A small amount of prior knowledge and randomly chosen initial cluster centers have a direct impact on the accuracy of the performance of iterative clustering algorithm. In this paper we propose a new algorithm to compute initial cluster centers for -means clustering and the best number of the clusters with little prior knowledge and optimize clustering result. It constructs the Euclidean distance control factor based on aggregation density sparse degree to select the initial cluster center of nonuniform sparse data and obtains initial data clusters by multidimensional diffusion density distribution. Multiobjective clustering approach based on dynamic cumulative entropy is adopted to optimize the initial data clusters and the best number of the clusters. The experimental results show that the newly proposed algorithm has good performance to obtain the initial cluster centers for the -means algorithm and it effectively improves the clustering accuracy of nonuniform sparse data by about 5%.


The Labour Party in Great Britain has been committed to the principle of equality and has addressed itself both in rhetoric and in practice to furthering the equalitarian ideal in power and authority relationships in English society, viz., in Parliament and industrial organizations. However, though the Party has relied heavily on the bureaucracy for effecting social democracy, the Party has had little interest in equalitarian access to the Higher Civil Service, which has traditionally recruited predominantly middle-class Oxbridge graduates. The explanation lies in the joint membership of Labour Party intellectuals and civil servants in what Edward Shils, has called the "aristo-gentry" culture.


A GREAT deal of effort is currently being devoted to the search for new compounds capable of increasing GABA concentration in the brain. These compounds would be used as antiepileptic drugs or in neurological disorders associated with GABA deficit (see MELDRUM, 1978). One of the several mechanisms (IVERSEN, 1972; TAPIA, 1976; MELDRUM, 1978) by which GABA levels can be increased is represented by the inhibition with drugs of one or the other of the two enzymes, i.e. GABA-T and succinatesemialdehyde dehydrogenase, involved in GABA catabolic breakdown. Recently new potent and irreversible inhibitors of GABA-T, i.e. ethanolamine-0-sulphate (EOS) (FOWLER & JOHN, 1972), y-acetylenic-GABA (METCALF & CASARA, 1975; JUNG & METCALF, 1975) and y-vinyl-GABA (LIPPERT et al., 1977) have been developed. In rodents these compounds increase brain GABA concentration 410-fold and protect against various experimental models of epilepsy (HORTON et al., 1977; SCHECHTER et al,, 1977; MELDRUM, 1978). In a previous work we have shown that in chicks GAG given into the I11 cerebral ventricle produces biphasic behavioural and electrocortical changes, i.e. sleep followed by a longer-lasting intense behavioural stimulation, electrocortical desynchronization, 'escape responses', tonic head-neck rotation and occasional circling (NISTIC~ et al., 1978~). The present experiments were undertaken in order to study the effects of two inhibitors of GABA-T, EOS and GAG, given into the 111 cerebral ventricle, on GABA content, GAD and GABA-T in several areas of the chick brain. This might enable us to explain behavioural and electrocortical effects observed after intraventricular GAG.


Describes the basic concept of electric power system's transient stability.Many kinds of short circuit faults effects to electric power system's transient stability are studied.We use MATLAB,which is a simulation tool for power system,to simulate complex electric power system.We found maths models of every component firstly.Then simulated module is composed.The simulated result confirms that the time of removal fault is crucial for electric power system stability.


The paper is devoted to the normal tiling whose tiles are uniformly bounded and general connected closed sets instead of being restricted to polytopes or convex sets. We estimate the number of neighbors of a tile in the normal tiling and develop various novel techniques to derive lower and upper bounds. The bounds for lattice tilings are shown to be optimal.


A rare silver mineral pyrostilpnite, monoclinic Ag3SbS3, was found on a two museum specimens from the historical Ag-Pb-Zn ore deposit Ratibořské Hory-Stará Vožice near Tábor (southern Bohemia, Czech Republic). These samples come from the mineralogical collection of the National Museum in Prague. Pyrostilpnite forms tabular crystals or groups of small striated sharp crystals of red-orange to orange color up to 2.1 mm in size. Pyrostilpnite occurs in close association with pyrargyrite and dolomite. Pyrostilpnite is monoclinic, space group P21/c with the following unit-cell parameters refined from the PXRD studies: a 6.857(5) Å, b 15.851(6) Å, c 6.236(7) Å, β 117.2(5)° and V 603.1(8) Å3. Its empirical formula on the base of 7 apfu is Ag2.99Sb1.01S2.99.


This Corrective Action Decision Document (CADD) has been prepared for Corrective Action Unit (CAU) 486, Double Tracks Radiological Safety (RADSAFE) Area (DTRSA) in accordance with the Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order (FFACO) of 1996 that was agreed to by the U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office (DOE/NV); the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP); and the U.S Department of Defense (FFACO, 1996). The CADD provides or references the specific information necessary to recommend a preferred corrective action for the single Corrective Action Site (CAS), 71-23-001-71DT, within CAU 486. Corrective Action Unit 486 is located on the Nellis Air Force Range 71 North, west of the Tonopah Test Range (TTR), Nevada. The TTR, located in the Nellis Air Force Range, is approximately 140 miles (mi) northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada (Figure 1-1). The DTRSA is located on the west side of the Cactus Range approximately 5 mi southwest of the Cactus Spring gate at the intersection of the Cactus Spring Road and the Double Tracks Control Point Road (Figure 1-2).


We report a simple approach to autocatalytic reduction and decoration of Au, Pd, and Pt nanocrystals on biodegradable cellulose polymer coated with polypyrrole. Cellulose was used as a template for the coating of polypyrrole. Reduction of different metals such as Au, Pd, and Pt and their decoration can be achieved through polypyrrole-coated cellulose fibers. Pre-selected bulk morphology of PdO/PdO2-embedded carbon was achieved through a microwave combustion method within one minute using the above-mentioned metal and polypyrrole-coated composite cellulose fibers. Synthesized Pd-decorated polypyrrole-coated cellulose fibers (Pd/py-cellulose) and microwave-ignited above mentioned (PdO/PdO2/C) materials provide a suitable catalyst for the degradation/reduction of methylene blue (waste water simulator) to leucomethylene blue at room temperature in aqueous media. At various concentrations, the material exhibits an overall reaction coefficient (ranging from 0.0183 to 0.1168 M−1 s−1), much greater than the self-degradation of methylene blue (MB) (0.00002 M−1 s−1). Through microwave ignition, the apparent increase in surface area of palladium results in a catalyst capable of high conversion (68.9%) at low concentrations.


Deposition of materials onto a surface through focused charged particle beam-induced local decomposition of adsorbed precursor molecules is foundational for many additive focused charged particle beam applications, including nanoprototyping and transmission electron microscope (TEM) lamella preparation [1]. Although there are a few reports investigating the composition and mechanical properties of various materials deposited primarily using Ga+-FIB induced deposition [2-4], there is scant work evaluating the residual stress as a function of deposition conditions (charged particle species, accelerating voltage, beam current, growth rate, etc.). This information will be critical for achieving success with non-Ga+-FIB in nanoprototyping and TEM lamella preparation applications. Herein, we report our observations of residual stress in materials deposited using the electron beam, Ga+-FIB, and Xe+-FIB and attempts to quantify the residual strain in these materials.


Nowadays,there is generally the phenomenon of "marginal persons" in classes in university,which tends to spread.If we do not take effective measures to prevent and control the phenomenon,it will certainly bring negative effects to the construction of harmonious campus as well as college students' healthy development.Therefore,we must take the phenomenon into serious consideration and make rational analysis on it,so as to guide college students to develop in an active and healthy way.


The COVID-19 pandemic redefines how we think about the body, physiologically and socially. But what does it mean to have and to be a body in the COVID-19 pandemic? The COVID-19 pandemic offers data scholars the unique opportunity, and perhaps obligation, to revisit and reinvent the fundamental concepts of our mediated experiences. The article critiques the data double, a longstanding concept in critical data and media studies, as incompatible with the current public health and social distancing imperative. The data double, instead, is now the presupposition of a new data entity, which will emerge out of a current data shimmer: a long-sustaining transition that blurs the older boundaries of bodies and the social, and establishes new ethical boundaries around the (in)activity and (im)mobility of doing nothing to do something. The data double faces a unique dynamic in the COVID-19 pandemic between boredom and exhaustion. Following the currently simple rule to stay home presents data scholars the opportunity to revisit the meaning of data as something given, a shimmering embodied relationship with data that contributes to the common good in a global health crisis.


MASTS CASTS presenter Hannah Ladd-Jones chats to Prof. Mike Heath and Dr Marie Porter about their recent publications, and we reveal the successful recipients of the MASTS Biogeochemistry Forum small grants rounds.


Within this presentation, the influence of the flow rate and scale on the transport of a non-reactive saline tracer in a large undisturbed sandy subsoil monolith is stud- ied. The monolithique sample was extracted in a quarry at 10 m depth from the sur- face and equipped in the laboratory with tensiometers, temperature probes and time- domain-reflectometry probes. Eight solute breakthrough experiments were conducted at different flow rates allowing to elucidate the solute transport parameters in terms of a variable flow rate. The latter was controlled by means of a high precision irri- gation system in a range between 1 and 100 cm/d. Solute resident concentrations of a saline tracer was continuously monitored through 10 TDR probes of 0.4 m length, inserted in 3 vertical transects. Time series were used to estimate apparent dispersiv- ities and velocities at different locations by inversion of the analytical solution of the convection-dispersion equation for solute resident concentrations. The evolution of the apparent dispersivity with depth is studied in order to characterize the transport pro- cesses. Horizontal heterogeneity of the effective parameters is related to a mesoscale effective dispersivity factor. Furthermore, influence of the flow rate on the estimated dispersivity is also investigated.


