In the capillary electrophoresis of micro particles, an aggregate of particles was often observed. Such a phenomenon occurs for various particles such as the sperm cells, chromosomes, and DNAs. It is still unclear how the aggregation is produced. We carried out an experimental investigation to show the dielectric interaction plays a key role in the formation of aggregates. A low frequency(~1㎑) AC field was applied to polystyrene microspheres for elimination of the electroosmotic flow and other side effects, such as the hydrodynamic interaction. Immediately after applying AC field, randomly distributed particles begin to interact with nearest ones and form chain-like aggregates. The particle chains are aligned parallel to the direction of applied electric field. The motion of interacting particles is compared with the previous analytical prediction. We will show characteristics of particle aggregation in various conditions of field strength, frequency, particle size.


Forest decline was rather ubiquitous throughout the industrialized world in the 1980s. Maple decline was particularly severe in southern Quebec and large research programmes were put together to determine cause–effect relationships, as well as understand the mechanisms involved in forest decline. The present review of the causes of the decline of the maple-dominated forest in southern Quebec is heuristic in nature and not exhaustive in that we do not address the role of atmospheric pollution, a likely predisposing factor that has received wide scientific coverage over the last 15 years. Rather, we discuss the potential role of natural stresses and forest management practices on forest decline. The process of natural selection and forest succession and the trend toward monocultures of sugar maple in sugar bushes are emphasized as important predisposing factors of forest decline. Climatic stresses and insect defoliations appear to have been major triggering factors, whereas insects and pathogens were likely...


This essay examines the paradoxical relationship between Jewish emancipation and the revival of Catholic neoorthodoxy in the years preceding the revolutions of 1848/49. My focus is on the Grand Duchy of Baden, renowned as the most liberal of all the nineteenth-century German states. The rise of neoorthodoxy in Baden provoked political liberals to rethink the relationship between church and state and, consequently, through a conjunction of circumstance, to make Jewish emancipation a central plank in their political platfrom. The Jewish emancipation implemented by the liberals in the revolutionary years, however, would be heavily burdened from its inception by the manner in which the new Catholic "religious right" deployed anti-Jewish rhetoric in its struggle for religious and political influence.


This paper lists several mainstream definitions of personal knowledge management in China and foreign countries, analyzes the contents of personal knowledge management, and constructs the model of personal knowledge management sharing platform according to the research on the procedures of knowledge management, and based on users and resources, designs the functional modules of the sharing platform, and introduces the software and techniques adopted in the construction of the sharing platform.


The relationship between earthwork and design parameters of field in level terrace construction are researched with section method,the degdesign parameters of field are optimized with gray multiobjective programme.The result shows that with the field slope increasing,the height of terrace ridge is increasing also.The suitable errace ridge heigth should be under 4.5m.The terrace width,ridge heigth,ridge angle and slope are the key factors to earthwork volume.The proper terrace width should be controlled within 10~40m.If the terrace width is too narrow,the proportion of ridge floor area would be high.That will cause lower economical benefit,and unfit for machine working.The minimum earthwork and its relation to terrace width,ridge height,ridge angle and slope are calculated in the paper.


Machine learning algorithm can be applied for automating soil type classification. This paper compares several machine learning algorithms for classifying soil type. Algorithms that involve support vector machine (SVM), neural network, decision tree, and naïve bayesian are proposed and assessed for this classification. Soil dataset is taken from the real data. Simulation is run by using RapidMiner Studio. The performance observed is the accuracy. The result shows that SVM, with the use of linear function kernel, outperforms the others algorithms. The SVM best accuracy is 82.35%.


High transverse momentum particles play an important role for investigation of Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) induced by nucleus-nucleus collisions. When high transverse momentum partons traverse the QGP, they lose their energy. Consequently, the yield of high transverse momentum hadron is suppressed relative to proton+proton collisions scaled by the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions (jet quenching). The phenomenon is expected to give us much information about properties of QGP. Thus far, almost all models consider only parton energy loss during passing through. However, the perturbative Quantum Chrome Dynamics (QCD) predicts the direct hadron production (the higher-twist effect). If hadrons produced by this mechanism exist, the hadron energy loss should be considered additionally. For checking if there is the higher-twist effect, investigation of hadron production in proton+proton collisions is suitable. The invariant differential cross sections for inclusive neutral pion at midrapidity are measured in proton+proton collisions at √ s = 8 TeV using the ALICE detector at LHC. The neutral pion is identified from the invariant mass of photon pairs detected by the PHOS detector covering 260◦ < φ < 320◦ and |η| < 0.12. To cover a wide transverse momentum range, two different triggers are used. One is a minimum-bias trigger to measure from low to middle transverse momentum range. The other is the high energy photon trigger deployed in PHOS detector to enhance high transverse momentum statistics. To calculate the neutral pion invariant cross-section, the LHC beam luminosity in proton+proton collisions at √ s = 8 TeV is measured by using van der Meer scan technique. The luminosity is determined by the ALICE minimum-bias trigger which requires at least one hit on both side of V0 detector with a pseudorapidity coverage of 2.8 < η < 5.1 and −3.7 < η < 1.7. The cross-section of the trigger is found to be 55.8± 1.2 mb−1. The value is a baseline for not only the neutral pion measurement but also other measurements in ALICE. By using the xT scaling property, the particle production mechanisms at RHIC and LHC collision energies are investigated. The result reveals that both higher-twist and jet fragmentation should be taken into account for RHIC collision energies, but on the other hand at LHC energies, the higher-twist contribution is found to be negligible below about 20 GeV/c. The result suggests that the high transverse momentum particle suppression is caused by the parton energy loss for the LHC energies, but both parton and hadron energy loss should be taken into account at RHIC. The phenomena which were not expected have been measured in proton+proton collisions with the high multiplicity event at LHC. To study the phenomena, the production rate of neutral pion is measured as a function of event multiplicity. Two transverse momentum ranges, from 1.0 GeV/c to 1.5 GeV/c and from 5.5 GeV/c to 16 GeV/c, are compared with the ColorReconnection (CR) model. For both ranges, the model describes the multiplicity dependence of the neutral pion yield.


Instead of quantizing Hough space uniformly as widely utilized in the SHT,Standard Hough Transform,this paper proposes a HT algorithm with nonuniform quantization of Hough space,namely NUHT,which stems from a close investigation into the angle dependency of the minimum distance and angle spacing between adjacent line segments.Experimental results show that NUHT has the capacity of detecting more than two fold straight line segments than SHT and false alarms less than 1/2 of SHT,with no decreasing in computational efficiency.


Historical periodicals published in Spanish American countries contain excellent studies, many of which should be of interest to readers of the Pacific Historical Review. The present article drawn from periodicals available to the reviewer, lists materials definitely concerned with the Pacific area, except for some which are "Pacific" because the area has a Pacific seacoast, but which concern only minor aspects of domestic history. Many are also listed which are not "Pacific," but which must impinge on the fields of many readers who are not primarily concerned with the countries involved. This group includes especially: (i) the international relations of Spanish America, political, economic or cultural; (2) studies concerning all Spanish America, especially during the colonial period; (3) biographies and bibliographies of Latin American historians or literary figures. Certain other types of articles have generally not been listed. These include: (i) book reviews; (2) inventories of archives; (3) speeches of commemoration; (4) studies in archaeology, ethnology, or geography; (5) studies of an essentially genealogical, antiquarian or military nature. These criteria, however, have served merely as aids in avoiding too subjective a selection. Several of the items listed below violate one or more of the general rules. Also, some special cases are noted under individual periodicals.


Smith, et al. (1986) found few differences berween disadvantaged students in an Educational Opportunity Fund program and regular students on a questionnaire on which they had to rate the riskiness of 39 activities (such as selling marihuana, going away to college, a homosexual relationship, and cheating on tests). To explore this further, the same questionnaire was given to 12 male and 22 female Upward Bound students (disadvantaged) and 30 male and 37 female Rotary students (academically excellent), all aged 16 or 17 yr. Each activity had to be rated for the degree of risk involved on a scale from 1 to 7. In addition, each student rated himself as a risk taker and whecher he enjoyed taking risks. The Rotary students rated 17 of the activities as more risky than the Upward Bound students including quitting a job without another, selling marihuana, driving a car 20 miles an hour above the speed limit, and vandalism or minor theft) and only two as less risky. The Rotary students did not see themselves as taking risks more (Ms = 3.9 and 4.6; SDs = 1.5 and 1.3; t = 1.74), but they did enjoy risk-taking more than the Upward Bound students (Ms = 4.5 and 3.5; SDs = 1.4 and 1.4; t = 3.28). Thus, this study found that academically excellent students rated situations as more risky than disadvantaged students. This suggests that they may be more conservative in their actions since they see situations as riskier.


DNA photolyase catalyzes the photoreversal of py- rimidine dimers. The enzymes from Escherichia coli and yeast contain a flavin chromophore and a folate cofactor, 5,lO-methenyltetrahydropteroylpolygluta-mate. E. coli DNA photolyase contains about 0.3 mol of folate/mol flavin, whereas the yeast photolyase contains the full complement of folate. E. coli DNA photolyase is reconstituted to a full complement of the folate by addition of 5,lO-methenyltetrahydrofolate to cell lysates or purified enzyme samples. The reconsti- tuted enzyme displays a higher photolytic cross section under limiting light.


