The influence of Aluminum Gallium Nitride (AlGaN) Light Emitting Diode (LED) with Boron doped GaN well (BGaN) optical performance are examined in the research article. The investigation results are obtained by adopting physical simulator known as Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD). BGaN LEDs with single quantum Wells (QW) are measured with Silicon carbide (SiC) substrate. The models such as Auger recombination, polarization and radiative recombination's are utilized for the simulations. The obtained simulation results using TCAD specifies that quantum efficiency and luminous power of BGaN LEDs are efficient which falls under the wavelength of 360nm (UV-A band) and best suitable device for medical applications such as sterilization, bacterial removal etc.


This paper surveyed two engendering mechanisms of borrowers' credit information.One is to directly product credit information,and by means of this mechanism,men can decrease information asymmetric in credit market.Another is using of collateral device in loan contract,and this mechanism is indirect.Collateral may be used as a signaling,screening or incentive device in credit markets characterized by asymmetric information to diminish or decrease loan risk from adverse selection and moral hazard.


There are various ways to increase drilling speed such as the optimization of wellbore configuration,bit type,drilling assembly and parameter and the use of proper drilling pattern.As a newly developed oilfield,Yuejin Oilfield has larger differences in geologic and formation characteristics,where target layer hides in the deeper earth,diverse strata are encountered during drilling,there is a big lithology difference between strata,pressure system is relatively complicated and therefore the choice of drilling technology is crucial.This paper contrasts the drilling technologies applied in completed wells in order to find out optimized fast drilling technology which is the most suitable for Yuejin Oilfield.


Two-year studies (2015-2016) were carried out at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. The aim of these studies was to determine the effect of weed flaming, combined with manual and mechanical treatments on weed infestation, growth and yield of carrot and population of selected groups of soil organisms. The number of weeds was significantly reduced due to methods of weeding. The higher number of weeds was recorded after flame weeding, in comparison to combined methods. The lowest results of weed control were obtained after weed flaming carried out before emergence of carrot and three times after emergence without any additional hand weeding. The hand weeding in the intra-rows of carrot immediately after flaming treatment has increased effectiveness of weed control. Studies showed that the better weed control was noticed after replacing one or two last flaming treatments with mechanical treatments. The mechanical treatments did not damage carrot plants while flaming caused burning the plants and drying the bottom leaves. The rate of these damages depended on execution accuracy, number of flaming treatments and development stage of carrot. The lowest yield of roots were obtained from untreated plots and from the plots with weeds flaming. During the studies changes in population of some groups of soil organisms were observed.


The DFT calculations were performed to study the structural, electronic and optical properties of Si. The open source computer code, Quantum ESPRESSO used is for first-principles electronic structure modeling based on density functional theory. The optimized crystal lattice constant, band gap, density of states (DOS) and band structure were calculated. The calculated value of lattice constant was in good agreement with reported value. The band gap was calculated using three different pseudo potentials. The HSE hybrid functional provided best agreement of band gap calculations with literature values. The pseudo-dielectric functions was also calculated to estimate the optical properties including refractive indices, extinction coefficients, reflectivities and absorption coefficients in the spectral energy ranges from 0 eV to 10 eV.


Food Security is a conditon for the fulfillment of food for every people. Rice as one of the main commodities in Indonesia and it can affect a country's economic stability. The government in Indonesia established Bureau of Logistics (Bulog) to maintain food security. Perum Bulog Subdivre Bandung is one of the regional sub-divisions under the auspices of Perum Bulog which manages the distribution of rice to the five regions of Bandung. Bulog has the duty to maintain the pillars of Food Security including Availability, Accessability and Stability. Rice Procurement process is an important process. To maintain the pillars, Bulog need risk identification in the rice commoditiees procurement prosess using SCOR, FMEA and AHP. there are 12 risk events and 16 risk agents which are divided based on the three pillars of food severity and for mitigation strategies are divided into 3 main causes with 3 alternatives from each main cause. So that in order to facilitate monitoring, a monitoring system dashboard was designed for the Perum Bulog Subdivre Bandung


IN PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS, the basic setting is that of an individual or a group of individuals making inferences and decisions in the face of uncertainty about future security prices and related variables. Formal models for decision making under uncertainty require inputs such as probability distributions to reflect a decision maker's uncertainty about future events and utility functions to reflect a decision maker's preferences among possible consequences [30]. Moreover, when a series of interrelated decisions is to be made over time, the decision maker should (1) revise his probability distributions as new information is obtained and (2) take into account the effect of the current decision on future decisions. In terms of formal models of the decision-making process, probability revision can be accomplished by using Bayes' theorem and the interrelationships among the decisions can be taken into consideration by using dynamic programming to determine optimal decisions. Since portfolio selection and revision involves a series of interrelated decisions made over time, formal portfolio models should, insofar as possible, incorporate these features. A search of the extensive literature concerning portfolio models indicates, however, that such models have ignored one or both of these features. Since Markowitz [18] developed his original model of portfolio selection, a considerable amount of work has been conducted in the area of mathematical portfolio analysis, and much of this work is summarized by Sharpe [31] and Smith [33]. Although the emphasis in portfolio analysis has been primarily on single-period models and portfolio selection, multiperiod models and portfolio revision are investigated by Tobin [35], Smith [32], Mossin [21], Pogue [22], Chen, Jen, and Zionts [3], and Hakansson [13, 14]. In addition, general multiperiod models of consumption-investment decisions are developed by Hakansson [10, 11, 12], Merton [19], Samuelson [29], Fama [6], and Meyer [20]. However, it is generally assumed that the probability distributions of interest are completely specified and that they are unaffected by new information, implying that the portfolio revision models do not involve probability revision over time. Bayesian models have received virtually no attention in the portfolio literature. Mao and Siirndal [17] present a simple, discrete, single-period Bayesian model in which the returns from securities are related to the level of general business activity and information is obtained concerning business conditions. Kalymon [16] develops a model


In order to solve the gear box leakage of EMU during running,the tractive characterisation and control method of EMU were analyzed.Through the changes of gear ratio and characteristic line for traction,the tractive motor speed can be altered.Matlab/Simulink simulation results show that the smaller gear ratio can decrease the tractive motor speed,and the output torque and current of the tractive motor can fulfill the running demand of the high-speed EMU.


The two books reviewed here are part of a torrent of recently published research into the nature, condition and reform of the welfare state. On Worlds of Welfare (here, SVdB) issues from an interdepartmental research institute run by the Dutch government. One of its goals is to locate and evaluate the Dutch welfare state in a cross-national perspective. Its wider remit is to validate the mainstream Esping-Andersen categorisation of welfare states, and to establish its implications for the traditional goals of income redistribution and poverty reduction. Changing Labour Markets, Welfare Policies and Citizenship (here, AJ) is a collection of articles organised loosely around the links between the welfare state and citizenship in the context of economic change – important, even fraught issues, in an era of concern over welfare rights, welfare dependency, and social exclusion.


Background A review of the literature on measuring the concept of stigma related to caring for a relative with mental illness yielded no instrument appropriate for use in Jordan. Aims To translate and culturally modify the stigma-devaluation scale (SDS) into Arabic, and to test the reliability, content and construct validity of the Arabic version of the SDS. Method The SDS was translated into the Arabic language, modified and culturally adapted by a translation model. Estimation of internal consistency was used to assess the reliability of the SDS. Construct validity was determined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Measurements of content validity and reading level of the Arabic SDS were included. The Arabic SDS was evaluated in a sample of 164 family caregivers in Jordan. Results Content validity index was determined to be 1.0. Reading level of the Arabic SDS was deemed to be at a sixth grade level or higher. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the Arabic SDS total scale was 0.87. The results of the CFA revealed that the factor structure of the SDS had a satisfactory fit. Conclusion This study provided psychometric evidence that the modified Arabic SDS is valid and conceptually consistent with the content of the original English SDS.


The fresh Mediterranean breezes of innovation enlivened the workshop conversations at Advanced Visual Interfaces '94 (Bari, Italy June 1--4, 1994). More than 100 participants met on the flower-gardened grounds of the Grande Albergo di Villa Romanazzi Carducci, whose modern hotel plus conference center complemented the beautifully restored old villa and the marble-lined swimming pool. Being together with active professionals from Europe and America for 4 days gave us an in-depth chance to learn about each other's professional and personal outlooks. The ancient Roman architecture and the traditional Italian surroundings reminded us that the impact of our work could also last for two thousand years and shape many people's daily lives.


To study variation characteristics of SST in coastal regions of south China(CRSC),we analyzed observed SST for the past 44 years. The results show that the monthly and yearly averaged SST have rising trends,the yearly averaged SST's linearity rising rate is 0.12-0.19 ℃/decade in the years,the rising extents in winter are higher than those in summer. The variability in winter is bigger than that in summer,with the biggest in February and March. A majority of significant cold or warm events occurred in winter. A wavelet multi-resolution method was used to analyze periodical characteristics of SST in CRSC,all time-scale decomposition series are very similar,and high-frequency decompositions within the year are dominant. Low-frequency decompositions show rising trends since the mid-1970. Moving correlation coefficients between SSTA series of CRSC and the Ni?o series were calculated. It was found that simultaneous correlations are closest to Ni?o 4,and four monthly leading correlations are closest to Ni?o 3,4. The correlation between yearly decompositions is closer than that of the original,which means the change of SST in CRSC have large-scale ENSO background.