Today the internet has dramatically influenced business behavior by offering the opportunity to sell products of daily necessities directly to customers. In its development, the use of this technology sometimes tends to lead to negative things as well. One of them is the factual case of selling fake stamps on the Tokopedia digital platform. Based on this background, this research will discuss; First, regarding the legal qualifications of selling fake stamps on the Tokopedia digital platform. Second, related to the responsibilities of sellers and platforms regarding the sale of fake stamps on the Tokopedia digital marketplace. Both are based on the ITE Law and the Stamp Duty Law. This study used a normative juridical approach based on a law that is conceptualized as a rule or norm that becomes the benchmark for human behavior. The research specification used is descriptive analysis research specification. The data used is in the form of secondary data by reviewing literature and laws and regulations related to the sale of fake stamps and their correlation with the law of information technology and electronic transactions and stamp duty. By offering fake stamps on marketplace platforms, merchants, and e-commerce providers, namely the marketplace platform, are in effect breaking the law. Through the existing criminal law provisions, the seller/perpetrator must be held accountable for his mistake in accordance with the applicable sanctions. From the platform side, the various obligations that Tokopedia does not carry out in buying and selling activities cause problems, including the circulation of illegal goods on the platform, so that Tokopedia is obliged to be responsible. Keywords: E-Commerce; Platform; Information and communication technology; Stamp Duty.


In this paper, a international strategy model for electric enterprise was constructed, and was applied to estimated the possibility and sensitivity of a electric enterprise. At last, some conclusion and suggestion were drawn.


Summary. As the cells forming the luminal vascular surface, endothelium is exposed to alterations in the vascular microenvironment, such as hypoxaemia. In this report we demonstrate that hypoxia, with pO2 as low as 12–14 mmHg, was not toxic to endothelium, but reversibly modulated central cellular functions essential for maintenance of homeostasis: permeability of monolayers to solutes increased in a dosedependent manner, and cell surface coagulant properties were shifted to promote activation of coagulation. The anticoagulant cofactor thrombomodulin was suppressed and an apparently novel activator of factor X, distinct from the classical extrinsic and intrinsic systems, was induced. The hypoxia‐induced factor X activator was cell surface‐associated, had properties of a cysteine protease, had Mr corresponding to ∼ 100 kDa. based on sodium dodecyl sulphatepolyacrylamide electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), and isoelectric point (pI) ∼ 5.0. These findings indicate that hypoxia dynamically modulates endothelial function providing insights into the contribution of microvascular endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of vascular lesions.


One of the most significant research interests in the field of electronics is that on quantum dot, because such materials have electronic properties intermediate between those of bulk semiconductors and those of discrete molecules. Confinement energy is a very important property of quantum dot. In this study, quantum confinement energy of a quantum dot is concluded to be h2/8md2 (d being the diameter of the confinement) and not h2/8ma2 (a being the radius of the confinement), as reported in the available literature. This is in the light of a recent study [1]. This finding should have a significant impact in the understanding of the physics of quantum dot and its technological application.


We present results from a fully relativistic Monte Carlo simulation of diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) in unmodified (i.e., test-particle) shocks. The computer code uses a single algorithmic sequence to smoothly span the range from nonrelativistic speeds to fully relativistic shocks of arbitrary obliquity, providing a powerful consistency check. We show the dependence of the particle spectrum, which can differ strongly from the canonical f(p) proportional to p^{-4.23} result, on the obliquity and on the strength and ``fineness'' of scattering for a range of shock Lorentz factors. The Monte Carlo results are also shown to be consistent with a simple relation for the spectral index given by Keshet and Waxman (2005) in parallel shocks when the diffusion is ``fine'' and isotropic.


Lecture delivered at Humboldt State University on March 24, 2016 by Lindsay Naylor. Part of the Sustainable futures speaker series sponsored by the Schatz Energy Research Center and the Environment and Community Program.


By analyzing the ionization radiation effect of the CMOS LSI(large scale integrated circuit),the technology and the thought of the hardened circuit were found.In the ionization radiation effect,circuit function was affected heavily by the change of the parameter which was caused by the positive charge accumulation in SiO2 and the change of SiO2-Si interface state.The positive charge accumulation in SiO2 was direct radio to the thickness.In COMS circuit,the field where the thickness is the highest,supplying the use of isolation,is the most important.This article main introduces the technology of radiation hardened field.Though producing the SiO2-Si3N4 compound insulation layer,the thickness of field oxide is miniaturized and the interface state is change.In the ionization radiation effect experiment,the change of leak current is decreased 1~2 quantity after radiation.The technology which is a selective method improves the performance of anti-radiation.


This paper describes the analysis and demonstration of a position- error headway protection system that will insure safety with main guideway headways as short as two seconds.


During joint trials with the SACLANTCEN, direct‐path monostatic scattering measurements were conducted at 18 sites across the New Jersey Shelf (Boundary Characterization 2001) and at 9 sites in the Straits of Sicily (Boundary Characterization 2002). Using combinations of short duration cw and LFM signals, both the mean (scattering strength) and statistical (probability density function) characteristics of the bottom‐ and surface‐interaction zones were measured at each site. Bottom‐zone scattering strength results show that many sandy and rocky sites exhibited a generally flat dependence on grazing angle (over 20–70 deg) and a moderate dependence (∼5 dB) on frequency over 2.5–5 kHz. In contrast, the measured surface‐zone scattering strengths exhibited a strong dependence on grazing angle (and a mild dependence on frequency), consistent with scattering from the rough air–sea interface. Using physics‐based scattering models, coupled with the supporting environmental measurement results, estimates of both the...


The influence of plant population on sweet white lupin (Lupinus albus L. 'Ultra') growth and production were investigated during 1985 and 1987. In 1985, white lupin was sown at populations of 11, 20, 44 and 178 plants m−2, and in 1987 populations of 20, 44, and 100 plants m−2. Plant density had a significant influence on seed and total plant yields and yield components. Seed yields ranged between 2182 and 3708 kg ha−1, and total plant forage yields (at maximum LAI) ranged between 2044 and 11 501 kg ha−1 at populations of 11 to 178 plants m−2. Main-stem and lateral pods, seed pod−1, potential fruiting sites and lateral branch number were inversely proportional to plant density. Lateral pod production was more sensitive to population pressure than main-stem pod production. The number of lateral pods plant−1 was a linear function, whereas the number of main-stem pods plant−1 was a curvilinear function of the inverse of plant population.Key words: Lupinus albus, L. 'Ultra', physiologic maturity, flower and fr...


SUBJECT DESCRIPTION Industrial control systems are specialized computer systems used in many activities of vital importance like energy production and distribution, chemical industry or water management. These systems consist in dedicated hardware and software (PLCs, Control Systems, IHM) interacting via field-bus communications. Their components and communication protocols are often based on legacy and out-of-date hardware and software, not always in conformity with modern security (...)


Abstract
The article develops a model which conceptualizes headquarter-subsidiary relations in the multinational corporation as a multilevel discursive struggle between key managers. At the first level, the relations are conceptualized as a discursive struggle over decisions and actions using rationalistic discourses. At the second level, they are viewed as a discursive struggle over power relations using control and autonomy discourses. Finally, underlying the first two, at the third level, headquarter-subsidiary relations are conceptualized as a discursive struggle over managers' worldviews using cultural (pre)conceptions about "the self" and "the other."


Escape represents an important component of animals' antipredator behaviour entailing both benefits and costs dependent on a moment an animal flees upon predator's approach. In this study, I examined how the level of vigilance and foraging activity affected escape decision in the urban hooded crow Corvus cornix, predicting that alert distance (AD) and flight initiation distance (FID) should be positively affected by the level of vigilance and negatively affected by foraging activity, whereas buffer distance (BD) should be negatively affected by the level of vigilance and positively affected by foraging activity. Using LMMs it was shown that percent of time crows allocated to vigilance was positively correlated with AD and FID, whereas foraging activity of crows had negative impact on AD and FID. In addition, both AD and FID were positively related to starting distance (SD), while AD was also positively influenced by tree coverage. BD was positively affected by foraging activity and AD. This study demonstrated that more vigilant birds detected predators earlier, which is in accordance with the major function of vigilance. Also, it was shown that foraging crows delayed their escape, once the predator has been detected, as benefits of delayed flight, such as feeding on a profitable food item or within a profitable patch, may outweigh costs, which is consistent with the optimal escape theory.


The aim of this work was to evaluate, to prove their reliability, the different surgical landmarks previously proposed as a mean to locate the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN).


