Introduction: The trigeminal nerve is principally responsible for controlling the sensory modalities of the face. The Foramen Ovale (FO) is one of the apertures present in the skull base, through which the mandibular nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve passes. Aim: To deliver a thorough understanding of the anatomical variations of the trigeminal ganglion and FO that would be beneficial to neurologists and neurosurgeons when performing various treatments involving these structures. Materials and Methods: The present systematic review was formulated according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines. Major electronic databases were screened and all types of studies including descriptive studies, surveys, full-text literature providing information about the variations in trigeminal ganglion and FO, were incorporated in the current review. Studies from 2001 to 2022 were included in this review. The risk of bias evaluation in the present study was conducted by using the review manager software (Rev Man version 5.4) and risk assessment domains were classified as high, indeterminate, or low risk. The recommended approach to check biases such as selection, performance, attrition, reporting, and other biases was done. Results: A total of 12 studies were examined. The studies measured the proper location and the size (diameter) of the trigeminal ganglion and FO using the MRI-based findings in 1,341 subjects in total. It was observed that the length of the trigeminal nerve was found to be about 9.66 mm in the cistern (range 6.04-20.74 mm) in 50% of studies, whereas in 16.67% of the studies trigeminal nerve was longer in the older patients as compared to the normal anatomy. Additionally, the distinctive form of the FO was noted in the current investigation. In total, (n=4) 66.66% of the studies demonstrated the oval shape of the FO, and (n=3) 50% of studies noticed an almond shape, 50% identified a round shape; (n=2) (33%; n=2) displayed a slit form. Only one investigation demonstrated a bony bridged of FO whereas 33% showed tubercle and triangular shapes. Conclusion: Majority of the studies showed that the length of the trigeminal nerve was found to be about 9.66 mm. Whereas, only one author reported that the trigeminal nerve is longer in the older patients as compared to the normal anatomy. The majority of studies demonstrated that the variations were observed in the shape of the FO, i.e., oval, round, almond, slit, spine.


In this study, sms messages sent during festivals are evaluated by sociolinguistics viewpoint. The linguistics features (lexical, syntax) of sent messages and socioeconomics situation of senders are compared, and the differences from standard language is analyzed. In the study icons, abbreviations, opening and closing rituals in messages are illustrated in terms of gender of senders. The normal messages and answer messages are compared out of some total 181 festivals messages in view of grammar and some expressions. Besides some expressions in festivals messages are interpreted in terms of social influence and correlation with collectivist culture. The study analyses in what conditions the social environment that in focus of best wishes is growing.


Objective To investigate the epidemiology and virological etiology of other infectious diarrheal diseases in Xi'an city for providing the basis for formulating the prevention and control strategies.Methods The reported data of other infectious diarrheal diseases in Xi'an city from 2008 to 2013 were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological methods.The stool samples were collected from outpatients( 14 years old) with diarrhea in 5 hospitals in Xi'an to detect calicivirus,rotavirus,adenovirus and astrovirus by ELISA,PCR and RT-PCR.Results A total of 34 396 cases of other infectious diarrheal diseases were reported in Xi'an city from 2008 to2013,with an annual incidence of 70.15 /100 000.The overall incidence was in an upward trend,with the highest annual incidence of87.94 /100 000 in 2012.Average annual mortality was 0.01 /100 000.Adult patients with diarrhea was mainly infected by norovirus in Xi'an.Conclusion The prevalence of other infectious diarrheal disease is comparatively high in Xi'an,and increases year by year.Thus the prevention and control should be strengthened.


As destructive tests are always symmetrical in the experiments,the instruments for capturing the destruction are usually designed symmetrically.In fact,as probabilities of both ends of the symmetrical members are not always the same,further research is needed.This paper,by taking as an example the destruction of oblique section caused by the reinforced concrete simply supported beam under the symmetrical converged force,aims to illustrate that the probabilities of symmetrical sections are not equal.This result is of great significance to the component destructive tests.


We show some thermodynamic results concerning chemical kinetics, either from statistical physics, under the strong assumption (EXS) of the statistical exponential distribution of the physical states, or from kinetics. In that frame, the reaction rates are modeled according to the stochastic activation collision theory, under the weaker assumption (EXW) of the statistical exponential distribution not on the whole space but only within each structure; moreover a symmetry condition (SY) concerning the local properties of the rate constants is assumed. The Boltzmann distribution and an extension of the more general result of the thermodynamic law of mass action are proved. Moreover, we show that the assumptions (EXS) and (EXW) are equivalent, under (SY). At last, we deal with the stochastic example of the RNA structure for which we calculate the temporal probabilities of the structures by means of a jump process.


This paper analyzes residents' perceptions concerning an industrial accident with environmental impacts. The data used were obtained by 505 face-to-face interviews. Binary and logit models were developed to elicit parameters that affect the risk perception of residents in nearby potentially affected agglomerations. Additionally, using geographical information systems, the spatial properties of risk perception of the accident are presented interpolating the point data so as to produce various grids of risk perception. Finally, we estimated the willingness to pay (and parameters affecting it) for remediation to environmental monitoring with the aid of a proposed trusted lab.


Documents a study to identify the most suitable theories (models) for representing the near-bottom kinematics due to waves and/or currents. The basis for the evaluation of the various models included a comparison of models with field and laboratory data and intercomparison of various models. Wave theories evaluated included two versions of the linear wave theory, the Stokes II, III, and V order theory, Cnoidal theory, the Extended Velocity Potential, and the Stream Function theory. Although at present, pipeline burial in water depths less than 200 ft. is mandated by the U.S. Coast Guard, the evaluations have been carried out for a wide range of relative depths and wave heights. The basis for extending this evaluation is the recognition that the burial regulation could be modified in the future and/or there may be the possibility of pipelines being exposed due to various causes.


Abstract In the present paper four etomentose species of Leptogium are recorded from Maharashtra, western India. Three species, viz. Leptogium patwardhanii Dube & Makhija sp. nov., Leptogium subazureum Dube & Makhija sp. nov., and Leptogium verrucosum Dube & Makhija sp. nov., are described as new to science and one species, Leptogium propaguliferum Vain., is recorded for the first time from India. A revised key to the non-hairy species of Leptogium from India is provided.


Injuries to the mammalian CNS often provoke astrogliosis, a process in which reactive astrocytes surround the site of injury to restrict tissue damage ([Voskuhl et al., 2009][1]; [Hamby and Sofroniew, 2010][2]). Formation of the glial scar has historically been viewed as a short-term solution that


This article critically reviews the literature on iron-based catalysts for the high-temperature water–gas shift (HT-WGS) reaction. The reaction mechanism, reaction intermediates, rate-determining step, kinetics, active site, and promoters are covered. Unlike the low-temperature water–gas shift (LT-WGS) reaction by Cu/ZnO catalysts that has received intensive analysis with modern in situ and operando spectroscopy and DFT studies, the corresponding HT-WGS reaction by Fe-based catalysts still lacks a fundamental understanding because of the absence of modern catalysis studies of this important catalytic system. Given the role of the WGS catalysts on production of H2 for a hydrogen economy, it is imperative that the fundamental molecular-level understanding of the HT-WGS catalyst be advanced.


DURING the observation of patients in whom diabetes exists for a period of 20 or more years, certain vascular or degenerative complications appear frequently. Today, attention is concentrated on the specific effects upon the venules and capillaries as well as arterioles, especially in the retinae and in the glomeruli of the kidneys. A common chemical pathology may be discovered to explain these lesions as well as the frequency of atherosclerosis. In patients whose diabetes began early in life, a triad is being recognized with increasing frequency; namely, the sequence in the same patient of neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. The series of 25 such cases described by Root and Kenney * has been increased to 155 in the present report. DEFINITION The term "triopathy" has been applied to diabetic patients who usually have shown, first, clinical evidence of neuropathy; then, diabetic retinitis, and, finally, the nephropathy of diabetes. In this series, the


Abstract: The present brief review argues the case that adenosine can be both a distress signal and a physiological regula-tor. A key factor in determining which of these possibilities pertain is related to the number of receptors expressed. As the signaling from the adenosine receptor to the functional response generally involves amplification, we have a situation in-volving so called spare receptors. This has the consequence that alterations in the receptor number lead to shifts in the po-tency of the endogenous agonist rather than a shift in the maximum response elicited. The roles of adenosine are studied by antagonists and/or animals (mostly mice) with targeted deletions of receptors or enzymes involved in adenosine me-tabolism. Whereas, adaptive changes in the genetically modified mice can occur for the physiologically important effects, such adaptive changes are less likely to occur for the situations when adenosine acts as a distress signal. Keywords: Adenosine receptors, ATP, genetically modified mice, receptor reserve. There are four evolutionarily well conserved receptors for adenosine denoted A


Miniaturization is a challenge for the magnetically guided capsule endoscope (MGCE), especially considering the multifunction of MGCE. This paper proposes a compact-design of internal permanent magnet (IPM), which contributes to the miniaturization of MGCE. The IPM is a complex of actuator and shell of the MGCE, which frees the occupation of conventional IPM. The IPM is for the first time designed with a streamline shape for good kinematics. A magnetic propulsion model of the proposed IPM is established and a magnetic propulsion simulation based on finite element (FE) and boundary element (BE) analysis for guaranteeing steady locomotion and navigation is conducted. The simulation is validated by comparison of the analytical model. At last, the locomotion modes and navigation of IPM are simulated based on the justified simulation. In conclusion, the compact-design of IPM can guarantee the locomotion and navigation of MGCE, and increase the available inner space of MGCE.


