Due to the complexity involved in the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of long offshore risers, the fundamental understanding of the coupled kinematics and dynamics of the standing and traveling waves is not well established. In the present contribution, a systematic numerical study on slender flexible riser immersed in a turbulent flow is performed on a flexible riser pinned at both the ends to investigate the standing and traveling wave responses. This wake-body resonance problem requires a stable coupling of the Navier-Stokes equation with the low mass flexible riser structure subjected to strong inertial effects from the surrounding fluid flow. A partitioned iterative scheme that relies on the nonlinear interface force corrections is employed for the modeling of coupled fluid-riser problem. The study here includes a flexible cylindrical riser considered as a long tensioned beam via linear modal analysis. Full three-dimensional simulations are performed on the flexible riser exposed to two different inflow conditions: uniform and linearly sheared. At first, the response characteristics of the riser model are validated with experimental measurements under pinned-pinned condition for uniform current. A detailed analysis is performed on the response characteristics and vorticity dynamics at various locations along the span of the flexible riser. Our simulations show that for uniform inflow condition, the flexible riser exhibits a standing wave-like phenomenon. On the other hand, for linearly sheared inflow, a traveling wave response is observed for both cross-flow and inline oscillations. These traveling waves travel from the top point to the bottom point.Copyright © 2017 by ASME


SUMMARY Understanding how crop systems might respond to recent climate change is fundamental to the successful adaptation of efforts for sustainable agriculture. In the present paper, records over the period 1987–2004 from a long-term agroecosystem experiment carried out in Northeast China were used to explore the impacts of global warming on soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) yields under different controlled fertilization treatments. The results indicated that soybean yields were closely related to growing season temperatures. In most fertilization treatments, soybean yields showed a significant negative response to higher daily maximum temperature and greater diurnal temperature range (DTR), whereas they showed a significant positive response to higher daily minimum temperature. Analysis of covariance showed that these responses of soybean yields to temperature variables did not differ across fertilization treatments. Overall, soybean yields have declined significantly due to the warming trends since 1987. This has been mainly attributed to the higher daily maximum temperature. The present report demonstrates that soybean production in Northeast China may face challenges due to global warming unless potential adaptation options are adopted. The true mechanisms behind these yield impacts need further investigation to address effective agricultural adaptations for soybean systems to adapt to global warming.


Thermal chemical vapor deposition was used to deposit fluorocarbon films with chemical resemblance to bulk polytetrafluoroethylene. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the films deposited from thermal decomposition of hexafluoropropylene oxide had fluorine to carbon ratios of 2.0 and CF2 fractions of 90% along with 10% of CF3 and CF moieties. Electron spin resonance results found the dangling bond density to be 1.2×1018 spins/cm3, low compared to conventional plasma polymerized films. Low dangling bond densities were achieved by using a clean source of CF2 in the absence of plasma source.


The Zealand Station beryl (aquamarine) and molybdenite deposit is located 25 km northwest of Fredericton, New Brunswick, along the northeastern cusp of the Hawkshaw Granite, previously dated at 411 ± 1 Ma (U–Pb titanite), of the multiphase Devonian Pokiok Batholith. A late-stage, southeast-trending, pegmatite–aplite dyke has abundant aquamarine associated with pegmatitic sections. An exposure of a pegmatitic dyke is predominantly quartz and K-feldspar that exhibits a border, intermediate, and core zone. The main pegmatite–aplite dyke has been dated at 400.5 ± 1.2 Ma using U–Pb thermal ionization mass spectrometry on magmatic zircon. This is consistent with the 404 ± 8 Ma age using the chemical U–Th – total Pb isochron method from the pegmatitic beryl-rich section. These ages link these pegmatitic to aplitic dykes to the Allandale Granite, which is the youngest (402 ± 1 Ma by U–Pb on monazite) and most evolved phase of the Pokiok Batholith. The granitic aplite and pegmatite dyke samples are predominantly m...


OBJECTIVE
To assess the risk of mass casualties and necessary public health and provider preparation relating to maritime terrorist attacks on the US ports.

DESIGN
Articles were obtained by searching PubMed database, Google, and Google Scholar search engines using terms such as "maritime security," "maritime terrorism,""port security," "terrorist attacks on the U.S. ports," "terrorist nuclear attacks," "terrorist attacks on liquefied natural gas tankers," and "terrorist attack on high occupancy ships."

SETTING
U.S. ports and coastal waters.

RESULTS
Seventy-six journal articles were reviewed.

CONCLUSIONS
Morbidity and mortality high for nuclear terrorist attack; mortality low but morbidity potentially high for radiological attacks. It would be more difficult for terrorist attack on natural gas tankers to cause high mortality and/or morbidity.


The invention discloses a steel structure shed frame. The steel structure shed frame comprises a plurality of supporting columns, a plurality of pressing legs connected with the supporting columns, and a plurality of beams located between the supporting columns, wherein interlayers are arranged between the beams, the beams are made of low-alloy high-tensile structural steel, the supporting columns and the pressing legs are made of carbon structural steel, the interlayers are made of waterproof materials, the interlayers and the beams are arranged at intervals, the length of the interlayers is the same as the length of the beams, and the width of the interlayers is smaller than the width of the beams. By means of the method, the structural strength of the steel structure shed frame can be enhanced, and better quality can be achieved under the condition of the same cost by means of the ingenious design.


ABSTRACT One of the challenges of traditional student learning, from an instructor's perspective, involves achieving an understanding of how students learn. Q-method is an effective approach to improve understanding of human subjectivity, and, as this research suggests, it is an appropriate tool to assist educators to better understand how students learn. In particular, Q-methodology provides the educator with a robust tool to assess student learning styles. This paper adapted an existing learning style instrument to a Q-method analysis in an introductory geographic information system class. The analysis resulted in three learning groups: lone pragmatist, explorer, and synergistic. These three learning groups are described. The paper concludes that the use of Q-method can deepen understanding of students' learning skills and improve instruction through more balanced and learner-focused curricular approaches.


Based on the perspective of media sociology, this paper analyzes the positive and negative effects of Japanese culture on the socialization of adolescents in China and puts forward some suggestions on how to deal with the negative impact of Japanese culture.


To evaluate the effect of donor liver resident mesenchymal cells, M2 macrophages on liver graft outcome after living donor liver transplantation.


Objective To explore the relationship between the level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP),CRP 1059G/C gene polymorphism and cerebral infarction(CI).Methods The CRP 1059G/C genotype and allele frequencies were assayed by polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragments length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 105 patients with CI and 121 controls.The level of serum hs-CRP was detected by immune-turbidimetry.The relationship between the condition of CI patients,the level of serum hs-CRP and CRP 1059G/C genotype and allele frequencies were anaysed.Results Compared to the control group,the CRP 1059G/G genotype and G allele frequencies in CI group were statistically higher,G/C+C/C genotypes and C allele frequencies were statistically lower(all P0.05).The levels of serum hs-CRP with CRP 1059G/G,G/C,C/C genotypes in CI group were decreased systematically.The level of serum hs-CRP in severe CI patients was significantly higher than those in lighter and medium CI patients (all P0.05).However,there was no significant association between the CRP genotype and alleles frequencies and CI patient's condition.The regression analysis showed that the level of serum hs-CRP was one of the CI risk factors.The CRP 1059 G/C+C/C genotypes were related to decreased the CI occurrence.Conclusions CRP 1059G/C genotype is related to the serum hs-CRP level.The serum hs-CRP level is related to the condition of CI patient.The C allele of CRP 1059 may be a protective factor of CI in Chines.


Background This study assessed the antitumor activity and safety of durvalumab plus tremelimumab combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients newly diagnosed with advanced ovarian cancer. Here, we report the primary endpoint of the original cohort of the KGOG 3046/TRU-D study. Methods In this investigator-initiated single-arm, phase II trial, patients with stage IIIC-IVB ovarian cancer were administered three cycles of durvalumab (1500 mg) and tremelimumab (75 mg) with NAC, followed by interval debulking surgery (IDS). After surgery, three cycles of durvalumab (1120 mg) and adjuvant chemotherapy followed by durvalumab maintenance (1120 mg [total 12 cycles]) were administered. The primary endpoint of the study was 12-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate. Results Twenty-three patients were enrolled. The median patient age was 60 years (range 44–77 years), and most patients presented with high-grade serous carcinoma (87.0%) and stage IV disease (87.0%). At the time of data cut-off on January 17, 2023, the median follow-up duration was 29.2 months (range 12.0–42.2). The 12-month, 24-month, and 30 month PFS rates were 63.6%, 45.0%, and 40.0%, respectively. All patients underwent IDS, with an R0 resection rate of 73.9%, and 17.4% achieved pathological complete response. Skin rashes were the most common treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs, 69.6%). However, all TRAEs completely resolved after steroid use. Conclusion This study showed promising activity with a durable clinical response, supporting the potential of NAC with dual immune checkpoint blockade in advanced-stage ovarian cancer. Trial registration number NCT03899610.


This paper deals with an important problem encountered in automating VLSI wafer probing. In this automation, vision is used for accurately guiding and lowering a probe to make contact with the wafer. In this paper, we discuss various algorithms used in measurement of the distance of the micro-manipulator from the wafer surface. In particular, we describe algorithms for alignment of consecutive frames of the wafer, separation of probe and wafer regions, and getting a clean image of the probe by eliminating traces of the background patterns. We also describe a three-level procedure for obtaining the proximity of the probe from the wafer. These algorithms are verified with the experimental data.