The present study deals with the histologic changes occurring in the central nervous system of rabbits treated with insulin shock, with special reference to the structural activity changes of the nerve cells. In a historical review the findings of previous investigators, both in experimental material (I) and in casuistic material (II), are surveyed. In the present investigations hypoglycemic coma was induced by intramuscular injection of "Insulin Leo". The dose required was most frequently 4 I. U. (international units). The animals were apt to die in shock, for which reason it was difficult to obtain a period of treatment extending over many days. The clinical picture of rabbits in insulin shock is briefly described. The animals were killed by decapitation on the cessation of the treatment, if they did not die in the last coma. The brain and the spinal cord were removed immediately after death and fixed in bulk in a 10 per cent formalin solution and cut in frontal planes (the brain was divided into 6 blocks (A, B, C, D, E, F) and the spinal cord into 3 blocks (G, H, I) from the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral portions respectively) and then embedded in paraffin and celloidin. A few frozen sections were also used. The section cutting was carried out by the aid of a precision microtome. In the staining of the preparations Einarson's gallocyanin-chromalum nirthod (1932) was preponderantly used. This method gives a nearly correct quantitative measure for the nucleic acid content of the nerve cells because the gallocyaninchrom lake ion++ is bound selectively to the nucleic acid. The chemical binding between the dye and the nucleic acid is stable and to a great extent independent of the pH of the dye solution in contrast to the instable adsorption of the regressive dyes (basic and acid aniline dyes) to the proteins of the cell (EINARSON, 1935, 1945, 1947 and EINARSON and LORENTZEN, 1946). Both for this reason and because the classical Nissl methods are not selective, the latter must be regarded


Persons experiencing serious mental illness (SMI) report feeling marginalized by health care providers, receive health care services at alarmingly lower rates, receive poorer quality of services, and experience higher mortality rates when compared to non-SMI populations. Providers' negative attitudes may be 1 contributing factor, as they have been found to affect providers' clinical intentions. This study compared provider attitudes toward individuals with schizophrenia across 5 different Veterans Affairs (VA) health care provider groups to identify targets for antistigma interventions. Two clinical vignettes (schizophrenia vs. no schizophrenia) that varied only in history of schizophrenia were distributed to 5 provider groups (primary care physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, and primary care and mental health nurses) employed by VA hospitals in the south-central United States. Each provider read 1 of the 2 vignettes before completing short surveys assessing attitudes (stereotype, social distance, and attribution of mental illness) toward the vignette patient. Responses of 351 providers were compared on these 3 attitudes. Primary care physicians, primary care nurses, and psychiatrists exhibited more negative attitudes toward persons with schizophrenia when compared to mental health nurses and psychologists. In addition, primary care physicians, primary care nurses, and psychiatrists held more negative beliefs about persons with schizophrenia when compared to those without schizophrenia. These findings identify how various provider groups may differ in their stigmatizing attitudes and can inform future antistigma programs focused on changing provider attitudes toward individuals with SMI, thereby improving the quality of health care provided.


This short chapter includes a general review and analysis of the induced gravity approach. Induced gravity is regarded as one way of resolving the contradiction between renormalizability and the presence of higher-derivative terms in quantum gravity. Following the classical works by Zeldovich and Sakharov, the chapter considers gravity induced from the cut-off and shows that the purely induced version does not provide a satisfactory output. After that, using the results of chapter 12, models of gravity induced from phase transitions in scalar field theory are discussed. The general result is that induced gravity does not resolve the fundamental problem of quantum gravity, owing to the presence of ghosts and their corresponding instabilities. In the last section of this chapter, the cosmological constant problem is discussed as another, equally fundamental problem, which remains unsolved to this day.


Creating design application models classification of semi-rigid connections analysis of beams in semi-rigid braced (non-sway) frames analysis of members in semi-rigid unbraced (sway) frames elastic stability of semi-rigid frames utilizing hybrid system flexibility in Seismatic regions semi-rigid connections to tubular columns semi-rigid composite connections.


OBJECTIVE To study chemical constituents of the water-insoluble extract from Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright and cell growth inhibitive effects of chemical constituents against HepG2 cells. METHODS The chemical constituents of waterinsoluble extracts were isolated and purified by silica gel and RP-C18 column chromatography. Their structures were identified by spectral analysis. Anti-proliferative effects of saponins against HepG2 cells were evaluated by MTT assay in vitro. RESULTS Five compounds were isolated and identified as diosgenin ( Ⅰ) ,trillin ( Ⅱ) ,diosgenin diglucoside ( Ⅲ) ,deltonin ( Ⅳ) ,zingiberensis saponin I ( Ⅴ) ,respectively. These five compounds showed remarkable anti-proliferative effects against HepG2 cells and the compound Ⅴ showed the highest potency against HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION Zingiberensis saponin I ( Ⅴ) has significant anti-cancer activity which may be developed as promising anti-cancer drug.


The clumped distribution of resources in the world has influenced the pattern of foraging behavior since the origins of life, selecting for a common locomotor search motif in which straight movements through resource-poor regions alternate with zig-zag exploration in resource-rich domains (Berg, 2000). For example, flies execute rapid changes in flight heading called body saccades during local search (Censi et al., 2013; Collett and Land, 1975; Schilstra and van Hateren, 1999; Wagner and Land, 1986), but suppress these turns during long-distance dispersal (Giraldo et al., 2018; Leitch et al., 2021) or when surging upwind after encountering an attractive odor plume (Budick and Dickinson, 2006; van Breugel and Dickinson, 2014). Here, we describe the key cellular components of a neural network in flies that generates spontaneous turns as well as a specialized neuron that inhibits the network to promote straight flight. Using 2-photon imaging, optogenetic activation, and genetic ablation, we show that only four descending neurons appear sufficient to generate the descending commands to execute flight saccades. The network is organized into two functional couplets—one for right turns and one for left—with each couplet consisting of an excitatory (DNae014) and inhibitory (DNb01) neuron that project to the flight motor neuropil within the ventral nerve cord. Using resources from recently published connectomes of the fly brain (Scheffer et al., 2020; Dorkenwald et al., 2023; Schlegel et al., 2023), we identified a large, unique interneuron (VES041) that forms inhibitory connections to all four saccade command neurons and created specific genetic driver lines for this cell. As predicted by its connectivity, activation of VES041 strongly suppresses saccades, suggesting that it regulates the transition between local search and long-distance dispersal. These results thus identify the critical elements of a network that not only structures the locomotor behavior of flies, but may also play a crucial role in their foraging ecology.


An organized numerical and experimental study is carried out in order to understand ultrasonic guided wave (GW) propagation and interaction with a high density (HD) core region in a honeycomb composite sandwich structure (HCSS). Also the location of HD core region in a HCSS using embedded piezoelectric wafer transducer (PWTs) is investigated in this study. Due to complex structural characteristics, the study of guided wave (GW) propagation in HCSS with HD-core region inherently carries many challenges. Therefore, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation of GW propagation in the HCSS with and without HD core region is carried out using embedded PWT network. It is observed that the presence of HD core significantly reduces the amplitude of the propagating GW modes. In order to verify the numerical results, experiments are conducted in the laboratory. A good agreement between the numerical and experimental results is observed, in all the cases studied. Finally , based on the change in amplitude of the received GW modes, the location of an unknown HD core region, within the PWT array is determined by applying a probability based signal difference coefficient (SDC) algorithm.


In this paper we apply the profit function method to examine the differences in resource use efficiency between educated and uneducated farmers in paddy production. Empirical results from farm level data indicate that educated farmers are technically and allocatively more efficient compared to the uneducated farmers. The short run input demand(labour, fertilizer, and bullock labour) elasticities are also estimated. The responsiveness of paddy supply with respect to its price is found to be inelastic.


Objective Specific traps were designed to improve the efficiency of capturing Aedes albopictus to facilitate the surveillance of the prevalence of dengue fever. Methods Effective Ae. albopictus traps were designed according to the ecological characteristics of this species based on the design of ovitraps of the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Lifeng Lin's devices. The efficiency of the traps was preliminarily verified both in laboratory and on site. Results Both trapped mosquitoes and ovipositions using the device were higher than those using ovitraps in laboratory (Z=-2.178, P=0.029; Z=-2.021, P=0.043). As for residential areas, both the mosquito enticing index (MEI) and oviposition enticing index (OEI) were higher in the Ae. albopictus trap group than in the control group 〔MEIAedes (Z=-7.529, P=0.000), OEIAedes(Z=-6.058, P=0.000) and MEICulex (Z=-2.484, P=0.013)〕; MEIAedes (rp=0.244, P=0.000) and OEIAedes(rp=0.256, P=0.000) of the trap group were positively correlated with the Breteau index in the correspondingly investigated residential areas. (rp=0.256, P=0.000). Conclusion Ae. albopictus traps are efficient in enticing mosquitoes and ovipositions with satisfactory sensitivity and stability, which can be used for dengue vector surveillance.