Factor Xa (FXa) occupies a central place in coagulation cascade as a convergence point between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Apart from this activity, the non-hemostatic function of FXa through protease activated receptors (PARs) triggers an intracellular activation that can initiate signaling cascades regulating migration and survival of cells. However, the direct effect of FXa on angiogenesis in endothelial cells (ECs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that FXa treatment on both ECs and EPCs significantly increases the expression of p53 protein through PAR2 (p<0.05). Activation of p53 proteins resulted in impairment of migration and tube formation of these cells. Moreover, chronic FXa stimulation on ECs and EPCs induced cell senescence assessed by Senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining (p<0.05). These unfavorable effect of FXa on ECs and EPCs were diminished by co-treatment with FXa inhibitor, rivaroxaban. To test whether these in vitro observation has an in vivo counterparts, chronically treated EPCs with FXa were intravenously injected immediately after femoral artery ligation in mouse ischemic hind limb model. Laser doppler image (LDI) analysis showed that EPCs enhanced the recovery of ischemic limb perfusion and this beneficial effect of EPC was significantly blunted by FXa. Additionally, the increase in capillary density by EPCs injection was inhibited by the treatment with FXa. However, treatment with rivaroxaban significantly increased ischemic limb perfusion and capillary density compared to FXa treatment group (p<0.05). In summary, these observation indicates anti-angiogenic property of FXa via p53 upregulation. FXa inhibitor, rivaroxaban, might work as anti-senescence and maintain angiogenic ability of ECs and EPCs.


mid-Heian to the mid-Muromachi period of conventional historiography) as a single, coherent whole. Yet, although there is every reason to be grateful for this stimulating challenge to some cherished assumptions, it is unfortunate that Ishii's ideas were not developed at somewhat greater length. This book is a distillation—and a distillation into only 130 pages of text—of ideas that Ishii has pursued in much greater depth in his Nihon hoseishi gaisetsu (Tokyo: Kobundo, 1948), Nihon hoseishi gaiyo (Tokyo: Sobunkan, 1952), and Hoseishi, vol. 4 of the Taikei Nihonshi sosho (Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppansha, 1964). Of course, brevity is frequently a virtue^ and a precis of the accumulated wisdom of an eminent scholar is always to be appreciated. Still, in compressing his valuable insights into what is an exceedingly narrow compass, Ishii occasionally provides so little detailed argumentation that a reader who does not already know a great deal about the issues being discussed is likely to be confused. Two examples will suffice here. First, although someone well-versed in early Japanese history might well be prepared to concede that Suiko's reign (592-628) was marked by a major shift toward Chinese patterns of statecraft, the more casual reader of this text might find himself hard pressed to accept the proposition that Shotokutaishi's purported creation of a system of twelve "cap-ranks" in 603 constitutes sufficient grounds for dividing Japan's Ancient from its Archaic Period. And second, it is all very well to argue on purely constitutional grounds that the Medieval Period is best dated from the time in 967 when the Fujiwara Regency first became permanent, but the relationship between this somewhat formal datum and the emergence of "shoenfeudalism" is not entirely clear. Nevertheless, the specialist in Japanese history will find Ishii's insights most stimulating and will be grateful that an exposition of those insights is at last available in English. Let us hope that this is but the beginning, and that further translations of Ishii's work will appear in the future.


The paper presents some information about the Institute of Motor Vehicles and Transportation. The presented information is about history, current structure and staff of the Institute of Motor Vehicles and Transportation. The Principals of the Institute since his establishment are mentioned. In this article are also presented educational activity of the Institute i.e. stationary and non-stationary commercial studies (1 and 2 degree), Ph.D. studies (3 degree), post-graduated studies and specialized courses. In the article are presented example educational and research equipment. Moreover, priority scientific and research areas and selected research results and applications carried out at the Institute of Motor Vehicles and Transportation, i.e. at his three departments are presented here. Scientific research projects realized nowadays, which are financed by the Ministry of Science and High Education, also are specified. The selected awards and commendations are presented too. Thus it is clearly visible that the Institute of Motor Vehicles and Transportation actually is good arrangement to education the civilian and military students as well as to realization the research work, particularly for Military Forces.


We consider the effect of mass segregation on the observable integrated properties of star clusters. The measurable properties depend on a combination of the dynamical age of the cluster and the physical age of the stars in the cluster. To investigate all possible combinations of these two quantities, we propose an analytical model for the mass function of segregated star clusters that agree with the results of N-body simulations, in which any combination can be specified. For a realistic degree of mass segregation and a fixed density profile, we find with increasing age an increase in the measured core radii and a central surface brightness which decreases in all filters more rapidly than what is expected from stellar evolution alone. Within a gigayear, the measured core radius increases by a factor of 2 and the central surface density in all filters of a segregated cluster will be overestimated by a similar factor if mass segregation is not taken into account during the conversion from light to mass. We find that the V - I colour of mass-segregated clusters decreases with radius by about 0.1-0.2 mag, which could be observable. From recent observations of partially resolved extragalactic clusters, a decreasing half-light radius with increasing wavelength was observed, which was attributed to mass segregation. These observations cannot be reproduced by our models. In addition, we provide physical arguments based on the evolution of individual stars that one should not expect strong dependence of core radius as a function of the wavelength. We find that the differences between measured radii in different filters are always smaller than 5 per cent.


IEC61850 is a standardized concept for information handling and communication for power utility automation. It is NOT just another protocol. IEC 61850 is today being expanded to apply to many domai ...


The causal factors of the decrease in enrollment at the higher education in the province of Aceh is under investigation. Employing the puposive random sampling technique, 200 graduates of 1991 and 1992 of the general secondary schools who did not further their study are the object of this research. It was disclosed that the most dominant factor influencing the number of students continuing to the tertiary education was a matter of finance.


Get great resources and info about our Speculative Fiction Club. Can't come to the meeting? Read along with us at home! Books we may read in the coming months, help us decide!


An analytically compact threshold voltage model of nanoscale MOSFET is developed, where various phenomena governing short channel effect (SCEs) has been considered. The threshold voltage variation and the channel potential have also been estimated. It is seen that the SCEs become less prominent as the channel lengths decrease in the nanoscale regime.


Abstract A baseline study of seabed sediments in the vicinity of Tromsoflaket, off northern Norway around the position 71°26′ Nand 17°56′ E yielded 14 specimens of a 'pharetronid' sponge, which is here ascribed to a new species, Plectroninia norvegica. Its habitat, a sedimentary surface with a very rich sessile epifauna at a depth of 280 m and temperature of about 6° C, is in marked contrast to the previous known distribution of the genus in cryptic habitats in the Indo-Pacific and the Mediterranean.


Many finance models assume the existence of noise traders who push asset prices away from fundamental values. Yet empirically, these "animal spirits" are challenging to observe because fundamental values are inherently unobservable. We examine a novel database of trades by ETF authorized participants who specifically trade to correct violations of the law of one price. These trades allow us to measure arbitrage activity. We show that noise traders do not cancel each other out and arbitrage activity is associated with predictable price distortions. Our analysis indicates that noise traders exert a non-fundamental impact on market outcomes even when arbitrageurs are active. Thus, noise traders are not simply noise, they impact prices.


This paper has two objectives: First, to identify a metaphor of thinking, used in everyday life as well as in science. This is done by discussing several assumptions concerning gestures, signed and spoken language as communication systems and their interrelations (sections 1^) . The metaphor depicts sign languages as positioned 'between' gestures and spoken language, developmentally as well as with respect to efficiency Second, I try to show that if we abandon this metaphor, we get a new perspective on sign language. From this point of view, the specificity of sign language is highlighted by describing two possible types of signs emerging from the employment of a 'spatial grammar' (sections 5,6).


Platelet (PLT) transfusion is a widely used therapy in treating or preventing bleeding and hemorrhage in patients with thrombocytopenia or trauma. Compared to the relative ease of PLT transfusion, current practice for PLT storage at room temperature (RT) for up to 5 to 7 days is inefficient, costly, wasteful, and relatively unsafe.


This work is motivated by experiments by the authors towards the inspection of ceramic ball-bearings using ultrasonic surface waves. 2D and 3D Finite Element (FE) simulation results validating the experiments and throwing light on multiple round-trips of surface waves are first presented. The change in the dispersion properties of surface waves due to curvature is then numerically demonstrated for the cases of long circular cylinder and thin circular disk, along with physical insight into how this comes about. Observations of differences in the properties of ultrasonic surface waves generated by normal and tangential excitation in both cases are then presented and discussed in light of differences in mode shapes. Finally directions for further investigation are discussed.


In the Rate-Distortion Optimization (RDO) technique for video encoding, the process of choosing the best prediction mode is performed through exhaustive executions of the whole encoding process, which increases significantly the encoder computational complexity. Considering H.264/AVC intra-frame prediction there are several modes to encode each macroblock (MB). In order to reduce the number of calculations necessary to determine the best intra-frame mode, this work proposes an algorithm and the hardware design for a fast intra-frame mode decision module for H.264/AVC encoders. The application of the proposed algorithm reduces in more than ten times the number of encoding iterations for choosing the best intra-frame mode when compared with RDO-based decision, at the cost of relatively small bit-rate increase (5% in average) and image quality loss (0.2 dB in PSNR). The architecture takes 36 clock cycles to perform the intra-frame decision for one MB and it achieved an operation frequency of 130 MHz when synthesized for TSMC 0.18μm, being able to process more than 400 HD1080p frames per second. With this approach, we achieved one order-of-magnitude performance improvement compared with RDO-based approaches, which is very important not only from the performance but also from the energy consumption perspective when considering the need to improve the video encoding efficiency for battery operated devices. Compared with the best previous results reported, the implemented architecture achieve a complexity reduction of five times, a processing capability increase of 14 times and a reduction in the number of clock cycles per MB of 11 times.


Addition of chlorine to the double bond of α-santonin derivatives such as santonin chlorohydrin (4) santonin α-epoxide (5), and 5-chloro-4-methoxysatonin (6) produced new chloro-santonins (13, 14, 16, respectively). So far, only trans addition of chlorine to the 1, 2-double bond of santonin has been known, but from the configuration of these products, it wa clear that cis addition had occuured. 'Santonin dichloride' (2), and 2-chlorosantonin (3), were chloromethoxylated and chloro-hydroxylated to produce tetrasubstituted compounds (9 and 10), and trisubstituted compounds (11 and 12), respectively. Their structure and configuration were determined by interrelating them to known santonin derivatives (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) and by X-ray analysis of 13.


This thesis aims at comprehending the basic spirit and connotation of the "STS" Theory,applying the "STS"Theory to the service to readers,analysing the interrelations and functions of its constitute elements and making the "STS".Theory play a great role in the service to readers.


