception of morality was broader; he held that character embraced all the purposes, desires, and habits that affect human conduct. Dewey's recommendations for moral education differed significantly from those put forward by the advocates of character education, as Dewey,'s proposals were basically proposals for school reform. Because character education programmes were aimed at developing specific virtues in students, the programmes were narrowly conceived and were unable to affect major changes in educational practice.


Understanding of intestinal micro-ecological and metabolic changes, identification of reliable markers of early colorectal cancer screening and early diagnosis is essential. Recent studies have found that gut microbiota and its metabolites formed a variety of complex intestinal ecological environment which profoundly affect the intestinal stability and disease state. This review focuses on the study of gut microbiota and its metabolites in colorectal cancer patients, and reviews the recent progress of then for the early diagnosis of cancer.

Key words:
Colorectal neoplasms; Metabolism; Gut microbiota; Study progress


In this paper, we focus on efficient construction of tightest matched subtree (TMSubtree) results for keyword queries on XML data based on SLCA semantics, where "matched" means that all nodes in a returned subtree satisfy the constraint that the set of distinct keywords of the subtree rooted at each node is not subsumed by that of any of its sibling node, while "tightest" means that no two subtrees rooted at two sibling nodes can contain the same set of keywords. Assume that d is the depth of a given TMSubtree, m is the number of keywords of a given query Q, we proved that if d≤m, a matched subtree result has at most 2m! nodes; otherwise, the size of a matched subtree result is bounded by (d−m+2)m!. Based on this theoretical result, we propose a pipelined algorithm to construct TMSubtree results without rescanning all node labels. Experiments verify the benefits of our algorithm in aiding keyword search over XML data.


The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of the Collaborative digital literacy skills activities in digital literacy skills activities in developing writing performance of primary school pupils. The participants were one group the sixth of pupils selected grade pupils at Green Language School, Qualybia Governorate Three instruments were designed and used. The first instrument was a checklist to assign the most suitable writing skills to be developed for the sixth grade pupils. The second instrument was a pre-post writing performance test for assessing the writing skills of the pupils, using a rubric for scoring pupils' writings. The third instrument was a satisfaction questionnaire to measure how far the participants are satisfied with the treatment. Results revealed that there was statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the research group pupils in both the pre and post of the overall and the subskills of the writing performance administration in favor of the post test score. After testing the validity of the hypotheses, the findings revealed the effectiveness of the suggested treatment on developing the writing performance of primary school pupils.


Social networks have become a powerful information spreading platform. How to limit rumor spread on social networks is a challenging problem. In this article, we combine information spreading mechanisms to simulate real-world social network user behavior. Based on this, we estimate the risk degree of each node during the hazard period and analyze the hazard level that other nodes are potentially affected by when a node is infected by a rumor. We use the Rumor Path Tree (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$RPT$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) to analyze the rumor spreading path. By comparing the rumors and truths propagation to a certain node, the steps taken by the rumor node to propagation are estimated. In order to identify the truth node, we construct a fractional function to calculate the effective influence nodes, and select the node with the highest score from the generated <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$RPT$ </tex-math></inline-formula> pool. Based on the truth node we effectively block the spread of rumors. Finally, experimental results and comparisons on the real datasets prove that our method is effective and efficient.


Bedload transport rates in a meltwater stream in the Miers Valley of Antarctica are highly variable. The major control on the transport of the predominantly sand-sized material is the energy available as a function of discharge; however, the relationship is neither simple nor constant. Change in discharge was able to explain 85% of the variation in bedload transport rates at a site where intensive sampling was undertaken over two 12-hour periods. At discharges below approximately 2401 s -1 bedload transport rates vary as a simple power function of discharge. At greater discharges the relationship becomes less regular. The bedform changes from ripples to sand waves and dunes and, as these migrate past the sampling site, they cause wide fluctuations in bedload flux. The higher velocities also exceed the erosion threshold of the sands that make up the banks, leading to undercutting and bank collapse if the ice cementing the sands thaws. This results in random pulses of sediment which cause further variation in the actual transport rates. Bagnold's equation, although it predicted the general trend in bedload transport, does not work well in an absolute sense, even in this relatively simple study reach. It under-estimates bedload transport rates by a factor of five. However, once corrected for depth and grain size a transport equation based on excess stream power could explain 90% of the variation in the measured bedload transport rate. The slope of this relationship is consistent with that previously reported.


