The paper describes the application of multiple signal classification (MUSIC) and its derivative algorithms to the estimation of direction of arrival (DOA) of multipath signals received from multiple users on the uplink of a wideband direct sequence code division multiple access (wideband DS-CDMA) system. Due to the multiple-access interference (MAI) and multipath, a high number of signals impinge on the antenna array and this scenario causes conventional direction-finding algorithms (such as MUSIC) to fail. The proposed approach extends the use of MUSIC and allows to provide unique estimates even when the number of DOAs exceeds the number of antenna array elements.


studied the ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the condensation/immersion mode in the boreal environment of southern Finland during winter-spring of 2018. The number concentrations of INPs were measured using a continuous flow diffusion chamber PINC, along with the measurements of total aerosol particles (DMPS, CPC, APS), aerosol chemical composition (L-ToF-AMS), biological fluorescent particles (WIBS), and meteorological conditions (RH, T, WS, etc.). The measurements were used to investigate the number concentrations, sources, and possible compositions of INPs at this location during the studied time period. A few case studies were also presented to show the variability of physical and chemical properties of INPs over a short time period. This study is important as it is a nice addition to the rare INP measurements conducted in the boreal forest environment, and will help improve our understanding of INPs in the atmosphere. However, some of the conclusions/hypothesises reached in the manuscript were not well supported by the data, along with some other issues that the authors may consider to address in the revision.


A general method is presented for applying error correction to synchronous binary digital systems to improve reliability. It includes the familiar scheme of triplication and "rote taking" as a special case. In principle, the method permits the system to operate continuously, even when a fault is present or maintenance is being performed. An efficient maintenance routine, including rapid repair of faults, is an essential adjunct to the scheme if the potentially large increase in reliability made possible by error correction is to be realized. The percentage redundancy needed to realize the scheme decreases as the complexity of the system to which it is applied increases, but may amount to triplication of equipment even for moderately large systems. The paper describes some error-correcting codes to implement the scheme, discusses error-correcting circuits in a general way, indicates how to estimate the redundancy, and presents a formula for determining the reliability improvement obtainable with a particular maintenance routine. In a companion paper,1 D. K. Ray-Chaudhuri develops a general theory of minimally redundant codes for this application.


This research applies data from the Livingston survey to study the time variation in the sentiment of U.S. stock-market forecasters. A Panel Smooth Transition Regression (STR) model is estimated to identify the importance of market conditions summarized by stock-market misalignments and recent returns for the formation of regressive and extrapolative expectations. We find that survey participants expect little mean reversion in times of large misalignments reflecting the observed substantial and persistent swings in stock prices. Recent returns are negatively extrapolated depending on the sign and the size of the return revealing a contrarian behavior of forecasters in the presence of market exuberance.


Circadian rhythms are pervasive processes through a range of body functions. While the earlier focus was on effect on sleep and performance, significant current interest is turning to the effects of circadian factors in metabolic and cardiovascular regulation. This review will address clinical and experimental data demonstrating metabolic and cardiovascular effects of circadian maladaptation. This maladaptation likely occurs as circadian stressors are extremely new on the evolutionary pressure/time scale-environmental light control, shift work and jet-lag effects did not previously exist.


In this work the principles of beamforming structures building in integrated monitoring systems are considered. An examples of possible combinations with application of one electrodynamic structure of channels of passive and active location and optical and radar channels are shown.


The electrochemical techniques treated are: potential mapping with reference electrodes at the surface, corrosion potential monitoring with reference electrodes embedded in the concrete, potentiodynamic scans, potentiostatic polarization, galvanostatic pulse technique, AC-impedance spectroscopy and monitoring of electrochemical noise. Extensive laboratory experiments have been carried out in alkaline solutions, in mortar slabs with and without chloride additions and at a 840 m long, 16 years old bridge at the coast of Northern Norway. It is concluded that the standard electrochemical techniques for determination of the corrosion rate in aqueous solutions do not function well for steel in concrete, at least not for routine applications. This is caused by a very complex electrochemistry of iron in alkaline media and the very low volume of pore water in contact with the steel. Due to the low volume even very small impressed polarization currents alter the composition of the environment adjacent to the steel. This complicates the interpretation of the electrochemical tests, leading to a series of pitfalls.


: A novel automated 3‐dimensional (3D) sonographic method has been developed for measuring gastric volumes. This study aimed to validate and assess the reliability of this novel 3D sonographic method compared to the reference standard in 3D gastric sonography: freehand magneto‐based 3D sonography.


The electrochemical oxidation of lambdacyhalotrin in a triton X-100 water solution on a PbO2-Bi electrode has been studied. It was discovered that electrocatalytic degradation proceeded through the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism. The Langmuir adsorption equilibrium constant of the organic compound on the PbO2-Bi surface (0.67 (±0.02) mg-1L) and the L-H maximum reaction rate for lambdacyhalotrin oxidation (0.040 (±0.002) mg L-1 min-1) was also determined on the basis of kinetic data. Oxidation/mineralization was tested at electrode potential higher than 2.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl, in this conditions the higher degradation percent of 85 (±4) % has been obtained.


Three patients sustained a traumatic incision rupture of their cornea transplant; six weeks, four months, and seven months postoperatively. The cases included a phakic, aphakic, and pseudophakic keratoplasty; all did well with clear grafts following primary suture repair. Our report confirms the preferred management of such cases with primary resuturing.


Abstract This article highlights reasons why the Spectrum is so important for teacher education in Finland, applications of the Spectrum to the training of physical education teachers, and research work based on Spectrum concepts.


This paper proposes a sequential approach for designing switching LPV (Linear Parameter-Varying) $\mathscr{H}_{\infty}$ state-feedback controllers with given division of scheduling parameter subregions. Different from the traditional simultaneous design of switching LPV control that usually results in a relatively high-dimensional optimization problem, the proposed method designs the switching LPV controllers sequentially, leading to a bundle of low-dimensional optimization problems to be solved iteratively. Interpolated controller variables are utilized on the overlapped subregions and independent PLMIs (Parametric Linear Matrix Inequalities) are formulated on individual subregion to synthesize switching LPV controllers. At the same time, the formulated PLMIs are able to guarantee that the $\mathscr{H}_{\infty}$ performances on overlapped subregions are no worse than adjacent subregions. With the proposed method, the $\mathscr{H}_{\infty}$ performance over the entire scheduling parameter region can be guaranteed by sequentially designing individual controller and interpolating controller variables on overlapped subregions. Application example shows the effectiveness of the proposed method and demonstrates improved performance over the conventional simultaneous design approach.


Practice teaching is a way of training students for their application and innovation ability,and so achieving the target of quality education and innovative talents.To solve the problems in practice teaching of Software Engineering curriculum,this article presents a multi-level practice teaching system based on the study theory of constructivism,discusses the design,organization and implementation of the course experiment,the professional practice,the open engineering experimental training,scientific and technological research training in detail,and analyzes guidance of the study theory of constructivism to practice teaching.


Macroscopic dispersivity is the most important factor for analysing the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) at the field scale, and it is well known that macroscopic dispersivities vary with the scale of observation. In this study, artificial heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity fields were generated with the stochastic fractal model (fς model). Macroscopic dispersivities were evaluated for two-dimensional stochastic isotropic and anisotropic fields by performing dimensionless CDE simulations. The results showed that macroscopic dispersivity depends on the length of the contaminant source and the travel distances, as well as on field characteristics such as variability of hydraulic conductivity for one-dimensional flow. We proposed simple models for quantitatively evaluating the average values of macroscopic longitudinal dispersivity by performing two-dimensional numerical experiments. Further, we showed that macroscopic longitudinal dispersivities calculated by these models generally corresponded with that obtained from the field study. (Less)


ABSTRACT This article explores how multiple contexts – professional knowledge (e.g. case management), institutional practices (e.g. New Public Management), and mental health policies and legislations (e.g. Mental Health Act) – under neoliberal governance (re)produce ways social workers interact with their clients in moment-to-moment interactions. It is part of a larger process and outcome research project on cross-cultural social work practice in outpatient community mental health settings in an urban Canadian city. Using transcripts of audio-taped sessions between social workers and clients with severe mental illness, and inspired by critical theories of language, knowledge and power, we illustrate how neoliberal themes (re)position clients and social workers in negotiating session tasks in everyday interactions, and how these interactions shape the clients and social workers as desirable and undesirable neoliberal subjects. These detailed studies in micro-interactions can be used as practice examples in considering how social workers can be critically reflective of our own micro practice and resist the governing neoliberal ideology in the macro level.


