Unification of the global vertical datum has been a key problem to be solved for geodesy over a long period, and the main challenge for unifying the global vertical datum system is to determine the geopotential value W0 of the geoid and to calculate the vertical offset between the local vertical datum and the global vertical datum W0. The geopotential value W0 can be calculated using the grid mean sea surface (GMSS) data and the global geopotential model (GGM). In this study, this GMSS data was measured with adjustment methods and 24 years of merged multi-satellite altimetry data. The data of HaiYang-2A (HY-2A) and Jason-3 were first used to calculate W0. The geopotential value W0 was determined to be 62,636,856.82 m2s−2 by combining the EIGEN-6C4 (European Improved Gravity Model of the Earth by New Techniques) and the GMSS data. Then, the geopotential difference approach and geodetic boundary value problem (GBVP) approach were used to determine the vertical datum parameters in this study. To compensate for the omission error of the GGM, this study utilized the remove–compute–restore (RCR) technique and the residual terrain model (RTM)-recovered high-frequency gravity signals. Finally, as a result of the GBVP solution, the geopotential value of the Australian Height Datum (AHD) was 62,636,851.935 m2s−2, and the vertical offset of the AHD relative to the global vertical datum W0 was 0.4885 m. As a result of the geopotential difference approach, the geopotential value of the Chinese Height datum was 62636861.412 m2s−2, and the vertical offset of the Chinese Height datum was −0.4592 m.


Simple Summary The popliteal tendon and muscle are major stabilizers of the human and dog knee. Injury to this complex causes knee pain, and it is generally associated with other injured structures such as the lateral meniscus and/or the cranial cruciate ligament. The equine popliteal complex is poorly reported. Lameness due to stifle pathology is a serious clinical concern in sport horses, and the roll of the popliteal complex in this is unknown. One of the cardinal diagnostic tools on lameness exams is ultrasonography; however, a comprehensive technique to examine the complete popliteal complex (tendon and muscle) in horses has not been reported. The objective of the study was to develop a detailed ultrasound technique of the equine popliteal complex. We present here a detailed ultrasound technique to clearly evaluate the popliteal tendon, its components and variable insertions, the subpopliteal recess, and muscle. This new ultrasound approach is easy to apply by following clear anatomical landmarks, even by inexperienced operators. The technique presented here can be complementary to a routine stifle ultrasound exam. Abstract The popliteal tendon and muscle are major stabilizers of the human and dog knee, more specifically the postero-lateral corner. Injury to this complex causes posterior knee pain, and it is generally associated with other injured structures such as the lateral collateral ligament, lateral meniscus, and/or the cranial cruciate ligament. The popliteal complex is poorly reported in the horse, and its specific function has not been determined. Nevertheless, it is likely that it is similar to that of other species, and that injury to it could have similar clinical repercussions. Lameness due to stifle pathology is a serious clinical entity in sport horses. One of the cardinal diagnostic tools in lameness exams is ultrasonography; however, a comprehensive technique to examine the popliteal complex (tendon and muscle) in the horse has not been reported. The objective of the study was to develop a systematic ultrasound technique of the equine popliteal complex that allows identification of the insertion and variations of the popliteal tendon (PopT), as well as examination of the popliteal muscle (PopM). Comparison between anatomical variants among horses was studied in order to identify possible significant differences. For this, 10 university teaching horses were used, hence 20 stifles were examined, several times. With the ultrasound technique presented here, the PopT and PopM are consistently examined. The developed technique allows reliable examination of the popliteal complex in the horse, and it could be included during standard ultrasound examination of equine stifle.


Chitosan is the product of chitin deacetylation. Therefore, the degree of deacetylation can be obtained by determining the content of acetic acid. In this paper, a method was developed to assess the degree of deacetylation of chitosan by quantitating acetic acid concentration using ion chromatography. The fermented liquid was centrifuged in sterile centrifuge tubes at 10 000 r/min for 15 min to remove the bacterial cells. Then the supernatant fluid was filtered through a 0.45 μm cellulose acetate membrane and injected into ion chromatography system. Good chromatographic separation was achieved. This method had good linearity in the range of 0.5–25.0 mg/L and its recoveries ranged from 95.04% to 102.25%, with relative standard deviation(RSD) lower than 2.99%. It is simple, quick and more accurate as compared with the traditional titration method and can be used to monitor deacetylation of chitin and optimize deacetylase activity.


Thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine malignancies. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is one of the most common subtypes of thyroid cancer with excellent prognosis as it is one of the most curable cancers and has a relatively favourable longterm survival after appropriate treatment. It is characterized by a slowly progressive course and a 10-year survival rate approximately 90%. (1)


"Principle of adaptation and transformation" is a basic principle in teaching,and as a part of the systematic science,the principle of feedback lays a scientific foundation for it.In English teaching,the proper use of feedback principle can help achieve sound effects.


The selective photolysis of α-azido groups in 2,4,6-triazido-3,5-dichloropyridine has been explained by the orbital control of the azido group photodynamic dissociation processes.


In the History of Modern Chinese,Paris Peace Conference is a remarkable historic envent,in which an increasing number of researchers have recently shown their interest.The researches made are mainly about the positive role of China delegation and the negetive role of the Northern Warlords Government of China.Based on the relevant materials,the writer attempts to conclude that there are three weaknesses that restrict the diplomatic measures adopted by the Northern Warlords Government of China,especially on the issue of Shandong.


Although other universities have established partnerships with inner-city communities in many forms of service learning, few institutions of higher learning have aggressively attempted to revitalize the most severely impoverished sectors of their cities with large outlays of time, resources, and personnel. The Campus Affiliates Program, a collaborative venture among Tulane and Xavier universities, the Housing Authority of New Orleans, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the city of New Orleans, and the residents of the C. J. Peete Housing Development, offers a case study of one such attempt. Major foci are on the process that created the collaborative; the organizing principles that mobilized the university and neighborhood communities; the barriers and obstacles encountered; and the impact of the partnership on the campus faculty, students, staff, and institutions.


1 Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems "Acad. Evgeni Budevski", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Block 10, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. 2 Materials Research Institute, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom. 3 AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 2, 1210 Vienna, Austria.


EPON,as a potential access technology,is launching a new generation of broadband access network revolution.Combining with the traditional HFC network,it can be a good solution to the multi-service bearer network problem in cable television network.On the basis of introducing EPON technology,this paper analyzed its application in Tongshan cable TV HFC network transformation.


Three-dimensional numerical simulations of both steady and transient states were used to analyze the smoke control effect of fires in a tunnel with smoke extracting gallery,and the spreading characteristics and control effect of the smoke were evaluated for cases of several smoke extracting schemes and different number of smoke draft tuyeres.Based on the evaluation,two ventilation schemes for the smoke control of fires have been recommended after the validation of their feasibility from the safety viewpoint of people's evacuation.The simulation study in this paper may provide a theoretical foundation for engineering design of fire smoke control and emergency ventilation for tunnels with smoke extracting gallery,and guide the safe evacuation and rescue of people and property in an accident of fires.


Background:    Poor access and utilisation of maternal health services among rural women is a major contributor to the high maternal mortality in Nigeria. Inadequate healthcare facilities and personnel in the rural communities are some of the major factors militating against women's access and use of maternal health services. Harnessing mobile health (mHealth) in supporting health services delivery to widely-dispersed women will improve access to reproductive healthcare and reduce maternal mortality. This study aimed at assessing women's perception about the use of mHealth for maternal health information in rural communities. Methods: This was a descriptive community-based cross-sectional study that involved 403 women of childbearing age (15 to 49 y) who gave birth within the five years prior to the study. Data were collected over two weeks using structured questionnaires. Results: The majority of the women possessed mobile phones, 91%, but only 48% currently used them for maternal health information and 87.3% had a positive perception about use of mHealth for maternal health information. Women who had positive perception had higher odds of accessing a health institution for delivery compared to those who had poor perception (OR=1.72, SE=0.6, CI=0.92-3.22) . Conclusion: Women had positive perceptions about use of mHealth but current use of mobile phone for maternal health information was poor. Innovative methods like mHealth to strengthen maternal health services delivery for the hard to reach populations are urgently needed to support Nigeria efforts towards desirable global maternal and child health targets against year 2030.