Abstract : This report is a summary of the 1993 ARPA-Defense Sciences Research Council Summer Conference which was held in La Jolla, California, during the period from July 6, 1993 through July 30, 1993. The report is being submitted to ARPA to enable them to utilize the results of the various workshops in a timely fashion. Later reports will be issued to include the materials generated at workshops held at periods other than those of the Summer Conference. The principal task of the ONR-ARPA Grant is to bring together a group of the country's leading scientists and engineers for an extended period, usually the month of July to permit them to apply their combined talents to the planning and scoping of future materials research areas for the Department of Defense.


In this book, we analyze information dissemination in
the context of vehicle-to-vehicle communication in
vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). In order to
inform cars about current traffic situations in a
city scenario, information needs to be spread in the
whole network. By analyzing the interaction between
high node mobility, road topology and radio
characteristics of this network we identify the two
major challenges of information dissemination in
VANETs: i) limited connectivity and ii) limited
bandwidth. We tackle the first challenge by
positioning additional infrastructure-based
supporting units. In oder to approach the second
challenge, we propose different aggregation
mechanisms. These aim to minimize the amount of data
transmitted in the network. It allows thus to inform
all vehicles in the network in due time about current
road situations. This book addresses readers
interested in mobile ad hoc networks, in particular
researchers and developers working on vehicular networks.


In order to study the effect of horizontal strengthened layer on the steel frame-core tube structure under earthquake action,a 34 layer steel frame-core tube built without strengthen layer and with one,two,three reinforcing strengthened layers was selected to evaluate the dynamic elastic-plastic time-history effect.Through calculation,the floor displacement response and the distribution of plastic hinges of four kinds of structures under seismic principal direction of 7 degrees,8 degrees,9 degrees of rare earthquake were derived. The effect of aseismic performance on structures with different numbers of strengthened layers has been comprehensively analyzed. The results show that setting the strengthening layer can improve the stiffness of the structure,and the seismic effect of two strengthened layers is better than that with one or three reinforcing layers.


The TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay was developed for rapid and sensitive detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus( PEDV). The primers and probe were designed targeting the PEDV N gene. The recombinant plasmid containing the N gene was constructed to establish the standard curve. The results showed that the assay had a dynamic range of detection between 101-109copies,with the correlation coefficient of more than 0. 99,and the amplification efficiency between 90% and 100%. The real-time PCR was sensitive for PEDV with a detection limit of 10 copies,which was better than traditional RT-PCR. The real-time PCR was specific for PEDV; it could not amplify any other porcine virus. And the PCR presented good repeatability, with the coefficiencts of inter-and intro-variation less than 3%. A total of 130 clinical samples collected from eastern China were tested,and the positive rate of PEDV was 63. 1%. It was concluded that TaqMan-based PCR for detection and quantification of PEDV was highly sensitive and specific,which would provide a reliable protocol for the epidemiological survey.


The main purpose of this note is to indicate classes of problems involving extensions of Abelian groups that prove to be undecidable within the framework of the "classical" theory of Abelian groups, which is based on the axiomatic Zermelo-Fraenkel theory with the Axiom of Choice in ZFC set theory. Namely, we make some concrete natural assertions about extensions of Abelian groups that can be neither proved nor disproved within the framework of the group theory based on ZFC set theory. As usual, we denote by V = L Godel's Axiom of Constructibility, by MA Martin's Axiom, and by 2*° > Ni the negation of the Continuum Hypothesis. We also use the notation in [1] -[3]. The word "group" means "Abelian group" in the present note. Our results were reported at the Algebra Seminar of the Moscow State University on 3 May 1982 [3]. a of of of 151.


