Photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) is a noteworthy form of distributed energy generation that boasts a multitude of advantages. It not only produces absolutely no greenhouse gas emissions but also demands minimal maintenance. Consequently, PVDG has found widespread applications within distribution networks (DNs), particularly in the realm of improving network efficiency. In this research study, the dingo optimization algorithm (DOA) played a pivotal role in optimizing PVDGs with the primary aim of enhancing the performance of DNs. The crux of this optimization effort revolved around formulating an objective function that represented the cumulative active power losses that occurred across all branches of the network. The DOA was then effectively used to evaluate the most suitable capacities and positions for the PVDG units. To address the power flow challenges inherent to DNs, this study used the Newton–Raphson power flow method. To gauge the effectiveness of DOA in allocating PVDG units, it was rigorously compared to other metaheuristic optimization algorithms previously documented in the literature. The entire methodology was implemented using MATLAB and validated using the IEEE 33-bus DN. The performance of the network was scrutinized under normal, light, and heavy loading conditions. Subsequently, the approach was also applied to a practical Ajinde 62-bus DN. The research findings yielded crucial insights. For the IEEE 33-bus DN, it was determined that the optimal locations for PVDG units were buses 13, 25, and 33, with recommended capacities of 833, 532, and 866 kW, respectively. Similarly, in the context of the Ajinde 62-bus network, buses 17, 27, and 33 were identified as the prime locations for PVDGs, each with optimal sizes of 757, 150, and 1097 kW, respectively. Remarkably, the introduction of PVDGs led to substantial enhancements in network performance. For instance, in the IEEE 33-bus DN, the smallest voltage magnitude increased to 0.966 p.u. under normal loads, 0.9971 p.u. under light loads, and 0.96004 p.u. under heavy loads. These improvements translated into a significant reduction in active power losses—61.21% under normal conditions, 17.84% under light loads, and 33.31% under heavy loads. Similarly, in the case of the Ajinde 62-bus DN, the smallest voltage magnitude reached 0.9787 p.u., accompanied by an impressive 71.05% reduction in active power losses. In conclusion, the DOA exhibited remarkable efficacy in the strategic allocation of PVDGs, leading to substantial enhancements in DN performance across diverse loading conditions.


This attempt, although well intentioned, is overly ambitious as it disregards and downplays the role of local dissent by categorising it as 'un-thought' which stand in opposition to the 'thought full' process of enlightenment and its legacy. It is a short and ideologically convenient escape from claiming enlightenment heritage for the subalterns/oppressed by rejecting a Marxist analyses of India, something which the subaltern school of history has done amply. In the same sense, Ashish Nandy has spoken of the 'ontological priority of the consciousness of the oppressed' which apparently is supposed to be free of normative categories and Western conceptual prisons. The whole idea of the book is to rid 'Enlightenment heritage' of what is called the authoritarian nationalist frames, racist ideas and violent corruptions of the Left. But, authoritarianism is one essential constitutive of Capitalism. All this new theorising is haunted by the ghost of Capital. Think global warming, global disparity, resource crunch, global food crises, energy crises and so on. This new theorising names it all and yet tries to short circuit the connection with Capitalism—for that would amount to a 'totalising discourse'. The book talks about the politics of authoritarianism but this notion is a convenient handle to escape the totalitising tendencies of Capitalism itself. Moreover it seems that this terminology is borrowed from a century of anti-communist theorising, later even more particularly in the context of the Cold War. Global post-colonial spaces are now being used to exemplify this old authoritarianism, and thereby becoming eligible for the introduction of democracy which, to some, is the same as neoliberalism.


This paper looks at how several modelling approaches may be taken into account simultaneously when a modelling process and a methodology dedicated to an Urban Traffic Systems (UTS) domain, are provided. A methodology is presented which features a generic knowledge model that is built using an object-oriented approach. This multi-modeling capability is provided by an incremental modeling process.


The results of experimental researches and methods of prediction of radiation resistance of bipolar analog, and also logic CMOS integrated microcircuits are submitted at influence of gamma-radiation Co60.


The following protocol is fit for seawater sample preparation prior to its observation under a stereomicroscope for the determination or microplastic particles. EXTERNAL LINK https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232744 THIS PROTOCOL ACCOMPANIES THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATION Montoto-Martínez T, Hernández-Brito JJ, Gelado-Caballero MD (2020) Pump-underway ship intake: An unexploited opportunity for Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) microplastic monitoring needs on coastal and oceanic waters. PLoS ONE 15(5): e0232744. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232744 DOI dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bcfyitpw EXTERNAL LINK https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232744 PROTOCOL CITATION Ma Dolores Gelado Caballero, Tania Montoto Martínez 2020. Seawater sample preparation for microplastic determination. protocols.io https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bcfyitpw MANUSCRIPT CITATION please remember to cite the following publication along with this protocol Montoto-Martínez T, Hernández-Brito JJ, Gelado-Caballero MD (2020) Pump-underway ship intake: An unexploited opportunity for Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) microplastic monitoring needs on coastal and oceanic waters. PLoS ONE 15(5): e0232744. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232744 LICENSE This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited CREATED Feb 12, 2020 LAST MODIFIED Sep 18, 2020 PROTOCOL INTEGER ID 32984 1 02/17/2020 Cita tion : MÃÂa Dolores Gelado Caballero, Tania Montoto MartÃÂnez (02/17/2020). Seawater sample preparation for microplastic determination. https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bcfyitpw This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Crea tive Com m ons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited BEFORE STARTING PARENT PROTOCOLS In steps of A protocol to address the study of microplastic intake in stranded cetaceans GUIDELINES The airborne contamination is proved to be reduced as the preventive methodology is improved, as it is recommended on the study of Norén and Naustvol (2010). Potential microplastics can be identified following Lusher et al. (2014) guidelines, based on features such as colour and form, and on thickness and three dimensional bending in the case of fibres. MATERIALS TEXT MATERIALS MilliQ water Contr ibuted by users Step 1 Glass microfibre filter (0.7 μm; GF/F ø=47 mm) Contr ibuted by users STEP MATERIALS MilliQ water Contr ibuted by users Step 1 Glass beakers, petri dishes, vacuum filtration device. Take into consideration the following common measures to prevent contamination of the samples during lab processing: (i) Wear cotton clothes while manipulating the samples, (ii) clean all containers using distilled water prior to its reuse, (iii) perform blank controls filtering MilliQ water, (iv) place a clean petri dish with a filter paper close to the manipulation area to register possible airborne contamination. 1 Clean the glass beaker where your seawater sample is transfered: rinse it thoroughly three times with MilliQ water Contributed by users Note down the volume. 2 Prepare the vacuum fi l trat ion system with a glass microfibre filter (0.7 μm ; GF/F ø=47 mm) and filter the full volume. 3 Rinse the vacuum filtration system three times while it continues filtrating to the microfibre filter, so no part icles are left behind. 4 Place the filter on a petri dish and let it dry overnight in the oven at 60 °C . 5 Observe the filter under a microscope . Take pictures and measures of the identified particles following Lusher et al (2014) guidelines. 2m


The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships among tourist attraction and experiential value on revisit intention of bicycle rider participants. It used qualitative method, the bicycle rides on Golden Riverside Cycling Path in Tamsui, Taiwan were samples of convenience into the conduct survey research tools to gather data and analysis. Questionnaires were distributed to 320 participants. In total, 300 valid questionnaires were collected with a validation rate of 94%. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and regression analysis. The results of this study are outlined as follows: (a) Based on basic data analysis, the cyclist was in the majority by the male who was mainly marital status, in the age of 20 to 29 years old, college in education, mostly was career listed student and most of personal monthly income is no more than 10 thousand. (b) Pearson's correlation analysis revealed the correlations among tourist attraction, experiential value, and revisit intention in bicycle tourist were apparently positive related. (c) Tourism attraction positively influenced experiential value; tourist attraction positively and experiential value positively affected revisit intention.


Background. Establishing regularities in postmortem intervals comprises one of the main tasks of the forensic science of death and cadaveric phenomena. The knowledge of these regularities is directly related to reconstructing the postmortem conditions and, consequently, to determining the postmortem interval. Objective. To analyze postmortem changes in cadaver tissues and dynamics of their impedance parameters under the conditions of natural biocenosis. Methods. The study involved the cadavers of model biological objects – eight pigs, aged one to two months, weighing up to 10 kg. Experimental studies of cadaver decomposition were carried out under natural biocenosis conditions, daily for 28 days with two replications. Changes in cadaver tissues during decomposition were recorded and analyzed. The subject of biophysical studies was the tissue impedance parameters of three diagnostic zones of the biological object: the musculocutaneous flap, the cartilaginous part of the third rib and the calcaneal tendon. Impedance measurements for each postmortem interval were performed at five studied current frequencies: 100 and 120 Hz, 1, 10 and 100 kHz. A total of 2,400 readings were taken. Statistical analysis of the study results was carried out by means of Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft Inc., USA). Results. Postmortem biological changes in cadaver tissues correlate with the nature of their impedance dynamics. The study of impedance under conditions of natural biocenosis established its identical dependence on the postmortem interval for all current frequencies of the study of all diagnostic zones of model biological objects: in the initial interval of 0–4 days, the impedance gives a "surge" followed by a smoother decrease. Cadaver tissues were recorded to indicate the presence of impedance dispersion in general in the studied frequency range and the absence of dispersion directly for high frequencies. Conclusion. Understanding the causes and essence of postmortem processes contributes to assessing and substantiating changes in any characteristics of tissues measured quantitatively, including impedance indicators, as well as to predicting the prospects of their use for specific practical purposes, in particular, for determining the postmortem interval.


