The random error properties of FOG were analyzed,and the methods for simulating the random errors were presented.Various stochastic processes were built to simulate the various types of random noise exiting in FOG.A novel method was investigated to simulate 1/f noise with the orthogonal wavelet transform.Angular random walk noise was simulated with one-order discrete integration of white noise,and the exponentially correlated noise was simulated with one-order Markov Process.The stochastic simulation results were given.A comprehensive method for identifying the random error properties of FOG based on Allan variance,wavelet analysis and power spectrum density was proposed,and the research on identifying the random errors was conducted.


It is proven that one cannot construct boson creation and annihilation operators from a finite number of fermion operators. The proof follows from the isomorphism of the fermion algebra and the algebra of Dirac matrices.


The strength of an acid is generally discussed as a unique feature of the acid itself according to its chemical structure. Strong acids have a lower pKa value, and weak acids have a higher one. In the classrooms of high schools and universities, we sometimes use the technical terms "strong acid" and "weak acid". However, there are some acids for which it is very difficult to say, from their pKa values, whether they are strong or weak. This research addresses the distinction between strong acids and weak acids, in a restricted initial concentration of acids, to provide a clear distinction between strong acids and weak acids.


Trial on indictment always takes place in the Crown Court. However, before being sent to the Crown Court, the defendant will have been the subject of preliminary proceedings in the magistrates' court. Those proceedings are dealt with in this Chapter. There are special rules concerning juveniles (see Chapter 11).


We consider an M/G/1 queue with balking based on the workload. An arriving customer joins the queue and stays until served only if the system workload is below a fixed level at the time of arrival. We use level-crossing argument to derive an integral equation for the steady state workload distribution. We describe a procedure to solve the equation for general distributions and we solve the equation explicitly for several special cases of service time distributions, such as Phase type, Erlang, Exponential and Deterministic service times. We illustrate the results with numerical examples.


What is play? We all have an experiential sense of play, if not an objective one. While we may not be able to define it with language, we can certainly recognize it in front of us (Pellegrini 8). In a similar vein, what is fun? For the purposes of my work, I put forward that fun is the objective of play. The realization of my work is a playable game. The three goal words I established before beginning this work were fun, interactive, and online. The first word, fun, is vast. It does not denote a medium or creative process, although it connotes that the final experience will be play. The second word, interactive, is more specific. To some extent, all art can be considered interactive via the observer's interpretation of the art. I sought a more evident interaction; I want the observer (at this point, a user) to be able to transform the literal, formal aspects of the work. The goal is to create feedback: a change in the user's interaction subsequently changes the work, and so on. Doing so gives the user control, a vital part of play. The final goal word, online, is the most straightforward, but equally important in determining the result of my process. By placing my work online, I achieve visibility and accessibility. Visibility relates to myself and my personal goals, while accessibility relates to the goals of the work and the desires of the user. All of my goals oppose the traditional goals of "highart" destined for the gallery. I chose fun over the rigid austerity of a framed work, interactivity over the finality of a dried painting, and online over the geological lock of any physical art. I do not find this surprising, though it was never an explicit goal of the work. However, it offers a lens for understanding my motivations and contextual decisions in producing the work. Creating a Game


In Riccia crystallina only a few spores germinated after 3-4 months in 4-5% of the cultures attempted. Cold treatment (8-150C) shortened the dormancy period to 15 days and increased the percentage of germination. In inducing the reproductive phase, temperature again turned out to be the critical factor. Day length did not seem to have much effect so long as a certain mini- mum period of illumination was provided. Fertilization took place in the normal way, and mature sporophytes were produced in vitro.


LetKbe field,F2denotes two element field.In this paper determined are all the forms of homomorphism of group from GL_n(F_2)to GL_m(K),n=m=2 non-trivial.


determined by means of Ellman's reagent. The amounts of surface SH, internal SH, and SS bonds of US globulin (not lyophilized) were 10.3, 4.6, and 17 mol/mol protein, respectively. On the other hand, when the US globulin was lyophilized, the surface and internal SH diminished to 5 and 3.6 mol/mol protein, respectively, and the SS bonds increased to 20. 1 mol/mol protein. The result from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested the possibility that the newly formed SS bonds probably existed in each constituent subunit of US globulin and/or between the intermediary subunits which exist by nature. Differences and similarities between our result and those obtained by various workers were also discussed.


The present invention discloses a pharmaceutical, and a process for treatment of wastewater special papermaking apparatus, which is characterized by the pharmacy or papermaking wastewater after biological treatment is added into the mixing reactor strengthening treatment ferric sulfate (ferric chloride), the reaction was then sequentially coagulation, flotation (precipitation), filter tow after bleaching wastewater biological treatment and COD removal, to achieve desired depth of treatment, without adjusting the PH value, stable, simple operation, low energy consumption, sludge low production, low operating costs, high pollutant removal.


The author reports on an indicator for rehabilitative evaluation of the degree of stability of hand-arm movement. The establishment of stability criteria, the design of a measuring instrument for measuring stability of hand-arm movement and the application of the criteria by using the instrument in practical and clinical cases are discussed.<<ETX>>


Understanding wet surfaces and water/solid interfaces is of crucial importance in such diverse fields as corrosion, catalysis, mineralogy, and geology. For H2O, the delicate interplay between chemical bonding, van der Waals forces, and hydrogen bonding gives rise to complex phenomena such as complete dissociation, partial dissociation at defects, multilayer formation, and wetting. [1] Recently, an intriguing intermediate scenario was advanced, in which the interaction between the water molecules results in a partial dissociation of water on perfect surfaces, leading to superlattices with long-range order. [2–5] In view of possible failures of common theoretical approaches and severe experimental difficulties [5] this proposal has become the subject of a highly controversial debate. [5–9] For a given surface a consistent picture can only be obtained by using a broad array of experimental and computational tools in concert. Applying such a strategy, we unambiguously demonstrate that water forms a simple, unusually stable two-dimensional superstructure on defectfree zinc oxide surfaces. Diffraction (He-atom scattering (HAS), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED)), real-space (scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)), and thermodynamic (He thermal desorption spectroscopy (He-TDS)) data show that water forms a (2 4 1) superstructure with long-range order that exists up to temperatures close to the boiling point of water. Car–Parrinello ab initio simulations [10] reveal a superlattice in which every second water molecule is dissociated. The unusual thermal stability of this superstructure is a result of a favorable "key–lock" type structural arrangement in conjunction with hydrogen bonding. The computed struc


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Breast milk proteins are essential to infants as they provide nutrition and protection. This study evaluated multiple factors that might influence breast milk proteins to identify the determinants that lead to inter-individual and longitudinal differences.

METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN
Five major breast milk proteins (β-casein, α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, serum albumin and κ-casein) from breast milk samples collected from 55 mothers in three cities (Hohhot, Wuhan and Qingdao) in China were analyzed using a validated ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Various factors were statistically evaluated for their associations with breast milk proteins: mother's age, parity, delivery mode, infant gender and infant birthweight.

RESULTS
Although decreased in concentrations, the proportions of β-casein and α-lactalbumin increased from colostrum (33.8% and 26.8%) to mature milk (40.3% and 31.6%), respectively. Mothers of older age were found to produce a lower concentration of total protein. Compared with vaginal delivery, caesarean section was associated with lower concentrations of κ-casein, lactoferrin and β-casein in mature milk. Infant gender influenced breast milk proteins in colostrum: mothers who delivered a girl tended to produce more κ-casein, lactoferrin and total protein. Furthermore, regional differences were found, and mothers from Hohhot produced significantly higher concentrations of α-lactalbumin and lactoferrin than those from Qingdao and Wuhan. This regional difference might be linked to the different dietary patterns of these mothers among cities.

CONCLUSIONS
Our study deepens the understanding of breast milk protein dynamics in Chinese population and provides evidence on potential determinants, which can serve as guidance for infant nutrition optimization.


Abstract Once the great size of the Groningen Field was fully realized late in 1963, exploration in the southern North Sea was a natural development as the reservoir bedding dipped westward. The origin of that bedding was not certain, one possibility, dune sands, led immediately to a program of desert studies. Licensing regulations for Netherlands waters were not finalized until 1967, offshore exploration beginning with the award of First Round licenses in March 1968. In the UK area, the Continental Shelf Act came into force in May 1964, paving the way for offshore seismic, the first well being spudded late in that year. The first two wells were drilled on the large Mid North Sea High; both were dry, the targeted Rotliegend sandstones being absent. Then followed a series of Rotliegend gas discoveries, large and small, west of Groningen, so that by the time exploration began in Netherlands waters the UK monopoly market was saturated and exploration companies were already looking north for other targets including possible oil. The Rotliegend was targeted in the earliest wells of the UK central North Sea even though there had already been a series of intriguing oil shows in Chalk and Paleocene reservoirs in Danish and Norwegian waters. These were followed early in 1968 by the discovery of gas in Paleocene turbidites at Cod, near the UK-Norway median line. The first major discovery was Ekofisk in 1969, a billion-barrel Maastrichtian to Danian Chalk field. Forties (1970) confirmed the potential of the Paleocene sands as another billion barrel find, while the small Auk Field extended the oil-bearing stratigraphy down to the Permian. In 1971, discovery of the billion-barrel Brent field in a rotated fault block started a virtual 'stampede' to prove-up acreage awarded in the UK Fourth Round (1972) before the 50% statutory relinquishment became effective in 1978. Although the geology of much of the North Sea was reasonably well known by the end of the 1970s, new oil and gas reservoirs continued to be discovered during the next two decades. Exploration proved the Atlantic coast of Norway to be a gas and gas-condensate area. The stratigraphiC range of reservoirs extended down to the Carboniferous (gas) and Devonian (oil), while in the past decade, forays into the UK Atlantic Margin and offshore Ireland met with mixed success. During this hectic activity, Netherlands exploration confirmed a range of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs; Jurassic oil in the southern Central Graben, Jurassic-Cretaceous oil derived from a Liassic source mainly onshore and, of course, more gas from the Rotliegend. German exploration had mixed fortunes, with no commercial gas in the North Sea and high nitrogen content in Rotliegend gas in the east. Similarly in Poland, where several small Zechstein oil fields were discovered, the Rotliegend gas was nitrogen rich. The discovery of some 100 billion barrels of oil and oil equivalent beneath the waters of the North Sea since 1964 led to an enormous increase in geological knowledge, making it probably the best known area of comparable size in the World. The area had a varied history over the past 500 million years: platete-tonic movement, faulting, igneous activity, climatic change, and deposition in a variety of continental and marine environments, leading to complex geometrical relationships between source rock, reservoir and seal, and to the reasons for diagenetic changes in the quality of the reservoir sequences. Led by increasingly sophisticated seismic, drilling and wireline logging, and coupled with academic research, the North Sea developed into a giant geological laboratory where ideas were tested and extended industry-wide.