Complex image processing algorithms that require higher computational power with large scale inputs can be processed efficiently using the parallel and distributed processing of Hadoop MapReduce Framework. Hadoop MapReduce is a scalable model which is capable of processing petabytes (1015 order) of data with improved fault tolerance and data parallelism. In this paper we present a MapReduce framework for performing parallel remote sensing satellite data processing using Hadoop and storing the output in HBase. The speedup and performance show that by utilizing Hadoop, we can distribute our workload across different clusters to take advantage of combined processing power on commodity hardware.


ised as the Avaatech Core scanner (www. avaatech.com). The SOC concept scanner required a collaborative venture with a specialist XRF instrument designer and in 2002 an arrangement was made with Swedish company Cox Analytical Systems (www. coxsys.se). Cox Analytical Systems based in Gothenburg were considered critical partners in the venture as they had formerly produced a successful XRF microscope, albeit directed mostly at the forensics market. The SOC–Cox collaboration proved highly fruitful and in April 2003 the prototype Itrax instrument was delivered to the Southampton Oceanography Centre. It provided contactless investigation of cores and included innovations such as a high flux X-ray source, X-ray capillary waveguide, a positionable silicon drift detector (SDD), optical and radiographic cameras, and an ultra-high precision sample drive platform. The instrument was launched to the scientific community at a conference held in Southampton in 2003 entitled New Techniques in Sediment Core Analysis that was published as a book in 2006.3 The two other key manufacturers also demonstrated their instruments and capabilities at the meeting. At the current time the Itrax and the Avaatech instruments are the leading X-ray core scanners and are installed in approximately equal numbers in leading international scientific institutions throughout the USA, Europe and Asia. to extract high-resolution profiles from sediment cores. Instruments offering resolutions of 1 cm were available at that time and researchers could only realistically decipher cores down to centennial and decadal timescales. It became clear that resolutions of at least 0.1 mm were required to investigate the variations found in laminated lake and marine sediments which would then make it possible to identify events with an annual timescale (for example, References 1 and 2). Since they were developed, these instruments have become invaluable and super-efficient tools for the geoscientist and they allow non-destructive core investigations to proceed at unprecedented rates and resolutions. The origin of one of the leading core scanners, the Itrax, began in 2001 when the authors of this article, based at the Southampton Oceanography Centre, SOC (now the National Oceanography Centre), conceived the need for a newstyle sediment core scanner.2 They envisaged an integrated non-destructive instrument that would provide high-resolution elemental analysis along with optical and X-radiographic imaging. Although two other core scanners existed at the time neither system offered such a critical combination. The most notable of these early core scanners was the CORTEX developed at the Netherlands Institute for Sea Research in the late 1990s, which evolved and became commercialIntroduction Non-destructive, high resolution, sediment core scanners incorporating X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry are now widely used by sub-disciplines in the earth and environmental sciences and have revolutionised the analysis of sediment cores. These powerful instruments allow the cores to be analysed rapidly with virtually no sample preparation. They can record along-core variations for many elements in the Periodic Table from Al to U and detection limits down to a few ppm can be achieved in favourable conditions depending on the acquisition dwell time. Sediment cores from diverse marine and lake environments are investigated because they often retain excellent records relating to past processes such as climate change, extreme events (e.g., floods, storms, landslides, earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis etc.) and pollutant inputs. Temporal information can also be obtained from elemental profiles in some cases by identifying high-resolution impulse events of known age (e.g., volcanic ash layers, storm surges, earthquakes). Other elemental variations can provide insights into climate change oscillations, sediment provenance and marine circulations. In the 1990s, the expanding interest in past climate change and the growing collections of scientific cores held in repositories demanded that fast multi-sensor scanners be developed Micro-XRF sediment core scanners: important new tools for the environmental and earth sciences


This study aims to identify and describe: (1) understanding of the Biology teachers about assessment; (2) the ability of Biology teachers in the assessment process and student learning outcomes; (3) types of assessment used by teachers of Biology; (4) barriers experienced Biology teacher; and (5) attempts Biology teacher to overcome obstacles in the assessment process and student learning outcomes. The approach used is a descriptive study of non hypotheses using survey approach. The sample in this study was 21 high school biology teachers in Labuhanbatu Selatan District. The instrument used was a questionnaire, observation, tests, interviews and documentation. The research data was qualitative and quantitative data. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis with percentage.
The final conclusion: (1) Understanding the Biology teacher in High Schools in Labuhanbatu Selatan District on average assessment classified as good (understand) with an average score of 33.6; (2) Ability Biology teacher in the assessment process and the assessment of learning outcomes on average relatively good category with an average score of the results of the test by 26.8 and an average score of 41.76 on the observation; (3) This type of assessment used by teachers in the assessment process include: assessment of attitudes, self-assessment, observation, check list, and portfolio; while the types of assessment of learning outcomes include: multiple choice, essay, assignment, oral tests and stuffing; (4) Obstacles or difficulties experienced teacher of Biology, among others: the difficulty of the assessment due to the lack of time available or checking the results of the test; and (5) Efforts are made teachers, among others: use the time as well as possible in the implementation and assessment when examining the results, choose the type of instrument that is more practical and easy to apply, discussing with fellow teachers to find a solution, continuous assessment, and seeking information from the Internet to further improve the knowledge and ability.


The thermochemistry of 35 diatomic, triatomic and tetratomic, sulphur-containing molecules was investigated. For each molecule, we have estimated its enthalpy of formation at the CCSD(T)/CBS level, including corrections for, scalar relativistic, core-valence and spin-orbit effects. When experimental data was available we also included a correction for anharmonicities in Zero point energies. The molecules investigated are involved in several areas, atmospherical chemistry, astrochemsitry, nanotechnology, and biology. The present results demonstrate that from the previous landmark review of Benson, published in 1978, we had advanced only a little and much work must be done to have sulfur thermochemistry well established. It was very difficult to obtain a meaningful mean absolute deviation (MAD) because of the reduced number of accurate enthalpies of formation available. For a selected set of eight molecules the MAD=0.4 kcal/mol. For the 27 remaining molecules we discussed the available experimental and theoretical data and suggested new values. The consistency of our propositions has been double checked employing homodesmic and isodesmic reactions. In all cases, except one that involved S2, the results were perfectly consistent. We expect that the present work motivates new theoretical and experimental investigations of these fascinating species that contain sulfur.


This article brings to light an asyet unpublished chapter of Franco-Belgian music publishing by means of focusing on the famous piano exercise book The Virtuoso Pianist in Sixty Exercises by Charles Louis Hanon. This is undoubtedly the most important publication by the composer-publisher who was Hanon, and it remains to this day a staple of the piano teacher's repertory Looking at the period that extends from the time of publication of the first edition in 1873 to the eve of the First World War, we will discover the changes undergone in the book of exercises as the author's publishing house was sold to various individuals who managaed it in cities from Boulogne-sur-Aler to Brussels.


The fatty acid composition of lipids extracted from the seeds of ten varieties of grapes (five white and five red), all grown in Sicily, has been determined. Results have shown that the lipid contents vary more widely in the red grapes than in the white ones. The fatty acid composition of lipids was qualitatively the same, independent of the variety, but all ten varieties showed high percentages of miristic acid, an uncommon acid in this species. A high total unsaturation, prevalently due to linoleic acid, was observed. Nevertheless, the percentages of this acid were lower than those reported by other Authors


ABSTRACT: The city of Milan during the second half of the nineteenth century is the field of observation for this study, which focuses on urban policing and social control in a situation that ultimately caused problems for the whole country. The case of Milan, which has not received enough attention in this regard, is particularly interesting, given its status as the northern metropolis. It was the second largest population centre in Italy and the most important economic one, a leader in the late struggle for political independence and an opponent at that time of the centralizing policies of the nation-state.1


The neuromuscular systems of animals are governed by extremely complex networks of control signals, sensory feedback loops, and mechanical interactions. Morphology and control are inherently intertwined. In the case of animal joints, groups of muscles work together to provide power and stability to move limbs in a coordinated manner. In contrast, many robot controllers handle both high-level planning and low-level control of individual joints. In this paper, we propose a joint-level control method, called digital muscles, that operates in a manner analogous to biological muscles, yet is abstract enough to apply to conventional robotic joints. An individual joint is controlled by multiple muscle nodes, each of which responds to a control signal according to a node-specific activation function. Evolving the physical orientation of muscle nodes and their respective activation functions enables relatively complex and coordinated gaits to be realized with simple high-level control. Even using a sinusoid as the high-level control signal, we demonstrate the evolution of effective gaits for a simulated quadruped. The proposed model realizes a control strategy for governing the behavior of individual joints, and can be coupled with a high-level controller that focuses on decision making and planning.


In the dwindling natural mangrove today, mangrove reforestation projects are conducted worldwide to prevent further losses. Due to monoculture and the low survival rate of artificial mangroves, it is necessary to pay attention to mapping and monitoring them dynamically. Remote sensing techniques have been widely used to map mangrove forests due to their capacity for large-scale, accurate, efficient, and repetitive monitoring. This study evaluated the capability of a 0.5-m Pleiades-1 in classifying artificial mangrove species using both pixel-based and object-based classification schemes. For comparison, three machine learning algorithms—decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF)—were used as the classifiers in the pixel-based and object-based classification procedure. The results showed that both the pixel-based and object-based approaches could recognize the major discriminations between the four major artificial mangrove species. However, the object-based method had a better overall accuracy than the pixel-based method on average. For pixel-based image analysis, SVM produced the highest overall accuracy (79.63%); for object-based image analysis, RF could achieve the highest overall accuracy (82.40%), and it was also the best machine learning algorithm for classifying artificial mangroves. The patches produced by object-based image analysis approaches presented a more generalized appearance and could contiguously depict mangrove species communities. When the same machine learning algorithms were compared by McNemar's test, a statistically significant difference in overall classification accuracy between the pixel-based and object-based classifications only existed in the RF algorithm. Regarding species, monoculture and dominant mangrove species Sonneratia apetala group 1 (SA1) as well as partly mixed and regular shape mangrove species Hibiscus tiliaceus (HT) could well be identified. However, for complex and easily-confused mangrove species Sonneratia apetala group 2 (SA2) and other occasionally presented mangroves species (OT), only major distributions could be extracted, with an accuracy of about two-thirds. This study demonstrated that more than 80% of artificial mangroves species distribution could be mapped.