ABSTRACT: Sediment has been identified as the pollutant most limiting to fishery health in oxbow lakes in the Mississippi Delta. The Mississippi Delta Management System Evaluation Area (MDMSEA) project seeks to reduce the adverse agricultural impacts on water resources and ecological processes through the development and adoption of alternative best management practices (BMPs). However, resource limitations dictate that only a few combinations of BMPs can actually be physically tested over a few years at a limited number of locations. To extend results and better evaluate the effectiveness of alternative BMP combinations on sediment reduction, the Annualized Agricultural Nonpoint Source pollutant loading model (AnnAGNPS 2.1) was applied to a 12 ha (30 ac) MDMSEA subwatershed. BMPs considered included cover crops, filter strips, grade control pipes, and impoundments. Each BMP was considered in combination with three tillage systems: conventional tillage, reduced tillage, and no-till. Costs of BMPs were estimated using 2001 state average prices for Mississippi. Amortized fixed costs, using a 25 yr planning horizon and interest rates of both 5% and 10%, were combined with direct annual costs into total annual cost estimates. AnnAGNPS predicted that no-till alone, reduced tillage with winter cover and an edge-of-field pipe, or conventional tillage with a small permanent impoundment (covering less than 3% of the watershed) would all reduce sediment yield by at least 50%. The most cost-effective BMPs were management of volunteer winter weeds as cover crops and various types of edge-of-field grade-control pipes. The average marginal cost using BMPs for sediment yield reduction was about $8 MT−1 ($7.3 t−1) for conventional and reduced tillage. The cost was higher, about $10.7 MT−1, ($9.7 t−1) for no-till because the practice of no-till alone reduced sediment yield by half, and further marginal reductions were more expensive.


are not substances?" (47). Rejecting two traditional responses he provides a plausible answer to this good question by focusing on an early exchange of letters between Spinoza and Oldenburg and upon Spinoza's rethinking of Descartes's conception of extension. One of the most interesting essays is Don Garrett's interpretive discussion of Spinoza's derivation of the conatus doctrine at Ethics 3p4–3p6 ("Spinoza's Conatus Argument"). Commentators have identified various putative fallacies in the argument that Spinoza offers for this doctrine—chiefly fallacies of equivocation. Garrett develops an interesting and plausible notion of "inherence" that casts light on a number of central metaphysical relations and permits a defensible reading of the conatus argument. For the serious Spinoza scholar, this one essay is worth the price of the volume. Olli Koistinen's "Causation in Spinoza" considers Spinoza's solution to the difficulty of causal interaction between substances—a glaring problem in Descartes that provoked glaringly problematic solutions from Malebranche and Leibniz. Richard Manning's essay addresses a controversial point in Jonathan Bennett's interpretation. The issue is whether, in Spinoza's system, mental content can have causal significance—a point closely related to the important issue of teleological explanation of human behavior. Manning supports a kind of "thoughtful teleology," making a convincing case for the causal efficacy of mental content. On the whole the authors in this volume restrict their discussion of secondary literature to the works of fellow Anglophones. One finds occasional mention of Gueroult, but the Continental literature on Spinoza is mostly ignored. There are two notable exceptions to this rule. Steven Barbone ("What Counts as an Individual for Spinoza?") discusses the thorny issue of modal individuation in Spinoza's system, arguing against Matheron's 1969 claim that for Spinoza the state is an individual. Emphasizing the centrality of power, Barbone draws important (liberal) political conclusions from his analysis of individuation. Mark Kulstad ("Leibniz, Spinoza and Tschirnhaus: Metaphysics à Trois, 1675–1676") fruitfully uses recent Continental work on Leibniz in his interesting exploration of the interactions between Leibniz and Spinoza, as mediated by Tschirnhaus. This is the one essay in the collection that is chiefly historical in focus, and though it is not in the thematic mainstream for this volume, it is well done and bound to be of interest to any student of early modern philosophy. Space prevents me from addressing all of the interesting articles in this collection. The essays by Richard Mason (against the emphasis on logical relations in explaining the connections among modes) and Charles Huenemann (on Spinoza's views in the early Cogitata Metaphysica) are both quite good. Peter Dalton and Charles Jarrett take on tough interpretive questions regarding mind-body relations and the relativity of good and evil. This collection is not entirely even in quality, but all of the contributions are interesting, and some of them make important contributions to our understanding. There have been a number of recent works on other aspects of Spinoza—his life, his political theory, his status as Enlightenment or as Jewish thinker. It is good to see this first-rate collection of essays focused on the central metaphysical issues of the system. J . T H O M A S C O O K Rollins College


Medical robotic system enable precise and safe treatment for patients, especially in the area of urology. In this paper, we propose a robotic palpation system to detect prostate cancers. These cancers usually arise in the posterior of the prostate and as they are firmer than normal tissues, can be detected by digital rectal examination (DRE). This system is designed to induce a controllable deformation to tissues as well as to measure the force response of tissues. To validate the system performance, ex vivo experiments on human organs were conducted to determine the differences between the mechanical properties of normal and cancerous tissues. The tissue properties were characterized using experimental results. In addition, we propose the numerical maps expected to be used to diagnose prostate cancer by using the obtained elastic moduli of normal and cancer tissues. The results indicate that this system could detect differences of mechanical properties between normal and cancerous prostrate tissues.


Models of circuit breaker double-metal were built by ANSYS,then the 3D thermal-electric coupling and the 2D thermal-stress coupling analysis of double-metal were carried out by direct coupling method.The nephogram of temperature distribution of double-metal and the curve of temperature VS time were obtained by simulation.The results were basically identical with the actual measurements.With the nephogram of deformation and stress distribution,thus the particular data of nodal displacement were acquired.


By using literature material method,investigation interview method,experimental teaching methods,the author studied and analyzed the body language of calisthenics;on the basis of stating the content and classification of body language,the author made investigation and comparative analysis on the emotional experience,self evaluation and approval degree of the student's learning action generated by using of body language of calisthenics,made a comprehensive and careful research on the application situation of teachers' body language in aerobics course and the influence to the students learning aerobics,which aimed at coloring calisthenics teaching theory,improving the teaching effect,promoting the development of the aerobics discipline.The results showed that: the using of body language in aerobics course is favorable to produce good emotional experience for students,take part in the studying actively,improve students' ability of learning actions,promoting the development of the students' physical and psychological aspects.All these fully display the importance of the body language in aerobics teaching.


Satellite remote sensing is a useful tool for monitoring wildfire by analysing the brightness temperature of medium and thermal infrared bands. This letter described a wildfire detection algorithm developed for the COMS (communication, ocean and meteorological satellite) and evaluated the applicability of the proposed method by comparing the detection results with the KFS (Korea Forest Service) wildfire survey data and ASTER (advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer) image. We detected various size of wildfires occurred in South Korea on 9 March 2013, which is a remarkable outcome when considering the limited channels of the COMS. For a more reliable algorithm, the characterization of subpixel fires using Dozier's method or the multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis will be necessary as future work. In addition, more wildfire cases should be experimented for statistical assessment of the accuracy.


Due to their excellent physical and chemical properties polyamides (PA) are used in many industrial processes. The most common products are the aliphatic polyamides synthesized by a conventional melt-polycondensation method of AH-salt in an autoclave. High temperatures, high pressure and long reaction times are necessary. On the other hand the polyamide synthesis can conducted as solution polycondensation in a microwave oven. Moreover the higher heating efficiency of microwave irradiation reduces the reaction time to about 20 minutes. The main focus of this study lies on the end group analysis by MALDI-TOF MS (matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry) of aliphatic polyamides produced by autoclave - as well as microwave assisted synthesis by AABB-type condensation. The results show differences in the end group formation depending on the chosen reaction conditions. In case of following modification or protecting group chemistry, it is of course important to know the kind of end groups of the polyamide.


The possibility of Pb2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Ba2+ ions removal from aqueous solution using light expanded clay aggregate (LECA) was investigated in this work. The central composite design (CCD) in response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the operating parameters (adsorbent granulometry, absorption time and initial metal ions concentration) to reach the maximum ions removal in single and multi-elemental solutions. After optimization, the results shows that the removal efficiency decrease following the ion sequence Pb2+ > Ba2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+ ions. The better efficiency (~95%) is observed for the Pb2+. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data at room temperature. The results revealed that data on LECA was very well fitted with Langmuir equations. The real interest of this work is to demonstrate that a simple material such as LECA can be used to remove extremely small levels of toxic metals, such as those found in drinking water. So our results could be the starting point for the development of a low-cost filtration system to remove toxic metals.


The group-theoretic content of photonic coupled microring resonance phenomena is shown with, in particular, an interesting emergence of pseudo-unitary groups. The application to the resonance condition in a tri-microring configuration is solved exactly. A practical application of this work will be in the resonance frequency tuning based on the coupling coefficient. In particular, the Mach–Zehnder interferometer approach was analyzed for the coupling modulation.


Mechanical factors play an important role in the etiology of knee injuries and diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). While performing daily, occupational, and sport activities, the joint is subjected to dynamic loads such as vibration and multiple impacts. According to an individual's age, fitness, and weight, these activities may cause the joint load, stiffness, and damping to reach critical limits initiating or accelerating different knee disorders such as osteoarthritis [Wolfe et al., 1996]. Computational models of the knee have been developed over the past several decades. However, these models leave much to be desired, since they often over-simplify the geometry and material properties of the knee. Several two dimensional models have been created [Gill et al., 1996]. Three-dimensional analytical studies have become more common in recent years, and typically model the tibiofemoral joint [Abdel-Rahman et al., 1993; Blankevoort et al, 1991; Wisman et al., 1980]. These studies typically model only surfaces and neglect the effect of ligaments and menisci/cartilage.Copyright © 2004 by ASME


One of the key performance measures for Coupled General Circulation Models (CGCMs) is their ability to realistically simulate the prominent modes of climate variability. Here, we investigate the realism of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the dominant mode of observed interannual climate variability, as simulated by the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS). We examine the key ENSO properties calculated from observations and from the pre-industrial control and historical simulations performed by versions 1.0 and 1.3 of the ACCESS coupled model (ACCESS-CM), as part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). The ENSO properties examined are the spatial structure and timescales, phase locking to the annual cycle, growth and decay of Niño3 SST anomalies, and the coupled ENSO evolution, as well as the ENSO induced teleconnection patterns (as diagnosed by linear regressions of the three-dimensional atmospheric circulation field, rainfall, sea-level pressure, and the upper-tropospheric geopotential heights onto the Niño3 index). The coupled evolutions of SST, zonal wind stress, and the thermocline depth during a typical ENSO event are used to illustrate the essential features of ENSO dynamics. Our results show that both versions of the ACCESS-CM perform reasonably well in simulating the ENSO properties and teleconnections. In particular, the spatial structure, timescales, phase locking, and the growth and decay rates of ENSO are well simulated. The evolution of SST, zonal wind stress, and the thermocline depth during ENSO events is also reasonably well simulated, although the SST (zonal wind stress) response is found to be stronger (weaker) than observed. The simulated ENSO teleconnection patterns are also mostly realistic, despite some adverse impact of the equatorial Pacific cold SST bias on the local precipitation response. The present study shows that the ACCESS-CMs simulate the key ENSO properties (e.g. amplitude and spatial structure, timescales, and atmospheric teleconnections) better than most of the previous generations of CGCMs.