Free-flow speed (FFS); a fundamental parameter in the analysis of two-lane highways, is either estimated through direct field measurement or using analytical model. Regarding the latter approach, the Malaysian Highway Capacity Manual (MHCM) established a model for estimating FFS based on base-free-flow speed (BFFS), roadway's geometric features and proportion of motorcycles in the traffic stream. Likewise, the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) suggested an approach for direct field measurement of FFS; preferably, at a combined two-way flow rate not in excess of 200 veh/h. For most two-lane highways, observing a two-way flow rate of 200 veh/h or less is rarely possible. In such a case, the HCM recommended that mean speed could be observed at flow rates higher than the limiting value and adjusted accordingly based on an analytical model provided by the manual. This paper presents an empirical appraisal of the MHCM and HCM – FFS estimation models. Data for the study were collected from four directional segments of rural two-lane highways in Johor, Malaysia. A video recording intrumented test vehicle was used for observing the relevant variables needed in this study. An analysis of the obaseved data resulted in mean FFS values of 83.35 km/h and 83.03 km/h from HCM and MHCM models, respectively. FFS estimates from the two data sets were compared to ascertain the degree of their consistency or otherwise using statistical analysis. Results from statistical analysis using t-statistic at 0.05 significance level indicates that there is no statistically significant difference between the FFS estimates from the two approaches. Thus, finding from this study suggests that either of the two approaches could be used for measuring FFS; particularly, at combined two-way flow rates exceeding 200 veh/h.


An analytic method for prediction of oscillation amplitude and supply current of differential CMOS oscillators is presented. The validity of this method has been verified by designing an LC CMOS oscillator in a 0.24 µm CMOS technology. The predictions are in good agreement with simulation results over a wide range of supply voltage.


There are many paths where users can communicate with wired and/or wireless links. Multiple links are used at the same time and in the same place. In these situations, users can select a better path by measuring the path characteristics. This is also issue in mobile IP triangle routing [K. Ogawa et al., (2001)] [A. Sawai et al., (2001)]. Upload and download traffic is significantly different at short period. For path selection, a one-way measurement is needed, thus we propose a one-way differential delay, which can be used easily to select a better path. We develop a prototype and simulation system.


It has been one hundred years since the end of the Progressive Era and twenty years since the Microsoft settlement. This twenty-year period has seen the rise of the Internet and a new set of dominant platforms, as well as increased consolidation in the brick-and-mortar world. Antitrust has become more permissive. This Essay examines both issues: (i) the potential legal difficulties in reining in exclusionary conduct by dominant platforms; and (ii) merger under-enforcement. This Essay argues that it is necessary to strengthen antitrust enforcement. Consolidation through mergers and exclusionary conduct by dominant firms can harm consumers and workers and reduce innovation. Digital networks are a particular concern because barriers to entry, which result from substantial network effects and economies of scale and scope, rise as platforms' dominance is enhanced. While antitrust law in principle can evolve, new legislation would be a more rapid—and more certain—path to reform.


Abstract The nuclear and magnetic structures and the magnetic phase transition of Ni3 11B7O13Cl [Ni-Cl] boracite have been investigated by means of high resolution and high flux neutron powder diffraction between 1.5 and 30K. The temperature dependence of the magnetic intensities shows an unsharp onset at T N = 9 K, indicating the existence of a second-order magnetic phase transition. Refinements of the magnetic structure give rise to the magnetic space group Pc'a21′ for the magnetic phase below T N , with the magnetic modes C x , F y and A z for the three Ni sublattices. The three Ni sites display two kinds of magnetic moment with different values and orientations: Ni(1) has a moment parallel to the main antiferromagnetic axis along [100]or, while Ni(2) and Ni(3) have their antiparallel moments along [010]or-directions. The total corresponds to a coplanar two-dimensionally canted antiferromagnetic arrangement, which is characteristic for the magnetic structure of Ni-Cl. The refined magnetic moment values...


INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF LITERATURE . Recovery of N Applied to Soils Influence of so il texture . Influence of fertilizer sources Influence of soi l moisture • Losses of N from Soil NH3 Volatilization from So il Receiving N Fertilizer Theory of NH3 vo latilization Rates of NH3 loss from so ils Some factors affecting NH3 volatilization from soils Soi l reaction Effects of carbonate content Effects of temperature Effects of moisture The effects of soil texture, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and organic materials Effects of ammoniacal fertilizer sources Effect of fertilizer rates Effects of fertili zer placement Methods to reduce NH3 losses . iii


The boundedness and asymptotic characteristic of solutions of second order nonlinear differential equation(a(t)x′)′+f(t,x,x′)=0 is considered by using the integral inequality. Some important results obtained generalize and improve some of the previous results. a(t) that is defined on +=[0,+∞)is positive function, and∫ ∞ 0[SX(]1a(t) d t∞, f(t,x,y) that are defined on R +×R×R are continous function.


Glucocorticoid(GC)therapy leads to an increase in fracture risk,and it is wel recognized that bisphosphonates are effective for the treatment of GC-induced osteoporosis. We performed a non-randomized prospective study to clarify the effects of alendronate or alfacalcidol on the change in the trabecular bone score (TBS)at the lumbar spine and bone metabolic indices in 94 patients receiving high-dose GC therapy. The mean initial daily GC dose of predonisolone was 27.6±6.9 mg/day.Although the bone mineral density(BMD)at the lumbar spine continued to significantly decrease for 12 months in the alfacalcidol group,BMD increased above the baseline level at 3 and 6 months in the alendronate group.Alendronate significantly reduced urinary NTx levels from the baseline for 12 months,although alfacalcidol did not affect them. TBS was significantly decreased at 6 and 9 months in the alfacalcidol group.There were no significant differences in TBS between the alfacalcidol and alendronate groups for 12 months. TBS was significantly correlated with BMD at the lumbar spine in both groups for 12 months.In conclusion,alendronate treatment did not affect TBS at the lumbar spine in patients treated with GC, although TBS decreased with alfacalcidol.


Modern wideband and broadband digital cross-connect systems are being increasingly deployed in fiber networks in the Bell Operating Companies (BOCs). A network controller maximizes the effectiveness of these elements in automating the management and control high capacity digital networks, and the provisioning and service restoration of DS1 and DS3 facilities. Strategies used in providing the above capabilities in a recently deployed network, and associated architectures and interfaces are discussed. The first customer application of AT&T's DACScan-2000 controller is used to illustrate how these strategies are realized in the BOC environment.<<ETX>>


Yield stress and plastic viscosity are two basic parameters to describe the rheological characteristics of self-compacting concrete which would reflect the workability of self-compacting concrete quantificationally, the relationship between workability test results and rheological parameters was summarized, and the influence of superplasticizer and water cement ratio on rheological characteristics and of self-compacting concrete was studied by series experiments, the optimum water cement ratio and mixing amount of superplasticizer was proposed, this would guide the design and application of self-compacting concrete.


Understanding the response of forest net ecosys- tem productivity (NEP) to environmental drivers under cli- mate change is highly relevant for predictions of annual for- est carbon (C) flux budgets. Modeling annual forest NEP with soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer models (SVATs), however, remains challenging due to unknown delayed re- sponses to weather of the previous year. In this study, we addressed the influence of previous year's weather on the interannual variability of NEP for a subalpine spruce forest in Switzerland. Analysis of long-term (1997-2011) eddy co- variance measurements showed that the Norway spruce for- est Davos Seehornwald was a consistent sink for atmospheric CO2, sequestering 210± 88 g C m 2 yr 1 on average. Previ- ous year's weather strongly affected interannual variability of NEP, increasing the explained variance in linear models to 53 % compared to 20 % without accounting for previous year's weather. Thus, our results highlight the need to con- sider previous year's weather in modeling annual C budgets of forests. Furthermore, soil temperature in the current year's spring played a major role controlling annual NEP, mainly by influencing gross primary productivity early in the year, with spring NEP accounting for 56 % of annual NEP. Conse- quently, we expect an increase in net CO2 uptake with future climate warming, as long as no other resources become lim- iting.


Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as an innovative part of the continuously improving HR management has become a common practice for socially and environmentally friendly business organisations in 21 st century. CSR is a corporate-level contribution to sustainable development, but also a tool for social responsibility, prestige building, improvement of stakeholders' satisfaction and loyalty, thereby increasing the value of the company. Over the past decades, it has been a key factor to show how the company's activities have an impact on environment, and what kind of social problems it can contribute to by charity actions. Internal CSR activities are also known to increase efficiency, but the intensity of their use is related to the labour market situation. Significant wage differences, increasing labour demand, free labour flow have intensified labour competition, resulting significant fluctuation in several sectors in CEE region. Therefore, these new challenges put pressure on companies to engage in CSR and focus on their human resources. The main purpose of this study is to draw attention to the potential role of internal CSR in reduction of labour shortages. The research is based on systematic review of relevant scientific literature, content analysis of multinational companies' good practices and descriptive analysis of statistical data collected from Eurostat Database (2019) and the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (2019). Through main findings Authors indicate that ethical leadership behaviour, moral recognition of employees, and empathy towards people with personal or health problems still offer new opportunities for solving labour problems. A more efficient use of internal CSR requires a change of attitude and a new leadership style for both large companies and SME sector.