The value of land for agricultural purposes is based on the concept of productivity. Productivity analysis is used to determine the highest and best use of a property as well as the "as-is" value for a crop. This paper walks through the analysis required to extract the productivity from soil qualities on agricultural lands and translate the productivity to bushels per acre and ultimately the land value. This process is critical to evaluate eminent domain takings in rural farming areas. We then compare dry agricultural lands to property where the pricing of land may change because of additional amenities, such as water rights.


Some methods have been used to express a finitely generated module over a principal ideal domain as a finite direct sum of its cyclic submodules. In this paper, we give an alternative technique to decompose a free module with finite rank over a principal ideal domain using eigen spaces of its endomorphism ring.


Abstract : Compilation of abstracts from the "ISCGT-l" First International School on Crystal Growth Technology Meeting held 5 - 16 September 1998 in Beatenberg, Switzerland. This first international workshop of leading scientists and experts of crystal growth technology (including epitaxy technology) serves to exchange experiences and knowhow on the highest-possible pre-competitive level. The goal is the reduction of development costs by increased scientific understanding of the complex processes where ten or more parameters have to be optimized and compromised. The multidisciplinary nature of crystal growth technology demands collaboration of chemical and process engineers, thermodynamicists, hydrodynamicists, electrical and mechanical/machine engineers, material scientists, numerical simulation specialists, physicists, and crystallographers. Thereby, a common language and terminology has to be established which permits multidisciplinary discussions and collaborations.


ABSTRACT This article examines the legacy of 1990s' neoliberal decentralization reform in shaping an indigenous autonomy project in Bolivia. It focuses on the municipality of Charazani, which is in the process of becoming an Indigenous Autonomy, or Autonomía Indígena Originario Campesina (AIOC), examining the local origins of the autonomy project, and the reasons why it has stalled. To do so, I refer to political projects of indigenous authorities in Charazani in the early 1990s, to take power locally as a bloc and disconnect themselves from the power of the local townspeople by challenging fictive kinship ties with them. The article explores the role that local devolved forms of government have had in producing competition among indigenous communities since the 1990s and the effect on the formulation of a joint project for indigenous autonomy. The establishment of indigenous autonomy requires cooperation and agreement among the communities of the municipalities undergoing conversion to an AIOC. This article posits that internal disagreements, which threaten autonomy, are closely entwined with the neoliberal structures upon which local governance is based (and from which AIOCs are supposed to spring), which encourage intercommunity competition for scarce resources.


The traditional role of the doctor as one who decides for others is defended in paternalistic medical theory, but is now severely limited by the doctor's legal obligation to obtain the consent of the patient before medical procedures are carried out. Changes in the French code of medical ethics show that the therapeutic relationship is, in line with political liberalism, changing with the times. Does this necessarily mean that the arguments traditionally used to justify medical paternalism are unfounded? In this article, the doctor-patient relationship is examined through the analysis of the trust which is built up during the therapeutic relationship and which allows the intuition characterising the paternalistic model to remain operative within a highly liberal framework.


The dislocation distribution of Cd1-xZnxTe (CZT) crystal with Vertical Bridgman Method had been analyzed by observing the etch pits density. Selecting CZT wafers which the face of (110) almost parallel the radial direction of the crystal,EAg-II solutions were employed to etch the CZT wafers. Etch pits were observed by the optical microscope and were obtained the dislocation density distribution of the crystal grew by Vertical Bridgman Method. The law of dislocation distribution on the CZT crystal was studied by fully relaxed of elastic stress approximation with crystal growth technique.


Aryne insertion reaction with 2-aroyl malonates/cyanoesters lead to the formation of diarylmethane or chromones depending on the substitution on the aryne ring. The presence of an electronegative atom at the ortho position of arynes generates chromones, whereas other arynes lead to the formation of diarylmethanes, via a cascade double aryne insertion.


This paperback is a manual that describes basic clinical optometric techniques. It is divided into eight sections: patient communication, entrance tests, refraction, functional tests, ocular health assessment, contact lenses, systemic health screening and cranial nerve screening. Each section is then divided into a range of tests that might be performed. The format for each test description is: purpose, equipment, set up, step-bystep procedure, recording and expected findings. The layout and in particular, the step-bystep procedure, is easy to follow. There are some photographs and diagrams but it would be nice to have more included, especially for some techniques such as tear break-up time, where an image can really assist the learner. Many of the photographs are in black and white, which dates the book. Some similar books now have links to video clips, which is helpful. This book does not. Techniques newer to optometry, such as pachymetry are included; however, the authors exclude a number of techniques based on them being highly technical or equipment-specific which means that corneal topography and automated visual fields, for example, are not included. This might mean that expectations of what a reader might find in the book are not always met. Like many technique-type books, some of the tests are different from what we might use in Australia but the reader might find interest in these alternate techniques. References are supplied at the back of the book. There is the odd newer reference but most of the references are older. This book would be most useful for an optometry student if they felt they needed a backup to their lecture and practical material provided by their university. The material is nicely collated and easy to follow.


Just six weeks into his new role as general manager of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Gabriel Jaramillo is using his financial and administrative expertise to transform the public-private partnership, which has disbursed over $22.6bn (£14.3bn; €17bn) of aid since it was founded in 2002.

A former chairman and chief executive officer of Sovereign Bank, Mr Jaramillo's appointment reflected the concerns of many donors that insufficient attention was being paid to the way the funds were being used on the ground. He has been given one year to implement the …


An acoustical barrier, an aperture and a pipe or cable passing therethrough wherein the aperture has a number of radially extending slits which define a plurality of radial sectors which also extend from the aperture. One or more grooves are arranged in the sectors concentrically about the aperture to increase the radial flexibility of the sectors so that the sectors more closely conform with the shape of the pipe or cable passing through the aperture and thereby reduce the spacing between the slits and reduce the noise passing through the seal.


A 76-year-old lady with acute cholecystitis underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy during index admission. Intraoperatively a large, stiff walled gallbladder with six large stones (2–3 cm in diameter) was encountered and the 10 mm umbilical port was extended to aid specimen retrieval. Apart from postoperative pneumonia, recovery was unremarkable and the patient was discharged a week later. The following week the patient was readmitted with sepsis from surgical bed abscess which was drained via radiological guidance. She also developed an umbilical wound infection and Computer Tomography imaging revealed a right rectus sheath haematoma measuring 5.3 cm 5.1 cm 2.4 cm with central 1.7 1.4 cm hyperdensity (Fig. 1). The wound infection and hematoma were treated conservatively with regular wound dressing and patient was discharged. Interval Ultrasound during clinic a week later revealed a 1.0 cm 1.2 cm 0.8 cm pseudoaneurysm with a surrounding hematoma of 5.8 cm 4.2 cm 1.5 cm (Fig. 2). The pseudoaneurysm was within the right rectus sheath above the umbilical port site, likely arising from right inferior epigastric artery. On examination, a firm 2 cm 2 cm pulsatile, non-tender, lump was felt at superior right aspect of umbilical wound. The umbilical wound was indurated, erythematous with small volume of blood-stained fluid. Decision made to intervene as the interval scan showed non-resolving pseudoaneurysm after 2 weeks. The patient underwent percutaneous thrombin injection of pseudoaneurysm and ultrasound imaging the next day confirmed success of procedure (Fig. 3). Inferior epigastric artery (IEA) pseudoaneurysm is an unusual complication related to anterior abdominal wall procedures including wound closure, laparoscopic surgery, drain insertion and so on. IEA pseudoaneurysm may result from intraoperative IEA injury or from subsequent wound infection. In this case, we postulate IEA injury occurred during umbilical port extension to aid specimen removal. Although rare, rupture of pseudoaneurysm is potentially lethal and should be taken seriously. A 2015 case-report review by KJ Edwards of 32 IEA pseudoaneurysms revealed cases presented with localized abdominal discomfort, pulsatile abdominal masses or hemodynamic instability within 3–63 days postoperatively. Diagnosis is confirmed with ultrasound Doppler imaging or computer tomography angiogram. Within the case-report, mainstay of treatment was surgical ligation or percutaneous coil embolization. In cases that opted for observation or percutaneous thrombin injection, failure rate was 50% and 25%, respectively. The treatment of IEA pseudoaneurysms has since evolved and interventional radiology is now a first line option. In pseudoaneurysms less than 2 cm, close observation can be considered as pseudoaneurysms may spontaneously thrombose. In pseudoaneurysms that are symptomatic or rapidly enlarging, treatment should be considered depending on location, size of pseudoaneurysm sac and neck. Ultrasound guided compression is suitable in superficial sites however failure rates of 15%–38% is reported. Percutaneous thrombin injection has a reported success rate of greater than 90% however risks include thromboembolic events due to thrombin leaking into systemic circulation. Interventions such as percutaneous coil embolization and covered stents is useful for pseudoaneurysm arising from other vascular territories. Surgical excision and ligation remains the last option if the above are unsuccessful. Indications for surgery include hemodynamic instability, compressive effect, rapidly expanding hematoma or previously failed percutaneous intervention.


The purpose of this research is to study the characteristics of heat exchanger using heat pipe under various working conditions by a finite element analysis and experiment. The results are as follows. 1) In this study, h = Max^B is used for the convective heat transfer coefficient and A = 2.761 and B = 0.701 Mmax^(-0.0626) were obtained as the results of experiment. 2) For several different working conditions, (Q/Qb) is predicted by varying the values of L/Lt and Re/Rc. The maximum value of (Q/Qb) is achieved when Re/Rc = 1 and Le/Lc = 0.5. 3) The comparison between calculated value and experimental data showed agreement within 5% error. Therefore the method may be used to predict the performance of heat exchanger using heat pipe for similar geometric conditions. 4) For Re/Re/Rc of 0.2-0.3, the minimum thermal resistance exists when Le/Lt is 0.4-0.65.