The collagen content in the prostatic tissues surgically removed from 54 patients with prostatic hypertrophy and prostatic carcinoma was measured by the Ishida's method, the modification of the Neuman and Logan's method. The collagen content was also measured in 7 normal cases for control. The results obtained were compared with the histological picture andsummerized as follows: 1) The average value of the collagen content in normal prostatic tissue was 6.3 per cent. 2) The average value of the collagen content in prostatic hypertrophy was 9.8 per cent, higher than normal value. The average value of the collagen content in the fibroglandular type and the mixed type which contains abundant stroma was 10.4 per cent and 10.9 per cent respectively, both somewhat higher than in the glandular type, 8.6 per cent. 3) The average value of the collagen content in prostatic tissue which showed histologically microfollicular hyperplasia was 9.8 per cent, same value as in general cases of hypertrophy. 4) The average value of the collagen content in occult carcinoma was 11.9 per cent, practically as high as in prostatic carcinoma. 5) The average value of the collagen content in prostatic carcinoma was as high as 12.0 per cent, about twice as normal value. The average value of collagen content in adenocarcinoma was 11.3 per cent, while that of scirrhus was 13.3 per cent. 6) From the view point of collagen content, the prostatic carcinoma is different from the prostatic hypertrophy and the occult carcinoma may be considered to be identical with the clinical prostatic carcinoma, while the microfollicular hyperplasia may be one type of the prostatic hypertrophy.


The aim of this thesis is to suggest a way of employing Bayes's theorem and religious experience in the justification of theism that is alternative to Richard Swinburne's proposal. In Chapter 1,1 provide a general description of Swinburne's approach to the justification of theism in relation to the way he understands scientific inductive reasoning. Chapter 2 contains the main criticisms of that attempt, suggesting that if they harm Swinburne's proposal, this does not mean the whole Bayesian method should be rejected in this matter. Chapter 3 is devoted to criticising the simplicity principle, which is crucial to Swinbume's Bayesian approach. Chapter 4 turns to the other pillar of Swinburne's programme to the justification of theism, that is, religious experience. In it, I describe Swinbume's account of this phenomenon, and hold that there are formal reasons for rejecting the role he devotes to it in his defence of theism. Chapter 5 continues with the criticisms of Swinburne's argument from religious experience, in view of the existing literature. In Chapter 6, Alston's approach to religious experience is analysed and interpreted in a minimalist way. The suggestion drawn from that reading is that this phenomenon could be used in a Bayesian discussion of the probability of theism to factor in the theist's initial probability of the hypothesis that there is a God. Chapter 7 analyses the intersubjective account of probability, in view of the defects displayed both by the logical and the subjective theories. In the final chapter I outline my application of the intersubjective theory of probability to the Bayesian analysis of the justification of theism, distinguish it from Swinburrie's proposal and suggest that my account has a particular place among the different methods available in today's epistemology of


1. Explain some of the commonly held misconceptions about cloning. Why do you think people have these kinds of misconceptions? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________


The lasing properties of six halides of oxazolepyridinium derivatives have been studied at various pump pulse lengths. The energy stability of the lasing of these compounds is better than that of other known water-soluble compounds. An induced reversible absorption has a harmful effect at pump pulse lengths tau/sup p//sub 0.5/ >1 ..mu..sec.


The article summarizes the analyses of historiographic sources, that were created by contemporary Ukrainian historians and reflect the state of the study of the state policy of the Second Rzezc Pospolita in the sphere of international relations during the 1920s – 1930s. The priority directions of research are shown, scientists who contributed to the study of the subject under consideration are personified, due  attention is drawn to the process of extension of scientific historical knowledge, the questions demanding further research are singled out. The article proves that historians mainly study Ukrainian-Polish relations and focus their attention on the following questions: the sources and causes of sharpening of the aforementioned relations, ways and methods of assimilation of the Ukrainians, Ukrainian sabotage acts and their place and role in Ukrainian-Polish confrontation, Polish state « pacification » and its purposes and character; the attitude of Ukrainian political circles towards Y. Pilsudskyi's new course, normalization policy and causes of its failure, voivoda G. Yuzewskyi's « Volhynian experiment » , Western Ukraine in the orbit of Polish Prometeizm. The achievements of scientists in the investigation of the problem of relations between Polish power and the Jewish minority are significant.  However the problem in view needs further investigation. In particular, historical researches of the recent decades include insufficient number of publications that disclose attempts of Ukrainian-Polish mutual understanding, seek the ways of cooperation of both peoples. More attention should be paid to the demonstration of Polish ethno-national policy through the prism of its foreign policy. A perspective direction for research is the question about the reaction of the world to the sharpening of Polish-Ukrainian relations in the interwar period in the XX century. Probably, Ukrainian studies, dedicated to official Warsaw's policy towards the Germans, Czechs, Armenians and other national minorities that lived in the territories of West Ukrainian lands in the 1920s-1930s, will gain importance.


On May 20, I gave the commencement address at the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons. It was a particular honor because the Dean, Lee Goldman, was my medical school advisor and an influential mentor. Lee is a pioneer in outcomes research, with a legacy of contributions that have impacted clinical practice. It was so meaningful to share the stage with him and reflect on all that has occurred in the intervening years. In an off-script moment, I expressed how fortunate I felt and suggested that the graduates imagine having a mentor who would truly influence the course of their career, and then imagine 30 years on being invited by him to give the commencement address at the school where he was Dean. With this in mind, I wanted to provide them with words that might help them on their path. My speech, which can also be found online at http://livestream.com/accounts/7252613/events/4014859, follows. I hope that it might be helpful to others.

Graduates, let's take a moment to honor this occasion and celebrate the love that surrounds you, what you have achieved, and the promise of your future. Today is a day not only for congratulations but also one for welcoming you into the community of medicine, with all the responsibilities that implies. You are imbued now with not only the knowledge but also the influence, trust, and yes, power, of your position.

You were selected not only for your brains but also for your heart. Being a doctor means stepping forward, not back, when someone needs you. By accepting your diploma, you agree to step forward and make the world better, not only by relieving suffering but by also preventing it. You have power; the challenge is to understand how to use it.

Growing up in Dayton, Ohio, I …


Summary: The antifungal activity of chlorpromazine, an antispychotic phenothiazine, was evaluated in vitro in Candida albicans blastospores and Trichophyton mentagrophytes hyphae. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 40 μg/ml for the yeast and 20 μg/ml for the dermatophyte. The most striking ultrastructural changes following treatment with the MIC consisted in the deterioration of organelles membranes, disorganization of cytoplasmic structures and autolysis. It seems plausible that the fungal toxicity of chlorpromazine depends on its direct interaction with the membranes.


The article gives the results the studies in eating meat healithy people ( men and women) of different lipid age beetween un pald domestic status in blood ( the amount of cholesterol blood. Fond that greater amounts of cholesterol in blood to havw people vo did not consume meat occasionally people who meat of daily. No statistical significant differences in cholesterol levels between the studied groups


Rainfall at the Greenland ice sheet Summit 14 August 2021, was delivered by an atmospheric river (AR). Extreme surface ablation expanded the all‐Greenland bare ice area to near‐record‐high with snowline climbing up to 788 ± 90 m. Ice sheet wet snow extent reached 46%, a record high for the 15–31 August AMSR data since 2003. Heat‐driven firn deflation averaged 0.14 ± 0.05 m at four accumulation area automatic weather stations (AWSs). Energy budget calculations from AWS data indicate that surface heating from rainfall is much smaller than from either the sensible, latent, net‐longwave or solar energy fluxes. Sensitivity tests show that without the heat‐driven snow‐darkening, melt at 1,840 m would have totaled 28% less. Similarly, at 1,270 m elevation, without the bare ice exposure, melting would have been 51% less. Proglacial river discharge was the highest on record since 2006 for late August and confirms the melt‐sustaining effect of the albedo feedback.


The increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere create an increase in Earth's thermal energy, which is mainly stored in the ocean. Quantification of the rate of increase in ocean heat content (OHC) is vital for understanding the current and future climate of the Earth. Linear trend-lines have been frequently used to quantify long-term rates of change, but are inappropriate because they cannot capture nonlinearity in trends, have large start- and end-point sensitivity, and the assumption of linearity is non-physical. Here observed and model-based linear regressions with higher-order polynomial (quadratic), piecewise linear, and Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing (LOWESS) are compared. Piecewise linear and LOWESS perform best in depicting multidecadal trends. It is shown that linear rates are valid for up to about 15-year segments (i.e. it is valid to compute linear rates within a 15-year time window). Using the recommended methods, ocean warming for the upper 2000m increases from about zero to 0.06±0.08 Wm-2 for 1958-73 to 0.58±0.08 Wm-2 for 2003-18, indicating an acceleration of ocean warming that happens in all four ocean basins and from near sea surface to 2000m. There is consistency between multi-model mean historically forced climate models and observations, which implies that the contribution of internal variability is small for global 0-2000m OHC. Notable increases of OHC in the upper ocean (i.e., 0-300m) after about 1980 and the deeper ocean (300~2000m) after the late 1980s are also evident. This study suggests alternative methods to those currently used to estimate ocean warming rates to provide a more accurate quantification of long-term Earth's energy changes.


A quantitatively major protein has been purified from the latex of Morus indica. The purified previously uncharacterized protein, M. indica lectin (MIL), was further shown to be a glycosylated tetramer and belongs to the family of jacalin-related lectins. Crystallization of MIL was also accomplished and the tetragonal crystals diffracted synchrotron X-rays to a resolution of 2.8 Å.


Used in the paper is an overcomplete piecewise-polynomial image model incorporating sparsity. The paper shows that using such a model, the edges in the image can be resolved robustly with respect to noise. Two variants of the proposed approach are both shown to be superior to the use of the classic edge detecting kernels. The proposed method is in turn also suitable for image segmentation.


