The Korea's foreigner immigrant support policy has formed the foundation by legally and systematically during short period relatively and it is evaluated that the infrastructure has been established for stable policy practices. "Then, do the citizens' consciousness being changed for human race and cultural variety in our society in accordance with changing pace of policy and regulation?" To meet the multicultural era in 21st century, this survey intended to confirm the effectiveness that a multicultural understanding education can affect to the multicultural sensibilities because the major group who occupied majority in Korean society has to stop insistence for a value of mono-cultural/mono-national and they have to encourage for multicultural sensibilities that can accept various culture and human race. In addition, this survey intended to search human/sociological factor which can affect to the multicultural sensibilities. As a result, we drew the following conclusions. Regarding the effectiveness of multicultural understanding education in this survey, the following three (3) results have come out. First, no meaningful results were found regarding the whole multicultural sensibilities statistically in accordance with multicultural understanding education, which were conducted by Daegu Catholic University. Second, the multicultural understanding education has not affected to existing people identity and not shown as meaningful, but it is identified that a citizen has recognized as a severe social problem for the conflict between Korean and immigrant. Third, it is identified as meaningful partially for the multicultural understanding education effectiveness from the sub-domain, which consist of multicultural sensibilities. Especially, this education identified high effectiveness of transmission and acquisition for the information and knowledge for the multi-culture. Regarding the factors affected to multicultural sensibilities based on this survey, older the catholicity of the multi-culture who is willing to grant a foreign worker (married immigrant woman) as a member of Korean society is higher. But lower for the multi-culture receptivity who is willing to grant a immigrant as a member of their family. Also it is identified that the multicultural sensibilities has affected positively when the people get in touch with foreigners closely as a friend rather than in case the foreign immigrant exists as a simple foreign neighbor. If the period after year of 2000 was the time to prepare foundation for implementation to the multicultural society and the time to focus on supporting for immigrant who is minority in Korea, in the future society to come requires to be focused on expansion of multi-culture receptivity throughout the whole society. In order for accomplishment with same target of real social unification and coexistence by the whole members in Korean society, the intercultural and bilateral changes are required among all immigrants and natives. And continuous multicultural understanding education for citizen is required for change of recognition.


This evidence for megaparsec (arcminute) structure around 3C 48 is considered in the light of new observations made at 81.5 MHz with a tracking interferometer. Confusion is shown to be an important factor in such obervations, and simulations show it capable of generating the anomalous short-spacing increase in flux density that has been attributed to extended emission


The analysis of the six spin AA′A″XX′X″ system consisting of two sets of three chemically equivalent nuclei with spin and four coupling constants JAA, JXX, JAX, and JAX′ has been developed with the use of group theory and the appropriate Hamiltonian. It is found that there will be differences in the A and X spectra if JAX ≠ JAX′ and simultaneously JAA ≠ JXX. If JAA = JHH the A and X spectra become identical. If JAX = JAX′ each spectrum of course becomes trivial.The complex n.m.r. spectrum of the AA′A″XX′X″ can be decomposed into subspectra, and the analysis of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of symmetrical trifluorobenzene has been carried out in this manner. The experimental proton and fluorine spectra of this molecule exhibit marked differences. Calculated spectra have been fitted to the experimental spectra and the following values of the coupling constants have been found:The sign of JHH is the same as the sign of JHF•JHF and JHF′ have opposite signs. It is not possible to relate the signs of J...


The identification of ideal MHD equilibrium states on a tokamak is the starting point for interpreting any diagnostic data dependent on knowledge of the flux surface geometry. The method of Function Parameterization (FP) starts with the Monte Carlo generation of a simulated equilibrium database, regression analysis of which yields simple functional representations of plasma geometry whose arguments are information-rich, uncorrelated linear combinations of simulated diagnostic signals. Once calculated, these FP expressions can be rapidly evaluated using experimental data. FP using magnetic data is in routine realtime use on ASDEX Upgrade for plasma position and shape control and has been applied to diagnostic design studies for ITER. An extension to FP using MSE data has recently been developed for realtime identification and control of the current profile on ASDEX Upgrade. Postdischarge interpretive equilibrium solutions are generated by the CLISTE code, which best fits a set of specified diagnostic data. CLISTE can include kinetic data and poloidal halo currents in the scrape-off layer as constraints on the equilibrium solution, a valuable feature which has been applied to ELM analysis. The code has recently been extended to interpret dB/dt data from magnetics and dγ/dt data from MSE to yield a best fit solution to the time derivative of the Grad-Shafranov equation −∆∗∂ψ/∂ t = 2π μ0R∂ jφ/∂ t. The ∂ψ/∂ t solution is used to calculate the flux surface averaged profile 〈E ·B〉 which can be used to calculate current drive from auxiliary heating methods via the equation 〈j ·B〉aux. heating = 〈j ·B〉equil−σ〈E ·B〉−〈j ·B〉boot where 〈j ·B〉boot is calculated from kinetic profiles and neoclassical theory and 〈j ·B〉equil is an equilibrium output. This technique is applied here to analyse current profile modification by off-axis NBI on ASDEX Upgrade.


The first part of this article consisted of a documentary analysis of the implementation of land reform in North and South Kiangsu between 1949 and 1952. What emerged most strikingly were the contradictions inherent in the multiple objectives of the institutional changes taking place and the impossibility of disassociating their economic and non-economic consequences. Specifically, the requirements of restoring production in the industrial sector, where many enterprises were under the control of landlords, while simultaneously redistributing landlords' agricultural land and other resources, gave rise to a serious dilemma which was reflected in different policy emphases during the campaign. Even if this dilemma could have been resolved, there remained a further contradiction: between the social and political desirability of allocating the maximum amount of land to the poorest peasants and the economic benefits to be gained from allowing the middle peasants to share in the fruits of expropriation. The situation was also complicated by the need to protect the efficient rich peasant economy, even at the expense of encouraging "capitalist" development.


Transitions of the type 2s–2p in the F and O i isoelectronic sequences of arsenic, selenium, bromine, and rubidium have been identified in spectra from laser-produced plasmas. Wavelengths in the range 50 to 90 A were measured to an accuracy of 0.01 A or better. The wavelengths of the magnetic-dipole transitions within the ground configurations are predicted.