The sediment interstitial water of a zoned, mature, riparian wetland located in Hale county in alabama has been collected in situ by diffusion-type porewater samplers to analyze the influence of sediment on the wetland water chemistry. Lower redox values, higher Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Cl concentrations and pH, and lower sulfate concentration were found in the interstitial water, making the chemistry of the sediment interstitial water significantly different from that of the overlying surface water and underlying groundwater. The spatial changes of the interstitial water chemistry show the combined influence of biological, hydrologic and sediment conditions on the interstitial water chemistry.


The aim of this study was to assess the potential impacts of ten exogenous strains on acid production of maize resistant starch (RS) and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) during in vitro fermentation and on anti-colon cancer activities of fermentation products. Maize RS and XOS were fermented in vitro by the fecal extract from healthy adults in the absence and presence of one exogenous strain culture. Fermentation products were measured for their acetate, propionate, butyrate, and lactate contents, and growth inhibition on human colon carcinoma (HCT-116) cells. These strains in general conferred fermentation products with increased acetate, propionate and butyrate contents, enhanced lactate conversion, and different growth inhibition on HCT-116 cells. Correlation analysis results demonstrated that butyrate and lactate contents of fermentation products made respective positive and negative contribution to the measured growth inhibition (p 0.05). These results were mostly consistent with those from confirmation trials using standard acid solutions for the cells. It is highlighted that these strains had beneficial intervention in colonic fermentation of maize RS and XOS and anti-cancer activities of fermentation products, rendering lower lactate and higher butyrate contents and especially higher anti-colon cancer activities.


Like most bat species, the pond bat (Myotis dasycneme (Boie, 1825)) lives in roosts more or less in the centre of their foraging habitat and are considered central-place foragers. Commuting routes, or flyways, between roosts and hunting areas have an essential ecological function for bats. We summarize the results of research performed on the commuting routes of pond bats between 2002 and 2009. We give, among others, a description on how bats disperse, how to recognize a commuting route, and details about the effort needed to make a complete survey of one commuting route. Furthermore, we make a relation between number of animals on the route and size of their respective roost. The results suggest pond bats are not completely reliant on waterways for reaching their foraging habitat; they use directional dispersal, following commuting routes over waterways in combination with shortcuts over land. These results provide information that can be used to better understand how bats use their commuting routes. Als...


Figure 1. Skin and Nail Lesions in Endocarditis. Typical subungual ("splinter") hemorrhage and numerous petechiae on the skin of the abdomen are seen in a patient with staphylococcal endocarditis.


Based on the experiments of green body with 54vol% and 58vol% solid loading drying in the liquid desiccant that concentration of 10wt%,20wt%,30wt% of polyethylene glycol(PEG10000),a dynamic model of liquid drying process of wet green body of gel-casting was established.This model described the quantitative relation between the water content and drying time of the green body,and it was approved by fact.


Problem area Helicopter mission performance analysis has always been an important topic for the helicopter industry. This topic is now raising even more interest as aspects related to emissions and noise gain more importance for environmental and social impact assessments. The present work illustrates the initial steps of a methodology developed in order to find the optimal trajectory of any specified helicopter at specific operational or environmental constraints. For this purpose, it is essential to develop an integrated tool capable of determining the resources required (e.g. fuel burnt) for a given helicopter trajectory, as well as assessing its environmental impact. This simulation framework tool is the result of a collaborative effort of Cranfield University (UK), National Aerospace Laboratory NLR (NL) and LMS International (BE).


The imidization behavior and structural evolution in a microscaled film of poly(3,4'-oxydiphenylene pyromellitamic acid) precursor are studied by time-resolved synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy to investigate the relationship between thermal imidization and structural evolution in the precursor. The precursor film displays only short-range order, but its polyimide film shows a crystalline structure based on an orthorhombic crystal lattice unit. When the precursor is heated at 2.0 °C/min, it undergoes imidization over the temperature range 124-310 °C through a two-step process: (i) decomplexation of the amide linkage from residual solvent molecules and other intra- and intermolecular amic acid groups and (ii) imide-ring closure. The maximum rate of imidization occurs at 148.4 °C. Anhydride rings are found to form transiently over the range 93-310 °C, which are attributed to the nature of the equilibrium between the precursor and its constituent anhydride- and amino-terminated species. The imidization reaction begins prior to the commencement of structural evolution. The structural evolution takes place over 132-380 °C as a three-step process: initiation, primary growth, and secondary growth. In particular, the initiation step requires at least 3.2% imidization. The structural evolution is further influenced by the short-range ordered structure formed in the precursor film in the process of film formation. However, the overall crystallinity in the fully imidized film is limited to only 21.4%.


The preservation of a diverse news market has been one of the longstanding motivations behind media ownership limitations. Without the checks and balances provided by competition, owner interests may unduly influence the news. The vibrant online news community, which includes thousands of news sites representing a wide range of political viewpoints, has recently been cited as one of the reasons that government regulation of the traditional news market is becoming less important. With so many viewpoints online, why would we worry about news diversity? This argument raises two important sets of empirical questions. First, what is the relationship between people's use of online and traditional news media? Are new sources replacing traditional media institutions, making the older organizations less relevant, or is something else going on? To address this question I examine news media usage patterns using data collected in a national random-digit-dial telephone survey (n=1,510). This analysis will show that the major news organizations continue to define the news landscape for most Americans, online and off. Though a significant minority uses alternative news sources online, these sources compliment, rather than replace, the mainstream media. Second, what will happen if reduced competition among major news outlets leads them to be increasingly aligned with the interests of a few organizations, producing a more partisan news market? To answer this question, I will focus on understanding people's preferences regarding political information. Research suggests that when seeking information in general, people desire viewpoint reinforcement but are not averse to challenging information. If this holds for news use, then people will expose themselves to partisan sources that align with their own political views, but they will not shy away from sources that offer a more balanced set of views. To assess people's preferences, I use data collected in the survey described above to examine how people are using the control afforded by online news to shape their exposure to political information. I supplement this analysis with data from a web-administered experiment conducted with a national sample of partisan news service readers (n=994). The experiment looks specifically at the types of information people examine when presented with a diverse pool of political news. The results confirm that in their search for political news people do seek viewpoint reinforcement, but comparatively few act to limit their exposure to other perspectives. This implies that a news market that prominently includes balanced news sources will help to encourage awareness of a full spectrum of political viewpoints, while a more partisan news market will lead to a significant drop in that individuals' exposure to political viewpoints other than their own, even if a wide range of viewpoints are available. Taken together, these results suggest that ownership regulation continues to play an important role. The finding regarding news preferences underscores the importance of a news market that contains balanced news outlets, while the data on contemporary uses of the Internet suggest that we cannot yet look to online news to ensure that such a market exists.


Alzheimer disease (AD)2 is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder that directly affects millions of people and indirectly affects the lives of tens of millions of others who must deal with many years of cognitive decline of their loved ones. This devastating disorder, for which no cure is available at present, now strikes someone in America every 71 s. With the current aging population, AD is becoming an ever-increasing social burden for the health care system and national economy in addition to the emotional burden for the immediate family members. AD is pathologically characterized by the presence in the brain of senile plaques containing amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles containing Tau. Although these pathological hallmarks were recognized more than a 100 years ago (1–3), only within the past decade have real advances been made in determining the molecular and biochemical basis of AD. This thematic minireview series deals with the current knowledge of the biochemistry of the molecules involved in AD with a view toward understanding the pathobiology of and potential treatments for AD. The first section starts with a discussion of the metabolism and function of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and plaque formation in AD. The subsequent sections (to be published in later issues) deal with the formation of amyloid oligomers; fibrillization, degradation, and neurotoxicity of Aβ; Tau mutations in AD-like diseases; the association of apoE with AD; and mouse models for AD.

The first four minireviews of this thematic series deal with the metabolism and function of APP and how these may affect AD. The first minireview, "Amyloid Precursor Protein Trafficking, Processing, and Function" by Gopal Thinakaran and Edward H. Koo, discusses the biology of APP and its relatives APLP1 and APLP2, with a particular focus on trafficking through the secretory, endocytic, and recycling pathways. The potential function of APP as a trophic, cell adhesion, or receptor molecule is presented with a discussion of the role of APP in the development of the nervous system and synapse structure. The next minireview, by Sarah L. Cole and Robert Vassar, "The Role of Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing by BACE1, the β-Secretase, in Alzheimer Disease Pathophysiology," initiates a detailed discussion of the processing of APP by BACE1, the enzyme that generates the N terminus of Aβ. The initial identification of the BACE1 enzyme, only 10 years ago, other possible biological roles for BACE1, and the putative development of inhibitors for this ideal target based on its crystal structure round out this review. "Intramembrane Proteolysis by γ-Secretase" by Harald Steiner, Regina Fluhrer, and Christian Haass then develops the story of the elusive nature of the γ-secretase, the enzyme complex made of four subunits, which releases Aβ by cleavage of APP C-terminal fragments. Presenilin, the catalytic subunit, is presented both as an interesting protease that hydrolyzes its substrates in a non-aqueous environment and as the bearer of mutations in familial AD. Of particular interest is the discussion of γ-secretase as a potential target for pharmaceutical intervention and where the prospects currently stand. Phosphorylation is, of course, a main regulatory theme in any biological system, and it certainly holds form for consideration of regulation of APP as detailed in the minireview "Regulation of Amyloid β-Protein Precursor by Phosphorylation and Protein Interactions" by Toshiharu Suzuki and Tadashi Nakaya. The normal function of APP has been hard to pin down, but this minireview carefully outlines the trafficking, transport, and regulation of APP by phosphorylation, with a focus on what the C-terminal fragment may be doing. Taken together, these reviews highlight the known features of APP function, metabolism of APP, the enzymes that cleave it to produce Aβ, and aspects of the physiological regulation of APP processing and Aβ production. The targeting of inhibitors toward certain of these steps to reduce the Aβ load provides optimism for eventual treatment of AD itself.