A vast body of digital content lies in the World Wide Web, to which people can access via web browsers. Automatic speech recognition as well as Text-toSpeech (TTS) components have been incorporated into some web browsers aiming to assist the visually impaired access web content. Various webpagereader programs usually read out textual content sequentially as appeared on the webpages. Many times, presenting a webpage's content aurally in such a sequential fashion does not give visually-impaired users a clear picture of the content structure of that webpage. Furthermore, it is not uncommon that webpage-reader programs read texts that are unrelated to the main content. This paper proposes a hierarchical webpage content representation, which allows webpage content to be stored in a tree structure, and an associated XML that defines the parsing rules for parsing webpage content into the hierarchical representation. The parser was implemented in a Thai voice-enabled web browser with multilingual TTS capability, named CUVoiceBrowser, so that the targeted webpage content is parsed into the hierarchical representation before being read accordingly to the users. The browser's command list was extended to support navigation through the hierarchical webpage content representation. A demonstration of the concept was shown by its application on the front page of a newspaper website.


This paper first introduces the J2EE(Java 2 Enterprise Edition) distributed computing platform,and then describes the architecture and main design ideas of the Zhen Xiang Medical Electronic Commerce System (ZXMEC) developed by us based on the J2EE Platform, Finally the paper illustrates the design and implementation of the system by taking the shop cart as an example.


We describe a case of paraplegia following combined spinal‐epidural anaesthesia. It was postoperatively determined that a tumour of the vertebrae which was compressing the spinal cord was responsible for this complication. We suggest that the pre‐existing pathology of the spine must be borne in mind as a differential diagnosis of acute postoperative paraplegia.


Let $S$ be an excellent regular scheme and let $X$ be a scheme separated and of finite type over $S$. Let $K_c(X, \mathbb{F}_{\lambda})$ be the Grothendieck ring of $\mathbb{F}_{\lambda}$-constructible sheaves on $X$, where $\mathbb{F}_{\lambda}$ is the finite field with $\lambda$ elements. Given an index set $I$ and for certain $\mathbb{Q}$-vector subspaces $V\subset \prod_{i\in I}\mathbb{Q}_{\lambda_i}$, we define wildly compatible systems of virtual constructible sheaves on $X$. The main result is that for $\dim S \leq 1$, wildly compatible systems are preserved by Grothendieck's six operations and Verdier's duality, with further assumption that $V$ is a sub-algebra for derived Hom and tensor product. Finally, when $X$ is a curve over a finite field we prove all $\ell$-adic compatible systems will give wildly compatible systems.


Abstract Purpose In ophthalmology, data from both eyes of a person are frequently included in the statistical evaluation. This violates the requirement of data independence for classical statistical tests (e.g. t-Test or analysis of variance (ANOVA)) because it is correlated data. Linear mixed models (LMM) were used as a possibility to include the data of both eyes in the statistical evaluation. Methods The LMM is available for a variety of statistical software such as SPSS or R. The application was applied to a retrospective longitudinal analysis of an accelerated corneal cross-linking (ACXL (9*10)) treatment in progressive keratoconus (KC) with a follow-up period of 36 months. Forty eyes of 20 patients were included, whereas sequential bilateral CXL treatment was performed within 12 months. LMM and ANOVA for repeated measurements were used for statistical evaluation of topographical and tomographical data measured by Pentacam (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany). Results Both eyes were classified into a worse and better eye concerning corneal topography. Visual acuity, keratometric values and minimal corneal thickness were statistically significant between them at baseline (p < 0.05). A significant correlation between worse and better eye was shown (p < 0.05). Therefore, analyzing the data at each follow-up visit using ANOVA partially led to an overestimation of the statistical effect that could be avoided by using LMM. After 36 months, ACXL has significantly improved BCVA and flattened the cornea. Conclusion The evaluation of data of both eyes without considering their correlation using classical statistical tests leads to an overestimation of the statistical effect, which can be avoided by using the LMM.


In the foreign trade,no enterprise considers the national security correctly when they decide the import and export.Such behavior brings on benefit loss,which is called risk cost of foreign trade.Taking the"cheap sale and expensive buy"phenomena of minerals as an example,this paper analyzes the forming mechanism of risk cost of foreign trade,and puts forward the constructing idea of incentive model.It is meaningful for reducing the risk cost of foreign trade.


THIS study investigated the impacts of traffic signal optimization on energy (i.e., vehicular fuel consumption) and greenhouse gas emission (i.e., Carbon dioxide) at an urban corridor. The proposed approach successfully integrated a microscopic traffic simulator, an emission and fuel consumption estimation model, and a genetic algorithm (GA) optimizer. An urban corridor consisted of four traffic signalized intersections in Charlottesville, VA was selected for a case study. Traffic signal timing plans were optimized for a sustainability measure (i.e., network-wide fuel consumption) instead of traditional delay and stops measures. Study results showed noticeable reduction in fuel consumption (20%) and CO2 emissions (20%) when compared to those optimized by a conventional Synchro program.


ASTRONOMYIndependent Hubble Space Telescope data released on 2 May at an exoplanet workshop in Baltimore, Maryland, all but clinch the case that an infrared photo taken in April 2004 is the first image ever of an exoplanet.


The constant development drive towards higher specific power and lower displacement engines in recent years to produce environmentally friendly high-performance cars has placed increasingly high thermal loads on the internal combustion engine materials. Further, the advent of hybrid power trains placing higher demands on quick starts and a rapid approach to maximum power necessitates the automotive industry to move towards a more robust computational thermo-mechanical fatigue life prediction methodology to develop reliable engines and reduce developmental costs. The overarching goal of the research project is to develop constitutive and lifetime prediction models with just the necessary and sufficient parameters to predict the thermo-mechanical fatigue life of the highly loaded engine cylinder heads. The cylinder heads of the internal combustion engines are often made with primary A356 cast aluminium alloys and are employed in a T7 overaged condition. The present thesis aims at establishing the mechanical deformation and fracture behaviour of the material with test samples extracted from the highly loaded valve bridge regions of specially cast cylinder heads made of the said A356-T7 alloy. The deformation behaviour of the alloy is predominantly determined by the cast microstructure characterized by the dendritic arm spacing, the size of the secondary precipitates, the various defect distribution and by the temperature during deformation. The scope of this study covers uniaxial isothermal tests to establish the cyclic deformation behaviour and fatigue properties of the alloy at temperatures ranging from the ambient temperature to 250 °C. Completely reversed strain controlled uniaxial low cycle fatigue tests are run at three different total strain amplitude levels of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 % with multiple replicas at a constant strain rate of 1 % sec-1 to capture the cyclic deformation behaviour and the corresponding temperature dependent fatigue life curves. The model parameters of a suitable constitutive model are calibrated to predict the non-linear stress-strain response under thermal and mechanical load cycling. Monotonic deformation tests are also performed at the standard strain rate of 0.01% sec-1 at varying temperatures from the ambient to 300 °C to establish the base material mechanical properties. The material has an elastic-plastic monotonic response with significant hardening exhibited at temperatures around and lower than 150 °C and softening with plastic deformation at temperatures above 150 °C. The strength of the material decreases with increasing temperatures with corresponding increase in ductility. The material exhibits cyclic hardening at room temperature and cyclic softening at and above 150 °C in strain controlled completely reversed cyclic tests. The material exhibits decreasing peak stress response and increased plastic strain amplitudes with increasing temperatures in cyclic loading. The experimental data is calibrated against the Chaboche model with multiple back stresses to capture the temperature dependent kinematic and isotropic hardening behaviour of the alloy. The material exhibits a non-linear deformation behaviour with a mixed isotropic and kinematic hardening behaviour that can be modelled using a linear and a nonlinear backstress. The material exhibits significant scatter in measured mechanical properties at lower temperatures between replicas owing to the diverse microstructure obtained owing to material variability between the extracted samples. Increase in test temperatures shows a reduction in the said scatter indicating a waning influence of the microstructure on the deformation behaviour at elevated temperatures. A dilatometric study of the material using a cylindrical specimen indicates a stable coefficient of thermal expansion in the temperature range of 25 – 250 °C.


of the voluntary hospital. Also that the exercise of these two fiunctions imposes upon. every thoughtful man and oman engaged in them the clear duty of associating limself with you in' finding satisfactory solutions to the problems presented to you. For maniy years I have been deeply imp essed by the wlole nexus of co-ordinated lhuman effort epresented by the institution whicll has, from lonig association, wo'n not olnly my deep affection but also my utmo-st admiration and respect. The business acumen of its governinig body, the a-dministrative ability of its lay staff, the whole-lhearted (levotion of its multituide of loyal friends an(d supporters,


The authors discuss the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of a number of electrolyte components in the electrodeposition of corrosion-resistant copper coatings to metals such as zirconium and tantalum. The effects of these components on the deposition kinetics, crystal growth, and adhesion of the protective film are comparatively ranked.


The invention discloses a method for preparing vanadium nitride. In the preparation method, a vanadium-containing compound is mixed with organic nitride, and the mixture is calcinated in nitrogen-containing gas to obtain the vanadium nitride. The vanadium nitride prepared by the method has small grain diameter, and has higher specific capacitance and good cycle performance. The method for preparing the vanadium nitride has the advantages of wide source of raw materials, low production cost, simple operation and low requirement on equipment, meets the requirement of modern industry on energy conservation and emission reduction, and is favorable for industrial production. When the method is used for preparing super capacitors, the super capacitors have high specific capacitance and good cycle performance.


Objective To isolate and identify the constituents of Isodon lophanthoides(Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don)Hara var.gerandianus(Benth.)Hara.Methods Various chromatographic techniques,spectral methods as well as physical and chemical means were used to isolate and identify constituents from I.Lophanthoides(Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don)Hara var.gerandianus(Benth.)Hara.Results Six compounds were obtained and determined as methyl-6dehydroxyl rosmarinate(1),methyl rosmarinate(2),caffeic acid(3),6,7-dihydroxycoumarin(4),quercetin(5)and cirsimaritin(6).Conclusions Among them,compound 1 is a new natural product;compound 4 is isolated from the genus Isodon for the first time,compounds 2 and 6 are isolated from this plant for the first time.


