The present invention provides a system and method of the improved two-way packet-oriented wireless communication network for transmitting a signal and data over the Internet Protocol. The enhanced wireless communication network provides a high level of characteristics and improved services, such as roaming credentials over a plurality of wireless communication networks similar to that user. A plurality of client devices including the client application for improving the operation of two-way radio network for access, access and communication to one or more client devices, or another one or more client devices of other radio networks in the same network. Wherein the wireless network comprises a server application for selectively establishing at least two or more packet-based wireless communication between client devices over a single or in a plurality of wireless networks in the wireless network. Bi-directional packet radio networks, roaming, client, server, and application.


We systematically analyze three GRB samples named as radio-loud, radio-quiet and radio-none afterglows, respectively. It is shown that dichotomy of the radio-loud afterglows is not necessary. Interestingly, we find that the intrinsic durations ($T_{int}$), isotropic energies of prompt gamma-rays ($E_{\gamma, iso}$) and redshifts ($z$) of their host galaxies are log-normally distributed for both the radio-loud and radio-quiet samples except those GRBs without any radio detections. Based on the distinct distributions of $T_{int}$, $E_{\gamma, iso}$, the circum-burst medium density ($n$) and the isotropic equivalent energy of radio afterglows ($L_{\nu,p}$), we confirm that the GRB radio afterglows are really better to be divided into the dim and the bright types. However, it is noticeable that the distributions of flux densities ($F_{host}$) from host galaxies of both classes of radio afterglows are intrinsically quite similar. Meanwhile, we point out that the radio-none sample is also obviously different from the above two samples with radio afterglows observed, according to the cumulative frequency distributions of the $T_{int}$ and the $E_{\gamma, iso}$, together with correlations between $T_{int}$ and $z$. In addition, a positive correlation between $E_{\gamma, iso}$ and $L_{\nu,p}$ is found in the radio-loud samples especially for the supernova-associated GRBs. Besides, we also find this positive correlation in the radio-quiet sample. A negative correlation between $T_{int}$ and $z$ is confirmed to hold for the radio-quiet sample too. The dividing line between short and long GRBs in the rest frame is at $T_{int}\simeq$1 s. Consequently, we propose that the radio-loud, the radio-quiet and the radio-none GRBs could be originated from different progenitors.


Congenital leukemia is a rare disease in which a leukemic process is presented at birth or during the first 30 days of life. Less than 1 % of childhood leukemia is diagnosed in newborns. The severe hypoplasia or total thymic aplasia is seen at Di George syndrome which includes several birth defects and immune deficit, mainly of T cells by thymic hypoplasia; nevertheless, severe thymic hypoplasia can be observed in patients without diagnosis of Di George. We report a case of congenital Revista Cubana de Hematol, Inmunol y Hemoter. 2015;31(1):79-85 http://scielo.sld.cu 80 acute myeloid leukemia who presented intense paleness generalized petechiae and ecchymoses as well as hepatosplenomegaly. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of blasts in peripheral blood smear and bone marrow aspirate. Immunophenotyping was performed and contributed to a definitive diagnosis. The autopsy confirmed the thymic aplasia.


The editors have brought together leading names in the field of online research to give a thoroughly up to date commentary on current debates. The chapters cover both methodological and procedural themes, offering readers a sophisticated treatment of the practice and uses of Internet and online research that is grounded in research methodology. Beginning with an examination of the significance of the Internet as a research medium, the book goes on to cover research design, data capture, the survey, virtual ethnography, and the internet as an archival resource, and concludes by looking at potential directions for the future of Internet and online research.


Brazil's telecommunications sector has been going through a process of privatization that will change conditions for information technologies (IT) diffusion among Brazilian firms. The impacts of privatization will be especially important to Brazilian firms that are still in the early stages of IT diffusion, such as small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). The aim of this paper is to discuss the impacts of privatization of telecommunications on IT diffusion among Brazilian SMEs. The paper will first analyze the factors that stimulate SMEs to adopt IT, such as the positive impacts on competitiveness. The paper will then describe how the changes that are taking place in the telecommunications sector can influence IT diffusion. In the third section, the paper will consider the case of Brazil, discussing the specificities of IT diffusion in SMEs from developing countries. As a conclusion the paper will discuss how policy measures can be taken so that Brazilian SMEs can benefit from the changes in the telecommunications sector.


Background: An outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) started in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and spread rapidly across the globe In light of most COVI


Ecotypic Industry Park and Green Supply Chain Management, which came into being by Circle Economy and Industry Ecology theories, could harmonize manufacturing enterprises′ development with environment. The weredifferent modcs. In this paper, their advantages and disadvantages were compared in realizable approaches, cost and capacity for adaptation. Furthermore, a perfect mode of manufacturing enterprises′ development was put forward.


The interplay of moisture, temperature and precipitation forced through the orographic processes sustain and regulate the Himalayan cryospheric system. However, factors influencing the Slope Environmental Lapse Rate (SELR) of temperature along the Himalayan mountain slopes and an appropriate modeling solution remain as a key knowledge gaps. The present study evaulates the SELR variations in the monsoon regime of the western Himalaya and proposes a modeling solution for the valley scale SELR assessment. SELR of selected station pairs in the Sutlej and Beas basins ranging between the elevation of 662 m a.s.l. to 3130 m a.s.l. and that of Garhwal Himalaya between 770 m a.s.l. and 3820 m a.s.l. were assessed in this study. Results suggest that the moisture-temperature interplay is not only forcing the seasonal variations, but also the elevation - depended variability of the temperature SELR. Temperature lapse rate constrianed to the nival-glacier regime is found to be comparable to the saturated adiabatic lapse rate (SALR) and lower than the valley scale SELR. The study also suggests that the bi-modal pattern of the annual temperature lapse rates earlier observed in the Nepal Himalaya is extended up to upper Ganga, Sutlej and Beas basins in the western Himalaya. This seasonal variability of SELR is found to be closly linked with the seasonal variations in the lifting condensation levels (LCLs) over the region. Inter-annual variation in SELR of the nival-glacier regime are found to be significant while that of the valley scale SELR are more stable. We propose a simple preliminary but robust model for deriving the valley scale SELR of monsoon regime modifying the equation governing pseudo adiabatic lapse rate. The SELR modeling solution is achieved by deriving monthly SELR indices using the data of two station pairs in the Sutlej and Beas basins during the 1986-2005 period through K-fold cross validation. The model sucessfully captures seasonal SELR variations, and was tested compared to the station pairs in the upper Ganga basin as well and showed significant improvement over the standard environmental lapse rate of 6.5K/km.


Objective:To study the reinforcing effect of P.indusaita tuogaiye of different dosages on immunity of wister mouse.Methods:60 male mice radiated by 60Co-r 300 CGy(55 CGy/min6'6) were divided into large,middle,small dosage groups and control group and bred with P.indusaita tuogaiye in the second day after radiation,and killed in 30 days later.The change of blood immune index was observed and the exponent of chest gland and spleen was measured respectively.Results:Chest gland and spleen in 3 P.indusaita tuogaiye groups grew obviously,with significant difference ameng them(P0.05),there was significant difference between P.indusaita tuogaiye groups and control group(P0.01).There was no significant difference in the positive rate of IgG among the large dosage group,middle dosage group and small dosage group,but the positive rates of IgA,IgM,IL-2 and NK cell were significant difference(P0.05?0.01).Conclusion: P.indusaita tuogaiye can obviously enhance the exponent of chest gland and spleen of radiated male mice,there is significant relationship between dosage and effect.IL-2 and NK cell enhance collectively the immune effect in different dosage groups,which are associated with the drug dosage.


This article contains original research analyzing the controversial subject of the murder of Annie Mae Aquash, a woman in the American Indian Movement (AIM), and its consequences for Indian Country today. This article examines the perspectives of AIM, the federal government, and the ramifications of Aquash's murder for Indigenous peoples in general.


After China's entry into the World Trade Organization, there are more foreign trade growth opportunities for China. However the traditional foreign trade growth mode with labor-based comparative advantage brings more foreign trade frictions to China and results in disharmony of the foreign trade relation. In the critical period of reform and opening-up policy of China, harmonious trade relation is necessary for China to build harmonious society and be integrated into the world economy. The key point for establishing harmonious trade relation is to transform the foreign trade growth mode and the critical aspect for transforming the foreign trade growth mode is to facilitate "Three Transformations" and improve the competitive advantage of China.


Accounts of scientific SOCIetIes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have concentrated on the large, highly visible, long-surviving associations of the period 1780-1850. The vast majority of scientific societies, however, were small, private, ephemeral groups. Many of the larger, public bodies started life as such a small, private group: the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, for instance, developed from a weekly conversation club. The Liverpool and Newcastle Lit. & Phils had similar origins; the Linnean Society was spurred on by the example of the Society for Promoting Natural History; the Geological Society quickly evolved from a dining club; and there are many other examples. These small, private, less-formal type of societies, often preferring conversation to the more formal presentation of papers, were formed in increasing number from the mid-seventeenth century and continued to be formed well into the nineteenth century despite the existence of the large, public societies. There was no public, specialist society for chemistry until the formation of the Chemical Society of London in 184 I; yet chemistry had long flourished in England, particularly from the I780s to the I820S. Several chemical societies were in fact formed before 1841 but these were of the small, private, ephemeral kind. Chemical societies were usually of one of three types: the club of highly skilled practitioners; the student society; or the society for the novitiates who wished to become familiar with th~ theory and techniques of chemistry. For those who wished to learn the experimental skills the costs of a chemical laboratory, apparatus, chemicals, reagents, books and periodicals were high; therefore such men gathered round a knowledgeable individual already possessing these or banded together and collectively acquired the materials and skills. These societies w~re coincident with the debate and diffusion of the theories and discoveries of Lavoisier and Davy. The interest aroused by these developments seems to have stimulated the formation of all three forms of society. Most general philosophical societies included chemistry amongst their fields of interests. The allied subjects of mineralogy and geology were producing their own societies during this period both in the metropolis and the provinces. I All of these practised, used or advocated the use of chemistry to some extent. However, only those societies which considered themselves to be chemical societies will be discussed here, focussing particularly on those societies for the education of the interested layman.