Background Sleep disturbances and benzodiazepine (BZD)/Z-drug use are common in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Objective To investigate the short- and long-term effects of BZD/Z-drug use during acute affective episode. Methods Participants diagnosed with BD as well as sleep disturbance chose BZDs/Z-drugs or not at will. Manic and depressive symptoms were assessed by Mental Disorders Questionnaire (MDQ) and Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS) as self-reporting surveys. The participants were assessed by trained evaluators at baseline and months 1, 3, 6, and 9. Results 61 patients with BD combined sleep disturbances were studied. At baseline, patients who used BZDs/Z-drugs had more amount of mood stabilizers (p = 0.038), other psychotropic medications (p = 0.040), and more risk of suicide attempt (p = 0.019). The BZD/Z-drug group had a significantly higher QIDS reductive ratio as compared with the no BZD/Z-drug group at month 1; no significant differences in the variability of MDQ, QIDS reductive ratio, or recurrence rate were found between these two groups at baseline, month 1, month 3, month 6, or month 9. Conclusions During acute affective episode, patients with BD combined sleep disturbance who took BZDs/Z-drugs tended to use more amount of mood stabilizers. Polytherapy of BZDs/Z-drugs or other psychiatric drugs could increase suicide attempt during an acute affective episode. BZD/Z-drug use, however, had a significant effect on helping depressive symptoms alleviate during affective period.


In this paper the quality of a technique to compensate for mutual coupling (and other phenomena) in small linear antenna arrays is investigated. The technique consists in calculation of a coupling matrix, which is than used to determine corrected antenna array excitation coefficients. Although the technique is known for more than 20 years, there is still very little information about how different phenomena existing in a real antenna arrays influence its performance. In this paper two models of antenna arrays are used. In the first model the effect of mutual coupling is separated from the aperture edge diffraction. In the second model antenna both mutual coupling and aperture edge diffraction effects are included. It is shown that mutual coupling itself can be compensated very well and an ultralow sidelobe level (i.e. –50 dB) could be achieved in practice. In the presence of diffraction effects –46.3 dB sidelobe level has been attained, but radiation pattern can be controled only in narrow angle range (i.e. up to ±60°). Keywords—Active element, mutual coupling, antenna array, diffraction.


The present invention discloses a process for preparing a sheet material (421) is bent along a bend line method, comprising the steps of: forming at least one offset portion along a thickness direction of the material sheet, the offset portion comprises a substantially parallel to the planar area of the sheet material (428), and the Zhou Bian portion of the flat region and near the bend line extends; and comprises a transition region (432) angled the transition region the remaining portion of said interconnected flat area of the sheet of the material. The forming step preferably using a molding process, a stamping process (443), and one type of a rolling process wherein the process pressure is accomplished. Also disclosed is a use of the process for folding a sheet of material, and discloses the use of a coating, protective tiles and bent sheet region offset caused between the cutout.


As most kinds of pathogenic agents tend to develop new resistance mechanisms to the common medicines, innovative solutions for counteracting this alarming situation are lately required. Within this context, the current paper aims to propose as potential antibacterial drugs three complex compounds formed by first-row transition divalent metal ions with a Schiff base, presenting the results of a study regarding the behavior of the Schiff base itself, compared to the ones of these three substances, when tested against different kinds of anaerobic germs.The work has been performed by using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, the results being afterwards computationally processed by appealing to the Python multi-paradigm programming language.


ABSTRACT It is important that family therapists working with older lesbian couples, or their surviving members, consider the full and complex contexts of these clients. An exploration of the day-to-day challenges and strengths of these couples requires consideration of the roles of age, gender, and sexuality. Regardless of the modality that is applied, an awareness of common concerns for this population is necessary to yield ethical and effective work in sessions. This article will present information on older lesbians and their relationship characteristics with a focus on clinical application regarding demographics, income and retirement, housing, care giving, end of life issues, and access to health care.


Circular hadron colliders rely on Landau damping to stabilize the beams. Landau damping depends strongly on the bunch distribution, which is often assumed to be Gaussian in the transverse planes. In this paper, we introduce and explain an instability mechanism observed in the LHC, where Landau damping is eventually lost due to a diffusion that modifies the transverse bunch distribution. The mechanism is caused by a wide-spectrum noise that excites the transverse motion of the beam, which consequently produces wakefields that drive a narrow-spectrum diffusion. It is shown that this diffusion efficiently lowers the stability diagram at the frequency of the least stable coherent mode, leading to a loss of Landau damping after a latency. A semi-analytical model agrees with measurements in dedicated latency experiments performed in the LHC. This instability mechanism explains the need for a stability margin in octupole current in the LHC, relative to the amount needed to stabilize a Gaussian beam. We detail the impact of this mechanism and possible mitigations for the LHC and HL-LHC.


On June 1, 2013, a major exhibition opens in Brisbane - the largest exhibition of contemporary Indigenous art ever held at GoMA the prestigious Gallery of Modern Art. Artlink Indigenous co-editor Daniel Browning speaks to Bruce McLean, the curator of My Country, I Still Call Australia Home: Contemporary Art from Black Australia.


Development and principle of hydrolysis acidification were resumed,and treatment effect of hydrolysis acidification progress in wastewater treatment projects was expounded.Application and effect of various kinds of industrial wastewater treatment by hydrolysis acidification were summarized.Optimization function of whole process treatment effect was analyzed.


According to defining the concept of intangible assets of physical education, based on the analysis of the content of intangible assets of physical education, this paper explores the main characteristics of intangible assets of physical educa- tion. In the context of the reality that China′s intangible assets of physical education was exploited lately, it is proposed that in the level of practices and theory, there exist certain problems and shortcomings in the research of intangible assets of physical education in china. Eventually several strategies have been proposed.


Understanding diffusion and measuring diffusion constants of molecules in liquids are fundamental problems in statistical mechanics and the physics of the liquid state. They are important for basic and applied problems in physical chemistry and biology since many processes are diffusion limited. It is well known that the diffusion constant D of a large and massive particle (probe) of radius σ immersed in a solvent of much smaller and lighter molecule is related to the solvent viscosity by the Stokes-Einstein (SE) equation , ( 1) where kB is the Boltzmann constant, T the absolute temperature, and f = 6 and 4 for the stick and slip limits, respectively. This relation has been verified experimentally in greate detail 1 and is theoretically well understood through Brownian particle dynamics. 2 If, however, the solute size and mass are comparable to those of the solvent molecules, then Eq. (1) is not expected to be valid, and a microscopic approach becomes necessary. Such investigation have been made possible only with computer simulations and theoretical studies in which solute size and mass can be varied independently. In the simple Langevin theory of Brownian dynamics the diffusion constant D of a Brownian particle is related to the friction constant ξ exerted by the solvent molecules on the Brownian particle by the Einstein relation 3


Oktar T et al. Iatrogenic Bladder Rupture in a Child ... Eur J Pediatr Surg 2011; 21: 275 – 277 Introduction ▼ Peritonitis due to iatrogenic intraperitoneal bladder rupture is a very rare surgical emergency and carries a signifi cant mortality due to the diffi culty in diagnosis. While cases of iatrogenic bladder perforation have been reported in the literature [1, 2] , few have been associated with voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). We present a case of iatrogenic intraperitoneal bladder rupture in a child during the fi lling phase of VCUG and its laparoscopic management.


Dear Sirs, Although the origin of MS remains elusive, several studies have focused on different genetic-environmental factors; in particular, the role of Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) infection and virus-triggered immunopathology have been investigated.1–2 We report on a 64-year-old male presenting with fever, lethargy, stiff neck, left-trigeminal and right-facial nerves deficit, astasia, sensory loss in lower limbs, hypotonic and areflexic paraparesis. CSF analysis showed lymphocytic and mononuclear pleocytosis, amplifiable EBVDNA and EBV IgM and IgG. Brain MRI was unremarkable; spinal MRI showed a diffuse T2-weighted high-signal intensity (T2HSI) along the thoracic cord with gadolinium enhancement, and lumbosacral impingement of nerve roots and meninges. The patient achieved a full recovery after intravenous (i.v.) therapy with acyclovir 10 mg/kg t.i.d. and methylprednisolone 1000 mg/day. Combined clinical, CSF and MRI findings led to the diagnosis of encephalomyelomeningoradiculitis related to EBV infection. After a long period of total well-being, the patient presented two acute episodes of lower limbs sensory-motor deficit and severe sphinteric retention. The episodes were separated by a considerable time and each was followed by almost complete recovery. Neurological examination showed in both episodes brisk tendon reflexes in the lower limbs, bilateral Babinski sign and clonus in Achilles tendon reflexes. On both occasions normal cell count and mild increment of protein, lactate and IgG were detected in the CSF, but intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonal bands (OCBs) was unexpectedly evident at the immunoelectrofocusing. Virology from CSF and serum, as vasculitic and rheumatological screens, was negative. Brain and spinal MRI documented the progressive increment in size and number of T2HSI lesions, not evident previously. Somatosensory and visual evoked potentials (SEPs; VEPs) showed bilateral delay of the P40, N20 and P100 waves. In both episodes, a five-day treatment with i.v. methylprednisolone 1000 mg/day produced a full recovery, except for a residual numbness in the feet and sphinteric retention. Therefore, episodes were notably associated to: i) neuraxis-MRI documenting the progressive dissemination in time and space of the white matter lesions; ii) CSF intrathecal synthesis of OCBs; iii) altered evoked potentials; iv) response to i.v. corticosteroids. On this evidence the diagnosis of a demyelinating process occurring after an EBV neuraxis infection was postulated. MS aetiology is still unknown, but one of the most interesting conjectures is that MS may be primed and perpetuated by a neurotropic agent, possibly a virus, in genetically susceptible subjects, suggesting that a virus may initiate or trigger immunopathological demyelinating processes.1 Different neurotropic viruses have been variously invoked as the possible cause of MS and EBV is considered the outstanding candidate.2 In fact, there is ample documentation that a history of symptomatic primary EBV infection increases the risk of developing MS; moreover, it has been recently hypothesized that EBV can promote inflammatory processes by activating innate immune responses, for example IFNα production,3 although these data are still debated.4 The present case documents a clear relationship between an EBV-CNS infection and the subsequent development of a CNS demyelinating process, probably due to an immunological cross-reaction, showing clinical and paraclinical features in agreement with the McDonald criteria for MS diagnosis.5 Hence, we propose that EBV should be considered as playing a possible crucial role as a trigger in the pathogenesis of demyelinating processes.