The MAF Investigation and Diagnostic Centre is responsible for the surveillance of pests and diseases in New Zealand. Diagnostic tools used include herbaceous indexing, electron microscopy, ELISA, (RT)-PCR, cloning and sequencing. During 2004 and 2005, four viruses were detected in New Zealand for the first time. Spinach latent virus (SpLV) was detected on Lycopersicon esculentum. Broad bean wilt virus 1 (BBWV-1), Verbena latent virus (VeLV), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and an unidentified Carmovirus were found co-infecting Tropaeolum majus. This is the first report of SpLV, VeLV and the unidentified Carmovirus for this host. Other new host-virus associations reported include Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) on Lycium chinense, Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) on Nandina domestica, Cherry leafroll virus (CLRV) on Rumex sp., Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) on Macropiper excelsum, Passiflora latent virus (PLV) on Passiflora tarminiana, Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV) on Rubus sp., and TuMV on Erodium moschatum. SLRSV was also found on its own or in combination with AMV, Potato virus M (PVM), Potato virus S (PVS) and Potato virus X (PVX) in Solanum muricatum. This is the first report of PVX and SLRSV on this host. The significance of these findings in New Zealand is discussed.


The cost of new replacement equipment and vehicles is a significant portion of the annual budget of most transportation authorities, municipalities, and fleet operators. An additional large expenditure of this budget is the ongoing maintenance costs of aging fleets of equipment/vehicles that are not scheduled for new replacement due to budget constraints or extended equipment life cycles. An additional complication to this scenario is the extended delivery times of new replacement equipment. A solution to this continuing and escalating problem is the use of a sophisticated outsourced remanufacturing program. This paper reviews the increasing problems that high-priced, complex new equipment has with escalation of maintenance costs and presents a viable solution. This solution, remanufacturing, has been used successfully for approximately 20 years. This proven solution has not been widely employed by the transportation authorities, state fleets, and public works throughout the nation.


In a number of investigations attention has been given to the formation of the vapour-gas channel in laser welding with incomplete penetration of the material and to the transfer of liquid metal from the cavity into the weld pool and, in particular, to the two mechanisms of formation of the deep penetration channel: as a result of the pressure of the vapours of the melt (Fig. 1a) and thermal capillary mechanism (Fig. 1b). In this work, investigations were carried out into the formation of the weld cavity and the transfer of liquid metal from the cavity into the weld pool in laser welding with continuous penetration of the metal. The experiments were conducted in 10 kW CO 2 laser equipment, with a KCl focusing length, with a focusing distance of 300 mm, the focus distance 2 mm. Welding of 17G1SU steel with a thickness of 10 mm and of 10G2FBYu and 14GFSh steels with a thickness of 8 mm was carried out in helium. During welding, the formation of the weld cavity and the weld pool was continuously recorded with a VP-D85i video camera with a Chameleon light filter, frequency 24 frames/s. The results of video recording of the laser cavity in the direction of the supply of laser irradiation are shown in Fig. 2. Analysis of the video recording shows that in the case of v w = 1 m/min, the liquid metal is ejected from the cavity in the form of small portions with a frequency of approximately 3 Hz along the tangent to the generating line of the weld cavity in the anticlockwise direction in relation to the weld pool. The increase of v w to 1.5 m/min increases the frequency of ejection of liquid metal to 4 Hz. The frame-by-frame recording of the position of liquid metal makes it possible to determine the speed of travel of the metal. The initial speed of ejection of metal from the cavity at v w = 1 m/min was 30 mm/s, and at v w = 1.5 m/ min it was approximately 45 mm/s. However, with increase of the distance from the weld cavity, the speed of liquid metal v m decreases to 0. This is associated with the inhibition of the liquid metal by the forces of surface tension which increase during cooling of the metal. Externally, the process is accompanied by the formation of a small number of flakes on the top surface of the welded joints. The movement of liquid metal along the tangent to the weld cavity is preceded by the movement of liquid metal around the weld cavity. This is explained by the formation of convective flows because of the temperature difference of the front, back and side walls of the weld cavity. The speed of movement of liquid metal Formation of the vapour-gas channel in the weld pool in laser welding


21 Abstract— Steel is one of the most common materials come into contact in our daily life. Steel industry is one of the major industries for developing countries, and it is one of the industrial sectors that have the highest energy consumption. They are primary industry which serves material to secondary industry. Manufacturing industry has focused on increasing energy efficiency of their production process. Iron and steel industry always incorporates a reheating process in the production chain of their commodities. Reheating furnace is an essential facility of a rolling mill where a billet is heated to required rolling temperature. This paper discusses literature review about rolling process, purpose and need of reheating furnace and energy analysis of reheating furnaces


The mounting aid (11) comprises a handle, which is directly fastened at an outer side of a building wall (4), and an area, which forms a supporting unit, at which a floating flushing tank (2) is supported at a rinsing tube (8). Another area is provided, which has two arms that are fastened at the outer side of the building wall. An independent claim is also included for a flushing device comprises a rinsing tube.


—To improve the network security, when a virus pattern is updated, an arbitrary updated pattern should be quickly set in a network intrusion detection system (NIDS). This type of NIDS is called "programmable." However, present programmable NIDSs could hardly be applied to a high-speed network with more than 10 Gbps of network transmission speed due to the limitation of clock frequency of the circuit. To overcome this speed limitation, this paper proposes a programmable NIDS based on a multi-byte transition non- deterministic finite automaton (NFA). The proposed NIDS is implemented on an FPGA to evaluate its performance. The FPGA implementation results show that the proposed NIDS can achieve more than 10 Gbps of throughput.


Migration-based language pluralism and globalized identity conflicts pose challenges for educational research and linguistic anthropology, in particular, how we think about education and social inequality. This article proposes new conceptual tools, drawn from linguistic anthropology as well as world systems theory, for analyzing the role of schooling in social reproduction and for investigating the dynamics of globalized social polarization. It grounds the argument in an ethnographic study of Latino migrant schoolchildren in upstate New York. [scale, migration, globalization, social reproduction, linguistic anthropology]


The new self-evaluation form from Ofsted is not compulsory - but a very beneficial tool. Laura Henry and Beth Harris recommend that every setting completes it, and set out the best way to do so.


The representation of knowledge in the logic OLP-FOL 8], 7], is split in two parts: writing deenitions for known concepts, and writing constraints, expressing partial knowledge on other concepts. This is reeected in an OLP-FOL theory T , which is a pair: T = (T d ; T c). The deenition part T d contains the deenitions for known predicates in the form of a normal open logic program (OLP), whereas the rst order logic (FOL) part T c is a set of FOL axioms, expressing partial knowledge on other predicates. The semantics of OLP-FOL is a generalisation of the well-founded semantics 16]. An OLP-FOL theory T = (T d ; T c), divides the set of predicate symbols in two disjoint subsets: the deened predicates, which occur in the head of a clause of T d , and the open predicates, which occur at the most in the body of the clauses of T d. In previous work 17], the composition of two OLP-FOL theories, with non-intersecting sets of deened predicate symbols, was studied. It was argued that their composition is given by the set of common models. Here, we investigate the possibility of composing two OLP-FOL theories, which deene the same predicate. Therefore, we introduce two operators on theories: the p-opening operator, which opens the deenition of the predicate p in a theory completely, and the conditional p-opening operator, which maintains the deenition of p in a theory if a certain condition holds, and opens p in the other cases. We show that we can compose two theories, which both have an open deenition for the same predicate, or which both have a conditional open deenition for the same predicate, with non-overlapping conditions.


iN TiMES oF CHAoS, tragedy has been the spirit or the ghost that hovers over history. Tragedy has also been particularly long-lived as a theatrical genre, one whose aesthetic has changed over the course of the centuries, and with it, so too, its appraisal by critics. What Was Tragedy? reflects recent interest in reception studies, as some of its chapters diligently consider the performance history and success of a variety of theatrical texts, some now forgotten (as is the case of stefonio's Crispus), some relegated to a secondary position within the corpus of extremely canonical authors (as is the case of shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra). With a conceptual-history bent, What Was Tragedy? is an in-depth reflection on the construction of literary theories across time; its ultimate goal is demonstrating "that the philosophy of the tragic is an obstacle to our interpretation of most of the tragedy that was produced in early modern Europe" (293). As the title reminds us, there is not a single definition able to encompass tragedy through time, and delving into the history of tragedy means delving into its past meanings, what it was as opposed to what it is for us. Hoxby's book is divided into two parts, The Philosophy of the Tragic and the Poetics of Tragedy and The World We Have Lost. Part 1, consisting of chapters 1–2, sets out the theoretical basis of the book, while part 2, consisting of chapters 3–6, incorporates case studies of particular tragedies, each with varying aims and often accompanied by an overview of the performance history of the works in question. Chapter 1, "Our Tragic Culture," reviews theories of tragedy developed by the German idealist tradition and assesses their influence in twentiethcentury conception of tragedy. special attention is given to a range of 1960s-era scholars, including Jean-Pierre Vernant, who stressed that an alien subjectivity such as that of the Greek tragedy "could not be properly understood apart from its social and cultural context" (37). Following this idea, Hoxby situates himself among more recent critics such as terence cave, terry eagleton, and simon Goldhill, while at the same time distinguishing himself from them by "putting emphasis on pathos" and by confining his book "to a historical period with a coherent poetics of tragedy" Blair hoxby. What Was Tragedy? Theory and the Early Modern Canon.