This study evaluated dipping solutions of lyophilized cell-adsorbed bacteriocin (LCaB) of Lactobacillus curvatus CWBI-B28 enriched with or without organic acids or salts to control Listeria monocytogenes introduced artificially on sliced smoked salmon and stored at 4°C for six weeks. Inoculated slices were immersed in a solution of LCaB (8533, 33 UA/g) or in acetic or lactic acid (1, 3, 5 g/100 ml), sodium acetate or diacetate (3, 5 g/100 ml), and potassium benzoate or sorbate (3 g/100 ml) for five minutes and stored at 4°C in vacuum packages. Additional slices containing Listeria (10 2 cfu/g) were immersed for five minutes in LCaB solutions enriched with organic acids or salts before storage at 4°C in vacuum packages. The LCaB solution without acid or salt added reduced L. monocytogenes by 1.0 log cfu/g after two weeks. Thereafter, the pathogen multiplied in samples, with growth being faster beyond the third week. LCaB in combination with 3 or 5 g/100 ml acetic acid or sodium diacetate or 3 g/100 ml benzoate. Applied individually, it did not permit growth before five weeks. In untreated (control) smoked salmon, L. monocytogenes increased to achieve 4 log cfu/g at the end of experience.


The application of a generalized impact parameter treatment to proton-hydrogen atom scattering is described. In this model the motions of the particles are not considered to linear trajectories with constant velocities as in existing treatments of the problem. The results of these calculations are in good agreement with experiment and are shown to be considerably better than comparable calculations using the linear-trajectory, constant-velocity model.


ltch (pruritus) is 'an unpleasant cutaneous sensation which provokes the desire to scratch' (1). Like pain, acute itch serves a protective function but chronic itch is mostly a nuisance. The prevalence of itch increases with age (2, 3). 1t may be widespread or localised and there may be no obvious cause. ltch is a dominant symptom of skin disease and also occurs in sorne systemic diseases, notably cholestasis, chronic renal failure (uraemia), and malignant disease. Itch can also occur in the squamous epithelium of the conjunctivae, mouth, nose, pharynx and anogenital area, and in the ciliated epithelium of the trachea.


A 2.4 GHz fully monolithic voltage-controlled oscillator for the Bluetooth wireless data communication standard is presented for the first time using a commercially available SiGe bipolar technology. An oscillator phase noise of -129 dBc/Hz is achieved at 3 MHz offset, with a tuning range of 500 MHz and a supply current of 6 mA at 3 V.


Demand for the world of work to the worker candidate criteria considered higher
only. The world of work is not only prioritize the academic skills (hard skills) is
high, but also attention skills in terms of the values inherent in someone or often
known as soft skills aspect. ability This can be called also by the ability of nontechnical
course have a role no less important to the ability of academic.One way
to develop these skills is by inculcalating the skills into the curriculum, in a socalled
hidden curriculum. However, the current curriculum only focuses on the
development of academic knowledge or content of the diciplines, while
development of soft skills does not get much attention yet. This study will describe
the factors that hinder the implementation of students centered learning (SCL) in
building the students soft skills, and will explore a prosess and strategy to
implement SCL that focuses on soft skills development. The objectives of this
research are to identify some factors that hinder the development of soft skill in
the SCL implementation, to identify resources to support implementation of SCL,
and to introduce a strategy and process to implement the SCL that will be able to
develop students' soft skills. Data collection methods are questionnaires. Samples
are comprised of stakeholders. We collected 30 respondents. To analyze the data,
descriptive statistics are applied: frequencies, averages and maximum and
minimum values. The research discovered that the type of of soft skills that need
to be developed for the alumni in the future are, among others, communications
skills, work as a team, network building, problem-solving skills, conflict
resolution, and facing stress. In conclusion, our research recommends
incorporation of a soft skills development program. The research also discusses
some limitations and areas for future exploration.
Key words: Student Centered Learning, soft skills, alumni competitiveness


In this paper, the author aims to describe the dissemination of microdata from the population census by National Statistical Offices. This type of data is highly confidential, and approaches to protection vary across the world. National Statistical Offices mostly strive to publish their data as much as possible, but they are bounded by national and international laws to protect the personal data of respondents. The primary goal is mapping the differences between countries and their categorization. Different approaches to microdata availability are described, and various data access approaches are depicted. The information was obtained from publicly available documentation and a survey in which selected statistical offices were contacted. Discovered were that of the 223 countries (including dependent territories), 100 countries have made microdata available for the scientific community, with 30 countries also providing microdata access to the public. This paper presents a mapped overview and aggregated information on the publication of microdata of the population census from around the world.


This article socializes a classroom experience shared among two courses taught on the first semester of Public Accounting at UNAULA. Its purpose is to initiate students into the academic culture which is characteristic of academic studies, in terms of academic reading and writing approaches, based on the notions of teaching writing which conceive the role of the teacher as a mediator of cultural inclusion processes, who for this purpose, considers writing as a way to build knowledge more than a way to show knowledge.


In this paper, we report efficient photoinduced charge transfer between Poly ( 3- phenyl hydrazone thiophene ) ( PPHT ) and organic cationic pyridyl radical i.e. N,N' phenyl methyl bipyridyl halide (PMB). The composite film of PPHT and PMB were deposited on the top of the ITO substrate by spin coating technique and then dried for two hours at room temperature. The In electrode was thermally evaporated onto the films. The structure of the device is In/ PMB-PPHT composite/ ITO. A significant enhancement in the rectification effect in dark, diode quality factor of the device as well as in dark electrical conductivity of the PPHT has been observed . Doping imparts a shift in the Fermi level of PPHT toward the valance band edge as well as an increase in the p-type conductivity of the PPHT. As PMB acts as an electron acceptor so it increase the concentration of holes at the PPHT-PMB interface, leading to the formation of an intermolecular donar-acceptor CT complex.


We show that the fundamental group of the $3$-manifold obtained by $\frac{p}{q}$-surgery along the $(n-2)$-twisted $(3,3m+2)$-torus knot, with $n,m \ge 1$, is not left-orderable if $\frac{p}{q} \ge 2n + 6m-3$ and is left-orderable if $\frac{p}{q}$ is sufficiently close to $0$.


ABSTRACT This study investigates relationships between acquisition of exhaustivity in single and multiple wh-questions, mastery of semantic and pragmatic aspects of quantifier comprehension, and general skills in receptive grammar. The participants of the study were 25 Polish monolingual typically developing children aged 4;02–6;02, who were administered a set of tasks including the Exhaustive Wh-Questions Task, the Test for Reception of Grammar, version 2, and the Comprehension of Quantification Task. The selection of the tasks was motivated by the major linguistic accounts of exhaustivity. We found significant predictive relationships between single exhaustive wh-questions and both semantics of quantifiers and receptive grammar. In contrast, the scores in multiple wh-questions were predicted only by age, showing their delayed acquisition with respect to single wh-questions. However, this age-related difference was not accounted for by any of the linguistic variables tested. Crucially, the analyses revealed no relationships between the mastery of pragmatics of quantification (involving scalar implicature) and exhaustivity in wh-questions, suggesting that the two are not driven by a common pragmatic mechanism.


Analysis of the foreign immigrants' health situation in the Region of Murcia and the different ways in wich they access to the public health services. It is worth noting that hospital urgency services are more demanded than surgery hours.


EFFECT OF WEIGHT AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF SEED ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF COMMON BUSH BEAN At the 'TlbaltatA Experimental Station of leA In Mosquera located 2550 meters above sea level With an average annual preCIpItatIon of 800 mm and 13°C of temperature a study was carned out to deter mtne the effect of the seed protein content and the size of seed on subsequent development and YIeld In bush bean SIX genotypes were used claSSified as high middle and low YIeld potenllal The results mdlcated that there were located SignificatIVe differences between genotypes m Its plant height length of roots number of leaves weight of grams YIeld and protem productton the hIgh Yield potentral genoty pes obtarned the highest mean values By usmg a correlallon analysIs It could be pOSSible to knov that the protem content can be aNected Significantly by some YIeld components while the seed weIght has a high mCldence over some growth vanables durmg the field establishment oJ plants Addlllonal key words Yield components proteIn production Phaseolus vulgariS Los genotlpos de frfJol de semilla pequena (peso de 100 semi lias menor 0 Igual a 40 g), presentan mayores rendlmlentos que aquellos de semilla grande, poslblemente por mayor eflClenCla en los procesos fl51016 gicos tales como fotosrntesls y traslocaclon o per la acumulaclon de genes para alta pro ductlvldad (White y Gonzalez, 1990) Srn Seccl6n Legumlnosas ICA C I TlbartatA A A 151123 Santaf~ de Bogot.1