Despite low tuberculosis (TB) mortality rates in China, Europe, and the United States, many countries are still struggling to control the epidemic, including India, South Africa, and Algeria. This study aims to contribute to the body of knowledge on this topic and provide a valuable tool and evidence-based guidance for the Algerian healthcare managers in understanding the spread of TB and implementing control strategies. For this purpose, a compartmental mathematical model is proposed to analyze TB dynamics in Algeria and investigate the vaccination and treatment effects on disease breaks. A qualitative study is conducted to discuss the stability property of both disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium. In order to adopt the proposed model for the Algerian case, we estimate the model parameters using Algerian TB-reported data from 1990 to 2020. The obtained results using the proposed mathematical compartmental model show that the reproduction number (R0) of TB in Algeria is less than one, suggesting that the disease can be eradicated or effectively controlled through a combination of interventions, including vaccination, high-quality treatment, and isolation measures.


There was a considerable confusion concerning the brain areas that contributes to ipsilateral activity during unilateral finger movement. Limited evidence suggested engagement of the ipsilateral dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) more than the ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1) only in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In this study, we aimed to delineate the physiological changes obtained by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the ipsilateral M1 during unilateral hand movement by comparing it with the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity obtained from M1 and PMd within the same set of subjects. The motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes changes were well correlated with the relative hemodynamic changes of the ipsilateral PMd, but they were not correlated with those of the ipsilateral M1 on the fMRI. These results support the notion that the activities of the ipsilateral PMd mediate the changes of excitability in the ipsilateral M1 during unilateral finger movements.


For any one-dimensional tiling, we discuss finite-dimensional standard modules for the associated tiling bialgebra. We will note that such modules are completely reducible, and we will parametrize finite-dimensional irreducible ones, using the set of all patches. Furthermore, we will discuss the associated completed groups and Iwasawa-type decompositions. We also characterize for one-dimensional tilings to be locally nondistinguishable by the associated tiling bialgebra structures.


Background: We compared an interactive lecture with a game based on charades as a means of teaching child development to fifth year medical students. Methods: Students were randomised to either intervention and the data analyst was blinded to which method of teaching the students had received. Performance of the students was assessed after the teaching with a multiple choice questionnaire. Long term performance was assessed by comparing the students' OSCE scores in the child development station. Results: The students that received an interactive lecture performed significantly better in the MCQ than those who were taught using the game. Conclusions: Neither group had any difference in long term performance in this subject following the interventions.


If we assume that the area of triangle ABC is 0.5 units then b x c = n where n is a unit vector perpendicular to ABC. Thus d = b x n = b x ( b x c ) = (b.c)b bc and e = n x c = (b x c) x c = (b.c)c cb. Now / S = c + e b = ( l + b . c ) c ( l + c)b and C? = b + d c = (1 + b.c)b (1 + b)c. At the point of intersection X of BZ and CY x = A t = b + s(l + b.c)c s(l + c)b and x = c + t{\ + b.c)b t(\ + b)c, which implies that (1 + b.c)s = 1 (1 + b)t and (1 + b.c)f = 1 (1 + c)s. Solving these simultaneous equations leads to


This paper tackles the question of subnational budgetary monitoring in Macedonia. It offers a general analysis of the decentralization reforms in the country with a particular attention to the possibilities for the public oversight of budgets on the local government level. The paper argues that the legal order does not prescribe the process and that there are also no clear possibilities within the law for budgetary oversight by concerned citizens and nongovernmental organizations. Moreover, as the examples from the two municipalities of Stip and Gostivar show, budgetary monitoring on the subnational level is very difficult to undertake in practice. To change the present circumstances the author recommends a number of policy measures aimed at strengthening the role of the civil sector in the budgetary oversight of local governments.


STOLC, L., PTACEK, M., STADNIK, L., LUX, M.: Eff ect of selected factors on basic reproduction, growth and carcass traits and meat production in Texel sheep. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 5, pp. 247–252 The objective of this work was to determine the eff ect of lambing year, sire eff ect, parity of ewes' lambing (PL) and gender on selected indicators of meat production and fertility in a Texel sheep herd. The evaluation proceeded for a period of 5 years, when 356 ewe – lambs and 321 Texel ram – lambs were monitored. Processing of the data set was done by the SAS program, GLM procedure. The lambing year had a signifi cant eff ect (P < 0.05; 0.01) on all indicators observed except litter size. The sire eff ect was found to be signifi cantly (P < 0.05; 0.01) related to all indicators monitored. The signifi cant diff erences (P < 0.01) were found in fat thickness and lambs' muscularity. The frequency of lambs' gender was not signifi cantly aff ected by the litter size and number of lambs weaned. Lambs' gender aff ected the MLLT depth of lambs nonsignifi cantly. Litter size, as well as the number of weaned lambs, increased with the higher PL (1.44 with primiparas, 2.17 with ewes at the 5 th and subsequent lambings, P < 0.01; resp. 1.31 with primiparas, 2.01 with ewes at the 5


Amy Lame was in Brussels when the bombs went off in The Airport and The Metro. Amy also tells Gaunty that Donald Trump wont be the next president!


This study aims to explain the importance of site selection in Real Estate Business by using the concept of Competitive Advantage because site selection can be considered as the basic fundamental of both residential and commercial projects in term of transportation, convenience, production cost as well as identity. Real estate itself is a very unique product that is much different from typical consumer products due to its scarcity, immobility, and non substitutability. They are all significant evidences to carry out the advantages in the competition if consumer has a superior and a value of site greater than its competitors especially under conditions of joining Asean Economic Community (AEC) in 2015 which is expected to be fiercer competitive in the country's real estate market. The study points out that competitive advantage are an interesting concept in order to help development firm survive. Effective site selection will be the important source of Competitive Advantage to end consumers in various aspects such as Cost Leadership, Differentiation, Convenience, and Speed which lead to Competitive Advantage of the Real estate developer.


This paper quantitatively studies the trace effects to the performance and accuracy of the BigSim Emulator, a scalable parallel emulator for large-scale computers. To assess the accuracy effect we modify the emulator code to collect the predicted computation time. Four MPI programs with different computation to communication ratios are used as benchmarks. The emulation time and the predicted computation time, both when trace generation are enabled and disabled, are collected on two parallel host machines. The results show that although the BigSim Emulator only traces communication events and dependencies, trace generation still evidently degrades the emulation performance for programs with high communication to computation ratios. Trace generation also significantly affects the accuracy of the predicted computation time for communication intensive programs, which is an issue that can not be overlooked.