We analyzed 3 hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients with inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus‐6 (inherited CIHHV‐6). Cases 1 (inherited CIHHV‐6A) and 2 (inherited CIHHV‐6B) were inherited CIHHV‐6 recipients. Case 3 received bone marrow from a donor with inherited CIHHV‐6B. Following HSCT, HHV‐6B was isolated from Case 1. HHV‐6A and ‐6B messenger RNAs were detected in Cases 1 and 3.


The concept of race has been a continuingly confused and controversial term despite its importance as social science and biological subject matter. Although the idea of races may have existed in earliest writing, the word "race" first appeared in European languages during the sixteenth century. In the seventeenth century, the French phrase "especes-ou-races d'homme" was used to refer to "family" or "breed." Around 1700, the German word "Rasse," meaning something like "generation," was introduced into the language by Leibnitz.I The word was not employed in its contemporary meaning, however, until Kant (1775) used the phrase "races of mankind" to designate peoples who could be distinguished from others according to their physical attributes (Rose, 1968). The first anthropologists to actually classify mankind according to his physical attributes used words other than "race" to describe the same phenomena (e.g., "stocks," "varieties"). Using facial and body forms as criteria, Francois Bernier, a seventeenth-century naturalist, grouped man into four "stocks" (1684). Later, Carol Von Linneaus, in his classic work, Systematic Naturae (1735), grouped man into four "varieties": White, Red, Yellow, and Black. For purposes of classification, Linneaus used skin color and physiognomy as criteria and then correlated these traits with temperament or personality types.


ABSTRACT For several decades, college counseling centers have struggled to meet a steady rise in demand for services. Research suggests that therapeutic advancements, including psychotropic medication, have led to an increase in students with serious mental illnesses who now represent a significant portion of this demand. Current strategies to meet the demand for treatment have fallen short, often resulting in students with serious mental illnesses withdrawing. This composite case study introduces the Next Step Program at Rutgers University, a new program designed specifically to treat students with serious mental illnesses on campus. Using a social ecological approach, this case study traces the development of changes implemented at the macro level of the university, the meso level of the college counseling center, and the micro level of a student receiving treatment at the Next Step Program. By highlighting how on-campus treatment removes common barriers to care and improves outcomes for both students with serious mental illnesses and the universities they attend, college counseling professionals and administrators will learn of the crucial positive impacts on-campus treatment can provide.


Abstract This article approaches the Internet in terms of the metaphor of space and examines the web as a terrain for social agency in the local context. The main concern is how the global Internet is currently being used for locally oriented purposes, particularly with the kinds of actor roles that locally oriented web spaces construct for users and the modes of interaction these spaces enable and encourage. Finally, consideration is given to how the web could be developed as an arena for dialogical collective processes where it is possible for citizens to take up a role which includes public deliberation and participation. The article is based on the assumption that the spatial metaphor would be empirically more fruitful if understood and employed in a down-to-earth manner that relates locally oriented web spaces to issues of physical localities and also takes notice of the locally established practices of public communication.


The creative processes of interaction design operate in terms we generally use for conceptualising human-computer interaction (HCI). Therefore the prevailing design paradigm provides a framework that essentially affects and guides the design process. We argue that the current mainstream design paradigm for multimodal user-interfaces takes human sensory-motor modalities and the related userinterface technologies as separate channels of communication between user and an application. Within such a conceptualisation, multimodality implies the use of different technical devices in interaction design. This chapter outlines an alternative design paradigm, which is based on an action-oriented perspective on human perception and meaning creation process. The proposed perspective stresses the integrated sensory-motor experience and the active embodied involvement of a subject in perception coupled as a natural part of interaction. The outlined paradigm provides a new conceptual framework for the design of multimodal user interfaces. A key motivation for this new framework is in acknowledging multimodality as an inevitable quality of interaction and interaction design, the existence of which does not depend on, for example, the number of implemented presentation modes in an HCI application. We see that the need for such an interactionand experience-derived perspective is amplified within the trend for computing to be moving into smaller devices of various forms which are being embedded into our everyday life. As a brief illustration of the proposed framework in practice, one case study of sonic interaction design is presented. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-978-6.ch006


This study investigates cross-sectionally the impact of economic and property factors on the returns of UK property companies and real estate investment trusts. By applying structural time-series modelling and the Kalman Filter to obtain unexpected changes or innovations in selected economic and property variables it was found for the sample period analysed that economic and property variables influence commercial property returns in the UK. It was also found that by converting into REITS property companies quickly acquired hybrid features of securitised and property backed assets.


The demand of higher data-rates for mobile communication has driven the LTE standard to adopt methods to increase channel bandwidth by Carrier Aggregation (CA), this is known as LTE-Advanced (LTE-A). Due to regional spectrum allocation, these carriers can be inter-band, or intra-band with contiguous (CCA) or non-contiguous (NCCA) channels. The band combinations create a major challenge for an LTE-A transceiver (TRX) in dealing with the intermodulation (IM) of aggregated channels. These IM sources include fundamental and harmonics of LOs, VCOs, and the transmitter (TX) modulated signals. In addition, when multiple receivers (RXs) and synthesizers (SXs) are needed to support CA, power consumption becomes a key challenge. This work describes an adaptive RX that can adjust trade-offs between power consumption and RX performance, allowing significant power reduction under normal field conditions. Additionally several techniques are described for mitigation of CA IM spurs.


Novel composite materials based on polymer matrix with inorganic filler have been synthesized and characterized in order to evaluate their potential application in dentistry, as restorative materials. The first approach was to generate and characterize a new filler having the composition in the CaO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 system. The study continued with the development of the polymer matrix based on 2,2 propyl bis-phenyl glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) and triethylenene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) monomers. Composites containing Bis-GMA and TEGDMA at the ratio (wt/wt) of 75/25, filled with different amounts of filler (up to 80% wt) have been prepared. The photopolymerization was induced in the presence of camphoroquinone / N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (CQ/DMAEMA), as photoinitiator system. The degree of conversion of each composite was measured by infrared spectroscopy immediately after being cured and it was correlated with the gel content. Water uptake and Vickers microhardness were evaluated and correlated with the composition of the composites.


A novel approximation of the two-dimensional (2D) potential function perpendicular to the channel is proposed,and then an analytical threshold voltage model for a fully depleted SOI-MOSFET with a non-uniform Gaussian distribution doping profile is given based on this approximation.The model agrees well with numerical simulation by MEDICI.The result represents a new way and some reference points in analyzing and controlling the threshold voltage of non-uniform fully depleted (FD) SOI devices in practice.


A trend towards inverse stage migration in prostate cancer (PCa) was reported. However, previous analyses did not take into account potential differences in sampling strategies (number of biopsy cores), which might have confounded these reports.


Post-processing is an essential step in detecting and correcting errors in OCR-generated texts. In this paper, we present an automatic OCR post-processing model which comprises both error detection and error correction phases for OCR output texts of unconstrained Vietnamese handwriting. We propose a hybrid approach of generating and scoring correction candidates for both non-syllable and real-syllable errors based on the linguistic features as well as the error characteristics of OCR outputs. We evaluate our proposed model on a Vietnamese benchmark database at the line level. The experimental results show that our model achieves 4.17% of character error rate (CER) and 9.82% of word error rate (WER), which helps improve both CER and WER of an attention-based encoder-decoder approach by 0.5% and 3.5% respectively on the VNOnDB-Line dataset of the Vietnamese online handwritten text recognition competition (VOHTR2018). These results outperform those obtained by various recognition systems in the VOHTR2018 competition.


ABSTRACT The Raman inactive low-frequency phonon-polariton was studied in a quantum paraelectric strontium titanate crystal. The lowest frequency IR active T1u mode was investigated by the reflectance and transmittance Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy using the pulse coherent THz radiation from 0.2 to 5.0 THz. The complex dispersion relations were determined using the real and imaginary parts of a polariton wavevector calculated from the complex refractive index which reflects the T1u symmetry phonon-polariton. The remarkable change of the dispersion relation was observed in the vicinity of TO and LO mode frequencies for both real and imaginary parts of a polariton wave vector. The observed complex dispersion relation of T1u symmetry is in agreement within the experimental uncertainty with the dispersion curves fitted by the damped harmonic oscillator model.


We have investigated the electric-field-strength dependence of the reduced effective masses of the minibands in a GaAs/AlAs superlattice embedded in a p-i-n diode structure with use of electroreflectance spectroscopy. Frantz-Keldysh (FK) oscillations are observed in the energy region between the n = 1 heavy hole to electron transition at the mini-Brillouin-zone center (kz = 0: Γ point) and that at the edge (kz = π/D: π point), where D is the superlattice period. Analyzing the FK oscillations, we evaluate the reduced effective masses at the Γ and π points as a function of electric field strength. The evaluated reduced effective masses are consistent with the values estimated from the calculated miniband dispersion relations in a low electric field regime. It is found that the reduced effective masses tend to be heavier at a given electric field strength. Considering the electric-field-strength dependence of eigenstates calculated using a transfer-matrix method, we conclude that an increase of the reduced e...