In the previous paper1), I reported that fluoride distribution patterns in the cementum of 27 different teeth from a single male subject aged 54 years were roughly consistent. These results suggested that each subject would have its own characteristic fluoride distribution pattern influenced by personal history in relation to the fluoride environment. In the present work therefore, I studied fluoride distribution patterns in the apical cemeneum of 8 different tooth types (21, 23, 24, 26, 31, 33, 34, 36) from 5 male subjects aged 30-70 years, using the abrasive micro-sampling technique. The results were as follows: 1) Although distribution patterns of fluoride in the cementum varied with subjects, those obtained from the same subject were roughly similar. I concluded that each subject had its own characteristic fluoride distribution pattern in the cementum. 2) The subject itself was more significantly related to the fluoride content than the tooth type or the upper or lower jaw. 索 引用語:フ ッ素,セ メン ト質,マ イクロサ ンプ リング


A bandwidth optimised vertical interconnect using a rectangular waveguide to couple two microstrip lines is presented. The electrically long interconnect gives low insertion loss and large bandwidth, in contrast to other indirectly and directly coupled interconnects. Experimental results show <1.5 dB insertion loss and <20 dB return loss over a wide bandwidth 8.1-0.7 GHz.


Children's developmental disorders were increased in Indonesia. One of the factors affecting 3 – 24 months old children development is breastfeeding. However, in several studies, the correlation between the two was still uncertain. This study aimed to determine the correlation between breastfeeding and 3 – 24 months old children development with a cross-sectional study design. Randomly selected 78 mothers who had 3 – 24 months old children at the Keputih Health Center Surabaya. Researchers interviewed mothers about breastfeeding duration and breastfeeding method, as well as their children's development based on Prescreening Developmental Questionnaire (PDQ). Researchers also assessed children's development to answer PDQ. The correlation between breastfeeding and children's development was then analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Exclusive breastfeeding was widely obtained in children with overall development (83.3%) and fine motor aspects (85.7%) at the appropriate age. Direct breastfeeding was widely obtained in children with speech and language development at the appropriate age (81.9%). Breastfeeding duration was related to overall children's development (p=0.014) and fine motor aspect (p=0.025). The breastfeeding method was related to children's speech and language aspects (p=0.018). Breastfeeding duration was related to overall children's development, particularly in the fine motor aspect. The breastfeeding method was related to children's speech and language aspects.


In this article, we provide evidence for the presence of diglyceride kinase activity in cell extracts of Rhizobium meliloti 1021. Characterization of the rhizobial enzyme revealed that it shares many properties with the diglyceride kinase of Escherichia coli. A possible role for this enzyme during cyclic β-1,2-glucan biosynthesis is discussed.


An examination of the frequency distribution of the power in typical broadcast signals shows that low-deviation phase modulation (PM) should have advantages over amplitude (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). A method of stereo broadcasting is also proposed in which the sum of the two channels is transmitted as AM and the difference as PM.


Abstract This study aimed at understanding the statistical relationships between base saturation percent (BSP), cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH(water) and electrical conductivity (EC) in soils within close proximity to the abandoned Kgwakgwe Mn oxide ore mine, Botswana. Four hundred soil samples were collected from a 4 km2 area close to the abandoned mine. Soil pH ranged from 2.92 to 7.26 with very acidic soils located close to the mine workings. Electrical conductivity values were low, ranging from 49.1 Scm−1 to 123.5 Scm−1. The BSP in the soil samples varied between 33.77 and 100 with a mean of 82.10 and CEC values % (cmolckg−1) ranged from 1.1 to 29.2, with a mean of 8.2. Relationships between the various parameters were generally poor and negative with the exception of EC/BSP and BSP/CEC which were positive. The statistical data yielded five clusters with distribution of the parameters as follows: cluster one is dominated by pH and EC, cluster two by EC, cluster three by CEC, PBS and EC, cluster four by PBS, and cluster five by none of the four parameters. The PBS and CEC values are closely associated. Comparing results obtained from the control site, it is certain that mining activities have affected the soil PBS, CEC, pH and EC of the study area.


The flocculation of kaolin suspended in a dilute salt solution was studied as a function of the addition of cationic surfactant and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) added separately, consecutively, or simultaneously. Cationic polyacrylamide caused flocculation by bridging when added in low concentrations, but at higher concentrations, charge neutralization became the dominant mechanism and the flocculation rate was highly dependent on the charge density of the polymer. Adsorption of sufficient polymer or surfactant (cetyl pyridinium chloride) prevented immediate adsorption of the other, although surfactant could replace polymer after extended agitation. The adsorption of polymer was greatest when small flocs were formed by charge neutralization or by prolonged shaking. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2382–2389, 2002


Rosaniline hydrochloride (RH) is a triaminotriphenyl methane dye, which is widely used as biological stain, mordant, printing, in cotton tannings, and dyeing in textile industry. The reaction obeys first order kinetics with respect to RH and IO 4– . The reaction is around hundred times faster in the presence of CTAB compared to aqueous medium under identical conditions. This is due to lower dielectric constant in micellar medium in which the transition state in more stabilized. The rate of the reaction increases with increase in concentration of CTAB up to 0.08 mol dm –3 and thereafter shows a limiting behavior with increase in micellar concentration. The monotonic increase indicates a unimolecular pathway. Using Menger and Portnoy'spre equilibrium kinetic model binding constant was found to be 21.84 mol –1 dm 3 . This value was found to be in good agreement with the calculated binding constant K M (= pV — ) = 39.2, where p is partition co-efficient and V — is molar volume. In order to account for the catalytic behavior of CTAB, theoretical calculations of single point energy and energy gap were done using GAUSSIAN 09 W program employing density functional theory (DFT) with Becke's three-parameters hybrid functional in combination of Lee-Yang-Parr functional implemented with LANL2DZ basis sets using conductor like polarizable continuum model (CPCM). (DFT/B3LYP/LANL2DZ/CPCM (solvent = water)). Based on the structures of RH, KIO 4 and CTAB, binding energies (BEs) were calculated for the dimer complexes RH-KIO 4 and RH-KIO 4 -CTAB. BEs of the RH-KIO 4 and RH-KIO 4 -CTAB systems have been found to be –60.4 kcal/mol and –70.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The high binding energy (RH-KIO 4 -CTAB, –70.4 kcal/mol) indicates the catalytic behavior. The HLEG (HOMO-LUMO Energy Gap) measures the stability of the system. A large HLEG implies high stability (less reactive) and slight gap implies low stability (highly reactive). In this work, RH-KIO 4 -CTAB system, the gap is reduced around 1.28 times than the RH-KIO 4 system which clearly indicates that the CTAB surfactant plays a vital role in this reaction. It explains that catalytic behavior of CTAB by theoretical approach.


The general Perron-Frobenius theorem describes the growth of powers of irreducible non-negative kernels. In the special case of kernels with an atom this result can be obtained using a regeneration method. If such a kernel is sub-stochastic, then the regeneration method can be intuitively explained in terms of the so-called split-chain. In this paper we give an illuminating probabilistic interpretation of the regeneration method in terms of what we call regenerative Galton-Watson processes. These multi- type branching processes have an intrinsic structure of a single-type Crump-Mode- Jagers process with time inhomogeneous immigration.


Basing on the practical circumstance in the case of coal mine safety produce,and on the analysis of the questions such as choosing type,matching load,work environment,interference,some improvement suggestions and solutions are put forward in the paper.


Zeta potentials in water have been measured for a poorly performing, easily stripped hard limestone, a well-performing hard limestone, a sandstone, a rhyolite, soda lime glass beads, and for eight AC-20 asphalt binders. Four of the binders selected to represent a range of zeta potentials were combined with the sandstone, the limestones, and the glass beads according to Oklahoma Department of Transportation mix formulas and tested for retained strength. The good hard limestone was the best overall performer with retained strengths of 96 to 100 percent, the poor hard limestone was acceptable, overall the sandstone was unsatisfactory; and the glass beads did not survive the retained strength preconditioning procedure. The aggregates were then treated with organosilane derivatives to chemically modify their surfaces and to change the aggregate zeta potential. For example, the zeta potential of the poor hard limestone was made to be closer to that of the good hard limestone. The modified aggregates were then used in the same mix and the retained strengths measured. The good hard limestone mix exhibited no change in retained strength; however, the poor hard limestone, the sandstone, and the glass bead mixes gave excellent retained strengths.


To reduce the large error of simplifi ed simulation model of spring constraint for the vibrative equipment, a modification method for the simplified model of spring constraint was put forward based on modal test and sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity theory of the vibrative system was applied to calculate the sensitivity of equivalent stiffness of spring constraint at each point at natural frequencies of six preceding orders, and the spring constraints sensitive to natural frequency of each order were modifi ed separately. After the contrast of the system natural frequency before and after modifi cation with the one obtained from the modal test, it was found that the error of natural frequencies of preceding two orders reduced remarkably after modifi cation, which indicated the modifi ed equivalent constraint model was closer to actual constraints.


This catalogue publishes in full the British Museum's collection of over 360 items of metalwork, ceramics and glass, from Europe and America, of the period 1850-1950. These range from William Burges's gothic-revival metalwork, and Russian porcelain of the Revolutionary years, to 25 pieces designed by Christopher Dresser. Much material from continental sources is made available in English, and every item is illustrated. Signatures, monograms and makers' marks are also reproduced.