In this work, we investigated phosphorus (P) availability of three soil orders (Entisols, Inceptisols, and Mollisols) in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Addition of P fertilizers causes chemical and physical fixation of P due to the high amounts of calcium carbonate often present in the soils of this region. Understanding these fixation processes is important for predicting and managing P availability in this area. Two methods were used to assess P availability in this study: solubility diagrams and the Diagnosis Recommendation Integrated System chart (DRIS chart) method, which utilizes corn P concentration as a plant indicator of available P. A pot experiment was conducted during the spring corn growing season in 2014 (March 15, 2014, to July 1, 2014) to study the effects of five application levels of P (0, 80, 160, 240, and 320 kg P2O5 ha) on P availability. The double function parameters—phosphate potential (logH2PO4–pH) and lime potential (logCa + 2pH)—were used to study P solubility equilibria. The DRIS chart was used to study the balance between P and, separately, nitrogen (N) and potassium (K). The results of both methods indicated that an application of 320 kg P2O5 ha yielded the highest corn dry matter weight and highest P availability; that is, we found the best nutrient balance between P and both N and K at an application rate of 320 kg P2O5 ha. In addition, we found that the P for this treatment was in the most available form (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate) CaHPO4 · 2H2O. Our results indicated low P availability in the Inceptisol and high availability of P in the Mollisols studied. Phosphorus availability followed the following order: Mollisols > Entisols > Inceptisols. The high P availability in Mollisols was due to its relatively high organic matter content. Except the Inceptisols, the increase in levels of applied P caused a decrease in dry matter weight per pot. Both the solubility digram and DRIS chart method indicated low available P in the Bakrajo Inceptisol and adequate available P in the other soil orders studied. This is because of Inceptisols in the region have high calcium carbonate and low organic matter content when compared with Mollisols and Entisols.


Focusing and Addressing the problems of Visually(Who Can't see),Audibly(who can't hear),Vocally(who can't talk),through a single device is a tough task. After researching on this a convenient assistive device can be made for them using latest devices like Raspberrypi, Windows, MAC etc. The main purpose of the device is to make the differently abled people, feel independent confident by seeing, hearing and talking for them. The device provides Raspberry Pi/Windows based aid for the blind,deaf and dumb people. The proposed device uses CNN (Convolutional neural networks) algorithm. It is a special type of neural network used for image classification. In this project CNN lies convolution, an operation highly specialized at detecting patterns in images like blurring, sharpening, and outlining to images is done depending on the collected dataset. The indications of hands are simply discovered and shown with the help of this algorithm. The device does Image to text conversion and it is displayed on the Monitor screen of the device in this case I have used monitor instead of LCD screen. The user (Deaf and Dumb people) can understand and what next to communicate with them.The model has 2 options to select the required conversion technique.•Image to Gesture (ITT)•Gesture to Text(GTT)


Objective: To analyze the effect of protection motivation theory on the quality of life of patients with spinal fracture. Methods: From August 2019 to September 2020, 72 patients with spinal fracture were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The routine nursing group was the routine nursing group, and the combined nursing with the theory of protective motivation was the dynamic nursing group. Results: The hospitalization time, detumescence time, healing time and muscle strength recovery time of group A were shorter than those of group B (P < 0.05). The VAS score and Barthel index score of the dynamic group were better than those of the conventional group (P < 0.05); The score of SF-36 in the group A was higher than that in the group B (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The application of protection motivation theory in the nursing of patients with spinal fracture can shorten the healing time of fracture, promote the recovery of muscle strength, relieve the pain of fracture, and then improve the ability of daily life and quality of life of patients.


It is shown that in various categories, including many consisting of maps or hypermaps, oriented or unoriented, of a given hyperbolic type, every countable group $A$ is isomorphic to the automorphism group of uncountably many non-isomorphic objects, infinitely many of them finite if $A$ is finite. In particular, this applies to dessins d'enfants, regarded as finite oriented hypermaps. The proof, involving maximal subgroups of various triangle groups, yields a simple construction of a regular map whose automorphism group contains an isomorphic copy of every finite group.


The purpose of this study was to determine the participants self presentation in exercise who involved in the special ability exam. Scanning model was adopted in the research. Study group was composed of 59 female and 198 male in totaly 257 paticipans who was entered the Kastamonu University Physical Educatşon and Sport Department Special Ability Exam in 2010-2011 Academiz Year. For the tendency of participants self presentation in exercise "Self Presentation in Exercise Questionnaire" (Conroy, Motl ve Hall, 2000) and for demographic information variables "Infornation Form" was used. Firstly nomality test was done for determining that it was normal or not.Nonparametric tests were used because of not showing normal distribution. For binary comparisions Mann-Whitney U test and for bilateral comparisons Kruskal Wallis variance analysis, was used in the study and 0,05 was considered statistically significant. In study; while there was no significant in sex, type of graduated school, sport branche, sport age, having coaching certificate or not, parents education, preparation time fort he special ability test, family's economic income variables (p>0,05), Significant was found only in having sport licence or not variable (p<0,05). In conclusion, ıt was seen that there was difference only in the variable of having sport licence or not and ıt was not more effective being a branche, the real impact was occured because of making good impression on enviroment for teaching in physical education and sport field.


The carrier frequency of the presented radio over fiber downlink at 32 GHz is generated by stimulated Brillouin scattering and an error free 1 Gbit/s data transmission is realized.


Abstract Kite design has recently seen a revival as a result of the development of sports such as kite buggying and kite surfing. As a result, kites and their accessories have become significant business opportunities in many countries. Since the aerodynamics of kites has not been explored in much depth, research has been started to support a local kite development company. A key instrument in this research programme is a vehicle-mounted test rig, designed to measure the performance characteristics of two-line and four-line kites. This paper outlines the requirements, describes the design and operation and gives some results from the test rig. Future developments are discussed.


This work deals with simulation of hysteresis controlled single phase AC-AC converter for wind generation. The AC output of the wind generator is converted into DC using three phase uncontrolled rectifier. The output of the rectifier is filtered using a Z-network. The output of the Z-network is applied to the single phase inverter. The single phase inverter feds an induction motor load . Matlab simulink model for wind generator system is developed and simulation studies are successfully performed. The simulation is done using MATLAB and the simulation results are presented.


Like language itself, text style can assume an intermediary state, especially when a translator treats an isolated text. An intermediary style is exhibited through the strata in translation, which is a comparatively objective criterion for evaluation. The translator can use consistent translation strategies, in accordance with some controllable principles.


Abstract: Adenosine transport inhibitors as enhancers of extracellular levels of endogenous adenosine would, presumably, only be effective if, for example, (1) the inhibitors block influx to a greater degree than efflux (release) of intracellular adenosine or (2) the inhibitors block equally well the influx and efflux of adenosine, but significant amounts of adenosine are formed as a result of dephosphorylation of released adenine nucleotides. Limited information is available regarding the directional symmetry of adenosine transporters in neural cells. Using rat brain crude P2 synaptosomal preparations preloaded with l‐[3H]adenosine, our objectives here were to determine (1) if l‐[3H]adenosine, a substrate for adenosine transporters that is more metabolically stable than physiological d‐adenosine, was being released from synaptosomal preparations, (2) the optimal conditions necessary to observe the release, and (3) the degree to which this release was mediated by efflux through bidirectional nucleoside transporters. l‐[3H]Adenosine release was found to be concentration and time dependent, temperature sensitive, and linear with synaptosomal protein. l‐[3H]Adenosine release was inhibited dose‐dependently by dipyridamole, nitrobenzylthioinosine, and dilazep; at concentrations of 100 µM inhibition was at least 40% for dipyridamole, 52% for nitrobenzylthioinosine, and 49% for dilazep. After loading with l‐[3H]adenosine alone or l‐[3H]adenosine plus unlabeled l‐adenosine, d‐adenosine, or uridine, l‐[3H]‐adenosine release was inhibited 42% by l‐adenosine, 69% by uridine, and 81% by d‐adenosine. The inhibition of l‐[3H]adenosine release from the synaptosomal preparations by substrates for or inhibitors of nucleoside transporters suggests that a portion of the release was mediated by nucleoside transporters. This experimental system may prove useful for evaluating the effects of pharmacological agents on bidirectional transport of adenosine.


This research uses the "Typical meteorological year 3" actually observed by the Central Weather Bureau to analyze hourly meteorological data of TMY3 typical meteorological years for 8760 hours in Taipei, Hualien, Hsinchu, Taichung, Tainan and Kaohsiung, inputting meteorological data for up to 15 years (1998–2012). While using the parametric design program "Rhino Grasshopper" and its open source plug-in "Ladybug" to shorten the simulation analysis calculation time and workflow to get intuitive data visualization graphic of wind environment. In the future, under extreme climate and warming climate environment, it is extremely important to conduct scientific simulation and evaluation of the performance under wind environment. We can not only be providing a reference for the initial assessment of architectural design, in order to create a sustainable, energy-saving, healthy and happy living area, but also can be providing a new idea between "future climate and wind environment" and "architectural design". This research predicts that if future architectural education uses visual analysis of big data and meteorological data to make early architectural design choices, it will have the following three advantages: 1.Providing valuable data for visual analysis. 2.Improving the thinking of localization of architectural education: Taiwan's optimize design solutions and optimization selection in the hot and humid climate environment. 3.Predicting building energy-saving operations and energy development based on knowledge-based design.