TRZCIŃSKA-TACIK, H. AND STACHURSKA-SWAKOŃ, A. 2011. Alopecurus myosuroides (Poaceae) as the permanent segetal weed of the Skala vicinity in the Krakow-Czestochowa Upland. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica Polonica 18(2): 221-229. Krakow. PL ISSN 1640-629X. ABSTRACT: Alopecurus myosuroides is an annual weed species that became herbicide-resistant in XX century in many European countries and it have been caused a serious problem decreasing of the crop amount. As the species is also treated as invasive in some countries there is a need to monitor its localities that appeared after 90yrs of XX century in Poland. The locality of the black grass was noted of the Skala vicinity in the Krakow-Czestochowa Upland in 1991 as the far south segetal locality in Poland. The monitoring of the place shows increasing number of crops with the species.


A methodology is developed for estimating consumer acceptance limits on a sensory attribute of a manufactured product. In concept these limits are analogous to engineering tolerances. The method is based on a generalization of Stevens' Power Law. This generalized law is expressed as a nonlinear statistical model. Instead of restricting the analysis to this particular case, a strategy is discussed for evaluating nonlinear models in general since scientific models are frequently of nonlinear form. The strategy focuses on understanding the geometrical contrasts between linear and nonlinear model estimation and assessing the bias in estimation and the departures from a Gaussian sampling distribution. Computer simulation is employed to examine the behavior of nonlinear least squares estimation. In addition to the usual Gaussian assumption, a bootstrap sample reuse procedure and a general triangular distribution are introduced for evaluating the effects of a non-Gaussian or asymmetrical error structure. Recomme...


The paper presents the evolution of the market orientation of Romanian industrial companies in the first two decades of the post-communism period. While in the first decade of transition the market orientation was almost in-existent, at the end of the second decade a strong commitment towards marketing performance has been identified. The dimensions of marketing performance that emerged as most important were market performance, customer performance and marketing's financial performance. However the companies' average ability to measure marketing performance was slightly less than adequate.


Abstract: To examine the possibility that NaF enhances phosphoinositide‐specific phospholipase C (PIC) activity in neural tissues by a mechanism independent of a guanine nucleotide binding protein (Gp), we have evaluated the contribution of Gp activation to NaF‐stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in human SK‐N‐SH neuroblastoma cells. Addition of NaF to intact cells resulted in an increase in the release of inositol phosphates (450% of control values; EC50 of ∼ 8 mM). Inclusion of U‐73122, an aminosteroid inhibitor of guanine nucleotide‐regulated PIC activity in these cells, resulted in a dose‐dependent inhibition of NaF‐stimulated inositol lipid hydrolysis (IC50 of ∼ 3.5 μM). When added to digitonin‐permeabilized cells, NaF or guanosine‐5′‐O‐thiotriphosphate (GTPγS) resulted in a three‐ and sevenfold enhancement, respectively, of inositol phosphate release. In the combined presence of optimal concentrations of NaF and GTPγS, inositol phosphate release was less than additive, indicative of a common site of action. Inclusion of 2–5 mM concentrations of guanosine‐5′‐O‐(2‐thiodiphosphate) (GDPβS) fully blocked phosphoinositide hydrolysis elicited by GTPγS, whereas that induced by NaF was partially inhibited (65%). However, preincubation of the cells with GDPβS resulted in a greater reduction in the ability of NaF to stimulate inositol phosphate release (87% inhibition). Both GTPγS and NaF‐stimulated inositol phosphate release were inhibited by inclusion of 10 μM U‐73122 (54–71%). The presence of either NaF or GTPγS also resulted in a marked lowering of the Ca2+ requirement for activation of PIC in permeabilized cells. These results indicate that in SK‐N‐SH cells, little evidence exists for direct stimulation of PIC by NaF and that the majority of inositol phosphate release that occurs in the presence of NaF can be attributed to activation of Gp.


to live in holiness, has attractive implications for modem women and men still responding to that call. The varied perspectives charted in this volume provide important clues to how holiness may be experienced even in the midst of contemporary secularity. Working these clues into a pattern of response mindful of the past, yet sensitive to the genuine difference in the present, remains the task of the readers, as it should be. But Gammie has given us direction and encouragement for our work for which we will remain in his debt.


Ancient manuscripts constitute a heritage to preserve for future generations and make it accessible to a wider audience. This heritage is unfortunately consulted by a minority of experts and researchers because of the lack of information on the existence of this national heritage. The problem is partly due to the fact that this manuscript heritage is stocked in libraries scattered around the country and managed by institutions belonging to different departments or different establishments of the same department. On the other hand, restriction of access to national heritage manuscript is related to the concern to preserve the manuscripts physically manipulated which contribute to their accelerated degradation, taking into consideration these limitations on access while ensuring preservation of original manuscripts, the solution widely adopted by developed countries is based partly on the digitization of this heritage manuscript, and partly on the development of management platforms and diffusion of this wealth of knowledge digitized. Easy access to such manuscripts presented on images format requires an index which can be created manually or automatically by using Optical Recognition Characters (OCR). The automatic approach is difficult to realize by considering the cursive nature of Arabic writing and by the exaggerated overlapping between words and lines in handwritten Arabic manuscripts. So, the segmentation leading to extract respectively and separately lines, words and characters constitutes the critical operation, affecting the performance of all Arabic (OCR) systems. Recent research works adopt the word spotting approach. The words in a manuscript are matched as images and grouped into clusters which contain all instances of the same word. This new and original approach solve the problem related to the cursive nature of the Arabic writing by not considering the character segmentation, but considers the line and word segmentation perfectly performed. To tackle these problems mainly connected to segmentation operation, we propose in this paper a new indexing system of Arabic manuscripts, which facilitates transcription and the establishment of Arabic handwritten text by annotating images of manuscripts according to metadata. Our system offers the ability to create works of Arabic manuscripts in a format TEI XML, this model includes all the primitives that are related to the international standard markup TEI (Text Encoding Initiative), and to provide good guarantees compatibility with existing tools. This system supplies the database of the open source platform SDX (System Documentary XML) that allows searching, browsing and viewing of these documents in a web format. The good performances of the proposed method were tested by using some ancient Arabic manuscripts.


The author considers the influence and interaction of the main center of domestic tourism in the Russian Empire, the Black Sea coast of Crimea, with other regions of medical tourism, primarily with the "koumiss area" in the Trans-Volga region: Samara, Ufa, and Orenburg provinces. Publications in the periodicals of the "capital" of the Southern coast of Crimea, Yalta, as well as the study of advertising, demonstrate the deep interest of the business and editorial-journalistic community of Crimea in monitoring the development of competitors in the field of tourism, while not forgetting to give readers a negative assessment of them. This is especially true of the Trans-Volga region, whose range of services for the treatment of tuberculosis patients with koumiss largely coincided with the proposals of the Crimeans. On the other hand, the owners of koumiss clinics in the Trans-Volga region sought to enter the richest tourist market in Crimea.


Vacuum deposition techniques like thermal evaporation and CVD with their precise layer control and high layer purity often cannot be applied for the deposition of chemical or biological molecules. The molecules are usually decomposed by heat. To overcome this problem, the Electrospray ionization (ESI) process known from mass spectroscopy is employed to transfer molecules into vacuum and to deposit them on a substrate. In this work, a homemade ESI tool was used to deposit BSA (Bovine serum albumin) layers with high deposition rates. Solutions with different concentrations of BSA were prepared using a methanol:water (MeOH:H2O) mixture (1:1) as solvent. The influence of the substrate distance on the deposition rate and on the transmission current was analyzed. Furthermore, the layer thickness distribution and layer adhesion were investigated.


Random antenna array (RAA) that uses the conventional beamforming method produces a poor beam pattern with high sidelobe level. This greatly reduces the performance and the e-ciency of the antenna. The use of Genetic Algorithm (GA) to flnd the best positions for the antenna elements in RAA to lower the sidelobes has been widely researched. However, there has been no solution proposed for the reduction of sidelobes when the user has no autonomy over the position of the radiating elements, for instance in cases such as emergency communications. This paper proposes a novel Pareto Elite Selection Genetic Algorithm (PESGA) optimization method to reduce the sidelobes in an RAA that has flxed elements' position. The proposed method uses a single fltness function (peak sidelobe level) for parent selection while an additional function (number of sidelobes above a threshold level) is introduced to select the elitist in every generation via Pareto Front (PF) selection. Results indicate that the proposed PESGA method is best used for scenarios where the array size is small. In such cases, the proposed method provides much reduced sidelobe compared to the conventional RAA beamforming method and up to 200% improvements in terms of mainlobe to peak sidelobe ratio compared to GA weight optimized beamforming method.