This communication presents the conceptual framework of a study on how records/archives information systems answer the needs of organizational actors. Factors under consideration cover the organization's information environment, the cognitive, affective and contextual components of information behaviours, information processing methods, and features of the system-users interface. Cette communication presente le cadre conceptuel d'une etude sur l'adequation des systemes d'information archivistiques aux besoins des acteurs organisationnels. Les facteurs consideres portent sur l'environnement informationnel de l'organisation, les composantes cognitives, affectives et contextuelles des comportements informationnels, les processus de traitement de l'information, et les composantes de l'interface systeme-utilisateurs.


The article shows a way of creating small steam engine at home. We have not used any special tools. We use only things which can be found at home, and some simple tools. At the end the SolidWorks are used as tool in which we can simulate our steam engine model in work.


In accordance with the requirements of the socialist cardinal value system,mass media should be self-regulated,with clarification of social,timely and historical responsibilities,establishment of scientific values,improvement of internal supervising mechanism,strengthening of trainings,and enhancing the awareness of the media battlefield.


There are three things to be doen for constructing Chinese philosophy at the new century:We should return to the logic of philosophy itself,then fuse Chinese traditional philosophy、Western philosophy and Marxist philosophy,from this to look on as base of constructing new philosophy;We should make full use of our creative power,and advance far-reaching philosophical sights,from this to produce new philosophy;At the same time,because of the characteristics of the times and the traditions of Chinese philosophy,we should use sci-tech reason as important surroundings of Chinese new philosophy.


While there is a large volume of research discussing the role of internal migration in the transformation of the Brazilian national settlement system, past studies have shown conflicting tendencies towards population concentration and dispersion. This paper analyses the evolution of the spatial networks formed by migration flows and the changes in the direction of these flows since the 1980s. Network analysis methods proved to be a valuable tool to determine the degree of concentration in the Brazilian migration system, examine the overall changes in the topology or shape of the migration network and study its spatial manifestations over time. Results indicate a highly concentrated migration system (notably polarised by the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo) but also evidence of a multiplication of both places of migration origin and destination, increasing connectivity and reciprocity of flows, although the pace of these changes seems to be slowing down.


The light curve of supernova 1987A is widely regarded as unusual, and perhaps anomalous. Using bolometric light curves, it is shown that the event is a natural intermediate case between supernovae of Types SNIa, SNIb, and bright SNII (SNII-L and SNII-P). An observational opportunity for the study of galactic evolution is mentioned. 19 refs.


The scaling properties of a new multi-threaded integral solver are presented. This integral equation solver includes both a new full matrix solver and SVD-based fast solver. Both solvers show about a 20% to 30% performance overhead when moving from a single processor to a dual processor. For higher end desktop PC's having multiple processors is now standard. And desktop computers with effectively eight processors are readily available. To use this computing power, the structure of both the algorithm and code must be redesigned. The parallel programming paradigm is no longer only for the realm supercomputers, but is required to fully exploit today's desktop computer.


Abstract : The Naval Facilities Engineering Command is responsible for all phases of the life cycle of public works and public utilities of the Naval Shore Establishment. This tasking includes the authority to contract for services from the private, civilian sector, as may be required. Contracting is performed through an agent of the Federal government referred as the contracting officer. This thesis analyzes the experience, education and training criteria found in law, regulation, and existing programs in the Government. Then, by analogy, it develops a model of standards which might prove beneficial to those individuals who will be appointed contracting officers for the Naval Facilities Engineering Command. The study recommends the use of personal qualification standards to guide the military officer or civil service employee through a defined procedure of required training, required experience tours of duty, and formal education. It also addresses the issues of establishing a maintenance training program and a certification program to provide periodic refresher courses and for oversight and review of individual contracting officer performance. Keywords: Warrant; Contracting officer; Naval facilities engineering command.


Premise of the study: We developed microsatellite primers for Lespedeza maritima (Fabaceae), a Korean endemic shrub, and conducted cross-amplifications for closely related species. Methods and Results: We produced 28 polymorphic microsatellite markers through reference mapping of 300-bp paired-end reads obtained from Illumina MiSeq data. For 47 individual plants from two populations, the total alleles numbered two to 13, and observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.067 to 0.867 and from 0.064 to 0.848, respectively. Most of these markers were well amplified in closely related species. Conclusions: In future research, the microsatellite markers described here will help reveal the taxonomic entity of this species.


The basement of southeast Brazil is traditionally interpreted as the result of Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic orogenic cycles. Wide regions of the Atlantic Plateau (southeast Brazil) are characterized by rocks and tectonic structures of Precambrian age. According to the classical literature, these regions have not been affected by tectonics since the Miocene, despite the fact that they rest close to Cenozoic basins, which have suffered recent tectonic deformation. The objective of this research is to evaluate the role of neotectonics in the Atlantic Plateau. This task is accomplished through a multiscalar approach which includes lineament domain analysis from regionally sized digital elevation models and structural geology field surveys. Lineaments are automatically detected and statistically analyzed. Azimuthal analyses of data on faults and fractures by a polynomial Gaussian fit enables the identification of the main structural trends. Fault-slip direct inversion by means of the original Monte Carlo approach allows one to compute the multiple paleostresses that produced the measured fault population. The results show the presence of a principal ENE–WSW lineament domain, related to an old shear zone possibly reactivated since the Miocene. One of the paleostresses computed from fault-slip inversion is in agreement with the neotectonic stress-field proposed by other authors.


: We agree with Olaithe and colleagues (see Ref. 4) that we should never " put hypoxia to bed ." The reason is simple: in clinical sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) scenarios, there are inseparable combinations of repetitive hypoxia and hypercapnia or hypocapnia (ventilatory overshoot mecha-nisms) events. We believe that any SDB neuro-outcomes should consider a combination effect rather than blame hypoxia alone, given the evidence we presented. Assuming that measurement challenges applicable to large studies are over-come, novel interactive hypoxia/hypercapnia indices may bet-ter explain the individual vulnerability to SDB neuro-impair-ment.Deacon and Malhotra (1) questioned that our major evidence for the relationship between hypercapnia and neurocognitive deficit was based on hypercapnic SDB patients (3) and most of the OSA patients do not have daytime hypercapnia. We note a lack of reliable and cost-effective widely applicable tools to precisely measure P CO 2 continuously in ordinary OSA patients overnight. We studied hypercapnic SDB patients, which al-lowed us to use the gold standard ABG P CO 2 measurement during wake and there is a wide spectrum of change in P CO 2 after treatment, which makes it possible to correlate with EEG activation we a on


. We say that a topological group G is anti-self-dual if there are no nontrivial continuous homomorphisms from G into the character group G or from G into G. We show that no nontrivial LCA group can be anti-self-dual.