WHEN exposed to the withering summer heat of 1050 to 110? F. in the valley of the Virgen, it was tantalizing to see within twenty miles to the north the rugged slopes of Pine Mountain streaked with patches of snow. Having secured most of the lowland and desert plants, I was anxious to supplement my collection with the alpine flora of the adjoining high mountain districts. Accordingly, on the 8th of June, I undertook an excursion to Pine valley, occupying an extensive basin on the northwest slope of Pine Mountain, thirty miles by the travelled road from St. George. Our route, which if practicable would have followed up the valley of the Santa Clara to its extreme sources, mounted by a series of very steep ascents to the abrupt sandstone ridges bounding the valley on the left. Higher up the rugged features of the bald uplands are greatly exaggerated by a confused intermingling of sedimentary and igneous rocks. Recent volcanic overflows had partly filled up the denuded sandstone ravines, with floods of black, scoriaceous lava. Some distance farther on the source of these igneous products is brought to view in two distinct volcanic cones, with clearly defined craters. The course of the Santa Clara through this confused labyrinth of aqueous and igneous deposits, is completely hid from view in inaccessible chasms. At a considerable elevation towards the foot-hills of Pine Mountain, there is a stretch of comparatively level country, scantily watered by irregular snow-fed streams, known as Damaran Valley. Here the polymorphous evergreen shrub oak (Quercus undulate Torr.) makes its appearance associated with the still more spiny-leaved Barberry (Berberis Fremontii Torr.). Occasionally in strongly impregnated saline soil, was noticed a broad leaved Lyciunn, the species of which, on account of the absence of flower or fruit, could not be satisfactorily determined. Frequent along the roadside was an old Californian acquaintance, Platystemon Californicurn Benth. (No. 8), not heretofore known east of the Sierra Nevada, and as if to keep up the distant


The invention discloses an automatic deviation correction device which comprises a pinch roller, an automatic control system, a base and an oscillating device, wherein the pinch roller is supported by a support seat which comprises a first stay bar and a second stay bar; the first stay bar and the second stay bar are respectively arranged on two ends of the pinch roller and are vertical to the pinch roller; one end of the first stay bar is fixed on the base; one end of the second stay bar is fixed on a sliding block; one end of the pinch roller comprises a bearing of which the axis is vertical to that of the pinch roller; the pinch roller is hung on the other end of the second stay bar by virtue of the bearing; the other end of the first stay bar comprises a joint bearing coincident with the axis of the pinch roller; and the other end of the pinch roller is installed on the first stay bar by virtue of the joint bearing. The automatic deviation correction device is suitable for automatically centering and rectifying a deviation in the transportation process of flaky materials.


Data on cetaceans within the pelagic ecosystem remains scarce in the Algerian basin. This is linked to a lack of investigations stemming from the difficulty of quantitative population evaluation through oceanographic surveys and/or strandings statistics. In this context, we considered that it is appropriate to focus on data acquisition from offshore observations as well as setting up a network for monitoring strandings on sites scattered along the Algerian coast. During 10 oceanographic surveys conducted in two Algerian coasts sectors (eastern and central) we observed a total of 245 delphinids corresponding to 8 species that had an irregular distribution. We also identified 83 individuals belonging to five species that stranded between 2007 and 2017.


With the advancement of the Internet, search has expanded to every aspect of our daily lives including online shopping. Previous research has discovered that the focused, one‐time search task model does not apply in many real‐life settings and people engage in multitasking sessions. In this poster, we examined the relationships among tasks in multitasking product search through query log analysis. We analyzed 2,910 users' 47,387 queries in 18,102 product search sessions from taobao.com, the biggest Chinese C2C e‐commerce site. Results show that: (1) 35.7% of all search sessions were multi‐tasking sessions; (2) users' issued more queries and spent more time in multitasking sessions, but the number of queries per task remained similar for mono‐tasking and multitasking sessions; (3) about 80% of the tasks were unrelated in multitasking sessions, while the other 20% were hierarchical and sibling tasks. The results provide exploratory understanding of the relationships among multiple product search tasks, and could be useful for query recommendation and product recommendation.


This research aims to understand the main learning disabilities presented by children and adolescents who received psychopedagogical intervention at the Center for Studies and Research on Learning and Inclusive Processes (NEPAPI) between 2011 and 2012. A survey of the profile and characteristics of the subjects who received treatment at NEPAPI was performed using the records of each child. Data were analyzed through content analysis of Bardin. Three categories of analysis were used: 1) difficulties in understanding, reading and interpretation, 3) affective-emotional difficulties and 3) organic- affective difficulties. Results indicate a high level of affective- emotional difficulties associated with learning difficulties. The findings show the importance of understanding the role of emotional processes in the development of learning disabilities. Furthermore, it becomes crucial to develop a proposal for continuing education for teachers where the learning processes are seen as the result of the interaction between cognitive and emotional aspects within a socio-historical context.


Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a technique capable of precise control of film thickness and conformal film growth due to the self-limiting nature of the precursors involved. The Engstrom research group has built a microreactor that delivers and confines reactants of ALD in a small region for deposition. This microreactor is coupled to an ultra high vacuum (UHV) chamber for surface characterization such that the deposited film is transferred in vacuo, without an air break, to the analysis chamber. The most well-studied precursor of in the ALD community, trimethylaluminum (TMA) is used to characterize the microreactor to verify whether it is able to deposit Al2O3 film in ALD fashion with water as the co-reactant. Figure 1: Schematic of an ALD cycle. Summary of Research: ALD has emerged as a potential approach capable of matching the rapid rate of downscaling of semiconductor devices. The selflimiting nature of ALD precursors brings about two major advantages unique to the technique: precise control of thickness of deposited film and conformal growth [1]. As described in Figure 1, ALD is sequential binary reaction separated by purge steps to prevent any unwanted parasitic reactions between the precursor and coreactant in gas phase. TMA, the moststudied precursor in the ALD community, is introduced to a surface in alternating sequence with water as the coreactant. The deposited alumina film is transferred in vacuo to and characterized in a UHV chamber coupled with the microreactor using xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The thickness of deposited film (~ a few nm) is often in the range that is most effectively probed with surface sensitive characterization techniques that require UHV, p < 109 Torr. Conventional ALD is typically conducted at low to medium vacuum conditions (p ~ 103102 Torr), thus in most cases UHV based analysis of the deposited thin films occurs in a separate chamber, requiring an air break that may significantly alter the surface composition, oxidation state, structure of the deposited film, and/or underlying substrate. Avoiding this air break is critical for fundamental studies of the growth of ultrathin films, particularly in the early stages. Figure 2 describes how a sample is exposed to precursors at the upper stage and transferred down to the lower stage of the chamber without exposure to air for post deposition characterization. In this report, we assess the performance of the microreactor probe with various experiments. In a 10cycle ALD experiment with Al(CH3)3 and H2O,


This paper draws on the Quest for Identity study, which comprised secondary analysis of interviews with young people who have never offended ('resisters') and young people who have offended, then ceased ('desisters'), as well as peer led focus groups with resisters. However, the paper focuses solely on the semi-structured interviews with 62 young resisters and addresses the research question as to how they maintain their resistance to offending. Contrary to the passivity associated with non-offending, it is argued that in maintaining their resistance to offending young resisters engage in what I term 'active resilience'. This is exemplified by a range of strategies employed by resisters, which includes: managing offending peers, taking temporal leaps, 'othering' offenders and telling atrocity stories. The concept of active resilience resonates with the key theoretical perspective associated with the social studies of childhood, which characterises young people as agentic social actors, and also with the resilience literature, with its recent perceptible shift towards acknowledging young people's contribution to their own resilience. The paper concludes with the implications of the findings for policy, practice and future research.


RBI has increased Repo rate by 25 bps and Reverse Repo by 50 bps. And, they have kept CRR unchanged. This is a commendable policy decision, to strike a balance between the inflation and growth. With no doubt, the "inflation containment" is on top of their mind while taking this decision. Surely, RBI would have liked to hike CRR as well. However, the recent 3G and BWA spectrum auctions have helped to suck-out about Rs 1,06,000 Crores from the system. This has naturally given breathing space to RBI to postpone the decision on hiking CRR. Technically speaking, the 3G and BWA auctions have acted like a "proxy CRR hike". Further, the RBI actions are clearly suggesting the seriousness with which they are trying to handle the inflation. The "liquidity stimulus" is more like a high-calorie food. The high-calorie food will have a natura side-effect of "extra body weight", which is more like "inflation". To contain the "extra body weight", one needs to concentrate on diet and gym. Hiking the interest rates are such measures. In that context, RBI is working out well.


This article provides an in-depth analysis of the mathematical ways of thinking present in a 15-minute interaction between an African American mother and her preschool son as they worked together on a craft project as part of a family involvement activity. This analysis, which was conducted as part of a broader ethnographic research project, showed that the mother supported her son in working with a variety of mathematical concepts by making directive statements and referring him to the provided diagram. By engaging in these practices, the child had opportunities to engage with a variety of mathematics described in the kindergarten Common Core State Standards, including solving problems, recognizing and naming 2-dimensional figures, orienting shapes, and attending to precision. This study contributes to recent work that has sought to reconceptualize previous characterizations of family support in mathematics—particularly in relation to low-income and minority families—as lacking and in need of remediation. The purpose of the analysis is not to make broad generalizations about parents and other caregivers, but to provide a model of a strengths-based analysis of a parent–child interaction in mathematics.


Simple Summary This study aimed to assess the pathogen exposure status of recently captured feral donkeys from Death Valley National Park, California. Assays to detect the presence of antibodies to equine herpesvirus 1, equine influenza virus, West Nile virus, and Borrelia burgdorferi (the causative agent of Lyme disease) were performed on serum samples from these feral donkeys. The results indicate that this population is mostly naïve and likely susceptible to these common equid pathogens upon removal from the wild. Abstract Recent removal and relocation of feral donkeys from vast public lands to more concentrated holding pens, training facilities, and offsite adoption locations raises several health and welfare concerns. Very little is known regarding the common equid pathogens that are circulating within the feral donkey population in and around Death Valley National Park, California, USA. The aim of this study was to utilize serologic assays to assess previous exposure of these donkeys to equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), equine influenza (EIV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Borrelia burgdorferi (the causative agent of Lyme disease). The results of this study indicate that this feral equid population is mostly naïve and likely susceptible to these common equid pathogens upon removal from the wild.