The fins of a missile which is folded within a canister are deployed according to a command during the missile flight. The aerodynamic load generated by operating environments such as missile flight speed, platform movement speed and wind acts as an anti-deploying force and prevents the fins from deploying. As the diversification of platforms and the higher speed of missiles need a larger deploying force but the space for operating the fin deploying device is getting narrower, the new design concepts are required for developing such a device. In this study, a pneumatic device for deploying missile fins is designed and its characteristics are verified through experiments and analyses.


Enlarged subarachnoid space (usually over the cortical sulci of the frontal poles) seen in infancy (primarily in the first year of life), usually accompanied by abnormally increasing head circumference with normal or mildly dilated ventricles. There are often enlarged basal cisterns and widening of the anterior interhemispheric fissure. No other symptoms or signs should be present (although there may be slight delay only in motor milestones due to the large head). Etiology is unclear, but a defect in CSF resorption is postulated. External hydrocephalus (EH) may be a variant of communicating hydrocephalus. No predisposing factor may be found in some cases, although EH may be associated with some craniosynostoses (especially plagiocephaly), or it may follow intraventricular hemorrhage or superior vena cava obstruction.


Frame of reference This book is concerned with the stresses and deformation which arise when the surfaces of two solid bodies are brought into contact. We distinguish between conforming and non-conforming contacts. A contact is said to be conforming if the surfaces of the two bodies 'fit' exactly or even closely together without deformation. Flat slider bearings and journal bearings are examples of conforming contact. Bodies which have dissimilar profiles are said to be non-conforming. When brought into contact without deformation they will touch first at a point – 'point contact' – or along a line – 'line contact' For example, in a ball-bearing the ball makes point contact with the races, whereas in a roller bearing the roller makes line contact. Line contact arises when the profiles of the bodies are conforming in one direction and nonconforming in the perpendicular direction. The contact area between nonconforming bodies is generally small compared with the dimensions of the bodies themselves; the stresses are highly concentrated in the region close to the contact zone and are not greatly influenced by the shape of the bodies at a distance from the contact area. These are the circumstances with which we shall be mainly concerned in this book. The points of surface contact which are found in engineering practice frequently execute complex motions and are called upon to transmit both forces and moments.


The present invention relates to thermal insulation and fire resistance are excellent, and excellent in productivity, having a fire-resistant insulation property about the channel, with a refractory cloth or other refractory plate was wrapped in fiberglass insulation material like other strip, this strip wound into a spirally configured. Further, when spirally wound, band-shaped end portion and subsequent portion of the preceding strip ends integrally connected by a connector or connection refractory material at a range not damaging the refractory.


The aim of this paper is to introduce and study BiHom-associative dialgebras. We give various constructions and study their connections with BiHom-Leibniz algebras and BiHom-Poisson dialgebras. Next, we discuss the central extensions of BiHom-associative dialgebras and we describe the classification of $n$-dimensional BiHom-associative dialgebras for $n\leq 4$


Anaphora is one of the dominant issues in contemporary linguistic study.A great deal of researches in anaphora have been conducted in various domains in Linguistics.However,there are still many disagreements and theoretical limitations.Anaphoric choice and resolution involves so many factors as those in syntax,semantics,pragmatics and cognition,as well as the social culture conventions.Furthermore,it also involves the interaction of the two-side participants and the context in communication.Thus,all the related factors are expected to be integrated into a theory system for a comprehensive consideration.Verschueren's pragmatic theory of adaptation offers such a theoretical framework.


Abstract A thin film temperature sensor integrated onto mechanical component surface is promising for real-time machine condition monitoring. In this article, a one-dimensional heat conduction model has been developed to study the dynamic performance of the thin film sensor designed for monitoring the temperature distribution in an elastohydrodynamic lubrication contact. A control volume approach was used to numerically analyse the effects of sensor film thickness (from 0.1 to 100 μm), sensing materials, and substrate materials on the transient time response of the thin film sensor. The numerical model was evaluated by an analytical solution in a semi-infinite domain. The sensor time constant is obtained on the basis of a constant heat load and sensor sensitivity is studied when a typical elastohydrodynamic pressure distribution in a lubricated contact is applied. Faster response time and short time delay of a thin film sensor are expected in a higher conductivity of substrate. It is also clear that the response time decreases with increasing sensor film thickness and with increasing conductivity of the substrate. The results show that when the thickness of the sensor is < 1 μm, the sensor is feasible to capture transient temperature profile in real time for machine health monitoring under various operating conditions. One of the experimental validations given in this article has proven the robustness of the developed model.


BILOG is the defacto standard for dichotomous IRT model estimation. However, BILOG is a commercial product and limited in other ways. Hanson provides an open-source alternative, ICL, and this paper compares ICL to BILOG in terms of features and obtained item parameter estimates. In general, BILOG has more features, especially with respect to assessing model-data fit. One notable feature of ICL is built-in support for bootstrap estimates. ICL and BILOG produced very, very similar estimates of item parameters. ICL BILOG Comparison 3 Open-source IRT: A comparison of BILOG-MG and ICL features and item parameter recovery In their seminal article introducing BILOG and comparing it to LOGIST, Mislevy and Stocking (1989) noted the central role of estimation software for researchers interested in using item response theory (IRT). In the intervening 18 years, BILOG-MG has become the defacto standard for estimating the parameters of dichotomous IRT models (Rupp, 2003). This paper compares BILOG-MG (Zimowski, Muraki, Mislevy & Bock, 2003; hereafter designated BILOG) and ICL (Hanson, 2002a; 2002b), a relatively new program for estimating the parameters of IRT models. The proposed talk has three goals: (a) to introduce Hanson's (2002a) ICL software; (b) to describe common and unique features of ICL and BILOG so that users may choose the best program for a given application; and (c) to demonstrate that the two programs are equivalent in accomplishing their primary task of estimating item parameters. Introducing ICL. Recently, Hanson (2002a) released stand-alone software for estimation of IRT model parameters, called IRT Command Language (ICL). ICL is free , open-source software (e.g., Raymond, 1999) similar to the popular R statistical software (de Leeuw & Mair, 2007) and is licensed in a way that allows it to be modified and extended. In fact, ICL is actually IRT estimation functions (ETIRM; Hanson, 2000) embedded into a fully-featured programming language called Tcl ("tickle"; Welch, Jones & Hobbs, 2003) and thus allowing relatively complex operations. ICL is available for Windows, Macintish and Linux. Comparing ICL and BILOG-MG One reason for BILOG's universal acceptance was its introduction of marginal maximum likelihood (MML) estimation in a Bayesian framework (Bock & Aitkin, 1981; Mislevy, 1986). The MML estimation algorithms introduced in BILOG were a significant statistical and practical advance over the programs available then, especially the popular LOGIST program (Mislevy & Stocking, 1986; Lord, 1980). Other reasons for BILOG's wide usage are very practical. BILOG has many features that are designed for applied work. For example, BILOG will read and score raw data in many different formats and BILOG allows flexibility regarding the estimation from data of complex sampling schemes. BILOG has also enjoyed professional support, including a well-written manual and technical support from the publisher. The program has been maintained and its features have expanded. Today, BILOG comes with a Windows-based "shell" program that allows users to build command syntax from menus and pull-down lists. BILOG's '-MG' suffix indicates the version which handles estimation in a multigroup situation (Bock & Zimowski, 1996) and is now the only generally available version. ICL BILOG Comparison 4 A natural question is the degree to which ICL is similar to BILOG. This "apples and oranges" comparison defies simple lists of similar and separate features. Many of the features directly available in BILOG are available indirectly in ICL (but must be programmed). The ICL manual (Hanson, 2002b) is particularly helpful, providing a series of example ICL command files which accomplish various tasks. We will confine our comparison of BILOG-MG and ICL to the features documented in their respective manuals (including examples) rather than assuming any special Tcl knowledge on the part of the ICL user. Estimation. Both BILOG and ICL provide maximum marginal likelihood (MML; Bock & Aitkin, 1981) estimation via the EM algorithm (McLachlan & Krishnan, 1997; Dempster, Laird, & Rubin, 1977) and both implement a Bayesian framework (Mislevy, 1986). Many of the details of the estimation in ICL are provided in Woodruff and Hanson (1997) and Hanson (1998). One significant difference is that ICL does not implement Fischer scoring in the same way as BILOG; BILOG users will notice this in two ways. First, there are no "Newton cycles" following the "EM cycles" during estimation. And second, ICL does not compute the item variancecovariance matrix. As an alternative for users requiring the item variances or covariances, ICL implements a bootstrapping feature which can be used to generate data that can be analyzed with SAS or SPSS to estimate these values. Estimation options. Both programs allow the user to influence parameter estimation, such as setting priors on structural parameters and specifying the maximum numbers of estimation cycles. ICL provides a larger selection of options for expert users, although many of these options may not be useful for the average user. ICL also provides more flexibility regarding the prior distributions for item parameters (beta, normal, and log-normal are available). Model fit information. Both programs provide information about convergence but otherwise BILOG provides considerably more information about model fit. BILOG includes provides chisquare indices of the fit of individual items (or residual information for short tests), summaries of the estimates, and "fit plots" which overlay the empirical proportion correct for various "bins" of theta-hat values upon the ICC. This is a significant practical advantage for BILOG. Documentation. Both BILOG and ICL have well-written manuals. The manual describing BILOG (du Toit, 2003) also chapters providing an overview of the estimation procedures, other IRT programs from SSI, and a chapter of historical material. The chapter on BILOG contains some introductory information, documentation of the commands and options, examples, and file formats. The ICL manual (Hanson, 2003b) is similar to the BILOG chapter of the SSI manual, providing introductory information, documentation of the commands, and examples. The documentation is divided between the basic commands required for a default single-group dichotomous model estimation and more advanced commands. Both programs come with PDF copies of the documentation, allowing easy searching for information. The ICL manual would profit from the addition of an index. Data processing. Both programs provide data processing options. For example, BILOG will score raw multiple-choice options. ICL does not provide this capability directly. Also, missing ICL BILOG Comparison 5 responses are always ignored by ICL, while BILOG provides three models for missing data: wrong, partially right, and ignored. Item parameter recovery study Although one previous study of on-line calibration (Ban, Hanson, Wang, & Harris, 2001) found similar results using ICL and BILOG, no previous research has been reported which directly compares the abilities of the two programs to recover item parameters. To directly address this issue of the comparability and accuracy of the item parameter estimates produced by the two programs, we conducted an item-parameter recovery study using simulated data. We hypothesized that BILOG might have implementation decisions (either statistical or logical) that resulted in better estimation for very small or large samples. Therefore we generated samples of three different sizes: N=100; N=1,000, and N=50,000. For each condition, items responses were generated for a 50 item test based on operational item parameters from a highstakes certification exam. The true, generating parameters of the IRT model for each item are given in Table 1. The procedure was replicated five times. [We considered a larger number of replications; however, the results were remarkably stable.] Method Item responses were generated using a Fortran 90 program. The true ability of the examinees was generated from a standard normal distribution with M = 0 and SD = 1 using the IMSL (1984) pseudo-random number generator DRNNOR. Next, the probability of a correct response to each item was computed for each examinee as a function of the individual's ability according to a 3PL IRT model. Then, the individual's response to each item was computed by generating a uniform random number between 0 and 1 using the IMSL DRNUN routine, and assigning a score of 1 if this number was less than the individual's probability for that item, and a score of 0 otherwise. Results The main outcome variable was the root mean square error (RMSE) between ICCs. We chose to compare differences in ICCs because for some items, different values of item parameters can yield very similar ICCs. We computed the RMSE using 41 points from -3.0 to 3.0. Three comparisons were made: • ICC's computed from ICL estimates compared to ICC's computed from the true, generating parameters • ICC's computed from BILOG estimates compared to ICC's computed from the true, generating parameters • ICC's computed from ICL estimates compared to ICC's computed from BILOG estimates ICL BILOG Comparison 6 This resulted in hundreds of comparisons. We summarized by computing the mean and standard deviation of the RMSE statistic across the 50 items. Presented in Table 2, the comparisons of ICL estimates to truth (IT) and of BILOG estimates to truth (BT) are very similar in size and larger than the comparison of ICL estimates to BILOG estimates (IB). This seems to indicate that both programs are equally good at recovering item parameters and that they actually achieve comparable results (as opposed to disparate results that have a comparable accuracy). This is hardly surprising given the similarity of the core estimation algorithms. Table 2 does not indicate any interaction between sample size and recovery accuracy. Discussion At their heart, ICL an