As a kind of effective wastewater treatment technology,vertical flow wetland has had rapid development,and plays an important role in water body restoration and ecological construction.The effects of filtering media type,plant species,microbial processes in vertical flow constructed wetlands on nitrogen removal were summarized and analyzed.


A new study employs a method originally developed to help map stars and galaxies to describe how ancient tombs are clustered. The research helps archaeologists studying remote or inaccessible sites.


FIP's 76th annual World Congress of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences takes place in Buenos Aires in August. This year's topic: The global disease burden.


Amongst the 57 members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) countries, Malaysia was rated as number one in the Islamicity Index, Islamic Index of Wellbeing and Global Muslim Travel Index studies. In Malaysia, the Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia (IKIM), Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM), and the Institute of Community and Peace Studies (PEKKA) have also published their own Islamic-oriented wellbeing indexes. However, these Indexes lack the integration of Maqasid al-Shari'ah (the objectives of Islamic laws) concept, which is based on the preservation of five essentials namely faith, self, intellect, posterity and property. Hence, to address this gap, this study proposes a conceptual framework of human wellbeing index in the context of Maqasid al-Shari'ah. This study is exploratory in nature employing rigorous library research and content analysis technique. The three basic principles of Iman (faith), Islam (submission) and Ihsan (benevolence) are discussed in relation to the five essentials of Maqasid al-Shari'ah. Their application at the three levels of the social structure i.e. individual, family and community is elaborated to establish a maqasidic approach for human wellbeing. This approach is then linked to the five established themes of human wellbeing domains notably politics and governance, economy, social and culture, environment, and infrastructure. Finally, a conceptual framework of human wellbeing index is proposed to provide the maqasidic foundation for the measurement of human wellbeing.


In [1], Demazure showed a new way of constructing normal graded rings using the concept of "rational coefficient Weil divisors" of normal projective varieties and he showed, among other things, the following THEOREM ([1], 3.5). If R = ⊕ n ≥ 0 Rn is a normal graded ring of finite type over a field k and if T is a homogeneous element of degree 1 in the quotient field of R, then there exists unique divisor D ∈ Div (X, Q) (X = Proj (R)), such that for every n ≧ 0.(See (1.1) for the definition of


Geodetic networks of different sizes have been established since 1973 in the Asal-Ghoubbet rift in south-western Afar in order to study crustal movements across an extensive plate boundary. Partial or entire remeasurements of these networks during the 1979–1986 interval provide detailed data about strain accumulation and vertical movements after a seismo-volcanic rifting event that occured in November 1978 along this area similar to an oceanic accreting plate boundary. The results of the geodetic monitoring indicate a continuous opening of the rift zone of about 6 cm/yr since 1979. The deformation is principally distributed in the Inner Floor of the rift with a uniaxial extensional N40°E strain rate of about 15 µstrain/yr. The results of the 1979 and the 1984–85 levellings define the development of a large uplift across the rift zone amounting 15 cm during this 6 year interval. This uplift is accompanied with a relative collapse of the Inner Floor zone of about 4 cm which is associated with creep on the active faults bounding the rift. Two stages of the rifting process are successively observed in Djibouti: an abrupt rifting event in 1978 and then a continuous accumulation stage which is controled by the plate motion and partially by magmatic inflation and active creep faulting.


Background: The aim of this project was to investigate in members of the Vietnamese community in Melbourne the impact of Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training on attitudes to people with mental illness and on knowledge about mental disorders. Our hypotheses were that at the end of the training participants would have increased knowledge of mental disorders and their treatments, and decreased negative attitudes towards people with mental disorders.


Abstract Recent evidence suggests that αvβ3 integrin is a critical molecule in several processes involved in atherosclerosis progression and in restenosis, eg, smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and angiogenesis. While several ligands for this integrin are known to be present in atherosclerotic plaque, little is known about the presence of αvβ3 integrin at this site. In the present study, we have examined αvβ3 expression in normal and atherosclerotic arteries. Thirty-six coronary artery segments from the recipient hearts of 24 patients undergoing heart transplantation were classified into two groups: nonatherosclerotic diffuse intimal thickening (DIT) and atherosclerotic plaques. Serial frozen sections were examined immunohistochemically with four different monoclonal antibodies directed against human αvβ3 complex or the β3 subunit and with cell markers for SMCs, macrophages, and endothelial cells. The endothelium along the lumen of both DIT and plaque arteries showed high expression of αvβ3. The media of both DIT and plaque arteries showed less intense but extensive expression of αvβ3. Immunoprecipitation and reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses performed on extracts from the aortic media confirmed the presence of αvβ3 in the media. In the intima of both DIT and plaque arteries, αvβ3 expression generally colocalized with SMCs but rarely with macrophages. The microvessels in the adventitia as well as in the plaque showed prominent expression of αvβ3, in contrast to low expression in similar-sized microvessels of the skin. These results suggest that αvβ3 is present both in the normal artery and in sites of SMC accumulation and angiogenesis in atherosclerotic plaques.


(8). The functional role of the sphincter of Oddi is now widely accepted. The sphincter consists of three parts: one surrounding the intraduodenal part ofthe distal CBD, called the choledochal sphincter; one at the distal end of the pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung), called pancreatic sphincter; and one surrounding the common channel, called the ampullary sphincter. The distal end of the common duct, surrounded by the ampullary sphincter, opens into second part of the duodenum at the postero-medial wall at an elevation called the ampulla of Vater. The name sphincter of Oddi generally refers to all three sphincters (Fig. 1).


This article furthers Kassim's analysis of change in the Commission as a result of the Kinnock administrative reforms. Delving into the innermost parts of the organization, it takes the analysis to a meso-level in order to give a more fine-tuned account of the scope of change in two functionally distinct Directorates-General (DGs), DG TREN and DG REGIO. Based on official documents and a series of 32 semi-structured qualitative interviews with Heads of Units, this paper aims to tell the story of reform in action. Using the lens of translation of policy into action, it looks at the dynamic of change and explains why the implementation of the Commission-wide Kinnock reforms has produced varying degrees of change in DG REGIO and DG TREN. It concludes that supportive leadership is the key element which explains ownership of the reform by officials and therefore effective change.