Using an in vitro osteogenic culture system, we carried out a restriction fragment differential display (RFDD‐PCR) to identify genes expressed by these cells in their undifferentiated stage and not expressed, or expressed at a lower level, in a closely related but distinct cell type: bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC)‐derived osteoblasts (BDO). Forty‐seven candidate regulated genes, selected by RFDD, were analyzed by RT‐PCR analysis in three cell clones and in primary cultures from seven different donors. A subset of three genes were confirmed as upregulated in BMSC relative to BDO in every primary culture and cloned population examined: βIG‐h3, IGFbp3, and LOXL2. Their differential expression was confirmed by Northern analysis and the corresponding proteins were detected by immunolocalization in BMSC. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Hematologic data are presented on thalassemia in a Hawaiian family of Filipino extraction, and support is given the recent trend to broaden the ethnic concept of thalassemia. Because of recent reappraisals of older reported cases by other investigators in the light of newer electrophoretic technics, the need for continued re-evaluation is suggested.


Abstract A new species of Proteremaeus, P. nebaikini, is described from Khabarovsk District, Soviet Far East, on the basis of adults. Evidence is presented for considering Sibiremaetts Ryabinin and Krivolutsky. 1975 as a junior synonym of Proteremaeus Piffl, 1965 A key is given to adults of the eight known species of Proteremaeus. Extant members of this genus are known only from the Palaearctic. Thus, a recently discovered fossil specimen of this genus from the late Tertiary, from Ellesmere Island, Canada, has important biogeographic implications which are discussed. Résumé Une nouvelle espèce de Proteremaeus, P. nebaikini, est décrit de la région Khabarovsk de l'extrême est Soviétique, basée sur les adultes. Sibiremaeus Ryabinin et Kriyolutsky, 1975 est considéré comme un synonyme récent de Proteremaeus Piffl, 1965. L ouvrage comprend une clé des huits espèces connues. Les membres existants de ce genre sont connus seulement de la région Palaearctique. Donc, on discute les implications importantes biogéographique d'un spécimen fossil découvert récemment de l'isle Ellesmere au Canada.


The present survey was confined only to Delhi and NCR region; results may vary, if the same research is conducted in other parts of India. Further, the study was limited to finding the typology of customers; other aspects like comparative analysis of the various customers, has not been included. This research targeted only the mall visitors; similar study can be done for purchasing behaviour. Research can be conducted to compare the perception of A-class cities and B-class cities. Only the malls in Delhi NCR, have been surveyed to understand the retail industry; factory outlets or discount outlets may be considered, for furthering the research work.


Cuboidal [Ni4O4] clusters supported by a pyridine alkoxide ligand have been developed. One of these clusters was selected as a precursor for carbon-hosted Ni nanoparticles (NiNPs/C) which were efficient catalysts for the conversion of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) at room temperature.


Thank you for downloading psychotherapy psychological treatments and the addictions. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search numerous times for their chosen books like this psychotherapy psychological treatments and the addictions, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious bugs inside their laptop.


Objective To develop a disposable upper limb compression tourniquet which can be used to stop bleeding for the patients with injury,arteriopuncture or venipuncture at forearm.Methods The tourniquet was composed of a fixing belt and an air balloon.Some inflatable airbag was at the middle of the fixing belt,whose lower part located a pressure indicator card.The card was marked with three ribbons in yellow,green or red,indicating different pressure ranges.Results The tourniquet was small and portable,and had constant pressure,low cost,easy operation,excellent hemostasis effect and few complications.Conclusion The tourniquet can be used for wartime or peacetime first aids and forearm arteriovenous blood collection,and thus is worth popularizing practically.


Non diethylstilbestrol induced vaginal adenosis has a reported incidence of about 10% in adult women. Although in some, it may be an insignificant coincidental finding, it is probably under-diagnosed even in symptomatic women. Little is known about the aetiology, pathogenesis, symptomatology and management of this poorly understood condition. Our experience with the four cases of vaginal adenosis unrelated to diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure and a review of the literature will probably shed some light on this, as it still remains an enigma in gynaecological oncology.


A three-wheeled collapsible stroller which can be used on terrain that is more bumpy or uneven than the smooth terrain suitable for a conventional small-wheeled stroller, but that is also more maneuverable than conventional three-wheeled "jogging stroller". The stroller has a folding frame and automatic side latches so that it is conveniently collapsible into a compact form for transportation andstorage. The stroller also had a seat back that is quickly and conveniently adjustable between reclined and upright seating positions and that remains in the same reclined or upright position when folded and unfolded. The brake of the rear wheels are automatically set when the stroller is fully folded.


In order to provide the missing link in the constitutional damages formulation by Lord Diplock in Maharaj v Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago (No 2) 1979 AC 385 and its attendant practical difficulties of quantifying what the plaintiff will receive in money terms, the Privy Council recently came up with the vindicatory approach in Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago v Ramanoop 2005 2 WLR 1324. The background to the development of this approach is unarguably traceable to the earlier 'right-centred/value-laden' approach of New Zealand Court of Appeal in the interpretation and application of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act and the criticisms of the Diplock formula by the Court of Appeal of Trinidad and Tobago. Although the vindicatory approach informs the award of constitutional damages by the Supreme Court of Canada and the Constitutional Court of South Africa in the interpretation of the Canadian Charter and the South African Bill of Rights respectively, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom has denied its applicability in English law in the case of Lumba v Secretary of State for the Home Department 2011 2 WLR 671 (UKSC). This article maintains that the attitude of the UK Supreme Court smacks of its predecessor's approach to the award of public law damages in the English jurisdiction generally, contrary to the developments elsewhere in the Commonwealth.


The understanding of the interface between ecological and regulatory systems is necessary for the evaluation of the effectiveness of current environmental management strategies and for the design and implementation of new ones. The aim of this thesis is threefold. First, to compare and contrast the US and the Canadian environmental enforcement systems as they manifest in similar ecological systems, the Lower Fraser Basin Puget Sound (LFB-PS) watersheds. Secondarily, to assess the tangible and intangible costs and benefits that emerged as a result of experiencing a water quality related enforcement action during the 1997-2000 time period for a random sample of companies located in these watersheds. Thirdly, to examine the feedback and learning effects that resulted from these incidents. Through case analysis based on literature review and interviews with members of the regulatory community the two enforcement systems are compared. Systematically collected primary data via confidential interviews with companies provided for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the tangible and intangible costs, as well as for an assessment of and the nature and effectiveness of existing feedback loops and learning processes. The results have shown that even though the connection between ecosystem inputs and enforcement inputs in the PS area have proven to be tighter and relatively more complex than in the LFB, they did not seem to lead to an improved permitting process. Compliance rates are generally higher in the PS indicating more effectiveness of that system on the input side. In terms of charges and compliance effects, penalties were not higher in the PS area only when measured by direct and indirect associated costs. Comparing the complexity of the two systems has led to the discovery that the PS system has more components, levels, number of interactions, available feedback mechanisms, and longer history. However, the actual number of adjustments in the system that ultimately determine learning and change was lower since the meaningfulness of the information exchanged and the frequency of the utilization of available feedback mechanisms was less. Overall, the PS system is better for ensuring organizational compliance with water quality standards in the short term but not on the long term. For improving environmental performance, the LFB system is more equipped and adaptable due to its smaller system size and its focus on constructive feedback.


2014 The formal analysis of the two measurement methods of the 03B3 exponent (A : variation of the order of the coincidence, B : variation of the area of the counter trays) shows that they are not complementary independently of the existence of the density gradient in the horizontal section of the extensive air shower. The presence of the density gradient causes an apparent increase of the 03B3 value as determined by the method A. By using a hodoscopic arrangement witch allows one to record simultaneously threefold, fourfold, fivefold and sixfold coincidences we can show that the 03B3 value obtained by method A is higher than the value obtained by method B and that thé value increases with the order of coincidence. All the conclusions have been based on a single set of measurements of 124 000 coincidence records. By using an appropriate computing method we have taken advantage of all possible recording combinations ; this was possible due to the transition from coincidences of a given order to coincidences which are at least of the given order (e.g. from threefold coincidences to at least threefold coincidences). This fact considerably reduces the statistical errors. LE JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE ET LE RADIUM TOME 20, AVRIL 1959, PAGE


IT may interest readers of TI-IE EXPOSITORY Ti-BiF.9 to know that 111 addition to the Catholic appreciation of Hastings' ~/'<-//6'/~~' of tlte Ipz'l~lc in the -A7t,,-c, York Rt'l'lew, refcrrcd to in the October number, p. 47, there is a very favourable notice of it in the May-June number of the important Italian (Roman Catholic) review, Stzrozi Relrgiosr; in an article si~ued U. F.,' on ' Recent Dictionaries of the Bible.' The writer, while briefly referring to several Bible dictionaries, makes more extended mention of Hastings' .Z~7/~//~' of tilt, Bible and of the Eucncloj»dr~a j5W/t-<7, and insti-


In recent years, the organic solar cells (OSCs) research hotspot is the modification of end groups and alkyl side chains of A‐DA'D‐A‐type nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs). However, the development of novel NFAs by changing the different bridged atom substitution of the central core is lagging behind. Herein, two wide‐bandgap A2‐A1‐D‐A1‐A2‐type NFAs with different central cores, namely BTA501 and BTA502, are developed to improve the photovoltaic performance of high‐voltage OSCs. BTA501 adopted an indacenodithiophene (IDT) core, whereas BTA502 applied a silaindacenodithiophene (SiIDT) core. Expectedly, the SiIDT‐based BTA502 exhibits a higher lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level and wider bandgap than BTA501, which thus enhances the open‐circuit voltage (V OC) but slightly decreases the short‐circuit current density (J SC) of OSCs. Moreover, the stronger self‐aggregation characteristics and weaker π–π stacking of BTA502 severely affect the exciton dissociation and charge transport. When blended with two classic p‐type polymers J52‐F and PTB7‐Th, both combinations based on BTA502 exhibit inferior device performance compared with BTA501. Excitingly, the device of J52‐F: BTA501 achieves a V OC of 1.037 V with a power conversion efficiency of 11.82% and a J SC of 15.89 mA cm−2, which are among the highest values for high‐voltage OSCs with V OC above 1.0 V.