This paper assesses the effects of local public agricultural expenditure on economic growth based on empirical analysis of 31 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities in China between 1995 and 2004 by the method of Panel Data LS.It is concluded that local public agricultural expenditure produces insignificant positive effects on short-term regional economic growth and more significant negative effects on middle-and long-term economic growth.It is also found out that the change of local public agricultural expenditure has significant negative effects on short-term change of the regional economic growth rate and significant positive effects on long-term change of the regional economic growth rate.


PURPOSE This study investigated the effect of a simple visual prompt in the form of a poster on the occurrence of patient-physician weight loss conversations during routine office encounters in a primary care outpatient clinic. METHODS We conducted a 2-phase study in a family medicine residency program outpatient clinic in August and September 2006. During the first phase, lasting 5 days, we surveyed all nonpregnant adult patients (preintervention group) about weight loss. We then implemented a visual prompt in the form of a colorful poster (11 x 17 inches) in both English and Spanish. The poster read "Do you want to lose weight? Ask your doctor today!" and included a picture of a bathroom scale. During the second phase, also lasting 5 days, we again surveyed all nonpregnant adult patients (postintervention group). RESULTS Analyses were based on 283 patients in the preintervention group and 386 patients in the postintervention group. The mean body mass index, obtained from medical records, did not differ significantly between groups (31 vs 32 kg/m2, respectively). Fully 60% of patients in the postintervention group recalled seeing the poster during their visit; however, the percentage of patients who reported discussing weight loss with their physician did not differ between the preintervention and postintervention groups overall (29% vs 27%), among the two-thirds of patients who wanted to lose weight (26% vs 23%), or when only postintervention patients who saw the poster were included in the comparison (29% vs 29%). The large majority of patients in both groups who had such discussions—82% and 77%—indicated that they found them useful; the difference between groups was not significant. CONCLUSION A simple visual prompt in the form of a poster directed at patients did not increase the occurrence of conversations between patients and their physicians about weight loss.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristic of pollutants overflow on storm events, relationships between pollutant load and rainfall duration, and rainfall intensity in Chaotian Palace, Nanjing City. The results showed that high pollutant concentrations were observed in the initial stage of runoff and decreased continuously over rainfall duration. Moreover, the wash off ratios of pollutants load decreased with rainfall intensity declining. Furthermore, initial 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 min intervals of a rainfall event were chosen to investigate the variation of pollutants load decrement rate of CSOs. An obvious corner at initial 10 min was observed for all parameters in whole storm events. The slope of curves before 10 min is steeper than after that one. Based on the analysis on pollutants load decrement rate of CSOs, 10 min could be chosen as control point in intercepted engineering for optimizing treatment facilities in order to achieve cost-effective CSOs control.


The authors propose to introduce into expert practice a number of methods estimating age-related osteoporosis by such quantitative characteristics as coefficient of optical transmission, optic density, porosity. The data confirm nonlinear dependence of age dynamics of osteoporotic changes which can be more effectively described by equations of polynomial regression.


We have developed direct-coupled high-Tc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers based on 30° bicrystal junctions with superior noise performance in dc and ac magnetic fields. These magnetometers are composed of a 100 pH SQUID loop with a linewidth of 4 μm and a pickup coil consisting of 16 parallel, 50-μm-wide loops. The magnetic field noise down to 1 Hz did not increase when the magnetometers were exposed to ac fields with peak-to-peak amplitudes of up to 54 μT or cooled in static magnetic fields above that of the Earth. The best noise at 1 Hz of such a device cooled in 64 μT was 65 fT Hz1/2. The increased noise below 1 Hz when the devices were cooled in a static magnetic field can be quantitatively described by the measured temperature fluctuations assuming a temperature coefficient of the pickup loop area of about 1×10−4/K.


A new US FDA-approved mobile compression device has performed well in a study to investigate its ability to prevent thromboembolic disease in patients who had a total hip arthroplasty. Formation of a thrombosis is a common complication of hip replacement. Low-molecularweight heparin is an anticoagulant often used to prevent the formation of such clots and consequent thromboembolic disease. However, the use of such blood thinners is associated with bleeding and hemorrhagic complications. An alternative is the compression device, which wraps around the leg and pumps the leg to maintain normal blood flow. In this study, the low-molecular-weight heparin was compared with a mobile compression device. Previous devices are large, can only be used in hospital and prevent the patient from walking. The results demonstrated that the mobile compression device provided favorable rates of major bleeding, but that the compression device increased the rate of proximal deepvenous thrombosis. During the 12-week follow-up period, one patient from the compression device group experienced one deep venous thrombosis and one pulmonary embolus. The authors conclude in their abstract: "When compared with low-molecularweight heparin, use of the mobile compression device for prophylaxis against venous thromboembolic events following total hip arthroplasty resulted in a significant decrease in major bleeding events". The study included a total of 410 hipreplacement patients from various hospitals, including the Hospital for Special Surgery (NY, USA), Mayo Clinic (MN, USA), Scripps Clinic (CA, USA) and the Cleveland Clinic (OH, USA). The participants were randomized to receive prophylaxis with a mobile compression device or low-molecular-weight heparin for 10 days. While the heparin was administered between 12 and 24 h after the surgery, use of the compression device began during surgery. Additionally, patients in the compression group were able to receive 81 mg of aspirin daily after the surgery.


This report discusses the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that was completed December 11, 1997, committing the industrialized nations to specified, legally binding reductions in emissions of six "greenhouse gases."


We have demonstrated the first ultra-low field (ULF) nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of uranium hexafluoride (UF6), which is used in the uranium enrichment process. A sensitive non-invasive detection system would have an important role in non-proliferation surveillance. A two-frequency technique was employed to remove the transients induced by rapidly switching off the 50 mT pre-polarization field. A mean transverse relaxation time T2 of 24 ms was estimated for the un-enriched UF6 sample measured at a mean temperature of 80degC.