The heavy mineral fractions of 30 samples of sands and gravels collected along the Wabash River were studied to determine the kinds and amounts of minerals—especially titanium minerals-that were present. The samples were taken primarily from terrace deposits composed of glacial outwash, from recent river bar deposits, and from sand dunes . Mineralogic, chemical, and X-ray diffraction analyses were made of the heavy fractions. The heavy fractions are composed principally of the silicate minerals hornblende and garnet, the iron-titanium and iron oxide minerals magnetite, ilmenite, and hematite, and heavy rock fragments. Most of the heavy minerals in the samples are coarser than 270-mesh and finer than 35-mesh. Most of the samples have between 1 and 3 percent heavy minerals, including 0.02 to 0.3 percent ilmenite. The amount of Ti02 contained in titanium mineral grains is estimated to range from 0.01 to 0.17 percent. These values are much lower than those of Florida sand deposits that are being mined for their titanium minerals . The finer size grades in any sample of Wabash Valley sand or gravel contain the highest amounts of titanium-bearing minerals. The finer size grades of some samples have TiCL contents closely approaching the amounts in the Florida sands. However, the mineral separation problems in the Wabash Valley sands appear much more difficult than the problems in the Florida sands. The possibility of marketable by-products in the Wabash Valley sands is uncertain, and the likelihood of by-products as valuable as those of the Florida sands appears very doubtful. The possibility of commercial use of the heavy minerals in sands along the Wabash River appears questionable at present.


Distributed ledgers have the potential to transform economic organization and financial structure. Yet the subject is embroiled in controversy, hype, and terminological inconsistencies. Rather than get waylaid by alternative possible definitions of distributed ledgers, or decentralized ledgers, we focus more broadly on an economic analysis of what distributed ledgers can do. We proceed by analyzing key individual components. We also compare and contrast the economics framework with the frameworks of computer science and data management disciplines, to clarify the technology. The familiar but key component parts of distributed ledgers are: ledgers as financial accounts, e-messages and e-value transfers, cryptography, and contracts including multi-party mechanisms. Each component is discussed, evaluated, and illustrated through the context of historical and contemporary economies, with featured applications in both developed economies and emerging market countries. These use cases are a *Townsend gratefully acknowledges research support from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (grant number R01 HD027638), the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) and the Department for International Development (DFID) under grant MRG002_1255; and funding assistance for the continuation of the field surveys by the Thailand Research Fund, the Bank of Thailand and the University of Thai Chamber of Commerce. I also am grateful for the collaborations with the Federal Reserve Banks of New York, Boston, and Chicago; Velo for decentralized settlement banking network; and EvryNet for decentralized custodian banking network in Thailand. The views expressed are my own. Thank you to Ernst-Ludwig von Thadden, James McAndrews, discussants of this paper, and other participants at the Sveriges Riksbank Annual Macroprudential Conference in June, 2017, participants at the "Kellogg Conference on Development Economics" conference at Northwestern University in September, 2018, participants at the "Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains" conference at the Becker Friedman Institute in November, 2018, participants at the First New York Fed Conference on FinTech, March 2019, participants at the Penn State Conference in Celebration of Neil Wallace's Contribution to Economics, April, 2019, Daniel Aronoff , Neha Narula, Neil Wallace, Joshua Gans and Jesus Fernandez-Villaverde, for very helpful comments, and Jennifer Roche and Deborah Jamiol for wonderful editing. Thank you also for comments on preliminary drafts to: Marios Angeletos, Pablo Aznar, Zach Chao, Co-Pierre Georg, Michael Lee, Rhys Lindmark, Jacky Mallet, Antoine Martin and Nish Patel.


The speeding up of interest rate liberalization has pushed forward China's market economy onto a new stage. Liberalization of loan interest rate is a historic symbol in China 's reform of interest rate as well as a prelude to liberalization of deposit interest, which obviously plays a positive role in promoting reforms in financial market, commercial banks and enterprises. However, it undoubtedly will bring more risks to the financial section. Facing influences of loan interest liberalization, the author suggest that Chinese government transform its functions to improve banks ' comprehensive services by improving related supporting systems to ensure a steady transition of interest rate marketization.


According to the specific characteristics of carbon fiber surfaces and the electron beam curing of the epoxy resin matrix of the composites the carbon fibers were pre oxidized to increase the quantity of oxygen containing groups. The modification of the composite interface was studied by using the chemical bridging effect of silane coupling agent. The chemical composition of the carbon fiber surface was analyzed by using XPS technique and the interface adhesion properties were evaluated by interlayer cohesion strength measure ments. Experimental results show that the nitrogen containing groups at the carbon fiber surfaces can decrease the interface adhesion between the carbon fibres and the epoxy matrix in the electron beam cured composites. Silane coupling agent and the pre oxidization of the carbon fibres have a strong interaction which enhances the interlayer shear strength of the composite.


The goal of this study was to evaluate and analyze: (1) the effectiveness of teachers in increasing the quality of learning at MTs Darussalam Lahat; (2) the barriers encountered by teachers; and (3) the approach applied. This is a qualitative research method using a descriptive approach. The following data gathering methods were used: (1) observation; (2) interviews; and (3) documentation. Techniques for analyzing research data include (1) data reduction; (2) data presentation; and (3) data verification/conclusion. According to the findings of the study, (1) teachers are capable of planning classes, carrying out learning, evaluating learning, following up on the learning outcomes supplied, and providing advice and counseling; (2) due to restricted facilities, not all instructors can participate in activities such as training, MGMP, and seminars. (3) the technique adopted by teaching teachers to improve the quality of learning at MTs Darussalam Lahat is to seek infrastructure that is not already present in schools, such as multiplying books as learning medium to fulfill the learning demands of students.


Disregarding the variety of contexts, the parliaments of Southern Europe (SE) included in this special issue provide us with good clues as to how the practice of democracy induces change in the process of establishing parliaments. That some change results from the passage of time is foreseeable. However, what these parliaments show is the impact that putting democracy into practice has on the models first adopted when democracy was introduced. Either through legal amendment or parliamentary practice, all parliaments in the five countries studied have undergone significant change over the last 15 years. The main areas of change are the relationship with government and the internal organisation of parliament, followed by constitutional change. The area with the less visible change is the style of political representation. Let us consider them in reverse order.