AbstractModern drip-irrigation technologies improve water-use efficiency while simultaneously transforming areas that are not otherwise irrigable in practice (too distant or too high to be reached ...


some years I worked as headmaster of a large boarding school. By that time, the late 1980s and early '90s, "chapel" had become a weekly, not a daily, ritual although the usages of custom and of a certain civic religion sometimes brought the school together in chapel on other days. Sunday chapel rites were mainly Anglican in tone, despite the school's Presbyterian heritage: lordly preludes and processionals, antique calls to worship, lessons that concluded with "endeths," hymns from a confident epoch in British history. The ambience remained very much that of the nineteenthcentury school, redolent with the communicated sense of duty to the less fortunate and less privileged the nave hung with banners and heraldic flags, its walls studded with bronze plaques offering the Loyola Prayer for


Abstract It is shown that the difference between the heat of chemical reaction derived by the Van't-Hoff equation, ΔH0, and measured by calorimetry, ΔQ0, is PΔV0.


Abstract A new solid-state cadmium ion selective electrode is evaluated. Interference effects are considered and the electrode is used to detect the endpoint in titrations of cadmium ion in water and in dimethylsulfoxide.


The immune system associated with the gastrointestinal tract is distinct from1 the systemic immune system and consists of diverse sequestered compartments. Inteshnal intraepithelial lymphocytes (EL) are incompletely characterized with regard to their functional responses to immunosuppressive agents. These lymphocytes reside between the epithelial cells of the small intestine villi. There is considerable evidence that E L are derived from progenitor cells independent of direct thymus development, yet the signals that result in development and differentiation of E L are unknown.'.' The signals that determine survival of T cells during selection in the thymus involve ligation of the glucocorticoid receptor in addition to TCR ligation.) In normal animals, in vivo administration of glucocorticoids results in profound deletion of thymocytes, particularly of the immature population bearing both CD4 and CD8 antigens on their surface^."^ E L also contain a subpopulation bearing CD4 and CD8 antigens, yet these CD4' CD8' IEL are refractory to deletion by glucocorticoids in vivo. In fact, no decrease in either yield or cell density of E L could be identified (FIG. 1). E L do not respond to the same steroid-mediated signals as their peripheral counterparts. In addition, no major shifts in lymphocyte subpopulations could be seen, a!; indicated in TABLE 1. To investigate whether these E L are, in fact, resistant to the induction of apoptosis, or appear to survive due to a simultaneous influx or proliferation within this compartment, we probed for the appearance of apoptotic nuclei by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling method! Although frequent apoptotic nuclei were identified in the thymus as early as three hours following hydrocortisone administration, no increase in the numbers of apoptotic IEL were identified over the course of 48 hours of treatment. In addition, apoptotic nuclei were also identified in the germinal centers of Peyers's patches of hydrocortisone-treated animals. We have not yet determined whether these are B or T lymphocytes, but we are aware that the toxic effect of steroids reaches the intestinal milieu. The absence of apoptotic nuclei in lymphocytes within the intestinal epithelium indicates that IEL are resistant to apoptotic signals from glucocorticoids. To determine the mechanism of resistance to the strong deletional signal from hydrocortisone, we investigated Bcl-2 expression in EL. Bcl-2 has been implicated in the protection of lymphocytes from glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis.' Thymocytes express low levels of Bcl-2, consistent with their susceptibility to steroid-induced death, and peripheral lymphocytes express high levels of Bcl-2, consistent with their relative resistance to steroid-induced death. Many, but not all, E L express high levels of Bcl-2, suggesting alternate mechanisms in their survival. Three populations are observed, of nearly equal proportion, one bearing high levels of Bcl-2, one bearing intermediate levels of Bcl-2, and one with low levels of expression.


This paper focuses on the issue of language globalization, the features of which are speculated on the levels of communication and thinking. The inner connection of language globalization with the economic and cultural globalization is clarified through three parts. Part One presents the conceptual distinction of "globalization" implied between economic globalization and cultural globalization. Part Two comprises topics regarding the globalization of English language considered closely with global economic unification on the communicative level, and that of language thinking perceived inseparably from global cultural pluralization on the thinking level. Finally, in Part Three, the author takes a broad view at the linguistic turn and its impact upon the globalization of culture.


Neutral beam ion loss from the Compact Helical System (CHS) has been measured with a scintillator-type probe. The total loss to the probe as well as the pitch angle and gyroradius distributions of that loss have been measured as various plasma parameters were scanned. Three classes of beam ion losses were observed at the probe position: passing ions with pitch angles within 10° of those of transition orbits, ions on transition orbits (as would be expected from these orbits, which have large deviations from their starting flux surfaces) and ions on trapped orbits, typically 15° or more from transition orbits. Some orbit calculations in this magnetic geometry have been performed in order to understand the characteristics of the loss. Simulation of the detector signal based upon the following of orbits from realistic beam deposition profiles is not able to reproduce the pitch angle distribution of the losses measured. Consequently it is conjectured that internal plasma processes induce their loss.


Abstract Existing models for built-in residual stresses in composite materials are reviewed and discussed. In particular, the thermal longitudinal stress present in the fiber prior to a single-fiber fragmentation experiment is studied using various model composite data. It is found that this stress is typically compressive in nature and that, quantitatively, it depends on the fiber content, the degree of undercooling, and the thermoelastic constants of the fiber and the matrix. In the case of single-fiber composites (or microcomposites), the thermal longitudinal stress present in the fiber is high enough to either induce fiber sinewave buckling (such as in E-glass/epoxy), or extensive fiber fragmentation (such as in graphite HM/polypropylene) that may then be used to measure the dependence of compressive fiber strength upon length. This has to be accounted for in quantitative models that calculate interfacial adhesion parameters using single-fiber tests, such as the fragmentation test or the microbond tes...


In the 1970s, economists generally advocated deregulation under competitive conditions but had little to say about privatization or methods of monopoly regulation. Largely reflecting innovations in all these policy areas, economists have generally raised their estimates of the benefits of privatization. deregulation, and reform of monopoly regulation. Logically and empirically, however, the economic implications of these reforms depend importantly on the political and institutional context. This essay considers what recent experience has taught us about the effects of privatization and regulatory reform, stressing the roles of information and commitment, and discusses implications of those lessons for research and policy analysis.


Abstract Improving the quality of agricultural products is crucial for facilitating sustainable agricultural development. One widely embraced approach is contract farming, which generates guarantees—necessary for sustaining the continuous operations of vulnerable farmers—while enabling manufacturers to manage the aggregate supply chain risks and prices. Although management researchers have investigated power and quality performance issues between organisations, few have examined their impact on contract farming. This paper extends the literature by examining the relationships between power, supply chain integration and the quality performance of agricultural products, from the perspectives of farm households and agribusiness companies in contract farming. This study proposes and empirically examines a model, applying survey data from 78 agricultural companies and 321 peasant householders in China. The results show that different types of power have different effects on contract farming. In particular, non-economic power significantly and positively affects supply chain integration. Its impact on process coordination is greater than its impact on information sharing. The effect of economic power on supply chain integration is different from the binary perspective. These findings have positive theoretical and practical significance for agribusiness and will help farmers to improve the quality of primary agricultural products and achieve sustainable agricultural development.


This book investigates the antecedents and consequences of information technology adoption among small and medium sized enterprises. Following the well publicized 'Internet bubble', the rate of adoption of such technologies – especially of Internet-based solutions – has slowly changed among small firms, leading to a very mixed picture. Whilst a significant number of these small firms are still excluded from such technologies, others show very complex patterns of adoption and implementation.


The purpose of the paper is to present work patterns from two perspectives, the art expert´s and art forger´s, as the patterns can be retrieved from two Swedish criminal cases of fraud, the case "T ...


Elaborate human effigy censers are widely distributed at sites across the Maya lowlands in the Late Postclassic period (ca. 1250-1540 AD). These censers represent people dressed in costumes, combining martial and supernatural elements. They may have been broken at various sites as part of rituals associated with pilgrimage, but details of their production, movement across the landscape, and meaning remain unclear. A stylistically varied assemblage of fragmented censers of this type has been recovered from Lamanai, Belize, and has been subjected to detailed stylistic, iconographic, and petrographic examination. The results of this study have revealed a higher level of variability in visual and compositional characteristics than has been recognised previously, demonstrating connections to both local and foreign producers, and to several geographically distant production localities. These results have important implications for the current understanding of the nature and meaning of these vessels, specifically as concerns associated patterns of production and deposition. A central focus of our paper is to discuss methodological issues relating to the integration of extensive data sets characterising compositional and stylistic/iconographic attributes, including the interplay of variability in technological and provenance characteristics and style. We also explore the significance of such integrated approaches to understanding Maya interregional interaction just prior to the Spanish conquest.


: Fashion, in contemporary world is becoming more sophisticated day by day. Its implications on general public are dramatically increasing in the cultural level that divides community into different subcultures. Hence, the emotional aspect of people towards 'Fashion Industry' is rising at a rapid rate. The most important component of customer's impression must be considered in terms of garment design in order to maintain leadership on the market. This paper aims to evaluate the emotional component of the garment with semantic differential. The process of evaluating consumer's emotional experience consists of steps that provide an ability to classify the Kansei attribute of clothes. They are considered as key issues for the concept of recognition of images, and particularly emotions. Method based on Kansei Engineering model is used to develop the full range of emotional keywords and their affinity cluster. The result shows that this method will be a good reference to design studies that involved with user's personal emotional experience in the field of clothing design. This research intends to seek the psychological and emotional parameters that influence the selection of a particular dress and colour for female. The research involves the results of a designed survey.