In the Tibetan Buddhist monastery town of Labrang, located in southwest Gansu Province, China, the past is a heavy, and very often hidden, burden for residents and visitors alike (figure 1). This is not readily apparent amidst the bustling 'nowness' of commercial activities in this tourist site and model town for the profitable coexistence of Tibetan Buddhist monasticism and Chinese state-sponsored development goals. But as I discovered over the course of my fieldwork there in the mid-1990s, and again in the summer of 2002, for a population living with unsanctioned memories of the traumatic ruptures of the Chinese Communist-led revolution beginning in 1949, the 'unsaid' of history spoke loudly in implication—in implied dialogue with multimedia official histories, in the gaps in written and oral chronologies of events, in the revived performance of the lay and monastic ritual calendars, and in the dodges and silences of my Tibetan interlocutors during our many conversations about their pasts: "I don't know anything! I'm too young, you know!" (Tibetan [Tib.] ngas shes ni ma red, nga lo chung gi mo). Ama Drolma, a village matriarch in her late fifties, repeated this adamantly to me after I and my Tibetan woman assistant had asked her for a taped interview about local "history" (Tib. lo rgyus). She would hear none of our explanations about my interest in people's personal histories and insisted that I seek out old men, they would know about "early, early, early times" (Tib. sngan na sngan na sngan na).


Application of electroless plating technology in surface treatment of tobacco machinery was briefly stat-ed, main introduction was given to equipment, process condition, formulation of bath and other production situation.


This session will cover how the process of gathering and using feedback is delivered in partnership, and the different roles taken by the SU and University. It also discusses the importance of mobilising our Reps to take ownership of turnout in their areas, encouraging them to understand their importance to the research process, and empowering them as significant partners (for the SU and University) in enriching the student voice.


Highly carbon‐doped Ga0.47In0.53As layers grown by chemical beam epitaxy have been exposed to a deuterium plasma. Deuterium diffusion profiles reflect very strong C–D interactions. Concerning electronic transport properties, from p‐type when as‐grown, these GaInAs samples turn to n‐type after plasma exposure. Annealings of deuterated layers have also been performed. They show that temperatures as high as 450 °C must be reached before p‐type conductivity is fully restored in the material.


A combination of surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to explore the adsorption of the cyanobenzoic acid (CBA) isomers on evaporated silver films and a silver powder. All substrates exhibited the nanoscale roughness appropriate for SERS and SEIRA enhancement. SERS and DFT demonstrated that each of the CBA isomers adsorbed to a silver film as a carboxylate ion. The impact of resonance effects in SERS spectra among the different CBA isomers was discussed. For 2-cyanobenzoic acid (2CBA), the DFT calculated dipole moment was 5.87 D, for 3-cyanobenzoic acid (3CBA), the dipole moment was 5.31 D, and for 4-cyanobenzoic acid (4CBA), the dipole moment was 3.57 D. It was shown with SEIRA that 3CBA and 2CBA underwent significant ionization in the multilayer when deposition occurred using an alkane solvent with nonpolar bonds. 4CBA adsorption was not impacted by the ...


3D surface roughness of milled aluminium surface was evaluated using the laser speckle pattern. The milled surface was produced from aluminium alloy Al 6061 material at ten different feed rates using CNC milling machine. Laser beam was directed onto the aluminium surface and the scattered beam from the surface of the sample underwent interference to produce laser speckle pattern. Coefficient of Determination between various characteristic features and 3D surface roughness were determined and it was found that 3D surface roughness parameter Sv have coefficient determination above 0.5 with mean, Ga, roughness, entropy and normalized ACF.


he farming community of Mogpog, Marinduque, Philippines has been beset by problems caused by soil contamination from mine tailings since the 1990s. Crop productivity declined and farmer incomes have diminished. This study aims to alleviate constraints to crop yield through the use of Trichoderma Microbial Inoculant (TMI), and Trichoderma -activated rice straw compost (RSC). There were 102 and 79 rice farmers who participated in the 2018 dry and wet seasons, respectively; and 24 vegetable growers during the 2018 growing seasons. Soil sampling in representative areas in participating barangays revealed severe, moderate, and low Cu-contamination levels. In severely contaminated areas, high Cu levels were observed up to one-meter depth and possibly deeper. Preliminary analysis of a limited data-set showed that rice yield is reduced under high soil-Cu levels. Field experiments covering 40 ha of rice fields were conducted to compare crop productivity between control and treated set-ups. Rice productivity significantly increased by 12-28% relative to the control. Higher yield was attributable to more filled-up grains, productive tillers, and greener flag leaves in treated versus control set-ups. Vegetable productivity was higher by 20-37% in the treatment with TMI compared with control plants. Vegetables treated with TMI were harvested 3-7 days earlier than the control. The application of TMI can contribute to increased productivity within a shorter time period. Furthermore, low amounts of Cu were detected in rice grains and vegetables. This indicates that minimal Cu was translocated to the edible portions of the crops that are within the threshold levels for food safety.


Comrade Mao Ze Dong made a lot of important judgments of nationality cultural construction,most of which had the great significance of guidance and reference.In the new century,we must insist on and strengthen the guidable position of Marxism in the cultural field to guarantee the security of our culture;We must deal with all the culture critically and gain something useful to our cultural construction;We must pay attention to bringing forth new ideas for our culture to offer continuous power to our cultural construction.What's more, we should safeguard the nationality of our culture in the market of international culture and improve the competitive ability of our cultural industry.


A real-time feedback double-sector controller (RTFB DSC) for the APS Upgrade has been under design for the past year. Using the Xilinx Zynq-7000 All Programmable System on a Chip FPGA residing on the ZC706 board as the base platform, the upgrade path interfaces to the existing accelerator system and modernizes the beam position monitoring and feedback systems. The modernized system increases the RTFB system sample rate from 1.5 kHz to 22.6 kHz. We report the plan for sector-by-sector upgrades that will occur during system shutdowns and allow the upgraded sectors to operate with the existing sectors. The mapping of the RTFB DSC architecture is shown utilizing the targeted FPGA features. These features include the dual ARM Cortex A9 processors, multi-port DDR3 memory controllers, gigabit transceivers, and the programming logic interconnect for implementing advanced orbit feedback controller algorithms using floating-point DSP operations. The RTFB DSC FPGA architecture is revealed as well as subsequent progress on the chassis implementation.


The purpose of this study is to promote university students' green consumption by the usage of green household accounting application running on a smartphone. The green household accounting application provides the basic function of usual household accounts. Additionally, it allows users to record green consumption behaviors that result in reward points, which are finally contributed to the successful process of each user's tree growing game to stimulate users to act for the green consumption. In order to develop the eight week long experiment, the subjects were required to begin recording their expenditure as introduced above. When all the data was gathered, we analyzed the change of green consumption behavior, thereby understanding the propensity of consumers. By merging all the data from subjects for a comprehensive analysis, we found that the tendency toward environmental-friendly consumption during the posterior four weeks increased compared to that of the prior four weeks. It demonstrates that the green household application helped to enhance the green consumption. After aligning every subject's data with common consuming inclination, a conclusion was drawn that the game of growing a tree could be a powerful stimulant for the subjects to consume environmentally. The study has implications about the green consumption. First, the smartphone application "green household accounts" contributes to the enhancement of green consumption. Second, the game of growing a tree motivates subjects to fulfill green consumption. Third, as consumers use the green household accounts, they can naturally be introduced to the new boundary of consumption: green consumption. Lastly, the prevalence of green consumption can be realized by the spread of the green household accounts.


Piliostigma thonningii is a medicinal plant with proven anti-malarial, anticough, antisnake, anti-inflammatory and antihelmintic potentials. This present study is aimed at ascertaining the effect of ethanol extract of P. thonningii leaf on liver function indices of albino rats. Twenty (20) male wistar albino rats ranging from180-200g were randomly assigned into group (A-D) of five animals each. Groups(B-D) were administered 1ml of ethanol extract via oral route corresponding to50, 100 and 200mg/Kg/body weight, while group A (control) received 1mlof distilled water orally. Rats in all groups were sacrificed 24hours after the experimental periods of 21days of oral administration of the extract. The extract significantly (p<0.05) increased serum Albumin, Globulin, Total protein and Total bilirubin concentration when compared with the control. The serum AST, ALT and GGT showed a significant decrease while serum ALP produced a significant (p<0.05) increase when compared with the control. Also the extract of p. thonningii produced a significant reduction (p<0.05) on liver AST, ALP and GGT when compared with the control. The alterations by the results are manifestation of its hepato protective effect.


Abstract Organ distribution of leucocyte subpopulations was examined in carp (Cyprinus carpio) development by flow cytometric analysis using monoclonal antibodies raised against: carp immunoglobulins, early thymocytes, thrombocytes, and monocytes/macrophages. In thymus, a high percentage of early thymocytes was found. In head kidney, Ig‐bearing cells first appeared more numerous than in other organs. In spleen only early thymocytes and thrombocytes are relevant. In gut, early thymocytes are detected in the first week, but they significantly decrease during ontogeny. The percentage of Ig‐bearing cells remains low throughout development. In peripheral blood leucocytes of 1‐week‐old carp, early T cells are the only detectable leucocyte subpopulation. From 7 days onwards, the percentage of monocyte/macrophages increased; thereafter, thrombocytes and B cells became detectable. This study provides new indications on the major sites of lymphopoiesis and thrombopoiesis in carp.