In the transmission of signals, one of the common models used for transmission is the frequency modulated model. Suppose the original signal is of the form f_{t} = \beta \sin(\thetat+\psi) , then the contaminated frequency Modulated signal is given by y_{t} = A \cos(\theta_{c}t + \phi + \beta\sin(\thetat + \psi)) + z_{t} (t = 1,2 ....) , where θ c is the carrier frequency, θ is the frequency of the original signal, φ and ψ are random phases, each having a uniform distribution over the interval [-π,π], β is a modulation index. Assuming z t is a second order stationary process, we consider the spectral analysis of the process y t . Suppose we have a sample y 1 ,y 2 .....y n , we consider the (maximum likelihood) estimation of the frequencies θ c , θ, β and A on the basis of the sample, under the assumptions (i) {z t } is a Gaussian white noise; (ii) {z t } is a second order stationary Gaussian process.


Civil infrastructure and its impact on societies can tell us different stories about the values of the people who invest in, create and maintain these facilities and systems, and are in due course impacted by them. Ultimately, the story of infrastructure and its interaction with societies can also be viewed as a story of values, how we choose to value different types of capital – human, societal, economic, natural environment, built environment and other technology, etc. – and the impact of our choices on our relative abilities to continue to live out our evolving values. It can also be viewed as a story of civic responsibility – related to the extent to which we choose to be responsible and pay for the full costs of our actions and choices, or the extent to which we make decisions based on information that involves significant externalities. The way we choose to value different types of capital in infrastructure development and management can have vastly different outcomes over time – evident in our stewardship of different types of capital. We can learn some lessons from history. This talk will offer a capital asset management analysis of selected societies and make inferences on the lessons we can learn about creating comprehensive and sustainable wealth through infrastructure decision making. BIOGRAPHY: Professor Adjo Amekudzi's research, teaching and professional activities focus on civil infrastructure decision making to promote sustainable development. She studies complex realworld systems to understand how we can make better decisions to improve societal quality of life. Amekudzi earned her Bachelor's in Civil Engineering (Structures) from Stanford University in 1994, a Masters in Civil Engineering (Transportation) from Florida International University in 1996; a Masters in Civil Infrastructure Systems from Carnegie Mellon University in 1997, and her Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Engineering (Infrastructure Systems) from Carnegie Mellon University in 1999. Dr. Amekudzi directs the Infrastructure Research Group (www.irg.ce.gatech.edu) at Georgia Tech, a research group whose vision is to develop thought leaders in civil infrastructure systems and sustainability – engineering and policy. Amekudzi has developed undergraduate and graduate courses in Systems Engineering, Transportation Asset Management and Infrastructure for Sustainable Development, published extensively on these subjects, and serves on various related professional boards and expert panels including the U.S. National Research Council's Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment (BICE) and the International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC). She is coauthor of the college textbook Systems Engineering with Economics, Probability and Statistics, J. Ross Publishing, 2012; and founding chair of the American Society of Civil Engineering's (ASCE) Committee on Sustainability and Environment, of the Transportation and Development Institute. Amekudzi serves on the editorial board of the International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, and as Associate Editor for the ASCE Journal of Infrastructure Systems, and the ASCE Journal of Transportation. She is a member of the NSF-funded Research Coordination Network (RCN) on Megacities and Sustainability, and the RCN on Social Sustainability. In her leisure time, Amekudzi enjoys playing the piano, reading and painting. Professor Chris Barrett Virginia Tech The Subtlety of Big Computation for Social and Policy Informatics: The data will never be


Bio-inspired cyclopeptidic heterodimers built on β-sheet-like hydrogen-bonding networks and bearing photoactive and electroactive chromophores on the outer surface have been prepared. Different cross-strand pairwise relationships between the side chains of the cyclic α,γ-peptides afford the heterodimers as three nonequivalent dimeric species. Steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopies clearly show an electron transfer process from π-extended tetrathiafulvalene, covalently attached to one of the cyclopeptides, to photoexcited [60]fullerene, located on the complementary cyclopeptide. The charge-separated state was stabilized for up to 1 μs before recombining and repopulating the ground state. Our current example shows that cyclopeptidic templates can be successfully used to form light-harvesting/light-converting hybrid ensembles with a distinctive organization of donor and acceptor units able to act as efficient artificial photosystems.


We analyse observations of the helium lines obtained with CDS onboard SOHO. The He i 584.3 A/O iii intensity ratio shows a lower limit and an upper limit that decrease with increasing O iii intensity. At low O iii intensities this ratio increases significantly. An upper limit arises naturally if the enhancement mechanism involves turbulent motions transporting the helium atoms and ions through the steep transition region temperature gradient. The He i 537.0-A/He i 584.3-A and He ii 303.8-A/He i 584.3-A intensity ratios both decrease as the He i 584.3-A line intensity increases. The values of the line ratios support the enhancement of the helium lines by turbulent motions, but appear to rule out the enhancement due to excitation by non-thermal coronal electrons.


Context  In multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), rearranged during transfection (RET), gene testing has been extensively exploited to characterize tumour aggressiveness and optimize the diagnostic and clinical management.


The most amazing (at least to me) result in Enumerative Combinatorics is Dominique Gouyou-Beauchamps and Xavier Viennot's theorem that states that the number of so-called directed animals with compact source (that are equivalent, via Viennot's beautiful concept of heaps, to towers of dominoes, that I take the liberty of renaming xaviers) with n+1 points equals 3^n. This amazing result received an even more amazing proof by Jean B\'etrema and Jean-Guy Penaud. Both theorem and proof deserve to be better known! Hence this article, that is also accompanied by a comprehensive Maple package this http URL that implements everything (and much more)


Piezoelectric thin film transducers that can receive and transmit high-frequency and high-intensity ultrasound are powerful tools for future medical and industrial applications. Our group has developed acousto-optic devices where the refractive index can be controlled at high speed and high precision using ultrasound, but there are few reports on the interaction between high-frequency (tens to hundreds MHz) and high-intensity (MPa) ultrasound and visible light in liquids. In this study, we evaluated the acousto-optic interaction using polarized CW laser (532 nm) and a piezoelectric KNbO3 thin film transducer formed by hydrothermal method. The transducer was driven continuously at the fundamental or higher resonance frequencies (32, 96, 160, or 210 MHz) in a water cell, and the projection light of a laser beam penetrating perpendicularly to the sound axis was observed. The length of the projection light was elongated in the sound axis on the screen as the driving frequency increased. These results implies that the relationship between the wavelength of ultrasound and the laser beam width is the critical parameter for the acousto-optic phenomenon; the profile of the projection light is dependent on a ratio of the wavelength of ultrasound and the beam width of the laser beam.


The aim of this research is to evaluate the behavio ral attitude changes in undergraduate students who receive formal environme nt education, and those who work for companies that have an environmental management sys tem. The applied methodology was based on the application of a semi-structured quest ionnaire on employees of ISO14000 certified companies that have the Environmental Man agement System, and on the universitys students from an engineering faculty in Joinville, SC, Brazil. The primary results obtained show an enhanced pro-environmental behavior of corp orate employees compared to those displayed by the surveyed students. It is evident tboth groups surveyed clearly understand that all of them are agents of environmental degrad ation and the solution to those problems is dependent on the action of all together. At this po int, the results lead to believe that the imposition of the environmental system by the compa ny foster more effective in changing pro- environmental behavior than formal education .


A dairy farm, sewage plant, and backwash water were among sources of protozoa in the raw water treated by the Pittsburgh, Pa., water utility.


The first human case of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Japan was recorded in southern Hokkaido in 1993 and was followed by four further cases in southern, central, and northern Hokkaido during 20162018. However, the distribution of TBE virus (TBEV) foci in Japan is unclear. Therefore, here, we serologically examined raccoons (Procyon lotor), sika deer (Cervus nippon), and wild boars (Sus scrofa) as sentinels of TBEV infection in Hokkaido and in Fukushima and Tochigi Prefectures in Honshu. A total of 1,649 serum samples collected between 2003 and 2018 were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using subviral particles and confirmed using the virus neutralization test. In raccoons, the seroprevalence of TBEV was 5.9% (39/662 samples) in central Hokkaido in 2003-2005 and 0.8% (3/368 samples) in eastern Hokkaido in 2010-2018, revealing the presence of TBEV foci in these areas. In addition, 0.5% (2/414) of deer sampled in eastern Hokkaido in 2010-2017 and 2.4% (1/42) of deer sampled in Tochigi Prefecture in 2016-2018 were seropositive. On Honshu, seropositive rodents have previously been detected only in Shimane Prefecture. Therefore, the detection of seropositive animals in Tochigi Prefecture may indicate the widespread distribution of TBEV foci throughout Japan. TBEV and viral genes were not detected in 507 ticks collected in the same area of eastern Hokkaido where seropositive animals were found, reemphasizing the value of using serological examination of wild animals as a tool for revealing unknown TBE risk areas. Our findings also indicate that raccoons may be particularly useful sentinels.