Spinal cord injury results in irreversible paralysis, axonal injury, widespread oligodendrocyte death, and white matter damage. Although the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are poorly understood, previous studies from our laboratory indicate that inhibiting activation of the nuclear factor‐κB transcription factor in astrocytes reduces white matter damage and improves functional recovery following spinal cord injury. In the current study, we demonstrate that activation of the nuclear factor‐κB transcription factor within astrocytes results in a significant increase in oligodendrocyte death following trauma by reducing extracellular zinc levels and inducing glutamate excitotoxicity. By using an ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist (CNQX), we show that astroglial nuclear factor‐κB‐mediated oligodendrocyte death is dependent on glutamate signaling despite no change in extracellular glutamate concentrations. Further analysis demonstrated a reduction in levels of extracellular zinc in astrocyte cultures with functional nuclear factor‐κB signaling following trauma. Cotreatment of oligodendrocytes with glutamate and zinc showed a significant increase in oligodendrocyte toxicity under low‐zinc conditions, suggesting that the presence of zinc at specific concentrations can prevent glutamate excitotoxicity. These studies demonstrate a novel role for zinc in regulating oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity and identify new therapeutic targets to prevent oligodendrocyte cell death in central nervous system trauma and disease. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


As the content-rich services which demand tremendous bandwidth proliferate, service providers must adapt to the trend quickly so as to meet not only the current demands but also the future needs of their customers. The hybrid fiber-copper deployment facilitates and complements Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) strategy in which optical fiber is gradually brought closer to the consumer, and emerging G.fast (Fast Access over Subscriber Terminals) technology is used for the remaining copper network. The deployment of ultra-broadband hybrid fiber copper access networks introduce significant challenges in the service provisioning, network operation, and management which need to be mitigated. In this paper we first address selected significant management issues such as G.fast management approaches, provisioning point comparison, and the flexible service provisioning for G.fast. We then present the design of the integrated and automated provisioning systems to support the diversity of services for hybrid fiber copper networks. Such integrated systems will speed up the end-to-end quality assured service delivery, reduce the operational expenditure (OPEX), and result in higher customer satisfaction.


Abstract This paper describes the effect of friction welding conditions on joining phenomena during the friction stage of type 7075-T6 aluminium alloy (A7075) friction welds. The friction torque had wear and seizure stages until the initial peak torque when A7075 was welded under high friction speed and low friction pressure, i.e. 27 · 5 rev s−1 and 30 MPa. Initial seizure and joining began at the central region (centre axis) of the welded interface, and extended towards the peripheral region (outer surface). On the other hand, when A7075 was welded under high friction speed and high friction pressure, i.e. 27 · 5 rev s−1 and 90 MPa, almost no wear stage existed before the initial peak torque. Initial seizure and joining began at the peripheral region of the welded interface and extended towards the central region. Then, the friction torque reached an initial peak torque when the welded interface was joined completely and upsetting of both base metals started. As a conclusion, the joining mechanism of A7075 friction welding was similar to that of low carbon steel.


The role of the Federal government in the surveying and mapping and irt concomitant geographical description of the southeastern United States prior to about 1865 has been large, larger perhaps than is generally realized. (I) During this period the considerable area extending from the Ohio-Potomac periphery on the north, southward to the Gulf of Mexico, and between the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean, was dominantly an agricultural society as distinguished from the more industrial-commercial character of the area to the north. Therefore, the kinds of needs for the services of the Federal government differed somewhat. In this brief review of this large role, only the highlights are discussed and described, primarily in terms of the official publications of the Federal government and the official records that are in the National Archives. (2) Convenience and the limitation of space restrict the paper to three principal, but not equivalent, periods.


Laser engraving has considerable potential for the rapid and cost effective manufacturing of polymeric microfluidic devices. However, fabricated devices are hindered by relatively large surface roughness in the engraved areas, which can perturb smooth fluidic flow and can damage sensitive biological components. This effect is exacerbated when engraving at depths beyond the laser focal range, limiting the production of large aspect ratio devices such as microbioreactors. This work aims to overcome such manufacturing limitations and to realise more reproducible and defect free microfluidic channels and structures. We present a strategy of multiple engraving passes alongside solvent polymer reflow for shallow depth (<500 µm) and a layer cutting with laminate bonding for larger depth (>500 µm) features. To examine the proposed methodologies, capillary action and bioreactor microfluidic devices were fabricated and evaluated. Results indicate that the multiple engraving technique could reproduce engraved microfluidic channels to depths between 50–470 µm, both rapidly (6–8 min) and with low average surface roughness (1.5–2.5 µm). The layer cutting approach was effective at manufacturing microfluidic devices with depths  <500 µm, rapidly (<1 min) and with low surface roughness. Ultimately, the proposed methodology is highly beneficial for the rapid development of polymer-based microfluidic devices.


This report reviews the fieldwork arising from a study of peri-urban horticultural in Kumasi, Ghana in 1994 by the Crop Utilisation Department of NRI.


Non-shaping dynamic element matching (DEM) randomization schemes are widely adopted for wideband Nyquist-rate digital-to-analog converters (DACs) within transmitter architectures. Here, randomization translates the mismatch-induced distortion into white noise from dc to $\text{F}_{\mathrm{ s}}$ /2 range. However, the DAC performance for various bands within the Nyquist range cannot be improved using non-shaped DEMs as their inherent structure cannot be made programmable. Conversely, mismatch-shaping DEMs can be made tunable to shape the DAC errors over various signal bands, which makes them suitable for wireless transmitter applications. This paper presents the design methodology for high-order mismatch-shaping DEM architectures suitable for wideband Nyquist DACs. The challenge in designing high-order DEM structures for Nyquist DACs is to make them programmable to cover various signal bands within the Nyquist range and to operate them at high-frequencies demanded by the applications. Moreover, the stability of the high-order loop-filter within the DEM and its implementation cost is of great concern. This work details techniques to design programmable, stable, and hardware efficient high-order DEM structures for wideband Nyquist DACs. The DEM structures are implemented on an UltraScale+ FPGA device for prototyping and validation. Furthermore, the DEM design operation is validated by obtaining the measurement results interfacing with a 5-bit analog DAC.


Predicting relevant law articles for legal context is an important task in legal judgment prediction. Instead of treating law articles as plain labels, many previous works dig information from law articles with various methods to improve prediction accuracy. Current works only extract features from law articles with in a static way, which means the model does not consider the corresponding legal context. However, the fact is that a legal context does not always match the full description of a law article. To this end, we propose a Mutual Element-aware Law Article Prediction (MELAP) model, which considers mutual information while extracting features from legal context and law articles. The model encodes legal context and law articles with attention-based pre-trained language model to better understand natural language by utilizing common sense. Then a mutual attention is computed between embeddings of legal context and law articles for key feature extraction. We also improved the loss function to help the model focus on rare cases. Experiments show that our model achieves at most 2% increment on prediction accuracy, and other results also show that we achieve significantly better performance over baselines under multiple experiment settings.


A number of encryption systems work by combining each plaintext bit with a hash function of the last n ciphertext bits. Such systems are self-synchronising in that they recover from ciphertext errors with an error extension of n. We show firstly that if the hash function is a tree function, then the system is vulnerable to a chosen ciphertext attack and, under certain circumstances, to a chosen plaintext attack; secondly, that all hash functions are equivalent to some tree function; thirdly, that whether or not this gives a computable attack on a given algorithm depends on the connectivity of a graph associated with the hash function; and, fourthly, the implications for DES, for RSA key selection, and for algorithm design in general.


By taking a library in higher vocational college in Ningbo as a research object the authors make an investigation of the changing situation of performance from 2005 to 2010 in the library.The results showed that the comprehensive indexes of the performance evaluation of the library was on rise with each passing year: 18.33 in 2005 and 82.53 in 2010 respectively,which basically conformed to the reality.It was suggested that the performance evaluation of library should be the combination of qualitative and quantitative evaluations.We should increase the government input to libraries,construct the scientific and standard performance management system,optimize the allocation of resources,and take the road of connotative development,so as to achieve the performance of lower input and higher output in libraries.


Abstract This article presents a two-step iterative method that uses u – P formulation to study a Degasperis-Procesi (DP) equation, with which the DP equation is decomposed into the nonlinear advection equation and the Helmholtz equation. The first-order derivative terms in the advection equation are approximated by an Optimized Compact Reconstruction Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (OCRWENO) scheme that reduces dispersion and dissipation errors and suppresses oscillation near discontinuities. Besides, high-order symplectic Runge-Kutta scheme is used for time marching. A rigorous analysis of the dispersion and dissipation errors are provided for the OCRWENO scheme. Single smooth soliton solution is investigated to check the accuracy and the order of the proposed method. Peakon, peakon-peakon, peakon-antipeakon and shockpeakon solutions of the DP equation are then predicted. Finally, wave breaking phenomena of smoothed initial condition from the DP equation are addressed. In addition, two conservative quantities associated with the bi-Hamiltonian form of the DP equation are calculated to demonstrate capabilities of the present method.


"Paralinguistics" is derived from the Latin words ("para" - beyond,"lingua" - language), meaning "beyond the language", "used with the language".Paralinguistics is a branch of linguistics, meaning "beside the language" and inlinguistics under this term the expression of an idea in a non-verbal way is meant.Accordingly, the words "non-verbal", "extralinguistics" are used as synonyms for thisterm. "Every natural physical action of a person is considered a nonverbal means,which is associated with the process of communication of speech, without beingincluded in the category of kinetic nonverbal means ..." (GV Kolshansky.)1


The early failure of the 'dram-balet' form as a vehicle for Soviet ballet is often observed as a failure of its stories to deliver the message of the new society being born around it. This article discusses how this may not be a sufficient explanation of both the survival of ballet
 in Soviet times and its eventual emergence as a cultural symbol of the USSR. The misdirected efforts into didactic storytelling worked precisely against its utility to Soviet cultural bureaucrats who were looking for work that could support the aims of the Revolution in its practical manifestations.
 Once the ballet masters of the Bolshoi gave up their pretensions to narrative (the infamous 'dram-balet' of the 1920s), a different accommodation with the regime was found through equating the physical and technical work of ballet with that of a society focussed on taking itself out of centuries
 of backwardness. Ballet dancers could thus become the exemplars of Soviet citizens, hard working, technical specialists in culture, consistent with the ambitions of a meritocracy.