Background. Cell protection removes the deleterious effects of suppressing tissue oxygenation by using foods such as fish, which contains lithium, fatty acids, omega 3, fruits and vegetables that provide antioxidants. Enkephalins mediate cell and tissue regeneration. Strenuous exercise and eccentric work are related to enkephalins action in charge of removing the damaged tissues. Objective. To present some professional experiences that use the pool immersion to suppress the pain and to improve the life quality of the patient. Materials and methods. Analysis of ten variables interaction, used as working tools in eight randomly selected patients. Results. Eccentric work is the most important tool. Muscle damage produces nervous and muscle growth factor which, by the use of insulins regenerate tissue altogether. The variable endocannabinoids participates in relaxation, protection, feeding and re-functionalization of tissues; it also interacts with endorphins to mediate the repair in the endothelial system. Conclusions. We conclude that advanced functional imaging (3 Tesla) with resonance would be useful to observe and evaluate the interactions of the variables.


The literature on grocery store loyalty views a consumer as possessing store loyalty toward a particular store for her or his overall shopping needs. In this study, we argue that store loyalty can be viewed as a category-specific trait, i.e., a consumer could be loyal to Store A in category 1, but loyal to Store B in category 2. We call this store-category loyalty. With the presence of store-category loyalty, we further argue that retailers should focus on consumers' store preferences in individual categories to improve overall store loyalty and revenues. We use an inhome scanning panel dataset that tracks 1321 households in 284 grocery categories across 16 retail chains over a 53-week period in a large US market. The data first suggest little overall store loyalty, based on the traditional view; however, once the category dimension is added, extensive store loyalty at the category level is uncovered. In order to more carefully examine consumers' storecategory loyalty behavior, we propose a modified market share attraction model (Cooper and Nakanishi 1988). By examining household purchases in multiple stores and multiple categories simultaneously, we are able to decompose the effects of non-merchandising and merchandising programs of retailers on household store-category loyalty into effects that are common across stores, categories and households, and effects that are store-specific, category-specific and household-specific. We illustrate how the estimation results from the proposed model can be used to help retailers improve overall store loyalty and store revenues.


The research on transport of Cr, Cd, Pb, and Ag through bulk liquid membrane using p-tertbutylcalix[4]arene-tetracarboxylic acid as ions carrier has been conducted. The aims of this research were to determine optimum condition, efficiency, and selectivity of transport of the ions carriers to those ions. Both optimum condition and efficiency of transport were obtained by determination of transported ions concentration with pH variation of source phase, ionic carrier concentration, nature of stripping agent in target phase, and transport time. The transport selectivity of ions carrier was obtained from experiments of equimolar mixture ions transport competition. Amount of Cr, Pb, Cd, and Ag transported across liquid membrane were about 6, 80, 84 and 87 % respectively after being transported for 48 h. The ion carrier was selective for both Pb ion (separation factors are 9.6 for Ag ion, 1.9 for Cd ion and infinite for Cr ion) and Ag ion (separation factors are 1.8 for Cd and infinite for both Pb and Cr ions). This system represents a proton-coupled transport with flow of protons in the opposite direction.


We discussed about GST gap fill issue and new phase change material which are going to be very critical for 20nm phase change random access memory (PCRAM). We found that GST deposition should be well controlled especially in a very thin range(<100Å) so that large nuclei are not formed on the substrate. We could successfully fill 20nm sized trench hole with GST film by changing deposition mode during initial ALD growth. New phase change material, S-Cube (SnSbSe) was originally suggested based on the resonance boning theory and actually formed by an ALD deposition process. Thus prepared S-Cube showed very smooth and excellent gap-fill property and also faster crystallization time (40ns) enough to be applied to 20nm technology.


There is a complex relationship between the architecture of a computer, the software it is to run, and the tasks it is designed to perform. The most difficult aspect of building a brain-like computer may not be in its construction, but in its use: How can it be programmed? What can it do well? What does it do poorly? Software development in the past has proved far more difficult and far slower than hardware development. There is no reason to expect a brain like computer to be any different. We suggest some operations a brain like computer might do well. Our system is not so much "neuromorphic" as "cognomorphic", that is, biological constraints suggest new ways to perform cognitive tasks.


This article builds on the contributions to this special issue by examining different approaches to the local turn and what can be learnt from applying them. The contributors agree on the imperative of understanding 'the local' in peacebuilding; however, there seems to be a multitude of ways forward in this regard. The immediate concern is how this acknowledgement translates into practices that allow for both efficiency and local emancipation in the building of peace. The article suggests giving up the 'one-size-fits-all' model of peacebuilding and engaging in context-based methods and research designs beyond generalisations. One way to go about this is to strive for interdisciplinary research – combining peace studies and political science with social anthropologists and area studies – but also to involve 'the locals' themselves in the process of taking a few methodological steps further.


After prolonged stimulation venous endothelium becomes refractory to otherwise efficacious stimuli for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) release. When the stimulus is removed, the restitution of the response is observed. The distention of the veins distally from the occlusion site in deep venous thrombosis (DVT) could represent such a chronic stimulus. We studied t-PA release in patients with DVT during 20-min venous occlusion (VO) and DDAVP infusion (0,4 ug/kg b.w. in 10 min). t-PA release was estimated as the difference in euglobulin clot lysis time (ECLT in U) and fibrin plates (FP in mm2) before and after VO (fibrinolytic potential). Two groups of patients were studied: 15 recumbent patients with oneside iliofemoral DVT, and 15 patients with oneside postthrombotic syndrome. In both groups the response of legs was lower than that of arms. The comparison of the healthy and the affected leg in postthrombotic group showed no difference in t-PA release after VO. A higher release of t-PA was seen in the acute DVT group in all three tested limbs, explainable by a restitution of fibrinolytic potential due to the reduction of hydrostatic stimulus. However, the response was slightly lower in the diseased leg. In 5 patients from the acute DVT group DDAVP infusion induced higher t-PA release after VO in both legs compared to VO before DDAVP. We can conclude that hydrostatic pressure in upright position is such a strong stimulus that an additional decrease of t-PA release due to chronic venous stasis cannot be expressed. In recumbent patients DVT hinders the restitution of the response to V0 in the diseased leg. DDAVP seems to act independently of hydrostatic pressure and venous stasis.


The project-based nature of contracting organizations creates a learning opportunity from most of its activities. Although knowledge helps to gain valuable experience from construction projects, due to its complex and unique nature, organizations do not systematically secure knowledge for later usage. Due to that, contracting organizations create significant discontinuities in flows of knowledge within members, tasks and tools. Therefore, for contracting organizations to make the use of its knowledge, a mechanism for managing knowledge has to exist. That mechanism should include efficient transferring of knowledge throughout the organization. Such transferring can occur through the organization's various activities and organizations stand to benefit if these activities are done strategically not only to acquire, but also to share and transfer knowledge and ultimately enhance performance. Today, the construction industry is moving towards sustainable solutions for projects. Therefore, necessity of knowledge transferring mechanism has become much more important than ever. The study has henceforth analyzed the knowledge transfer process of contracting organizations in Sri Lanka and explored how these organizations facilitate transfer of knowledge. Three contracting organizations were selected among C1 contractors in Sri Lanka for this case study and the research problem was examined through semi-structured interviews of the key participants of the organizations. The analyses from findings support the propositions set forth in the study: the importance of the knowledge transfer process in contracting organizations, the situational nature of the knowledge being transferred, effects, barriers and measures for its effectiveness for knowledge transfer initiatives. In effect, the study builds a knowledge transfer process reflected in contracting organizations in Sri Lanka by mapping case study findings to the conceptual model and a model for sustainable business process of contracting organizations. Recommendations for contracting organizations at policy and functional level are made based on the findings. Fundamentally, contracting organizations should adapt knowledge transfer process to its organizational strategy to achieve success in their business through sustainable solution.


IntroductionIn 21st century land has emerged as a critical resource with respect to managing economic development, rapid urban expansion and industrialization; ensure food security as well as addressing the issue of sustainable development and climate change. Apart from economic considerations, people attach significant social and cultural values to it. Further, accessibility to land is not only economically important to the people; it also leads to a host of other benefits (Singh, 2014). The post-liberalization era has ushered new challenges to states with respect to infrastructure development as well as attracting investments for industrialization. Be it industrial development or infrastructural development, land, in all cases appears to be a critical issue.For a developing state like Bihar, the problem has multiple impacts on implementation of development projects and attracting industrial investment. The unique characteristics of land, which is physically limited, immovable and cannot be produced and reproduced, has made pricing of land a critical exercise, especially in an imperfect land market like India. On the other hand, any development project brings with itself promise of prosperity, employment opportunities and better connectivity which have multiplier effects on economic development of the region. But alongside these positives, the displacement of vulnerable groups, loss of livelihoods for a certain section of society and disruption in daily socio-cultural activities also take place. Most of these negative consequences emerge from land being acquired from local population to set up plants, construct roads and bridges etc.Post The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLARR) Act, 2013, there has been a change in paradigm of land acquisition especially in the context of compensation, rehabilitation and resettlement issues. Social Impact Assessment of projects has become critically important and determining factor for land acquisition. Following Samanta (2015), the present paper tries to assess the land market challenges, in the context of Bihar, which have appeared as constraint for efficient land transaction and as bottlenecks for development projects and industrial investments. The RFCTLARR Act has created avenues to minimize conflicts related to land acquisition through the provision of Social Impact Assessment (SIA) study of each project before acquisition for public purpose. The SIA study can question the justification provided for public purpose, suggest alternative mechanism and can even recommend dropping the whole acquisition process. Given the importance of SIA study for land acquisition, the present paper attempts to explore the conceptual background, issues and challenges involved in conducting such a study in India in adherence to the RFCTLARR Act, 2013.Land Market ChallengesLand markets are mechanisms that, provided there are appropriate institutional checks and balances, allocate ownership and use rights in a manner that allows land and its associated assets to be used in the most economical way. Given secure land rights, land markets can increase the incentive for people to invest and for financial institutions to lend, since land can be used as collateral as well as being the basis for production. An efficient and effective land market can improve the performance of a nation's economy and increase prosperity (Robert, Dale, & McLaren, 2007). Unlike other factors of production, labour and capital; land has several distinguishable features. It is also argued that the demand for land is function of economic growth and industrialization and urbanization in India cannot became broad based unless they are equipped with satisfactory solution for allocating land use that maximizes aggregate welfare (Bhattacharjee, Sinha, & Dutta, 2014). The market of land is argued to suffer from the problems of market failure which makes it difficult or impossible to price the land (Cheshire & Vermeulen). …