As of December 31, 1988, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had published 49 Federal Register (FR) notices acknowledging, proposing, or requiring development of bioconcentration, chemical fate, or environmental effects testing data under Section 4 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). These FR notices included 5 Decisions Not to Test (DNTs) that acknowledged industry testing, 19 Notices of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRs) that proposed testing by industry, 9 Notices of Final Rulemaking (NFRs), and 2 Consent Orders (COs) that required industry testing as well as 7 proposed and 7 final Negotiated Testing Agreements (NTAs). Two bioconcentration, 12 chemical fate, and 28 environmental effects tests were submitted to the EPA by industry as a result of issuing DNTs. Industry completed 3 bioconcentration, 86 chemical fate, and 151 environmental effects tests after publication of NTAs. Two bioconcentration, 11 chemical fate, and 14 environmental effects tests were completed as a result of publishing NFRs; 1 chemical fate and 5 environmental effects tests were completed under a CO. As of December 31, 1988, a total of 7 bioconcentration, 110 chemical fate, and 234 environmental effects tests had been completed under TSCA Section 4.


Miller's The New Polytheism, is one of the things most of these essays have in common. The contention is, of course, that there is not one story we should all be living, but there are many stories, many archetypes. Crites' essay is partially a rejoinder to this position. He is writing on angels (yes, angels—and must reading for any teacher of courses in The Bible as Literature) and on the ways they function in narrative. His response to the monotheism/polytheism issue is to suggest that both words are such abstractions that they do not correspond to the real religious life of anybody—and thus the need for angels, etc. This is not the place for further discussion of this matter, but as a person attached to "folk Catholicism" I am happy to see these issues raised. The essays by Doty and Gunn are concerned with story in literature. Gunn speaks of the paradigm of the encounter of self and not-self which many authors think is characteristic of American literature. Gunn explicates several poems and aims to show shifts in the American sensibility and its understanding of the religious. Doty's essay is an attempt to talk of the story which underlies modern literature and especially that kind of modern fiction which does not seem concerned with story at all. Though illuminating, the articles sometimes sound like an apologia for the literature discussed. Then there is Novak's story, offered as an example of "Why I changed my mind." It will, I'm sure, be read as a roman a clef at Stanford and Old Westbury (the campus in the story is 'Athensbury') where Novak has taught in the past decade. The inclusion of a story is handy for teaching reasons, but the exclusion of two of the poems Gunn uses chafes. There are several typographical errors—at one point in Crites' essay we have angels that "go go." That essay and Hillman's are worth the price of the book, but every essay pulls it weight. The reading level is about that of, say, a ]AAR article, but I recommend it highly for upper division courses in—and certainly teachers of—religion and literature.


The mechanism of photocatalytic oxidation in wastewater treatment, the affecting factors on photocatalysis, the modification and fixation by TiO_2 photocatalyst were reviewed with 36 references.


Engineering ethics is a system of values that forms the ground rules by which we practice our profession. These values are determined by ideals, priorities, authority, power, needs, and individual morals. Our nation's first 200 years can be divided into four periods showing the development of today's ethics. The period 1776-1850 marked the beginning of a new nation which had an "absolute code of personal morality based on the Ten Commandments and Christian teaching on faith, hope and charity." From 1850-1900, there was a strong feeling of civic-mindedness in applying a rapidly increasing knowledge of technology. From 1900-1950, there were numerous laws passed to regulate unethical business practices by many of the large corporations. The last 26 years of United States history show an increased trend toward promoting personal goals and in the distrust of one's fellow man.


In this study, an effective and accurate theoretical analysis method for predicting the shear lag effect in the thin-walled single-box multicell box girder is presented. The modifications of longitudinal warping displacement functions at the flanges are fully investigated, including the shear lag width (bij) of flanges, the coefficients (αij) of shear lag warping functions, the deformation compatibility conditions in flanges, and the internal force balance (D). The initial shear deformation (γ03) in the top lateral cantilever flanges is innovatively introduced in multicell box girders and obtained by the designed procedure. In addition, the transverse distribution function for describing the longitudinal warping displacement is deduced and expressed in the form of the cosine function. Based on the principle of minimum potential energy, the governing differential equations are derived and solved with the associated boundary and load conditions. The accuracy and applicability of the proposed method (SL-THY2) are validated for four thin-walled single-box multicell (two- and three-cell) box girders with the results derived from the solid finite element method.


In developing countries, most of the farmers have small landholdings, limited resources and excess family labour. This makes technological up-gradation of agriculture-b ased enterprises imperative. This study documents the socio-economic attributes and prevailing constraints in adoption of post-harvest technologies, which strictly control the adoption behavior of farmers' (especially farm women, small and marginal farmers). A Likert-type-scale was developed to assess the constraints, which contained five sections viz., namely socio-economic; technological; farming; marketing; and extension. The data were collected from eighty rural agro-processors on three-point continuum namely never; sometimes; and always basis. The study reveals that socio-economic, technological and farming constraints were more prominent than extension and marketing constraints. Most of the rural agro-processors perceived the constraints on "sometimes" basis. This paper also carries measures for removing the constraints as well as suggestions for appropriate policy interventions for boosting-up the rural agro-processing sector.


In this study, the discrete element computational method (DEM) is applied to analyze the dynamic problems of an industrial cup brush in cleaning process. At first, the method was created in order to analyze the flows of granular materials, and then it has been developed to be able to model more complex objects like rods or beams of brittle, elastic or composite materials. The recently designed flexible rod model in this research is composed of spherical particles linked together to form an elastic rod-type object. Theoretical model and the simulation model will be expressed to draw out the result as the total slipped length of the brush, the total contact area, and acting forces between rod tips and surfaces in comparison with different rotary speeds. The analyzed results show that the slipped distance of a brush on surfaces and forces between brush tips and surfaces increase when the rotary speed is increased, while the total contact area are smallest at a certain rotary speed of 450 rpm, and this total area is larger when either increasing or decreasing the rotary speed. Hence the most effective cleaning speed in the current research is 900 rpm. It is possible to simulate and evaluate several different types of brushes to find the best model and compatible parameters for surface cleaning and polishing process by applying the DEM flexible rod model.


The basis of every research is to ensure that findings to problems are achieved within a time frame. Basically research requires an adequate knowledge and competitive self-ideas of perceived information's gathered from the daily challenges that human encounter within our immediate environment by the experimental studies, clinical trials, Quasiexperiments and beyond. E-learning will serve as a diagnostic tool for the learner, by providing him / her with adequate and appropriate information's based on his abilities and disabilities, a learner can be of great interest if his/her basic needs are put in place to ensure maximum performance in his tasks, research designs are scientifically oriented thereby requires critical thinking and conclusions from the learning process. Statistical parameters and procedures with the aid of current information technology apparatus like SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) in analysing data.


Objective To evaluate the accuracy of diffusion weighted imaging(DWI) combined with generic sequence in complex anal fistula and to discuss the application value of DWI in complex anal fistula. Methods 30 cases of patients who were confirmed with complex anal fistula were given MRI before operation. Scan sequences included axial T1 WI, T2 WI and fat sequence T2 WI, and coronal and sagittal fat sequence T2 WI and DWI. With surgical results as the standard, conventional sequences and conventional sequences + DWI were compared for anal fistula, internal opening and abscess. Results For 30 cases of patients with anal fistula, sensitivity and positive predict value of MR conventional sequences were 81.4%(38/43) and 89.7%(35/39) respectively for internal opening; 90.2%(37/41) and 86.0%(37/43) for anal fistula; 91.6%(11/12) and 100%(11/11) for abscess. Sensitivity and positive predict value of MR conventional sequences + DWI were 95.3%(41/43) and 95.3%(41/43) for internal opening; 92.7%(38/41) and 97.4%(38/39) for anal fistula; 100%(12/12) and 100%(12/12) for abscess. In comparison of two kinds of diagnostic methods, conventional sequences + DWI had better diagnostic results on anal fistula than conventional sequences, and the sensitivity for internal opening was of statistical difference(P0.05). Conclusions MRI + DWI shows higher clinical application value for internal opening and canal of anal fistula and abscess, which can be used as a conventional preoperative examination.


This paper analyzes the features of the novel composition of Aitmatov «When Mountains Fall (Eternal Bride)». The plot, contemporary reality and mythology are connected by writer to personify his moral and ethical ideas


For two even unimodular positive definite integral quadratic forms A[X], B[X] in n-variables, J. K. Koo [1, Theorem 1] showed that is a rational function of J, satisfying a certain condition. Where and are theta series related to A[X] and B[X], respectively, and J is the classical modular invariant. In this paper we give a simple proof of Theorem 1 of [1].


A handheld apparatus comprising a first body member having a first user interface element, a second body member having a second user interface element, the user, and configured to be movable between a first configuration and a second configuration of the first a second body member and a body member interconnecting the link mechanism. A first body member and second body members are stacked in a first order in a first configuration and a second order opposite to the first sequentially stacked in a second configuration. Each body member has a user interface on the surface thereof, so that any user interface presented to the user may pass between the first configuration and the second configuration change.


Contents: Introduction Questioning the value of financial incentives The problem of rare but catastrophic events Long-term incentives Annual bonuses The impact of incentive arrangements Indicators of major hazard risk Summary, reflections, suggestions Appendices Bibliography Index.