The invention discloses a gate fare evasion detection system and a gate fare evasion detection method in an embodiment. The system comprises a three-dimensional image information acquisition module, a gate state obtaining module, a three-dimensional image information recognizing processing module and a warning module, wherein the three-dimensional image information acquisition module comprises at least two image data acquisition units for acquiring two-dimensional image information containing the same region to be detected from different positions, and is used for obtaining the image information of a human body in the region to be detected; the gate state obtaining module is used for obtaining the state information of the gate; the three-dimensional image information recognizing processing module is used for judging whether the human body conducts a fare evasion behavior by use of the image information of the human body and the state information of the gate; the warning module is used for giving an alarm on the fare evasion behavior of the human body. In this way, the gate fare evasion detection system is capable of detecting the fare evasion of a person without a large number of supervisory personnel; the supervision requirement can be met, and the labor cost can be greatly reduced.


We report a novel optical microcavity based on nonperiodic high index contrast subwavelength gratings. The proposed microcavity has high quality factor and small effective mode volume, which can be widely used in optoelectronic devices.


Asteroidea is a class of Phylum Echinodermata with great capacity for body regeneration. The genera Linckia are among the species with higher capacity to regenerate and, in contrast to most sea stars, can reproduce asexually from arm fragments without portions of the central disc. In this article, we characterized the regeneration of Linckia guildinguii at a morphological and histological level and aimed to understand its regenerative potential. We performed experiments with arm fragments of different size and shape. A star will regenerate anew in 32 days by morphallactic regeneration. We note that sea stars regenerated de novo are again able to regenerate a new sea star. The ease with which this deuterostomatous organism can be maintained in a confined state made L. guildinguii a suitable animal to study the regenerative phenomenon and the processes associated with the establishment of body axes.


Thrombocytopenia is a common clinical disorder,which could be found in hematological and non-hematological diseases.With significant advances in thrombopoietic agents,the application of thrombopoietin receptor agonist (TPORA),romiplostim and eltrombopag,could effectively increase the platelet count of patients,and provide a new treatment for thrombocytopenia.This article review the literatures on the mechanisms and clinical use of TPORA in hematological disorders and thrombocytopenia related to hepatopathy.

Key words:
Thrombopoietin receptor agonists;  Romiplostim;  Eltrombopag; Thrombocytopenia ;  Drug therapy


Prolactin improves glucose homeostasis by increasing β‐cell mass under certain conditions such as pregnancy, whereas hyperprolactinaemia due to a pituitary gland adenoma tumour exacerbates insulin resistance. However, previous studies have not evaluated how prolactin modulates β‐cell function and insulin sensitivity at different dosages. Here, we determined that chronic intraperitoneal injections of different dosages of prolactin have opposite effects on insulin resistance and β‐cell function and mass in 90% pancreatectomized diabetic male rats, and the mechanisms were explored.


Though a variety of land reforms legislations have been created in the past independence days with the objectives of abolition of intermediaries, security of tenants and equitable distribution of land, the implementation of these legislations was far from satisfactory. The land continues to be concentrated in a few large land lords which have adversely affected the per acre investment, conseanatly low return per acre. The exchange relationship by and large remain fondle and semi fondle in character. This is equally true of social relationships. It is deeply influenced by the agrarian structure of the jagirdars. System that prevailed in 1950's. There appears to be some loopholes in the legislations particularly fixation of


Scope Currently there are no specific recommendations for the use of any particular infant formula in the prevention of cow's milk allergy (CMA). Recently, there has been an increasing interest in alternative infant formulas based on milk proteins from other sources than the cow, including milk from other mammalians such as goat, sheep, donkey, horse, and camel. Whereas these have been studied for their usability in CMA management, there are no studies of their CMA preventive capacity. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate whether camel milk can prevent CMA and vice versa. Methods and results The capacity of camel milk in preventing CMA and vice versa is evaluated in a well‐established prophylactic Brown Norway rat model. IgG1, IgE, and IgA responses, allergy elicitation, intestinal and mLN gene expression, and protein uptake are analyzed. The study demonstrates that camel and cow's milk in general has an insignificant cross‐preventive capacity. Yet, whereas cow's milk is shown to have a low transient capacity to prevent sensitization and clinically active camel milk allergy, camel milk does not show this effect for CMA. Conclusions This study suggests that due to lack of cross‐tolerance camel milk cannot be used for CMA prevention.


Introduction: Observations of the Martian surface morphology suggest that the early Martian atmosphere was abundant in water and CO2. The current deficiency of water and CO2 raises questions as to the processes that led to the loss of atmosphere. Throughout the planet's history, the loss mechanisms and escape of volatiles in the atmosphere have changed markedly. The evaluation of the global atmospheric loss rate and the time-dependent volatile inventory is substantial and is needed to obtain a better understanding of the physical processes that drive the current state of the Martian atmosphere. Among many possible mechanisms, nonthermal mechanisms such as dissociative recombination of molecular ions produce hot atoms (suprethermal particles) deep in the thermosphere. These hot atoms exchange momentum and energy with the background atmosphere via numerous collisions and result in the formation of the extended hot corona in the upper thermosphere and exosphere, from which the most of the escape of heavy neutrals occur. Before the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission, 3D investigations of the Martian hot oxygen corona have been enabled by modeling with a coupled framework between a 3D particle simulator and 3D thermosphere and ionosphere model. A comparison with the returned in situ observations from MAVEN will provide additional constraints to the evolution of the volatile inventory in both current and evolutionary aspects. This work presents a first comparison between first observations of the exospheric oxygen made with the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) instrument on board MAVEN and model predictions by a 3D global approach. Modeling: A 3D simulation of the Martian hot oxygen corona is performed by using our Adaptive Mesh Particle Simulator code adapted to Mars (MarsAMPS) [1]. AMPS utilizes Monte Carlo methodology in test-particle mode to describe the formation of the Martian hot corona and the escape of neutral particles. The description of the thermosphere and ionosphere is incorporated into AMPS by coupling with Mars Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (M-GITM) [2]. This coupled framework between AMPS and M-GITM provide a self-consistent description of the upper thermosphere, ionosphere and exosphere. In the model, the most important source reaction for hot oxygen is expected to be dissociative recombination of O2. The model adopts the latest available key model parameters, which are used widely by other modelers. The list of key model parameters particularly for interactions with the background atmosphere is given in table 1. Simulations are performed with the solar and atmospheric conditions matching those when the observations were made.


Herein, we deeply detail for the very first time mathematical con- cepts behind the generation of helical molecular orbitals (MOs) for linear chains of atoms. We first give a definition of helical MOs and we provide an index measuring how far a given helical states is from a perfect helical distribution. Structural properties of heli- cal distribution for twisted [N]-cumulene and cumulene version of Möbius systems are given. We then give some simple structural assumptions as well as symmetry requirements ensuring the exis- tence of helical MOs. Considering molecules which do not admit helical MOs, we provide a first way to induce helical states by the breaking of symmetries. We also explore an alternative way us- ing excited conformations of given molecules as well as different electronic multiplicities.


Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are considered to be essential nutrients that control secondary production in various ecosystems; insufficient availability of N and P can limit herbivore growth. Here, data are presented from field samplings and from a laboratory experiment on the potential of primary producers low in P, N, or P and N to constrain growth of the freshwater gastropod Radix ovata. The filamentous green alga Ulothrix fimbriata was cultured under different nutrient regimes, resulting in algae with different C:N:P ratios. The pure algae were fed in high and low quantities to juvenile R. ovata. Low availability of N and especially P in the algae strongly constrained the biomass accrual of the herbivore. In accordance with theoretical predictions, these food quality differences were highly dependent on the food quantity. The snails' growth rate was significantly related to their body C:P ratio, thereby supporting the growth rate hypothesis. R. ovata displayed a pronounced compensatory feeding response to low-nutrient food that could partly dampen but not fully compensate the food quality effects on snail growth. Increased feeding of gastropods at low P and/or N availability leads to depletion of periphyton biomass; hence compensatory feeding would shift the benthic herbivore community from a P or N limitation to a C limitation and thus have whole-ecosystem effects.


We model the performance of tandem solar cells combining low-cost thin film technology with high-efficiency c-Si bottom cells and identify the top cell material and optical properties required to achieve efficiencies > 30%.


The most modern methods are used for study of alkali-activated material nowadays. Due to structure of these materials which is less structured most of these methods provide only limited information. Thermal analysis is partially applicable to alkali activated materials based on blast furnace slag. The article describes the application possibilities of thermal analysis to the study of thermal transformations of these materials and their applicability to the description of the tested structure.


vonBohrungen hand machine for making, recesses or plane surfaces, comprising: - two suction cups (2) which are adapted for mounting of the handheld device at least one component to be machined, and - a feed device which is designed for tracking of a drill bit of a drill, characterized in that a receptacle (7) for a drilling machine substantially in the middle of a crossbar (1) is arranged at both ends of the cross member (1) each comprise a suction cup (2) on a mounting element (3) is arranged, wherein the suction cups (2) having a vacuum connection (5) are connected by vacuum lines passing through the cross member (1) extending integrated and the fastening elements (3) each by means of a joint (4) are pivotally mounted such that a mounting of the handset on is possible planar, concave or convex component surfaces.


Introduction: Isometric exercise is a routine part of everyday activities and occupational tasks. Physicians have a responsibility to promote regular physical activity to reduce high blood pressure (BP) and to control weight as physical inactivity is considered as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Isometric exercises for aging populations have often been discouraged due to harmful effects on the cardiovascular system. However, isometric exercise in older adults and patients of some age group has found to be beneficial for maintaining normal cardiovascular function, but still, controversies are there. The cardiovascular response to isometric exercise has been studied majorly in young adult males. The vascular wall becomes less elastic and stiffer with the advancement of age (Nichols et al., 1985; O'Rourke, 1990; and Cheitlin, 2003). There are very few studies that have compared the isometric exercise response in younger and elderly individuals. Purpose of the Study: The present study is done to determine the effect of isometric exercise on BP and heart rate (HR) in healthy, young, and elderly males. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 100 male subjects with age group of 20–30 years and 60–70 years satisfying the inclusion criteria were selected and divided into two groups, namely, young and elderly group, respectively. Resting HR and BP were recorded followed by HR and BP responses to isometric exercise in both the groups. Isometric contraction was held till 60 s using the force transducer at 40% of the maximal voluntary contraction. Pre and post HR and BP were compared. Results: The elder subjects had a lower HR and a higher BP response than their younger counterparts. Conclusion: From this study, it is concluded that the increasing age is associated with an altered HR and BP response to isometric exercise.