This paper reports on the 1st experiences with extraamniotic administration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) in induced abortion. It was found that the average dose in 30 primigravidae and 32 multigravidae was approximately equal. The average time of application was 28 hours 30 minutes in the 1st group and 24 hours 40 minutes in the 2nd. In 11 cases, PG application was followed by oxytocin infusion. The method proved successful in 83.5%; partial success was achieved in 15% of the cases. As partial successes, those cases in which the cervical channel was not completely opened, the evacuation of the uterus with instruments was still achievable without difficulty. 1 failure was observed. The highest doses were needed between weeks 13-16 of pregnancy (the small numbers did not allow the computation of statistical significance). Side effects were remarkably low (e.g., nausea, vomiting, profuse perspiration). A temporary rise in temperature above 38 degrees Celsius was noted in 8 women. Compared with reports from the literature, the dose, number, and degree of side effects were lower than those found with intravenous administration. In contrast to other authors, we administered single doses up to 2000 mcg, at which time the application should be diminished. (author's)


The main objective of the present work was to determine the influence of laser treatment on microstructure, microhardness, roughness, bonding strength, corrosion resistance and tribological properties of wear resistant coatings produced on C45 carbon steel by the electro-spark deposition (ESD) process. Consumable WC-Co-Al 2 O 3 electrodes were prepared by the powder metallurgy route and transferred to the substrate surface using the EIL-8A apparatus. The cermet layers were subsequently melted by means of the BLS 720 Nd:YAG laser. The coating characterisation studies showed marked improvements in the bonding between the steel substrate and the cermet coating, and in corrosion resistance at the expense of higher surface roughness and minor drop in the Vickers microhardness.


Perceptions of safety and/or cultural mores prompt individuals to seek herbal slimming aids in preference to conventional dietary, physical activity and medication‐based protocols. In recent years, terpenoid‐containing dietary supplements have been implicated in causing severe and sometimes fatal hepatotoxicity. Teucrium polium (germander) was the first of these herbal products to be clearly linked to cases of acute liver failure. Subsequently, similar hepatotoxicity has been observed with other members of the Teucrium genus. While diterpenoid‐derived reactive metabolites are central to germander hepatotoxicity, it may also be that the hepatic effects of compounds such as Sho‐saiko‐to, Centella asiatica and Black cohosh are linked to their triterpenoid content. Other non‐terpenoid‐containing herbal remedies marketed for weight reduction have been causally associated with significant liver injury. Important among these are preparations containing N‐nitrosofenfluramine, usnic acid and ephedra alkaloids. Finally, we review recent data on known and emerging hepatotoxins such as Boh‐Gol‐Zhee, Kava, pyrrolizidine alkaloids and Shou‐Wu‐Pian. Better public and physician awareness through health education, early recognition and management of herbal toxicity and tighter regulation of complementary/alternative medicine systems are required to minimize the dangers of herbal product use.


The invention provides a vehicle control apparatus and a vehicle. In the vehicle control apparatus, a rear side detecting unit, mounted to an own vehicle, detects another vehicle that is present in a first area behind and to a side of the own vehicle. A time acquiring unit, mounted to the own vehicle, acquires a first time that is an estimated time at which a front approaching vehicle will arrive at the first area. The front approaching vehicle is another vehicle that is relatively nearing the own vehicle from ahead of the own vehicle. A sensitivity setting unit, mounted to the own vehicle, sets a detection sensitivity of the rear side detecting unit to the other vehicle in at least a part of the first area in such a manner that the detection sensitivity during a predetermined period set based on the first time is higher than the detection sensitivity during a remaining period other than the predetermined period.


The international law has provided opportunity for the formulation of The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights that underlines corporation as the party securing an obligation and responsibility in respect for and enforcement of human rights today. In collaboration with long-firmly standing roles of the state, corporation has begun to map and direct their policies parallel in the framework of remedy of human rights violations offered by the Guiding Principles. This collaboration should be seriously undertaken by both corporation and the state. If not, the corporation will be punished through material and non-material loss and the state would face international sanctions.


We propose a categorial grammar based on classical multiplicative linear logic.
This can be seen as an extension of abstract categorial grammars (ACG) and is at least as expressive. However, constituents of {\it linear logic grammars (LLG)} are not abstract ${\lambda}$-terms, but simply tuples of words with labeled endpoints, we call them {\it multiwords}. At least, this gives a concrete and intuitive representation of ACG.
A key observation is that the class of multiwords has a fundamental algebraic structure. Namely, multiwords can be organized in a category, very similar to the category of topological cobordisms. This category is symmetric monoidal closed and compact closed and thus is a model of linear $\lambda$-calculus and classical linear logic. We think that this category is interesting on its own right. In particular, it might provide categorical representation for other formalisms.
On the other hand, many models of language semantics are based on commutative logic or, more generally, on symmetric monoidal closed categories. But the category of {\it word cobordisms} is a category of language elements, which is itself symmetric monoidal closed and independent of any grammar. Thus, it might prove useful in understanding language semantics as well.


【This paper is studied in order to examine eight provinces as Agricultural zone in the early Chosun-Dynasty. The research method of this study depends on discriminant analysis. The research data is obtained from geography of Sejong sillok. In this approach, we believe the possibility of more scientific analysis of agricultural zone. So all cross-sectional data of this period were analysed by means of the discriminant analysis method. In the discriminant analysis of the eight provinces, 54.6% of the country were discriminated. In the territorial map, Kyongsang and Cholla were crossly adjoined and Chungcheong was located in the middle of them. While, Kyonggky and Hwanghae were adjoined in the center, and Pyongan and Hamgil were crossly adjoined, too. And Kangwon was located in the middle of them. Consequently their regional distribution varied widely and the agriculture of this period had considerable regional gaps.】


protect either TPU or PVB optical interlayers. The resulting BOC-9450 Edge Seal is was multilayer construction consisting of a 35-mil adhesive layer of clear, aliphatic thermoplastic urethane (tpu) film bonded to a second, 15-mil layer of black, temperature-resistant aromatic polyurethane, and capped with an embossed polypropylene carrier sheet. The product is slit to the specific width of A PP LI CA TI O N B U LL ET IN Argotec


FIELD: physics, instrument-making. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to optical instrument-making and a diffractive polychromator with crossed dispersion. The polychromator includes an entrance slit, an echelle grating, a concave diffraction grating - order sorting filter, a matrix radiation detector. The echelle grating is concave and has a variable pitch of rifling. The coefficient of irregularity is determined by the formula A=(COSβ2-COSβ1)/(SINβ2-SINβ1), where β1 and β2 are diffraction angles, which correspond to extreme wavelength positions in a row, A=μ⋅R, where μ is the linear component of the coefficient of irregularity of grating spacing, R is the radius of curvature of the concave grating. EFFECT: invention provides high light transmission of the device. 1 dwg


The present invention provides a stress measurement method comprising: irradiating an article that has photoelasticity and includes an object to be measured with light transmitted through a linearly polarizing film and a phase difference film in this order; and detecting reflected light derived from the irradiating light and reflected from the article via the phase difference film and the linearly polarizing film in this order, wherein the in-plane retardation (Re (550)) with respect to light with a wavelength of 550 nm of the phase difference film satisfies 100 nm ≤ Re(550 nm) ≤ 700 nm, and the in-plane retardation (Re (450)) with respect to light with a wavelength of 450 nm of the phase difference film satisfies Re(450)/Re(550) ≥ 0.9. The present invention also provides a member for stress measurement which includes the linearly polarizing film and the phase difference film, and a set for stress measurement which includes the member for stress measurement and a stress display member including a photoelastic layer.


This paper proposes a new estimator that bounds omitted variable bias using proxies for omitted variables with an asymptotically valid bootstrap procedure. The estimator is useful in many applications because it uses proxies that do not need to appear in the same dataset as the outcome variable. Many surveys include rich proxy variables for a diverse set of unobservable characteristics including abilities, beliefs, and preferences; such surveys can be used as auxiliary datasets in computing my estimator. I provide Monte Carlo simulation results that compare my estimator to the alternative estimator proposed by Pacini (2017) and to the Altonji et al. (2005) - Oster (2019) bound estimator. I show from a simulation that my estimator is robust when proxy variables are contaminated with a large amount of measurement error. I illustrate the application of my estimator in the context of a Mincerian wage regression. Last, I provide open-source software to implement the estimator and to compute the confidence interval.