By heating dihydroxyacetone and methylammoniumacetate in aqueous solution, a deeply brown coloured reaction mixture is obtained. The products extractable with methylenechlorid were separated. Several heterocyclic compounds (1-30) could be identified.


The goal of this research is to identify and analyse the discourse analysis found in Jokowi's international speech text. Descriptive qualitative was conducted in this research. Data Source Researchers feel the need to support the data as corroborating evidence that it was indeed Jokowi's speech based on what will be analyzed in this study Transcription of Jokowi's speech. It's a video taken from the internet www.youtube.com or rather at (https://youtu.be/k6lN2cweaOs). This video shows Jokowi giving a speech in Indonesian about an endless war that will harm future generations. The results show that the use of grammar based on choice of word, clause, lexical, and figure of speech are the ways to expose certain meaning based on who is the speaker and the effect to the listeners. The changes patterns of clause and sentence can be changed, exchanged, omitted, added, combined with other clauses and rearranged


Objectives: Atopic sensitization to the mold Alternaria alternata (AA) has been associated with rhinitis and asthma. Fungal allergen exposure is associated with the development and severity of asthma in sensitized individuals. The contribution of indoor fungal allergen exposure to allergic diseases is still not completely clear. We explore the association of AA sensitization to other allergic diseases and study the influence on rhinoconjunctivitis symptom severity. Methods: 2207 patients who were diagnosed with allergic rhinitis were enrolled in our study. After a skin allergy test, those with sensitivity to AA were placed in group A, and those sensitive to other allergens were placed in Group B. We evaluated the prevalence of other allergic disease and symptom severity using TNSS score. Results: Group A had 73 patients (6.4%), and Group B had 1053 patients. Group A had 8 patients with asthma (10.9%), 9 with atophy (12.3%), 6 with allergic conjunctivitis (8.2%), and 11 with sinusitis (15%) Group B had children under 14 years of age (35 patients), 7 with asthma (20%), 3 with allergic conjunctivitis (8.5%), 5 with sinusitis (14.2%), and 4 with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis (11.4%). In group A, TNSS score was higher than Group B, and it was statistically significant. Conclusions: Patients with allergic rhinitis may have other atopic conditions such as asthma or atopic dermatitis. Group B and those over 14 had a higher prevalence of other allergic disease. In group A, allergic rhinitis symptoms were severe. Allergen-specific immunotherapy with standardized A. alternata extract will reduce symptoms of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis.


Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been defined as those that exhibit a dose–response relationship with health risk behaviors and chronic diseases known to increase mortality (1). ACEs are also associated with biomarkers related to inflammation, genetics, and endocrine functioning (e.g., cortisol) (2). The standard compendium of 10 ACEs includes abuse (physical, emotional, sexual), neglect (physical, emotional), and household dysfunction (mental illness, mother treated violently, divorce, incarcerated relative, substance abuse). ACEs are, unfortunately, an all-too-prevalent reality in the US population. In 2017 to 2018, about 33% of children aged 0 to 17 had experienced at least one ACE, and 14% had experienced two or more (3). The question that now occupies many researchers in this field is, "How do events that happen in childhood persist to affect adult physical and mental health?" Data that address life course questions such as this are rarely available in studies of humans. In PNAS, Rosenbaum et al. (4) take advantage of a rich longitudinal data resource in their long-standing field study of female savannah baboons to test the plausibility of a well-reasoned hypothesis: Early life adversity is associated with increased fecal glucocorticoid (fGC) concentrations in adulthood, and this effect is mediated by social bond strength in adulthood (Fig. 1 A ).

Fig. 1.
Pathways linking early life adversity to adult fecal glucocorticoid (fGC) concentrations. Gray font and dashed arrows depict how childhood social bond strength could enter into explanations for adult fGC concentrations. ( A ) Mediation model: Adult social bond strength mediates the association between early life adversity and adult fGC concentrations. ( B ) Moderation model: Adult social bond strength moderates the association between early life adversity and adult fGC concentrations. ( C ) Independent effects model: Early life adversity and adult bond strength are independently associated with adult fGC concentrations. ( a ) Long-term (persistent) effects of childhood social bonds on adult fGC …

[↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: hawkley-louise{at}norc.org.

 [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1


The corporate financial model is coming into increased usage as a tool for supporting specific decision points throughout the corporation. Attendant with this trend in model building is the growing importance of the model builder's implementation approach which requires he or she to be flexible and selective in the application of methods and computer tools. This paper relates the capabilities of a model development language called XSIM to the growing decentralization of the corporate financial modeling application. Specifically, the use of XSIM to build model systems addresses two key aspects of project implementation: adapting to new applications and accommodating the evolving requirements of a planning system.


MArkets And reAl MArkets The notion of the market is at the centre of economic literature and is so strong that since the time of Adam Smith,2 the basic nature of the (economic) market has hardly changed. According to that notion, the traditional market is seen 'as a flexible atomistic realm of impersonal exchange and dispersed competition, characterized by voluntary transactions on an equal basis between autonomous, usually private, entities with material motivations' (White, 199 a: 1).Although there are differences in the definition of markets provided by several economists, the above definition appears to have reflected precisely and successfully the dominant trend of discussion of market in economics. Thus in economics the market is the supreme medium for the expression of individual choice (Hodgson, 1988). In most cases, the market in economic literature is perfectly competitive, though models of monopoly, oligopoly and other forms of distortion have also been discussed comprehensively in the literature. The notion of the market in economics is an abstract one, where exchange of commodities is in fact a simple process, rather than that which exists in reality. White (199 a:1) notes that: 'this 'ideal-type' market has been elevated to the level of an ideological principle and an ethical ideal, providing a policy panacea which promises efficiency, prosperity and freedom'. Crow (2004:11) argues that 'this appearance of simplicity may be reinforced by our ignorance of market histories and a powerful ideological trend in capitalism which suggests that markets are natural phenomena', but the image of simplicity thus associated with the notion of the market often fails to capture the realities of existing markets, because markets or market-exchange is, in reality, neither a simple nor natural process. Real markets are very diverse and a complicated socio-economic phenomena, which is why it is difficult to define them (Harriss-White, 1996). Different academics have defined real markets in different ways. For the purpose of this paper two definitions are used to relate to the context of, and to analyse the characteristics of, real markets in Bangladesh. Harriss-White (1996: 21) has analysed real markets using the definition of Fourie (1991: 4 , 48) which describes a real market as 'an economically qualified, purposeful interchange of commodities on the basis of quid pro quo obligations at a mutually agreed upon exchange rate... in a cluster of exchange and rivalry relations.' In analysing this definition, two dimensions of the relationships between buyers and sellers have been discussed. On one hand there is a 'horizontal' and adversarial competition among multiple buyers and sellers and on the other there may be bilateral transactions between a buyer and a seller which are 'vertical', exclusive and mutualistic. This view of interlocking between horizontal competition and vertical transactions is somewhat similar to Acemoglu's analysis of de jure and de facto political institutions, where the former can be seen as analogous to formal institutions and the latter to informal institutions (Acemoglu et al, 2004; Acemoglu and Robinson, 2006). The formal horizontal interactions are often influenced heavily by the informal vertical relationships. Crow (2004) on the other hand has used the definition provided by Mackintosh (1990: 43–53) in analysing real markets. 'Real markets... have widely varying institutions and economic contexts, they operate on limited information, they involve and help to create a variety of social classes, power relations, and complex patterns of needs and responses.' Thus in reality markets are diverse and the transactions in the markets have to be viewed in the context of wider socio-economic processes. The above definition of Mackintosh (1990) highlights power relations as an important issue in analysing real markets. In fact, although power has often been rather ignored in traditional economic literature (White 199 b), different scholars and researchers have, at different times, discussed the influence of power or political processes in markets. For example, according to Weber (1978), 'money prices are the product of conflicts of interest and of compromises; they just result from power constellations'. Besides, in the context of agrarian rural social systems, many other scholars have related markets with power and politics (e.g. Bharadwaj, 1985; Bhaduri, 198 ; Evans, 199 ; Harriss-White, 199 ; Cawson, 199 ; Elmekki and Barker, 199 ; Janakarajan, 199 ; Olsen, 199 ). Elmekki and Barker (199 ) used the case of Sudan's agricultural system to show that each of the essential agricultural markets (such as land, Ippg 1. Paddy is the main food crop produced in Bangladesh. After the harvest, paddy is usually sold by the farmers and then it is husked to produce rice which is the staple food of the people of Bangladesh. Often 'paddy' and 'rice' are used to mean the same product, but for the purpose of this paper, the two are distinguished. 'Paddy' will refer to the grain that the farmers get immediately after the harvest and 'rice' will refer to the product which is derived after husking the paddy and is ready for consumption. 2. Adam Smith (172 –90), author of The Wealth of Nations (1776), regarded as the fountainhead of current economic thought by virtue of his explanation of how rational self-interest in a free-market economy leads to economic well-being. (See the Concise Encyclopedia of Economics – http://www.econlib.org/Library.Enc/Bios/Smith.html). labour, inputs, crop and consumables) has a strong political dimension. In light of the above discussions and analyses, the market for staple crops – in this case, paddymarkets in rural Bangladesh – are characterized by the following features. • Paddy markets (and the nature of exchange in them) are wide and diverse; there are diversities in the forms of various relationships among market players, types of produce, different systems of production and marketing, seasonality and regional variations. • The market players are not only buyers and sellers, rather they have various social and political (power) relations among them that influence the process and outcomes of market interactions. • The paddy markets are linked very closely a number of other markets such as rice markets, labour markets, input markets and credit markets. • The socio-economic status of the market players is unequal and discriminatory. MArkets And InequAlIty: experIences froM rurAl bAnglAdesh It is evident from the above discussion that there are inequalities among those who participate in market exchange in terms of the differences in their wealth, socio-economic status and political power and influence. As stated earlier, the main focus of this paper is the process of reproduction of that inequality through market interactions in such unequal societies. Specifically, this paper will concentrate on the paddy-markets currently operating in two villages in Dinajpur, a northern district in Bangladesh, which is one of the major paddy-producing districts in the country. Before examining how the unequal socio-economic status of the villagers is reproduced through market interactions among them, it is important to introduce the two villages. The two villages are Telkupigaon (almost 15 kilometres away from the district town) and Shantipur (about 4 kilometres away). Although both the villages are agricultural, the lives and livelihood of the people of Telkupigaon depend relatively heavily on agricultural activities – the majority (5 %) of the 507 households in the village depends directly on agriculture, with half of these households living on agricultural wage labour. The other half consists of the farmers, including those who cultivate their own land, and the sharecroppers.4 The influence of these farmers rests largely on how much paddy they produce, which is in turn determined by the amount of land owned by them. The distribution of land in the village also reflects sharp inequalities: about two thirds (64%) of the households do not have any cultivable land and of the remaining 6%, only a little over % (17 out of 507 households) have more than five acres of cultivable land each. About 11% of the households have cultivable land between one and five acres and 22% of the households have less than one acre of cultivable land. There are two paddy harvests in the village: during the wet season, various high yielding varieties of paddy are cultivated alongside the traditional local variety called aman; and during dry season it is only the high yielding varieties which are cultivated all over the village. Relatively speaking, there are fewer people directly engaged in agriculture in Shantipur, since the village is located near the district town. However, a significant number of people are engaged in the business of agricultural produce: more than one third ( 6%) of the 750 households in Shantipur are directly engaged in agricultural activities and half of these households earn their livelihoods through day labour while the remaining half consists of the farmers or producers of agricultural produce. The extent of landlessness is also very high, with more than 60% of the households not having any cultivable land. Although the distribution of land is unequal in this village, the inequality is relatively less than that in Telkupigaon. Only one household has more than five acres of land and, of the remaining 92 households, 12% have cultivable land between one and five acres, with 198 households (26%) having less than one acre each. Although two major harvesting seasons are followed in this village as well, immediately after the cultivation of the high yielding variety (IRRI) in the dry season, there is another minor harvest known as 'late IRRI'. Apart from paddy, potato is also another important crop in this village. The socio-economic inequality in the two villages, as evident above, is reproduced thr