CD44 is a widely expressed cell surface glycoprotein with various functions. This molecule is shed from the cell surface and released as a soluble molecule. High serum levels of CD44 have been demonstrated in some solid tumours. In this study we measured serum CD44 in 25 patients with acute leukemia, in 12 with bacterial infections, and in 13 normal controls. The levels of serum CD44 of patients with bacterial infections were significantly higher (mean 531.3±60.1 ng/ml, p<0.001) than those of normal controls (299.0±115.4 ng/ml). Acute leukemia patients before treatment had almost four‐fold higher levels of serum CD44 than normal controls (mean 1301.9±1384.6 ng/ml, p<0.01). Serum CD44 levels were correlated with clinical status. After treatment the serum CD44 levels significantly decreased, but they were still higher than in normal controls. Patients in complete remission all relapsed if serum CD44 levels were higher than 500 ng/ml (normal+2 SD) after chemotherapy. The serum CD44 levels were correlated with the absolute numbers of leukemic cells in peripheral blood. The results demonstrated that serum CD44 levels correlate well with the clinical status of acute leukemia, and such evaluation may provide a reliable tumour marker of acute leukemia. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Element-free Galerkin method (EFGM) based on moving least-square curve fitting concept is presented and applied to elastic fracture problems. Because no element connectivity data are needed, EFGM is very convenient and effective numerical method for crack growth analysis. This paper is intended as an investigation of crack trajectory for different notch locations under three-point bending test. The initial crack growth angles obtained by element-free Galerkin method in comparison with those obtained by lab test reveal that both results are very close. However, numerical results also show that the location of an original notch can stronger affect the variation of crack path for different increment. The stress intensity factors (SIF) of cracks under three-point bending test with different increment are also investigated by EFGM.


This paper studied the rapid separation condition of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,and the result showed that the best environment temperature of the Bursaphelenchus xylophilus's separation is 25℃,the best starting temperature of water is 30℃.And under this condition(environment temperature is 25℃,starting temperature of water is 30℃),the overflow quantity of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus are most,which are 102 at the sixth hour,and the total quantity of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus are 646 in 12 hours.The maximum overflow quantity of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is in the 4-6h,the needed time decreases by nearly 5 hours compared to the condition that the separation is carried out in the ordinary room temperature and nomal temperature of clear water.The two temperatures set have great significance for the rapid separation of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.


Hard work is define where and how the family institution had begun. Although it has gone through numerous and constant transformations, family resisted the time and suited the needs of society. The end of patriarchy, equality of rights and duties between men and women, the equitable division of tasks and shared responsibilities entailed numerous benefits to family life and on the other leveraged its fragility. With the contemporary family structure also stemmed the relentless pursuit of individual desire threatening the maintenance of the marriage as well the strengthening of its structure. One of the visible and growing evils in the current  family  is  the  practice  of  Parental  Alienation,  where  the  alienating  performs maneuvers in order to poison the child against the other parent, thus causing serious consequences to their training that are unlikely to be reversed.


Nondestructive testing activities in Korea are summarized. Present activities and the future direction in NDT programs are presented. Korean NDT personnel qualification system is also presented. Training program, NDT services, and activities of professional societies also explained.


ABSTRACT This article examines how whiteness operates within research projects – specifically projects where white researchers undertake studies on race – and offers possibilities for activating an 'ethic of solidarity' within and through skewed power dynamics. An 'ethic of solidarity' offers five areas for white researchers to reflect and act on: probing positionality, interrogating epistemic assumptions, disrupting hierarchies of power, shifting asymmetrical dialogue, and practicing decolonial research. With examples from my participatory theatre research with white, Black, and Brown Dutch youth in the Netherlands, I demonstrate how these reflections can turn into action. I offer the term an 'ethic of solidarity' to refer to a process of reflection, self-positioning, and action that is, in fact, an essential methodological component in social justice research design and process. In doing so, this article provides insight into how white researchers can undertake politically engaged research by activating solidarity.


Spatial Σ∆ sampling has recently been proposed to improve the performance of massive MIMO systems with low-resolution quantization for cases where the users are confined to a certain angular sector, or the array is spatially oversampled. We derive a linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) channel estimator for the Σ∆ array based on an element-wise Bussgang decomposition that reformulates the nonlinear quantizer operation using an equivalent linear model plus quantization noise. Both the case of one- and two-bit quantization is considered. We then evaluate the achievable rate of the Σ∆ system assuming that a linear receiver based on the LMMSE channel estimate is used to decode the data. Our numerical results demonstrate that Σ∆ architecture is able to achieve superior channel estimates and sum spectral efficiency compared to conventional low-resolution quantized massive MIMO systems.


Sea cucumbers in the Pacific Islands region are processed according to methods outlined by Chinese processors some two centuries ago. Sea cucumber tissue is composed of high quality nutrients that help maintain the well-being of human consumers. Processing sea cucumbers through a subsequent boiling and drying process, however, leads to the loss of vital nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids and proteins. The current study is in progress at James Cook University in Townsville, Australia, and is investigating nutrient loss from sea cucumbers through various processing techniques used in the Pacific Islands region. The main outcome from this study is the development of a novel technique aimed at reducing nutrient loss during the processing stage, and increasing the income for Pacific Island communities.


The B8500 Modular Data Processing system is the latest design in the rapidly growing family of Burroughs Modular Computers. As in previous modular systems, the Burroughs Corporation has found it expedient and efficient to utilize scratchpad memories to enhance the performance of the computer and other modules. This paper will describe in detail the application of multifunctional scratchpad memories in the computer module of the B8500 system.


Traditional Medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about 60% of the world's population. Diabetes mellitus is a public health problem which leads to serious complications over time. Experimentally, many herbs have been recommended for treating diabetes. In most cases, however, the recommendations are based on animal studies and limited evidencesavailable about their clinical usefulness. This review focuses on herbal drugs and plants used in the treatment of diabetes. The search was done in various databases using the key terms diabetes, medical herbs,and antidiabetic and associated illness phytochemical active compound. According to the clinical studies, EmblicaofficinalisGaertn, Terminalia belliricaRoxb, Terminalia chebula Retz., Curcuma longa Linn., Berberis species, Cyperusscariosus R. Br., Tribulusterrestris Linn., Tinosporacordifolia Linn., Trigonellafoenumgraecum Linn., Eugenia jambolana Lam., Boerhaaviadiffusa Linn., Asparagus racemosusWilld.,Buteafrondosa Koenig ex Roxb.,Cissampelospaeira Linn., Aeglemarmelos Corr., Gemnemasylvestre R.Br., Terminalia arjunaRoxb. Wight.&Arn.,AnthocephaluscadambaMiq., Valerianawallichii DC., EmbeliaribesBurum. f., TrichosanthesdioicaRoxb. AndAzadirachtaindicaA.Juss., have acquired enough reputation for managing diabetes. Thus, these herbs may boost management of diabetes.Etiology in the development of diabetes and its complications is the damage duetoradicals and hence an antidiabetic compound with antioxidant properties would be more beneficial in diabetic control. Therefore information on antioxidant effects of these medicinal plants is also included along with antibacterial activities of herbs in this review.


Leaf samples from healthy and diseased sisal plants and the corresponding topsoil samples were analysed. The results show that K deficiency is the main cause of 'banding disease', whereas manganese is probably involved in 'purple leaf tip roll'.

For healthy growth, the important factors are good content of organic matter, pH 6–7 and a well balanced uptake of nutrients with no excess of one or more elements.


For many years there has been a debate about the extent to which large spatial gaps in development exist in Indonesia, especially between the eastern and western parts of the country. To contribute to this issue, this study examines the significance of Indonesia's spatial development distribution using regional GDP per capita and the Human Development Index as development indicators. Although the results from this study confirm that there are clusters of high and low developed areas within Indonesia, clusters of high regional GDP per capita are spreading in mining areas in both eastern and western Indonesia. Nevertheless, the distribution of the HDI confirms to some extent the existence of a spatial development gap in Indonesia.


The interaction between electrolytes and nano-Ag particles were investigated by using UV-Vis spectroscopic method. Tetramethylammonium ion, which can be hardly adsorbed on nano-Ag because of its bulky methyl group, was used as the cation to study the variation of surface plasma resonance band of nano-Ag induced by various anions. No significant change of the band for nano-Ag could be observed when Cl - and Br - ions were introduced into nano-Ag sol. Based on the above results, different metal salts with Cl - as anion were used for investigating the spectra of nano-Ag. The nano-Ag sol exhibits a different spectral behavior when various metal ions were introduced.


ABSTRACT Several styles of stents are being tested in human vessels. The smallest stents are made of fine stainless steel wire which is difficult to see under fluoroscopy. Visibility can be improved by eitherchanging designs or using image processing. Some investigators use realtime processors to enhance edges and so increase stent visibility. They could obtain better results with a two-dimensionalvideo filter which selectively enhances stents. Such a filter should not require adjustment fororientation or expansion and must operate on video with no delay. Computer studies indicate apractical algorithm to improve stent visibility is possible. While simulations indicate that with this filter, normal fluoroscopy, and normal subjects, stainless steel coronary stents will be visible,clinical studies with a working system are necessary to evaluate its usefulness.1. INTRODUCTIONRecently a new class of endovascular prothesis, the vascular stent, has been approved for human clinical studies. Typical of their acceptance is the response of a cardiologist who invited me to


N=2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories for all classical gauge groups, that is, for SU(N), SO(N), and Sp(N) is considered. The equations which define the Seiberg-Witten curve are proposed. In some cases they are solved. It is shown that for (almost) all models allowed by the asymptotic freedom the 1-instanton corrections which follows from these equations agree with the direct computations and with known results.