We study the spectral function of the axial-vector charmonium state [Formula: see text] coupled to [Formula: see text] mesons, by employing a quantum field theoretical approach: a pronounced enhancement close to the [Formula: see text] threshold, to be identified with the [Formula: see text], emerges. In the complex plane we find two poles: a pole for the broad seed state [Formula: see text], and — in the easiest scenario — a virtual pole for the [Formula: see text]. Thus, our approach describes both the seed state and the dynamically generated [Formula: see text] simultaneously. In particular, it explains the most prominent, both molecular-like and quarkonium-like, features of the [Formula: see text]: its very small width (the decay into [Formula: see text] is predicted to be about 0.5 MeV), the enhanced radiative decay into [Formula: see text] with respect to [Formula: see text], and the isospin breaking decay into [Formula: see text] (thanks to [Formula: see text] loops mediating this decay channel). At the same time, we aim to determine the pole position and the properties of the charmonium seed state: quite interestingly, even if a pole is always present, it is possible that there is no peak corresponding to this state in the spectral function, thus potentially explaining why the corresponding resonance could not yet be seen in experiments.


I will argue for a straightforward claim: privacy is best understood as protecting information about us from being known by others. To those unfamiliar with recent scholarship regarding privacy, this claim may seem self-evident, too trivial to deserve defense. At the same time, scholars of privacy may find the claim too narrow or outdated to enjoy sustained defense. This situation makes the view an interesting one, I think. My goal is to develop a conception of privacy that is concise enough to be legally functional and robust enough to be morally valuable. Beginning with richer moral conceptions of privacy, I will pursue a type of reductionist strategy by defending informational privacy as the only meaningful core of privacy interests. My reductionism is not necessarily conceptual. While I think a conceptual reduction might also be defended, my reduction can be seen, primarily, as practical. My reasons for focusing on information are straightforward: (conceptually) I suggest that any private matter must be related to the information aspect, and (practically) that protecting information privacy is sufficient for protecting the other aspects identified in the richer moral tradition; however, protecting only the other regularly acknowledged aspects (either access or expressive privacy) fails to protect information privacy. This analysis of privacy centered on information should be clean enough for legal application while addressing the deepest worries that motivate morally thick analyses. We define the parameters of self-expression and legitimate government access most effectively by carefully defining the parameters for protecting information about our lives.


The authors have previously (2001) successfully used the deterministic annealing (DA) algorithm to segment simulated magnetic resonance images (MRI) of a normal brain. This paper presents the results of applying the same algorithm to simulated and actual clinical multiple sclerosis (MS) MRI brain data with the objective of developing a computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) tool for the early detection and follow-up of MS lesions. MS lesions can be obtained by segmenting the image data in T1 simulated brain images using the DA algorithm and then performing further arithmetic manipulations on these segmented images. MS lesions in clinical T2 MRI are isolated entities in the segmented images of white matter, gray matter and cerebrospinal fluid. The achieved results demonstrate the ability of the DA algorithm to isolate MS lesions from clinical MRI data, thus providing a potential CAD tool for clinicians.


Multi-storey structures are affected mainly by tremor compel in the seismic inclined zone. The real issue in the plan of the multi storey structure is the buildings mostly have enough horizontal solidness and oppose sidelong powers to control the lateral float of the structure, assigning respective loadings, analyzing the behaviour of the structure, and predicting the responses of each structural component due to external loads. Our project "Response simulation of G+16 commercial building with different types of bracings like single diagonal, V bracing, inverted V bracing, X bracing and K bracing using ETABS software" is one of the attempts made to analyze and design a commercial building using ETABS. Steel bracings are economical with easy erection, occupy less space and have the flexibility to design to meet the required strength parameter and stiffness. In the model, the author considers the building models with different bracing systems based on the journals the authors investigated. Therefore, the project concentrated some design factors like storey displacement drift and storey stiffness.


The high prevalence of pharmacoresistant epilepsy requires the use of nonpharmacological, including surgical approaches to the treatment of this disease. The surgical methods currently used to treat epilepsy (resection, stimulation, and disconnection) carry certain risks of developing intra- and postoperative complications. The technique of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) may be an alternative to traditional neurosurgical interventions. Currently, MRgFUS is successfully used in the treatment of essential tremor and Parkinson's tremor. As the literature data show, the use of focused ultrasound is a promising method in the treatment of epilepsy. It has been reported about successful FUS application for neuromodulation in animal epilepsy models. Studies related to FUS ablation of epileptogenic foci, neuromodulation in humans with epilepsy are currently underway. The technique of locally increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier after FUS, used for the treatment of brain oncological diseases and neurodegenerative disorders is also of interest in the targeted delivery of antiepileptic drugs. However, some experimental works are contradictory, and the lack of large-scale studies of MRgFUS in patients with epilepsy requires further investigation of this technique and its effectiveness.


A communication system is provided with a communication device (3) for receiving data from a roadside unit (7) and transmitting the data as a plurality of data items in block units, and a processor (5) for starting data processing each time it is determined that a data item has been received. The communication device is provided with: a determination device (30a) for determining whether the data processing requires a lower load; and a transmitting device (30b) that, when the load needs to be lowered, transmits the plurality of data items as a series of data items in such a manner that the determination device does not determine that a data item has been received. The processor is provided with an assembler (50a) for dividing the series of data items and assembling the divided data.


This paper analyzes on the new changes and new features of the library work in the times of knowledge-based economy, points out the qualities that the librarians should possess under the new situation, and probes into the effective paths for improving the librarians' qualities.


The effects of solid-to-liquid ratio,enzyme loading,temperature and hydrolysis time on the efficacy of cellulase for cell wall disruption of rape bee pollen were examined in this study.One-factor-at-a-time and orthogonal array design methods were used to optimize the experimental conditions based on cell wall disruption rate and polysaccharide yield.The optimal conditions for cell wall disruption of rape bee pollen were found to be hydrolysis at 47.5 ℃ for 5.0 h with a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:50(g/mL) and an enzyme loading of 1.75%,resulting in a cell wall disruption rate of 85.72% and a polysaccharide yield of 18.85%.


Pistacia species, including Pistacia atlantica Desf., are dioecious plants. We reportan exceptional wild population of P. atlantica with several monoecious trees, foundin the Yunt Mountains of Manisa Province of Turkey. The distribution of staminateand pistillate inflorescences was observed during two years and varied betweentrees. All branches of one of the trees were fully monoecious, i.e., they bore amixture of male and female inflorescences. Three trees had several branches withonly staminate flowers, while the rest of the branches bore pistillate inflorescences.Five other trees had inflorescences of both sexes on several branches, and pistillateinflorescences on the remaining branches. We tested viability of the pollen frommonoecious plants by the TTC (triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) assay, and its germination ability in vitro. Pollen viability ranged between 64 and 93%, and pollengermination rate ranged between 34 and 64%. Such values are similar to those ofnormal male trees of P. atlantica. Pollen ...


By analyzing the structure and cracking performance of cracking materials in Yangzi,optimizing the configuration of ethylene materials,implementing separate storage and refining of crude oil,upgrading naphtha product,increasing the ratio of light cracking materials and using naphtha adsorption separation technology,naphtha can be further upgraded and ethylene yield can be increased.


Two coordination polymers, [Ni(H2O)(L)(OBA)] (1) and [Pb(L)2(OBA)]·3H2O (2) [L=2- (4-fluorophenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5- f ][1,10]phenanthroline and OBA=4,4'-oxybis(benzoate)], have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions, and characterized by elemental analysis, and IR and UV=Vis spectra. Crystal data for 1: C33H21FN4NiO6, triclinic, space group P1̅, a=13.8490(10), b=14.932(2), c=14.993(3) Å, α =107.534(4), β =94.670(4), γ =103.836(5)°, V =2830.9(7) Å3, Z =4. Crystal data for 2: C52H36F2N8O8Pb, orthorhombic, space group Pna21, a=16.256(4), b=16.085(5), c=17.810(3) Å, V =4657 (2) Å3, Z =4. In 1, OBA dianions bridge Ni(II) atoms to form two crystallographically distinct chains. These chains are further extended into a 2D supramolecular architecure through p-p interactions. In 2, each OBA dianion links neighboring Pb(II) atoms to yield a helical chain. Further, π-π interactions among adjacent chains give rise to a 3D supramolecular architecture Graphical Abstract Syntheses, Structures and Characterization of Two Ni(II) and Pb(II) Coordination Polymers Constructed by 2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1Himidazo[ 4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline and Flexible 4,4'-Oxybis(benzoate) Ligands


Speech Imagery is one form of Mental Imagery which refers to imagining of speaking a word or sentence to oneself silently in the mind without any articulation movement. Speech Imagery concept will be useful for patients with neurological disorders for decoding their thoughts and possibly convert their thought to speech through some external medium. In this paper Electroencephalography (EEG) signals were acquired from two healthy subjects while speaking and imagining of speaking five consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words in multiple trials of different time frames. Each trial was carried out for five times during both the tasks. The acquired EEG signals wereanalyzed in frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform and the power spectral densities for each band were derived. Based on the derived absolute power, relative spectral powers were computed for each EEG frequency band during speaking and imagining of speaking. Relative powers for both inter and intra hemispheric frontal and temporal electrodes were analyzed as these electrodes are located near Broca's and Wernicke's area. From theresults it was inferred that relative power of theta band was found to be high while imagining of speaking a CVC word and similarly relative power of alpha band was found to be dominant while speaking a CVC word. It has also been observed that averaged relative power of left hemispheric frontal and temporal electrodes was increasing progressively as the resting time for the task is increased. Comparatively the averaged relative power was found to be higher than the relative power of a single trial. This work will be clinically useful for speech impaired people as it is feasible to recognize the word from these signal processing methods.