The equations for the density-effect correction $\ensuremath{\delta}(X)$ for the ionization loss as given in a previous paper have been extended to the case where $\ensuremath{\delta}({X}_{0})\ensuremath{\equiv}{\ensuremath{\delta}}_{0}g0$. Here ${X}_{0}$ is the lower limit of the range ${X}_{0}lXl{X}_{1}$, where a particularly simple expression for $\ensuremath{\delta}(X)$ applies; $X={log}_{10}(\frac{p}{{m}_{0}c})$, where $p$ is the momentum and ${m}_{0}$ is the mass of the incident particle. The case ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{0}g0$ applies directly to the calculation of $\ensuremath{\delta}(X)$ for conductors (metals).


The effects of quenching temperature and tempering temperature on the ratio of yield strength to tensile strength (yield ratio) in a medium carbon Cr-Ni-Mo ultra high strength steel have been investigated. After quenching and tempering at 200℃, the yield ratio first decreases and then increases with the increase of quenching temperature, being the lowest of about 0. 45 at 950-1 000℃quenching. When the quenching temperature was 900℃and the tempering temperature was 165-180℃, the yield ratio was as low as 0. 45 while the tensile strength was more than 2 200 MPa. The phenomenon of ultra low yield ratio correlated with the presence of retained austenite, large amounts of movable dislocations in retained austenite, and residual stress after quenching and tempering.


mores different from the ones we live within. It appears from this book that Bouissac studied an android to learn about human nature. Several times within the body of the book Bouissac makes a plea for further study of the circus, offering his methodological approach as a means by which performances can be analysed. I would suggest that students and scholars read Circus and culture to see how not to study the circus.


Mesocarbon microbeads(MCMB) were prepared from coal tar pitch and carbon nanotubes(CNTs).The morphologie and structure of the MCMB were investigated by SEM,laser particle size analyzer and XRD.The effect of CNTs addition on the morphologie,particle size,yield,crystallite structure of MCMB and technological parameter was investigated.The results show that adding CNTs enhances the nucleation and inhibits the growth and coalescence of MCMB,and the MCMB made in the presence of CNTs tend to have smaller size and more uniform size distribution,but more CNTs can lead to poor spherical degrees and lower yields of mesocarbon.The textural layers of the MCMBs were disturbed by the CNTs and the addition of CNTs decreased the graphitization degree of the MCMB.Compared with the raw CNTs,the CNTs treated with blended acid can achieve better sphere and more uniform MCMBs with increasing CNTs ratio.


Described is an automated standard-cell measurement system capable of reaching a 10-nV resolution. A commercial low-cost Basic programmable microcomputer as a controller, two dc motor-driven low-thermal-electromotive force (EMF) multipole switches for standard-cell selection, and a high sensitivity digital nanovoltmeter as the voltage difference measuring device, together with some dedicated and special interface circuitry, provides the basis for the system. Great care has been taken of appropriate screening and guarding to prevent unwanted interference between the digital and analog sections of the system. Great care has been taken of appropriate screening and guarding to prevent unwanted interference between the digital and analog sections of the system. One year's experience has indicated that in comparing good standard cells a repeatability of 2·10-8 is normal on a day-to-day basis.


A new subspecies of Calceolaria nivalis, C. nivalis subsp. lanatifolia is described and illustrated. The new subspecies was collected in Uchumarca district, department of La Libertad, Peru, between 2300–3850 m elevation. Calceolaria nivalis subsp. lanatifolia is characterized by the lanate indumentum in the lower surface of the leaves, villous petioles, peduncles, and pedicels, and sepals with a strigose margin internally.


Capsulorhexis electrode device (100) comprising: an elastomeric ring (110); first and second tracks, electrically conductive (120, 130) disposed on a first face (115) delanillo elastomeric and extending concentrically around the elastomeric ring; a first electrically conductive connector electrically connected to the first track (120); and a second electrically conductive connector, electrically connected to the second track (130), caracterizadoporque second electrically conductive connector is disposed on an opposite point through anilloelastomerico over the first electrically conductive connector.


By describing the pure aluminium welding process which is applied to polymerization kettle's examination and repir,the speciality and complexity of pure aluminium welding process are emphasized.