The next section of this series discusses what is believed to be the pathogenic product of APP cleavage, Aβ, in terms of its fibrillization, toxicity, and degradation. In "Structural Classification of Toxic Amyloid Oligomers," Charles G. Glabe considers various "prefibrillar" forms of Aβ and proposes that conformationally sensitive antibodies might be the best means now for classifying structural types of Aβ oligomers, rather than size. The importance of Aβ degradation as a natural or medicinal means of regulating Aβ levels is discussed in "The AβCs of Aβ-cleaving Proteases" by Malcolm A. Leissring. This minireview evaluates a multitude of Aβ-degrading enzymes that are now known and points to the possibilities of targeting or utilizing this inherent proteolytic activity in the treatment of AD. "Amyloid β-Protein Assembly and Alzheimer Disease" by Robin Roychaudhuri, Mingfeng Yang, Minako Hoshi, and David B. Teplow ranges from a description of the pathway of assembly of Aβ into soluble oligomers and protofibrils to the toxic effects of these assemblies via membrane effects, metals and reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial interactions, and ultimately apoptosis of neurons. Bruce A. Yankner and Tao Lu consider the pathobiological role of Aβ in the minireview "Amyloid β-Protein Toxicity and the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease." Effects of Aβ oligomers in synaptic physiology, cognitive deficits, Tau interactions, and microglial inflammation lead to novel suggestions for treatments.

This 11-part series on AD will be concluded by a discussion of Tau etiology, the important role of apoE in mediating effects of AD, and the contribution of mouse models toward understanding AD pathology. The other side of the Aβ/Tau coin is critically examined in "Tau Mutations in Neurodegenerative Diseases" by Michael S. Wolfe. The role and putative mechanism(s) of aberrant Tau are discussed with an emphasis on splicing of Tau isoforms. The well known genetic association between apoE4 and AD is explored at the molecular level by Ning Zhong and Karl H. Weisgraber in "Understanding the Association of ApoE4 with Alzheimer Disease: Clues from Its Structure." The emerging information on the structure, stability, domain interactions, and aggregation of apoE isoforms is put in context of neuronal vulnerability, transgenic mice, and AD patients. Finally, no discussion of modern biomedical research would be complete without consideration of genetics and appropriate transgenic mouse models. "Relevance of Transgenic Mouse Models to Human Alzheimer Disease" by Debbi A. Morrissette, Anna Parachikova, Kim N. Green, and Frank M. LaFerla does that very well with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of current mouse models and where this approach will move in the future.

An understanding of the basic biochemistry of the key players in AD may ultimately provide a framework for developing drugs or other treatments to alleviate the severe pathology these molecules can cause in the elderly. Whether these treatments come as enzyme inhibitors, peptide aggregation blockers, trafficking modulators, lipoprotein mimics, or even Tau antagonists is unknown at this time. We are at a stage in the development of our knowledge of the molecular basis of AD where many people believe that we are poised on the brink of significant breakthroughs; we now need to achieve these next steps before we forget where we are walking.


In a high dimensional multiple testing framework, we present new confidence bounds on the false positives contained in subsets S of selected null hypotheses. The coverage probability holds simultaneously over all subsets S, which means that the obtained confidence bounds are post hoc. Therefore, S can be chosen arbitrarily, possibly by using the data set several times. We focus in this paper specifically on the case where the null hypotheses are spatially structured. Our method is based on recent advances in post hoc inference and particularly on the general methodology of Blanchard et al. (2017); we build confidence bounds for some pre-specified forest-structured subsets {R k , k ∈ K}, called the reference family, and then we deduce a bound for any subset S by interpolation. The proposed bounds are shown to improve substantially previous ones when the signal is locally structured. Our findings are supported both by theoretical results and numerical experiments. Moreover, we show that our bound can be obtained by a low-complexity algorithm, which makes our approach completely operational for a practical use. The proposed bounds are implemented in the open-source R package sansSouci.


This paper proposes a novel quality evaluation method to categorize fruits using color and texture features. In proposed method, input image is segmented using histogram based thresholding technique to identify whether the portion of image is defective or non defective. For defected samples, texture features are extracted from 3D color co-occurrence distribution. Sum of squared distance (SSD) is calculated between texture features of training and test fruits. Non defective fruits are considered as extra class, whereas classes I and II are moderately and highly defective fruits respectively. A database of 150 fruit samples was collected from mozambi and orange fruits with all quality classes for marketable – grade fruit inspection and distribution system. Images (80) were manually classified for training and the rest were used for testing. Proposed method (classification accuracy, > 93%) outperforms existing methods.


This paper presents empirical research on motivational factors for investing in Enterprise Systems ES, based on the survey conducted among project leaders. The results show that enterprises make investments in ES mostly to increase operational efficiency, provide managers with more accurate information and, which is interesting, to be able to continue the operations on the current level. Almost one third of examined enterprises indicated the replacement of an inefficient IT infrastructure with a new one enabling smooth operation of current business processes as the most important motivational factor for investments. The results of the research presented in this paper may help to understand the productivity paradox as they prove that many enterprises treat IT as a commodity rather than a strategic asset that generates significant business gains.


Piper sarmentosum Roxb are wild plants that are widely used as an itch and cough medicine. P. sarmentosum and Alpinia galanga contain flavonoid, saponin, and alkaloid which has a function as an antifungal. This study aims to determine the effect of extract ethanol of Karuk leaves and white galangal rhizome in influencing the growth of Microsporum gypseum in vitro. The study was carried out with an experimental method of fungi using the Kirby Bauer. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Karuk leaves (Piper sarmentosum ) and white galangal rhizome (Alpinia galanga) had an effective inhibitory effect on the growth of fungi M. gypseum and Candida albicans. The best inhibitory zone of Karuk leaf extract is at a concentration of 100% with a diameter of 34.2 mm inhibitory zone which is categorized as very strong (M. gypseum), diameter of 16.3 mm inhibitory zone which is categorized as strong (C. albicans) and while the inhibitory zone of galangal rhizome extract is the best, namely at a concentration of 100% with a diameter of 12,3 mm (C. albicans) and 32.06 mm (M. gypseum) inhibition with a very strong inhibitory response.


Cookies usually use wheat flour with low protein, that makes the wheat flour in the ingredients can be replaced with other kinds of flour, one of them being mocaf flour. Mocaf can also be used for ingredients for foods like cookies. Cookies with mocaf flour as ingredient substitute can be enhanced functionally using dragon fruit. The fruit and skin of dragon fruit have really high level of nutrition especially antioxidant which is very good in fighting free radicals. The purpose for this research is to know the activities of antioxidant and physical and chemical characteristics, also the organoleptic of cookies with mocaf flour as ingredient substitute and added with dragon fruit porridge.
The layout used for this research is nested pattern with two factors. Factor one consists of two levels which are wheat flour and mocaf flour, and factor two consists of 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of whole dragon fruit porridge concentration. Our research's parameter include chemical quality, physical quality, and organoleptic test. The physical quality is measured by way of observing the colour and texture, while the chemical quality measured by observing the levels of water, ash, protein, fat, coarse fiber, and antioxidant activities.
The result of our research shows that adding dragon fruit porridge concentration has influence over antioxidant activities (39,44%-55,66%), level of water (2,99%-5,52%), level of ash (0,75%-1,22%), level of protein (6,05%-11,54%), level of coarse fiber (0,93%-1,40%), colour (L(42,57%-52,17%), a(8,80%-15,40%), and favoured organoleptic (2,48%-3,20%), colour (2,48%-3,36%), taste2%-3,47%) and the difference with the many types of flour influence the level of ash (0,87%-1,09%), level of protein (6,10%-9,87%), level of fat (14,02%-15,767%), level of coarse fiber (1,07%-1,26%).


Background and Objectives : Varicocele represents the most common corrigible surgery in infertile men. The aim of present study was to evaluation the effect of varicocelectomy on heptads semen parameters in patients with abnormal semen parameters. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted on infertile patient who have abnormal semen analysis according to WHO parameters and to an urologist diagnosis, they have Varicocele size with grade II, III, they came to infertility clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Sari, Iran, 2004. The Inguinal varicocelectomy was performed over these patients by an urologist. They follow up on the basis of Varicocele, post surgery complication, and semen analysis for three months. Results: 67 patients participated in this study with the mean age of 33/6±7/3 and a range of 20-50 years. The patients's infertility range was 2-20 years, and with the mean 6/5±4/02. %58 have Varicocele with grade two and %42 with grade three. In this study, the significant change in Total sperm count ( P < 0/0001 ), Sperm motility ( P < 0/025 ), Sperm morphology ( P < 0/002 ), was observed in patients before and after varicocelectomy. It hasn't also observed any significant association between heptads semen analysis parameters and Varicocele grade. Conclusion: Performing varicocelectomy could be useful improvement of semen analysis parameters and in the possible treatment of infertility in men as well.


Riley is a historian with a traditional and respectful temperament. His book both chronicles the American newspaper column and celebrates it. Students who are assigned this work will sense they are reading journalism history wrapped in an honor roll. For the aspiring columnist, learning to appreciate the craft's precursors cannot do any lasting harm. The seeds of cynicism are plentiful enough along the profession's path.