In order to study the feasibility of bubble neutron detector(BND)to neutron personal dosimeter in nuclear well logging,radiation levels at points concerned inside and outside the radiation source vehicle for nuclear well logging were measured by using both domestic BNDs and neutron ambient dose equivalent meter(LB6411).The results show that there are no statistical differences both between the measured data from BND and LB6411while neutron source loaded in the vehicle alone and between the data from BND at neutron-γsource loaded and withoutγ-source loaded in vehicle,respectively. The BND'dose response performance was calibrated at two field conditions,and the relative deviation between the calibrated sensitivity factors is 7.4%.It is clear that the BND can be used in measuring neutron radiation in neutron-γmixed field,and the dose response is independent of neutron energy within a certain energy range.And the applicability of BND to neutron personal dose monitoring in nuclear well logging is experimentally validated.


doubt ambitious, but given the background of the book's authors – who include both a former President of Nigeria and a former Finance Minister from Zimbabwe – it is not entirely implausible. If nothing else, it is refreshing to read a book on Africa which clearly approaches external actors, including international donors, as a secondary audience. The book may at times leave academic readers frustrated. The authors clearly have an enviable degree of access to Africa's political elite and have conducted an impressive number of interviews with them. However, that empirical material is presented in a less systematic way than academic readers might expect. That said, the absence of dense methodological and theoretical discussion does make the book far more accessible to non-academic audiences. It is worth reading and will be a useful reference for those seeking to champion democracy and challenge the 'authoritarian myth' across Africa.


This article explores and compares the impact of studying a challenging literary text at GCSE on pupils with and without learning difficulties. It is based on the findings of a qualitative classroom-based research project that analysed taped pupil conversations to measure the resilience of the response of secondary school students to reading Shakespearean texts. The data gathered from questionnaires and captured conversations in class suggests that pupils with learning difficulties become risk-averse in their learning because they do not want to experience failure. They demonstrate signs of resilience in their classroom behaviour but are often under-confident when working independently. Compared with students who are considered more academically able, pupils with learning difficulties find it difficult to negotiate the linguistic complexities of analytical discourse because it differs greatly from their own social lexis. These pupils are struggling to benefit from their encounters with challenging literature because they are not yet fluent scholars and are lacking opportunities to develop a confident critical voice of their own.


In order to investigate the influence of story stiffness on the nonlinear static analysis,an improved lateral load distribution calculating method is provided for vertically irregular building structures.Based on conventional lateral load patterns and the analysis result of motion equation of single degree freedom system,the relationship between the horizontal earthquake action and the story stiffness of single degree freedom system and multi-degree freedom system was obtained.And then an improved lateral load distribution pattern was established for the nonlinear static analysis of vertically irregular structures.Through the pushover analysis and time-history analysis of four kinds of vertically irregular buildings,it is indicated that the improved procedure can detect the soft story and has high accuracy with the story displacement and inter-story drift ratio compared with the results obtained from time-history analysis.


Abstract Proton NMR relaxation times (T 1, at 9.2 MHz and 18.5 MHz, and T 1 at 18.5 MHz) have been measured for crystalline pyrazine over the temperature range 293 K to the melting point at 327 K. No evidence of a discontinuity in these data is evident at either 29°C or 35°C, where previous workers have found evidence of a phase transition using infrared, Raman, 14N NQR, calorimetric and other techniques. This result was valid for both unpurified samples and for samples obtained as the result of fractional sublimation. With the assistance of potential energy calculations using the atom-atom approximation for intermolecular forces, the nature of the motional process responsible for the spin-lattice relaxation has been proposed to be an in-plane flip by 180 degrees; this proposal appears to be consistent with all experimental information available for the low-temperature phase stable below 29°C. In addition, the nature of the first phase transition at 29°C has been similarly investigated; it is suggested th...


The urban heritage treasures a set of values that are recognized by signs and images, and their recognition enables the cultural identity of communities. This group of individual images is inserted into a complex collective mnemonic system and follows an axiological structure, that requires a suitable method for the interpretation. It's necessary to carry out multiple looks at the past from the present, and make a historiographical re-reading to filter the events and exhibits the historical fact founded on a critical check also incorporating the spontaneous nature of memory that has caused.


Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of tumour deaths worldwide . In Europe, it is the second and the third most common form of cancer for women and men, respectively. Its occurrence and progression depend on multiple issues, among which family, age, gender and personal history constitute the major risk factors . Standard treatments include surgery and chemotherapy. In the latter case, drugs induce DNA damage or initiate multiple signalling pathways, including cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, etc., leading to cancer cell death. The outcome of chemotherapeutic drugs in patients, however, is related to the cancer subtype, and often the effects of cytotoxicity, drug resistance and adverse reactions constitute overwhelming problems .


A method for in vitro measurement of the presence of factors that neutralize asparaginase activity in a sample of blood, plasma, serum or derived medium which may contain factors neutralization of asparaginase derived from a patient, comprising mixing of this sample with asparaginase, incubation of this mixture, and then measuring the residual activity of asparaginase in the mixture and the determination or quantification of the presence of such neutralizing factors. prognosis method of the effectiveness of treatment with asparaginase.


Emergent ethnographic research disentangles "social capital" from other components of social class (e.g., material and human capital) to show how class-stratified parental social networks exacerbate educational inequality among schoolchildren. The authors build upon this research by using survey data to reexamine whether certain forms of parental social capital create educational advantages for socioeconomically privileged students vis-à-vis their less economically fortunate peers. By drawing a distinction between the availability of social capital and its convertibility, the authors find that whereas larger stocks of parental social capital accompany higher rungs on the social class ladder, its educational utility is less clearly associated with class status. A possible exception to this pattern pertains to the educational utility of middle-class parents' ideas about the collective efficacy of influencing school policies and practices. At issue is whether a more inclusive understanding of the material and sociological reasons for educational inequality can spur educationally useful social exchange among parents across social class boundaries.


Art advertisements found in the classifieds section of the Shanghai newspaper Shenbao offer rich documentation of the nineteenth-century Shanghai art world's producers, products, and prices; they are also highly revealing of the changing relationship between artist and audience in the late Qing era. The examination of a selection of advertisements promoting works by artists ranging from the celebrated, such as Ren Bonian (1840–1895), to the completely obscure reveals how Shanghai artists positioned themselves in the marketplace, cultivated a public image, pitched their works, and negotiated their relationship with a large and anonymous urban audience.


Objective To understand the influence of phlegm bacterium volume in treating new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients and to provide scientific foundation for the setting up preventive solution.Methods A total of 2613 new smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis cases participated in the study.The patients were divided into three groups,depending on the number of times the patients′ phlegm test results,negative or positive: 3+ group,2+1-group,1+2-group and Pei+ group respectively,all on their first visit to the hospital.The results of different phlegm bacterium volumes were analyzed and compared with the smear negative results at the end of 2nd month since the onset of the treatment.Results When Phlegm bacterium volume were in the level of 3+,2+1-,1+2-and Pei+,the smear negative rates were,respectively,66.7%,81.2%,92.5% and 95.7% at the end of 2nd month treatment.Within 3+group,when phlegm bacterium volume of the specimen were in the level of 4+、3+、2+、1+,the smear negative rates were,respectively,51.0%、60.5%、66.2% and 81.2%.If the course of the treatment was extended for another month.,the smear negative rates were improved to 86.9%、94.2%、98.5% and 99.0%,respectively,at the end of 3rd month treatment.Also,within the 3+ group,the smear negative rates were 80.1%、81.3%、85.7% and 95.8% respectively.Recovery rates were 77.4%、83.4%、82.7% and 90.1% respectively.Failure rates(failure on the first-time treatment or died of pulmonary tuberculosis) were 9.8%,6.6%,5.6% and 1.5% respectively.Conclusions The phlegm bacterium volume of the first visit is an important factor to affect the smear negative result at the end of 2nd month of treatment for the new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients.A suitable treatment period for 3+ group patient should be of 3 months.


Objective: The prognostic effect of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) on endometrial cancer (EMC) has not been extensively investigated. In the present study, we systematically analyzed the role of TIICs in EMC development. Methods: Patient data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We comprehensively analyzed TIIC population in EMC tissue and their role in EMC progression and prognosis by using a deconvolution algorithm (CIBERSORT) and clinically annotated expression profiles. Results: The proportions of gamma delta T cells, resting NK cells, M1 macrophages, and resting mast cells were significantly different in normal endometrium and EMC tissue. The proportion of CD8+ T cells, resting memory CD4 T cells, and M0 macrophages was reversed middle correlated. The proportion of resting dendritic cells, resting memory CD4 T cells, and T regulatory cells (Tregs) decreased in accordance with the cancer cell differentiation grade (G); the lower proportion of activated dendritic cells and gamma delta T cells and higher proportion of Tregs predicted longer EMC survival time and vice versa. The low proportion of gamma delta T cells indicated better response to therapy. Conclusion: Collectively, our data suggested subtle differences in the cellular composition of TIICs in EMC, and these differences were likely to be important determinants of both prognosis and therapy of EMC.