The communication latency problem is presented with special emphasis on RISC (reduced instruction set computer) based multiprocessors. An interprocessor communication model for parallel programs based on locality is presented. This model enables the programmer to manipulate locality at the language level and to take advantage of currently available system hardware to reduce latency. A hardware node architecture for a latency-tolerant RISC-based multiprocessor, called Seamless, that supports this model, is presented. The Seamless architecture includes the addition of a hardware locality manager to each processing element, as well as an integral runtime environment and compiler.<<ETX>>


A method is summarised for modelling the electromagnetic coupling between components and the printed circuit board on which they are mounted. The combined field/circuit problem is reduced to an equivalent network problem, which may be solved by circuit analysis. The techniques have been incorporated in a CAD tool FASTERIX. Results demonstrate that the method is both numerically efficient and accurate up to several GHz. >


Active Networks offer the ability to program the network on a per-router, per-user, or even per-packet basis. Unfortunately, this added programmability compromises the security of the system by allowing a wider range of potential attacks. Any feasible Active Network architecture therefore requires strong security guarantees. Of course, we should like these guarantees to come at the lowest possible price to the flexibility, performance, and usability of the system. The PLAN system is a distributed programming framework we have used to build an Active Network, PLANet [4]. In the PLAN system, code implementing distributed programs is broken into two parts: the PLAN level, and the Service Level. All programs in the PLAN level reside in the messages, or packets, that are sent between the nodes of the system. These programs are written in the Programming Language for Active Networks [6] (or simply, PLAN). PLAN programs serve to "glue" together Service level programs; PLAN may be thought of as a network scripting language. In contrast, Service level programs (or simply, services), reside at each node and are invoked by executing PLAN programs. Services are written in general-purpose languages (in particular, the language that the PLAN interpreter is written in) and may be dynamically loaded. The current Internet (IP and its supporting protocols) allows any user with a network connection to have some basic services. In addition to basic packet delivery provided by IP, basic information services like DNS, finger, and whois, and protocols like HTTP, FTP, TCP, SMTP, and so forth are provided. Similarly, a goal of PLANet is to allow any user of the network to have access to basic services; these services should naturally include some "activeness." This goal implies that some functionality, like packet delivery in the current Internet, should not require authentication; in PLANet, we allow "pure" PLAN programs to run unauthenticated. A PLAN program is considered "pure" if it only makes calls to services considered safe; for example, determining the name of the current host is a safe operation, while updating the host's router table is not. Successfully calling unsafe services would require proper authorization. This security policy is stated more formally in the following subsection.


The appearance and development of laser technology have made Raman spectroscopy one of the most attractive research fields in analysis using laser. Raman spectroscopy has been widely used in the analysis of material components and detection of molecular structure. In this review,some recent advances of Raman spectroscopy on DNA are summarized,including traditional Raman spectroscopy,Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy,laser resonance Raman spectroscopy,surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and so on. In addition,we also predicted the further application and development of Raman spectroscopy on DNA and other large biological molecules.


After the industrial revolution, the development of sciences and technologies affect the art hence, the design that is influenced by functionalism is developed. Although the resistance such as the Art and Craft Movement is existed, the balance with technology is newer demands of its time. Normally, we understand the functionalism as that is rational and suitable for mass production, the functionalism has been developed by cultural perspective. However, the comparison researches the two point of view is extremely rare. Therefore, the aim of this research is firstly to examine the functionalism of the two point of view and secondly to consider the implicative design information of the products design that is derived from the two kind of functionalism. It is meaningful to provide an opportunity to think the direction of product design today. As the result, the economy centered functionalism designs include intuitive and rational senses, the other hand the culture centered functionalism designs have metaphorical and sensitive senses. However, both design claim to stand for humanism.


With the introduction of the Mobility Allowance in Britain, there are many more motorists considering the purchase of a car for the first time. However, they represent a small proportion of all motorists and it is inevitable that their special needs will not always be considered in the design of any car model for the general population. Their needs are diverse, but the problems may be considered in terms of the functional handicap of the motorist. The space requirements in vehicles also need to be reconsidered in terms of the anthropometry of the disabed population. MIRA carried out a study on behalf of the National Fund for Research into Crippling Diseases to survey the provision currently made in Britain for conversion of production cars for the disabled. During this study, the important features were identified as access to the vehicle, seating, type and location of controls and storage of wheelchairs. These are discussed in relation to the range of cars available in Britain. /Author/


The characteristics of black carbon(BC) concentration were analyzed using the BC monitoring data of Semi-arid Climate Observatory and Laboratory(SACOL) during the period from January 2007to August 2009.The average daily BC surface concentration was 1568ng/m3,lower than that of some background observation stations in East China.The BC concentration obviously had a seasonal variation from spring to summer,autumn and winter,with respective value of 1234.74,1290.23,1669.06 and 2088.73ng/m3.The diurnal variation showed a bimodal distribution with the maximum value at 09:00(Beijing Time),and the minimum at 17:00.The variation of BC concentration was closely related with the air pollution emission and diffusion condition.The affection of dust events to BC concentration depended on the strength of the dust events,the type and the amount of the anthropogenic aerosols captured by the dust particles,and the mixing state of BC particles with other aerosols.According to the data statistical analysis the BC surface background concentration at SACOL was 1000ng/m3.


Results of a detailed paleomagnetic study of intraplate mafic alkalic volcanic rocks from the Camargo volcanic field of northern Mexico are presented. The field is formed by >300 eruptive vents and lava flows over an area of 3000 km2, and thus represents an important magmatic episode within the Mexican Basin and Range province. Rock-magnetic properties of the cinder cone field show that remanence is carried in most cases by Ti-poor titanomagnetites, resulting from exsolution and deuteric oxidation of original titanomagnetite during the primary flow cooling. A few units show remanence carried by titanohematite or by secondary titanomaghemite. New radiometric ages and magnetic polarity stratigraphy document a southwest-to-northeast migration of volcanic activity during the Pliocene-Pleistocene (4.7-0.09 Ma). Magnetostratigraphic correlation of dated rocks with the geomagnetic polarity time scale allows improved definition of volcanic stratigraphy. The mean paleomagnetic direction obtained for the Camargo volcanic field is I = 34.7°, D = 351.2°, k = 7, a95 = 16.6°, which deviates about 10° counterclockwise from the expected direction estimated from the North American apparent polar wander path. In the Basin and Range province, extensional faulting is closely related to volcanic activity. The tectonic, structural, and paleomagnetic data for the Camargo field document this association between volcanism and normal faulting, and also indicate the effects of large-scale processes of uplift, extension, block rotation, and regional faults in northern Mexico.


ABSTRACT The concept of background dielectric constant proposed by Tagantsev, together with the distinction between critical and non-critical electric polarizations as a natural extension for the order parameter of ferroelectric phase transitions, is critically discussed. It is argued and exemplified that, even if these quantities can be very useful for obtaining qualitative and semi-quantitative results from phenomenological modeling, they cannot be introduced in a self-consistent manner.


A recently released index shows northern countries such as Denmark and Norway are the most likely across the globe to have a system of laws that promote government accountability and basic rights that ultimately affect public health.


The problems meriting intermediate attention at different links are analysed by briefing the boiler inspection in the electric power industry and sorting out their structure and contents, and necessary countermeas-ures are suggested as appropriate to provide information for similar work in the future,


Using the recently developed two-dimensional simulator STAAB, the breakdown voltage of the field plate and field-limiting ring junction termination techniques is numerically compared for various values of junction depth, lateral width, and oxide fixed charge. The computed results demonstrate the superiority of the field plate technique over the field-limiting ring technique for planar shallow-junction high-voltage devices, both discrete and integrated. >


Cole-Cole plots are obtained for selected nonlinear dielectric phenomena in highly dipolar liquids applying the Smoluchowski-Debye relaxation theory of rotational molecular diffusion in liquids, and excluding inertial effects.


Glenn Wright and Bob Taylor, BHA Group, USA, examine the way in which a robust precipitator redesign can help meet production and emission goals.


The utility model discloses a braking performance testing device designed for vehicles, pertaining to the field of measurement technology. The utility model is used to test the braking force and the displacement of the pedal under wireless transmission. The utility model comprises a pedal force testing sensor, a pedal displacement sensor, a test data emitting part and a test data receiving part; the output ends of the two sensors are connected to the data emitting part respectively; the data emitting part comprises an analog-digital converter, a singlechip, a data storage, an emitting module and a transmitting antenna; the receiving part comprises a receiving antenna, a receiving module, a singlechip, a display module, a 232 conversion module, a digital-analog conversion module and an amplifier. The device adopts wireless transmission mode to conduct data test, display, processing and net working to largely facilitate site testing. Through the displacement sensor and the force-testing sensor, the functional relation between the pedal displacement and the braking force can be measured, so that a more accurate and comprehensive evaluation on the braking performance of the vehicle can be achieved. In addition, the utility model also has the advantages of that the structure is simple, the testing process is simple and the test data are accurate and reliable.


A finite planning horizon supply chain model is discussed for materials substances such as metals, ceramics, or plastics manufactured which is deteriorating in nature. Parameter such as holding cost and all the other cost are fuzzyfied. Triangular fuzzy numbers are used for the fuzzyfication of parameters. Defuzzyfication of the model is done using total -integral value. We also have used Graded Mean Representation method to defuzzify the model. Later the comparison between the two defuzzyfied model is presented and conclusion is drawn.


Generally,the main protection of a substation at present is differential protection.The principle of differential protection is that the condition of the equipment being protected can be determined according to the sum of current flowing in and out of the equipment.In this article,the secondary TA polarity determination for line protection,busbar protection and transformer protection was discussed.


Ophiocordyceps is a fungal pathogen of ants of the tribe Camponotini. It is called zombie fungus, since it changes the host behavior, causing them to die in an exposed position, typically clinging onto and biting into the adaxial surface of shrub leaves. This study aimed to describe the occurrence of parasitic associations between Ophiocordyceps and ants of the genus Camponotus in an urban fragment of Atlantic Rainforest in southeastern Brazil and to measure the rate of hyperparasitism in Ophiocordyceps by other fungi in the same location. We found 57 individuals of four species of ants and three species of fungus. The age categories of fungi were equally distributed, and rate of hyperparasitism was 17.5% (n = 10). The sampled area was recognized as an important site of Ophiocordyceps occurrence.