This paper introduces a new approach based on the analytical hierarchy process to determine left-turn control types. Instead of going through a flow-chart-type selection, a ranking score considering all these factors is produced to represent the likelihood of using a certain type of control. The proposed approach was applied in a case study of 14 intersections in the Reno-Sparks, Nevada area.


Drug education programs that rely on an abstinence based philosophy neglect, and may even contribute to, the potentially adverse consequences experienced by young people who already engage in this potentially health-compromising behaviour. A predominant focus of drug research during the initial wave of rising cannabis use by young people in the 1960's and 1970's, was centred on identifying the factors that contributed to this trend. Less attention has been devoted to uncovering those factors that may inhibit the progression to high-risk levels of use and particularly whether their impact differs for adolescent males and females. In spite of the questionable effectiveness, formal control mechanisms (i.e., criminal laws) and a reliance on prevention-based drug education remain primary approaches for combating drug use. This paper identifies a sub-group of adolescents already using cannabis and estimates the effects of peers, social disapproval and perceived health effects on inhibiting the escalation of use to problem levels. The results suggest that the risk for problem cannabis use among adolescents may be attenuated by some of these informal control items. The findings also suggest however, that the effects of these factors may be different for males and females. The implications for drug education initiatives are discussed. The impact of peers and social disapproval on high-risk cannabis use: Gender differences and implications for drug education.


Chandra X-ray observations of DEM L71, a supernova remnant (SNR) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), reveal a clear double-shock morphology consisting of an outer blast-wave shock surrounding a central bright region of reverse-shock-heated ejecta. The abundances of the outer shock are consistent with LMC values, while the ejecta region shows enhanced abundances of Si, Fe, and other species. However, oxygen is not enhanced in the ejecta; the Fe/O abundance ratio there is ≳5 times the solar ratio. Based on the relative positions of the blast-wave shock and the contact discontinuity in the context of SNR evolutionary models, we determine a total ejecta mass of ~1.5 M☉. Ejecta mass estimates based on emission measures derived from spectral fits are subject to considerable uncertainty because of the lack of knowledge of the true contribution of hydrogen continuum emission. Maximal mass estimates, i.e., assuming no hydrogen, result in 1.5 M☉ of Fe and 0.24 M☉ of Si. Under the assumption that an equal quantity of hydrogen has been mixed into the ejecta, we estimate 0.8 M☉ of Fe and 0.12 M☉ of Si. These characteristics support the view that in DEM L71, we see Fe-rich ejecta from a Type Ia supernova several thousand years after explosion.


Background and Purpose— Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl–coenzyme A [HMG-CoA] reductase inhibitors) reduce stroke damage independent of lipid lowering by upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Acute withdrawal of statin treatment may suppress endothelial NO production and impair vascular function. Methods— To test this hypothesis, we treated 129/SV mice with atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) for 14 days and then withdrew treatment. Results— Treatment with atorvastatin conferred stroke protection by 40% after filamentous occlusion of the middle cerebral artery followed by reperfusion. Withdrawal of statin treatment, however, resulted in the loss of stroke protection after 2 and 4 days. In mouse aortas and brain vasculature, statins upregulated eNOS message 2.3- and 1.7-fold, respectively, as measured by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Withdrawal of statins resulted in 5- and 2.7-fold downregulation of eNOS in aorta and brain, respectively, after 2 days. Statin treatment decreas...


This paper reports results of collaboration between the Sasakawa International Center for Space Architecture (SICSA), Houston, USA and the Applied Computing and Mechanics Laboratory (IMAC), Lausanne, Switzerland. A design project has been initiated in response to growing international scientific research interest at Summit Station in Greenland and a requirement for better accommodation and support. Research at IMAC involves the study of intelligent cable-strut structures that are adaptable and self repairing. An architectural and engineering development approach as well as conceptual proposals for the Summit Station in Greenland for science research and operational support is proposed.
The proposed facility in Greenland supports 50 people during the summer season and 25 people during the wintertime. Primary elements of the modular configuration include a triangular platform with two upper floors that is supported by three jacking columns. This approach means that structure can be adjusted to accommodate differential settlement of supports. An adaptable apron structure around the primary platform is used to modify the form of the underside of the platform to maintain predetermined clearance criteria between the structure and level below, thereby avoiding excessive snow accumulating around the building and minimizing drifting and scour underneath it (on Mars, dust storms might be the difficulty). A separate structure for a mechanical shop and power support is added to complete the initial configuration. Important priorities are to provide a high quality environment and to minimize development, construction and operational costs while optimizing safety, versatility, autonomy and human factors.
Testing of a plywood model of the primary facility that was installed in Summit in May 2005 and a wind tunnel model at EPFL confirmed that if the structure was not sufficiently elevated, drifting could bury it. Important parameters are the shape of the building, the form of the bottom of the platform, snow accumulation points, snow drift distribution, wind direction, wind speed and distance between the structure and the snow surface.


The frequency-independent reaction (FIR) is improved by using the equivalent dipole-moment (EDM) method. The FIR is a fast frequency sweep technique based on the Taylor series expansion, where the exponential of Green function is expanded as the Taylor series. The matrix element becomes the series summation, where each term is the product of the geometric components that are computed once and the phase factor that must be computed at each frequency. The matrix can be efficiently generated by using the FIR. However, the memory requirement is large. The geometric component generation is still time consuming. In this paper, the far-field computation is accelerated by using the EDM method. In the EDM method, the testing and source function pairs are equivalent to an infinitesimal dipoles. The matrix element is the multiplication of the electric field radiated by the source dipole and the moment of the testing dipole. Comparing with the FIR, calculation of matrix element can be greatly simplified. A Numerical example is implemented. Simulation results show that the results of the proposed technique agree well with those of the FIR. Both the CPU time and memory cost are reduced by using the proposed technique.