The foliage of large sycamore trees on the Purdue University campus, West Lafayette, Indiana were treated with two insecticides on July 10'79. Individual branches were used as a plot. The treatments were randomized and replicated four times. Appli-cations were made with a one gallon B&G stainless steel sprayer operating at 30 psi. Trees were sprayed to the point of drip. Counts of the numbers of lace bug adults were made at the time of treatment and at T+4 days. The temperature at the time of treatment was 82°F. with a RH of 52%. There was a slight breeze from the west at 2-4 mph.


In the negative feedback loop driving the Neurospora circadian oscillator, the negative element, FREQUENCY (FRQ), inhibits its own expression by promoting phosphorylation of its heterodimeric transcriptional activators, White Collar-1 (WC-1) and WC-2. FRQ itself also undergoes extensive time-of-day-specific phosphorylation with over 100 phosphosites previously documented. Although disrupting individual or certain clusters of phosphorylation sites has been shown to alter circadian period lengths to some extent, how all the phosphorylations on FRQ control its activity is still elusive. In this study, we systematically investigated the role in period determination of all 110 phosphorylated residues reported on FRQ by mutagenetic and luciferase reporter assays. Surprisingly, robust FRQ phosphorylation is still detected even when 84 phosphosites were eliminated altogether; further mutating another 26 phosphoresidues completely abolished FRQ phosphorylation. To identify phosphoresidue(s) on FRQ impacting circadian period length, series of clustered frq phosphomutants covering all the 110 phosphosites were generated and examined for period changes. When phosphosites in the N-terminal and middle regions of FRQ were eliminated, longer periods were mostly seen while removal of phosphorylation in the C-terminal tail result in extremely short periods, among the shortest reported. Interestingly, abolishing the 11 phosphosites in the C-terminal tail of FRQ does not only result in an extremely short period, but also causes an over-compensated circadian oscillator under a range of physiological temperatures. When different groups of phosphomutations on FRQ were combined intramolecularly, an additive effect was observed as expected; unexpectedly, arrhythmicity resulting from one cluster frq phosphorylation mutants was restored by eliminating phosphorylation at another group of sites, suggesting an epistatic effect between phosphoevents. Importance Existing in most eukaryotes, circadian clocks are built based on cell-autonomous, auto-regulatory feedback loops in which negative elements feed back to depress their own expression by repressing the positive elements that drive their synthesis. In Neurospora, the WCC transcription activator drives expression of FRQ, which complexes with FRH and CK1 to repress the DNA-binding activity of WCC by promoting phosphorylation at a group of residues of WCC. The phosphorylation status of FRQ determines the circadian period length, acting independent of effects of phosphorylation on FRQ half-life. Reflecting this dominant role of phosphorylation, FRQ is subject to substantial phosphorylation at over 100 sites in a time-of-day-specific manner. However, how this plethora of phosphoevents on FRQ controls its activity in a circadian cycle is still elusive, and prior work had shown limited effects of individual phosphosite point mutants. In this study, a series of frq mutants targeting multisite phosphorylation within domains of FRQ were generated and analyzed in order to define their roles in period determination. A clear pattern of period altering effects was observed in these frq mutants; certain mutants display strong temperature compensation phenotypes, and interestingly, a novel epistatic relationship on rhythmicity between phosphogroups emerged.


A new coordination polymer, [Ag2(bpp)2(H2O)]·pydc·7H2O (1), derived from the ligand pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid (H2pydc), has been obtained through a hydrothermal technique [bpp=1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane]. Its single crystal structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography. A 2D sheet containing (H2O)12 water units was formed. Interestingly, each pydc dianion bridged two (H2O)12 units and two free water molecules in the construction of 2D hydrogen-bonding sheets. Additionally, fluorescent properties, TG analysis, and PXRD for complex 1 were also measured and discussed.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationship between environmental risk factors and respiratory and eye symptoms of women in rural areas, so as to provide baseline data for the intervention of indoor air pollution.

METHOD
A household survey on the environmental risk factors and the health of 1575 rural women was analyzed.

RESULTS
After age and income being adjusted, the OR of smoking, passive smoking, no ventilation indoors, using both coal and biomass versus respiratory symptoms were 2.42, 1.35, 1.52 and 1.44. The OR of cooking years and the age of beginning to cook versus respiratory symptoms were 1.44 and 0.92. The OR of no ventilation indoors, using both coal and biomass versus eye symptoms were 1.67 and 1.49. The OR of cooking years and the age of beginning to cook versus eye symptoms were 1.56 and 0.92. The OR of increasing cooking time everyday versus eye symptoms was 1.36.

CONCLUSION
Exposure to indoor air pollution during cooking time was the most significant environmental risk factor for the respiratory and eye symptoms in rural women.


The isomer of Th-229 is the only excited nuclear state known today that could be excited by current laser technology. Its extremely low energy (8.26 eV [1]) stems from its unique elliptical shape which creates a near degenerate ground state. Owing to its long lifetime, the Th-229m isomer could form a platform for a future nuclear optical clock. Recently, the LMU Munich experiment has observed the internal conversion de-excitation of the isomer and determined its energy [1, 2]. The radiative decay has not yet been observed. We aim to create a population of Th-229 isomers doped in a CaF2 crystal to observe the radiative decay of the isomer. Firstly, the biggest challenge of using Th-229 in a crystal is understanding the interactions between the nucleus and the crystal system. Internal conversion via crystal interaction is still an open question and defects decrease the transparency of the crystal. The suppression of both the non-radiative decay of the isomer and crystal defects are necessary for the detection of the radiative decay. We employ several methods to attempt to create a detectable population of isomer nuclei in the crystal system. To excite the Th-229 in the crystal, we grow these doped crystals and take several new approaches: firstly we apply a commercially available excimer lamp [3]. The excimers show a continuous and broad emission spectrum in the VUV region, thus are able to directly excite the isomer. Secondly, we use x-rays created in the SPring8 synchrotron to resonantly excite the 2nd nuclear excited state [4]. This state directly decays to the isomer state thus creating a population of isomer nuclei in the crystal. Thirdly we dope CaF2 with Uranium-233 and use the radioactive decay of Uranium to create isomer nuclei in the crystal system [5].


While the fungus Sarocladium oryzae survived for 10 and 7 months respectively in infected rice seeds (Oryza sativa L.) and infloresence of Echinocloa corono L. (Link.) under storage conditions, it could not survive for more than two months in infected stubbles of rice or E. corono plant parts in the field after harvest (September) in rainfed monocropped ecosystem of Hazaribag, Bihar, India. The test pathogen has also been found to survive in rhizosphere soil of rice during wet crop season (June to September/October) for more than six months after sowing infected seeds.


We analyze the impact of interest rate policy on financial stability in an environment where banks can experience runs on their short-term liabilities forcing them to sell assets at fire sale prices. Price adjustment frictions and a state-dependent risk of financial crisis create the possibility of a policy tradeoff between price stability and financial stability. Focusing on Taylor rules with monetary policy possibly reacting to banks' short-term liabilities, we find that the optimized policy uses the extra tool to support investment at the expense of higher inflation and output volatility.


Based on Buddhism,Taoism and Confucianism,and by the way of artistic depiction of mythology,celestial's taste and Buddhist realm,the six large newly created painted murals relating to the topics of Duke GUAN in Guanlin scenery play up Duke GUAN's respected and admirable image of "Confucian titling saint,Buddhism titling the real Buddhist,Taoism titling supernatural being",which reflect the ancient as well as cotemporary people's good will of begging for safety,wishing to be healthy,praying for happiness and treasury and holding great hopes for their children.


PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls (polychlorinated biphenyls), are the generic names given to the class of organochlorine compounds resulting from the reaction of the biphenyl group with anhydrous chlorine in the presence of a catalyst. They are toxic, persistent, bioaccumulative and pose the risk of causing harm to human health and the environment. Large quantities of PCBs were produced in several countries between 1927 and 1977. In the United States the prohibition occurred in 1977. Due to high toxicity, production and marketing of PCBs have been banned worldwide since 1980. It was carried out at the Chemistry Institute of Sao Carlos—University of Sao Paulo, and developed a procedure for decontamination of mineral insulating oil containing PCBs values above 50 mg/kg. In the procedure, the contaminated oil was passed by percolation in a column containing polyurethane foam derived from vegetable oil, produced by the Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Polymer Technology (GQATP), thus obtaining a 55% reduction in the levels of PCBs.


In this article, I outline findings from a photo-elicitation study of a bisexual community event in the United Kingdom. Participants describe the event as taking place in 'a separate world', a 'portable bubble' reached by a symbolic journey away from the everyday, within which they can recognise themselves as present-tense bisexual subjects. These framings support a theorisation of BiCon as a heterotopic place-event where the paradox of bisexual subjectivity can be temporarily resolved. Applying the concept of heterotopia to BiCon 2008 allows us to account for the relationship between the 'magical space' of BiCon and the spaces of the non-BiCon world. Further, by theorising BiCon 2008 as a place-event (Pink, 2012), we can begin to account for the ways in which the space is produced intersubjectively, through the movements and practices of its constituents.


The Government through the Ministry of Finance of Indonesia has been running the tax amnesty program for six months, from June 2016 to December 2016 or better known as tax amnesty period 1 and period 2. This study aims to identify and analyze mandatory compliance level of individuals based on the business sector located in DKI Jakarta Indonesia.This study using descriptive analysis using data from the ministry of finance of the republic of Indonesia directorate general of taxation unit directorate of technology taxation, 2017 in the area of Jakarta.
The results show that in the regional office of the directorate general of taxes of East Jakarta and the regional office of the directorate general of taxation of Jakarta Special, the participation rate of individual taxpayers in the Regional Office has very low participation level in the Tax Amnesty program and when the SPT correction.