PURPOSE: To provide a thermoplastic blend of a polysiloxane-polycarbonate block copolymer and a carbonate polymer. CONSTITUTION: The new thermoplastic blend obtained by blending a block copolymer having a polysiloxane block derived from a bisphenol siloxane and a polycarbonate block with an aromatic carbonate polymer is provided and this blend has advantageous from an aspect of processability, low temp. impact strength and combustibility. COPYRIGHT: (C)1993,JPO


Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one of the basic requirements for the realization of Internet of Things (IoT). It is an automatic identification technology, without contact, aiming to identify the tag signal, in order to collect and send data instructions to the controller. Nevertheless, security is a very crucial issue for these RFID tags, since they suffer from a large number of threats such as snooping, replay attack, relay attack, counterfeiting etc. Thus, to bypass potential attacks, authentication can deny access to malicious tags. However, the existent heavy duty cryptography is unadaptable for these RFID tags security context, since they have weak computational power. To adjust the authentication security requirements, the current proposed work, a new lightweight message authentication code mechanism based on L-CAHASH, is the extension of our previously presented work, 'L-CAHASH' a lightweight hash function based on cellular automata for RFID. The performance of our new proposed message authentication code scheme was analyzed and the obtained results show that it meets the security demands in RFID tags, comparing to well-known hash based message authentication codes.


Reading and understanding a written text is one of the most important skills in English learning.This study attempts to benchmark Year Five students' reading abilities of fifteen rural schools in a district in Malaysia. The objectives of this study are to develop a set of standardised written reading comprehension and a set of indicators to inform ESL teachers about the exact ability of the students. A sample of 788 primary school students from the rural areas was involved in this study. The instrument utilised in this study was a set of standardised written reading comprehension test which was developed in line with Malaysian English Language Syllabus (2003), the revised Barrett's Taxonomy of Reading Comprehension (Day & Park, 2005) and the revised Bloom's Taxonomy (Anderson et al. 2001). The set of standardised written reading comprehension questions consists of 50 multiple-choice questions at elementary, intermediate and advanced levels. The findings show that many Malay respondents were categorised at 'below expectations' and female students perform better than male students. Finally, the researcher suggested several recommendations.


Many HCI researchers have recently begun to examine the opportunities to use ICTs to promote environmental sustainability and ecological consciousness on the part of technology users. This paper examines the limits upon this work as currently construed. In particular, it argues that the political and cultural contexts of environmental practice must be part of an effective solution. Research on ecological politics and the political economy of environmentalism suggest some new directions for the relationship between sustainability and HCI. Author Keywords Environmental sustainability, environmental justice, political ecology, environmentality, scale, social networks.


In a traditional cloud-based datacentre, several physical machines (PM) host large numbers of virtual machines (VM), which in turn run a wide range of applications and services. VM load changes depending on the various programmes and traffic that users use, and occasionally this traffic may be too much for VMs to handle. Physical machines that host numerous VMs have a limited capacity, and if they become overloaded, their performance could suffer or they could stop functioning altogether. To take advantage of the resources' availability and balance the load, a VM machine that runs multiple apps on a severely loaded PM can be moved to a PM that isn't as busy. If VM migration occurs over a network link that is overloaded with user traffic in data centres where VMs are exposed to a lot of user traffic, it will cause a bottleneck if there isn't enough bandwidth on the link to support the VM migration. To guarantee the bandwidth required for VM migration, there is an obvious need for tools to restrict user traffic on both the source and destination PMs.


The reactivity due to the collapse of a large number of small bubbles in a reactor core has been analyzed with Behrens' method, Benoist's method, and the probability table method. Each analysis has used a different stochastic model for the bubble distribution within the reactor core: the Nicholson--Goldsmith calculations have employed a closely-spaced holes model; the Gelbard--Lell calculations have employed a random cube model; the Hoffman--Petrie calculations have employed a nuclear model. However, any of the models can be used with any of the methods. In this paper, the three void models are evaluated. Based on this analysis, the closely-spaced holes model is recommended as the most suitable for analysis of bubble collapse in a molten, LMFBR core.


Although electric vehicles (EVs) have been heavily promoted as an effective solution to sustainable problems such as environmental pollution and resource constraints, the market penetration of EVs remains below expectations. By viewing EVs as innovative products that are different from traditional fuel vehicles, this study proposes a research model based on the diffusion of innovation theory, in which a series of factors influencing the adoption of EVs are identified. We collected 375 valid responses through an offline survey, and the structural equation modeling technique was used to empirically test the proposed model. The empirical results indicate that consumer adoption of EVs can be effectively predicted by three important innovation characteristics, namely perceived compatibility, perceived complexity, and perceived relative advantage. Furthermore, the results also suggest that factors in the economic aspect (monetary subsidy and risk of a price reduction), functional aspect (intelligent function and risk of sustainability), and social aspect (status symbol and risk of reputation), exert significant impacts on the adoption of EVs by influencing consumers' perceptions of innovation characteristics. Theoretically, this study contributes to the literature by providing an appropriate theoretical perspective for understanding consumer adoption of EVs and identifying numerous significant antecedents of such behavior. Practically, the findings of this study can be applied to promote the market penetration of EVs.


The article considers the problem of searching the ways towards mutual understanding and concord between peoples, based on the ethno-confessional tolerance principles. The key object of the research is the North Caucasian Region, a unique multicultural, multinational and multiconfessional community in the Russian Federation, which has been the centre of ethno-confessional tensions and conflictogenity over the years. More than a hundred peoples belonging to different cultures, language groups and practising all world religions live in this region. Special emphasis is put on the Chechen Republic, worldwide notorious for its recent military history, experiencing a hard stage of revival after the long military conflict. The Chechen people are a unique community having their special national culture with a well-preserved tribal structure, which greatly differs from other North Caucasian ethnic groups. Today's objective necessity and qualitative changes in the social and political life of the North Caucasian peoples demand a new paradigm of ensuring peace and security in the North Caucasus, based on the positive dialogue of cultures and tolerant attitude to diverse ethnic, confessional traditions and values existing in the region. The North Caucasian peoples should choose a new direction of the economic development, which can become an effective alternative to confrontation. Tourism is considered to be a way towards mutual understanding between peoples with different, even opposite, attitudes to reality. Tourism contributes to the knowledge of ethnic history and culture, helps to justify and accept other people's approaches to life, beliefs, values, traditions and customs; promotes goodneighbourly coexistence. © 2018 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org.UK


Nitrogen-doped carbon-based catalysts are promising candidates to substitute expensive and moderately durable platinum-based catalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Condensation of ionic liquids (ILs) in salt melts enables the formation of hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbons with very high surface areas. Here we present synthesis and the employment of high-nitrogen-doped carbon aerogels modified with iron and cobalt for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the relevant half-cell reaction for all fuel cells, using rotating disk/ring-disk electrode measurements. We show favorable performances compared to the current Pt/C standard. TEM analysis of the iron composites gave an amorphous, quasi-atomic distribution of the metal, while iron/cobalt composites form very small, well-supported nanoparticles.


Single crystalline silicon was photochemically etched by synchrotron radiation (SR) in the presence of reactive species produced by microwave discharge. The etching gases were a mixture of SF6 and Ar. We attempted to introduce O2 gas in order to increase the area selectivity by protecting the nonirradiated area. It was found that the introduction of O2 molecules was very effective in depressing the etching of a nonirradiated area resulting in high area selectivity. Also an anisotropic feature of c-Si was obtained by addition of O2 molecules and submicron patterning was successfully performed using a stencil mask. The effect of O2 molecules was investigated by the measurement of the spectra of total electron yield and Auger electrons. It seems that the formation of an oxide layer on c-Si surface played an important role in the area-selective etching.


Nuggets are one of the results of fishery diversification as a practical and fast food. The aim of this study to determine the effect of adding carrot flour (Daucus carota L) on the nutritional value and organoleptic of snakehead fish nuggets (Channa striata). The research method used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The best test results for the nutritional value of snakehead fish nuggets were the Addition of 75 grams of carrot flour to a weight of 500 grams of snakehead fish meat which had a water content of 33.36%, protein content of 25.30%, ash content of 2.45%, fat content of 19.09% and carbohydrate content of 19.79%. The best organoleptic test results were the Addition of 75 grams of carrot flour to a weight of 500 grams of snakehead fish meat based on preference and willingness on the average nugget taste of 5.8, average nugget color 5.8, average nugget aroma 5.9 and average nugget texture 5.9 . The best result of the nugget effectiveness index test was the Addition of 75% carrot flour to the weight of 500 grams of snakehead fish meat with an effectiveness index value of 0.57.


Role based Access control (RBAC) is the cornerstone of security for any modern organization. In this report, we defined a health-care access control structure based on RBAC. We used Alloy formal logic modeling tool to model and validate system functions. We modeled system static and dynamic or temporal behaviours. We focused on evaluating properties such as integrity, conformance and progress.