Some comparative analysis of the seven stations sounding data during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) in 1998 and NCAR analysis datasets (during 5-25 May 1998 and 5-25 June 1998 ) within the atmospheric boundary layer. The results show that: In the atmospheric boundary layer,NCAR analysis datasets have a big error. The error of the potential temperature and specific humidity of the andysis dataset decrease with elevation;the error of the specific humidity is bigger than the error of the potential temperature with the analysis datasets,basically,the square deviation of the potential temperature are less than 1 K at the seven stations,the greatest square deviation is not more than 2 K,while the square deviation of the specific humidity are greater than 1.0 g·kg-1,the greatest error are more than 2.0 g·kg-1 at some stations;preliminarily,it can illuminate that the different underlying surfaces lead to a relatively large impact on the error of the NCAR analysis datasets,the potential temperature of the analysis datasets are not precise in inlands and islands than the values of the littorals,on the contrary,the specific humidity is precise in inlands and islands than the values of the littorals;in the vertical direction,the range of the potential temperature square deviation is 0.98-1.33 K,and the range of the specific humidity square deviation is 1.39-1.60 g·kg-1.


Seven kinds of traditional Chinese paper for painting and calligraphy, such as Xuan paper, Daqian writing paper, Fuyangxuan paper and Wenzhou bast paper, were selected as samples to investigate their strength and durability after accelerated ageing (80 degreesC, 65 percent RH) for up to 16 weeks. Changes in color, tensile energy absorption (TEA), folding endurance and tear strength of these samples were measured to evaluate their permanence. The effect of dosa (aqueous solution of 0.7 wtpercent animal glue with 0.35 percent alum and its 3 times of concentration) as an acidic sizing agent was also studied. Compared with Fuyangxuan paper and Wenzhou bast paper, Xuan paper and Daquian writing paper have higher pH, and the rate of deterioration of their strength and discolouration was lower. After being sized with dosa, the deterioration rate of all these kinds of paper was accelerated. Xuan paper showed higher buffering capacity in pH to the acidic sizing agent.


Recent work has focused on developing Raman spectroscopy as a noninvasive probe of DNA interactions with solvents, intercalants, proteins, and other ligands. Here, we report the Raman spectra of thymine in eight solvents and thymidine in nine solvents obtained with visible excitation. Raman spectra under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions were also obtained of both thymine and thymidine. Changes in both the frequencies and intensities of several of the vibrational bands in the 800–1800 cm–1 region are observed. No evidence of deprotonation in the different solvents is observed for either thymine or thymidine. Correlations of the observed frequency shifts of specific vibrational modes with characteristic properties of the solvent for both thymine and thymidine show a significant correlation with acceptor and donor numbers, measures of the hydrogen-bonding ability of the solvent, in both thymine and thymidine. These results are interpreted in terms of hydrogen-bonding interactions between the N-H protons...


INTRODUCTION Optimum controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions for avocados are 2 per cent oxygen (O2) and 10 per cent carbon dioxide (CO2) at a fruit temperature of 7,2°C (Reeder & Hatton, 1970). Spalding & Reeder (1972) reported that the length of the storage period can be doubled under these conditions, but that a temperature of 4,5°C resulted in 100 per cent chilling injury. These findings were confirmed in South Africa (Eksteen & Truter; 1983) and it was also shown that CA storage decreased the risk of chilling injury considerably. Chilling injury was also controlled by exposure to CO2 concentrations of 20 to 25 per cent for three to five days at a temperature of 5,5°C.


The food industry uses large amounts of water for many different purposes including cooling and cleaning, as a raw material, as sanitary water for food processing, for transportation, cooking and dissolving, as auxiliary water etc. In principle, the water used in the food industry may be used as process and cooling water or boiler feed water (EC, 2006). In 2008, for example, the total industrial water consumption in Finland was 7600 million m3 of which 34.5 million m3 was used by the food processing industry (Finnish Food and Drink Industries` Federation, 2010). As a consequence of diverse consumption, the amount and composition of food industry wastewaters varies considerably. Characteristics of the effluent consist of large amounts of suspended solids, nitrogen in several chemical forms, fats and oils, phosphorus, chlorides and organic matter (Finnish Food and Drink Industries` Federation, 2005). Generally, the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and COD (chemical oxygen demand) of food industry wastewater is 10 or even 100 times higher than those of domestic wastewater (EC, 2006). Unpleasant odours are also a typical problem in food industry wastewaters. These odours are usually the result of gases (hydrogen sulphide, indole) produced by the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter (Metcalf & Eddy, 2003).


A single-folding (SF) model analysis has been performed for {alpha} and deuteron elastic scattering from {sup 58}Ni, {sup 90}Zr, {sup 116}Sn, and {sup 208}Pb at incident energies between 10 and 100 MeV/nucleon with the Lane-consistent Bruyeres Jeukenne-Lejeune-Mahaux model nucleon-nucleus potential. The energy dependence of a set of only three potential parameters was derived, and the resulting global optical model potentials were found to account well for {alpha} and deuteron elastic scattering within their studied energy ranges. The energy dependence of a real potential form factor is found to be important for describing {alpha}-nucleus scattering within large energy ranges. Corrections due to the compositeness of projectiles to the SF potentials were studied and were compared with theoretical estimations through the renormalization factor. Systematic differences in renormalization factors between {alpha} particles and deuterons were observed.


Has the time come when we should prepare the obituary of Marxism? Should it be dated 1848-1980? The details are arguable, but realities are emerging. The air is still full of Marxist noises, but on the other hand the Polish workers' strike might be taken as a finally decisive piece of evidence that nobody who has to live Marxism actually believes the stuff anymore. It survives only as a hobby among some intellectuals who inhabit the protected academic reservations of Europe and America.


For the LMRT task at ImageCLEFlifelog 2020, LIFER 3.0, a new version of the LIFER system with improvements in the user interface and system affordance, is used and evaluated via feedback from a user experiment. In addition, since both tasks share a common dataset, LIFER 3.0 borrows some features from the LifeSeeker system deployed for the Lifelog Search Challenge; which are free-text search, visual similarity search and elastic sequencing filter. For the SPLL task, we proposed a naive solution by capturing the rate of change in running speed and weight, then obtain the target changes for each subtask using average computation and linear regression model. The results presented in this paper can be used as comparative baselines for other participants in the ImageCLEFlifelog 2020 challenge.


: This article explores the intricate relationship between glaucoma and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy AION through a compelling clinical case. Glaucoma, a chronic optic neuropathy, often shares clinical features with AION, necessitating a careful differential diagnosis. We present a 61-year-old male with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma and AION in his left eye, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive evaluation in glaucoma patients, particularly when optic disc pallor is evident. The case underscores the association between systemic vascular conditions, such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, and ocular ischemic disorders, emphasizing the significance of timely investigations and interventions. This study emphasizes the critical role of ophthalmologists in early detection, evaluation, and management of potentially sight-threatening and life-threatening conditions in glaucoma patients.


Soft robotics is an emergent research field which has variant promising applications. However, the design and control of soft robots nowadays still suffer from the inefficient trial-and-error process. To eliminate the drawback, this paper proposes an innovative simulation/control co-design methodology for designing soft robotics. The main idea is to use Finite Element Method to model any type of soft robots by utilizing SOFA as a FEM simulator and designing controllers in Maltab/Scilab. The interaction between SOFA and Maltab/Scilab has been presented in order to achieve the co-design task. The proposed methodology has been applied to simulate/design a concrete trunk-like soft manipulator, with the associated controller realized in Maltab/Scilab.


An attempt was made to analyse a high-speed container ship model of 10-0 m Lpp using synthesized towing tank tests. These tests were as follows: (a) resistance test; (b) self-propulsion tests; (c) propeller openwater test; (d) measurement of wake at propeller disc; (e) wave analysis; (f) wake survey. Although the concept of synthesised tests in a towing tank is not established, this experimental approach to ship analysis is though to be potentially valuable. Among the most interesting results obtained were the wave resistance difference between resistance and self- propulsion tests, separation of resistance component, and behavior of the wake at the stern. These aspects emphasize the need to establish a better method of evaluating the resistance and self-propulsion properties of a ship.


Open peer commentary on the target article "Arguments Opposing the Radicalism of Radical Constructivism" by Gernot Saalmann. First paragraph: As Maturana (e.g., 1987) has often reminded us, …


Background: Clinical immunology has traditionally relied on accurate phenotyping of the patient's immune dysfunction for the identification of a candidate gene or genes for sequencing and molecular confirmation. Although this is also true for other branches of medicine, the marked variability in immune-related phenotypes and the highly complex network of molecules that confer normal host immunity are challenges that clinical immunologists often face in their quest to establish a specific genetic diagnosis. Objective: We sought to identify the underlying genetic cause in a consanguineous family with chronic inflammatory bowel disease–like disorder and combined immunodeficiency. Methods: We performed exome sequencing followed by autozygome filtration. Results: A truncating mutation in LPS-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA), which abolished protein expression, was identified as the most likely candidate variant in this family. Conclusion: The combined exome sequencing and autozygosity mapping approach is a powerful tool in the study of atypical immune dysfunctions. We identify LRBA as a novel immunodeficiency candidate gene the precise role of which in the immune system requires future studies. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130:481-8.)


This article studies students' ICT competencies  and their ability to use information and communication technologies  to carry out information activities in their professional field. And focuses on specific factors of creating modern cloud-oriented personalized education environment  taking into consideration educational process participants' ICT competencies. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.28925/2414-0325.2017.3.27482


Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films were deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition on silicon substrates. a-C:H thin film was irradiated to a typical He-Cd laser to study its emitting properties. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity during the irradiation achieved a maximum value when 2,000 seconds elapsed. Fourier transform infrared measurement revealed a-C:H thin film suffered transformation from a polymer-like to graphite-like phase during laser irradiation. Thermal annealing was done at various temperatures, ranging from room temperature to 400℃ in the atmosphere, to investigate structural changes in a-C:H film by heat generation during the emission. PL intensity of a-C:H thin film increased 1.5 times without apparent structural change, as annealing temperature increased up to 200℃. However, a-C:H film above 200℃ exhibited significant decrease of PL accompanying dehydrogenation. This led to a red shift of the PL peak.