Mixed valent manganese ions play an important role in the magnetoresistance of LaMnO{sub 3}-based systems. We consider a Mn impurity with the Mn{sup 4+} represented by a spin S=3/2 (three localized 3d-t{sub 2g} electrons) and the Mn{sup 3+} configuration having an additional localized 3d-e{sub g} electron to form a total spin (S+1/2). The e{sub g} electron hybridizes with conduction electrons (representing the crystal), giving rise to a quadrupolar Kondo effect. The formation of the quadrupolar singlet interferes with the usual spin Kondo effect. Using the noncrossing diagram approximation, we calculate the ground state energy, valence, charge susceptibility, and the quadrupolar susceptibility as a function of the energy of the e{sub g} level for H{r_arrow}0 and compare it to results for H=0 and the ferromagnetic lattice. Both, the charge and quadrupolar susceptibilities, are larger in the spin-polarized limit, indicating that this state is more favorable for charge order and lattice distortions. {copyright} {ital 1999 American Institute of Physics.}


The aim of the study was to find whether there is a difference in the optical density of the subtrochlear region of incisura trochlearis and in the region of processus coronoideus medialis ulnae in elbow joints with fragmented processus coronoideus and in healthy elbow joints of the Labrador retriever breed. We evaluated digital radiographs of elbows (n = 26) with arthroscopically or arthrotomically proven FCP and digital radiographs of healthy elbows (n = 28). A template was made on radiographs in the JiveX program (Visus Technology Transfer) demarcating individual regions of interest (ROI) in which median optical density was measured. For normalisation of median optical density data of individual ROI, median optical density of the caudal ulnar cortex was used. Elbow joints with fragmented processus coronoideus had a lower mean median optical density in the distal part of incisura trochlearis compared to healthy elbow joints. The lowest median optical densities were found in the region of processus coronoideus medialis and in the distal part of the trochlear notch of the ulna in the region of processus coronoideus lateralis. The biggest difference in median optical densities between elbows with FCP and healthy elbows was found in regions distant from the articular surface. In evaluation of the opacity of the trochlear notch of the ulna it is appropriate to assess the whole region of the proximal ulnar metaphysis from the articular surface to the caudal ulnar cortex. Dog, elbow dysplasia, subtrochlear sclerosis, fragmented coronoid process


Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been looked into broadly in the course of recent years. WSN were first utilized by the military for reconnaissance purposes and have since ventured into modern and regular citizen uses, for example, climate, contamination, traffic control, and human services. There are a few research difficulties, one part of remote sensor arranges on which inquire about has been directed is the security of remote sensor systems. These systems are powerless against programmers who may assault in WSN. A case of this would be an adversary seizing an automaton and inspiring it to assault inviting powers. In this proposed work, security for WSN is concerned. Detection of a fake node in the network is the main part. Using common scenarios, we can spot an attack and a malicious node in the network. By calculating the packet drop, throughput, and residual energy. These are demonstrated in ns2, thereby proposed scheme helps to achieve in detecting the fake


The finance literature is not unanimous regarding the relationship between capital structure and executive compensation. As a firm increases its debt ratio (i.e., ratio of total debt to total assets), its risk of potential bankruptcy also increases. Because of that fact, stock price of the firm generally decreases after the announcement of its bond offering in the market place, thereby decreasing the shareholders' return and the value of the firm. As a result, we would expect less executive compensation (either salary bonuses, or total compensations which include stock option) when a firm issues a substantial bond offering and the price of its stock declines. We have found that there was a positive and statistically significant association between the salary and bonus of the CEOs of the 336 largest U.S. corporations, and the debts these firms incurred during the 19891999 time period. This was also true when total compensation (which included realized stock options) of the CEOs was taken as the dependent variable, although the latter was less effective than the former one.


Summary form only given. Cloud Computing as an emerging technology is a new paradigm in Information Technology and can dramatically change our everyday life. The presentation summarizes the basics of cloud computing, namely the main idea, the definition, the cloud model composed of essential characteristics, service models and deployment models. In the second part of the presentation the new perspectives of cloud computing based education are discussed. Some higher educational institutions do not have sufficient hardware or software to provide the students full learning environment and experience. This problem is particularly important in various fields of Engineering Education. Cloud computing provides Service as a Service(SaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) which allow the students to access the latest technologies with a low budget. The last part of the presentation includes some tips for planning Platform as a Service (PaaS), SaaS and Iaas and reflects some security problems.


The development status of a device for generating atmospheric-type turbulences in supersonic inlet testing is summaried. Elaborated are desired aerodynamic and actuation capabilities of the device, and the techniques that were considered and their drawbacks.


Objective To investigate the effect of CXCR4 shRNA on glioma cell U251 proliferation and invasion in vitro and to provide experimental basis for treatment of glioma with CXCR4 shRNA.Methods CXCR4-shRNA was transfected into U251 cells using liposome LipofectimineTM2000,proliferation of transfected cells were detected by MTT experiment.The migration ability was detected by Transwell cells invasion experiment.Results CXCR4 mRNA of cells transfected with pGPU6/GFP/Rac1-421 in vector group decreased significantly than those U251 cells transfected with non pGPU6/GFP/NC group and non-transfection group(P0.05),and their cell proliferation in vitro also decreased(P0.05),the number of cells invaded the membrane was(36.67±9.76),respectively,lower than that in pGPU6/GFP/NC group and nontransfection group(P0.05).Conclusions CXCR4 shRNA vector pGPU6/GFP/Rac1-421 can down-regulate CXCR4 mRNA expression of U251 cells,inhibit proliferation and migration U251 cells suggesting that CXCR4 plays an important role in the development of gliomas.


Baseline physiologic, acoustic, and phonetic data are presented to characterize speech production of a 3 1/2-year-old deaf girl prior to a visual articulatory modeling and feedback program. These observations suggest that she used an articulatory strategy based on visual information about lip and jaw movements rather than tongue positions as a primary means of differentiating speech sounds. The training program which followed used instrumentally generated displays of tongue position and movements to teach production of the (i) and (a) vowels in single and bisyllable word contexts. Linguapalatal contact patterns for the consonant (t) were then introduced and taught in combinations with the vowels. Goal articulatory gestures were learned rapidly with respect to both positional and timing features of speech.


Portal hypertension(PHT)with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(UGH)is mainly caused by the stomach esophagus varicosity burst,which is the most critical complication of portal hypertension.The PHT with UGH often lead to hemorrhagic shock,worsen liver cell damage,evoke ascites and hepatic encephalopathy,endangering patient life.Compared to traditional surgery,intervention treatment has lower perioperative risk,lower complication incidence and lower mortality.Recently,intervention treatment has gradually become the main technical means of PHT with UGH.Different kinds of interventional treatment have different principles,paths,advantages and disadvantages.Doctors should have full understanding and make choice according to the different clinical circumstance.Here is to make a comprehensive review of intervention treatment technology and its research progress in PHT with UGH.


THE TENDENCY TO UNDERSTAND the impact of globalization on political activism through such binary oppositions as "global" versus "local" and "space" versus "place" elides the processes through which these spatial categories and discourses are politically constructed and contested. By contrast, the political significance of place, far from being settled in the evolving global economy, is a hotly contested stake in contemporary struggles over the built environment. Through an ethnographic study of community activism in New York City, this paper demonstrates how elite claims about the global imperatives of capital accumulation are being challenged in so-called "local places." [Globalization, urban development, activism, space, New York City]


Abstract. In remote sensing images, the complex and changeable background often interferes with the detection of cloud and its shadow, which leads to the phenomenon of missing detection in areas with similar background colors. In addition, most methods cannot achieve the real-time detection effect because of too much calculation. To solve the above problems, the parallel asymmetric network with double attention is proposed. The algorithm adopts a parallel method, which allows two branches to participate in the calculation at the same time. One branch is used to fuse different information from two branches at different levels, and another branch is responsible for extracting deeper context information. At the same time, double attention module and asymmetric dilated block are used for two branches, respectively. Double attention module can help the algorithm pay more attention to the category and spatial information of cloud and its shadow, thus reducing the interference caused by background information in images. Asymmetric dilated block can extract two levels of receptive fields, and it can help the network to obtain enough receptive fields in cloud and its shadow images, thus reducing the cases of missed detection and false detection. Moreover, these two modules are lightweight in their parameters and calculation. Compared with some previous methods, our method can guarantee the accuracy and the detection speed is fast.


Two‐pore channels (TPCs) constitute a small family of cation channels expressed in endo‐lysosomal compartments. TPCs have been characterized as critical elements controlling Ca2+‐mediated vesicular membrane fusion and thereby regulating endo‐lysosomal vesicle trafficking. Exo‐ and endocytotic trafficking and lysosomal degradation are major mechanisms of adaption of epithelial transport. A prime example of highly regulated epithelial transport is the tubular system of the kidney. We therefore studied the localization of TPC protein 1 (TPC1) in the kidney and its functional role in the dynamic regulation of tubular transport.


Null steering arrays for antijam GPS applications are modeled using dual-polarized antenna elements. Realistic performance is evaluated using the effective carrier-to-noise ratio to determine the percentage of the upper hemisphere, for which GPS satellites are recoverable in the presence of interference. The impact of array size and jammer power level on antijam performance is evaluated, and average results are compared to the literature. The realistic metric is shown to predict higher coverage than previously reported.