The ability to collect key system level information is critical to the safe, efficient and reli- able operation of advanced energy systems. With recent advances in sensor development, it is now possible to push some level of decision making directly to computationally sophisticated sensors, rather than wait for data to arrive to a massive centralized location before a decision is made. This type of approach relies on networked sensors (called "agents" from here on) to actively collect and process data, and provide key control deci- sions to significantly improve both the quality/relevance of the collected data and the as- sociating decision making. The technological bottlenecks for such sensor networks stem from a lack of mathematics and algorithms to manage the systems, rather than difficulties associated with building and deploying them. Indeed, traditional sensor coordination strategies do not provide adequate solutions for this problem. Passive data collection methods (e.g., large sensor webs) can scale to large systems, but are generally not suited to highly dynamic environments, such as ad- vanced energy systems, where crucial decisions may need to be reached quickly and lo- cally. Approaches based on local decisions on the other hand cannot guarantee that each agent performing its task (maximize an agent objective) will lead to good network wide solution (maximize a network objective) without invoking cumbersome coordination rou- tines. There is currently a lack of algorithms that will enable self-organization and blend the efficiency of local decision making with the system level guarantees of global decision making, particularly when the systems operate in dynamic and stochastic environments. In this work we addressed this critical gap and provided a comprehensive solution to the problem of sensor coordination to ensure the safe, reliable, and robust operation of advanced energy systems. The differentiating aspect of the proposed work is in shift- ing the focus towards "what to observe" rather than "how to observe" in large sensor networks, allowing the agents to actively determine both the structure of the network and the relevance of the information they are seeking to collect. In addition to providing an implicit coordination mechanism, this approach allows the system to be reconfigured in response to changing needs (e.g., sudden external events requiring new responses) or changing sensor network characteristics (e.g., sudden changes to plant condition). Outcome Summary: All milestones associated with this project have been completed. In particular, private sensor objective functions were developed which are aligned with the global objective function, sensor effectiveness has been improved by using "sensor teams," system efficiency has been improved by 30% using difference evaluation func- tions, we have demonstrated system reconfigurability for 20% changes in system con- ditions, we have demonstrated extreme scalability of our proposed algorithm, we have demonstrated that sensor networks can overcome disruptions of up to 20% in network conditions, and have demonstrated system reconfigurability to 20% changes in system conditions in hardware-based simulations. This final report summarizes how each of these milestones was achieved, and gives insight into future research possibilities past the work which has been completed. The following publications support these milestones [6, 8, 9, 10, 16, 18, 19].


Despite improved understanding regarding domestic violence, child welfare and child contact, and related policy developments, problems persist regarding how the family courts deal with fathers' violence in contested contact/residence cases. In the study reported here, analysis was undertaken of welfare reports prepared for the courts in such cases to investigate how and to what extent issues of domestic violence and children's perspectives on these issues were taken into account when making recommendations to the courts. Analysis found that despite evidence of domestic violence and child welfare concerns, contact with fathers was viewed as desirable and inevitable in the vast majority of cases.


At least two factors may influence reactions to public displays of affection (PDA): personal level of comfort with PDA and attitudes toward sexual minorities. In three studies, we measured participants' reactions to videotaped heterosexual, homosexual, and transgender PDA. A measure was created to evaluate comfort with PDA. Across all studies, we found that comfort with PDA predicted participant reactions toward PDA. We also found that participants were generally comfortable with viewing all PDA scenarios, but participants were most comfortable viewing heterosexual PDA and least comfortable viewing transgender PDA. Finally, we found that multiple measures of homophobic attitudes predicted reactions to PDA featuring sexual minorities.


Currican (troll line) and "chapa" (silver plated spoon) were the gears used in the Bay of Biscay bluefin tuna fishery up until the middle of the twentieth century, when the first experiments with baitboat were made. The introduction of this new fishing system was a very important development in the region. The fishery is mainly made up of juveniles (<30 kg), but there was a constant presence of adults (group 5+) on the trophic migration towards northern European waters in the past. From observations on board fishing vessels at the beginning of the seventies, the importance in this fishery of age 5+ fish groups is confirmed; but since then this group has practically disappeared from the fishery. The current length composition reveals the absolute dominance of juveniles. RESUME


Through comparing the common communication customs in non-verbal communication activities between China and Thailand,and taking the often encountered non-verbal communication etiquette and the culture of body language as example,this paper contrasts the differences in the communication customs areas of the cultural exchange between China and Thailand that can not be ignored.


The proprietary deep-cut vacuum distillation process developed by LPEC was employed in the 8.0 MM TPY atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit of Sinopec Jinling Company.The unit was operated to realize deep-cut vacuum distillation by increasing the temperature in the vacuum furnace at lower residual pressure(1.6 kPa) and lower pressure drop across the vacuum furnace.In operation,some restricting conditions in deep-cut vacuum distillation were analyzed and optimized,and the criteria for judging whether deep-cut distillation is thorough or not is presented.i.e.comparison of the yield of crude oil TBP distillation(i.e.the yield of 580 ℃ fraction) with the total yield of the unit to see whether the cutting temperature is reached.The fraction at 538 ℃ is used to see whether the deep-cut is thorough or not.Based upon these,the TBP cutting point of vacuum distillation is as high as 591 ℃,the VR is less than or equal to 4%(v%) and the carbon residue of HVGO is lower than or equal to 2%(m/m).The comprehensive energy consumption of the unit including the energy consumptions of distillation,light ends recovery and electro-static desalting is lower than or equal to 10.06 kg standard oil/t,and good economic benefit has been achieved.


Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been linked to beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors, blood pressure, body weight, and lipid profile, according to a substantial body of literature. Significant cardiac and renal benefits with the use of SGLT2 inhibitors have been shown in patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as in those with heart failure and/or chronic kidney disease (CKD), regardless of diabetes status, in subsequent large cardiovascular outcome trials. Thus, SGLT2 inhibitors have become a mainstay of therapy for type 2 diabetes in patients with established cardiovascular disease and CKD due to their benefits for the heart and kidneys. Based on data from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, this article attempts to present a thorough review of the mechanism of action, as well as the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors for cardiac and renal protection. On the basis of a growing body of literature on diabetes and other conditions, clinical practice guidelines have been updated to suggest the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in specific patient populations. These modifications will also be concisely described, based on evidence-based medicine principles.


Welcoming remarks are made to conference participants. Mortimer L. Downey, Deputy Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation, reviewed the ongoing efforts of the Department of Transportation in support of transportation education and training and encouraged participants to give their help, ideas and leadership to make intermodal education programs a continuing reality throughout America. Bruce M. Alberts, President of the National Academy of Sciences and Chairman of the National Research Council, pointed out how transportation offers tremendous opportunities for young people in terms of careers and a vision for their future. He discussed how this conference fits into a broader context of what the Academy is doing in the area of education, and expounded three bottom lines relevant to this conference: (1) Science and scientific thinking are for all students, not just for those who might be scientists or engineers; (2) Science today is not the science that most parents remember learning in school; science is learning how to solve problems and science is inquiry; and (3) We need to connect science to the real world. Gloria J. Jeff, Acting Administrator of the Federal Highway Administration, discussed the characteristics of an intermodal transportation education and training initiative - it must be international, it must be intermodal, it must lead to the development of an intelligent system, and it must be inclusive. She encouraged conference participants to take these characteristics to heart, realizing that this conference is the beginning of an effort to create the future transportation professional.


We extend the Rodin's formula for $p$--modulus of the family of curves in $\mathbb{R}^n$ to arbitrary codimension. The proof relies on the formula for the $p$--modulus of family of level sets of a submersion and an algebraic lemma relating Jacobi matrices of considered maps. We state appropriate examples.


While in conventional mechanical bearings motion is obtained by sliding or rolling between solid bodies with the resulting mechanical non-linearities, flexible bearings rely on the elastic properties of matter allowing several advantages to be obtained. Combining flexible bearings with adequate actuators and sensors allows thus nanometric positioning resolutions to be obtained. In this paper, the basic principles of compliant mechanisms design methodology are presented. To illustrate the approach, some examples taken from aerospace and astronomical applications are described. Several compliant mechanisms used at the Swiss Light Source synchrotron facility are then presented.


Electronic multimedia teaching has expanded greatly in recent years. Teaching quality is closely relevant to the utilization of the electronic resource. There is a notablely rapid popularization of electronic entertainment equipment among college students during the past years. This trend can be used to assist college English teaching.


Themethod of vibration ballmilling is applied in this paper tomake research on contents of lignosulfonateandmodifiedcompositesas cementgrindingaids; andstudiedon the influenceof regularityabout grindingaidson products fluidity, particle size, specific surface area and powder particle size distribution. The studyshowed lignosulfonatehas had better effecton the cementgrindingfunction; the cementÂ's particle size and the distributionwere improved, the average diameter was decreased, distribution narrowed and ultra-fine grain size increased, of themost importance, the contentsofultra- finegrainsizewereincreasedmuch.Among those, theeffectof calciumlignosulfonatewas relatively goodwhile itsmodified composites performed better.


Using direct femtosecond-laser projection lithography in chemically synthesized CsPbBr3 perovskite microcrystals we demonstrate high-throughput fabrication of advanced binary microscale optical elements for nanofocusing as well as generation of high-order optical vortex beams. The obtained results highlight the CsPbBr3 microcrystals as a promising material for realization of various complicated 2D micro-optical elements and holograms that can be directly imprinted using non-destructive and practically relevant laser technologies.


A drought tolerant line of Flemingia semialata (FS-S) has been identified from natural population as a better host plant for kusmi lac production and summer sustainability. FS-S had significantly higher fresh biomass, dry matter, broodlac and scraplac than local line (FS-L). Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were also higher in FS-S line and it was fertilizer responsive too. It is more efficient in starch degradation than the local line which ultimately supports lac insect development. The high level of total sugar maintained by FS-S line is due to high chlorophyll content including carotenoid. Ascorbate peroxide and catalase (biochemical indicators for draught tolerance) was also higher in selected line.