While there is a good understanding of functional requirements and the need to test them during development, non-functional requirements are more elusive. Defining non-functional requirements can end up in a major undertaking consuming significant resources. Even after defining non-functional requirements, chances are they do not reflect the real-world usage of a deployed system. Differences can occur due to workload, hardware, or utilised third-party libraries. To tackle these challenges we propose a fully automatic compliance monitoring solution for non-functional properties. The proposed system mines stable behavioural patterns of the system and automatically extracts assertions that can be used to detect deviations of expected non-functional behaviour. We especially focus on non-functional properties that require runtime observation, e.g. execution time, performance, throughput.The full automation of the process enables a deployment in the field, giving rise to a distributed non-functional behaviour extraction system.


It is demonstrated that single molecular arrays of phthalocyanines (Pc) can be assembled with templates of 2-dimensional alkane lamella of nanometer scale. By optimizing stoichiometry of the binary mixture, large areas of uniform single molecular arrays can be formed in submicrometer scale. This work provides a molecular scale illustration of self-assembly of binary molecular systems based on van der Waals interaction, and a method to design and assemble single molecular arrays with submicrometer length scale.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the electroless Ni‐P coatings in two aggressive media 3.5 wt.% NaCl and Synthetic industrial waste water. Also to study the effect of Phosphorous content in the electroless Ni‐P deposits on its surface nature, morphology and corrosion resistance.Design/methodology/approach – The corrosion behavior of electroless Ni‐P coatings generated on mild steel coupons from an acidic and an alkaline baths and their anti‐corrosion performance of was compared systematically in 3.5 wt.% of NaCl solution and also in synthetic industrial waste water. Microstructure and surface composition of coatings were analyzed using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The Ni‐P coated mild steel specimens were subjected to corrosion and the rate of corrosion was studied by chemical and electrochemical methods. The linear sweep voltammetry, Tafel and electrochemical impedance spectroscop...


The risk of transmission lines overload in the power grid is increasing with the large-scale integration of fluctuating distributed renewable energies. Meanwhile, the requirement for accommodating more distributed resources in the future smart grids promotes the transition from the current highly centralized control structure toward a distributed one. In this article, we propose a distributed corrective control approach to mitigate line overloads in a real-time and close-loop manner. Unlike the conventional centralized approach, only simple computation and local information exchange are required to update the local corrective control action. This makes it possible to mitigate line overloads timely and adapt to the topology changes of grids. Furthermore, the introduction of system measurements and security constraints in the proposed algorithm ensures an effective and secure corrective control without new line overloads. The performance of the proposed distributed approach is demonstrated in the IEEE 14-Bus and 118-Bus systems.


Co-creation, a form of engagement in which stakeholders jointly generate value, has increasingly received attention as a way to enhance responsible research and innovation (RRI). To explore the extent to which co-creation might support RRI, this paper analyses three co-creation workshops with di ff erent types of stakeholders in the area of nanotechnology for health. The analysis considers the potential of co-creation to enhance the legitimacy of and add value to innovation based on the four dimensions of RRI: re fl exivity, inclusion, anticipation, and adaptation. The results show that it is di ffi cult to address all the dimensions at once. A trade-o ff between creating legitimacy and added value can be detected: a co-creation process focusing on added value requires deliberation early in the innovation process, a certain speci fi city and an action-oriented perspective. This comes at the cost of the inclusion and anticipation of societal values, which are important dimensions of a legitimate innovation process.


The compound 2,4-dichlororesorcinol was obtained from the starting material 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate via chlorinated reaction,hydrolysis and decarboxylation.The chlorinated fluorescein was synthesized by condensation reaction of 2,4-dichlororesorcinol with 3,5-dichloro-2,4-dihydroxybenzonic acid catalyzed by methanesulfonic acid.The structures of the target compound and intermediates were determined by IR,MS,1HNMR and elemental analysis.


When tobacco plants are infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and local lesions form in infected leaves, pathogenesis-related proteins (PR proteins) are induced in these infected leaves (Van Loon and Van Kammen, 1970) . These proteins are host-coded proteins and induced by a wide range of pathogens including not only viruses but bacteria and fungi (Van Loon, 1985) . Their synthesis is also induced by some chemicals like salicylic acid and benzoic acid (Antoniw and White, 1980), plant hormones (Antoniw et al., 1981), and mechanical injury and osmotic stress (Ohashi and Matsuoka, 1985). The function of these proteins is not clear, though their involvement in an acquired systemic resistance in tobacco plant has been suggested (Kassanis et al., 1974). Carr et al. (1982) reported that mRNA coding for PR proteins was present in healthy Xanthi-nc tobacco leaves, but was sequestered in a latant, untranslatable form until the chemical treatment or virus infection stimulates plant cells to induce the conversion of the mRNA to a translatable form. In the present work, we attempted to compare between PR proteins synthesized in vitro and those synthesized in vivo using indirect immunoprecipitation method and see whether the mRNA for PR proteins is present in healthy tobacco leaves. Our results showed that these PR proteins were synthesized in vitro as larger precursors and their translatable mRNA were not detected in healthy tobacco plants. Materials and methods. Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum, cv. Samsun NN) were grown in a temperature-controlled green house (20-30°C) for 2 to 3 months after sowing. Fully expanded leaves were detached and inoculated with TMV (Matsuoka and Ohashi, 1984) or treated with potassium salicylate (Ohashi and Matsuoka, 1985). Total RNA was extracted by the method modified from Chirgwin et al. (1979). Leaf tissue was powdered in liquid nitrogen and the powder was homogenized in the medium containing 4 M guanidine thiocyanate, 0.5% Nlauroylsarcosinate, 25 mM sodium citrate (pH 7.0), 0.2% Antifoam A and 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol. The extract was squeezed with 2 layers of nylon mesh and centrifuged twice at 15,000 g for 15 min at 4°C. The cleared extract was layered over 10 ml pads of 5.7 M CsCI solution containing 0.1 M EDTA and 25 mM sodium citrate (pH 7.0), and centrifuged in SRP-28 rotor (Hitachi) at 28,000 rpm for 24 h at 15°C. The precipitate was dissolved in 10 ml of sterile water and centrifuged at 15,000 g for 15 min at 4°C to remove undissolved materials. The supernatant was washed twice with ethanol, and the washed precipitate was dissolved


Many definitions for operations strategy appear in literature. Yet, after analysing some of these important definitions, there were some common denominators: planning and decision-making. It is through correct operations strategy planning and decisions that organizations achieve competitive edge, and for this reason, the subject is of major importance. In this paper we present a review on operations strategy (OS) in manufacturing, services and product-service organizations. Through the literature analysis we found several differences and fewer similarities between OS in manufacturing and services and also the positioning of product-service systems (PSS) OS, comparing to OS in manufacturing and in services. Our foremost contribution is providing a literature review and an analysis on the content of the OS frameworks.


In this paper, the concepts of $L$-concave structures, concave $L$-interior operators and concave $L$-neighborhood systems are introduced. It is shown that the category of $L$-concave spaces and the category of concave $L$-interior spaces are isomorphic, and they are both isomorphic to the category of concave $L$-neighborhood systems whenever $L$ is a completely distributive lattice. Also, it is proved that these categories are all isomorphic to the category of $L$-convex spaces whenever $L$ is a completely distributive lattice with an order-reversing involution operator.


Background: Respiratory muscle strength is assessed using the static pressure generated at the mouth during a maximal inspiratory or expiratory effort [PImax and PEmax, respectively (MSRPs)]. Interpretation of MSRPs relies upon comparison with 'normal' values, but MSRPs show very weak associations with predictors such as physical characteristics. The influence of habitual physical activity upon MSRPs remains undefined. Objectives: We examined measurement reproducibility, as well as the influence of physical characteristics and habitual physical activity upon MSRPs in healthy elderly people. Methods: MSRPs were assessed in 41 healthy subjects using a portable mouth pressure meter on two occasions, 1 week apart. Physical activity was assessed in 10 subjects by diary record. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were used to assess the association of MSRPs with other measured variables. Results: There was good measurement reproducibility of MSRPs, with coefficients of reproducibility of 10.2 and 12.8% for PImax and PEmax, respectively. MSRPs showed statistically significant negative correlations with age, but correlations with physical characteristics were poor. In contrast, MSRPs were highly correlated with physical activity. Conclusions: We conclude that MSRPs can be measured reproducibly and that they decline with advancing age. Physical characteristics are not good predictors of MSRPs; this may be due to a strong confounding influence of physical activity making interpretation of measurements problematic. We suggest that the poor predictive power of physical characteristics indicate that reference to 'normal' values be made with caution and that it may be more appropriate to consider functional interpretations of MSRPs based upon factors such as lung and chest wall elastance.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of apical-coronal implant position on the stress distribution after occlusal and oblique loading. Materials and Methods: The cortical and cancellous bone was assumed to be isotropic, homogeneous, and linearly elastic. The implant was apposed to cortical bone in the crestal region and to cancellous bone for the remainder of the implant-bone interface. The cancellous core was surrounded by 2-㎜-thick cortical bone. An axial load of 200 N was assumed and a 200-N oblique load was applied at a buccal inclination of 30 degrees to the center of the pontic and buccal cusps. The 3-D geometry modeled in Iron CAD was interfaced with ANSYS. Results: When only the stress in the bone was compared, the minimal principal stress at load Points A and B, with a axial load applied at 90 degrees or an oblique load applied at 30 degrees, for model 5. The von Mises stress in the screw of model 5 was minimal at Points A and B, for 90- and 30-degree loads. When the von Mises stress of the abutment screw was compared at Points A and B, and a 30-degree oblique load, the maximum principal stress was seen with model 2, while the minimum principal stress was with model 5. In the case of implant, the model that received maximum von Mises stress was model 1 with the load Point A and Point B, axial load applied in 90-degree, and oblique load applied in 30-degree. Discussion and Conclusions: These results suggests that implantation should be done at the supracrestal level only when necessary, since it results in higher stress than when implantation is done at or below the alveolar bone level. Within the limited this study, we recommend the use of supracrestal apical-coronal positioning in the case of clinical indications.