The indentation produced by an axially symmetrical punch bearing on the plane surface of an elastic half-space has been considered by Harding and Sneddon [1], who used Hankel transforms and a well-known pair of dual integral equations, and for the case of a spherical punch they took the indenting surface to be part of the approximating paraboloid of revolution. Chong [2], also using these dual integral equations has treated the case of a symmetrical punch of polynomial form and considers a two-termed expansion for a spherical punch. More recently, Payne [3] has given the exact solution for a spherical punch using either oblate spheroidal coordinates or toroidal coordinates.


Scabies is often neglected because it is not life-threatening and therefore the priority for treatment is low, however, chronic and severe scabies can cause dangerous complications. The aim of this research is to increase the understanding and skills of orphanage students and guardians of the Muhammadiyah Boys orphanage Branch Head of Muhammadiyah Medan City regarding skin diseases related to environmental cleanliness and their initial handling, and to motivate orphanage students to always maintain the cleanliness of the orphanage environment. Training and counseling with the method of lectures, discussions, and demonstrations of early management of skin diseases related to environmental health. In addition, there is a role play clean action with all the orphanage students. Empowerment of orphanage students and guardians is needed in an effort to prevent skin diseases related to environmental hygiene. After this activity, the students realized the importance of keeping the environment clean and motivated to keep the environment clean, so that the orphanage environment became cleaner and more orderly. Students are also able to do initial management of skin diseases related to environmental hygiene and students who suffer from skin diseases have mostly been overcome. Clean and healthy lifestyle (PHBS) need to be applied so that students avoid skin diseases related to environmental cleanliness and its complications.


The Internet of Things (IoT) has been well established as the next major innovation in the internet and connected devices. The IoT will consist of static sensors, sensors that remain in a fixed location, as well as mobile sensors, sensors that are in motion during their operation. These IoT devices will have to communicate with one another in order to achieve a common goal, and make smart decisions. How these complex networks of devices determine which other devices they will communicate with is the problem addressed in this paper. The methodology used here consists of three major components; the construction of mobility neighborhoods, the utilization of bipartite graphs to represent the network, and the clustering of the bi-partite graph using the Louvain community detection algorithm to partition the network into communities of high modularity. This methodology is implemented using a dataset based on vehicle trajectories on a 600 meter strip of Highway 101 in the United States. The preliminary results show that the methodology can be used to find clusters of vehicles with a high modularity along the strip of highway. These results are preliminary and case specific to the vehicles on the highway, however the general methodology could be applied to any network of IoT devices.


The high performance drives of the slotless permanent magnet brushless DC (PM BLDC) motor can be achieved by the current control, where the currents flow according to the rotor position and the current phase is suitably controlled according to the operation condition. Rotor position information can be provided by Hall-IC or sensorless algorithm. However, basically sensorless algorithm is not suitable for the complicated operation conditions of PM BLDC. So, the Hall-ICs are set up in this motor to detect the main flux from the rotor. Instead of using three Hall-ICs and encoder, this paper uses only two Hall-ICs for the permanent magnet rotor position and the speed feedback signals, and uses a microcontroller of 16-bit type (80C196KC) with the 3-phase slotless PM BLDC whose six stator and two rotor designed. Two Hall-ICs H/sub A/ and H/sub B/ are placed on the endplate at 120 degree phase difference. With these elements, we estimate information of the others phase in sequence through a revolving rotor. Also because of low resolution obtained by using Hall-IC even low-cost and simple structure, to improve the wide range of speed response characteristic more exactly, we propose the rotor position signal synthesizer using PLL circuit based on two Hall-ICs.


Spatial econometrics requires comprehensive data on a territory, which in principle prohibits the use of survey data. This chapter presents the pitfalls in estimating spatial autoregressive models (SAR) on sampled data and assesses potential corrections offered by the empirical literature. We identify two sources of bias: (i) a "size effect" resulting from the distortion of the spatial weighting matrix and (ii) a "sparsity effect" resulting from the omission of units spatially correlated with the units observed. Both effects tend to underestimate the magnitude of spatial correlations. However, the bias is lower in the case of a cluster survey and when the sample is large enough. Two types of methods are offered by the empirical literature to sidestep these pitfalls: imputing missing values (linear regression, hot deck) and aggregating data on a higher scale. These potential solutions are efficient under very restrictive conditions, part of the difficulty being the reconstruction of complex information based on few observations. The last part of the chapter illustrates this issue with the estimation of production externalities between plants of the manufacturing sector located in the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône. 278 Chapter 11. Spatial econometrics on survey data R Prior reading of Chapters 2: "Codifying the neighbourhood structure", 3: "Spatial autocorrelation indices" and 6 "Spatial econometrics: common models" is recommended.


Aleurites montana from six different sites were taken as "target"plants and planted in a chosen site with the same treatments.The foliar carbon isotopic composition(δ13C) and discrimination(△13C) traits,the site differences in δ13C and △13C,and the effects of environment and growth on foliar δ13C were analyzed by determining the foliar δ13C and △13C values.The results showed that the foliar δ13 C values of different A.montana provenances ranged from-26.06‰ ~-24.46‰,with the average value of-25.54‰.Putian,Shunchang and Shaxian provenances had higher δ13C values.The foliar δ13C was not closely correlated with longitude and latitude,but significantly positively correlated with annual mean temperature(AMT) and negatively correlated with annual mean precipitation(AMP).Therefore,the foliar δ13C of A.montana is greatly influenced by environmental factors,among which AMT and AMP are essential factors contributing to the differences in foliar δ13C.The foliar δ13C showed a second-degree parabola correlation with the foliar N content and C / N.Based on foliar δ13C values,the water use efficiency(WUE) of Putian,Shunchang and Shaxian provenances were relatively high.In silviculture practice,the A.montana from Putian,Shunchang and Shaxian provenances were recommended to be planted in semi-arid and nutrient-deficient sites as pioneer trees,helping to enhance the nutrient returning and improve the soil fertility.On the other hand,with lower foliar δ13C values,the A.montana from Zhenghe,Youxi and Jianyang provenances were suggested to be planted in moist sites so as to fully exert the water taken capacity and improve the growth.


This study aims to determine the effect of the Power Point-Based Discovery Learning learning model on the learning outcomes of biology students on the circulatory system material in humans at MAS PP Nurul Huda Bangai. The research method used is quantitative research in the form of Quasi Experimental Design using a pretest-posttest control design. The PowerPoint-based Discovery Learning learning model is taught in class XI-A and the conventional learning model is taught in class XI-B. The instrument used in this study was a multiple-choice test for student learning outcomes. The data analysis technique used in this study is the Mann-Whitney technique using the SPSS 23.0 for Windows program. The results showed that there was an effect of the Power Point-Based Discovery Learning learning model on the learning outcomes of biology students (P=0.000<0.05), with the average score and standard deviation of the posttest in the Discovery Learning class 77.97 ± 10,848 and the average value and the posttest standard deviation in the conventional class was 69.82 ± 5.348. The results of this study are expected that teachers can apply the Power Point-Based Discovery Learning learning model when teaching the circulation system material in humans to improve student learning outcomes.


The goal of decreasing herbicide usage has so far focused on reducing the herbicide dosage or replacing chemical weed control by hoeing and harrowing. The conventional weed control strategy is to apply the same dose rate of herbicide or the same intensity of physical treatments to the whole field. This strategy may be changed in the coming years, because several investigations have shown that site specific weed management can reduce herbicide usage significantly. One of the promising technologies within site specific weed management is robotic weeding. Today the most challenging problem is still to remove weeds within the rows and close to crop plants. So far, no commercial selective mechanical methods have been developed for the intra-row or close-to-crop areas, thus, 10% to 20% of a field has to be controlled by band spraying or manual weeding. Novel mechanical or chemical weeding methods therefore have to be developed in order to achieve further reduction in the herbicide usage. A new idea is to combine computer vision and seed mapping to obtain improved overall accuracy, reliability and efficiency in geo-referencing the crop and weed seedlings. Unfortunately, oscillating and rotating tillage devices cannot be used in the close-to-crop area due to the high risk of root or leaf damage of crop seedlings. Therefore, the close-to-crop area has to be treated with highly accurate operating tools. The most appropriate tool should avoid root damage and therefore operate above-ground (not tilling). Promising tools could be very small spinning blades, a laser or a picking device. An alternative method to physical weeding in the close-to-crop area could be the micro-spray system that deposits micro-volumes of a herbicide on single weed plants. In this paper, a design of highly accurate operating robot arm based on linear motor is presented.


ABSTRACT The molecular dynamics simulations in this work were aimed to provide a molecular insight into chain structure effects on non-isothermal crystallisation of polyethylene (PE) chains. The crystallisation behaviours were influenced by chain length and cooling rate in linear PE chain crystallisation: C100 and C150 were unable to fold into crystals. From C1000 to C3000, crystallisation abilities became stronger as chain length increased. From C5000 to C14000, chain length had no influence on crystallisation abilities. Final morphologies changed from rotator phase to single crystal domain, and to multi crystal domains as chain length increased. The formation of multi crystal domains with longer chain was easier than with the shorter chain in identical conditions. Branch content influenced not only the crystallisation kinetics but also final morphologies in non-isothermal crystallisation. The branches were defective in nucleation process, which was reflected in the crystal growth process. Crystallisation temperature, rate and crystallinity decreased, and the morphologies became disordered as branch content increased. Changes of final morphologies from single crystal domain to multi crystal domains were found under the influence of branch content and cooling rate. Trans-rich phenomenon was observed, and the trans-state population increment was prior to crystallinity increment. Crystallisation processes began at different crystallisation temperature when the trans-state populations reached a critical value which was independent of branch content.