Our previous study has identified HTPAP as a novel metastasis suppressor from chromosome 8p which is often deleted in metastatic HCC. We sought to further evaluate the expression levels of transcript variants of HTPAP (HTPAP‐1, HTPAP‐2 and HTPAP‐3) in 67 HCC tumor tissues and 11 normal liver tissues by RT‐PCR with specific TaqMan probes and primer sets, and explore their association with HCC metastasis and survival. We found that the expression levels of three HTPAP transcript variants were quite different in HCCs. Only HTPAP‐1 was found to be significantly associated with HCC metastasis (P = 0.00053), overall survival (P = 0.0023) and time to recurrence (P = 0.010) of HCC. Patients with a lower expression of HTPAP‐1 were inclined to accompany intrahepatic metastases and tumor thrombi (P < 0.05) and had a poor prognosis. In vitro, three fusion pEGFP‐N1 vectors encoding HTPAP‐1, HTPAP‐2 and HTPAP‐3 were introduced into HCC cells respectively to track HTPAPs' expressions and identify their function. We found overexpression of HTPAP‐1 conferred HCC cells reduced ability of invasion without significant impact on cell proliferation, and also displayed a distinct cell location on cell membrane and in cytoplasm, which were different from two other variants. Consequently, HTPAP‐1 may be the transcript of HTPAP to exhibit a suppressive role on HCC metastasis, and can be a prognostic marker for HCC. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 583–590)


Prosecution and punishment of war criminals is essential to the legal validity, observance and development of the laws of war. This chapter examines the standpoint of contemporary international law on these two conflicting policies: the prosecution of war crimes after the conclusion of peace, on the one hand, and amnesty, on the other. The peace settlements made after the First World War initiated a new policy, based on the twofold principle of prosecution of war criminals from among the vanquished aggressor States, on the one hand, and the granting of an amnesty to eventual war criminals who acted against the aggressor States, on the other. The chapter suggests that there is no legal possibility for an international amnesty for war crimes. Under present-day international law, based on States' duty to prosecute and punish war criminals, the traditional institution of international amnesty as part of a peace settlement is passe . Keywords:amnesty; international law; laws of war; peace settlements; prosecution; war crimes


white supremacy deepen divisions between black men and black women. Instead of moving beyond intersectional accounts, perhaps the better move is to learn from intersectional work that is explicitly profeminist and male affirmative, such as Athena Mutua's work on "progressive masculinities" in the field of legal studies. Despite these reservations, it was refreshing to read a book that has little time for academic pleasantries and is so eager to transcend the boundaries of traditional gender theorizing. As a gender scholar who engages with the very theoretical frameworks of which Curry is skeptical, I found myself taking a hard look at my own work and the assumptions behind it. Curry closes The Man-Not by acknowledging that many readers will view his text with suspicion. I agree, but readers from diverse academic backgrounds can still learn much in its pages. My only hope is that engagement with The Man-Not will seek out coalitions between black male studies and black feminism. A progressive study of black male bodies need not operate separately from black feminism since the true promise of black feminism is to liberate all black people—female, male, or otherwise—from the shackles of white patriarchy.


PURPOSE: A method and an apparatus for supporting synchronous transmission of LDPC coded signals are provided to exclude a separate dedicated encoder in a receiver by using an LDPC decoder which decodes an LDPC signal, outputs the decoded signal and encodes an input signal. CONSTITUTION: A decoder generates an LDPC(Low Density Parity Check) code and includes a processor(703). The processor is configured to decode a received LDPC-encoded signal. The processor is further configured to encode the decoded signal in order to remove an interference to the received LDPC-encoded signal.


Dear Editor:

Pain control is the most prominent problem in children's palliative care, especially in developing countries. Many attempts have been made to improve this situation by different organisations including the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012 ("WHO Guidelines on the Pharmacological Treatment of Persisting Pain in Children with Medical Illnesses.") While the intent of the WHO guidelines is clear, there are many local country-specified barriers to successful implementation of the recommendations. How can we improve pain control in children all over the world? In order to gain some understanding of different perspectives, the International Children's Palliative Care Network (ICPCN) initiated an International Multiprofessional Survey in 2012. The aim of the survey was to evaluate how ICPCN could help to improve pain control in children around the world.

The ICPCN Scientific Committee convened a task force of 25 children's palliative care professionals from 15 countries representing all continents. This task force created a list of eight possible roles the ICPCN could play in improving pain management in children and these roles were described in the survey. Survey participants were …


As Buddhism continues to spread in the West, its views on contemporary issues are increasingly being sought. Both its own followers and outsiders are curious about how this ancient Asian tradition will respond to the moral dilemmas confronting the modern world. Buddhist bio-ethics as a field of academic study in the West is not new, but in recent years has experienced a considerable expansion in Asian countries as well. The schools of Buddhism have rich traditions of thought on bio-ethics. Researcher of Buddhist ethics face today is to generate a response to this new problem that is consistent with the spirit of Buddhist values and in harmony with its extensive scriptural tradition.


Palladium complexes of representative heteroatom-substituted secondary phosphine oxide (HASPO) preligands were synthesized and fully characterized, including X-ray crystal structure analysis. Importantly, these well-defined complexes served as highly efficient catalysts for Kumada-Corriu cross-coupling reactions of aryl, alkenyl, and even heteroaryl tosylates. Particularly, an air-stable catalyst derived from inexpensive PinP(O)H displayed a remarkably high catalytic efficacy, which resulted in cross-couplings at low catalyst loadings under exceedingly mild reaction conditions with ample scope.


This study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of enhancing the nutritional value and oxidative stability of rapeseed oil obtained from seeds subjected to thermal treatment prior to pressing. The yellowseeded and high-oleic B. napus lines, harvested in Poland, were roasted prior to pressing for 1 h at 100 and 150 °C. This study highlighted how rapeseed breeding lines affect the quality profile of the oils obtained both before and after the roasting process. In principle, the high-oleic B. napus was accompanied by a nearly 2-fold increase in oxidative stability compared to the yellow-seeded B. napus , most likely due to a higher content of oxidation-resistant oleic fatty acids (~74.24% vs. ~60.76%) and a decreased concentration of oxidizable PUFAs (~16.32% vs. ~31.09%). Similar to the case of roasting black-seeded rapeseed, the thermal pre-treatment of yellow-seeded and high-oleic B. napus prior to pressing did not alter the composition of their fatty acids. Based on the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that roasting seeds prior to pressing does not reduce the amount of tocopherols in the oil; moreover, a slight increase in γ-tocopherol content was observed.


Interpretation of Chinese and Japanese on formal occasions such as conferences, ban-quets or in ceremonial speeches, is the most difficult part of interpretation due to the serious and sol-emn atmosphere as well as the use of uncommon styles, formulae and set phrases. In order to im-prove the quality and effectiveness of interpretation, it is necessary to analyze and discuss commonlyused discourses, styles and core words and phrases, and use interpretation examples from formal oc-casions to elicit interpretation rules of Chinese and Japanese.


DOI https://doi.org/ 10.1055/s-0039-1700311 ISSN 2277-4025. ©2019 Society of Clinical Anatomists We have used a so-called reverse translational research paradigm with anatomical studies, many of which have been cadaveric feasibility studies, over the last 25 years in order to first identify clinical problems and then devise potential anatomical solutions. Several of these anatomical studies have gone on to be used by surgeons and with good outcomes. Therefore, such cadaveric feasibility studies, in our experience, can influence surgical practice and more rapidly than the average time of 17 years for typical translational research to be used in patients. Unfortunately, anatomical studies are often performed by nonclinicians or physician anatomists who are disconnected from clinical practice and therefore the direct impact on clinical care can be limited. Therefore, working and collaborating with physicians and surgeons will better aid the anatomical researcher in focusing their studies so that they have the most potential in helping patients with the most up-to-date and relevant anatomical studies. Although the process of reverse translational research in anatomy might be intuitive, many colleagues have questioned how to go about such research. With this in mind, we have outlined our process below including various strategies/suggestions for generating clinical/surgically relevant studies that have been useful to us and our research productivity.


The regulations of the International Seabed Authority,which is essentially an international organization,can come into force only if it is made within the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. In its law making practice,the International Seabed Authority substantiates the rules and contracts for exploration,details the qualification requirement for exploration applicants,develops the rules of marine environment protection,innovates exploration modes,and clarifies procedures,etc. However,the deliberation of precautionary approach,the ultimate lack of antimonopoly criteria,and the limited participation patterns of the International Seabed Authority in exploration show that restraint is its real face as a lawmaker. It is worth noting that the modification of the application fee reflects the tendency of the International Seabed Authority to surpass restrain.


Many of the next generation of high-tech consumer products will take advantage of the manufacturing advances in micro-optics that we are currently taking place. One of the most important areas of micro-optic research is that of microlens design and fabrication. The importance of this area is perhaps highlighted by the range of competing fabrication technologies. Each having important advantages/disadvantages for a given application. It is therefore important to pursue other possible fabrication methods. In this paper we examine two of these novel fabrication techniques: (1) Photo-embossing in holographic recording materials, and (2) Microfluidic lens fabrication. The first of these techniques offers the possibility of combining the advantages of diffractive optical elements with those of conventional refractive optical elements. The second technique in combination with inkjet deposition technology can be used to produce a wide range of optical elements (lenses) and offers the possibility of controlling the lens profile in real time during formation using electric fields.


Mueller matrix elements of B-lymphocytes were measured and compared to the FDTD calculated results with 3D reconstructed structures with confocal images. These results demonstrate a new method to quantitatively determine cellular optical parameters.


Given the absence of a consensus within the literature regarding nonverbal cues that make lie detection possible, the present research aims to est whether the facial expressions of women involved in deceitful interactions differ from those involved in truthful interactions. This comparison s made both on the factor lie versus truth and on the characteristics of the situation: prepared versus spontaneous lie. The interactional situation is nspired by the "$ 20 for a lie" experiment [J Abnorm Soc Psychol 58 (1959) 203–210]. The nonverbal behaviour-coding scheme used was based n the cues identified by Ekman et al. In line with our hypotheses, the number of behaviours observed (all categories combined) was significantly igher in the deceitful interaction and even more so in the spontaneous lie condition. Moreover, there was a noticeably higher proportion of ntentional behaviours in liars than in truth-tellers. Finally, the proportion of fake smiles and smiles of embarrassment was also markedly higher n liars. The correspondence between these results and those already reported in the literature is discussed, as well as the possibility of using some f the cues studied as indicators in applied settings. 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.


Regarding the sediment budget of a catchment as the result of a cascading system implies that geomorphic processes transfer sediments from one subsystem to another. The calculation of sediment budgets therefore requires the knowledge of both a) the rate of sediment erosion, transport and deposition by different geomorphic processes and b) the spatial distribution of their activity including the location of erosion, sediment pathways and areas of deposition.