Purpose To explore the diagnostic value of transrectal ultrasound combined with MRI for the detection rate of prostate cancer (PCa) in prostate biopsy. Materials and Methods Transrectal ultrasound and MRI were applied to 168 suspected patients with PCa before puncture, and ultrasound and MRI physician together analyzed the image to determine suspicious lesions. Neither ultrasound nor MRI found the lesion, systematic 6 cores prostate biopsy were used; either of the two imaging found the lesion, the biopsy should be contained puncture one core of both transverse section and longitudinal section of the lesion and then systematic 6 cores biopsy. PCa detection rate was compared for the transrectal ultrasound, MRI and transrectal ultrasound combined with MRI based on the pathological results. Results In the 168 patients, there were 69 cases of PCa (52 cases in peripheral gland, 6 cases in whole gland, and 11 cased in transitional region) and 99 cases of hyperplasia of prostate gland. Transrectal ultrasound combined with MRI before biopsy could effectively improve the sensitivity and specificity (84.5% and 72.7%) compared with transrectal ultrasound (74.0% and 53.4%) or MRI (80.4% and 63.9%) separately. Conclusion Transrectal ultrasound combined with MRI before biopsy is an effective method to improve the detection rate of PCa, and DWI sequence especially contributes to detect the prostate cancer in transitional zones.


This paper proposed design and implementation of trucks tracking system using GPS based on semantic web for vehicle tracking in real time. In-vehicle unit and a tracking server is used. The information is transmitted to tracking server using GSM/GPRS modem on GSM network by using SMS or using direct TCP/IP connection with tracking server through GPRS. The received SMS contain longitude and latitude that are used to locate the vehicle on the Google maps. Tracking server also has GSM/GPRS modem that receives vehicle location information via GSM network and stores this information in database. It has been explored that most of the GPS based tracking systems are user friendly, cost effective, reliable and can be easily validated through different experiments and simulations which means that tracking system will send notifications periodically to the main station about the current position of the vehicle . Moreover those tracking notifications (GPS) will be stored in the database for future revising or generating required reports.. The tracking system will be better for cars, trucks, trailers, railways, containers and boats that can be traced using GPS vehicle tracking. KEYWORD: Trucks Tracking System, Transportation, GPS, Semantic Web


The results are presented of an experimental and analytical program which included construction of a 12-phase steel lattice portal tower with special insulators, construction of a 12-phase substation, and subsequent energization of the first 12-phase power transmission line. Impedances, electrical environmental effects (radio noise, audible noise, and electric fields) are among the parameters measured and evaluated. This 12-phase design is compared with several existing 345-kV three-phase lines for thermal and surge impedance loading, electrical environmental effects and physical size requirements. The 12-phase design offers comparable loading in less space with reduced electrical environmental impact. This is illustrative of the possibilities of high phase order as a replacement for three-phase at other voltage levels.<<ETX>>


The article regards theoretical and practical aspects of managing the quality of pre-higher-education vocational education. The authors offer the approaches to the creation of regional system of managing the quality of education, evaluation and certification of graduates' qualifications by the example of Eletsk Industrial-Economic College. The offered theoretical statements and conclusions are illustrated by the facts of educational college practice.


This paper is a condensed version of a speech given at the Society of Professional Scientists and Engineers (SPSE) of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), operated by the University of California, under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) on April 27, 2000. During the speech, Prof. L. Ling-chi Wang called on Asian American scientists to boycott the national laboratories as a way to protest the mistreatment of Dr. Wen Ho Lee of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and to demand freedom and justice for him. Lee was placed in solitary confinement from December 10, 1999 to September 13, 2000 when he was set free by the presiding federal judge with a profound apology from the bench.


Abstract The Gandin optimal analysis scheme leaves open the problem of determining the covariance matrix on which it depends. The choice of an autocorrelation function for geopotential, from which geostrophically consistent cross-correlations—and thus covariances—for heights and winds may be derived, influences the performance of the analysis. Four related functions are considered for representation of height field autocorrelations. They are compared on the basis of spectral behavior, capacity to conform with geostrophy, and accuracy of analyses employing them. A multivariate objective analysis test, with both regular and irregular configurations of predictor stations, compares performance of analyses based on modeled covariances with performance of an analysis using observed sample covariances.


The First World War led to a renewed imperialist scramble for territory in Africa. Allied victory and African campaigns allowed British, French, Belgian, Portuguese and South African leaders to acquire Germany's colonies. Their wartime colonial aims contained strong continuities with their long-term strategic interests in Africa, augmented by visions of new opportunities for expansion. At the Paris Peace Conference the Allied Powers sought to justify their acquisitions by claiming they represented African wishes. Yet despite the creation of the League of Nations mandate system, independent African voices were largely ignored.


Objective:To evaluate CT and MRI diagnostic value of ventricular tumors.Methods:32 cases of ventricular tumors conformed by pathology were retrospectively by CT and MRI.Results:Ventricular tumors have correlation with the patient's age and the tumor location. CT is better in finding tumor calcification that may suggest the diagnosis. MRI is more useful in showing the tumor location and other appearance nearby.Conclusion:CT and MRI are very helpful to correct diagnosis of ventricular tumors.


Rotating modulation collimator(RMC) is a remote sensing technique for a radiation source. This paper introduces an RMC system model and its image reconstruction algorithm based on Kowash's research. The reconstructed image can show the direction of a source. However, the distance to the source cannot be recovered. Moreover, the RMC image suffers from 180° ambiguity. In this paper, we propose a distance estimation method using two RMCs together with a solution to the ambiguity. We also demonstrate its performance using simulated RMC data.


Case-based Reasoning(CBR)is an important machine learning method widely used in the intelligent system such as Diagnose System,CRM and so on.The case knowledge representation based on XML technology is used to uniform case knowledge representation method.And Component Based Software Development(CBSD)is used to design a component of CBR called ComCBR based on EJB technique.Finally,a simple web Diagnose System which is based on J2EE is given as an instance of ComCBR.In conclusion,this paper is trying to promote the development of the research of CBR in combining both the researches of Case knowledge presentation and CBSD.


The article entitled "Suppression of N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea/Testosterone-Induced Rat Prostate Cancer Growth by Celecoxib: Effects on Cyclooxygenase-2, Cell Cycle Regulation, and Apoptosis Mechanism(s)," which was published in the August 15, 2003, issue ofClinical Cancer Research (CCR; ref. 1), is being retracted at the request of the corresponding author, based on a recommendation from the Investigation Committee for New York University School of Medicine, the corresponding author's current institution. A reader presented evidence of potential image manipulation in Fig. 5C (i.e., lanes 3 and 4of the pRBpanel and lanes 2 and 3of the Rbpanel appeared to be identical). During its investigation of this matter, the Investigation Committee requested that the authors produce the original film or the scanned image of the film for verification. The authors asserted that, because the experiments were performed at the American Health Foundation, which closed unexpectedly in 2004, they were unable to provide the requested materials and disprove the allegations. Thus, the Investigation Committee recommended retraction of the article. The corresponding author, Bhagavathi A. Narayanan, presented the recommendation of the Investigation Committee to the CCR editorial office and requested a retraction of the article. Thematter was reviewed bymembers of the AACR Publications staff, who agree with the retraction recommendation. A copy of this notice was sent to the authors.


The aim of PYGMALION, a neural network programming environment, is to fully integrate the silicon compiler with the programming environment. Neural networks written in PYGMALION's nC network specification language translate either to binary (for simulation) or silicon (for hardware). The silicon compilation project is described. It comprises three major parts: the PYGMALION programming environment, including nC; the so-called generic-neuron VLSI architecture at the heart of the silicon compiler; and the strategy for compiling from nC to silicon, focusing on the high-level synthesis.<<ETX>>


Sulfuric acid weathering of carbonate rocks releases CO 2 to the atmosphere offsetting the CO 2 drawdown from carbonic acid weathering of silicates thought to regulate global climate. Quantifying sulfuric acid weathering requires the source of riverine sulfate to be determined. Sulfate comes from predominantly two sources: sedimentary sulfate (which does not affect the carbon cycle) and oxidative weathering of sulfides (which produces sulfuric acid, releasing 1 mole of CO 2 for each mole of carbonate weathered). Here we present a new two endmember mixing model to partition the fraction of dissolved sulfate derived from the oxidative weathering of pyrite ( f pyr ) and show that a local pyrite endmember can be characterised with δ 18 O of local water. Partitioning sulfate sources is demonstrated in one of the world's largest river basins using new δ 18 O SO4 , δ 18 O H2O and δ 34 S SO4 data collected on 18 tributaries and 5 mainstem sites of the Mekong river. In the Mekong tributaries sources of sulfate are highly variable with f pyr ranging from 0.17 to 0.89. 49% of the sulfate delivered to the ocean at the Mekong mouth is derived from oxidative weathering of pyrite, calculated by summing upstream and tributary inputs. Our carbon budget of this mega river determines that CO 2 is


Objective To expore the risk factors and treatment of progressive ischemic stroke.Methods The clinical datas of 70 cases of patients with progressive ischemic stroke in our hospital from 2009 November to 2011 March were retrospectively analyzed.Results Neural function defect score fall rates of two groups after treatment of 3 d,14 d and 21 d were compared,the observation group was significantly better than the control group(P0.05).The total effectiveness of the observation group and the control group were respectively 91.89% and 81.82%,there was a significant difference between two groups(P0.05).Conclusion Hypertension,high blood sugar,high blood lipids and high fibrinogen are risk factors in progressive ischemic stroke.Edaravone is safe and effective in treatment of progressive ischemic stroke.


SUMMARY Analysis of 21 years' cotton yield data from factorial experiments at three sites in the Sudan Gezira established that yields were significantly increased by nitrogenous fertilizer, that close spacing outyielded wide spacing and that variety X1730A (L type) outyielded variety MSDS (a Sakel type). The effect of nitrogen varied depending on variety and spacing and there were also marked variations from year to year in the effects of nitrogen, spacing, variety and some of the interactions. Year-to-year variations in the overall level of yield were very pronounced and accounted for more than half of the total variance at each site. Causes of year to year variation and the mechanism of the treatmenteffects will be discussed in subsequent papers.