Investigation of quantitative traits of Jerusalem artichoke populations was conducted on the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute of the Republic of Srpska in Banja Luka, during 2013 and 2014. The material was collected in the wider area of Republic of Srpska. The following populations were analyzed: Srbac, Modriča, Pivara, Lazarevo, Bosna, Vrbas, Gradiška and Aleksići. The trial was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The following parameters were analyzed: tuber weight (g), plant height (cm), stem number/plant, average stem thickness (cm), green mass yield/plant (kg), and dry mass yield/plant (kg). Average tuber weight ranged from 36.7 g (Bosna) to 61.0 g (Lazarevo). Plant height ranged from 1.55 m (Lazarevo) to 2.20 m (Aleksići). Stem number/plant varied from 2.2 (Aleksici) artichoke populations with better quantitative traits, and their inclusion in the program of creating new varieties .


How accurate can a Bible translation be? [foreign font omitted] as example in 1 John 5:1-4 An analysis is made of different translations of [foreign font omitted] in 1 John 5:1-4. The inconsistencies in and among translations are noted. The influence of the socio-cultural ecology as well as the literary and grammatical aspects that play a role in the process of translation, are then illustrated. The complex nature of translation is underlined and it is suggested that the focus should fall on the purpose of a particular translation. This will lead to the purposeful use of different translating techniques in any particular translation. [We apologise for the poor quality of the foreign font ]


'Austrotephritis brunnea' (Hardy and Drew) and 'A. bushi' (Hardy and Drew) are newly reported from Tasmania. Also included is an historical record of 'A. pelia' (Schiner) from Hobart, collected by Charles Darwin in 1836.


Abstract Research results show kafā'ah that is recommended by Islam in selecting prospective spouses, but it can be a valid size or whether the marriage. kafā'ah was the right woman or his guardian. A marriage that is not balanced, mismatched/not in compliance would pose an ongoing problem, and likely led to the divorce. In the words of the Prophet Muhammad who describes kafā'ah. Women marry because of four things: firstly because of his wealth, second degree, because (their lineage), the third to the fourth, her religion, then choose a because his religion, then fulfilled all. The concept of kafā'ah in the Bugis culture is known by the existence of the ideal of marriage in society, namely (1) Assialang Arolang, marriage held between cousins one time, either from the father or mother's side. (2) Assialanna Memeng, marriage between cousins held twice; (3) Siparewekenna, that is a three-time cousin marriage in Bugis culture strengthen the relationship/the brotherhood of the rope start missing or faded. (4) Ripaddeppe mabelae, mate with cousin 4 times, 5 times onwards. (5) Assiteppa Teppangeng,  marriage with another person outside of the kinship. A comparison between the concept of kafā'ah in the Bugis culture with kafā'ah in Islamic law at the moment is the same because the indigenous Bugis Bone adopted Islamic law in the life of society. So all existing legal norms in Islam to be kept because it's been entered in pangadereng.


Abstract Thermal inactivation of Salmonella typhimurium was studied under CO2pressures of 15, 30 and 60 atm at 25, 35 and 45°C. Two phases were observed in the destruction curves. The earlier stage was characterized by a slow rate of inactivation in the number of S. typhimurium, which increased sharply at the later stage. It was suggested that the cell death resulted from the lowered pH due to solubilization of CO2. An increase of pressure and/or temperature enhanced the antimicrobial effects of CO2. Salmonella typhimurium suspended in physiological saline (PS) was completely inactivated under 60 atm CO2treatment in 35 and 15 min at 25 and 35°C, respectively. On the other hand, it was completely inactivated when suspended in PS containing brain–heart infusion broth for 140 and 100 min. A minimum D -value was obtained under 60 atm CO2pressure at 45°C. Inactivation rates of S. typhimurium were sensitive to pressure, temperature, exposure time, initial number of cells, and the suspending medium.


In this paper, we report the palaeoenvironmental evolution of Alexandria's coastline during the past 8000 years based on 15 sedimentary cores. Seven morphogenetic phases have been identified. (1) Pharos was an island at the end of the 7th millennium B.C. following the Holocene marine transgression. (2) Up until the 7th millennium B.C., a ≈5 m thick tombolo accreted, made-up primarily of Cladocora, Serpulidae and marine shells. (3) Protected by this sandbank, the eastern bay of Alexandria was infilled with fine-grained sediments whereas sands characterize the more exposed western harbour. The eastern bay, which later became the Magnus Portus, comprised a natural coastal shelter from the 1st millennium B.C. onwards. (4) Between the end of the Classical period and the beginning of the Hellenistic period, the tombolo lay close to the water surface. This shallow sandbank greatly facilitated the construction of the Heptastadium, which was built upon a natural spit rather than human infill as has sometimes been speculated. (5) After its construction, the chronostratigraphy shows powerful coastal currents around the Heptastadium. Conversely, the harbour basins constructed around the eastern bay continued to accrete with sediments. (6) On the tombolo-Heptastadium, sandy sedimentation took place around the 4th century A.D.; sedimentation rates of 10 mm-1 are attested in the harbour basins. (7) During the 8th century A.D., a coarse deposit is observed in the stratigraphy, marking the end of fine-grained sedimentation in the harbour basins. This unit appears consistent with one or more high-energy events (e. g. storms or tsunamis). Our geoarchaeological research has yielded insights into the coastal landscapes of the city before and after its foundation by Alexander the Great.


Transient elastography (TE) can non‐invasively diagnose cirrhosis and portal hypertension (PHT). New TE reliability criteria suggest classifying measurements as very reliable (IQR/M < 0.1), reliable (IQR<0.3 or >0.3, if TE < 7.1 kPa) and poorly reliable (IQR/M > 0.3, if TE > 7.1 kPa). Compare traditional (reliable: success rate >60% + IQR/M ≤ 0.30) and new TE quality criteria (accurate: very reliable + reliable) regarding their diagnostic accuracy for cirrhosis and PHT and to identify potential confounders (age, aetiology, necroinflammatory activity, steatosis, siderosis, cholestasis, aminotransferases) of TE performance.


The effects of solubility and heat treatment on Tc of lead-based solid solutions with 10 different alloys are studied. (AIP)


The presented research paper aims to analyze the channel capacity of a MIMO System in Rayleigh fading channel with different antenna nodes and spacing. It is argued that an implementable model is not readily available in the evaluated reference papers. As such a model is developed for simulating spatially correlated MIMO system in Rayleigh fading channel. To verify the developed model, a MATLAB code is devised to simulate the capacity of MIMO system for different numbers of antenna nodes and that is depicted in the comparative result MIMO systems have collected extensive attention in the new millennium due to its promise for a considerable increase in capacity, which is commonly considered to be a viable means for satisfying the ever-increasing demand for a higher data rate. The ground-breaking work by Telatar [1], Foschini and Gans [2] toward the end of last millennium not only provided some exciting results on capacity of multiple-antenna Gaussian channels but also stimulated a huge wave of enthusiasm toward various topics involving MIMO systems, including MIMO channel capacity, MIMO channel coding, space-time coding, etc. Among all lot of research and analysis is done in the area of channel capacity by modeling various channels and developing


The direct C H benzylation of azoles with benzyl chlorides proceeds efficiently, via sequential cleavage of one sp 2 C H bond and two sp 3 C H bonds in the presence of a palladium catalyst, to generate a wide range of tribenzylated azoles with a quaternary carbon center efficiently. The same catalyst could also promote the mono- and di-benzylation reactions through fine turning of the base and reaction conditions.


Joanna Grabski D ur ing his career of nearly four decades, Senegalese-born artist Kalidou Sy (19482005) t raversed several b o u n d a r i e s — geographical, professional, and creative. As the mixed-media works in this exhibition attest, he was commi t t ed to exploring the conceptual , visual, and material resources he encountered in moving across and wi thin a given domain . Insomuch as these works suggest the artist's a t t i tude toward the places he inhabited, they also reveal his deepening appreciat ion of techniques and resources from his homeland , Africa. The works in this exhibit ion were made while Kalidou Sy lived in the United States from 1997 to 2005. Or ig inal ly f rom Dakar , Sy m o v e d to Bloomington, Indiana, in 1997. He moved to University Park, Maryland, in 2002 and re turned to Bloomington in 2004. T h o u g h residing pr imarily in Bloomington, the artist also divided his t ime between New Orleans and Dakar, where he died in 2005. Sy spoke of the work he m a d e d u r i n g his years in the Uni ted States as his Bogolan series, a reference to bdgdlanfini—"mudcloth" in the B a m a n a l anguage—a h a n d d y e d and pa in ted co t ton cloth m a d e us ing na tu ra l mater ia ls such as fe rmented m u d . He explained, " In 1997 when I m o v e d to t h e A m e r i c a n c o n t i n e n t , my Kalidou Sy, 1995, Goree, Senegal. Photo: Magaye Niang.


Graphene (G) and Graphene oxide (GO) were employed in the present study in the removal of two toxic cationic dyes, Basic Red 12 (BR 12) and Basic Red 46 (BR 46), from aqueous solutions. Graphene oxide was synthesized according to the modified Hummers' method, and characterized by XRD and FTIR. The effect of various parameters such as contact time, solution pH, dye concentration and temperature, were studied. The kinetics and thermodynamics of the process of dye removal were investigated. The results indicate that the kinetics of the removal of BR 12 and BR 46 using G and GO as adsorbents follows a pseudosecond order model. G and GO exhibited high adsorption capacity for BR 12 and BR 46. The dye removal depends thereby on the initial pH of the solution with maximum uptake occurring at about pH=9.


Objective
To study the effect of client-centered therapy on anxiety and depression symptoms in patient with nevus fuscocaeruleus zygomaticus treated by Q-switched alexandrite laser (755 mm) by means of psychological intervention.

Methods
A lot of 208 patients with nevus fuscocaeruleus zygomaticus were treated by Q-switched alexandrite laser (755 mm) and were randomly divided into treatment group and control group. In treatment group, client-centered therapy was applied to do psychological intervention based on conventional treatment; while in control group, it only performed conventional treatment. Self-rating anxiety/depression scale was used to compare the degree of anxiety and depression between the two groups before and after treatment.