Based upon the review of the past experience of the curriculum reform of Modern Educational Technology according to the requirements of The Criteria and the properties of elementary education,the paper advances the curriculum conceptions of promoting learning awareness,developing potentiality,enhancing value rationality and stirring up aesthetic sentiments. Besides,the paper puts forward the trinity of teaching objectives,contents and mode.


In this paper, the mathematical modeling of magnetic levitation has been discussed. The Magneto Motive Force (MMF) produced by the electromagnet is used to levitate the ferromagnetic ball in the air. The integrated position sensor circuitry detects the location of the ball, which is then utilized as a feedback signal to regulate the position of the ball. The experiment's goal is to create a controller that allows the ball to levitate at its equilibrium position. Proportional Derivative (PD) controller works as a compensator design for magnetic levitation which makes the overall system stable. The system stability is checked by the root locus. The step, square and sine response for uncompensated and compensated systems are carried out using Matrix Laboratory (MATALB) simulation. Moreover, the system is controllable and observable as they were verified using the condition of the controllability and observability matrix.


Pediatric Epstein‐Barr virus–negative monomorphic post solid organ transplant lymphoproliferative disorder [EBV(−)M‐PTLD] comprises approximately 10% of M‐PTLD. No large multi‐institutional pediatric‐specific reports on treatment and outcome are available.


The fall-out from the Fidentia disaster has had the unexpected effect of spelling out the extraordinary powers of curators. This is what came out of two court decisions, the first from the Cape High Court and the second from the Supreme Court of Appeal.


The kinetics of reduction with CH4, H2, and CO and oxidation with O2 of a Cu-based oxygen carrier prepared by impregnation on alumina to be used in a chemical-looping combustion (CLC) system have been determined in a thermogravimetric analyzer. The oxygen carrier exhibited high reactivity in both reduction and oxidation with times for complete conversion lower than 40 s at 1073 K and 5−70 vol % of the fuel gas and 5−21 vol % of O2. The analysis of the sample carried out by scanning electron microscopy using energy-dispersive X-ray and chemisorption showed that the CuO was well dispersed in the porous surface of the alumina matrix and a uniform thin layer on the porous surface was considered. The shrinking-core model for platelike geometry of the reacting surface was used for the kinetic determination, in which the chemical reaction controlled the global reaction rate. No effect of the gas products (H2O and CO2) on the reaction rate was detected. The reaction order depended on the fuel gas, and values of 0...


Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) study on 22 1H-indole-3-acetic acid derivatives with auxin activity was performed by means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). Molecular geometry of the auxins was optimized at MMFF94 and ab initio B3LYP 6-31G** levels. Modeling of complexes of some auxin molecules with the auxin binding protein 1 (ABP1) was also carried out. Parsimonius PLS and MLR models for prediction of optimal and half-optimal auxin concentrations for Avena L. Sativa coleoptile elongation were obtained with 15 auxins in the training set. HCA and PCA on data for the half-optimal concentration exhibit auxin clustering with respect to substitutent type and position, biological activity, and the size of the active site pockets of ABP1. Molecular graphics of ABP1 – NAA derivative complexes and of the coordination spheres around NAA (1-naphthalenic acid) hydrogen atoms in the ABP1 – NAA complex agrees well with the chemometrics/QSAR results. Key words 1H-indole-3-acetic acid auxin activity chemometrics QSAR hierarchical cluster analysis principal component analysis partial least squares regression substrate modeling at the active site ab initio molecular mechanics


This book is the sixth of an eight part series entitled Kolonie aan die Kaap, which according to the publisher will cover the entire history of the Cape settlement during the time it was ruled by the Dutch East India Company (VOC). This volume is about the first half of the eighteenth century. In his foreword, Schoeman notes that he had wanted to write a book about siblings Henricus and Aletta Beck for a long time, not because they were outstanding or important, but mainly because there is so much fragmentary information available about them that one is able to reconstruct their lives rather as one would a puzzle. Schoeman does this well and a good idea emerges of who the Becks were. It seems that Aletta was the more interesting of the two. She appears as an intelligent and strong woman; had she lived in a time when women were not as subordinate, she would probably have achieved more for herself. Brother Henricus took the easy route in life. He lived and travelled on his mother's pocket for a long time before deciding to study. And as a Dutch Reformed minister in the Cape settlement he was not known for his engaging sermons; nor was he eager to become involved with the members of his congregation. Despite the title, this book is not a biography. Schoeman uses the lives of the Becks as a means to an end, namely to describe the Cape settlement, its society, and its place in the wider Dutch colonial world.


The correlation was described between the ultrastructural picture and DNA mass content of MK nuclei in experimental haemorrhagic shock in rats. Significant disproportions were revealed between the morphological pictures and the ploidy of MK nuclei in the successive phases of the shock. Abnormalities of the maturation of marrow MK nuclei were found in the first hours of the shock, being most pronounced in the 24th hour.


Agnes Gereb is an obstetrician in Hungary who was struck off the obstetric list for helping at home births. She became a certified midwife in 2005 and then in 2010 gained a Bachelor of Science degree in midwifery at Semmelweis University. She was detained in a highsecurity prison in Budapest in October 2010 and charged with ''negligent malpractice'' and assisting at home births without a licence. She was arrested and put in chains after she called an ambulance when a woman in the prenatal discussion group at her birth center went into preterm precipitate labor and she caught the baby. She had advised the woman not to have a home birth. Mother and baby are both doing well. In Hungary, although all birth incidents that occur in hospital are subject simply to an internal investigation, out-of-hospital incidents are automatically treated as crimes. Agnes was remanded in custody for 30 days, which was extended on November 23 by another 60 days, and her appeals were rejected, despite the fact that she has not been found guilty of any of the charges against her. She was locked in a 6m by 6m cell with three other women for 23 hours out of 24, forbidden to see her young children, strip searched, and her body orifices probed before and after visits, in full view of visitors—even those from human rights, Members of Parliament, and her lawyer. The small group of Hungarian Independent Midwives issued a statement of support, but midwives internationally were slow to follow, because Agnes was not registered, and the rumor went round that she was an obstetrician masquerading as a midwife. She cannot register as a midwife in Hungary because she does home births. She works with 14 independent midwives, who are also unable to register. In the United Kingdom, the Royal College of Midwives issued a statement calling for her release. There is a historical background to this midwifery crisis. In 1944 the Nazis had deported and killed 540,000 Hungarian Jews. Many midwives were Jewish, and an acute midwife shortage resulted. In 1972 the Hungarian Government passed a law that all women must give birth in hospital and be delivered by a doctor. That law is a violation of the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, which establishes that women have the right to choose where they give birth and that midwives work under the same conditions in all countries of the European Union. Agnes has always been a rebel. In 1977 she smuggled fathers into a hospital labor ward, and as punishment was banned from practice for 6 months. Some years later the head of that clinic declared proudly that his institute was the first to allow fathers into the labor room (1). Agnes came to the first International Home Birth Conference a group of us put together in London in 1986. Then she set up the Alternatal Foundation, and organized an International Home Birth Conference in Szeged in 1992. Dr. Beverley Chalmers, WHO Consultant, and I were joint patrons, and speakers included the feminist obstetrician Dr. Wendy Savage, Dr. Marsden Wagner, previously WHO Director of Maternal and Child Health in Europe, Dr. Michel Odent, and other international experts. International protest prodded the Hungarian Government into stating that Agnes was not registered as a midwife and that in future it would control home births (2). The Freebirth Support Group responded that she was not registered because no one who offered home birth services could be (3). Yet, with a track record of 3,500 successful home births and 5,500 hospital births, she ''is internationally recognized as one of the most experienced midwives in the world.'' Home birth itself is not illegal in Hungary. But anyone assisting at a home birth commits a criminal offense. This includes crossing the threshold of a woman's home with the intention of discussing the option of home birth, and sitting in a woman's home while she is giving birth. The government is working on new regulations for maternity care. After 24 weeks of pregnancy, under Hungarian law a woman has no right to refuse medical treatment and that for 24 hours after birth she is considered ''out of her Sheila Kitzinger is an author and lecturer on the sociological and anthropological aspects of birth, breastfeeding, and early parenthood. Her website is: http://www.sheilakitzinger.com.


In the given paper multi-component standby system with renewable elements is considered. For it multiline closed Markov queuing model for two maintenance operations – replacements and renewals, is constructed and investigated. In this model the numbers of main elements as well as standby ones, also the numbers of replacement units as wall as renewal ones are arbitrary. An economic criterion for dependability planning (structural control) of considered system is introduced, the optimization problem is stated and partially investigated.


Maintainability is an important product characteristic related to the product life-time operation and the operation cost. Maintainability increases product's serviceability and decreases product's maintenance cost. Product disassembability is one of the key factors of product maintainability. A disassembly is normally required for product repairing, product remanufacturing, components reusing, and materials recycling in the product life-cycle management. A better disassembly plan will improve efficiency of these processes for product maintainability. This paper introduces the product maintainability analysis based on the disassembly sequence evaluation. An AND/OR graph based disassembly analysis and the cost-based evaluation are introduced for the evaluation of product maintainability. The proposed data structure and methods are discussed. The system developed is demonstrated using a case study.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


This paper presents a test method of sequence randomness of the information security system based on fourier analysis theory,this method can be applied to random sequence and cryptographic algorithm to verify their security.