Objective: Solitary lymph node recurrence means that recurrent tumor is detected only in lymph nodes with no evidence of recurrence at other sites. Secondary Cytoreductive Surgery (SCS) for Isolated Lymph Node Recurrence (ILNR) is an acceptable modality, but the survival benefit of surgery remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival outcome of SCS for ILNR in gynecologic cancer. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 18 patients with solitary lymph node recurrence between January 2009 and September 2014 at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital. Demographic, diagnostic, operative, pathologic, and follow-up data were retrospectively reviewed. Survival outcome was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: The mean age at the time of initial diagnosis of gynecologic malignancy was 49.8±6.7 (40-67) years. Two patients (11.1%) were diagnosed with vulvar cancer, 4 patients (22.2%) were diagnosed with cervical cancer, 1 patient (5.6%) was diagnosed with endometrial cancer, and 11 patients (61.1%) were diagnosed with ovarian cancer. The Disease Free Interval (DFI) was 41.3±34.0 (7.0-119.0) months. Eight patients underwent SCS. The mean time of follow up after recurrence was 23.2±17.0 (3.061.0) months. The overall survival time of ILNR patients was 49.0 months. The overall survival time of patients who underwent SCS was 34.8 months and that of patients who did not was 53.8 months (P=0.285). Conclusion: In selected patients with ILNR, SCS can be an effective treatment with low perioperative morbidity. More data are needed to understand the roll of SCS in ILNR patients.


So where does all this fit? Altheide and Snow have taken on an ambitious task, and their work here is certalntly a reasonable first formulation of the problem. As readers socialized by exposure to countless studies, we can find fault with Media Loglc for not looking more Intensively at isolated relationships, or for failing to succinctly operationalize key variables. But a point of the book is that researchers caught up m such concerns can be blind to the larger Issue of mterconnectedness. The authors have purposely stressed the ongoing and negotiated aspects of the ways we make sense of the world. The stengths of this book do not lie In the depth of its analyses, nor do they lie In any new procedure or methodology. The book ts most valuable for effectively demonstrating the application of a theoretical paradigm to a social phenomenon of some dimension. Noticing what has gone unnoticed (media logic/culture and how it cannot exist apart from us), Altheide and Snow mean their work to be suggestive and not definitive. If we can accept the argument of the title, the rest follows.


The post establishment and the hierarchical management are the new reform ideas of personnel system reform in institutions proposed by the country in recent years.This article first introduces the basic connotation of post establishment and hierarchical management reform under the new situation,and accordingly it has analyzed the vital significance of post establishment and hierarchical management to the development and construction of university,and finally proposes several principles that post establishment and hierarchical management have to grasp.


Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), at various heating rates (1-30C/ min) and water:starch ratios (0.1:1-4:1), was used to study gelatinization phenomena of sago starch. The results showed that the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy (ΔH) of starches in excess water were 60-77C and 15.5-15.8 J/g, respectively. ΔH of gelatinization remained substantially the same at excess water contents, but decreased significantly beyond a water:starch ratio of 1.3:1. A single endothermic transition (G) that transformed into a double endotherm (G and M 1 ) and only M 1 occurred, respectively, at excess, intermediate and limited water contents. At 50% water content, evidence of the M 1 endotherm was observed, and 85C represented the effective conclusion temperature (T m ) at the end of melting for sago starch. The experimental data were treated thermodynamically by applying an equation describing phase transitions of semi-crystalline polymers. The calculated value for the melting point of the undiluted polymer (T m o ) was 432 K (R 2 =0.96).


The article is dedicated to the polysemy of the term "ecology". The paper discusses various interpretations of the term, shows classifications of environmental science structure, and attempts to comprehend and summarize the diversity of meanings of the term "ecology". The analysis was based on materials derived from monolingual etymological, linguistic and environmental dictionaries.


The quadrilocular anther has a 4-layered wall. The endothecium is fibrous. The uni-layered glandular tapetum consists of 2- to 3-nucleate, many nucleolate ceils. The arrangement of microspores is tetrahedral or decussate. The pollen grains are spherical, tricolpate and 3-celled at the time of shedding. The ovule is ana-campylotropous, bitegminal and crassinucellar. There is a funicular obturator. The development of the embryo-sac follows the Polygonum type. The synergids are elongated with filiform apparatus. The egg is pear-shaped and the antipodals ephe-meral. The endosperm is Nuclear. Embryogeny conforms to the Linum variation of Solanad type.


New federal provisions and regulations make investments in hydroelectric power development very attractive. Permit applicants now including national companies as well as local public or private interests have brought increased competition, multiple filings, shortages of permit review staff, and speculation. Federal loan programs mainly benefiting government or cooperative organizations rather than private firms have been or will be curtailed. A guaranteed market plus high oil prices still provide big incentives to small-scale hydro development. Hydroelectric systems produced about 12% of total US electric power in 1980, but estimates of a much greater potential capacity as well as economic, security, and environmental advantages, continue to attract new projects. (DCK)


Background and Objective: Integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers can improve soil fertility and potato productivity. The study was initiated in the central highlands of Ethiopia to determine the influence of INM on potato tuber yield through FRG and FFS extension approach. Materials and Methods: Integrated Nutrient Management of potato was evaluated through both Farmers Field School and Farmers Research Group participatory research methods in Jeldu, Dendi, Welmera, and Alemaya districts during 2004-2006 to investigate the influence of inorganic fertilizer, compost and their mixture application on yield, yield components of potato. The treatments included three improved potato varieties, nationally recommended fertilizer rate of (165 kg/ha Urea and 195 kg/ha DAP) and recommended compost at a rate of 10 t/ha. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results: At all locations, regardless of potato varieties, application of inorganic fertilizer gave significantly highest yield followed by the mixture of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Application of inorganic fertilizer gave 6% over the control while inorganic fertilizer application gave 45% yield advantage over the control. The mixture of organic and inorganic fertilizer gave 20% less tuber yield as compared to inorganic applied treatment but gave 19% and 25.3% more yields over the organic and the control, respectively. Inorganic fertilizer gave 37% more tuber yields over the organic treatment and 16% more yield over the mixed fertilizer treatment. However, the mixture of organic and inorganic fertilizers gave 18.1% over the organic fertilizer applied treatment. Potato variety Degemegn gave the highest tuber yields in both seasons 2005 and 2006 as compared to variety Jalenie and Menagesha. In general, application of inorganic fertilizers leads to higher tuber yields in all locations and in all varieties except the yield obtained at Jeldu site on 2005. Conclusions: Regarding the treatments, inorganic fertilizer was the top yielder in most of the locations and varieties and mixed fertilization was the second followed by organic composting. Hence resource poor farmers could adopt the mixed approach which is less expensive. Therefore, use of compost as fertilizers will have positive effects beyond the potato season due to its slow releasing of nutrients and will reduce the cost of production giving comparable yields with the one acquired using inorganic fertilizers. Keywords: Integrated Nutrient Management, Farmer Research Group, Farmer Field School, Soil fertility, Potato


Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze achievements and limitations of Educational Community operation and explore future directions for improvement of school-community partnership. Methods The study applied qualitative meta-synthesis in analyzing the achievements and limitations through 11 qualitative studies. Specific framework for the analysis were curriculum linkage between school and local community, public-private-school partnership, and autonomy of local community and expansion of education to community. Results The results of the meta-synthesis showed that first, Educational Community had achievements in linking the school and community and providing various curriculum to the students. However, teachers, parents, and students had to face a dilemma between the old school based education and the new form of Educational Community, which created limitations. Second, a system of public-private-school partnership was found as a achievement of the Educational Community operation. At the same time, with different structure and culture of different organizations, practical partnership was not in place. Finally, Educational Community contributed to community members' participation in education, which is a great achievement compared to a closed school-based education. However, sustainability of community members' participation was a question remained to be resolved. Conclusions The practical and policy implications are: first, Educational Community require practical support to facilitate the operation of the curriculum that are created through school and community. Second, the results suggest the need for coordinating roles of public-private-school partnership for effective operation of Educational Community. Lastly, Educational Community needs to adopt an integrated approach of school and community to ensure the sustainability of its' accomplishments.


This research conducted to investigate the effect of giving the exercise through natural-based collage methode toward increasing fine motoric skill on B1 class PAUD Semarak Sanggar. This Research, was classroom action research, where the subject was 17 students in B1 class of Paud Semarak Sanggar Arga Makmur. Furthermore, the researcher observed the teacher and the students.Then, the researcher used the means score to see the effect oh this methode. In adition, the result of this research showed that there was a significant effect of increasing the creativity and the fine motoric skill through giving exercise methode. The result of increasing creativity in which, t-obtain > t-table (2,281 > 1,746). Furthermore, increasing of fine motoric skill showed that t-obtain > t-table (3,665 > 1,746) it means that H o rejected. It can be concluded that, giving exercise methode through natural-based collage was has a significant effect of increasing the creativity and fine motoric skill students. Keywords : giving exercise methode, natural-based collage, c reativity, fine motoric skil l


In a two-stage supply chain, implementing Vendor Managed Inventory policies (VMI), the supplier assumes, in addition to his own inbound inventory, the responsibility of maintaining inventory at its retailers and ensuring that they will not run out of stock at any moment. This paper discusses an optimization approach, considering the impact of demand uncertainty on the inbound as well as the outbound inventory, for a two-stage supply chain implementing VMI. In the proposed approach, retailers are first clustered to minimize the within-cluster travel costs and/or distances and are then replenished using an optimal direct shipping strategy satisfying some additional restrictions.


Abstract The ATPase is not lacking in the ATPase mutants DL 54 and AN120 but has very different kinetic properties including a higher Cl- optimum and higher Km values for MgATP. In AN 120, the ATPase activity also has a higher Mg2+ optimum.