By investigating the geomorphic and geologic features of the rivers in the Lianjiang water source area,it's known that the valley landform planar distribution in this area are longitudinal valley,latitudinal valley and oblique valley,the longitudinal section mainly are V shape and U shape.There are three basins in the joint of tributary and the master river,each basin developed three classes of terrace,have formed since 56.7±3.6Ka,24.2±2.4Ka and 0.8±0.250Ka.The valley landform,terrace feature has deep relation with crust intermittent lift of neotectonic movement,the water system is controlled by active fault,big joint and stratum occurrence strictly.Because the neotectonic movement makes the land of Gaopochang area lifted quickly,causes the source erosion of Xiaomachang river stronger,affords abundant material source for the Lianjiang master river,so it becomes the main material source area.


One can construct continuous deformations of groups by embedding a discrete group acting on a tree into the automorphism group over the infinite projective space. We verify a phenomena that any deformations by a class of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms must be uniformly infinite in our sense. In particular there are no finite deformation in the class. As an application of moduli theory over the infinite dimensional spaces, we obtain a new inequality between cobordism invariant and iteration norms.


Two β-1,4-xylanases from Trichoderma harzianum and two from T. reesei were purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity using a combination of cation-exchange, anion-exchange, hydrophobic-interaction and gel-filtration chromatography. Five different substrates, representing different forms of xylan, were isolated from either the hardwood Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen) or the softwood Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine). After incubating these substrates with different loadings of each enzyme, hydrolysis yields of reducing sugars were quantified. Statistical analyses highlighted differences among the xylanases. The 20 kDa alkaline xylanase from T. harzianum and that from T. reesei showed very similar hydrolytic behaviour, as would be expected by their high structural similarity. Cluster analysis, based on functional criteria, seemed to be able to resolve the 19 kDa acidic xylanase from T. reesei from the two 20 kDa xylanases. The 29 kDa xylanase from T. harzianum was the most distinct enzyme and was the best performer in the hydrolysis of four out of the five substrates. The deacetylation of xylan seemed to be able to increase the hydrolysis yields obtained with the first three xylanases


Objective The purpose of the research was to study the scattered district feature and special reason of hyperlipidemia without symptoms and carotid atherosclerosis stenosis in heathy town adults in Beidaihe area.Methods 5 408 healthy adults were divided into different groups according to age,sex,occupation,physical examination time(before or after summer vacation time),and questionaire analysis,blood biochemistry analysis and carotid artery color Doppler were made on the subjects.Results The population of hyerlipidemia without symptoms was 1 549 cases,the incidence of hyerlipidemia without symptoms was high from 40 to 59 years old,but the tendency was young,the population of hypercholesteremia under 40 years old was 313 cases,hypertriglyceridemia was 333 cases,dyslipemia in males was more than in females,dyslipemia relates to occupation,work pressure in summer vacation,the place where they live and so on(P0.05).There are close relations between carotid atherosclerosis stenosis and hyperlipidemia,140 cases were hyperlipidemia in 232 cases who were carotid atherosclerosis stenosis,there is sex difference between different occupations in the incidence of carotid atherosclerosis stenosis,especially in public servants,male to female is 10∶1(P0.05).Conclusion Carotid atherosclerosis stenosis is related to hyperlipidemia in heathy adults in Beidaihe area,and the tendency is younger and younger in contrast to literature,the population of the dyslipidemia in the professioners whose summer vacation work pressure is powerful is getting more and more.


Autonomous driving has attracted considerable attention from research and industry communities. Although prototypes of automated vehicles (AVs) are developed, remaining safety issues and functional insufficiencies hinder their market introduction. To obtain reasonably foreseeable scenarios and study human driving policies, many naturalistic driving datasets are proposed. However, no open-source dataset filled with congestion scenarios is publicly available. The paper presents the Aerial Dataset for China's Congested Highways & Expressways (AD4CHE). It contains 5.12 hours of aerial survey data from four different cities in China, with a total driving distance of 6540.7 km. Moreover, overlap and non-overlap cut-in scenarios are distinguished to better describe driver behavior in congestion scenarios. Both types of cut-in scenarios are extracted and parameterized. The Kernel Density Estimator (KDE) is utilized to generate parameter distributions for the scenario-based testing method. Furthermore, the driving behavior in overlap cut-in scenarios is intensively analyzed. The results reveal that the drivers have an evasive maneuver during overlap cut-in of challenging vehicles, and the preferred following distance varies with the relative longitudinal velocity. Both scenario parameterization and driving behavior analysis can contribute to developing and verifying Traffic Jam Pilot (TJP) systems deployed in Chinese traffic situations.


Topology control (TC) for ad hoc networks aims to reduce radio interference and energy consumption. Most of proposed algorithms assume the usage of isotropic antennas and thus only adjust the transmission power of each node. In this paper, we propose three kinds of topology control algorithms for wireless mobile ad hoc networks with directional antennas, which transmit in specific antenna pattern (direction(s)) to create the desired topology. Those algorithms are applied to topology control process between high-speed aircraft and low-speed ships in the Airborne-sea ad hoc networks (ASNETs). We investigate the conflict rate, energy consumption and gateway transfer of every algorithm. Analysis and simulation show that those algorithms have their own strong points and weaknesses. In the end, future possibilities to ameliorate topology control algorithms are discussed.


The Camp Creek (OR-003-031) and Cottonwood Creek (OR-003-032) Wilderness Study Areas are located in the Owyhee region of Malheur County, southeastern Oregon. At the request of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, approximately 20,310 acres of the Camp Creek (OR-003-031) and 7,700 acres of the Cottonwood Creek (OR-003-032) Wilderness Study Areas were studied. In this report, the areas studied are referred to as "the wilderness study areas," or simply "the study areas." Geological, geochemical, geophysical, and mineral surveys were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1986 to assess the identified mineral resources (known) and mineral resource potential (undiscovered) of the study areas. There are no claims or mines, current or historical, in the study areas. However, two small pits of unknown origin were found on the extreme north boundary of the Camp Creek study area. Resources of diatomite, pozzolan (siliceous material used in cement), sand and gravel, and building stone were identified, and volumes were estimated. Calcite, perlite, and metal (antimony, arsenic, barium, gold, molybdenum, and tungsten) occurrences were observed in the study areas but are too small and low grade to constitute resources. In addition, these studies indicate areas of moderate mineral resource potential for epithermal-vein-type gold and (or) silver and low mineral resource potential for diatomite in the eastern part of both study areas and moderate mineral resource potential for hot-spring-type gold throughout both study areas. There is also low mineral resource potential throughout both study areas for zeolites, building stone, and pozzolan. Both study areas have low potential for hightemperature (194 to 302 °F) geothermal resources and for oil and gas resources. Character and Setting The Camp Creek and Cottonwood Creek Wilderness Study Areas (fig. 1) are in the rugged uplands of southeastern Oregon about 50 mi west of Boise, Idaho. The topography is typical of a deeply dissected plateau and reflects the High Lava Plains physiographic subprovince in which the study areas are located. Relief in the areas is moderate, with elevations ranging from 3,360 ft at the Stringer shearing plant to about 5,320 ft southeast of Monument Peak (fig. 2). The study areas contain a nearly horizontal sequence of lava flows, pyroclastic deposits, and associated sedimentary rocks of Miocene and Pliocene age (see geologic time chart in "Appendixes"). The rocks are cut by high-angle normal faults. Identified Resources Approximately 10 million tons of inferred marginal reserves of cake diatomite exist in and near the Camp Creek study area. It is estimated that inferred marginal reserves of pozzolan consist of more than 40 million tons in the inferred reserve base1 in the Camp Creek study area and more than 10 million tons in the inferred reserve base in the Cottonwood Creek study area. Inferred marginal Manuscript approved for publication, May 10, 1989. 'The in-place part of an identified resource from which inferred reserves are estimated. Quantitative estimates are based largely on knowledge of the geologic character of a deposit for which there may be no samples or measurements. The estimates are based on an assumed continuity beyond the reserve base, for which there is geologic evidence (U.S. Bureau of Mines and U.S. Geological Survey, 1980). Camp Creek and Cottonwood Creek Wilderness Study Areas, Oregon Cl 118° 00' 44° 00' 117° 45' 1170 30'


The formation of networks comprising firms and stakeholders from the communication industry with the environments of interest for this economic activity is noticed as a topic of interest in the area. Thus, this article proposes to map and analyse the social interactions in the Brazilian cinematographic production and distribution, presenting network relations as a way of management of the economic actors operating in the Brazilian cinema industry. Data were gathered through information available in the Brazilian Observatory for Cinema and Audio-visual about Brazilian movies released between 1995 and 2015. As results, it was verified that in this period were released 1,251 movies, being identified 613 producers and 218 distributors. Only 53 producers were involved in co-productions and only 137 movies were co-distributed. Through the analysis of the social network structural measures, it was possible to verify that the Brazilian cinematographic market is concentrated and has few relations of cooperation.


: We evaluate the occurrence of Anastrepha in three areas with different anthropization levels: guava monoculture, polyculture, and native forest in the municipality of Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil. We collected the occurrence data using thirty McPhail traps, which were evenly distributed in the areas. Fifteen collections were carried out weekly between January and May 2021. We observed a significant difference in means of Anastrepha occurrence between the polyculture area (4.133 ± 1.586) and the other areas. Regarding the area of monoculture of guava (1.286 ± 0.663) and the native forest (0.740 ± 0.283), we observed no significant differences.