SINCE the decade before the Great War, the professional dance orchestra has held an increasingly important place in American social life, and the dance musician has become an established occupational class. These men have built up, since popular music for dancing first began its rise, a large vocabulary of slang terms. The terms presented here were encountered over a period of several years' association with dance orchestra men. No word list of musicians' slang can be complete or entirely up-to-date. For one thing, the dance orchestra has neither the stability nor the tradition of other musical units, and its terminology shifts with the oft-changing public taste in styles of music. Then too, the musician himself is likely to coin a new term on the spur of the moment and as quickly forget it. Thus any list of slang terms in use in dance units cannot be anything but a current one, never permanent or definitive. It must be noted too that this slang is somewhat sectional in character. There are many terms familiar to the Easterner which the Western musician does not use or understand, and vice versa. I have tried as much as possible to avoid inclusion of sectional or local terms in this list by questioning out-of-state musicians and referring to Downbeat, the musician's magazine. Conversely, I have checked any example from that magazine with local usage.


The effect of the bond slip is brought into the TEMP-STRESS finite element code by relaxing the equal strain condition between concrete and reinforcement. This is done for the elements adjacent to the element which is cracked. A parabolic differential strain variation is assumed along the reinforcement from the crack, which is taken to be at the centroid of the cracked element, to the point where perfect bonding exists. This strain relationship is used to increase the strain of the reinforcement in the as yet uncracked elements located adjacent to a crack. By the same token the corresponding concrete strain is decreased. This estimate is made assuming preservation of strain energy in the element. The effectiveness of the model is shown by examples. Comparison of analytical results is made with structural test data. The influence of the bonding model on cracking is portrayed pictorially. 5 refs., 6 figs.


Olive leaf extract (OLE), a naturally extracted product from olive leaves, contains oleuropein and other bioactive phenolic compounds. Oleuropein was identified to have various medical properties. It was also found to inhibit the effects of both acute and chronic UVB‐induced skin damage as well as accelerate wound healing activity.


This paper introduced the management mode of the experimental teaching of Tongji University.Centering the experimental teaching,combining the experimental teaching management,laboratory construction and laboratory management,the paper established a set of systematic experimental teaching management methods.The experimental teaching software and hardware were appropriately assembled and synchronized,which lead to a standard and orderly experimental teaching teaching procedure.


J. Devin McAuley, Advisor The auditory kappa effect is a is a systematic effect of manipulations to pitch on judgments about auditory sequence timing. Two experiments were conducted to examine the role of imputed pitch velocity in the auditory kappa effect. In both experiments, participants judged the timing of a 'target' tone embedded in a three tone sequence (a kappa cell), while ignoring manipulations of the target's pitch. Experiment 1 examined the effects of the presence/absence of a context sequence that reinforced the pitch velocity imputed to the kappa cell on the magnitude of the auditory kappa effect. Presence of a context sequence tended to weaken the kappa effect. Experiment 2 varied the pitch velocity of sequences between trials. Generalizing findings from vision, the magnitude of the auditory kappa effect increased as pitch velocity increased. Findings are discussed with respect to the perceptual interdependence of space and time.


Abstract Based primarily on agency theory, this study aims to examine the role of internal and external supervisory mechanisms in improving financial reporting quality by public non-business units in Vietnam. Quantitative research with a survey method was carried out on a sample of 362 public non-business units in Ha Noi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The data collection period spread from March to May 2021. The research hypotheses were tested by PLS-SEM. The research results show that all three factors independent audit, internal control effectiveness, and financial inspection frequency had positive impacts on the financial reporting quality; internal control effectiveness has a mediating role in the relationship between independent audit, financial inspection frequency, and financial reporting quality. This study is the first to examine the chain from independent audit, financial inspection frequency, internal control effectiveness, and financial reporting quality in the context of public non-business units in an emerging economy. Furthermore, the study is the basis for setting policies and regulations to improve financial reporting quality in public non-business units.


So far CET4 and CET-6 have carried out over 20 years。in our country they are one of the greatest influence English level examination. For many years CET4 and CET-6 have been reformed for several times which have transformed from PBT into CBT which is the tendency.


The impact of community-based health insurance (CBI) schemes has attracted attention in recent times, and it is argued to have huge potential to contribute significantly to achieving the millennium development goals. CBI schemes are important safety net for providing the poor access to basic health care and protection against the potentially catastrophic cost of illness. However, evidence from studies show low enrolment in schemes in sub-Saharan African countries. This low participation has partly been attributed to misconception and lack of consummers' understanding of the CBI concept, underlying principles and benefits. These misconceptions are also reflection of the limited use of information, education and communication (IEC) strategies that drive implementation and management of schemes. IEC provides a platform for discussion of important health issues to foster understanding of the CBI concept, underlying principles and benefits of health initiatives. IEC has been recognised as essential to achieving better health outcomes in all public health interventions. Notwithstanding IEC's importance, its implementation and evaluation in CBI scheme has received very little attention. Burkina Faso has since 2004 been piloting a district wide CBI scheme. IEC was incorporated as a component in the implementation of the CBI scheme in the Nouna Health District to promote understanding and to influence high enrolment among the targeted population.


The Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) is using an in-house developed electrically driven VW Lupo EL (see [1]) for educational and research purposes. Until now, the logging of CAN data is conducted using dedicated CAN data acquisition software and afterwards translated and exported to a specic format such that the data can be analyzed in MATLAB. This approach has multiple drawbacks and therefore a MATLAB/Simulink CAN logging and data analyzing application is highly appreciated. This report describes and explains the decisions that were made during the development of these application based on the stated requirements. Also, an extensive manual is included which describes the features and explains the usage of the applications developed here. The tools developed during the project are designed in such a way that they can be used in conjunction with various CAN devices which make them suited for use with all types of vehicles using a CAN based system.


This research applied the Deep Convolutional Neural Networks and used the VGG16 model to screen rice varieties by images. The rice varieties selected in the experiment include five varieties: KorKhor 23, Suphanburi 1, Pathum Thani 1, Chainat 1, and Hom Mali Rice 105, totaling 1,500 images. The results of the experiments and model testing showed that the accuracy obtained by training the images of rice seeds is 85%, which is highly reliable. Therefore, the model was used to develop a website that can be accessed via web browsers and mobile apps where farmers or related persons can upload rice seed images to the system so that the system can predict what variety of rice it is and according to the testing of the system, it was found that it can make an accurate forecast of rice varieties.


Abstract Background Multiple studies have shown that antibiotic utilization increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the impact of this increased utilization has not been well established. The aim of this study is to describe the trends in minimum inhibitory concentrations for various antibiotics against common gram-negative pathogens observed since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic as compared to previous years. Methods This retrospective study was conducted at the Memphis VA. All respiratory, urine, and blood culture MicroScan results run from October 2017-March 2021 were analyzed. Only inpatient and emergency department data was included. The MIC50 and MIC90 of seven antibiotics for four of the most common pathogens were trended by quarterly intervals. Results MIC50 and MIC90 were compared using standardized breakpoints. As compared to previous years, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was noted to have the most sustained increase in MIC90 across various antibiotics. In the last 3 quarters of the study time frame, piperacillin-tazobactam mean MIC90 increased from 32 to 64, cefepime from 8 to > 16, and meropenem from 4 to > 8. Escherichia coli had a sustained increase in ceftriaxone MIC90 from < 1 to > 8 in the final quarter of 2020 and beginning of 2021. Klebsiella pneumonia was also found to have a sustained increase in cefepime mean MIC90 from < 1 to > 16 during the year of 2020, with return to previous MIC90 the following quarters. Conclusion Previous studies have clearly demonstrated a widespread increase in antibiotic utilization during the COVID era. Our study demonstrates how even short-term increases in antibiotic use can lead to shifts in MIC, if not outright resistance. This was demonstrated across multiple common gram-negative pathogens and to various broad-spectrum antibiotics which were commonly used more frequently during COVID-19. Further analysis will be needed to determine whether these trends continue or whether the decrease in antibiotic utilization in the recent months will lead to similar decrease in MIC. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures


Sublimation is considered In article as the form of the reflection to realities in canto of the period of the Great Domestic war. One aspect to sublimations is connected with tipizacii image, conventionality, width of the generalization. The Other aspect to sublimations is connected with origin, so named, song-alteration new variant on the base known public song and popular author''s song brought and military time.


A reference goniophotometer and primary standards for specular gloss established at the SIMT have been described, as well as the theory and measurement equations relevant to the measurements. The instrumentation, standards, and measurement techniques used to measure specular gloss have been described, including the illuminator, goniometer, receiver, sample-holding system and the characterization of the instrument. The new primary specular gloss standard and its characterization are presented.


The trade of the Genoese in Valencia has till now been considered one of the most dynamic activities of the local economy. It has been estimated that the Ligurian trade, both in terms of commercial houses established in the city as well as in terms of what was traded in the market, was enormous. However, no documentation adequate enough to test the truth of this affirmation had been available. Thanks to the confiscation of Genoese goods in 1472, as a result of the suspicions of king Juan de Navarre over Ligurian aid to the Catalan rebels in the Civil War, we have been able to offer a partial but significant evaluation of the commercial importance of the Genoese houses based in fifteenth-century Valencia. Contrary to common opinion, Genoese trade was not as extensive as claimed in cited historical studies, either in terms of merchandise or in terms of houses based in the Valencian capital.


Mainly introduces new hydraulic system cycle with online flush,pickling working for hydraulic system of cleanness and later the normal operation completes the foundation