Relicensing hydro power facilities in the US can be hard work. But imagine what it must feel like when this arduous process leaves you with two options : an uneconomic operating licence or dam removal ? Suzanne Moxon spoke with Terry Flores from PacifiCorp about her experiences at Condit dam.


The invention discloses a preparation method of a grape seed fermented rice wine. The method comprises the following steps: 1. grape seed powder: (1) pretreatment of grape seed; (2) low-temperature baking; (3) grinding; 2. glutinous rice: (1) pretreatment of glutinous rice; (2) steaming; (3) cooling; 3. rice wine: (1) early fermentation of grape seed powder, steamed glutinous rice, edible red koji and distilled water (the ratio of the rice to the grape seed powder to the monscuspurpureus is 8:2:1, the rice, grape seed powder and monscuspurpureus are generally called dry matters, and the ratio of the distilled water to the dry matters is 1:1); (2) later fermentation of filtrate (gauze filtration) and activated alcohol yeast (accounting 0.1-0.5% of the total mass) to generate alcohol; and 4. blending: 80-85% of raw juice (grape seed powder fermented wine raw liquor), 0.5-1.0% of grape condensed juice (fresh grape condensed juice), 0.1-0.5% of citric acid and 6-8% of sucrose (the ratio of the sweetening agent to the sucrose is 1:10). The detection proves that the proanthocyanidin content in the grape seed wine is 64.45% higher than that in the commercially available wine.


This paper presents a computational microstructure model to predict the fracture-related behavior of heterogeneous and inelastic asphalt mixtures. In addition to the consideration of the complex geometric characteristics and inelastic behavior of the mixtures, this study uses the cohesive zone law to simulate fracture as a gradual and rate-dependent phenomenon in which the initiation and propagation of discrete cracks take place in different locations of the mixture microstructure. Rate-dependent cohesive zone fracture properties are obtained using a procedure that combines laboratory tests of semi-circular bending specimens of a fine aggregate matrix (FAM) mixture and their numerical simulations. To address the rate-dependent fracture characteristics of the FAM phase, a rate-dependent cohesive zone model is developed and incorporated into the mainframe of ABAQUS in the form of a customized user element (UEL) subroutine. The applicability of the model is presented via microstructural simulations of a two-phase asphalt concrete mixture. The results presented in this paper imply that a computational microstructure model such as the one herein can be a good tool to enhance materials selection, mixture design and structural design of pavements, since it provides better insight into the linkage between components, mixture, and structure.


The results of All-Russian scientific and practical internet-conference of students and post-graduate students Actual problems of informational and document supply management (March 16, 2011) and accomplished within it the All-Russian competition The best report of conference are lightened.


This work introduces an unbiased minimum variance painting of the pixel domain CMB maps for both the missing and available sky regions. In the missing region, it generates CMB realizations that have identical statistical properties to the expected CMB signal; and in the available region, it significantly alleviate the unwanted residuals, e.g., the residual of EB-leakage. The time cost of this method follows ∼O(N3 side) (Nside is the map resolution parameter), which is similar to the fast spherical harmonic transforms and is much better than the traditional minimum variance method that follows ∼O(N6 side). This method is the basis of a series of minimum variance estimations for analyzing CMB datasets, and more works based on it will follow in the future. ar X iv :2 10 1. 03 27 4v 1 [ as tr oph .C O ] 9 J an 2 02 1


Abstract An informal introduction is provided to a range of topics in fluid dynamics having a topological character. These topics include flows with boundary singularities, Lagrangian chaos, frozen-in fields, magnetohydrodynamic analogies, fast- and slow-dynamo mechanisms, magnetic relaxation, minimum-energy states, knotted flux tubes, vortex reconnection and the finite-time singularity problem. The paper concludes with a number of open questions concerning the above topics.


Simple Summary Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), as well as ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B), could act as key factors affecting plant–insect interactions. The stress related to one of these two factors could be balanced by the positive effects of the other. In the present work, the feeding preferences of Myzus persicae aphids for lettuce plants exposed to two abiotic factors, i.e., AMF and UV-B, singly or in combination, was evaluated. Results showed that lettuce plants treated with UV-B increased in callose and oxidative stress indicators, signalling an alteration in the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted. On the other hand, the negative effects of UV-B were partially mitigated in lettuces inoculated with AMF. Differently treated lettuces did not affect the feeding preferences of the M. persicae aphid population. Overall, this study shed light on how UV-B and AMF impact lettuce VOCs emission and defence mechanisms, but not the feeding behaviour of a polyphagous aphid species. Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) play important roles in plant–insect interactions by altering plant physiology and histology. We hypothesized that UV-B-induced oxidative stress was mitigated by AMF symbiosis. In this study, we conducted a multifactorial experiment to explore lettuce plant response to AMF inoculation and UV-B exposure (0.4 W m−2; 16 h d−1; 2 weeks), either together or individually, as well as the interaction with the polyphagous insect pest Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Lettuce plants subjected to UV-B radiation showed an increase in callose and oxidative stress indicators, as well as a decrease in stomatal density. Mycorrhizal colonization cancelled out the effect of UV-B on stomatal density, while the symbiosis was not affected by UV-B treatment. The plant volatile emission was significantly altered by UV-B treatment. Specifically, the non-terpene 1-undecene abundance (+M/+UVB: 48.0 ± 7.78%; −M/+UVB: 56.6 ± 14.90%) was increased, whereas the content of the non-terpene aldehydes decanal (+M/+UVB: 8.50 ± 3.90%; −M/+UVB: 8.0 ± 4.87%) and undecanal (+M/+UVB: 2.1 ± 0.65%; −M/+UVB: 1.20 ± 1.18%) and the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (+M/+UVB: 18.0 ± 9.62 %; −M/+UVB: 19.2 ± 5.90%) was decreased. Mycorrhization, on the other hand, had no significant effect on the plant volatilome, regardless of UV-B treatment. Aphid population was unaffected by any of the treatments, implying a neutral plant response. Overall, this study provides new insights about the interactions among plants, UV-B, and AMF, outlining their limited impact on a polyphagous insect pest.


The paper describes development of the Laboratory for Intelligent Production Systems, within Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb. The description covers the background of the laboratory project with aim and goals, state of realisation, and planned activities, as well information on funding, scheduling, location and equipment.