Abstract : Qualification tests were performed to determine whether the in- service PPP-B-601 Shipping and Storage Wood Box for PHOENIX Rocket Motor could be utilized to contain properly damaged solid type hazardous materials weighing up to a gross weight of 322 kg (710 pounds). The tests were conducted in accordance with Performance Oriented Packaging (POP) requirements specified by the United Nations Recommendations on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods. The wood box has conformed to the POP performance requirements, i.e., the wood box successfully retained its contents throughout the specified tests.


Summary Traditionally, reliable multicast protocols are deterministic in nature. It is precisely this determinism which tends to become their limiting factor when aiming at reliability and scalability, particularly in highly dynamic networks, e.g., ad hoc networks. In multicast communication, many reliable multicast schemes were studied in order to overcome packet losses in the network. This paper describes our effort to build a detailed simulation model for the reliable multicast transport protocol based on measurements taken from a variety of mapping sources and tools. We identify key attributes of a network design to develop the simulation engine model. The attributes of the model, are discussed in details to ensure the features of the protocol those are captured by the simulator. Finally, the results acquired have proven the ability of the simulator to provide a good analysis tool.


We report that the characteristics of luminous intensity and current pulse of partial discharges during tree propagation in PMMA specimens can be analyzed simultaneously using the idea of chaos.


In order to improve the prediction accuracy of short-term wind speed, a model based on Cuckoo Search (CS) optimized hybrid kernel Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) is proposed. The algorithm first preprocesses the signal by Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT), and filters out a part of noise interference. Then, combining advantages of the two kinds of LSSVM kernel functions, a hybrid kernel function LSSVM with comprehensive performance is constructed. Finally, with the help of CS algorithm, four parameters of the hybrid kernel LSSVM model are optimized, and performance of the algorithm is further improved. The validation of real wind speed data shows that the model can predict short-term wind speed effectively.


This paper discusses how to determine the project cost of steel bridge bitumen concrete pavement from the point of technological process of construction, material composition of different processes and the use of construction mechanical equipment. It also discusses how to determine the project cost through analysis and calculation by (utilizing) the existing Budget Quota issued by the Construction Department.


Starting point for writing this article was the completion of the first stage of the Action "Hellenic Academic e-Textbooks Kallipos" (http://www.kallipos.gr/). Within its framework the Open Access Digital Repository for Academic e-Textbooks was created (http://repository.kallipos.gr/), through which more than five hundred twenty (520) free online Open Access books have been made available for students of higher education in Greece. Initially, the theoretical framework is presented, including a brief overview of foreign literature, mostly, regarding the usefulness and hence the necessity of creating Open Access electronic textbooks, besides the printed ones, while outlining the past, present and future of the production and distribution of electronic textbooks to students of higher education in Greece. In the next section, the project's stages of development and their respective workflows are listed, the most interesting implementation statistics are presented as well as the technical specifications of the repository. The article concludes with a brief description of the most significant conclusions regarding the achievements of the Action in areas such as availability of the scientific content Open Access and network of contributors, while at the same time demonstrating the main problems that need to be resolved in the following areas: technological issues, timetable for the various stages of book production, the educational dimension and the Copyright. © 2016 Hellenic Academic Libraries Link


The paper aim is to examine urban and spatial possibilities of the Poznań Fort III area in the context of the implementation of the city's spacial policy. Urbanisation based on executing new facilities and investments results in the creation of diverse urban landscape. This contrast concerns not only the visual perception, but also also uneven use of different parts of the city. The aim of the study is to present a strategy for the revitalisation of the Fort Graf Kirchbach in the accordance with the principles of responsible urbanisation.


WE RECORDED 126 SPECIES OF EDIBLE INSECTS IN 18 MEXICAN STATES, BELONGING TO 20 FAMILIES, WITH THE FOLLOWING TAXONOMIC DISTRIBUTION: MELOLONTHIDAE (24), CERAMBYCIDAE (22), DYTISCIDAE (18), PASSALIDAE (13), HYDROPHILIDAE (7), T ENEBRIONIDAE (7), CURCULIONIDAE ( 4), MELOIDAE (4), CHRYSOMELIDAE ( 4), ELATERIDAE (4), HALIPLIDAE (4), BUPRESTIDAE (2), CICINDELIDAE (2), GYRINIDAE (2); HISTERIDAE (2), LUCANIDAE ( 2), ZOPHERIDAE ( 2), EROTYLIDAE ( 1), NOTORIDAE ( 1), AND STAPHYLINIDAE (1). THE MOST ABUNDANT FAMILY WAS MELOLONTHIDAE FOLLOWED BY CERAMBYCIDAE, DYTISCIDAE AND PASSALIDAE. FAMILIES WITH MOST EDIBLE GENERA ARE : CERAMBYCIDAE (15), MELOLONTHIDAE (9), PASSALIDAE (6), DYTISCIDAE (6) AND TENEBRIONIDAE (5), 49.23 % OF THE GENERA ARE MONOSPECIFIC, 27.69% ARE BISPECIFIC, 10.76% ARE TRISPECIFIC AND 12.29% HAVE 4-6 EDIBLE SPECIES. THE DISTRIBUTION IN LOCALITIES OF THE STATES SO FAR STUDIED IS INDICATED, AS WELL THE UTILIZATION OF SOME COSMOPOLITAN SPECIES IN OTHER COUNTRIES.


Abstract Simulated growth data with parameters appropriate for pigs were generated through a 2 step process. First, a linear mixed model was used to produce Gompertz growth curve coeff icients for each pig. Then, 30 weekly weights were produced using the coeff icients. Simulated pedigree had 3 generations without selection: 10 unrelated grandsires and 200 sires, each with 24 tested offspring. A method based on Taylor series approximation was applied to estimate breeding values for curve parameters and the corresponding (co)variance components. In every iteration, a working variate (sum of predictions by linearized model and a non-linear model residual) was utili zed to solve location and dispersion parameters of the linearized model. Approach required only minor changes to existing software for random regression models. In addition to data from full growing period, a truncated time trajectory data was analyzed to test the approach when animals are slaughtered prematurely. Truncation was at slaughter weight 115kg, which reduced the number of measurements to 11 per pig on average. From 50 replicates with full data the bias of estimates of three genetic variances were 1% of the parameter values, on average. For the truncated data bias increased to 19% and -23% for first and third parameter. Results of this study indicated the capabilit y of linearization approach to estimate original parameters satisfactorily for full data, but not as well for truncated data.


First of all I would like to thank the comment of E. M. Harrison to our study, because there are a few interesting questions affecting previous and future ischemic preconditioning (IP) and intermittent portal clamping (IPC) studies, which should be discussed. In terms of statistical analysis you may have right; continuous variables are expressed as mean SEM and some of the statistics as median, as appropriate. Our variation is very low indeed, but I do not think it is unexpected. The explanations are as follows: The severity of ischemia‐reperfusion (I‐R) injury of the liver (and so the transaminase elevations after I‐R) is predominantly depending on the duration of the ischemia, although several further factors, like "temperature" (warm or cold ischemia), energetic condition of the liver (glycogen content, ATP content) play a role also [1]. In our study, the liver ischemia time was not only shorter, than for example in the Clavien [2] or in the Azoulay [3] or Scatton [4] study, but the length of liver ischemia was very similar in the groups (34 vs. 33min, 22 vs. 21min) and the variation between the individual patients was low (ischemia time (min): Hahn study: normal liver IPC: 34 3.2, normal liver IP: 33 2.1; cirrhosis IPC: 22 2.2, cirrhosis IP: 21 1.8; Clavien study normal liver IP: 37.7 1.5, normal liver IPC: 40.0 2.1; Azoulay: without IP: 47.7 8.3, with IP 44.5 9.2; Table I). In our study, resected liver volume and remnant liver volume were very similar between the groups resected liver volume/total liver volume (%): IPC normal liver: 45 22, IP normal liver: 42 26; IPC cirrhosis: 29 21, IP cirrhosis: 27 23; remnant liver volume/total liver volume (%) IPC normal liver 42 11, IP normal liver 39 9; IPC cirrhosis: 62 21, IP cirrhosis: 67 26; Table II). We could not find any data about resected liver volume and/or remnant liver volumes in the studies mentioned above. If the resected volumes are relatively large and the remnant volumes are small, the postoperative peak liver enzyme values can be markedly elevated, and gross difference in volume ratios of IP and IPC groups may result marked variation. This was not the case in our study. Analysing the variations of the data in the studies cited in the letter to the author, it is obvious, that there is a huge difference between the results (e.g., compare the preoperative AST variations of the Li [5] or the Clavien study with the variation of the Petrowsky [6] study, or the postoperative AST variation of the Clavien [2] or Arkadopoulos [7] study with the Heizmann [8]. In one of the IP studies [2] in 12 of 37 (32%) patients with IC, parenchymal transsection was interrupted due to significant bleeding during the 5‐min reperfusion cycles, while this did not occur in the IP group, in an other study [3] resections from the remnant liver were also performed in some patients. Such actions can lead to higher variations. In our study such actions, which can lead to higher variations did not occur. Studies on ischemic preconditioning report partially contradictory results [2–8]. This is probably due to diverse energy status of livers which is essentially influencing severity of I‐R injury. ATP content, glycogen level, nutritional status, etc. are well known parameters affecting tolerance of the liver to different injuries. All of these factors are hardly or not at all measurable. Effectiveness of preconditioning can be questionable if relevant differences between patients, or groups occur. In this regard, patient groups are most likely homogenous in our study, which might be accindental, however. The variance we have found is indeed minimal. It is obvious that we had very homogenous groups in terms of preoperative liver function (as it can be seen on ICG clearence values, low variation of preoperative bilirubin, prothrombin and liver enzymes) after randomization. Because of the constant operative technique (shorter ischemia, similar ischemia time in the groups and in the individual patients) the variations of the postoperative values were also lower, than in other studies.We think,that standardized surgical technique is essential to achieve reproducible results. In our practice,


Malaysia country now towards an ageing population, in which exposed to the longevity risk. People in Malaysia still lack awareness on preparing for their retirement. The mainstream retirement scheme, Employees Provident Fund in Malaysia has reported inadequate to sustain the elderly after working age. Therefore, the study aims to examine the alternative options available to the public to maximize their retirement incomes. The study found that the existing pension schemes still lack efficiency regarding investment, benefits allocation and do not provide coverage to all level of community members, in particular for those in the informal sector. Thus, the authority needs to revise the retirement system to keep elderly out of poverty line.