In our contemporary period of human mobility and global capitalism, political identifications are being configured in multiple sites beyond the nation-state. The book's theoretical innovation is to analyze what happens at work in terms of larger processes of political belonging. In particular, it examines how the recognitions and reciprocities entailed by care work affect the political belonging of new African migrants in the United States. Care for America's growing seniors is increasingly provided by migrants, and it is only expected to grow, as experts in health care anticipate a care crunch. Because of the demand for elder care and the low barriers to entry, new African immigrants have adopted elder care as a niche employment sector. However, elder care puts care workers into racialized, gendered and age hierarchies, and made it difficult to achieve social and economic mobility. Through working in elder care, African care workers see the United States as uninhabitable, in the sense that it does not reciprocate their labor and makes a respected personhood impossible. This book highlights a more complex process of racialization and incorporation for Black immigrants than is commonly posited.


This article describes a very effective, reliable belt-conditioning equipment and design methods of the design process. The main body is to use the spiral center distance of the two-axis adjustment is converted to a belt tension adjustment, reducing the belt drive wheel, as well as two mounting hole center distance axis machining accuracy requirements, the biggest advantage of each device after adjusting tightness of the belt are the same. in this paper, examples of ways to explain the advantages of its using. For the readers and all applied to the design of belt transmission industry workers with a better design solution to the regulation of belt tightness in the actual assembly of the difficulties.


A new method was developed for the on-line analysis of flavor compounds in toothpastes without any sample preparation by direct injection time-of-flight mass spectrometry with single photon ionization(SPI-TOFMS).The samples were directly taken into the ionization source by the quartz capillary tube and the pressure condition of the ionization source was optimized.Under the discrimination of characteristic mass spectra of flavor compounds,rapid and accurate identification of flavors in toothpastes was achieved.The analysis time for a single sample was only 0.5 min.This method was applied to on-line and in-situ monitoring of flavor compounds during tooth brushing process.The influence of water content on release of flavor compounds from toothpastes was studied.The results indicate that direct injection SPI-TOFMS can monitor the composition and concentration of flavor compounds in real time.The method could be suitable to analyze the flavors from various samples such as food and cosmetics.


In synchronization with the database a persistent underlying such as a database management system, provides extremely high scalable data cache techniques. In the present invention, data is regionalized along appropriate lines, such as for each account, as a result, invalid messages needed for data cache, which mainly stores unique information, maintains its data cache to receive only.


Urbanization is comprehensive and unified process that includes all-round contents,and involves the transformation of population,district,form of social economic organization,living style and mode of production from traditional and backward country society to modern city society.This article starts with the existent problem with urbanization in Northwest region,analyzes and points out that insufficiency of endogenous power is the source of urbanization lag in Northwest region,and further analyses the reason for insufficiency of endogenous power.Then the article discusses how to dig endogenous power in order to accelerate the course of urbanization in Northwest region.


SMK Negeri 1 Tanjung is one of the best state vocational schools in Kalimantan Selatan province, and this school becomes international benchmark school because it has gotten URS and UKAS Quality Management CERTIFICATE NO 26327/A/0001/En. The competency programs of this school are accounting, office administration, business management, computer and network technology, multimedia, dressmaking, and food science. By having many choices of those competency programs, this school becomes favorite vocational school especially in Tabalong regency, generally in Kalimantan Selatan province. It has proven by many students who come from other regency and outside of Kalimantan Selatan province, like from Kalimantan Timur. Beside that, the learning method has been computerized. It has proven by a personal computer and television connected to network in every class, thus the teacher can be easier to explain because it can be conducted through the computer and give direct examples from internet. Nevertheless, the computerized implementation in SMKN 1 Tanjung is still less because the system used in presence/absence is still manual by making notes in attendance book. Therefore, the data processing of student attendance is slow, so is getting information and reports needed. The problems and weaknesses of this long system become the object of writer's research. With attendance system that has been developed by considering computer-based facilities, it is expected to be beneficial for the school by giving efficient and speed of data processing. Therefore, it can support the school to increase the service and education quality for students.


In this paper, electrically small corporately T- fed quasi-lumped element resonator antenna array is in- vestigated. The radiating element, a quasi-lumped element resonator is excited by a novel semi hybrid ring-like T- shaped corporate feed network. The characteristics losses due to Ohmic and discontinuities along the feed line which invariably constitutes complex feed structures are miti- gated at the instance of the proposed antenna. Technique to implement the compact array with the intent to enhance the gain is presented. The operation dynamics of the feed along with its theoreti- cal explanation is also reported. Findings indicates that the measured gain is 10.97 dBi for antenna of an aperture size of about 0.677λ0 × 1.257λ0 sq. mm. Valuable insight to the optimum design in terms of compactness, good gain, and ease of fabrication is documented.


Using flume experiments, this paper studies the variations of water surface gradient and velocity distribution caused by water jets. Due to the existence of water jets, water surface gradient and velocity distribution along water depth varies significantly compared with those in uniform flow. At the upstream of the jets, water surface gradient is less than those without jets. At the vicinity and the downstream of the jets, water surface gradients is larger than those without jets. The average water surface gradient of the whole reach concerned with jets is greater than those without jets. Velocity distribution along water depth varies thoroughly at the vicinity and the downstream of the jets. With water jets, velocity near water surface is smaller than those at the bottom. The mean velocity along water depth measured with the existence of water jet is usually less than those without water jet. These characteristics are relevant to water discharges of the flume and the jets. Generally, those variations are more remarkable with the increases of discharges of the flume and the jets.


The inner Bay of Fundy and Minas Channel are practically devoid of locally produced zooplankton. The few plankters present are either estuarine species from Minas Basin and Chignecto Bay or immigra...


The growing defence budget has generated renewed public debate over the high cost of military weapon systems. This debate centres on the problem of obtaining some "maximum defence" given a somewhat flexible budget constraint. One of the basic tenets in this debate was stated by Gansler:


The crystal and molecular structure of LCo2Br2,CH3OH (where LH2 represents the macrocycle obtained by condensation of two molecules each of propane-1,3-diamine and 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-isophthalaldehyde) has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with two molecules in a cell of dimensions a 9.8723(5), b 16.891(1), c 8.0745(5)Ǻ and 102.06(1)°. Counter methods were used to collect the 2004 independent reflections above background and the structure was refined by least-squares methods to a conventional R-factor of 0.049. The structure is molecular, consisting of discrete binuclear units LCo2Br2,CH3OH, containing two cobalt(II) atoms separated by 3.158(2) Ǻ. Each cobalt atom is in an identical pseudo-square-pyramidal environment, in agreement with the conclusion drawn from the electronic spectrum of the complex, with an N2O2 basal plane and a bromine atom coordinated at the apex. The methanol molecule is disordered and partially occupies the sixth coordination site of each cobalt, with a long bond of 2.503(9) Ǻ between the cobalt and the methanol oxygen atom. The central carbon atom of the propane-1,3-diamine residue is also disordered, occupying partially each of two positions.


In this talk we discuss light-exciton coupling effects for semiconductor quantum wells inside and outside a microcavity geometry. A semiclassical theory for the absorption, transmission and reflection properties is presented and applied to analyze experiments in high quality systems. A recently developed, fully quantum mechanical theory for the emission properties of quantum-well excitons is discussed. The resulting semiconductor luminescence equations are solved to study i) the build-up of excitonic luminescence from a nonequilibrium electron-hole plasma and ii) the excitation dependent luminescence of a semiconductor microcavity. The results show that the appearance of excitonic signatures in the emission cannot simply be taken as an indication of exciton formation. Fermionic effects like excitation induced dephasing and the Pauli exclusion principle lead to characteristic nonlinearities in the emission spectra, which cause interesting nonlinear changes in the normal mode luminescence of microcavity systems.


Neuroimaging experiments of amygdala activity during rest have shown abnormal amygdalar lateralization in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The current study is an exploratory investigation of the use of the neuroimaging technique Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) to measure current source density (CSD) in the amygdala. We examined seven adults with MDD and nine healthy control subjects at rest, and while they viewed images of emotionally neutral faces. The primary purpose was to compare the findings of LORETA with published findings using other neuroimaging techniques. Four frequency bands were examined: delta (1–3 Hz), theta (3–7 Hz), alpha (7–11 Hz), and beta (11–29 Hz). Results showed that for both MDD and control groups, the right amygdala displayed higher overall activity (across frequencies) than the left, both at rest, and while viewing neutral faces. Results also showed that controls displayed significant differences between resting and viewing neutral images across all four bands in the right amygdala, with all four bands having higher CSD values in the right amygdala. There were no significant differences in CSD values between rest vs. viewing neutral images in the MDD group. Findings suggest a more pronounced lateralization effect in normal healthy controls than in MDD subjects when changing from a resting (eyes-closed) condition to viewing faces without emotional valence.


The cDNA of the FKBP12 gene of Schistosoma japonicum(Sj) was cloned and its immunohisto-loacalization was investigated in the present study,in which the full length of this gene was obtained from the adult worm RNA of S.japonicum by RT-PCR, and then was cloned into vectors of pGEX-4T-1 and pEGFP-N1, and indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to find its histo-localization in various tissues. It was demonstrated that the FKBP12 gene cDNA sequence could be cloned successfully into vectors pGEX-4T-1 and pEGFP-N1,and localized on the tugment of S.japonicum. The result of this investigation provides basis for the further studies on vaccine development.