The C=N stretching frequency of trans-N-benzylideneaniline increases upon protonation from 1629 to 1671 cm(-1). This increase, also characteristic of the imino group in other Schiff bases, was interpreted in terms of coupling of the C=N stretching with NH bending mode and change in hybridization at the nitrogen site. It is interesting to compare vibrational behaviour of the protonated imino group with that of the protonated azo group. We have chosen here trans-azobenzene (tAB), which is particularly suitable because of the equivalence of the two nitrogen sites and the absence of possible perturbations due to a substituent. Azobenzene reacts with strong Lewis acids giving always the monoprotonated species.
The difficulty to obtain good Raman spectra of trans-azobenzene using visible lasers has been overcome by the use of the near-infrared Nd-YAG laser excitation, with a Nicolet Raman System 950 FT-Raman spectrometer. The strongest band in the Raman spectrum of powdered (D_0)-tAB at 1439 cm(-1) is assigned to the N=N stretching mode. Raman spectra of trans-azobenzene ethanolic solution protonated with different acids reveal a decrease of the N=N stretching frequency by approximately 40 cm(-1), with no appreciable effect from the counter ion. It is interesting to note that Raman spectra of all protonated samples have strong bands near 1550 cm(-1), which are assigned to the NH bending mode. Three tAB isotopomers were used here to obtain Raman spectra of powdered, protonated and deuterated samples: (D_0)-tAB, (N-15)-tAB and (D_10)-tAB. In the Raman spectrum of (D_0)-tAB protonated in pure CF_3COOH, a strong broad band is found at 1547 cm(-1). In the Raman spectrum of (D_0)-tAB deuterated in the same manner, this band is missing, but a new one of a medium intensity appears at 1075 cm(-1), which could be ascribed to the ND bending mode.
The most relevant Raman frequencies of unprotonated, protonated and deuterated isotopomers of tAB are given. The normal coordinate calculations showed a substantial contribution to the N=N stretching mode from the phenyl group mode 19b. Therefore the increase of the N=N stretching frequency in (D_10)-tAB is a result of a decoupling on going from undeuterated to deuterated phenyl groups. This trend is preserved also in protonated and deuterated species. In protonated (D_10)-tAB the NH bending band is shifted to the lower frequency, which also indicates a certain coupling with ring modes.
Preliminary FT infrared spectra of protonated (D_0)-tAB also indicate the appearance of the weak N=N stretching and NH bending bands.
C-13 NMR spectrum of the (D_0)-tAB / CF_3COOH / C_6D_6 solution reveals only one signal for the C-1,1' site (144.8 ppm), which is more shielded than in (D_0)-tAB / C_6D_6 (153.5 ppm). This implies that fast proton transfer occurs between two nitrogens of an azobenzene molecule and surroundings.


In-line optical bandpass filters having sharp spectral edges are demonstrated for the first time by combining an optical circulator and fiber gratings. The maximum transmission including the optical circulator is 65%. A spectral windowing technique using the filter enabled a picosecond pulse from a gain-switched DFB LD to be shortened from 35 ps to 28 ps.


CTEC is developing and testing Rotary Voice Coil Mo tors (RVCM) for new cryogenic space scan mechanisms applications, based on former MTG space program heritage. Th RVCM is an electromagnetic motor based on Lapla ce force. The motor is composed of coils at the rotor part (m obile) and magnets at the stator part (fixed). The Laplace motor generates a pure torque, without cogging or parasit ic force drawback, which makes it specifically rele vant for scan mechanisms. For the expected next generation of scan mechanisms , CTEC has been asked to extend the angular stroke of RVCM technology up to ± 90 deg, and to make a specific d esign for cryogenic temperature condition at -140 ° C. The design and test results are presented, up to a torque of 1.2 N .m. The functional tests are presented at ambient t emperature and pressure, as well as in the operational temperature range [10 5 to -140°C to °C] under vacuum. The goal of this paper is to present the motor that meets these requirements. The first part will focu s on the approach that leads to the selection of the architecture and magn etic materials. It will point out on the main issue that are the torque characteristic and the power consumption. Then, the actuator by itself will be presented, associated w ith the expected performances. To conclude, the test results of the prototype will be summed up.


The article analyzes the financial characteristics of venture enterprises,and puts forward such investment strategies for venture investment organizations as:the moderate diversification of risk,reasonable time and may of investment,adequate liquidity of the venture capital,and the article analyzes what the venture investment organizations in china should pay attention to when making investment decision as well.


The paper considered the relation between the behaviors of local government's providing basic public services and evaluation mechanism within the framework of fiscal decentralization.The central government emphasized the examination-oriented of the economic growth and the increase of the fiscal revenue,which caused the local government to prefer to provide economically public goods instead of basic public services.But spillover inherent characteristics of basic public services strengthened the negative effect on the provision of public services by the evaluation mechanism,and further weakened the effect on the provision of basic public services by fiscal decentralization.If the proportion of the indicator of the provision level of basic public services increases in the evaluation mechanism,local government's enthusiasm to provide basic public services will be stimulated and the value of decentralization to improve basic public services and promote their equalization will be achieved.


This research is aim to empirically the influence of product, satisfaction, and commitment to loyalty for PT Transjakarta's customer. The number of respondent participated on this research is 200 customers. Explanatory research applied for this research by using convenient non-probability sampling technique due to unable in determining certain numbers of customers. Data obtained was analyzed by using LISREL 8.7 statistical program for calculating the examined hypothesis. The result of the research indicating that product consist of satisfaction, satisfaction consists of commitment, satisfaction consists of loyalty, commitment consist of loyalty, and commitment became mediation of satisfaction and loyalty which is significant and positive correlated. Recommendation for others researches are to get as much respondent as possible for a more reliable research result.


Salinity profile is an indicator of quality of water and marine life. Existing electrical salinity sensors are not very selective and suffer interference from presence of different kinds of ions. Thus they are being readily supplanted with optical fiber sensors, with added remote sensing capabilities and selectivity. Furthermore, the refractive index (RI) of the solutions bear strong correlation with amount of salt contained, thus rendering salinity measurement based on refractrometric techniques appropriate. In this paper, an etched fiber Bragg grating (eFBG) based evanescent field sensor is proposed that is capable of detecting salinity with sensitivity of approximately 1.825 nm/RIU at a concentration of 25% (% w/w) of sodium chloride (NaCl) at a constant temperature of 25°C.