In this paper,we shall consider a class of difference equations with negative coefficients.Some new oscillations criteria of the solutions are obtained.


The fracture mode under compressive shear loading is the research focus of rock fracture mechanics. In this paper, rock-like material with cracks was used to investigate its fracture mode. The physical and mechanical parameters of gypsum with specific paste-to-water ratio and curing time were measured by uniaxial compression test, and then, the shear box tests with loading angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 70° were carried out on gypsum specimens with initial double edge cut cracks. Finally, the strain field was monitored by the DIC method to analyze and summarize the phenomenon of crack initiation and propagation, and to analyze the fracture mode under shear box loading. The results show that the failure process of gypsum under uniaxial loading is a tensile split failure, and the fracture propagates through the entire specimen. Under the shear box loading, when the loading angle is less than 30°, the crack propagation presents a splitting tensile failure mode, that is, the crack propagation belongs to Mode I. When the loading angle is greater than 60°, the crack propagation shows shear failure mode after loading, that is, the crack propagation belongs to Mode II. While, when the loading angle is 45°, both the above two conditions exist, and the specimen presents both wing crack and secondary crack, in other words, the failure mode of the specimen is a superposition of shear fracture and tensile fracture. The research results can improve the understanding of the crack propagation mechanism of rock-like materials.


Structured 3D Virtual Environments are 3D virtual spaces where some users' interactions are regulated by a subjacent Organisation Centered Multi Agent System (OCMAS) ---an Electronic Institution (EI). They are task-oriented hybrid systems, where staff (organisational) software agents support --based on activities' specification and current EI state--human users in their task achievement. The contribution of this paper is a conversational task-oriented structured 3D environment, where users interact with staff bots (i.e. the embodiment of staff agents) using natural language and, as a result, the communication is improved. With this aim, we extend the Artificial Intelligence Mark-up Language (AIML) with special tags to enable the complex flow of task-oriented conversations. They are characterised by different conversation' states --such as asked, responded, failed or confirmed--and by data types from the EI ontology. We evaluate the usability of our conversational proposal and compare it to a previous command-based interaction system. As expected, data analysis on users' skills --command-based novice vs expert profile-- suggests the co-existence both conversational and command-based user-agent interaction styles. But overall, results show a higher users' satisfaction with the conversational approach which, in average, also performs better in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and errors.


Our experience in living with deaf people and their issues with the Portuguese Language makes us confront lines such as: I do not know words. I want to learn words. So, we wonder: what is to learn words? Therefore, the goal of this text is a reflection on the production of meaning in the undertaken reading by these individuals from texts in Portuguese Language. The fact that these individuals are Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) users, creates difficulty for teachers such as having to cope with the modalities of these languages when teaching Portuguese Language as L2 for the deaf. At first we will discuss the State investment through legislation on teaching PL for the deaf and conclude with strategies to teach Portuguese Language as L2 by describing one of the classes outlined in the research.


This paper reports that detailed surface compositional analysis has been conducted on 12 simulated nuclear waste forms leached for two years in the brine environment of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) of both cations and anions has identified characteristic leaching and precipitation zones within the leached layers on all specimens. The thickness of the leached layer is found to range from approximately 0.3 to 2.7 [mu]m and the total element loss from 80 to 625 mmol/m[sup 2], indicating that durability in brine differs by less than an order of magnitude between the different glasses. The in-depth profiles of anionic elements indicate the significant roles of carbon, fluorine, and chlorine in the formation of surface phases. Also recorded and discussed are elemental SIMS images of sputter crater tapers, providing additional documentation of leaching subzones.


It provides a method (100) outdoor lighting control system, a computer program product, a control system of outdoor lighting equipment and outdoor lighting systems. The outdoor lighting system comprises spatially distributed outdoor space segment of the outdoor lights. Outdoor light emission intensity is controlled according to the space segment, segment and some references are used to refer to a specific space. The method (100) comprising the steps of: (i) receive an indication of the partition (102) outdoor space from the detection system and to receive at least one activity characteristic of the partition, the detection system is arranged to detect the activities of the partition, the partition Unlike all the space segment, and indicates to refer to the partition, and at least one activity characteristic related to traffic density in the partition; (ii) at least one indication map (104) to the respective space segment at least one reference ; at least one activity characteristic (iii) depending on the received for each segment to determine at least one space (106) intensity levels; (iv) to determine the respective light intensity of at least one reference provided (108) to the outdoor lighting systems with .


We investigated the effects of 20 years of dormant season fire over a range of frequencies on the composition and structure of woody plants in a xeric oak forest at the western limit of the eastern deciduous forest. Twenty 0.01 ha plots were randomly located in each of eight management units with fire frequencies ranging from zero to five per decade and the density of saplings and shrubs (height ≥ 1.4 m and dbh < 5 cm), small trees (5 cm ≤ dbh < 10 cm) and large trees (dbh ≥ 10 cm) was measured. The cover of woody regeneration (height < 1.4 m) was measured on four 1 m sub-plots within each plot. Regeneration cover was not affected by fire frequency. Increasing fire frequency had a strong negative effect on species richness of saplings and shrubs and no effect on small and large tree species richness. While oak sapling density was not affected by fire frequency, the density of non-oak saplings and shrubs was strongly reduced by fire frequencies greater than two per decade. Consequently at high fire frequencies Quercus stellata and Q. marilandica saplings dominated and at low fire frequencies Ulmus alata and Carya texana saplings dominated. Although 20 years of treatment may not have been long enough to show fire frequency effects on canopy


The purpose of this study is (a) to identify physical and content elements of children's books that seem to interest second and fifth graders to read, and (b) to observe how the influence of those elements on children's reading interest shifts as children develop. For the purpose of this study, children's books are classified into two groups: 'books of low preference' and 'books of high preference' as determined by second graders, and fifth graders' library circulation record in the library chosen as the sample for the present study. The physical and content elements of the books belonging to these two groups are analyzed and compared. Main findings and conclusions made in this study are summarised as follows: (1) The physical elements of children's books which have significant relationship with second graders' reading preference are illustration quantity, size of types, space between lines, and size of the book. (2) The content elements of children's books which have significant relationship with second graders' reading preference are the readability level of sentences, and the sex of heroes. (3) The physical elements of children's books which have significant relationship with fifth graders' reading preference are illustration quantity, illustration styles, and size of the book. (4) The content elements of children's books which have significant relationship with fifth graders' reading preference are the readability level, the sex of heroes, subject matters, themes and the environmental settings as the background of stories. (5) Reading preference of the pupils at the second and fifth grades are influenced by the quantity of illustration. Second grade pupils prefer reading books which contain a larger quantity of illustrations, whereas 5th grade pupils prefer books which contain less quantity of illustrations. (6) The relationship between second graders' reading preference and the illustration style are rejected at the significance level. A strong relationship, however, appears to exist between 5th graders' reading preference and the illustration style. The 5th grade pupils prefer more realistic illustrations, while cartoons and semi-abstract drawings do not appeal to them. (7) The type size, and space between lines which have had great influence on the book preference of 2nd grade pupils influence little on the 5th grade pupils book preference. (8) Second grade pupils prefer the book of a small Size, whereas 5th grade pupils whose reading taste has developed at a primary stage prefer the book of a large size beyond a certain standard. (9) Second grade pupils prefer reading books which can be easily read, whreeas 5th grade pupils prefer reading books containing difficult sentences. (10) Second grade pupils and the 5th grade pupils both prefer books in accordance with the sex of there heroes. (11) Relationship between second graders' reading preference and the subject matters are rejected at the 10% significance level. A strong relationship, however, appears to exist between 5th graders' reading preference and the subject matter. Fifth grade pupils prefer reading books of which the themes are mystery, exploration and adventure. (12) The theme of books is not proved to relate with the book preference of the 2nd grade pupils, but it is closely related with the book preference of 5th grade pupils. Fifth grade pupils prefer reading books which contain exploratory stories. (13) Second grade pupils are not influenced by the environmental setting of the story, but 5th grade pupils prefer reading stories with the environmental setting in the air. (14) The quantity of illustrations is the element influencing most on .the book preference of the 2nd grade pupils, followed by the space between the lines, which influences least on the book preference of the 5th grade pupils. (15) The physical element influencing most on the book preference of the 2nd grade pupils is the quantity of the illustrations. The physical element which has the most strong influence on the book preference of the 5th graders is illustration styles. (16) The content elements which has much influence on the book preference of the 5th grade pupils are certain kinds of characteristics of heroes. In case of the 2nd grade pupils book preference, striking evidence of such characteristics of heroes is not traced.


HNC is developing a neural network related approach to document retrieval called MatchPlus. Goals of this approach include high precision/recall performance, ease of use, incorporation of machine learning algorithms, and sensitivity to similarity of use.


Introduction To develop a cancer-specific radiotherapy, we have proposed a novel method that introduces a heavy atom, such as Nb or Ba, into cancer cells and induces cell death with active oxygen species produced by Auger process after X-ray irradiation. We previously prepared the Nbcontaining cationic liposome and transfected L-929 cells with the liposomes, however, the liposomes aggregated on the cell surface and no lethal effect was shown by X-ray irradiation [1]. Here we report that the new liposomes could introduce Nb atoms into the cells, electroporation could also introduce Nb atoms into the cells, and active oxygen species were produced by X-ray irradiation on Nb aqueous solution.