Field devices are offering more and more functionality to automation systems. This leads to a complexity increase of such devices, and to a rise in engineering effort. Additionally, the demand for semantic annotations of many device information is growing. Nowadays, profiles provide a solid base for device functions and structure. However, the current way of realizing a profile-based device is far away from becoming a reality due to the demand for reducing expenses in device manufacturing. The paper presents a toolchain approach for a profile based and semantically enriched field device development. The application function of such devices is generated from several device profile specifications. The semantic information form the device profile is annotated to the generated functional elements and to the device descriptions that have to be delivered with a field device.


Plasma physics is an example of research field where many measurements carried out at very specific working conditions need to be collected and processed. By looking at the properties of these data, it can be possible to explore their hidden features in order to solve challenging problems that usually require high computational efforts, such as the tomographic reconstruction. In this paper, preliminary but nontrivial analyses of flux measurements produced in a Tokamak machine are shown and discussed, with the aim of introducing an application of some algorithms for feature selection to detect hidden, relevant relationships within given sets of channels. All the statistical details, and therefore the feature selection procedure itself, are introduced in view of further deepenings, such as the aforementioned problem of tomographically reconstructing plasma profiles from flux measurements or modelling the system in terms of its input-output relationship.


This paper presents an experimental design of adaptive algorithms to investigation of Symbol error rate for adaptive training algorithms without involving with any modified or design algorithms, two conventional adaptive equalizer training methods, the least mean squares (LMS) and recursive least squares (RLS), are implemented in a Quadrature amplitude modulation over sampled received sequence and their performances are compared in different parameters like symbol size, step size and rotation. The algorithms were evaluated using convergence SER at SNR of 20 dB over different number of iterations to determine the convergence rate and constellation diagra


Chapter 8 uses the solidarity solution to address the gender wage gap. The chapter first lays to rest a common conservative argument by showing that, even if the gender wage gap were entirely attributable to individual choice, choice alone does not justify inequalities. The chapter then speculates on ways in which the state's choice of regulatory regime could potentially bias wages in favor of men, resulting in an unfair option set. Finally, after explaining why the solidarity solution does not justify the existing gender wage gap, the chapter concludes by arguing that proponents of pay equity or comparable worth are in fact implicitly relying on the solidarity solution—or something very much like it.


Amartya necessária das condições do sujeito de direitos capacidades sociedade democrática, promovendo sustentabilidade ecológica modelo modelo construção teoria Seniana pratica social sentido desenvolver de forma progressiva a aplicação de políticas públicas que promovam e projetos sociais forma desigualdades, a pobreza e a condição de não agente. modo, vetores sociais como fraternidade e a solidariedade que, respeitados efetivamente, demonstram que é possível viver a democracia visão sustentável, democracia não exclua sujeito possui sua Abstract : This reflection aims to investigate the social action and sustainability based on democracy. Democratic boundaries must be determined in the light of the purposes that delimit them, and in order to do so, a systemic integration of man with regard to his social, political, economic and environmental relations is necessary, so that freedom and subjectivity are preserved. Problemata: R. Intern. Fil. v. 10. n. 3 (2019), p. 195-225 From Amartya Sen's thought this reflection propagates the necessary valuation of the conditions of the human being as a subject of rights and capacities in the democratic society, promoting social and ecological sustainability as a new model of insertion of man in the natural world. Using the Transformation in Art project as an empirical model of the construction of Senian theory in social practice in order to progressively develop the application of public policies that promote and develop social projects as a way to reduce inequalities, poverty and the condition of not living. agent. Thus, valuing social vectors such as fraternity and solidarity that, effectively respected, demonstrate that it is possible to live democracy with a sustainable vision, in a democracy that does not exclude the subject because it has singularities, but that recognizes its values, its responsibility and flourishes. the feelings, possibilities and freedoms of acting in search of social interaction and nature, as subject of rights to be preserved for this and also for future generations


Abstract The paper is focused on developing a predictive, statistical model depicting the relationships among companies' involvement in internationalization, engagement in cooperation with business partners and their fnancial performance. Data were collected through a CATI survey of managers of medium-sized Polish manufacturing enterprises. The principal statistical technique employed was binary logistic regression. The regression equation model contained four statistically significant dichotomous predictors: (1) sales abroad above 30% of total sales, (2) cooperation with foreign suppliers, (3) cooperation with domestic distributors, and (4) Export-Only Early-Internationalized status of the company. The two former variables were correlated positively with the profit margin, while the two latter shown negative associations. The principal limitation of the study was a relatively small sample size of 110 units that, while enough to detect patterns with strong and medium-strong effect sizes, might not have provided sufficient power to identify weaker associations. Generalizations were also constrained by the selection criteria of the sample to medium-sized Polish enterprises from traditional manufacturing B2B industries. The study yielded a regression model that permitted isolation of the main factors linked to the degree of sales profitability, which could assist managers in their efforts to enhance profit margins and in competitor analysis. The originality of the approach involves using a comprehensive list of 25 potential predictors in analysis that represented salient dimensions of cooperation and internationalization. The predictive capacities of the model were found to be sufficient to make it useful for both scholars and practitioners. The research relied on a sample drawn from the population that has rarely been studied on similar subjects.


A double fixed dose combination of amlodipine/valsartan and triple fixed dose combination of amlodipine/valsartan/HCTZ tablets have been developed to treat patients with moderate‐to‐severe hypertension. Here, we present the effect of food on the oral bioavailability of these two fixed dose combination tablets from two separate clinical studies in healthy subjects. Single oral doses of amlodipine/valsartan (10/160 mg) and amlodipine/valsartan/HCTZ (10/320/25 mg were administered under fasted or fed conditions. Blood samples were collected in both studies to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of amlodipine, valsartan, and/or HCTZ using non‐compartmental analysis. Following amlodipine/valsartan administration, the geometric mean ratios (GMRs, 90% CI) of AUC0–∞ and Cmax were 1.09 (1.05–1.13) and 1.03 (0.97–1.09) for amlodipine, and 0.94 (0.81–1.10) and 0.86 (0.73–1.02) for valsartan, respectively. Following amlodipine/valsartan/HCTZ administration, the GMRs (90%CI) of AUC0‐∞ and Cmax were 1.09 (1.04–1.15) and 1.11 (1.05–1.08) for amlodipine, 1.14 (0.99–1.31) and 1.12 (0.98–1.29) for valsartan, and 1.09 (1.02–1.16) and 0.86 (0.79–0.93) for HCTZ, respectively. Considering the sample size and pharmacokinetic variability associated with analytes, these study results indicate that food effect is minimal or none when fixed dose combination tablets are administered with food. In conclusion, both fixed dose combination tablets can be administered without regards to meals.


INTRODUCTION In the system of measures to ensure the criminological safety of society, the fight against crime in the sphere of illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues and precursors occupies an important place. The issue under investigation has been a problem for many centuries and has become increasingly relevant lately. The paper proposes an approach to reducing the level of narcotic crime from the point of view of victimology. Narcotic victimization is a person's inclination, under favorable circumstances, to become a victim of a crime, including the sale or use of drugs. Given that victimization is a process of transforming potential victims into victims of crime, individuals are subconsciously endowed with internal victimization. Schematically, victimization can be divided into several steps: 1. Occurrence of victimization; 2. Creation of a criminal situation; 3. Realization of victimization by criminal assault; 4. Post-criminal behavior of victims of crime.


In this paper we report the results of experimental markets designed to test a disclosure model based on the models of Dye [1985] and Jung and Kwon [1988]. These authors show that when receivers of information do not know whether senders possess private information, the senders will not fully disclose their private information. Their models were motivated by the discrepancy between the theoretical predictions for voluntary disclosures and empirical results. In the theoretical area, Grossman [1981] and Milgrom [1981] predicted that private information will be fully disclosed when disclosures are credible and receivers know the holder has private information; agents disclose to identify themselves as not possessing the worst possible information. Watts [1977] argued that voluntary disclosure will occur because of market pressures and the threat of regulatory intervention. Beaver [1977; 1988] described how auditing and legal liability may induce full disclosure. Nevertheless, empirical research indicates full disclosure is not always observed (e.g., Penman [1980] and Seligman [1986]).


Insulating material used in cables is usually polymer with excellent electrical properties but terrible thermal conductivity. The temperature field distribution of cables is affected by the heat dissipation of cable system and insulation-related thermal problems set a limit to the ampacity of cables. Improving the thermal conductivity of insulation may be beneficial to improve the temperature field distribution of cable and enhance its ampacity. In this paper, a numerical simulation model is employed and the temperature field distribution in the cable is calculated and simulated by finite element method (FEM), and the cable ampacity is calculated by a modified iteration method to research the relationship between the thermal conductivity of insulation and the cable ampacity. The results show that, with increasing the thermal conductivity, the cable core temperature is reduced obviously with the given load current, and the temperature field distribution in cable becomes more uniform, which imply that the improved thermal conductivity of insulation contributes to the improvement of cable ampacity.


Every weekday lunchtime I have a scheduled telephone surgery. It sends the practice's phone bill skywards, but we accept most such calls nowadays are to mobiles as people are busy (or like to appear busy!). Despite this, up to a third of these consultations fail to take place. This is partly because one of our receptionists has a rather annoying habit of being one random digit out, in the given eleven. Other reasons we're told, include: batteries running low; bosses demanding they be switched off; or because our rolling southern Scottish landscape still has many 'blind spots.'

I therefore find myself each day listening to a robot curtly telling me to leave a message …