In this paper, a meander-type microstrip patch antenna for application in 5GHz-band is designed and fabricated. To obtain enough bandwidth in VSWR bandwidth in VSWRdBi, Unidirectional pattern.


Objective:To find out early management to improve the progression of acute renal failure(ARF),the incidence,patterns,etiology and clinical manifestation of ARF was investigated. Methodology:269 patients with ARF due to different causes from 1998.7 to 2001.12 in our hospital were enrolled in this study.These patients were defined as three types:pre renal,renal parenchymal and post renal ARF.The etiology,patterns,clinical manifestation,treatment and prognosis of all the three types were analyzed. Results:They were 156 males and 113 females with mean age (49 8±19 6) years old.31 6% patients were elder than 60 years old.The patterns of ARF were pre renal (37,13 8%),renal parenchymal(221,82 1%) and post renal ARF(11,4 1%).37 patients with pre renal ARF consisted of post operation ischemia,fluid loss,nephrotic syndrome.221 cases with renal parenchymal ARF were suffered from either tubulointerstitial injuries or glomerular vascular lesions.167 cases were tubulointerstitial injuries caused by drugs,post operative ischemia,infection,shock and rhabdomyolysis.Drug induced ARF were 106 cases,among them directly 52,and indirectly 54 cases.Rhabdomyolysis inducing ARF was 16 cases(5 9%).95 patients were operated for renal biopsy,47 cases had glomerulo vascular lesions and 37 had tubulointerstitial injuries including ATN and AIN.90(33 5%) patients were iatrogenic ARF caused by post operation,pre renal factors and drugs.11 case with post renal ARF resulted from the pelvic or urinary tract tumors,malformation,stones,benign prostatic hypertrophy and post peritoneal lymphadenopathy.Mortality of ARF was 14 5% and adjusted mortality directly related to ARF was 12 5%. Conclusion:The epidemiology of ARF has been changed.There was a trend of high incidence in the elder.Pre renal ARF is easy to be neglected due to the absence of full recognition.The drug induced ARF is going to be a primary cause although the tubulointerstitial injuries are still the major cause of the renal parenchymal ARF.The early diagnosis plays an important role not only in helpful to treatment,but also in improving prognosis,and increasing survival rate in patients with ARF.


Many studies are interested nowadays in the copyright of the multimedia data. In this framework, digital watermarking is a recent tool that offers some solutions. The new researches on this technique are mainly focalized on the tradeoff that exists between the insertion capacity, the imperceptibility and the robustness. The embedding function and the referencing mark have a great influence on the performance of the digital image watermarking. In this study, we use adaptive embedding strength in our insertion function which, improve the robustness and the imperceptibility of the digital watermarking. We replace, also, the referencing mark used in the classic scheme by a relative daughter mark. This new reference takes into consideration the inserted signature and the original image. This enhancement assures a better robustness. In this work, we combine those two approaches. We are interested by the non blind image watermarking applied on multi-resolution field by 5/3 wavelet


Lens system, comprising: a first positive lens group including a disposed on an optical axis of the first negative lens, a thereon along the optical axis follows and a hologram optical element thereon along the optical axis following convex lens; a second negative lens group which has a second negative lens, said first positive lens group and the second negative lens group are arranged along the optical axis one after another; and a positive lens which is disposed between the first positive lens group and the second negative lens group.


Values and norms play an important role in society. Values play also an important role in the communication between the policy of the government and the citizen. Little is known however about the role of values. It is not clear if the governmental publicity could have more effect if the publicity is better directed to the orientations of values by the target groups.A comparison is made out between two groups of people from which the orientation of the values was aimed at durability or hedonism. Keywords of the durability are: intelligent, healthy, safe and environmental friendly. Keywords for the hedonism are: enjoyable, time saving and free. In the experiment a publication leaflet on the speed limit of 100 km/h on motorways was used. The leaflet was designed for the two target groups. Analysis of the results shows no real modification in attitudes. Information by a simple leaflet can be effectful, on the condition that the leaflets are read.


Pharmacokinetic (PK) and exposure‐response modeling of a selective sphingosine 1‐phosphate receptor‐1 modulator (CS‐0777) was conducted in an iterative process to guide early clinical development decisions. A model based on preclinical data from monkeys was extrapolated to humans to support a single ascending dose (SAD) study. The model was updated after each cohort, providing guidance on both maximal inhibition and time to recovery for lymphocyte counts. A 2‐compartment PK model with first‐order absorption and elimination was found to describe the monkey and human datasets. The relationship between lymphocyte counts and active metabolite (M‐1) concentrations was modeled via an indirect response model, whereby M‐1 inhibited the reentry of lymphocytes to the circulation. The indirect‐response model based on SAD data had an Imax of approximately 85% and an IC50 of 0.24 ng/mL. Additionally, based on SAD data, similar models were developed for lymphocyte subsets, including CD4 cells. Subsequently, simulations were utilized to design a multiple ascending dose study with adaptive dosing regimens that would meet targeted pharmacodynamic (PD) response thresholds (eg, minimum 40% reduction in lymphocytes) while maintaining CD4 counts above a reasonable safety threshold. In conclusion, model‐based development and use of adaptive designs for dose optimization can reduce the time and number of subjects needed in early clinical development.


To meet the stringent requirements of PVC compounds intended for use in injection molded cabinets, housings and other electrical applications, impact modifiers are required which permit good melt flow while processing and allow passage of falling ball impact at −20°C. Extensive testing is described as differentiating the low temperature toughness imported by two similar impact modifiers which give the same mold flow in modified PVC.


Congenital dislocation of the hip is the most important asymptomatic congenital abnormality to be detected in the neonatal period, as treatment is extremely effective at that stage. The technique of the examination is not easy and the low incidence of the abnormality in Britain makes it difficult to teach and supervise junior staff effectively. The studies in Manchester, Uxbridge and Bristol have shown that, in this country, well trained and supervised junior staff can detect nearly all the cases of congenital dislocation of the hip in the neonatal period. The results of the Norwegian study should not be used to salve our conscience when we see the missed cases in our wards being treated for several months in hospital by multiple orthopaedic procedures.


The present invention relates to a valve gear for gas exchange valves of an internal combustion engine comprising a camshaft (2), one on the camshaft (2) rotatably and axially displaceably arranged and a plurality of axially adjacent cam tracks (NB) having cam unit (4) and with the cam unit (4) co-operating adjusting means (6) for axial adjustment of the cam unit (4) on the camshaft (2). According to the invention the adjusting means (6) comprise within the camshaft (2) mounted movably disposed adjusting element (60; 60 ') to transmit an adjusting movement of the adjusting element (60; 60') to the cam unit (4), wherein the adjusting element (60 ; 60 ') on its periphery a track profile (LP; LP' '), and wherein the adjusting element (60; 60') associated with one (with the cam unit 4), a recess (2a) of the camshaft (2) projecting through the coupling means ( 4a) cooperates. Furthermore, with the adjustment element (60; 60 ') coupled to means (8) for driving the adjustment element (60; 60') provided, so that the relative to the camshaft (2) taking place movement of the adjusting element (60; 60 ') axial displacement of the cam unit (4) on the camshaft (2) conditionally.


The invention discloses a welded pipe end straightness online detection device, belonging to the technical field of welding control, and comprising a detection mechanism, a detection arm, a pedestal mechanism and a base mechanism, wherein the pedestal mechanism is arranged at the upper part of the base mechanism, the detection arm is arranged at the side surface of the pedestal mechanism, the two ends of the detection arm are respectively connected with the detection mechanism and the pedestal mechanism, the detection mechanism is positioned right above a welded pipe to be detected, and the detection mechanism, the detection arm and the pedestal mechanism are all positioned at the same side of the base mechanism. The invention is the online detection device which can substitute a manual visual inspection method to detect, and realize end straightness online automatic detection of welded pipes with different specifications.


Heterocyclic compounds particularly five or six membered ring compounds have occupied the first place among various classes of organic compounds for their diverse biological activities I. Coumarins are easily acceptable in the biological systems compared to isomeric isosteric chromone nUcleus2. Coumarins , 3 are the best known aromatic lactones. Various coumari n derivatives are known for several bio logical activ ities such as anticoagulant , fun gicidal5, 6 .. 178 . 'd 19 t I bactericidal , anthelmltlca . , pestici a , e c. n a reporeo, it was shown that when a coumarin nucleus is directly attached to a heterocyclic nucleus, it exhibits pesticidal activities. On the other hand most of the currently used pesticides are organophosphorous compounds compri sing phosphate, dithiophosphate and phosphorothioates l 1·15 in view of their biodegradable nature l6. The impact of a succession of suitable host plant, insecticide resistance and natural enemy suppression has made He/icoverpa arllligera the dominant pest in cotton and legumes agro-ecosystems in the Indian subcontinent over the past fifteen years. Annual yield losses attributable to this pest in India are estimated to be of the order US $ 300-500 million per annum to cotton and pulses alone 17 . Consequently how to control the pest is becoming a severe problem day after day. In addition, in a surveyI 8. 1<) of insecticide resistance in H. arllligera in Indian subcontinent, it was found that the pest has developed resistance to the pesticides such as Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate, Endosulfan, Quinalphos and some methomyl insecticides .However, the pest is still susceptible to Monocrotophos 18. Since there is lot of scope to synthesize new organophosphorous compounds, phosphorothioates in particular with selective heterocyclic moiety, as the degraded compounds lead to the heterocyclic compounds which themselves found to be good antimicrobial or so. All these findings prompted us to try for various coumarinophosphorothioates, since coumarin nucleus itself is bioactive5. lo and phosphorothioatel 6 group is biodegradable, thinking to get enhanced pesticidal activities. Different hydroxy coumarins have been prepared by known methods such as Pechman and Dui sberg methods20. Their sodium salt is prepared by condensing O,O-dialkyl phosphorochloridothioates with powdered NaOH in dry acetone (Scheme I). The formation of the title compounds is supported by spectral analysis (Table I ). IH NMR spectrum (e.g. compound 6) displays four types of the peaks namely, due to four aromatic protons (d,d), fo ur methylene hydrogens, three methyl hydrogens (the methyl group directely attached to cou marin ring) and six methyl protons from ethyl groups.