Differential antibody reactivity has been used to identify molecules which change in expression or which are modified during tumor progression in human malignant melanoma. Such molecules may play a role in the development of the metastatic capacity of this tumor. Two of these molecules (ICAM-1 and MUC18) have been identified as cell adhesion molecules which are potentially involved in tumor-leukocyte-endothelial interactions.


Deep learning has rapidly moved from a marginal approach in the machine learning community less than ten years ago to one that has strong industrial impact, in particular for high-dimensional perceptual data such as speech and images, but also natural language. The demand for experts in deep learning is growing very fast (faster than we can graduate PhDs), thereby considerably increasing their market value. Deep learning is based on the idea of learning multiple levels of representation, with higher levels computed as a function of lower levels, and corresponding to more abstract concepts automatically discovered by the learner. Deep learning arose out of research on artificial neural networks and graphical models and the literature on that subject has considerably grown in recent years, culminating in the creation of a dedicated conference (ICLR). The tutorial will introduce some of the basic algorithms, both on the supervised and unsupervised sides, as well as discuss some of the guidelines for successfully using them in practice. Finally, it will introduce current research questions regarding the challenge of scaling up deep learning to much larger models that can successfully extract information from huge datasets.


Introduction Radially symmetric solutions to Dirichlet problem for the nonlinearly perturbed Laplace operator are investigated by many authors, see e.g. [1]-[4]. In [1] it is proven for a wide class of perturbations that the smooth positive solutions of the homogeneous Dirichlet problem in a ball are necessarily radially symmetric. The perturbation of the Laplacian in the paper [2], is f(u) with a locally Lipschitz function f ; a BVP with a condition at infinity is considered, reduced to an ODE problem and sufficient conditions are given that guarantee the solvability of the original problem. In the papers [3], [4] nonlinear ODE-BVP-s (partly related to perturbed Laplacian) are considered on the intervals (a, b) and (0, 1) respectively; the term y is perturbed with the sum


Dear Dave,

Last September I attended the biennial congress of the British congress of the British Society of the History of Medicine in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where I graduated 50 years ago.

After my presentation an elderly lady came over to me and asked, "Dr Jacoby, were you at Monkwearmouth Hospital?" I replied that I was and she said, "You treated me for diphtheria."

I immediately remembered her — my first patient on my first day as a real doctor, 1 July 1943. I had been called to the outpatient department from the house staff's quarters. I walked down the long corridor, with windows bricked up in case of bomb blasts, wearing a long white starched coat, my stethescope dangling around …


This research work aims to design a prototype of a collaborative information management system, through a gamification App for Android, which provides information to the citizens of the province of El Oro in the prevention, response and recovery of natural, technological (oil spill) and human disasters. For the implementation of the Android gamification App we propose a software methodology that maintains an agile development scheme, along with the documentation that will be generated. The methodology to be used, is a process aimed at the management and development of software projects based on an iterative, agile and incremental development appropriate for this type of projects; and it is applicable to a wide set of development platforms and applications. Its phases or life cycle are: Pre-Game, Game and Post-Game.


Hydraulic fracturing operations performed at the stage of gas prospecting in shale formations are aimed at opening out gas residing in rock micropores. Large quantities of fracturing fl uid, with physicochemical composition adjusted to their properties, are injected to the selected interval of a horizontal well. Finally, sand (proppant) is injected along with the fracturing fl uid to support the newly formed fracture. In the industrial practice, 10 to 15 stages are performed in a horizontal well section 1,000 m to 2,000 m long. The produced fracture generates propagation up to 300 m [2, 5]. Hydraulic fracturing operations involve specialist sets of devices powered by high-pressure motors totaling to a dozen to tens of thousands kW. The duration of a hydraulic fracturing operations is 2 hrs to 4 hrs, depending on the quantity of the injected fracturing fl uid [3]. On average, a few such operations can be performed during a day period. The most important environmental hazards which may accompany properly conducted fracturing of shale rock are mainly connected with noise emission from motors powering technological subassembies, aggregates and atmospheric pollution [1, 3]. Most of these works are usually conducted in areas where the noise standards are not applicable. However, in some localizations the operations are conducted close to farmsteads and residences, where the respective environmental standards have to be met. According to Polish law, the acceptable noise levels measured on the level of windows in residential objects, equals to LAeq = 55 dB in the day time, and LAeq = 45 dB in the night hours [10]. When the noise level is exceeded, sound berms have to be applied. For the sake of evaluating the impact of the hydraulic fracturing of rocks on acoustic conditions in their area, noise propagation should be mathematically modeled. This calculation method is based on the Regulation of the Environment Minister of 30 October 2014


Although poor comprehenders struggle with word-level semantics, little is known about how they negotiate "higher-level" combinatorial semantic processing. This study investigated the relationship between reading comprehension ability and the processing of expressions requiring enriched semantic composition. Participants completed a battery of reading-related cognitive assessments, and we used a regression-based approach to calculate their comprehension ability relative to component skills. They also completed an eye movement study, reading sentences requiring enriched semantic processing, viz. complement coercion (e.g., Traxler, Pickering, & McElree, 2002). Coercing verbs have semantic selectional requirements, i.e., their complements must denote an event (e.g., started the race); when coercing verbs combine with non-event complement NPs (e.g., started the book), an event-interpretation must be selected (e.g., reading), and processing difficulty results. Our study replicates and extends Frisson & McElree (2008), which tested whether this cost reflected difficulty selecting an appropriate semantic interpretation, and reported that the number of alternative senses did not modulate processing effort – but did not account for their participants' reading ability. We predicted modulating effects of reading ability because poor readers are known to be sensitive to interference from competing, context-inappropriate semantic senses. Consistent with this, we found that poor readers processed coercing expressions more slowly than skilled readers. Further, skilled readers processed coerced expressions with few competing event-senses without apparent cost. This study shows, for the first time, that poor reader's online semantic processing difficulties extend beyond the level of lexical semantics, and that the coercion cost is at least partly attributable to semantic sense selection.


Capsule endoscopy (CE), which was invented to visualize the entire small intestine in a noninvasive manner was first described in 2000 (Iddan, 2000), was approved for adult patients in 2001 by Food and Drug Administration (FDA). More than 600,000 PillCam SB capsules, which is the first model for CE in the world, have been used worldwide since 2001 (Nakamura, 2009). In pediatric patients, Seidman et al has first described the diagnostic value of CE (Seidman, 2002), and in 2003, FDA approved CE for pediatric patients ages 10 years and older. Emerging number of CE studies in children indicate the great demand for this population ( Tokuhara, 2010; de'Angelis, 2007; Atay, 2009; Fritscher-Ravens, 2009; Moy, 2009; Guilhon de Araujo Sant'Anna, 2005; Thomson, 2010; Ge, 2007; Postgate, 2009; Pinho, 2008; Shamir, 2007; Stiffler, 2003; Arguelles-Arias, 2004; Cohen, 2008 ), but performed number is relatively small (approximately 600, at the time of 2010) compared to adult cases (> 600,000), therefore, informations about indications, obtained results and risk of complications are not fully understood in pediatric patients. In pediatric patients, as well as in adults, CE is a firstline of examination to evaluate the entire small intestine and provides evidence for the diagnosis to the suspected small bowel disease especially in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) and suspected inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), on the other hand, accumulated studies are extending the indication of CE to protein loss, growth failure, abdominal pain, suspected polyp or graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and regular follow-up for the known small bowel diseases. In this review, we summarize and discuss the capsule endoscopy system, indication, limitation, and future perspective of CE in pediatric patients.


The purpose of this action research is to design "Osmotic Phenomenon" and "Synthesized Polymer in the Daily Life" STS modules curricula in connecting textbooks to popular issues in society. The students' efficiency in learning chemistry knowledge、the contribution of STS module curricula to the "life style" and "self-confidence in learning science, and evaluating science" were analyzed and discussed based on the collected data. The subject of this study is thirty-eight 2nd grade students from a senior high school in Changhua. The findings of this study are summarized as follows: 1.It shows that the students make obvious progress in knowledge after taking the STS module curricula. For both "Osmotic Phenomenon" and "Synthesized Polymer in the Daily Life" modules' science-concept tests, the students get better grade on the post-test than that on pre-test. The difference between the average score of pre-test and post-test approach 22.6 and 17.6, respectively and paired t test for statistics in the difference between the pre-test and post-test was significant (p < 0.05). This illustrates that the STS modules are helpful in cultivating the students' knowledge. 2.The average score of the students' attitude in "life style" phase I (pursuing fashion), phase II (praticals) and phase III (self-development) is 3.23, 3.96 and 3.72, respectively out of the full point 5.00 for each phase. It tells that the students have the attitude towards adventure and practice. 3.The average score of the students' "self-confidence in learning science, and in evaluating science" positive and negative description is only 2.33 and 1.61,respectively. It tells that the students have low self-confidence and evaluation in science, but improve much better after STS modules learning. 4.Most students are positive on those teaching modules because of the STS teaching modules being interesting and prevailing. They hope their teachers would adopt the STS module teaching method like these prototype-modules. In conclusion, these two STS modules combining with evaluation in society issues can help student in acquiring science knowledge and improving "self-confidence in learning science, and in evaluating science". These prototype of the STS modules can be incorporated to the school curricula.


Polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG)-isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and polycarbonate (PC)-IPDI waterborne polyurethane (WPU) films were prepared and crosslinked with 2-methyl-1-aziridinepropionate (aziridine compound). The crosslinked and uncrosslinked samples were hydrolyzed with water vapor at 120 C in an autoclave. The effects of the introduction of aziridine crosslinking on the hydrolysis and mechanical properties of the samples were investigated. When the content of aziridine crosslinking agent increased, the fracture stress of each sample decreased before hydrolysis, but the retention rate of mechanical properties after hydrolysis was significantly increased than that of uncrosslinked sample. When the PTMG-WPU film was crosslinked at an aziridine content of about 1 pph and hydrolyzed at 120 C within 24 h, the retention rate of fracture stress was greatly higher than that of the uncrosslinked sample. However, PC-WPU samples did not show a significant crosslinking introduction effect. Both the chemical structure of WPU polymer and physical structure formed during film preparation affected the mechanical properties before and after hydrolysis and the effect of crosslinking introduction.


Bezafibrate is a widely used fibrate with a substantial triglyceride (TG)-reducing effect and highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)-raising effect. However, the effects of this lipid-lowering drug on the plasma LDL-C levels are not as clear as those on the TG or HDL-C levels. The J-BENEFIT (Japan BEzafibrate clinical FfectIveness and Tolerability) study was a prospective observational study comprising 6,407 dyslipidemic subjects with diabetes or hyperglycemia. In that study, there were almost no changes in the LDL-C levels after bezafibrate treatment (Table 1). In both the St. Mary's, Ealing, Northwick Park Diabetes Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (SENDCAP) Study and Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study, which were conducted in subjects with an average baseline TG level of <200 mg/dL, there were modest reductions in the LDL-C levels (Table 1). In the current issue of J Atheroscler Thromb, the subgroup analysis of J-BENEFIT by Hirose et al. showed that bezafibrate has a different effect on the LDL-C levels depending on the pre-treatment LDL-C or TG level. The higher the pre-treatment level of LDL-C, the greater the reduction of LDL-C produced by bezafibrate. On the other hand, the higher the pretreatment level of TG, the lower the reduction of LDL-C, or the LDL-C level even increased. Therefore, we are interested in knowing what happens in terms of the properties of LDL particles in those subjects with increased LDL-C levels after treatment with bezafibrate. Recent studies suggest that the increased LDL level associated with bezafibrate treatment may not necessarily be undesirable because this treatment causes a shift in the LDL subclass distribution toward larger particle species . In addition, our previous findings showed that bezafibrate treatment is associated with an increase in the LDL-C level from 164 to 178 mg/dL in type IIb subjects. A detailed analysis of lipoproteins in that study showed that this change in LDL-C was explained by a 10% decrease in smallto medium-sized LDL cholesterol and a 16% increase in large-sized LDL. Considering the previous findings that small dense LDL is an important predictor of cardiovascular risk, the shift in the LDL particle size during treatment with bezafibrate is highly likely to be beneficial. The BIP study showed that bezafibrate treatment causes cardiovascular event reductions in subjects with a plasma TG level of >200 mg/dL but not those with a TG level of <200 mg/dL at baseline. The authors presumed that the reduced TG and increased HDL-C levels induced by bezafibrate treatment contributed to this event reduction; however, they did not mention the changes in LDL-C in subjects with a plasma TG level of >200 mg/dL during the treatment. Given the present findings of Hirose et al., it is possible that the LDL-C level was increased during bezafibrate treatment in the high TG subjects in the BIP study, although that study was conducted among subjects with a different race or ethnic background than the J-BENEFIT study. We assume that the changes in the properties of LDL-C instead of the concentration of LDL-C as well as the reduced TG and increased HDL-C levels contributed to the beneficial outcomes in the high TG subjects in the BIP study.


The analysis of high resolution (~ 1 m) digital airborne imagery provides an excellent opportunity to develop the techniques and methodologies for the use of the next generation of high resolution satellite imagery. Integration of this imagery with accurate field scale Digital Elevation Models (DEM) derived from Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS), affords an opportunity to study the effect of small scale topographic changes and tillage practices on the reflectance characteristics of an individual agricultural field. In the spring of 1995, a Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) collected imagery in the visible and IR regions over six study sites throughout southern Ontario. The sites exhibited both conventional and conservation tillage practices. Reflectance from the conservation till (no till) sites varied considerably less than their conventional counterparts, showing little effect of topography on reflectance. The conventional tillage plots exhibited a response to topography, with high slope areas showing a higher return in the three optical wavelengths while foot slope regions tended to return low reflectance values.


Objective To evaluate the value of 1H-MRS in the muscular fat quantification and the relationship between the muscular fat content determined by 1H-MRS with the degree of fat content determined by electron microscope.Methods The spectrums in the soleus muscle of the left hind leg were collected in 28 adult Wistar rats.Total Cretine(tCr)was chosen as internal reference and area under the peak of tCr(StCr)was integrated,areas under the peak of intramyocellular lipid(IMCL)and extramyocellular lipid(EMCL)were integrated as SIMCL and SEMCL,Ratio of SIMCL/StCr and SEMCL/StCr were regarded as IMCL and EMCL,respectively.Electron microscope was used to determine IMCL and EMCL pathologically.Results Spectrums in all of the Wistar rats were successfully collected.Muscular 1H-MRS spectrum can resolve the peak of tCr at 3.02-3.05 ppm,IMCL at 1.3 ppm and EMCL at 1.5 ppm.The ratios of SIMCL/StCr ranged from 0.58 to 5.72,and were strongly correlated with IMCL revealed by electro microscope(r=0.952,P0.001).Conclusion 1H-MRS can be used to accurately quantify the intramyocellular lipid.


In 1931, William Faulkner published "A Justice," one of several stories in which he deals with the impact of white civilization upon the aboriginal inhabitants of Mississippi, the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians. Centered around the paternity of Sam Fathers, who later plays a vital role in "The Bear," Faulkner's story also treats in detail the rise to power of Ikkemotubbe, or Doom, who returns after seven years among the whites of New Orleans to become leader of his tribe. Ikkemotubbe brings with him certain telling vestiges of the white m an's way: three gold watches, "a coat with gold all over it," six black slaves, and a box of "New Orleans salt." 1 The "salt" is in reality poison, and within a m atter of days Ikkemotubbe is chief of his people — following the mys terious deaths of the former chief and his heir. Ikkemotubbe has pos sessed himself of a strong medicine for consolidating his control over his tribe. Lewis Dabney sees something of Shakespeare's Richard I II in Faulkner's portrayal of Ikkemotubbe,2 and the Indian's ruthless m achina tions are indeed worthy of a Renaissance Machiavell. However, it appears likely that Faulkner's account of Ikkemotubbe's career may ulti mately have had its basis in historical fact, for nearly a century prior to the publication of "A Justice," Washington Irving recorded a partial analogue to Faulkner's story in Astoria (1836), his narrative history of John Jacob Astor's attempts at dominating the western fur trade.


In this paper, we focus on the time-to-go estimation problem for the impact-angle-constrained guidance law. To facilitate the time-to-go estimation, the whole guidance process is divided into two stages. The sliding mode guidance law based on the constant reaching law is designed for the first stage and the proportional guidance law is utilized in the second stage. By choosing the sliding mode variable appropriately, not only an attack with a small miss distance but also a prescribed impact angle can be achieved. According to the feature of the constant reaching law, the time-to-go estimation for the first stage can be established easily. To obtain the time-to-go of the second stage, the estimated look-ahead angle and range at the switching point between the first stage and second stage are calculated. Further, the time-to-go estimation of the second stage is obtained according to the trajectory shape of the missile steered by the proportional guidance law. In the second stage, rather than the estimated look-ahead angle and range but the current look-ahead angle and range are used to calculate the time-to-go. In this way, an actual time-to-go estimation of the second stage can be obtained. Last, various numerical simulations are provided to show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed estimation scheme.


The academic knowledge of politics, including the study of Japanese politics, is mobilized by a range of actors in order to articulate the nature of political boundaries. How these boundaries are set is important for our understanding of the politics of political knowledge in Japan. The purpose of this article thus is to analyze how academics engaged in inquiry into Japanese politics have sought to define the scope of their studies by separating the study of politics from other activities by drawing boundaries in a way meant to settle the tension between academic inquiry and the act of politics. By exploring the boundaries set through these different academic endeavors, the article seeks to illuminate the distinguishing features of the academic inquiry into Japanese politics up to the 1960s.


of a single volume of short fiction exactly as originally printed-that is, as an entity possessed of some degree of putative integrity. Such a deliberately limited study might well itself possess a greater scope and intensity than one devoted to the output of an entire lifetime in one particular genre. In the case of the American expatriate composer and writer Paul Bowles, a striking original claim on the attentions of readers of the short story was made with the 1950 publication of his first collection, A Delicate Prey. Stories by Bowles continued to appear in relatively distinguished magazines throughout the 1950s and 1960s, however, and in 1967 the products of those years were brought together in the single volume The Time of Friendship.' What follows will be an attempt to isolate the artistic and humanistic values that emerge from the reading of The Time of Friendship, with an eye eventually to establishing, or starting to establish, some clear idea of what makes a Paul Bowles story work. Of the thirteen stories in The Time of Friendship, nine are set in the North Africa of Bowles's longtime residence; the others take place in Mexico (two), New York City, and New England. Along with establishing the obvious importance of North Africa-specifically, Morocco-to Bowles, this preponderance also points to another, equally evident feature of Bowles's writing: the use of his exile abroad not, as was the case with some expatriates of an earlier era, to write about the