Results
Anxiety and depression between the treatment group and control group before treatment was no statistical significance (P>0.05). For treatment and control groups, the self-assessment score for anxiety after treatment decreased (P<0.05). For treatment group, the score for depression decreases (P<0.05). As the self-assessment scores for anxiety of treatment group and control group after treatment the difference was of no statistical significance between these two scores; as self-assessment scores of depression the difference was of statistical significance (P<0.05).

Conclusions
In the process that Q-switched alexandrite laser (755 mm) was applied to cure nevus fuscocaeruleus zygomaticus, all-round, objective and user-friendly client-centered psychological treatment therapy that places people at first can improve the anxiety and depression of patients.

Key words:
Client-centered therapy; Q-switched alexandrite laser; Naevus fusco-caeruleus zygomaticus; Psychotherapy


Shivering is common during recovery from general anesthesia. All general anesthetics produce a dose-dependent decrease in the core temperature, thereby reducing the threshold for thermoregulatory vasoconstriction.' Postanesthetic shivering causes complications, including increased oxygen consumption and elevation of intraocular and intracranial pressures2 During recovery, brain anesthetic concentrations decrease rapidly, leaving the patients hypothermic but no longer ane~thetized.~ This triggers vasoconstriction and shivering. The classical pharmacological approach to the treatment of postanesthetic shivering is administration of me~er id ine .~ It is far more effective than equianalgesic doses of other opioids. It was previously reported that clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, and ketanserin, a 5-hydroxytriptamine receptor antagonist, are effective treatment for postanesthetic hiver ring.^.' Magnesium sulphate has been effectively used for treating patients with severe tetanus; recently, we also used the drug as a treatment for postanesthetic shivering.


Within successive oligopoly chains,vertical integration can decrease the price of good and increase firm's profit and the consumer's surplus and the social welfare.While the number of firms is limited,the effect of double marginalization inversely increases the price of good and raises the un-integration rival's cost.This paper studies endogenous answers of coexist of integration firms and un-integration,also explores means to effectively eliminate double marginalization,market foreclosure and price discrimination issues.While upstream firm is nature monopoly,regulation of price is very important to maintain faire competition of whole industrial chains.


Electricity production in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is an emerging green alternative to the use of fossil fuels. Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 (SOMR‐1) is a Gram‐negative bacterium, adapted to MFCs due to its ability to link its bioenergetic metabolism through the periplasm to reduce extracellular electron acceptors. OmcA is a highly abundant outer‐membrane cytochrome of SOMR‐1 cells and is involved in the extracellular electron transfer to solid acceptors and electron shuttles. To investigate electron transfer performed by OmcA towards final acceptors, site directed mutagenesis was used to disturb the axial coordination of hemes. Interactions between OmcA and redox partners such as iron and graphene oxides, and electron shuttles were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance and stopped‐flow experiments. Results showed that solid electron acceptors do not come into close proximity to the hemes, in agreement with experimentally observed slow electron transfer. In contrast, mutation of the distal axial ligand of heme VII changes the driving force of OmcA towards electron shuttles and reduces the affinity of the FMN:OmcA complex. Overall, these results reveal a functional specificity of particular hemes of OmcA and provide guidance for the rational design of mutated SOMR‐1 strains optimized for operating in different microbial electrochemical devices.


PURPOSE: An energy charging device is provided to optimize the generation quantity of a wind power generator by applying MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracking) algorithm. CONSTITUTION: A temperature detector(203) detects the temperature rise of a wind power generator(213) and a battery(215). A voltage detecting unit(205) detects the output voltage of a solar power generator(211) and the output voltage of a rectifier. A switching unit(207) controls power supplied from the wind power generator and the solar power generator and the power applied to the battery. A boosting circuit unit(209) selectively boosts the generated voltage of the wind power generator and the solar power generator. A controller(201) controls the switching unit to control the charging of the battery.


We find a mapping of the layered sine–Gordon model to an equivalent gas of topological excitations and determine the long-range interaction potentials of the topological defects. This enables us to make a detailed comparison to the so-called layered vortex gas, which can be obtained from the layered Ginzburg–Landau model. The layered sine–Gordon model has been proposed in the literature as a candidate field-theoretical model for Josephson-coupled high-Tc superconductors, and the implications of our analysis for the applicability of the layered sine–Gordon model to high-Tc superconductors are discussed. We are led to the conjecture that the layered sine–Gordon and the layered vortex gas models belong to different universality classes. The determination of the critical temperature of the layered sine–Gordon model is based on a renormalization-group analysis.


In this paper, broadband inverted suspended linear polarized antennas with operating frequency at 2.4GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) application are designed. Various shapes of slot are added on the inverted suspended rectangular patch to investigate the effect of the antenna performance. The antennas are designed by using L-probe amendment with inverted suspended rectangular patch, where this approach is used to enhance the bandwidth and gain of the antennas. The simulation is done by using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. The bandwidths for the inverted suspended linear polarized antennas with different shape of slot are more than 200MHz, which meet broadband application. Besides, the axial ratio for each antenna is above 3dB.


At present,the development of public libraries in our country is mainly manifested as the not optimistic development condition and the relatively low degree of social cognition.The fundamental way to resolve this situation is library legislation,which is not only the requirements of the social informationization development,but also the demands of the library enterprise development.


Wireless sensor networks have become very popular in recent years. For sensor network, S-MAC and T-MAC are used to improve the energy efficiency by applying sleep mode. Our ultimate aim is to achieve high energy efficiency under wide range of traffic load and also guarantees shorter latency for this type of critical and delay-sensitive packets. In this project, we present the Intelligent Hybrid MAC, a novel low power with quality of service guaranteed medium access control protocol for wireless sensor networks. Our proposed IH-MAC is combines TDMA and CSMA. There are many applications of wireless sensor network where it is really needed to ensure the priority services for the critical data. Our proposed IH-MAC protocol guarantees shorter latency for this type of critical and delay-sensitive packets.


The magnetic-induction field in the vicinity of an elliptical inclusion embedded in an infinite soft ferromagnetic medium is determined based on complex potential theory. By using a constitutive relation of magnetostriction for isotropic materials, the stress field in the vicinity of an elliptical flaw is obtained. Furthermore, the stress field at the tip of a slender elliptical crack is determined for the case in which only an external magnetic field perpendicular to the major axis of the ellipse is applied at infinity. The results indicate that the stress field in the neighbourhood of the tip is governed by the magnetostriction and permeability of the soft ferromagnetic material. The induction magnetostrictive modulus is a key parameter in determining which of the two mechanisms, i.e., magnetostriction and magnetic-force-induced deformation, is dominant in determining the stress field in the neighbourhood of the tip of a crack-like flaw. With regard to the influence of the magnetic field on the apparent toughness of a soft ferromagnetic body with a crack-like flaw, soft ferromagnetic materials can be roughly divided into two categories: one possesses a large induction magnetostrictive modulus and the other has a small modulus. An approximate criterion for categorizing the materials is presented. For the benefit of engineering design, the expressions of the stress-intensity factor for these two categories of soft ferromagnetic materials are presented. The results show that the stress-intensity factor is affected not only by the flaw geometry, but also by the permeability of the medium inside the flaw.


This paper uses data for 44 countries from 1970-1990, to investigate the relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions. Empirical results are obtained from a structural model from the empirical growth literature modified to include environmental 'bads'. Results suggest that richer countries exhibit technical progress in a way that economizes on carbon dioxide emissions but that poorer countries do not. Furthermore, there is no indication that the growth process is leading poorer countries to move towards the adoption of the same pollution-ameliorating technology as characterizes richer countries.


We use a general property of Fourier transform to obtain direct proofs of recent divisibility results on the Walsh transform of correlation immune and resilient functions. Improved upper bounds on the nonlinearity of these functions are obtained from the divisibility results. We deduce further information on correlation immune and resilient functions. In particular, we obtain a necessary condition on the algebraic normal form of correlation immune functions attaining the maximum possible nonlinearity.


The author posits a contextual analysis of harassing speech in the private workplace to balance the possible conflicting interests o f the First Amendment with Title VII. Relevant factors include the extent to which:(1) an employee has consented to a vigorous exchange of ideas by accepting a particular job, (2) the speech tends towards low value speech as contrasted with core political speech, and (3) the employee is a captive audience.A hostile environment theory of liability can be applied in a content-neutral manner to speech that is selectively directed to employees because o f their membership in a protected class. More difficult constitutional questions arise when liability rests on the disparate impact of undirected speech, because such liability must be based on the content of the speech.


Abstract Among eight patients with unilateral hydronephrosis and hypertension, peripheral plasma renin activity was normal in seven and borderline high in one. Four patients had hydronephrotic/cont...


The invention relates to a wheel kingpin offset measurement device and method. A translation limiting mechanism of the device is mounted on a fixing block. A rotating disc is mounted on the translation limiting mechanism. A return spring device is respectively connected with the rotating disc and the fixing block. A rotating disc position indicating plate is fixed on the translation limiting mechanism and can translate with rotation of the rotating disc. A corner ruler is fixed on the rotating disc. A transverse displacement ruler and a longitudinal displacement ruler are fixed on the fixing block and perpendicular to each other. A wheel camber measurement meter is fixed on a rotating shaft of a wheel under measurement. The kingpin offset of the wheel can be calculated according to coordinates of multiple discrete trajectory points of the center of the rotating disc, measure with the corner ruler, the wheel camber measurement meter, the transverse displacement ruler and the longitudinal displacement ruler when the wheel rotates. The wheel kingpin offset measurement device is simple in structure, easy to operate and convenient to use; the measurement of wheel kingpin offsets of various wheels can be guided.