This review will follow Eric R. Dursteler's lead in his book about three Mediterranean women by putting narrative before commentary. Renegade Women opens with a page and a half of introduction, informing the reader that the tales it recounts concern women who crossed the frontier between the Venetian and Ottoman empires; that a renegade in the author's usage is a transgressor of any significant boundary (political, gender, social), not necessarily a religious one; and that the Mediterranean Sea is a protagonist of the book, "a channel of division, a corridor of escape, and a means of connection." Thus equipped, the reader immediately embarks on the journey of the first of the female renegades. The vivid tales, in other words, are the raison d'etre of the book. Those who want a map, advises the author, should read the conclusion first. The reader of this review may choose to first experience the stories (veritable sagas, difficult to summarize), or jump to the end for commentary.The protagonist of the first story, Beatrice Michiel, a.k.a. Fatima Hatun, is a widowed Venetian whose bad second marriage drives her to a daring escape. In 1591, she boards a ship headed for Istanbul, leaving children and husband behind. There she takes shelter with the brother she has not seen for the twenty years since their mother and her four children were taken captive at sea by corsairs. The two boys were sold into slavery and ended up at the Ottoman court; the two daughters and their mother made it back to Venice. This brother is none other than Gazanfer Agha, now the head eunuch in the sultan's service, and one of the most influential persons in Istanbul. Beatrice soon becomes Fatima, converting to Islam under her brother's pressure, and, as a consequence, is legally freed from her marriage. Many twists of plot and turns of fortune ensue: Fatima marries a patron (a Muslim scribe) of her brother; one of her sons is kidnapped to Istanbul and converted at Gazanfer's wishes (he is a dullard who nonetheless makes good, becoming an intimate companion of the sultan Murad IV); and Fatima herself acts as interlocutor with women of the imperial palace. The astounded reader wonders how this all can possibly be true. But Dursteler provides extensive supporting archival documentation (including records of Venetian ambassadors in Istanbul, whom Fatima managed to keep involved in her affairs, possibly by feigning distress).The second story features two women whose fortunes mirror one another. They utilize their proximity to Venetian-Ottoman borders-specifically, the Dalmatian coast-to escape unwanted marriages, and the bastion of their resistance is the autonomous female space of the convent or the school for girls. If the sea confers escape in the first story, the border and its ambiguities are the source of liberation (such as it is) in the second. Elena Civalelli is the daughter of a prominent family in the city of Zara whose fortunes have declined along with the local economy. Like numerous others, her father turns to Istanbul, hoped-for land of opportunity, whither he goes with his wife's mother at the invitation of her son Omer Agha. Omer is a high-ranking palace official, presumably a eunuch, formerly in the service of Gazanfer Agha. Omer wishes to marry Elena to a political protege and garners the help of the Venetian ambassador to appeal to the girl's patriotic sentiments by alleging the alliance will help her homeland. But Elena, raised in Casa della Zitelle, a school that shelters girls at risk, takes her vows as Suor Deodata, and in 1604 writes her parents (the real renegades) a polite but emphatic refusal to marry their candidate.Deodata's counterpart in the chapter is Mihale Satorovic, a Muslim girl living near Spalato, 150 kilometers south of Zara. She is the daughter of one Ahmed Agha, an important local Ottoman official. After Mihale's alleged abduction across the border in 1621 turns out to be a voluntary flight to Christian territory and the Venetian count of Spalato allows the girl, placed in a convent, to be secretly baptized as Catterina, an armed feud threatens diplomatic confrontation between the two imperial powers. …


There is a strong correlation between the membrane fluctuations and the material properties of living cells. The former, consisting of submicron displacements, can be altered by changing the cells' pathophysiological conditions. It is our hypothesis that the material properties of cells can be retrieved when we quantify cell membrane fluctuation and combine that result with an appropriate physical model. We have developed: (1) an optical imaging technique to noninvasively quantify membrane fluctuations in red blood cells at the nanometer and millisecond scales; and (2) a model to retrieve the material properties of red blood cell membrane. The technique employs laser interferometry and provides full-field quantitative topographical information of living cells with unprecedented stability. Integration with the mathematical model provides the specific material properties from individual cell membrane fluctuations: shear modulus of the membrane; bending modulus; and viscosity of the cytoplasm. Employing these methods, we have systemically studied the material properties of human red blood cells altered by various pathophysiological conditions: morphological transition of red blood cell; parasitization by the P. falciparum parasites; and metabolic remodeling of the membrane driven by Adenosine-5'triphosphate (ATP). We envision that this investigation could offer a means to link cell membrane fluctuations with the pathological conditions that lead to human disease states by quantitatively providing the alternation in material properties. A clear understanding of the mechanical alteration of red blood cells is important to studying the human diseases which cause their infection. Research Supervisors:


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efficiently as possible, taking into account the personality of the juvenile offender and the influence of criminal responsibility on him.


On occasion, it is fitting to introduce the subject matter by means of a conclusion, and this is such an occasion: accordingly, I begin by noting that this book represents a signal contribution to our understanding of both sentencing and punishment, and of the differences between these two complementary but slightly different elements of penology. (1) Indeed, I read this book not from academic interest but with the view of drawing from it all of the lessons that a criminal law practitioner from outside of "mother England" might derive respecting the selection of a principled sentence and the impact of punishment in the administration of criminal justice. In this vein, I had a couple of highlighters available but soon found it preferable to turn to a pencil as I was exhausting my markers in light of the sound scholarship, the depth of the analysis and the surprisingly striking ability shown by professors Easton and Piper to draw pointed lessons of broad applications from a review of particular legislation not found in Canada, America, Australia or New Zealand. They undertook to discuss penal theory, penal policy and sentencing principles in a comprehensive fashion in order to address the pith and substance of what takes place each day in the Courts and the prisons, and they have succeeded ably in the pursuit of their objective. A look at the table of contents will be of assistance in making plain the breadth of the themes that are explored: the book is divided into two parts, and twelve chapters, leaving aside the concluding remarks. They are listed below: Part A) Sentencing principles and policies 1) New penology and new policies 2) Just constraints? Sentencing discretion and retributivist principles 3) 'Just deserts': from the Criminal Justice Act 1991 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 4) Utility and deterrence 5) Risk and danger 6) Making amends 7) Dealing with minors: continuity and change Part B) Punishing offenders 1) Fair impact? 2) Punishing youth 3) Just punishment in the community 4) Justice in the modern prison 5) The custodial experience: equality and difference Having illustrated broadly the general parameters of this ambitious discussion, attention is drawn now to a number of particular elements of the authors' treatment of sentencing principles and policies, prior to addressing certain of the issues that are considered deserving of particular comment. For example, page xi of the Preface guides advocates and scholars alike as to the importance of not overlooking the fact that "political, social and economic issues are not only of great importance in the broader development of penal policy, but are also relevant to the particular circumstances of individual offenders and their experience of punishment." Having pointed out this general belief, they return to it time and again throughout the book in order to underscore the validity of this opinion. A second point that I wish to underline is the value of the inclusion at pages 4-5, at item 1.1.2, of the rubric, "What is punishment?" In comparatively few words, a quite difficult question is discussed ably and this skill in organising vast materials into a comprehensive whole and in marshalling complex information into easily followed channels of debate was followed throughout the various presentations in this 378 page text. I commend as well the discussion surrounding human rights at pages 8-10 and the particular emphasis on the notion of "populist punitiveness". (2) "The costs of punishment: economic influences", at pages 12-15, injects a somewhat novel element into the debate (3) as are the many references at page 25-28 to the notion of governance of sex offenders from a risk management perspective. (4) Turning to Chapter 2, the authors are to be commended for their decision to introduce the subject of discretion so early into the presentation, and prior to the review of classical retributivist justifications for punishment. …


1. Aigner ER, Mulder DW. Myoclonus: clinical significance and approach to classification. Arch Neuro11960;2:600-615. 2. Halliday AM. The clinical incidence of myoclonus. In: Williams D, ed. Modern trends in neurology, vol4. London: Butterworths, 1967:69-105. 3. Van Woert MH, Hwang EC. Biochemistry and pharmacology of myoclonus. In: Klawans HL, ed. Clinical neuropharmacology, vol 3. New Yolk Raven Preas, 1978167-184. 4. Lance JW. Action myoclonus, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and other cerebellar myoclonic syndromes. In: Fahn S, et al, eds. Myoclonus. Advances in neurology, vol43. New York Raven Press, 1986:33-55. 5. Maraden CD. The pathophysiology of movement disorders. In: Jankovic J, ed. Movement disorders. Neurologic clinics, vol2. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 19&4:435-459. 6. Guillain G, Mollaret P. Deux cas de myoclonies synchrones et rhythm& velo-pharyngolaryngo-oculo-diaphragmatiques: le probkme anatomique et physio-pathologique du syndrome. Rev N e w 1 (Paria) 1931;2:545-566. 7. Hassler R, Bronisch F, Mundinger F, Riechert T. Intention myoclonus of multiple sclerosis, its patho-anatomical basis and its stereotactic relief. Neurochirurgie 1975;1890-106.