White, Douglas R. and Karl Reitz Forth"Graphs and semigroup homomorphisms comon networks of relations." Social Neting works. White, Harrison C., Scott A. Boorman and Ronald L. Breiger 1976 "Social structure from multiple networks. I. Blockmodels of roles and positions." American Journal of Sociology 81:730-80. Winship, Christopher 1976 "Roles and relations." Unpublished paper, Department of Sociology, Harvard University. Winship, Christopher and Michael J. Mandel Forth"Roles and positions: a critique and extencomsion of the blockmodelling approach." In ing Samuel Leinhardt (ed.), Sociological Methodology 1983/84. San Francisco: JosseyBass. Wu, Lawrence L. 1980 "Roles structures in networks of trade and economic interdependence: a local blockmodel algebraic approach." Seniors Honors Thesis, Department of Sociology, Harvard University. 1982 "Local blockmodel algebras." Unpublished paper, Department of Sociology, Stanford University.


The framework of the Mughal state has been outlined in this chapter in terms of the central and provincial administration, the jagirdari system, the zamindari system, and the pattern of state patronage. The autonomous chieftains as subordinate rulers or vassals were integral part of this framework. The Punjab hill states or its autonomous chiefs provide the immediate context for the activities of Gobind Singh. For a proper background for his activities and the development of the Sikh Panth before the time of Guru Gobind Singh, the confrontation between the Mughal state and the Sikh Panth is relevant. Placed in this broad context the life of Guru Gobind Singh acquires a profound importance in terms of the long term effect on the Sikh movement and in moulding its character.


Background: Nowadays, ship design is based on clients, standards, and engineering practices. This information can be considered as requirements of design. The Surveyors have the responsibility to review the design, and after their approval it will put into the construction. In general, this leads to an acceptable design. However, when the ship be delivered and put into service, issues appear, demonstrating that the existing elicitation process is inadequate.
 Purpose: While it is clear conflicts must be minimized, there are a least four key stakeholders who may have difficulty in achieving a consensus. These four protagonists are: the client, the end-user, the naval architect, and the supervisory organization. It is the naval architect, as the designer, who must mediate between these four parties. As it is impossible for naval architects to have a complete understanding of every issue their role needs to include proactive gathering of design information rather, rather than passively waiting to receive it. In this paper the extent to which the naval architect's elicitation activities could be extended will be explored, to enhance the final designs.
 Methods: This research will use an ethnographic to investigate stakeholders' expectations, and from the results of surveys propose improvements to the elicitation process. Those surveyed includes experts from different elements of the maritime and design professions. The aim is to propose a process that can enable naval architects to identify the crucial stakeholders for a given design task, with the objective of engaging them to enhance the elicitation process. Below are some proposals.
 For industry: Using the requirements stated in the contract is not sufficient so the naval architects need to enhance this specification with additional end-user requirements. This relies on naval architects being able to seek information directly from specific stakeholders.
 For the academic: Marine educational programmes could be expanded so that in addition to the traditional engineering subjects other interdisciplinary knowledge is incorporated that widens the students understanding of the issues affecting all the stakeholders, including seagoing personal, harbour officials and pilots, and others.
 Result: This paper will report on an elicitation process that is informed by, and developed from, the experts' comments from ongoing surveys, and that will establish a systematic elicitation procedure designed to acquire all stakeholders' requirements. This process will enable naval architects to gather information that enhances the contract design information. The core value of this process would be to enable the naval architect to have a sounder understanding of the design problem, and to have greater insights when developing solutions in discussion with the client.
 Conclusion: This research seeks to provide a new approach to the elicitation process, such that the naval architect will be able to engage with their client in a way that will produce designs that are deemed successful by all stakeholders. The essence of design is based on human needs, and this will be reflected in this process, where the naval architect proactively seeks to understand the requirements of all stakeholders and brings that knowledge into the discussions with their client.


This paper draws its evidence from the report Meta-analysis of gender and science research: Country group report UK and Ireland countries (Bennett et al 2010) which used the Gender and Science Database (GSD, www.genderandscience.org) to compile an extensive literature review of the research already undertaken on women's and men's careers in science. The paper begins by outlining the nature of horizontal and vertical segregation in the Science Engineering and Technology (SET) sectors in the UK. It then describes Sue Berryman's model of a 'pipeline' to explain women's career progression in science occupations and academic disciplines (Berryman 1983). The model has provided a focus for different explanations of the barriers and issues faced by women, combining research on gendered stereotypes and labour market practices and processes. The policy responses which the model has prompted are outlined. The final section of the paper discusses the ways in which the model has been expanded through critique and the development of new research areas, such as in the fields of diversity, globalisation and multiple gendered subjectivities which offer promising ways of moving beyond a view of women's careers in science as single, narrowing and prescribed trajectories.


Introduction In the Philippines, scheduling the COVID-19 vaccine rollout has been a challenging task. The local government units (LGUs) have to carefully work with limited resources to avoid underutilizing vaccines while considering prioritization schemes in the rollout. As the country continues to vaccinate its population to manage the spread of COVID-19, planning the prioritization of individuals becomes more apparent in the vaccination rollout with respect to the COVID-19 situation in their respective areas. Methods Our study develops a location-allocation model that aims to optimally schedule the COVID-19 vaccine rollout of a municipality. Here we applied the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the prioritization of communities (i.e., barangays) in the vaccine rollout based on the number of COVID-19 cases, the population density, and the proximity of the community to the available vaccine sites. Consequently, an integer programming (IP) model was formulated to determine the assignment of individuals to the vaccine stations with respect to the prioritization of their community in the rollout, as well as the minimum number of vaccine stations to open. Results and discussion The AHP-based IP model proposed in this study not only assigns individuals to vaccination centers, but is also capable of tailoring the vaccine rollout to prioritize individuals depending on the preferences of the LGUs, and the COVID-19 situation in their areas. Furthermore, the vaccine rollout framework in this work is applicable to other vaccine-preventable diseases (e.g., rabies, measles, etc.) should LGUs embark on adapting this approach.


The invention discloses a sleeve column for surface defect detection for a printing cylinder. The sleeve column comprises a fixing block, wherein a sleeve body is arranged on the fixing block, a guide column is installed in the sleeve body in a sleeving manner, an inner ring body is arranged between the guide column and the sleeve body, and a sleeve ring is arranged between the guide column and the sleeve body. The printing cylinder to be detected can be installed on the outer surface of the sleeve body by virtue of the sleeve column disclosed by the invention, and the surface defects of the printing cylinder can be detected through a detection machine, thus detection for the printing cylinder is facilitated.


2. Although they are mostly poor or extremely poor, smallholders produce a substantial portion of the global food supply and are thus important actors in the world's food production systems. Improving the economic and social conditions of smallholders is therefore as vital for their own and their communities' welfare as it is for local, national and global food security. Smallholders also play a key role in enhancing the sustainability of natural resources, the development of rural non-farm economies and the strengthening of rural-urban linkages, in addition to political, economic and social considerations specific to each country. Despite their importance, however, smallholders are largely denied equitable access to the most lucrative marketplaces.


The body sideslip angle (BSA) is the most important parameter to describe vehicle stability performance. By now, no sensor could measure BSA directly in mass production vehicles. The paper explains how to directly measure BSA by application of GPS attitude determination technology. The vehicle stability controller is designed based on sliding mode control theory and the information measured by GPS system. The control effect of the controller is verified under various operation conditions such as the lane change by means of Carsim software.


ABSTRACT The metaphor of the mental number line accounts for numerous empirical effects of spatial-numerical associations. In the present study, we aimed at investigating directional spatial-numerical associations reflected by SNARC-like digit-direction and sign-direction congruency effects as well as the sign-digit compatibility effect when 6th graders performed magnitude comparisons of multi-symbol numbers (i.e., positive and negative numbers). As spatial-numerical associations were associated with sensorimotor experiences, we used whole-body and finger tapping responses to manipulate the extent of motor responses. We only observed a SNARC-like digit-direction congruency effect, but neither a sign-direction congruency nor a sign-digit compatibility effect. This indicates that 6th graders may already have developed spatial-numerical associations for absolute number magnitude, but not yet for polarity signs. Furthermore, not observing a sign-digit compatibility effect seemed to suggest that 6th graders may not yet process multi-symbol numbers in the same parallel componential way as adults do. We argue that while 6th graders are able to process negative numbers, they are not yet automatically associated with space or integrated in the place-value structure of the Arabic number system like multi-digit numbers are at this age.


A study has been made of snap-action rocker switches to valuate some of the principal parameters contributing to the mechanics of operation. These are identified as the actuator and pivot radii and the distance of the actuator center of rotation above the rocking pivot. Equations are developed for the actuator/contact-blade angular velocity ratio as a function of blade angle. Graphs show that a knife edge pivot will produce a high velocity ratio for a low-mass blade. Further equations are resented showing the distribution of forces in the mechanism after the main contacts have met. The equations indicate that a make "up" configuration may have advantages in increasing pivot force and reducing pivot bounce in practical cases. This is borne out in tests on switches which show negligible bounce and reduced erosion for the make "up" arrange- ment.