CASE I A 70 year old woman presented with a pleural effusion containing undifferentiated carcinoma cells. Biopsy of an enlarged cervical gland yielded material with the histological features of adenocarcinoma. She had a previous history of systemic lupus erythematosus and seropositive arthritis. Corynebacterium parvum (7 mg in 20 ml normal saline) was instilled into the pleural cavity after aspiration to dryness. On the evening of the procedure her temperature rose to 38 5°C and this was associated with nausea and tachycardia. The fever continued unabated for the next 10 days and was associated with a moderate rise in peripheral white blood count (maximum 16 x 109/1, 83% neutrophils, on day six). Bacterial investigations, including sputum, blood, urine, and throat swab cultures, all gave negative results. The fever eventually settled on day 10 but she continued to experience night sweats for some time afterwards. So far, several months after the instillation, no further accumulation of her effusion has occurred. Despite the appearance of secondary deposits in her liver, the primary site of this woman's primary tumour remains elusive.


The world production and consumption of helium are analyzed. Potential problems of the helium industry in Eastern Siberia have been identified. Variants of long-term storage of helium are proposed. The problem of helium transportation in Russia and the ways of its solution are considered.


Limb skeletal pattern heavily relies on graded Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. As a morphogen and growth cue, Shh regulates identities of posterior limb elements including the ulna/fibula and digits 2 through 5. In contrast, proximal and anterior structures including the humerus/femur, radius/tibia and digit 1 are regarded as Shh-independent and the mechanisms governing their pattern formation are unclear. Here I show that patterning of the proximal and anterior limb skeleton involves an early specification phase dependent on two transcription factors, Irx3 and Irx5 (Irx3/5). They are expressed in the anterior margin of the limb field to regulate expression of the key anterior prepattern gene Gli3 and specify the anterior population during limb initiation. The early specification phase is followed by a late modulation phase during which Shh signaling negatively regulates these anterior elements. In addition, Irx3/5 also play a role in limb bud morphogenesis. Irx3/5-DKO hindlimb buds are small with abnormal shape due to prolonged cell cycle time and division defects including anaphase bridge and altered cell division orientation in the anterior hindlimb field. Therefore, pattern formation of anterior limb skeletal elements requires functions of Irx3/5 during limb bud initiation for the specification and expansion of anterior population followed by negative modulation by Shh signaling.


This paper studied the knowledge processing problem in the instruction expert system systematically by means of theory of knowledge engineering and gave a kind of model of knowledge processing procedure in the system.


Phase analysis has been applied to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) to detect the site of accessory conduction pathway (ACP); however, there was a limitation to estimate the precise location of ACP by planar phase analysis. In this study, the authors applied phase analysis to gated blood pool tomography. Twelve patients with WPW who underwent epicardial mapping and surgical division of ACP were studied by both of gated emission computed tomography (GECT) and routine gated blood pool study (GBPS). The GBPS was performed with Tc-99m red blood cells in multiple projections; modified left anterior oblique, right anterior oblique and/or left lateral views. In GECT, short axial, horizontal and vertical long axial blood pool images were reconstructed. Phase analysis was performed using fundamental frequency of the Fourier transform in both GECT and GBPS images, and abnormal initial contractions on both the planar and tomographic phase analysis were compared with the location of surgically confirmed ACPs. In planar phase analysis, abnormal initial phase was identified in 7 out of 12 (58%) patients, while in tomographic phase analysis, the localization of ACP was predicted in 11 out of 12 (92%) patients. Tomographic phase analysis is superior to planar phase images in 8 out of 12more » patients to estimate the location of ACP. Phase analysis by GECT can avoid overlap of blood pool in cardiac chambers and has advantage to identify the propagation of phase three-dimensionally. Tomographic phase analysis is a good adjunctive method for patients with WPW to estimate the site of ACP.« less


We have measured seismic dispersion in Mancos and Pierre shale for different water saturations, using a new apparatus for combined measurements of ultrasonic velocities and dynamic stiffness at seismic frequencies. For both shale types, an increase in water saturation results in a significant reduction of Young's modulus (softening) at low frequencies and an increase in Poisson's ratio, as well as an increase in dispersion. The observed rock softening is attributed to lubrication effects, and the increase in dispersion is probably due to pore-scale local flow. The results clearly show that dispersion effects are strong in shales and have to be accounted for in rock physics models.


According to plagioclase-hornblende rock in Jinchuan deep underground mine uniaxial compression creep test results,after selection typical creep curves,it is found that viscoelastic and viscoplastic deformation are significantly less than instantaneous deformation,elastic after-effect is not obvious after unloading.Under 5.1 MPa of uniaxial stress,rock samples show pure elastic properties in natural condition.Under water condition,both instantaneous uniaxial compressive strength σ′ b and long-term strength σ′ ∞ are generally lower than nature condition,σ′ ∞ approaches deep high underground stress,therefore,under high stress conditions in deep underground,especially joints,fractured rock mass,should pay particular attention to drainage,so as to prevent rock deformation and damage due to long-term strength σ ∞ reduction in roadway.Instantaneous elastic and plastic strain e me,e mp increases with stress,but the speed decreases,plastic deformation characteristics becomes more conspicuous in water-saturated condition.Under the same stress,water-saturated condition's creep is higher than that of natural condition,and strain rates are generally faster,two conditions's creep rates all turn stable in 20 30 h,rate curves approach each other with stress increases and micro-cracks compact,rock samples turn into a relative hardening stage.While stress reaches 66.3 MPa,water-saturated condition's strain rates accelerate relatively,curves first move down-left,then back to upper-right,but in natural condition,strain rate curves generally move to upper-right.Finally,in the light of creep data characteristics,empirical equation γ=ασ k is introduced to fit the experimental data.The results prove that the empirical creep model is correct.The creep experimental research of plagioclase hornblende rock in Jinchuan underground mine can provide effective help for analyzing deep roadway rheological stability and support optimization.


A stabilized d. c. current supply of wide scanning range for an electro-magnet of a mass spectrometer has been constructed. The circuit is composed of two parts: One is the degenerative stabilizer to keep the output current stabilized, and the other works to control the output voltage of the rectified power supply to prevent over-voltage on the stabilizer during the scanning. The short-time and and long-time stabilities of the output currents are5·10-6-5·10-5 and 3·10-5-5·10-5, respectively, in the scanning range from 0.05 to 0.85 amperes. The ripple content of 50 and 100 Hz are estimated to be in the order of 0.001%.


A variety of norms in international and domestic law imply that States have a general obligation to mitigate climate change (e.g. no-harm principle, obligation to protection human rights, public trust doctrine). Yet, a major methodological difficulty is faced when interpreting this general mitigation obligation: how to determine the requisite level of mitigation action? This article identifies and discusses various methods for the interpretation of States' general mitigation obligation in light of domestic cases. On the one hand, a top-down approach seeks to determine a State's requisite mitigation action in the light of a global objective on climate change mitigation and of effort-sharing criteria. On the other hand, bottom-up methods put emphasis on the demand for internal consistency, on the obligation for a State not to downplay its contribution to environmental impacts unfolding beyond its territory, and on various emerging transnational standards. The article argues that the top-down and bottom-up approaches enable a sound interpretation of States' general mitigation obligations especially when these approaches are used in combination.


Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of periprocedural rivaroxaban during catheter ablation procedures atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter.

Background: Catheter ablation procedures require optimal periprocedural anticoagulation for minimizing bleeding and thromboembolic complications. Rivaroxaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, was recently approved for prevention of stroke or systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. However, the safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban as a periprocedural anticoagulant for catheter ablation procedures are unknown.

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis from our data base including all catheter ablation procedures between February 2012 and November 2012. A total of 170 patients (mean age 62 years, 29% female) taking periprocedurally rivaroxaban were included in the study. 149 (88%) were left and 21 (12%) were right atrial procedures. Rivaroxaban 20 mg per day was taken 2 to 12 hours before the procedure. During left atrial procedures, heparin was given to maintain an activated clotting time at 270-300 seconds.

Any bleeding requiring blood transfusion, hematomas requiring surgical intervention, and pericardial effusions requiring drainage (tamponade) were considered as major bleeding complications. Minor bleeding complications included small hematomas and pericardial effusions not requiring an intervention (non-tamponade). The primary endpoint was safety of the procedure including major bleedings and thromboembolic events whereas the secondary endpoint was minor bleedings.

Results: Catheter ablation procedures included treatment of paroxysmal AF (n = 76, 45%), persistent AF (n = 40, 23%), atrial tachycardia (n = 33, 19%) and typical atrial flutter (n = 21, 12%). The mean procedure time was 147±64 min and the mean total heparine dosage per body weight was 116±48 IU/kg. In addition, 23 patients (14%) were taking aspirin, 2 patients (1%) clopidogrel and another 2 patients (1%) were on dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel. No major bleedings or thromboembolic events occurred. Minor bleedings in terms of groin hematoma (> 5 cm) were found in 12 (7%) patients.

Conclusions: In this large study, catheter ablation procedures under continuous periprocedural rivaroxaban (20 mg per day) seems to be safe and effective.


This paper presents a new approach that supports session continuity for multimedia services in IMS-based heterogeneous environment. We propose a new component in the IMS domain, namely an proxy based on mSCTP (mobile stream control transmission protocol) that acts as an anchor point for soft vertical handover of mobile nodes, which have multiple physical interfaces (e.g., WLAN/UMTS). The mSCTP-based proxy also supports QoS provisioning and adaptation for the mobile nodes when moving in a heterogeneous wireless environment. Results show that the signaling cost for handover in our approach can be up to 23 times smaller than that in the conventional approach.