The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the differences in plasma 17beta-estradiol concentration in early and late follicular phases of the menstrual cycle can affect the level of endogenous DNA damage in lymphocytes assessed by comet assay, and whether the extent of this damage in the follicular phase is associated with the genotype of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). The level of DNA damage was positively correlated with 17beta-estradiol concentration only in the late follicular phase. Subjects with the COMT L/L homozygous mutated variant revealed more DNA damage as compared to individuals with the COMT wild-type and heterozygous (H/L+HH) genotype.


The preparations of new compounds, containing the complex anions [Hg2l5]-, [Hg2l6]2- and [Hg3I8]2-, are reported. Distorted iodine-bridged configurations are proposed for the complexes in the solid state, utilising analyses, X-ray powder patterns, molar conductance measurements and spectral (IR, UV) data


We introduce a stochastic model for the online computational process of an object detection system. By assigning likelihoods to each history or "trace" of processing, previous work involving hierarchies of classifiers is embedded within a tree-structured graphical model for the joint distribution among the classifiers under both object and background hypotheses. Evaluating likelihood ratios of traces provides a measure of confidence for each candidate detection and can markedly improve the discriminatory power of hierarchical search. This is illustrated by pruning many of the false positives generated by a face detection algorithm using the previous indexing strategy.


The author examines the oragans and most characteristic features of the television sketch, influence of the documentary film-making and 'live' television on the shaping of its genre specificity. Key words: publicism, film sketch television sketch, image, montage, composition.


Until recently, only relatively few Northern European companies had organized their operations by use of autonomous work groups, although the first literature on this subject stems from the 1950s. Yet this seems to be changing. From recent publications and the author′s experience it appears that the diffusion of autonomous work groups is increasing relatively suddenly. A survey among eight cases in six companies (two Dutch, four Swedish) shows that recent changes in the marketplace and in available technology are the main reasons why this increase has taken place and why, according to the companies, this is the very moment to start using autonomous work groups. On the one hand these changes enable the companies to introduce autonomous work groups, while on the other these changes force companies to do so.


The complexity of binary image for apples as normal, bruised around centerbruised around edge, and bruised around both edge and center were analyzed. Amulti-threshold method (thresholds determined by area rates 0.3,0.4,...0.7 for complexity rates analysis) was used successfully for bruise classification. Leaving out apples with bruising around the edge, apples were classified 85.7% correctly.


Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease mediated by vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature. Current therapies target the imbalance of vasoconstrictors and vasorelaxants in 3 pathways: nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and endothelin. While these have extended lifespans for PAH patients, significant morbidity and mortality remains. Notably, the progress in PAH therapy for over a decade has utilized these same 3 pathways. Fortunately, several new treatment options utilizing different mechanisms are emerging and will be reviewed here.


It is offered the using of new, simpler and more stable electron - optical element - the combined electromagnetic mirror as the corrector of the axial chromatic aberration in ion optical systems. Such element, together with the system of separation of beams, forms the corrector. The use of such corrector allows powerfully lowering the coefficient of chromatic aberration of ion objectives. The maximum of the relative magnitude of the coefficient lowering is equal to the inverse coefficient of stability of electrodes voltage in ion microscopes and currents stability in the magnetic lenses of electron microscopes (i.e. in 105 times). In FIB-systems it will allow to create sondes of sub-nanometer size and also it will allow to solve the problem of creation of single ions implanter for technology of a solid-state quantum computer. It's shown that resolution (or FWHM) of 2 nanometer may be achieved by reactive ion etching with the using of focused ion beam on the base of combined electromagnetic mirror as compensator of chromatic aberration of ion objective lenses. It will allow to create the templates for imprint and masks for proximity lithography with the size of half pith of 2 nm.


Background: Lumbar Spondylosis is an age-related degenerative disc disease of the lumbar spine. It is almost universal with increasing age. It is considered to be related to low back pain and disability. Conventional treatment for lumbar spondylosis commonly includes anti-inflammatory medications, analgesics, muscle relaxants, and Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Objectives: The objectives of the present study were to assess the effects of individualized homeopathic remedies in the pain management of lumbar spondylosis based on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the disability management using disability assessment by Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from October 2015 to October 2016 with a sample size of 30. Results: Out of 30 cases enrolled 93.33% of patients showed improvement in pain and disability with decreased VAS and ODI scores. The mean score for pain, assessed using the VAS reduced from 78.33±10.75 (at baseline) to 47.1±18.24 (in the end), and the mean ODI score reduced from 47.63±12.87 (at the baseline) to 25.67±13.36 (at the end). Among the most used medicines were Lycopodium (n=6) 20% and Phosphorus (n = 4) 13.33%. Conclusion: Homoeopathic medicines are effective in the management of pain and disability due to lumbar spondylosis.


In this paper we consider a model that involves nonlocal diffusion and a classical convective term. Using a scaling argument and a new compactness argument we obtain the first term in the asymptotic behavior of the solutions.


This work employs (i) a rational approach to improve the material properties of catalysts for urea transesterification with ethylene glycol (EG) to ethylene carbonate (EC) over metal oxides and (ii) a statistical approach to maximize the desired product. For the rational approach, single- and mixed-metal oxides with different elemental combinations (Zn, Mg, Al, Fe) with a variety of acid–base properties were synthesized and evaluated for the reaction. The roles of acidity and basicity in the identified reaction paths were clarified on the basis of product selectivities and kinetic parameters extracted from the concentration profiles of reactants and products in every reaction path by means of in situ IR monitoring and subsequent multivariate analysis. The paths toward EC are favorably catalyzed by acidic sites, while basic sites catalyze all paths toward undesired products. However, the surface sites are blocked when the acidity is too high and there exists an optimum value for the ratio of total acidic a...


The Namibian Independence War has been described as 'so clandestine that it will take the 30 year rule to unlock its secrets'.1 The difficulties of coming to terms with such a war arise in part from its sheer brutality; nor has post-independent Namibian society submitted itself to an introspective therapy in relation to the 'national' trauma (such as South Africa has attempted with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission) and, as such, diffuse memories and vivid mental scars persist. The focus here will be on the last six years of this struggle, namely 1984-89. These six years represent a part of this 'national trauma' that is still fresh in people's minds.2 On-going debates about the war occur in the shape of, for example, ex-combatant protests, films,3 letters from 'concerned citizens' in the print media, and more informal public debates which might take place at cafes and bistros. These testify that views about the war are many and diverse. The different labels given to the armed strife at the time serve as indications of the varied understandings of both the purpose and nature of the war. The South African media continuously referred to the Bush or Border War; a label that was vaguely descriptive in terms of certain geographical and colonial realities of the war, but at the same time also conveniently neutral in its relation to any philosophical or political reasoning behind the very costly fighting. In contrast, SWAPO and the numerous solidarity movements abroad related a different, more direct, sense of purpose in describing the war as the Namibian liberation struggle. This article looks at the role of the media and specifically its photography in the creation of different ways in which Namibia's liberation/Bush War was experienced and perceived, and is remembered. It will further investigate to what extent images were deliberately arranged and created to mould such perceptions in a vigorous propaganda war. It could be argued that the divisions, in terms of interpretations and understanding of the war that linger in contemporary Namibia, partly stem from the propaganda war congruent to the physical fighting. The approach here is a comparative analysis of four sources depicting three largely different interpretations of the war, as represented in The Namibian, The Combatant, PERGAMUS and PARATUS. Photographs purporting to repre-


Low‐temperature thermal chemical vapor deposition (thermal CVD) synthesis of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was studied using a large variety of different precursor compounds. Cyclopentene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, and xylene:methanol mixture as oxygen containing heteroatomic precursors, while xylene and acetylene as conventional hydrocarbon feedstocks were applied in the experiments. The catalytic activity of Co, Fe, Ni, and their bi‐ as well as tri‐metallic combinations were tested for the reactions. Low‐temperature CNT growth occurred at 400 °C when using bi‐metallic Co–Fe and tri‐metallic Ni–Co–Fe catalyst (on alumina) and methanol or acetylene as precursors. In the case of monometallic catalyst nanoparticles, only Co (both on alumina and on silica) was found to be active in the low temperature growth (below 500 °C) from oxygenates such as cyclopentene oxide and methanol. The structure and composition of the achieved MWCNTs products were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) as well as by Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The successful MWCNT growth below 500 °C is promising from the point of view of integrating MWCNT materials into existing IC fabrication technologies.


After the operation, the patient developed high fever (39°C). To the Editor: A 13-year-old girl with Crohn disease (CD) from Shandong Province transferred to our inflammatory Considering the long duration of glucocorticoid and bowel disease (IBD) center duringApril 2013.Threemonths previously, the patient presented with hematochezia and fever, but antibiotic treatment was unsuccessful. After admission, a colonoscopy indicated manifestations of segmental lesions, cobble stoning, and stricture [Figure 1A]. Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus,Clostridiumdifficile, and amoebaewere excluded as possible causes. There were also no indications of Behcet disease, systemic vasculitis, or other autoimmune diseases. Our initial diagnosis was active severe CD (Vienna typing, A1L3B2). This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of First Hospital of Peking University (No. 2019153). An appropriate signed patient consent form was obtained.