A multifunctional Power Quality Online Monitoring System was designed. The System takes FPGA as core, assisted by signal Acquisition and Processing, data storage, display and communication interface circuit. It also utilizes the FAFT algorithm to calculate harmonic waves of three-phase network. The design scheme of software and hardware was give, he the experiment shows that the monitor can measure the effective value and harmonic components of three-phase voltage and current, three-phase unbalance, active power, reactive power, power factor, supply frequency and so on.


Theory of Inventive Problem Solving or TRIZ method can be applied in assisting students undertaking a product design and development tertiary technical education course, especially during the conceptual design stage of their learning process. Students without the background of arts during their secondary or early tertiary (certificate or diploma level) education studies as well as the art skills needed to excel in this course tend to have problems in completing the conceptual design stage. By applying the TRIZ method during this stage, there will be guided creative thinking to sketch out something new out of contradictions surveyed from existing products. To proof that TRIZ is applicable, the design and development of a portable road debris collector was taken into account for this application. Data was taken from ethnography and questionnaires from operation staff of a local cleaning company. From here, the usage of TRIZ method assisted the student in hand to put forth direct result of the aftermath of guided creative thinking in sketches which are scoped on the main attributes and problems identified with existing product, without ever jeopardizing the need to complete the conceptual design stage. As an example, data from one of the most chosen answer for improving parameters and worsening parameters are for volume of moving object and shape, respectively. So, the suggested inventive principles for this contradiction are application of segmentation, asymmetry, dynamization, and pneumatic and hydraulics. From these inventive principles suggested, students can sketch out their conceptual design according to only these options. Significant implication from the application of TRIZ method during the conceptual design stage of this course will withheld any forced creative thinking for students in order to create an innovative new product from scratch, as the inventive principles suggested guides the amount of sketches needed to complete this stage.


Fuzzy set theory is briefly introduced as the measurement of customer satisfaction. Evaluation factors in customer satisfaction with product design are explored. Fuzzy evaluation technique to measure customer satisfaction with product design is proposed with empirical studies.


We investigate the nonperturbative behaviour of the quark propagator in axial gauge using a truncation of the Dyson-Schwinger equations which respects the Ward-Takahashi identity and multiplicative renormalisability. We demonstrate that above a critical coupling $\alpha_c$, which depends on the form of the gluon propagator, one can obtain massive solutions for both explicit and dynamically generated quark masses. The stability of these is discussed in the context of the Cornwall-Jackiw-Tomboulis effective action.


In December 2019, an outbreak of viral pneumonia of unknown etiology arose in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Eventually isolated and named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), this virus has caused a global pandemic of the pneumonia-like Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). With global infection rates and deaths mounting, the medical community has been forced to recognize, test, and treat these patients within a rapidly evolving situation and a shortage of resources. In this article, we summarize the most recent data pertaining to the clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, imaging, and management strategies for COVID-19. This article concludes with a discussion of ongoing efforts to develop critically needed therapeutics and vaccines, which may subsequently shape our responses to future pandemics.


Complex Event Processing (CEP) is a technology of choice for high performance analytics in time-critical decision-making applications. Yet while effective technologies for complex pattern detection on continuous event streams have been developed, the problem of scalable online aggregation of such patterns has been overlooked. Instead, aggregation is typically applied as a post processing step after CEP pattern detection, leading to an extremely ineffective solution. In this paper, we demonstrate that CEP aggregation can be pushed into the sequence construction process. Based on this insight our A-Seq strategy successfully aggregates sequence pattern online without ever constructing sequence matches. This drives down the complexity of the CEP aggregation problem from polynomial to linear. We further extend our A-Seq strategy to support the shared processing of concurrent CEP aggregation queries. The A-Seq solution is shown to achieve over four orders of magnitude performance improvement for a wide range of tested scenarios compared to the state-of-the-art solution.


2 Assistant Professor, Dept of ECE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Pulivendula, Kadapa, AP, India. Abstract: Cognitive radio communication has emerged as an efficient mean of utilization of spectrum for wireless communication. In cognitive radio communication the energy detector logic for spectrum estimation is the most eminent part for estimation of used spectrum over unused spectrum. The estimation error rate for such a system is dependent on the probability based hypothetical estimation approach. Wherein conventional energy detectors make the probability estimation based on derived threshold, the error rate is purely dependent on the accuracy of the threshold limits. In this paper a bi-level threshold modeling is proposed. The bi-level estimation approach presents an approach for non-linearity factor consideration for secondary users in Cognitive Radio communication. The obtained simulative observation illustrates the significance of bi- level estimator logic over conventional estimator logic. Cognitive radio is an exciting emerging communication model which may be considered as a solution to inefficient usage of fixed allocated licensed frequency spectrum. Significant improvement in spectrum utilization can be achieved by allowing an unlicensed or secondary user (SU) to access a licensed frequency band when the licensed or primary user (PU) is absent. In cognitive radio, SU senses an idle frequency band of a PU, and if a band is found to be idle, SU may transmit over that band. But as soon as PU returns, SU must vacate the band immediately. This complete process requires accurate spectrum sensing to avoid harmful interference to PU. There have been a lot of spectrum sensing techniques. Among those energy detector gives an effective spectrum sensing performance. The energy detector is a very useful non-coherent detector used to detect the presence of PU. It detects the presence of a PU"s signal by measuring its energy and comparing the measured energy with a predetermined threshold. The main problem associated with the conventional energy detector is, it is not able to give the effective performance at low SNR. Because, to calculate threshold accurately there is a need of exact knowledge on noise power/variance. With noise power known precisely, theoretically it is possible for ED to detect the presence of PU even at very low SNR if the sensing time is made very large. But in practice, noise power may change with time and location. Therefore it may not be possible to measure exact noise power at a particular time and location. In this paper, a generalized energy detector for spectrum sensing under noise uncertainty is derived. The derivation is based on a simple modification to the conventional energy detector by replacing the squaring operation of the signal amplitude with an arbitrary positive power operation. This compares the performance of the proposed approach with conventional approach by evaluating probability of false alarm, the probability of detection, the average signal-to- noise ratio (ASNR) or the sample size.


ABSTRACT: METAFORA is a simulation model for determination and evaluation of strategies for operating loader/truck systems in mining. METAFORA has been used to evaluate the haulage system at Boliden Mineral's Aitik mine in northern Sweden, one of the largest open pit mines in Europe with a production of about 15 Mtpy of copper ore. The simulated number of truck loads per shift for ore and waste respectively was well corresponding to the real number of truck loads at the mine. Using METAFORA's dispatch rules the truck/shovel system in the Aitik mine was simulated for evaluating alternative dispatch control strategies. The Maximize Trucks rule gave about the same total production (ore + waste) as the Fixed Dispatch rule but a 7% lower ore production. The Maximize Loaders rule gave the lowest production. METAFORA was also used for planning alternative routes for transport of waste. The paper indicates that the use of software like METAFORA can result in a substantial reduction of time, effort and cost in sho...


In this chapter, we summarize the results of recent investigations into TiO 2 nanotubu- lar oxide layers on Ti metal loaded with Ag nanoparticles, which act as efficient sur face plasmon resonators. These Ag-n/TiO 2 NT/Ti composite layers appear to be useful as platforms for precise surface analytical investigations of minute amounts of numerous types of organic molecules: pyridine (Py), mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA), 5-(4-dimethyl- aminobenzylidene) rhodamine (DBRh) and rhodamine (R6G); such investigations are known as surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). Geometrical factors related to the nanotubes and the silver deposit affect the SERS activity of the resulting com posite layers. The results presented here show that, for a carefully controlled amount of Ag-n deposit located mainly on the tops of titania nanotubes, it is possible to obtain high-quality, reproducible SERS spectra for probe molecules at an enhancement factor of 10 5 –10 6 . This achievement makes it possible to detect organic molecules at concentrations as low as, e.g., 10 −9 M for R6G molecules. SEM investigations suggest that the size of the nanotubes, and both the lateral and perpendicular distribution of Ag-n (on the tube tops and walls), are responsible for the SERS activity. These features of the Ag-n/TiO 2 NT/Ti composite layer provide a variety of cavities and slits which function as suitable resona- tors for the adsorbed molecules.


Menciu people-based thought is his social and political standard of running country with virtue, people inherent goodness is the theory basis upon the running the country with virtue, and benevolent rule is the aim for running the country. However, Menciu rule of virtue is bosically different from the contemporary policy of rule of virtue. The people-based thought progress lies in the theory of "People noble and Majesty humble" and meanwhile its breakthrough of eaven, God Monster. Therefore, the Menciu thought is beneficial to the ruling class and has profound meaning for the society.


The θ-constrained multidimensional aggregation operator (θ-MDA) is an effective and flexible operator for the computation of ad-hoc complex aggregation queries. θ-MDA separates the specification of groupings (base table B) for which aggregates are reported from the specification of the associated aggregation groups over which the aggregates are computed (detail table R). In order to evaluate θ-MDA queries several algorithms have been proposed, among them TCMDA and TCMDA. For the evaluation, the base table B has to be updated for every entry of detail table R. This leads to an immense number of incremental updates on the base table B for range aggregates. TCMDA reduces the number of incremental updates by reducing range aggregates to point aggregates followed by a post-processing step. However, both algorithms do not take advantage of the current evolution of modern computer architectures, where the clocking frequency stays constant and the number of computing cores increases. In this thesis, we parallelize the TCMDA and the TCMDA algorithm in order to take advantage of the evolution of multi-core architectures. In order to distribute the workload, we propose a horizontal partitioning of the base table B among the available processors. The incremental updates on these partitions can be computed by the available processors in isolation, where the horizontal partitioning strategy distributes the workload effectively. In addition, the reduction of the detail table R using point aggregates in TCMDA is pushed to the database management system (DBMS). Both algorithms were implemented using the C programming language on top of an Oracle database. The dataset used in order to evaluate the performance of the algorithms was generated using the dbgen tool of the TPC-H benchmark framework. The empirical evaluation shows the effectiveness of the optimizations. The parallel algorithms using the reduction of the detail table R to SQL outperform the current state of the art algorithms in order of magnitudes in all tested data settings, where the main part of the computation time resides at the DBMS to construct the separate intermediate result tables using a GROUP BY statement.