We address the goal of making Delegation Logic (DL) into a practically implementable and tractable trust management system. DL (N. Li et al., 1999) is a logic based knowledge representation (i.e., language) for authorization in large scale, open, distributed systems. DL inferencing is computationally intractable and highly impractical to implement. We introduce a new version of Delegation Logic that remedies these difficulties. To achieve this, we impose a syntactic restriction and redefine the semantics somewhat. We show that, for this revised version of DL, inferencing is computationally tractable under the same commonly met restrictions for which Ordinary Logic Programs (OLP) inferencing is tractable (e.g., Datalog and bounded number of logical variables per rule). We give an implementation architecture for this version of DL; it uses a delegation compiler from DL to OLP and can modularly exploit a variety of existing OLP inference engines. As proof of concept, we have implemented a large expressive subset of this version of DL, using this architecture.


It is demonstrated how the Hermite transform can be used for image coding and analysis. Hierarchical coding structures based on increasingly specified basic patterns, i.e. general 2-D patterns, general 1-D patterns, and specific 1-D patterns such as edges and corners, are presented. In the image coding application, the relation with existing pyramid coders is described. A new coding scheme, based on local one-dimensional image approximations, is introduced. In the image analysis application, the relation between the Hermite transform and existing line/edge detection schemes is described. It is shown that, by concentrating on more specific patterns, the coding efficiency can be increased since fewer coefficients have to be coded. Meanwhile, sufficient descriptive power can be maintained for approximating the most interesting features in natural images. >


In this study, a parameterization method based on satellite remote sensing and field observations is described and tested for deriving the regional land surface variables, vegetation variables and land surface heat flux densities over heterogeneous landscape. As a case study, the method is applied to the HEIFE area in northwestern China. The regional distribution maps of the NDVI, the MSAVI, vegetation coverage, leaf area index (LAI), surface reflectance, surface temperature, net radiation density, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux have been determined over the HEIFE area. The derived results have been validated by using the "ground truth". Comparisons between the results derived from the method proposed in this study, and the previous results (in which the land surface variables and surface heat fluxes were directly derived from the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land—SEBAL) have also been given in this paper. The results show that the more reasonable regional distributions of land surface variables (surface reflectance, surface temperature), vegetation variables (the NDVI, the MSAVI, vegetation coverage and the LAI), net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux can be obtained by using the method proposed in this study. Further improvement of this method is also discussed.


A method for quantitative analysis of p-hydroxybenzoate esters (parabens) in cosmetic lotions and creams was developed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Parabens were separated from the cosmetic base and other ingredients by bi-layer (upper ; celite, lower ; silica gel) column chromatography with Hexane-AcOEt (80 : 20). The eluate was extracted with acetonitrile. The acetonitrile layer was concentrated in vacuo and determined by HPLC on Develosil ODS by using a mobile phase of methanol-water (65 : 35, v/v). Recoveries of parabens obtained from model cosmetics were more than 95%. This method with clean-up procedure on bi-layer column chromatography and liquid extraction was much suitable for the determination of parabens in cosmetic lotions and creams.


The aim of the research was to determine the significance of udder disinfection after milking on the hygienic quality of fresh raw milk in dairy cowherds. The research was conducted on selected four farms that are found in and around Addis Ababa with differing hygienic milk quality, during which one farm was selected for the assessment of udder disinfection after milking and the other three farms to implement primary hygiene with water in the preparation of udder before milking. The disinfection in the first group after milking was performed by immersing the teats in a special cup containing AUDIP, Monopropylenglycol 2% solution. Seven round individual sampling of milk were collected from each cow within three months for determining total microorganism and Somatic cell counts and the result showed (P<0.05, x = 36.750) for the total viable count of 2 the first group. There was insignificance P-value for the total somatic cell count of the first group (P=0.369, x =13) even though there was somewhat promoted decrease in the total somatic cell numbers during the course of trial. In addition, results obtained from out of the three group, one showed (Woldesilassie farm)that a slight significant reduction in total viable count (P= 0.015, x = 33.298) but for the total somatic cell count insignificant 2 P-value was recorded (P= 0.850, x = 16.962). The other two groups out of the three showed no significant 2 change in both total viable and somatic cell count (Biofarm and Tsegenet farm).


The proposed research work accomplishes the experimental study and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique for erosive footprint prediction extent in hot abrasive jet machining (HAJMing) constraints on target surface erosion rate, surface roughness of intricately shaped tapered holes generation. The CFD-obtained footprints were in superior agreement with experimentally measured data. HAJMing process uses a relatively high speed air-hot abrasive stream to produce both high accuracy micro-channels and tapered holes. HAJM also defines itself phenomenal competence over all advanced manufacturing techniques due to its growing demands for better surface reliability with defects (mostly stress, heat) free surfaces. Zirconia is widely accepted and associated in the non-conventional machining processes and industries with the years of track on record of proven performance in a vast number of brittle materials. Most perceptible act in this research is the selection of abrasive particle to achieve the appropriate intricate shaped holes on zirconia ceramic with hot silicon carbide (SiC) abrasives. Machining of these features are done with varying the abrasive temperature. Optical microscopic view was considered for the generation of machined holes during HAJMing. All the experimental data were presented to study the effect of machining constraints on target surface erosion rate and surface roughness using HAJMing. Single impact experiments were executed to measure the target surface erosion due to impact of individual hot silicon carbide abrasive particles. An experimental setup has been designed to conduct the machining trials using Box-Behnken design of experiments. It is also shown that the generated workpiece surface contour and erosion rate are the function of machining constraints which have a negligible influence on air-abrasive flow characteristics. This research work also deals with the sustainability assessment under environmental-friendly hot abrasive-assisted machining conditions.


The kinetics of grain growth in fully dense Al2O3 with and without MgO solute additions were measured. The MgO was found to retard boundary migration and to rkvelop more uniform microstructures. A grain-growth mechanism involving solute partitioning of segregated ions (calcium and magnesium) between different boundary types is proposed. Implications regarding the sintering of Al2O3 are discussed.


Objective To investigate the relationship between the urokinase type plasminogen activator(UPA) mRNA expression with the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer. Methods UPA mRNA expression in gastric cancer tissue(GCT), tissue near tumor(NT) and tissue far away from tumor(FATT) was examined by Northern Blot technique. Result Positive expression rates of UPA mRNA in GCT, NT and FATT were 85%, 31% and 10% respectively. UPA mRNA expression was not found in the early stage of the cancer, while it was much higher in advanced cancer. Gastric cancer with serosal invasion and lymph node metastasis had much higher expression rate. Conclusions UPA mRNA expression may be a indicator for evaluating the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer.


«Who is a person?» is a question with moral, theological and even legal consequences, but it seems now apparently entangled in intractable puzzles; therefore, it has become frequent to suggest that we should entirely dispense with the idea of «personhood». This essay argues that the notions of «person», and rational «nature» which are essential in theological exploration, cannot be easily discarded from the philosophical vocabulary either. The paper argues that the preferred route of access should preserve the noetic heterogeneity of beings, because it is the current «scientistic» straitjacket that has made very articulation of the question fruitless and impoverished.


Being its major component, aggregate can occupy up to three-quarter of the volume of concrete. The structure of aggregate formed in hardened state impacts largely on mechanical and durability properties of concrete. On another hand, physical characteristics of aggregate are primarily assumed to be relevant to granular behavior of aggregate. Therefore, characterization of aggregate is of high relevance to concrete studies. In this study, different types of fine aggregate used in concrete, namely river sand and crushed limestone, are selected for morphological characterization. Traditional sieve analysis and laser diffraction method are employed for separation and size analysis of specimens. Different types of fine aggregate samples with comparable size ranges are then analyzed by two advanced dry (static) and wet (dynamic) image analysers. These new analysers are especially suitable for characterization of fine particles, which is difficult by traditional image analysis equipments. Size and shape characteristics of different fine aggregates will be revealed by different experimental methods. The results on different parameters for shape characterization will be compared and discussed.


Recent efforts in stimuli‐responsive soft materials have enabled wirelessly controlled actuation with increasing degrees of freedom, yielding miniature robots capable of various locomotion in open environments such as on a plane or inside fluids. However, grand challenges remain in harnessing photomechanical deformation to induce locomotion and control of friction during the movement, especially for robotic actuations within constrained spaces. Here, the authors report a centimeter‐long polymer strip made of a liquid crystal network that is capable of versatile light‐fueled motions along a human hair. The soft polymer robot can translocate directionally upon temporally modulated excitation and climb vertically through friction control with light. A self‐oscillating strip is demonstrated to continuously translocate along the hair upon a constant light stimulus, and its gaiting is associated to the smoothness of the hair surface. The results offer new insights to small‐scale photo‐actuator, mechanical control, and automation in soft micro robotics.


With the expansion of World Wide Web services due to the growing explosion of information during these recent years automatic summarization has become primordial to provide efficient mechanisms to resume and present effective textual information. This technology can summarize multiple or single documents to get a summary. In this paper we develop method based on Fuzzy ontology extraction technique. We focus this research only in the purpose to introduce a Multi-Document Summarization Technique for Gabonese Documents. And in the purpose to realize a comparative study between our general approach and current techniques we adopt Timestamp as the comparative method. This research approach successfully generates a summary with greater information.