Text quality is a key aspect of overall print quality. Assessing text quality objectively and quantitatively has remained a challenge, despite our longstanding desire to reach this goal. The range of quality attributes is still seen by many as too broad and the definitions too vague and subjective. In this study, we aim to help overcome these obstacles by exploring whether key attributes exist that can be easily quantified and dependably correlated with subjective perceptions of print quality. If such attributes can be found, we believe a simple predictive model can be developed. For insight into which perceived attributes are critical and to help us select and design objective measurement algorithms, we started by conducting a subjective survey. Guided by the results, we performed quantitative stroke quality measurements and found good correlations between basic stroke properties (e.g., blurriness, stroke width and contrast) and the subjective survey results. We also found that text defects introduced complicating factors into the predictive model. This study provides the foundation for a more comprehensive future study. Introduction It has long been a goal of the imaging community to quantify image quality objectively and quantitatively. In this study, we address issues specific to text quality. Despite many previous studies [1-2], a definitive approach to objective text quality analysis remains a challenge due to the perceived complexity and multidimensional nature of the problem. A group of imaging professionals is actively working to develop an international standard as part of a larger program to develop a perception-based image quality standard [3]. Taking advantage of recent advances in image analysis equipment [4] and our long experience in objective image analysis, we aim to push the effort further with an instrumented approach and determine whether there are objective metrics that can predict subjective text quality preferences. Subjective Survey The author of this paper is an active member of the ISO Text Quality Working Group. Print samples prepared by the Working Group for its research were used independently in a survey conducted at QEA to investigate subjective text quality preferences. The results presented here are based on QEA's internal data and analysis and do not reflect opinions or conclusions of the ISO Text Quality Working Group. The survey was conducted using 10 samples representing three different printing technologies (imagesetter, electrophotographic and inkjet) and a range of print quality. Each sample used a different substrate, a factor that may have affected perceived quality. Ten observers participated in the QEA survey and each performed a complete combinatorial pair-wise comparison of all 10 samples. During this process all the samples were supported on white cardboard, and the comparisons were conducted in a well-lit room (illuminated by daylight or fluorescent light) under normal viewing conditions and without the use of viewing aids other than the corrective lenses worn by some of the staff. Prior to each round of comparisons, each observer was asked to read a brief introduction to text quality analysis as well as some very high-level general guidelines for how it can be done (e.g., considering sample text quality at three different levels – characters, words, and paragraphs) [5]. In this paper, we use the ISO Working Group's original sample designations to simplify future reference. The samples are designated B3, B4, B8, F1, F8, F9, X1, X2, X6, and X9. At the end of each round of comparisons, observers were asked to comment on why they preferred one sample over another, and their responses provided insight into the subjective evaluation process. At the completion of the observer evaluations, the data were tallied, analyzed, and reported on a scale of 0 (least preferred) to 10 (most preferred). The subjective survey results are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1. Within the ten-point scale, scores range from 0.78 to 8.17. Three of the samples (B3, B8 and X9) have significantly lower scores than the others, whose scores range from 5.5 to 8.17. Table 1. Subjective Survey Results Sample Score (0 to 10) X9 0.78 B8 1.06 B3 1.72 B4 5.50 X6 5.67 F9 5.83 F1 6.22 F8 7.44 X2 7.61 X1 8.17


Electron-phonon interactions are fundamentally important physical processes responsible for many key discoveries in condensed matter physics and material sciences. Herein, by exploiting the scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM) excited with a femtosecond infrared (IR) laser, we explored the strong coupling between IR phonons in few-layer graphene (FLG) with ultrahot electrons, which are heated up by the intense laser field enhanced by the s-SNOM tip. More specifically, we found that the intensity of the phonon resonance can be tuned systematically by varying the laser power that controls the electron temperature. Furthermore, the high spatial resolution of s-SNOM allows us to map the local phonon characteristics at sharp boundaries and nanostructures. Our findings offer insights into the intriguing physics behind the electron-phonon interactions in nonequilibrium conditions and open a pathway for manipulating phonons with optical means. Disciplines Condensed Matter Physics Authors Jun Qian, Yilong Luan, Minsung Kim, Kai-Ming Ho, Yi Shi, Cai-Zhuang Wang, Yun Li, and Zhe Fei This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ameslab_manuscripts/ 928 PHYSICAL REVIEW B 103, L201407 (2021)


Highway congestion in North America is widely responsible for polluting air, increasing noise, and wasting time spent in tra ffic, largely because drivers do not pay the full marginal cost of their own traveling decisions. Economists agree that a well-designed congestion pricing system can correct for these externalities, but there is widespread political and public resistance to such a plan, possibly due to disagreements about its potential distributional e ffects. This paper documents a research design for examining the distributional e ffects of transportation policies, using a bridge toll as a case study. The methodology employs the mode choice component of a conventional travel model, implemented as a binomial logit. To measure individual welfare, a compensating variation estimator that allows income to have an e ffect on choice is used, where the marginal utility of money is allowed to vary by income level; this helps avoid understating the welfare e ff cts on low-income individuals. The estimated individual welfare distributions for all individuals can then be compared for the no-toll andwith-toll scenarios using a collection of quantitative assessment tools, such as: divergence measures to distinguish any redistributive effect; relative distributions to characterize the shape of the redistributive e ffects and identify income ranges that are a ffected di fferently; and polarization indices to summarize whether the e ffect is progressive or regressive. By combining several innovative approaches that have only been used separately in the literature, the proposed approach informs the discourse on roadway pricing by examining welfare e ff cts across the entire range a distribution, without discarding important distributional information at any stage of the analysis.


This paper presents an implementation and analysis of a half-bridge LLC loaded resonant converter. The analysis of LLC circuit operation and characteristics had been explained. Details work with both simulation and experimental works had been carried out and captured the results obtained. MATLAB/SIMULINK 2011 had been used for simulation work in this study. For verification, practical, simulation and experimental results are compared to each other to verify work that had been done. The LLC loaded converter designed in this paper is targeted for low power applications.


A field experiment was conducted from February to April 2015 at College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara to identify suitable varieties and optimum plant spacing of baby corn ( Zea mays L.) in summer rice fallows of Kerala, to be used as vegetable and fodder. The treatments included planting of three baby corn varieties viz., G 5414, CO 6 and NSC 1009 B under four different plant densities viz., 60 cm x 15 cm, 50 cm x 15 cm, 40 cm x 15 cm and 30 cm x 15 cm. Green cob and baby corn yield were similar among the  varieties, whereas green fodder yield was highest for CO 6 (32 Mg ha-1). Among different spacing levels, 30 x 15 cm spacing gave higher green cob (12.48 Mg ha-1), baby corn (3.22 Mg ha-1) and green fodder yield (34 Mg ha-1). The variety NSC 1009 B was superior in terms of least number of days for tasseling and silking . The variety G 5414 produced highest number of three cobs per plant. The variety CO 6 at 30 x 15 cm resulted in the highest B:C ratio.


Glucose in sugarcane affected cane yield, recoverable sugar, and sugar yield. Glucose is available since the formation of the stems and stored until sugarcane is ready to be harvested. Information regarding the need for glucose to form sugarcane plant tissue is still not widely available. So, research was conducted to determine the quantity of glucose to form sugarcane plant tissue and its relation to cane yield, recoverable sugar, and sugar yield obtained. The research was carried out at the Karangploso Research Station and Laboratory of Plant Chemistry, Indonesian Sweeteners and Fiber Crops Research Institute, in July 2016–September 2017. A split plot design with two factors and three replications was utilized. The main factor was the growth phases, namely, the vegetative phase and maturity phase, while the other factor was sugarcane varieties, namely, PS-881 (early mature), JR-01 (early-middle mature), Kenthung (early-middle mature), and Bululawang (middle-late mature). The measurements of nitrogen, carbon, and the ash content of the leaves and stems were at 5 months (representing the growth period) and 9 months (representing the ripening period). The results showed that quantities of 1.962–2.160 kg and 2.066–2.113 kg glucose were required to form each kg of leaf and stem tissue depending on the growth phase and variety. Glucose requirements in the maturing phase affected the cane yield, recoverable sugar, and sugar yield as much as by 51.48%, 57.60%, and 58.26%, respectively.


Management of soil fertility in particular of the tropical degraded ferruginous soils is a key factor for attaining potential crop yield. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different systems of tillage and nitrogen fertilizer on root biomass of cotton ( Gossypiumhirsutum ), plant height and leaf area index. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with tillage systems  conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT)  , fertilizer rates (0; 60 and 120 Kg N/ha) and mulching  Crop mulching (M) and no mulching (NM)  . Our results showed that at 30, 60 and 120 days after sowing, tillage systems had a significant effect (P<0.001; P<0.01and P<0.05) on cotton root biomass at 0 - 10 cm; 10 - 20 cm and 30 - 40 cm depth. A significant effect of tillage system was also recorded on plant height at 21, 42 and 63 days after sowing. The highest average plant height (121 ±1.3 cm) was obtained with the conventional tillage. However, tillage system did not show a significant (P>0.05) effect on the leaf area index. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer was significant (P<0.01 and P<0.05) on root biomass at 90 and 120 days after sowing. The interaction between tillage system and nitrogen fertilization dose significantly (P<0.01 and P<0.001) affected the root biomass. However, the highest number of roots (15.453±3.23g/plant), plant height and leaf area index was recorded in the conventional tillage with the fertilizer rate of 120 kg N/ha. In addition, tillage system and nitrogen fertilization had a significant effect on the date of flowering of cotton plants.It can be concluded from the study that CT and nitrogen fertilizer boosted root growth, leaf area index and plant height of cotton. Des ont On le labour et la plants cotonnier. the northwestof Benin(10 °38'-11 ° 4 'North latitude and 0°48'-1 ° 10'East longitude). The average annualtemperature hovers around32.3°Cand average rainfall is1000 mm/year.The experimental plotswere installedduring the2013crop yearon aferruginoustropical soilleachedmoderatelydeep. The plotsweresown ofcotton( Gossypiumhirsutum ) and coveredby maize cropresidues (Zea mays)from the previous year(2012).