ABSTRACT A recent change in cataloging at the Library of Congress, and the recent publication of reports calling for broader changes in cataloging generally, have made catalogers wonder about their future, and about what to expect from LC. This article examines LC's historical relations with other libraries, the content of proposals for broad changes in cataloging, the significance for cataloging of commercial "content organizers" such as Google, and expectations from a new Working Group on the Future of Bibliographic Control, commissioned by LC to report in 2007.


This aims this study was to make a comparative analysis between of results to be found for jumpers in long jump, high jump, triple jump and pole vault competitions, in male youth category, of Brazilian Championship between 2000 and 2008. In order to do it, the study was grounded of results disposable in the Brazilian Confederation of Athletics (CBAT), South American Confederation (ConSulAtle) and International Association Athletic Federation (IAAF) websites, concerning the competitions in male jumpers youth category, composed for athletes with 15, 16 and 17 years. After to data analysis, we observed that, of 108 medals (Gold, Silver and Bronze) distributed of 9 years of competitions, the athletes with 17 years old was the most winners, followed by 16 years old. Despite to popularization attempt this type sports throughout Brazil, we observed that few states to stand out in athletics competitions. The results analysis of this category considered a base category, it's not optimistic, because we observed one physical performance reduction of athletes in the last years, showed this country can't have athletes of high level competitive sport in the future.


Social media has revolutionized political communication. It offers political parties a mass communication channel that lets them customize and create direct communication with citizens. This study analyses the posts of the main Spanish political parties on their Facebook pages during the 2015 general elections campaign. We quantitatively analyse the parties' frequency of publication on this social network and the content of their messages through a computerized content analysis. The results indicate that traditional and emergent parties manage their Facebook pages in distinct ways.


This paper investigates why industrial firms conduct Corporate Venture Capital (CVC) investment in entrepreneurial companies. I test alternative views on CVC by exploiting the entry, investment, and termination decisions of CVC divisions. CVC entry concentrates in firms that experience deteriorations of internal innovation. At the investment stage, CVCs select startups with a similar technological focus but that have a non-overlapping knowledge base, and they integrate technologies generated from these ventures that create strategic value. CVCs are terminated when parent firms' innovation recovers. Overall, the strategic desire to fix innovation weaknesses after adverse shocks motivates firms to adopt CVCs.
 Received November 15, 2017; editorial decision March 2, 2019 by Editor Francesca Cornelli. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.


Physiotherapists can manage chronic pain patients by using technical interventions such as mobility, strengthening, manual therapy, or flexibility in a specific and functional manner, being a key component of a multidisciplinary team. Dentists are involved in the management of different chronic pain conditions such as temporomandibular disorders and sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea, but they are frequently unaware of the benefits of collaboration with physical therapists. In this review, the collaboration of physical therapists and dentists will be explored when managing orofacial pain, headaches and sleep disorders. The physical therapist is important in the management of these disorders and also in the screening of risk factors.


In this study, production and mechanical properties of polymer composite materials obtained by using Al2O3, SiO2, MgO and TiO2 hard ceramic fillers were studied. Epoxy resin was used as the matrix material, and four different ceramic powders were mechanically mixed into the resin at 3% and 5% as reinforcement. The mechanical properties of the polymer composite materials were then characterized. For this purpose, flexural modulus and flexural strength of composite materials were determined by using three point bending test and impact toughness of the materials were determined by Charpy impact test. In addition, the hardness values of the samples were determined by Shore D hardness test.


For both French and American artists, there was an initial interest in depicting the events of the American Revolution in the 1780s, followed by a later wave of art in the 1820s and '30s. This paper examines the timeline, politics and artistic parameters shaping this art, which was both documentary and symbolic in nature, with artists building on one another's work. For John Trumbull it was only with time and the buffer of a second war with Britain, the War of 1812, that he was able to obtain a government commission, but his later paintings of the American Revolution were essentially enlarged versions of his compositions from the 1780s. Trumbull studied in the London studio of Benjamin West and was heavily influenced by contemporary British painting. Yet French art and culture were also influential, and this relationship has not been sufficiently studied. Trumbull travelled to France a number of times, beginning in 1786, when he met Jacques-Louis David, Elisabeth-Louise Vigee Le Brun, Jean-Antoine Houdon and other important French artists, incorporating aspects of David's compositions into his own work. It was also in Paris that Trumbull began to compose the Declaration of Independence under the guidance of Thomas Jefferson. Like most Americans, Trumbull initially supported the French Revolution and saw parallels between it and the American Revolution. He intended to paint early scenes from the French Revolution, including the fall of the Bastille. But although he sympathized with Jefferson and the French republican philosophers, shifting politics and the violence of the French Revolution turned his opinion by 1793.