The precipitation of energetic neutral atoms, produced through charge exchange collisions between solar wind ions and thermal atmospheric gases, is investigated for the Martian atmosphere. Connections between parameters of precipitating fast ions and resulting escape fluxes, altitude-dependent energy distributions of fast atoms and their coefficients of reflection from the Mars atmosphere, are established using accurate cross sections in Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Distributions of secondary hot (SH) atoms and molecules, induced by precipitating particles, have been obtained and applied for computations of the non-thermal escape fluxes. A new collisional database on accurate energy-angular-dependent cross sections, required for description of the energy–momentum transfer in collisions of precipitating particles and production of non-thermal atmospheric atoms and molecules, is reported with analytic fitting equations. Three-dimensional MC simulations with accurate energy-angular-dependent cross sections have been carried out to track large ensembles of energetic atoms in a time-dependent manner as they propagate into the Martian atmosphere and transfer their energy to the ambient atoms and molecules. Results of the MC simulations on the energy-deposition altitude profiles, reflection coefficients, and time-dependent atmospheric heating, obtained for the isotropic hard sphere and anisotropic quantum cross sections, are compared. Atmospheric heating rates, thermalization depths, altitude profiles of production rates, energy distributions of SH atoms and molecules, and induced escape fluxes have been determined.


Gastroparesis is characterized by nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and delayed gastric emptying. This chronic condition has few effective medical options. Gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy (G-POEM) is an emerging alternative to surgical pyloroplasty or pyloromyotomy that may provide relief in carefully selected patients with severe symptoms. This article summarizes the @GIJournal Twitter discussion of Martinek et al, "Endoscopic pyloromyotomy for the treatment of severe and refractory gastroparesis: a pilot, randomised, sham-controlled trial," originally published in Gut. In this study of 40 patients, G-POEM was associated with significant improvement in symptoms and quality of life at 6 months, including patients who crossed over from sham, and especially in those with diabetic gastroparesis. Future studies will provide data on longer follow-up periods and examine strategies for G-POEM candidate selection.


Why do conflict-generated diasporas mobilize in contentious and non-contentious ways or use mixed strategies of contention? Why do they channel their homeland-oriented goals through host-states, transnational networks, and international organizations? This book develops a theory of socio-spatial positionality and its implications for the individual agency of diaspora entrepreneurs, moving beyond essentialized notions of diasporas as groups. Individual diaspora entrepreneurs operate in transnational social fields affecting their mobilizations beyond dynamics confined to host-states and original home-states. There are four types of diaspora entrepreneurs—Broker, Local, Distant, and Reserved—depending on the relative strength of their socio-spatial linkages to host-land, on the one hand, and original homeland and other global locations, on the other. A two-level typological theory captures nine causal pathways, unravelling how the socio-spatial linkages of these diaspora entrepreneurs interact with external factors: host-land foreign policies, homeland governments, parties, non-state actors, and critical events or limited global influences. Such pathways produce mobilization trajectories with varying levels of contention and methods of channelling homeland-oriented goals. Non-contentious pathways often occur when host-state foreign policies are convergent with the diaspora entrepreneurs' goals, and when diaspora entrepreneurs can act autonomously. Dual-pronged contention pathways occur quite often, under the influence of homeland governments, non-state actors, and political parties. The most contentious pathway occurs in response to violent critical events in the homeland or adjacent to it fragile states. This book is informed by 300 interviews and a dataset of 146 interviews with diaspora entrepreneurs among the Albanian, Armenian, and Palestinian diasporas in the UK, Germany, France, Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as Kosovo and Armenia in the European neighbourhood.


This paper proposes a new exponential clustering algorithm (XPFCM) by reformulating the clustering objective function with an additional parameter p to adjust the exponential behavior for membership assignment. The clustering exper- iments show that the proposed method assign data to the clusters better than other fuzzy C-means (FCM) variants.


Let Ω be a bounded domain of n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn (n ≥ 2). On Ω we consider the biharmonic equation


Invention is subject to Patent Law no. 64/1991. As a result of his activity, if the conditions required by law, the inventor receives a patent. For like to create a technique to be declared invention it must meet following conditions: is new, is the result of an inventive step and have industrial application. In connection with first condition, we present some significant cases and reviews of rigor.. Failure patenting an invention of the author's fault is the main cause ignorance of Patent Low having bad track. .Situations analyzed represent colors look the same, namely, that the inventor need to patent his invention and only then you can to popularize by different means which have access.


Traditional microbial identification and cluster analysis method is founded on the basis of the separation of microbial pure culture.Because more than 99% of micro-organisms can not be cultured in the natural environment,microbial analysis and research have many limitations.Compared with the traditional medium-based microbial separation technology as well as physiological methods and molecular biological methods,the Phospholipid Fatty Acid analysis which based on fatty acids as a biomarker is widely used in the research of environmental microbiology nowadays.This paper discusses the PLFA fingerprint analysis and its applications for environmental microbial studies,including identification of unknown microbes and assessment of microbial diversity.


Coals and coaly shales from the Permian Gondwana sequence in the Barapukuria Basin (core GDH-40) of Bangladesh were investigated to determine the influence of rock type and organic source on methylphenanthrene (MP) maturity parameters such as methylphenanthrene ratio (MPR) and methylphenanthrene index 3 (MPI 3). The Tmax (oC) depth profile of the coals is almost constant, and the Tmax values (430 – 440 oC) correspond to about 0.6 – 0.7% vitrinite reflectance, which suggests the early stage of oil generation. In the constant maturation stage, the MPR and MPI 3 values of coals are clearly different from those of coaly shales. The 9-MP/1-MP and 9-MP/2-MP ratios of the coals are higher than those of the coaly shales because the activated methylation preferentially leads to 9-MP in coals during the early stage of oil generation. Also, these ratios increase in the coals rather than coaly shales attributed to selective biodegradation of the MP and conifer-rich sources. A negative correlation observed between 9-MP and 2-MP compositions indicates methylation effect and/or change in organic source input into the paleomire. The 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene (DMP) isomer, gymnosperm-derived pimanthrene, is more abundant in the coals than the coaly shales. The relative abundances of the 1,7-DMP in the coals tend to be higher in middle part of the drill core, and decrease with depths. Anthracene (A) and methylanthracene (MA) also tend to be more abundant in the coals. The abundance of 1,7-DMP, A and MA in the coals may be related to Gondwana coals characterized by the predominance of coniferous gymnosperms.


Judicial Provement is a Subjective Process of Judgement. Judges cognize facts of suit fairly subjectively. Court's Judgements only reach law reality, not objective truth. To insure the impersonality of judgement, we should advance judge's qualification and admit that judges have the right to verdict evidence freely.


PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS WELCOMING REMARKS Dean Barry Desker Professor John Norton Moore H.E. Patricia L. Herbold KEYNOTE ADDRESSES Navigational Freedom and Other Contemporary Oceans Issues, S. Jayakumar The South China Sea: the Long Road Towards Peace and Cooperation, Hasjim Djalal 1. BACKGROUND ON THE FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION John Norton Moore, Moderator Remarks on the Legal Status of the Exclusive Economic Zone, Tommy T. B. Koh An Introduction to the Regime of Passage Through Straits Used for International Navigation and Through Archipelagic Waters, Satya N. Nandan Remarks on the Concept of "Freedom of Navigation", Hasjim Djalal Freedom of Navigation and Navies [Abstract & PowerPoint only] Nora Tyson Freedom of Navigation: New Challenges, Rudiger Wolfrum Comments and Q & A. 2. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS IN THE EEZ Barbara Moore, Moderator Hydrographic Surveying and Marine Scientific Research in Exclusive Economic Zones, Sam Bateman Regulating Marine Biodiscovery in Sea Areas Under Coastal State Jurisdiction, Ronan Long Marine Data Collection: Methods and the Law, J. Ashley Roach Marine Scientific Research and Hydrographic Survey in the EEZs: Closing Up the Legal Loopholes? Guifang "Julia" Xue Comments and Q & A. 3. MILITARY ACTIVITIES IN THE EEZ Myron H. Nordquist, Moderator Military Activities in and over the Exclusive Economic Zone Raul "Pete" Pedrozo Military Activity in the EEZ: Exclusive or Excluded Right? Alexander S. Skaridov China and the Law of the Sea, Zhiguo Ga Comments and Q & A. 4. TRANSIT PASSAGE THROUGH STRAITS USED FOR INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION Mary Seet-Cheng, Moderator PSSAs and the Jurisdiction of Coastal States over Ship-Source Pollution in the EEZ and in Straits used for International Navigation, Robert Beckman Compulsory Pilotage in the Torres Strait, Patrick J. Neher Transit Passage and Users' Contributions to the Safety of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, Hiroshi Terashima Comments and Q & A. 5. ARCHIPELAGIC SEA LANES PASSAGE Sir Michael Wood, Moderator Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage Designation: The Indonesian Experience, Arif Havas Oegroseno Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage and the Philippines Situation, Alberto A. Encomienda Navigation Through Archipelagos: Current State Practice, Martin Tsamenyi, Clive Schofield, & Ben Milligan Comments and Q & A. 6. VESSEL SOURCE POLLUTION AND PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT Chao Hick Tin, Moderator Vessel Source Pollution and Protection of the Marine Environment, Capt. Charles D. Michel Vessel Source Pollution and Protection of the Marine Environment in the Taiwan Strait, Kuen-Chen Fu IMO, ICS and Environmental Compliance, Peter Hinchliffe Comments and Q & A. 7. NON-FLAG STATE ENFORCEMENT AND PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT Gudmundur Eiriksson, Moderator Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas and the Law of the Sea, James Kraska Protecting the Marine Environment: Non-Flag State Enforcement and IUU Fishing, Rosemary Rayfuse Comments and Q & A. EDITORS' SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT Navies and Maritime Security: A Republic of Singapore Navy Perspective, Submitted by Dexter Chia


This article analyses a Catholic women's community in Córdoba that assisted poor women in different ways. The principal hypothesis is that even though the women did neither perceive themselves as feminists nor that their work implied a political role in the public space, the fact is that their actions developed a civil society. Their activities gradually led them to perceive themselves as agents who had to exercise their work beyond the exclusively domestic space. They included not only women of the elite but also many from the middle class that was growing due to increasing modernization.