Objective To explore neuronal damage in epileptic patients after seizures.Methods The serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in the epileptic patients were dynamically determined after seizures by enzyme-linked immuno-sandwich assy. Results The serum and CSF levels of NSE in the epileptic patients were markedly increased after seizures. The serum levels of NSE peaked 1 day after seizure, decreased about one week later,and then returned to normal after two weeks or so. The serum and CSF levels of NSE were much higher in the epileptic patients with tic or frequency.Conclusion NSE in serum and CSF could reach higher levels after seizures, suggesting that neuronal damage may result from seizures,especially when tic and frequency occur.


Dynamically tunable laser sources are highly promising for realizing visionary concepts of integrated photonic circuits and other applications. In this paper, PN junction heater integrated gallium nitride-based laser on Si is fabricated. The photoluminescence (PL) properties of the GaN beam cavity are controlled by temperature, and the Joule heater provides electrically driven regulation of temperature. These two features of the cavity make it possible to realize convenient tuning of the lasing properties. The multi-functional GaN beam cavity achieves optically pumped lasing with a single mode near 362.4 nm with high Q factor of 1394. The temperature of this device increases by up 0 ℃ to 5 ℃ under the Joule heating effect. Then, electrical control of the lasing mode is demonstrated. The lasing resonant peak shows a continuous redshift of about 0.5 nm. And it also exhibits dynamic switching of its lasing mode. The lasing modulation can be ascribed to temperature-induced reduction of the bandgap. Our work may be of benefit for external optical modulation for future chip-based optoelectronic devices.


"Art should never try to be popular. The public should try to make itself artistic. . . . We have been able to have fine poetry in England because the public do not read it, and consequently do not influence it." —Oscar Wilde, "The Soul of Man Under Socialism"

What Oscar Wilde is


Purpose
This paper aims to investigate whether the practice of self-designation of developing country status in the World Trade Organization (WTO) risks irrelevance of the institution, having regard to legitimacy concerns and evolving trade policy considerations.

Design/methodology/approach
The methodology of this paper involves the application of critical analysis to assess the utility of regime overhaul vis-à-vis a detailed recalibration of the status quo; included in this are key examinations of whether the introduction of a definitive classification criteria will alleviate present challenges as well as critiques of alternative target-specific schemes.

Findings
This paper suggests that an ideal approach to the controversies surrounding self-designation steers away from pure income-based indicators to arrive at targeted special and differentiated treatment allocation. Such a framework anchors itself on principles of nuanced differentiation that support depoliticization and facilitate capacity building in developing countries.

Originality/value
To the best of the author's knowledge, this paper represents an original evaluation of the possible reforms available to the WTO concerning the present status and functionality of the mechanism underpinning the practice of self-designation of developing country status.


A new species of coral-symbiont crab, Cymo mazu sp. nov., is described from the Nansha Islands in the South China Sea. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by several unique morphological characteristics, including a smooth carapace armed with isolated spiny granules, chelipeds featuring large spines and granules, and a strongly concave endopodite of the first maxilliped. Molecular analysis using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I DNA barcodes provides further support for the identification of the new species. The relationships between the new species and its congeners were elucidated through a combination of morphological and molecular evidence. Diagnostic characteristics for differentiation among species of Cymo are discussed, and an updated key to the species of the genus is provided.


Two compact ultrawideband (UWB) slot antennas with band-rejected characteristics are proposed for UWB com- munication applications. The entire size of both antennas is as small as , which is smaller than most of the proposed UWB antennas. The radiator is a stepped slot excited by a 50 feed line. By etching a half-wavelength and a quarter-wavelength slot from the ground plane of UWB slot antennas, respectively, two UWB antennas with band-notched characteristics can be obtained. The potential interference be- tweenUWBandWLAN/WiMAXcanbereduced.Omnidirectional radiation patterns and constant gain can be observed in the pass bands. Time-domain characteristics of both proposed antennas are analyzed under different conditions. It demonstrates that the time-domain characteristics of the antennas are good enough for UWB applications. The results show that proposed antennas are very suitable for various portable UWB systems.


Direct displacement-based seismic design without iteration is a more simple and rational approach to displacement-based seismic design,which was used to design steel frame structures.In this method,the equivalent elastic and elastic-plastic response spectra are ensured considering of structural inelasticity,the explicit expression of response spectra including Newmark-Hall deformation reduction factors is achieved.According to the capacity-demand diagram method,the relationship formula among structural demand objective displacement and ductility,spectrum displacement,spectrum acceleration are derived,then base shears of structures are confirmed according to structural stiffness and strength,the structural component sections are designed.5 floors and 2 strides plane steel frames are designed with direct displacement-based seismic design method without iteration,the process of which is simple,response spectra diagram isn't necessary.The design results are proved reasonable and exact with time-history analysis.So the direct displacement-based seismic design without iteration is a simple,effective and accurate performance-based seismic design method.


I review recent results on GRB X-ray afterglows measured by the Swift X-ray Telescope (XRT). The XRT had observed over 290 X-ray afterglows of GRBs at the time of this meeting, obtaining > 80% of the world total of GRB X-ray afterglows and > 70% of the world total of GRBs with redshifts. I discuss general characteristics of X-ray afterglows as observed by Swift, and will then focus on a few of our most interesting discoveries. One of the most exciting of these was the recent "naked-eye" burst, GRB080319B, with the brightest optical counterpart ever seen and one of the best-observed X-ray and optical light curves ever obtained. We interpret the bright prompt emission as the result of an extremely large bulk Lorentz factor, combined with a very narrow jet beamed directly at us, with Synchrotron Self-Compton emission from the UV/optical photons accounting for the γ-ray emission. The X-ray and optical afterglows are interpreted as the result of a two-component jet, with the wide jet accounting for the optical afterglow, while the X-ray afterglow is initially dominated by the narrow jet until that component fades following its jet break.


Fantastic Beauty is a special type of beauty,which show us a kind of peculiar phenomenon.It is different from the same type and same field,include a surprised character no matter in the whole or part.We take Mo-yan's novel as example to analysis frantasty.This article analysis the fantastic beauty from the field of holiday,organs and body.It has showed the writer's feeling and phylosophical idea.


Objective:To investigate the diagnosis and treatment of new born spontaneous perforation of colon.Methods:The data of six cases of new born spontaneous perforation of colon were analyzed.Two cases whose perforation was on the right semi colon were performed and four cases whose perforation was half of colon,underwent double channel climbing style fistulation.Results:Two cases of very light weight died and four survived.Conclusions:Double channel fistulation or open fistulation is the choice of operation.Early operation is the key to successful treatment.