The paper discusses the development of a postwelding heat treatment method for gas pressure weld of head hardened rail. Heat treatment can be put in operation, as a series of welding procedures, by reheating and air cooling of rail head. The length of heat treated zone is 150 mm, and the length of circumferential softening zones resulting from heat treatment is about 10 mm on running surface. It is considered that there will be little local wear of welds in such a narrow softening zone.


After outset of Liberalized, Privatized and Globalized policies in India during early 1990s, India was flooded with the Multinational Companies and soon it became the main centre of business process outsourcing. The corporate culture of these companies influenced almost all walks of life and family was not an exception. In this paper, I have made an attempt to come up with some of the basic issues of Indian family in the milieu of corporate culture brought by these multinational companies and which has become an instrument of globalization in the rapidly shrinking world. Through the ethnographic study of families, an attempt is made to surface out the basic nuances of interactional universe comprising of families of those professionals who are in the process of acculturation with the culture of MNCs at one hand, and have been brought up in the environment dominated by Indian traditions and customs, on the other. My final argument appeals to redefine the traditional anthropological notion of family keeping in mind the context of contemporary India.


The restaurant and tearooms within a Nidderdale shopping outlet will be temporarily closed during the first two weeks of February, as it undergoes a ...


Research on the situation and opinions of youth in Spain shows a low level of motivation for entrepreneurship among Spanish youth (Youth Strategy 2020 [1]). This is the reason why the National Plan for the Implementation of the Youth Guarantee (Plan Nacional de Implantación de la Garantía Juvenil en España [2]), among other measures to improve employability, introduces entrepreneurship into training programmes for employment.


Sub-region economy cooperation is a kind of cooperation cooperated by the neighboring countries with specific meaning,characteristics,and effect.Such cooperation will improve the degree and effect of the industrial connection based on the convenience of both geographical position and cooperate agreement.In Greater Mekong region,the Sub-region cooperation has brought a new economic developing phase: the ports efficiency has been improved;multi national coordination measures has been carried out;complementary advantages effect has emerged.Yunnan and Guangxi abtain a new cooperative opportunity after paticipating the GMS.


Recent advances in technologies such as sensors, computers and digital image processing systems make a major contribution to the agriculture. In recent years, machine vision systems are being used extensively for detecting and spraying the weeds in fields. By using digital image analysis techniques, the herbicide consumption and environmental pollution risks decrease to the minimum level. In this study; a vision-based automation system, which was effective and convenient for spraying herbicides in the site-specific applications, was developed and tested for real-time detection, tracking and spraying of artificial weeds. The imaging system could capture images of artificial weed samples moving on a conveyor belt which could be controlled by an inverter drive system and 3 phase 4 pole electric motor at speeds of 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5 and 1.75 km/h, respectively. Both the webcam and solenoid-activated spray nozzle were mounted at a height of 50 cm above the conveyor belt consecutively. The LabVIEW programming language was used for image processing and software development. The green target objects were identified using the greenness method, which compares the red, green, and blue intensities while processing the image. A data acquisition card and a relay card were used to activate the solenoid valve of spraying nozzle according to the green color pixels of artificial weed and its coordinates. Filter papers were used to detect the amount of deposits on the artificial weeds for aforementioned test speeds. A spraying solution with 0.4 g/l tap water of Brilliant Sulpho Flavin (BSF) was sprayed to the targets. The amount of BSF deposition on filter papers was determined by a spectrofluorophotometer device. Consequently, the automation system could detect and spray the artificial weeds successfully but spraying performance decreased with increasing in spraying speeds of the system.


Daniel Fortuno of AIDS Benefits Counselors reviews California State disability insurance, Medicare, insurance disputes and benefits. California's disability insurance is a one-year program, and physicians must certify that a patient qualifies. Medicare coverage begins after 29 months of disability, and generally provides some prescription coverage as well as managed health care. Most insurance policies have caps on lifetime coverage and there are programs which can help pay for coverage. Patients are advised to discuss their benefits with groups such as the AIDS Benefits Counselors in San Francisco, which can help them coordinate programs for maximum coverage.


Dynamic creating of objects and processes as one of the widely used techniques for developing models does not support by the majority of model checking tools. In addition, although there exist few model checking tools which support dynamic creation of model elements, e.g. Spin, they do not provide a property language for presenting the behavioral specifications of dynamically created elements. In this paper, we address this shortage and provide proper support for the model checking of object-based models which contain dynamic object creation. To this aim, we propose LeeTL, a new temporal logic that supports quantifications over model objects. Using LeeTL, it is also possible to traverse objects to access the variables of the objects for defining property formulas. We propose an algorithm for transforming LeeTL formulas to Büchi automata to be able to use the existing model checking tools which support Büchi automata.


A series of 2D and 3D images' electroencephalography(EEG) using ERP technology were compared.By analyzing EEG signal of 2D and 3D image,it was found that amplitude of P300 component evoked by 3D images is higher than that by 2D images.Especially,in the unattended condition,the N140 component evoked by 3D images has a long latency.Paying attention to stimulus will evoke more EEG energy than that of paying no attention.


Regulations on protection of personal information vary from country to country. Therefore, when conducting international surveys for research, it is required to collect, manage and operate personal data properly complying with the laws and regulations of each country.
 We design a support system to fulfill conditions in terms of compliance for the proper and efficient management of data collection and utilization especially universities by making compliance management related to data cooperation a common foundation.
 This study aims to discuss requirements for the compliance management base system for data alliance and shared use of data.


Studies have indicated, and prosecutors correctly believe, that deceptive patients, not dishonest doctors, are the primary source of diverted pharmaceuticals [1]. Accordingly, Jung and Reidenberg [2] add to the debate by examining some problems and proposed solutions for physicians confronted with deceptive pain patients who seek controlled substances because they are either suffering from a comorbid condition (substance abuse) or who are simply diverters. Jung and Reidenberg begin their work by referencing a number of high-profile prosecutions involving physicians who have been deceived, and ask to what degree a physician should be held responsible for a prescription obtained through deceit. The authors conclude that while conscientious doctors can be deceived by a variety of patient populations (standardized patients, undercover agents, and those with Munchausen syndrome), when reports of such deceptions appear in the press, suspicion of even legitimate chronic pain patients will likely increase and consequently negatively impact the treatment of pain [2]. In light of Jung and Reidenberg's thought-provoking work, I would like to briefly comment on three related issues: our reliance on press reports, the necessity of physician knowledge and the defense of good faith, and the existence of pseudo-addiction among deceptive pain patients.

First, our republication of press reports may actually be contributing to the fear of prosecution among health care providers. In their article, Jung and Reidenberg correctly point out that press reports of physician prosecutions have the potential to negatively influence prescribing behavior. In fact, in an understandable …


The present situations of Chinese secorities investment funds are analyzed firstly. Then the typical probrems existing in the developing securities investment fands are probed from different angles. Finally, some foresighted suggestions for developing China′s securities investment funds are proposed.


The employment of wireless body sensors for different applications like healthcare and transportation systems has been a key research area. The hybrid systems that combine the wearable wireless sensor technology for safety applications in transportation infrastructure to save the life of the drivers and Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) like cyclists and pedestrians is another step towards the aim of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to improve safety on roads. The systems in the literature involve the use of sensors fixed on or around the body of the driver and/or pedestrian, sensors embedded in smart devices like smartphone, smartwatch, and tablets etc. to alert the drivers and pedestrians in advance to prevent the probability of collision and prevent road accidents. The sensors are able to detect the behavior of the driver and identify whether he/she is fit for driving a vehicle. The presence of a distracted pedestrian is another cause of collision and the nearby vehicles should be informed about the same. In this paper, different systems in the literature that employ wireless body sensors to improve safety of the commute have been reviewed. The techniques reviewed in this paper focus on safety of the driver, VRU/pedestrian and both. The paper concludes by presenting key challenges and future research directions to prevent accidents by the integration of wireless body sensor network as a part of intelligent transportation system.


With the development of smart grid, mass data collected in real time for equipment monitoring requires higher performance of data store. Hence, a storage system based on cloud platform for smart grid equipment monitoring is designed and achieved. Aiming at electric power monitoring data, this paper designs an improved PI revolving door compression algorithm, which improves the performance of data transmission and storage. Related experiments show the effectiveness of the algorithm. The storage system meets the requirements of real-time, mass, high reliability and high performance of data store in smart grid.


It is discovered in the factor analysis and cluster analysis of the urban facility level to 31 provinces and autonomous regions of China in 2010 that the urban facility level is rather higher in the developed provinces such as the east and eastern coastal areas while it is comparatively less higher in the undeveloped provinces such as the central and western areas.Hence it is necessary to enhance the urban facility level in the central and western areas in the vigorous development of their economy.


The h-version adaptive finite element method employing edge elements for 3D non-linear magnetostatic problems is presented. Two different techniques for the mesh refinement procedure are performed. One is to reconstruct a new mesh using the Delaunay method and the other is to subdivide elements into 2, 4 or 8 tetrahedral elements. The error estimation method proposed by Zienkiewich and Zhu (1987) is applied to the edge element code. The TEAM Workshop Problem 20 is calculated using two techniques, and the results confirm the efficiency of the presented approaches.