Most areas of engineering, science, and management use important tools based on probabilistic methods. The common thread of the entire spectrum of these tools is aiding in decision making under uncertainty: the choice of an interpretation of reality or the choice of a course of action. Although the importance of dealing with uncertainty in decision making is widely acknowledged, dissemination of probabilistic and decision-theoretic methods in Artificial Intelligence has been surprisingly slow. Opponents of probability theory have pointed out three major obstacles to applying it in computerized decision aids: (1) the counterintuitiveness of probabilistic inference, which makes it hard for system builders, experts, and users to translate knowledge into probabilistic form, create knowledge bases, and to interpret results; (2) the quantitative character of probability theory, which implies collection or assessment of vast quantities of numbers and, since these are not always readily available, raises questions about their quality; and (3) closely related to its quantitative character, the computational complexity of probabilistic inference. Its proponents, on the other hand, point out that probability theory is the soundest formalism for dealing with uncertainty, outperforming its competitors in most applications. These two extreme views suggest a dilemma: is it necessary to choose between sound and intuitive inference methods? This thesis argues for choosing sound inference methods and shows that this dilemma might not be as hard as it seems. It argues that probability calculus rests on intuitive and computationally tractable foundations, which provide a good basis for building human interfaces to decision support systems. The character of this thesis is theoretical: starting from a few robust empirical premises, such as the largely qualitative character of human reasoning and the importance of causality, it develops formal methods for building human interfaces to decision support systems. With respect to the building of probabilistic models, the thesis argues on theoretical and empirical grounds, that it is essential to understand and explore the interaction between probability and causality. Rather than shying away from the human tendency to refer to causal relations in the process or knowledge elicitation, or explanation of results, one can give causality a sound meaning. This is, further, an essential step for creating intelligent planners, i.e., computer programs capable of constructing and solving decision models without human assistance. The thesis specifies formal conditions under which the structure of a Bayesian belief network can be given a causal interpretation. It demonstrates that the notion of causality in the recently proposed methods for construction of causal graphs from observations [131, 172] is almost identical with the notion of causality in econometric models [164]. Causal discovery procedures can actually be viewed as procedures for discovery of structural equations forming a model of the observed system and this view seems to offer several advantages. With respect to explaining the inference in probabilistic models, two complementary views of probabilistic reasoning are proposed: belief propagation and scenario-based reasoning. Belief propagation is based on the concept of updating the belief in a variable by determining how other variables influence it. Changes in beliefs are caused by observing how new evidence propagates through all variables that directly or indirectly depend on that evidence. Scenario-based reasoning is based on weighting the likelihoods of deterministic scenarios representing possible states of the world. The thesis takes the position that sound principles of qualitative inference should be derived from normative laws. It demonstrates the qualitative foundations of probabilistic inference in the context of Qualitative Probabilistic Networks, a formalism resting on a cognitively robust, qualitative specification of a probabilistic domain [196]. The thesis proposes an algorithm for qualitative belief propagation, a qualitative belief updating scheme with negligible computational cost. The advantage of qualitative belief propagation over the earlier, graph reduction-based algorithm is that it does not modify the network. This facilitates generation of explanations and metalevel reasoning, i.e., reasoning not only about the decision, but also about the model. The thesis describes also new insights related to intercausal reasoning [77, 198], an important element of qualitative belief propagation, and a valuable building block for any uncertain reasoning scheme on its own. The feasibility of automatic generation of explanations of probabilistic inference is demonstrated by developing the foundations for two methods of explaining probabilistic inference, one based on belief propagation and the other on scenario-based reasoning. A scenario-based algorithm for decision-theoretic inference is proposed. The algorithm converges on the optimal decision option by pruning options that are provably inferior and is particularly efficient for problems, with a clearly dominant option. Difficulties with applying scenario-based reasoning to explanation of decision-theoretic inference are discussed. It is proposed that an explanation program should be able to represent utility on a rough absolute scale with a zero point corresponding to the outcome perceived as status quo. The scenario view of decision-theoretic inference provides a useful insight into logic-based Artificial Intelligence schemes for reasoning under uncertainty. The foundations of non-monotonic logics, cost-based abduction, and model-based diagnosis are discussed. It is demonstrated that these formalisms make implicit assumptions about utility and provide meaningful results only when these assumptions are valid. In their current form, they are, therefore, not well equipped to support decision making under uncertainty in general.


This letter studies the performance of a single-input single-output (SISO) system enhanced by the assistance of an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS), which is equipped with a finite number of elements under Rayleigh fading channels. From the instantaneous channel capacity, we compute a closed-form expression of the coverage probability as a function of statistical channel information only. A scaling law of the coverage probability and the number of phase shifts is further obtained. The ergodic capacity is derived, then a simple upper bound to simplify matters of utilizing the symbolic functions and can be applied for a long period of time. Numerical results manifest the tightness and effectiveness of our closed-form expressions compared with Monte-Carlo simulations.


The equipartition theorem states that the mean thermal energy for each degree of freedom at a temperature $T$ is given by $k_{B}T/2$ where $k_{B}$ is Boltzmann's constant. However, this theorem for the degree of freedom breaks down at lower enough temperature when the relevant degree of freedom is not thermally excited. The frozen condition can be \textit{qualitatively} expressed as $T\ll T_{C}$ which is the characteristic temperature defined via $k_{B}T_{C}\equiv\varepsilon_{1}-\varepsilon_{0}$ in which $\varepsilon_{0}$ and $\varepsilon_{1}$ are, respectively, the ground state and first excited energy of the degree of freedom. This characteristic temperature $T_{C}$ so defined is the temperature at which the degree of freedom is almost activated. We report that there is a well-defined temperature at which the specific heat coming from the given degree of freedom \textit{changes most dramatically} with temperature, i.e., the derivative of the specific heat with respect to temperature reaches its maximum. For some system such as a mixture of ortho- and para- hydrogen molecules, the characteristic temperature is hard to define, the fastest frozen temperature is also straightforward and well-defined. In general, the fastest frozen temperature is a \emph{quantitative}\textit{\ }criterion of the frozen temperature.


Three adult subjects, each with a ventriculostomy, received ceftazidime 2g iv q8h for three doses. Serial samples of serum and CSF ventricular fluid were obtained following the third dose; ceftazidime concentrations were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. In one patient without inflammatory cells in the CSF, ceftazidime CSF concentrations were only ∼0.3 μg/ml. In two other patients who had inflammatory cells and blood in the CSF, concentrations of ceftazidime in ventricular fluid demonstrated a slow rise and decline over an eight-hour period. Although contamination of the CSF by blood in these two patients confounds the interpretation of the concentrations achieved, it is concluded that obtaining serial samples of CSF from a ventriculostomy offers a more realistic appraisal of the dynamics of antibiotic penetration compared with the single-point method.


This document shows us an innovative educational project to combat school failure through activities to promote music. This project, called Musica als curts, has been carried out in the CEIP Heretats de l'Alcudia during the school year 2012-2013.


Introduction: a number of circumstances in the oral cavity are called interference fields, which may behave as the trigger for a disease. Objective: in the present study, the fields of interference in patients with articular bone disorders and their most effective treatment were determined. Method: the information was obtained from a quasi-experimental study conducted in patients who assisted to Bioenergetic and Natural Medicine Consultation of the Faculty of Stomatology of the University of Medical Sciences of the Province of Villa Clara in the period between October 2012 and January of 2014 for suffering cervical and shoulder pains. Results: the main foci or interference fields were amalgam and retained teeth, which were highly significant in relation to the disease studied. Conclusions: the effectiveness of the neurotherapeutic (0,5% of lidocaine) was demonstrated for the treatment of neck and shoulder pain.


A key component to understanding and predicting water fluxes and water quality in river basins is the spatial distribution of water‐saturated areas. There is limited knowledge on spatial patterns of saturated areas, their relation to landscape characteristics and processes, and the ability of hydrological models to represent the observed spatial patterns, particularly at the large scales most relevant for water resources management. In this study, saturated areas were mapped in two mesoscale (18 and 40 km2), humid temperate basins. Geobotanical and pedological criteria were used to achieve a consistent time‐integrated delineation of saturated areas. Using commonly available spatial data on landscape characteristics, various terrain indices were evaluated for their ability to predict the observed patterns. Quantitative performance criteria describing the agreement of modeled and observed spatial patterns included cell‐by‐cell and cell‐neighborhood approaches. Upslope contributing area was the most important single factor explaining the observed pattern. An improved pattern was obtained for the topographic wetness index (TOPMODEL index). However, the performance was markedly sensitive to the algorithms used for calculation of upslope contributing area and slope gradient. Other factors such as soil or climate were of less value for improving the predictions. The optimum spatial agreement of observed and modeled saturated areas was about 50% for a combined soil‐climate‐topographic index. Geological features (bedrock fractures) partly explained the residual pattern. Using an independent test catchment, it was shown that the index approach can be transferred to basins with similar physiographic characteristics for estimating the general pattern of saturated areas.