In spring 2007, a listening and speaking curriculum project was conducted in an ELI 70 course at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa. Fourteen undergraduate students (13 Japanese and 1 Vietnamese native speaker) completed a needs analysis survey to ascertain what skills they would like included in ELI 70. Using the results, the following goals were created: improve general listening, vocabulary strategies, and note-taking skills. The new goals were utilized in creating materials in the form of two activities. In a final evaluation students found the activities useful and wanted more activities similar to the ones used in the study. EAP Listening and Speaking 3 EAP Listening and Speaking: From Needs Analysis to Evaluation Introduction The study found within this paper concentrated on one intermediate level listening and speaking class (ELI 70) at the English Language Institute at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa. This investigation encompasses a needs analysis focused on the subjective needs of the students, additional class objectives based on the results of the needs analysis, development of activities in accordance with the new objectives, teaching of the activities in class, and a final evaluation to find out if the students' needs were met and whether or not they wanted to have more classes in ELI 70 similar to the activities used in this study. This introductory section will describe curriculum development and the parts of curriculum, followed by literature on the definition of needs analysis in general, as well as data from previous listening and speaking needs analysis. Goals and objectives will be discussed, and materials will be touched on before ending with a description of program evaluation. After this literature review, this section will explain the purpose of this study and introduce the research questions. Literature Review Curriculum development. During the 1960's, curriculum development began and it focused on determining "what knowledge", "skills", and "values" students learn in education programs, what practices are necessary to bring about the intended learning outcomes of students, and how teaching and learning can be designed, measured, and evaluated (Richards, 2001, p. 2). According to Brown (1995), curriculum development is a series of activities which includes needs analysis, testing, and teaching. This series of curriculum activities will provide an outline that helps teachers and administrators to accomplish a well designed curriculum design which is EAP Listening and Speaking 4 the most suitable for students' purposes and a given situation, that is, a framework that helps the students to learn as efficiently and successfully as possible in the given situation. According to Nunan (1990) after conducting a needs analysis "the major steps in the curriculum process are (a) grouping learners for instruction, (b) selecting and sequencing learning tasks, (c) selecting and sequencing content, (d) conducting classroom instruction, (e) assessing learners, and (f) evaluating courses and programs" (p. 18). In the same line with this outline of curriculum design, Brown (1995) states that curriculum includes needs analysis, objectives, materials, teaching, and evaluation. Curriculum development refers to "the range of planning and implementation processes" involved in developing or renewing curriculum, and he clearly shows that all elements in the curriculum are interrelated to each other. Since, every element is closely related to each other, the curriculum system indicates that any changes in one part of the system have effects on other parts of the system. For example, in order to find out the students' needs, all students, teachers, and administrators need to be involved in needs analysis. To sum up, the purposes of curriculum development are to find out the needs of a group of students, to develop goals or objectives for a program to focus on those needs, to decide an appropriate syllabus, course design, teaching methods, teaching materials and to conduct an evaluation of the language program. General needs analysis. According to Brown (1995), "Needs analysis refers to the systematic collection and analysis of all subjective and objective information necessary to define and validate defensible curriculum purposes that satisfy the language learning requirements of students within the context of particular institutions that influence the learning and teaching situation" (p. 36). Language curriculum development is an ongoing project. A needs analysis is the first step in the ongoing project, and it is a very significant step in the whole process. EAP Listening and Speaking 5 Needs analysis was introduced into language teaching through the English for Specific Purposes (ESP) movement. From the 1960's, the demand and interest for specialized language programs increased, and the necessity of conducting needs analysis procedures in language teaching began to increase. By the 1980's, in many parts of the world a "needs-based philosophy" emerged in language teaching, particularly in relation to ESP and vocationally oriented program design (Brindley, 1984, as cited in Richard, 2001, p. 51). When the English for Specific Purposes (ESP) movement emerged, the concept of learners' needs became more relevant (Richard, 2001, p. 28). One of the important issues of the ESP approach is how to satisfy learners' needs of language learning rather than focus on the general structure of English. Different groups of students have different purposes for learning and each purpose for learning provides specific needs for their language learning. The ESP learner's needs are often described in terms of performance, that is, in terms of what the learner will need to perform with the target language at the end of a course of study. Therefore, the goal of learning between an ESP course and a general English course are very different. The goal of a general program is usually an overall mastery of the language that can be tested on a global language test; the goal of an ESP course is to prepare the learners to carry out a specific task or set of tasks. Robinson (1980, p. 11) comments: The student of ESP is usually studying to perform a role. The measure of success for student learning English for hotel waiters, or the English for food technology, is whether they can perform convincingly as hotel waiters in English or whether they can act appropriately as food technologists in English (as cited in Richard, 2001, p. 33). There are different ways to distinguish language learners' needs. Brown (1995) divides language learners' needs into situation needs and language needs, where he defines situation EAP Listening and Speaking 6 needs as information of the "program's human aspects, that is, physical, social, and psychological contexts in which learning takes place" (p.40). Another way of determining types of learners' needs is objective needs and subjective needs. Objective needs are observable factual information about the learners but do not involve the learners' view, such as personal background, learners' proficiency, and where or how often students use the target language in real life. On the other hand, a subjective need refers to learners' perspectives of language learning. Learners' views on goal, priorities, wants, expectations, preference for learning strategies and participation styles are some components of subjective needs. Both situation needs and language needs can be objective information or subjective information. Information on needs can be used for designing a new language program and/or evaluating an existing program. The main purposes of needs analysis are to find out what language skills a learner needs in order to carry out tasks that they encounter, such as sales manager, tour guide, or university student, and to identify a gap between what students need to perform and what they want to perform after taking the language courses. Thus the study of needs analysis includes perceived and present needs as well as potential and unrecognized needs. Needs analysis provides teachers' and learners' an outline about the courses by exchanging information on learners' needs. Learners' needs give directions to teachers in selecting the appropriate activities and materials. As a result, needs analyses are an important part of language program development and evaluation. Therefore, more needs analyses are necessary to determine different students' and teachers' needs in addition to generate awareness that such needs exits. Listening and speaking needs analysis. According to Ferris (1998) "most research on academic aural/oral skills has focused on academic lectures, formal speaking, or pronunciation" EAP Listening and Speaking 7 (p. 291). She goes on to discuss how studies looking into listening needs of ESL university students have placed attention on the linguistic characteristics of lectures and students' abilities to understand, recall, and take notes on what they have heard during a class lecture. In response to these findings, pedagogy has also focused on developing lecture comprehension and notetaking skills; other areas of pedagogical interest have been in how to give formal presentations and pronunciation. In 1980 Ostler (as cited in Ferris & Tagg, 1996) conducted a study on ESL university students' opinion of the importance of various skills, including listening and speaking. The top six oral/aural skills found to be the most important, in order beginning with the most important were "class notes, asking questions, discussing issues, giving talks, panel discussions, and interviews" (p. 33). The conclusion was that students should learn academic rather than conversational speaking skills. Ferris and Tagg (1996) looked at what listening and speaking skills students wanted to study and compared the students' reported needs with that of the teachers. The needs of the students are often disparate when one asks the st


Eighteen years ago, Fredrickson et al. [Macromolecules 1992, 25, 2882−2889] predicted that a molten polymer brush possesses a shear modulus that would cause its surface structure to deviate from a liquid. Their prediction, though broadly used, has been largely unchecked. Here, we present experimental data on polystyrene brushes that validate Fredrickson et al.'s prediction. We also present data obtained by following the time evolution of the surface structure of an entangled brush, which shows that the equilibrium shear modulus is established prior to the onset of the terminal flow regime. This suggests that the dynamics of entangled polymer brush is not governed by chain reptation motions, contrary to a previous presumption.


To the Editors: S leep bruxism (SB) is defined as a stereotyped oromandibular activity during sleep, which is characterized by involuntary grinding and/or clenching of the teeth. It may cause a variety of problems in the orofacial region and affect the dental structure. Although the exact mechanism of SB is not known, it is generally accepted that it is a multifactorial condition, with psychosocial, pathophysiological, morphological, and peripheral factors playing a role. In addition to these factors, researchers have began to investiate the role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in SB. Some case reports have suggested that SSRIs may be associated with SB and that they exacerbate existing SB. A number of published case reports have provided support for the role of SSRIs in the initiation/aggravation of bruxism. However, a recent study by Hermesh et al asserted that SSRIs did not induce sleep or awake bruxism. Based on family physicians' reports, Lobbezzoo et al put forward the same suggestion. Thus,


This paper proposes a general model of the flowchart approach to industrial cluster policy and applies this model to the automobile industry clusters of Guangzhou and Tianjin in China. The flowchart approach to industrial cluster policy is an action plan for prioritising policy measures in a time-ordered series. We reached the following two conclusions. First, we clarified the effects of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota in Guangzhou and the effect of Toyota in Tianjin on the automobile industry clustering. Second, we established that local governments play a crucial role in successful industrial cluster policy, and that the mayor of the local government should be offered incentives to target industrial clustering and implement cluster policy.


There is a clear diurnal rhythm in the emergence of the Beet Fly, Pegomyia betae (Curt.), from the soil, peak emergence occurring daily between 06. and 07. hr., when the soil temperature at a depth of 2 in. and the air temperature are at about their minimum, or are just beginning to rise, and humidity is at its maximum. In two observations on the emergence of the first generation, 82·2 and 85·6 per cent, of the daily emergence occurred before 08. hr., whilst in two observations on the emergence of the adults of the non-diapausing part of the second generation, 79·1 and 76·3 per cent, of the daily emergence occurred before 08. hr. During the period of emergence of flies from a batch of puparia, the rhythm was most marked at the time of peak emergence, and was less marked at the beginning and end of the emergence period. The rhythm of emergence was much less pronounced, and the peak occurred later in the day, when puparia were kept at constant temperature from two days before the first flies emerged. Experiments led to the conclusion that the fly reaches the soil surface within one hour of leaving the puparium at a depth of 2 in. in soil, and that the processes of wing expansion and cuticle tanning are probably controlled by a nervous mechanism. The possible initiators of the diurnal rhythm are discussed. It is concluded that the results obtained could be explained by the suggestion that the rhythm is induced by the effect of temperature or light fluctuation at some time before the late pupal stage, or that it might be inborn in the species, and that it is further regulated by temperature variation at the time of emergence. Further work will be necessary before the suggested explanation can be shown to be valid or otherwise.


for thinking that its importance is not as great as appears at first sight. But these are suggestions rather than criticisms. The book gives an excellent analysis of English opinion, theoretical and practical, on the subject of emigration and drags to light men almost forgotten, such as Wilmot Horton, whose influence in their time was very great. While it does not attempt to preach a sermon on the benefits or shortcomings of assistance, it is rather more favourable than Johnson, who considers attempts at assistance to have invariably been failures (this, perhaps, because Miss Cowan is more interested in the individual immigrant than in the scheme of which he was a part), and controverts the notion that Canada was peopled almost uniformly by poor men. A few points of detail may be challenged. Where for instance has the southern Irishman been a great colonizer (p. 127)? He has been a great immigrant, but almost wholly an urban immigrant. Were retired officers "valuable additions to the back settlements" (p. 195), or were they not rather, in most cases, misfits who eventually drifted off their farms? Did the English villager, enclosures or no enclosures, ever have a chance of becoming a man of property (p. 46)? Actual errors are few. On page 41, the duties on Baltic timber are stated to have been imposed in 1809, whereas they were only increased in that year. On page 90, note i seems to be out of place, and on page 242, the area of the Canada Company's Huron tract is given as only 14,490 acres. Book titles given in the footnotes might have been cited in less abbreviated form. There is a satisfactory bibliography and an index. Let us hope that more of these necessary surveys of the groundwork will see the light of day. The number published in comparison with the number written is altogether too small. A. R. M. Low•


Background: The starting point of the thesis is the growing importance of negotiations that serve to establish a relationship between the parties involved as companies' business activities are gett ...