This paper provides new evidence that team-level momentum exists in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The existence of momentum is one of the most prominent and longstanding questions in sports analytics. But for all its importance to announcers, coaches, and players, existing literature has found little evidence of momentum in professional basketball. This paper exploits a natural experiment in the flow of basketball games: television (TV) timeouts. Since TV timeouts occur at points exogenous to momentum, they enable the measurement of the effect of pauses in the game separate from the effect of strategy changes. We find TV timeouts cause an 11.2% decline in the number of points that the team with momentum subsequently scores. This effect is robust to the size of a run, substitutions, and game context. This result has far reaching implications in basketball strategy and the understanding of momentum in sports more broadly.


Thor Flight 22: Open loop pitch-yaw doublet, same as Flight 20, but without the roll doublet. Aileron controller was left on to help the aircraft maintain wings level. R/C Rx: A=19,L=4,F=0,H=0.


There is often a tradeoff between strength and ductility, and the low ductility of ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials has been a major obstacle to their practical structural applications despite their high strength. In this study, we have achieved a ∼40% tensile ductility while increasing the yield strength of FeCrNiMn steel by an order of magnitude via grain refinement and deformation-induced martensitic phase transformation. The strain-rate effect on the inhomogeneous deformation behavior and phase transformation was studied in detail.


Publisher Summary Dietary Fibers (DF) and other similar ingredients have effects on intestinal function, related health conditions, such as bowel cancer, carbohydrate metabolism, glucose release, and insulin response following consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods, such as cereal products. These issues have an effect on major health conditions, such as diabetes and obesity. It is believed that low-Glycaemic Index (GI)-foods help control weight and reduce the risk of diabetes. Cereal grains are major contributors to carbohydrate intake and altering the carbohydrate quality and fiber content of cereal products in the diet is likely to have the most tangible effect on dietary GI. In addition to fibers, polyols and some sugars, such as fructose and tagatose, are also considered as low-GI ingredients. The challenge for those aiming to produce low-GI cereal products is to select ingredients wisely and to identify techniques for cereal processing that result in starch that is slowly digested, thereby achieving low-GI products. Currently, there is much interest in whole grain foods and the strong growth of the low-GI food market suggests that this trend will be more enduring than the previous trend for low-carbohydrate foods. This chapter reviews the current knowledge on the physiological and nutritional aspects of GI and discusses the efforts to enhance the use of fiber and other functional ingredients to lower the GI in cereal-based foods. It offers recommendation from a practical industrial perspective on the technological challenges involved in facing this very important and exciting area of nutritional food product development.


In situ transmission electron microscopy allows us to study growth processes and phase transitions which are important in semiconductor processing. It provides a unique view of dynamic reactions as they occur. In this paper we describe the use of in situ microscopy for the observation of reactions in silicides and the formation of semiconductor "quantum dots." The dynamic information obtained from these experiments enables us to understand reaction mechanisms and to suggest improvements to growth and processing techniques. We conclude with a discussion of the use of in situ microscopy for studying reactions such as electrodeposition which occur at liquid/solid interfaces.


J1laiignant 7uizours. 1. Tar applied for 5 months. The skin was rough when the tar was stopped, but the hair grew again. A month afterwards the skin was very rough and scabby. In 38 days there was doubtful growth under a scab which was pulled off. In 45 days there was definite horn formation, with doubtful basal induration. By the end of 2 months tumour formation had progressed, but the induration was still doubtful. The horn was broken off in handling. The mouse died in 71 days, and histological examination showed the ttumour to be a large cornifying epithelioma definitely infiltrating the deep muscles of the back.