Proper management of grasslands and shrublands requires an understanding of the factors that influence the persistence of organisms. We compare differences in vegetation between sites occupied by the lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) and random sites to investigate composition of grasses and forbs and the importance of cover. We observed that birds selected habitat, at least in part, based on composition of grasses and forbs. There was generally a larger variance in diversity of plants for random sites compared to sites associated with presence of lesser prairie-chicken. The role of vegetative cover in selection of habitat is important for avoidance of predators, but use of cover also is a means of thermoregulation. Risksensitive behavior is a trade-off between avoiding predation and suitable microclimate. We report evidence that the lesser prairie-chicken consistently seeks to limit the risk of predation and selects locales with a favorable microclimate; birds select sites more or less exposed depending on apparent temperature. We infer that selection of habitat by the lesser prairie-chicken is the result of composition of species of plants, avoidance of predators, and thermoregulation, with the lekking mating system of this bird also playing a role. This declining species might face increasing threats as some practices of land management alter structure of vegetation and reduce shrub cover. RESUMEN—El manejo adecuado de los pastizales y matorrales requiere una comprensión de los factores que influyen en la persistencia de los organismos. Se comparan las diferencias de vegetación entre sitios ocupados por el pollo de la pradera menor (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) y sitios al azar para investigar la composición de pastos y hierbas y la importancia de la cubierta. Observamos que las aves seleccionaron el hábitat, al menos en parte, basándose en la composición de pastos y hierbas. En general hubo una variación mayor en la diversidad de la vegetación de los sitios al azar en comparación con los sitios asociados con la presencia del pollo de la pradera menor. El papel de la cubierta vegetal en la selección de hábitat es importante para evitar a los depredadores, pero el uso de la cubierta es también un medio de termorregulación. El comportamiento sensible al riesgo es una concesión mutua entre evitar la depredación y conseguir un microclima adecuado. Se presenta evidencia de que el pollo de la pradera menor constantemente trata de limitar el riesgo de depredación y de seleccionar lugares con un microclima favorable; las aves seleccionan los sitios más o menos expuestos dependiendo de la temperatura ambiental. Se infiere que la selección del hábitat del pollo de la pradera menor es el resultado de la composición de especies de plantas, de evitar a los depredadores, y de la termorregulación, con el sistema de apareamiento lek de esta ave también jugando un papel importante. Esta especie en declive puede encontrar amenazas crecientes debido a que algunas prácticas de manejo de la tierra alteran la estructura de la vegetación y reducen la cobertura de arbustos. Temperate grasslands and shrublands are among the most endangered ecosystems and have the lowest rate of protection of all the Earth's biomes (Brennan and Kuvlesky, 2005; Basurto and Hadley, 2006). Among these grasslands and shrublands, the prairies of the Great Plains in the United States have been severely altered and diminished (Samson and Knopf, 1994; Samson et al., 2004), harming a myriad of species that depend on them. This includes elimination of prairie-specialist mammals (Benedict et al., 1996) and substantial overall declines in populations of many avian species (Askins et al., 2007). It is important to understand what factors affect an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. This understanding requires study of selection of habitat at different levels as well as assessment of various hypotheses about why an organism selects or avoids a particular habitat. In terms of vegetation, animals select a habitat on the basis of taxonomic composition (floristics) and structural features (physiognomy), although their relative importance is a matter of debate (Rotenberry, 1985; Mac Nally, 1990; Müller et al., 2010). Beyond vegetation, terrestrial species in open habitats, including desert and prairie, often use features of the landscape such as rocks and mounds for cover. The various factors that determine selection of habitat are frequently in flux due to human activities. Agriculture, development of energy, suppression of fire, and livestock operations have fragmented and converted the native structure of prairies. One of the icons and umbrella-species of the prairie of the southcentral United States is the lesser prairiechicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus), an endemic grouse that has experienced a precipitous decline in population size in the past decades, chiefly because of large-scale conversions and loss of habitat (Woodward et al., 2001; Fuhlendorf et al., 2002; Samson et al., 2004; Pruett et al., 2009a; C. A. Hagen and K. M. Giesen, http://bna.birds. cornell.edu.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/bna/species/364). Besides conversion of habitat due to development and agriculture, the extent of heterogeneous habitat with native grasses and forbs, and cover of intermixed shrubs, in which lesser prairie-chicken evolved, has been reduced with traditional practices of rangeland management (Fuhlendorf et al., 2006). Excessive grazing renders nesting cover insufficient (Riley et al., 1992), and suppression of fire has allowed encroachment by trees, a major contributor to reduction of the size of populations of the lesser prairie-chicken (Fuhlendorf et al., 2002). Collisions with low fences, which proliferate in the prairie following settlement by humans, also have become a major source of mortality (Patten et al., 2005a; Wolfe et al., 2007). This lekking species requires open areas when displaying and choosing mates; there also is evidence that the lesser prairie-chicken selects habitats with a favorable microclimate, one associated with higher survival of adults (Patten et al., 2005b) and broods (Bell et al., 2010). Our effort goes beyond traditional studies of use of habitat in that we examine selection of microhabitat and how it affects mortality from predation. The specific predator-cover tactics of species of grouse are considered major determinants of annual rates of mortality, mostly independent of fecundity and density (Bergerud and Gratson, 1988). Grasses, forbs, and shrubs are integral parts of the habitat of the lesser prairie-chicken; we wished to determine how floristics and physiognomy at this fine scale influenced selection of habitat. We generated predictions based on the view that use of cover is predicated on a mix of avoidance of predators, thermoregulation, and reproductive requirements (Table 1). To avoid aerial predators, extent of cover at occupied sites always ought to exceed that available at random sites in that same habitat. We expect mammalian predation to occur chiefly with the use of scent at night, but cover affects dispersion of scent (Bergerud and Gratson, 1988; Conover and Borgo, 2009; Conover et al., 2010). To thermoregulate, extent of cover used should be higher when temperature is high (i.e., cover provides shade) but lower when temperature is low (i.e., birds seek solar radiation for warmth to avoid hypothermia). During the reproductive season, cover should be sacrificed when lekking or searching for suitable nest sites (March–June) but prioritized otherwise. Only if predators, temperature, and reproduction jointly drive cover-seeking behavior did we expect to find evidence in support of all three predictions, which would imply that selective pressures on the species converge sometimes (e.g., exposure and associated predation should be lowest in autumn) but conflict at others, leading to tradeoffs under certain climatic conditions. Our objectives are to describe selection of habitat by lesser prairie-chicken by determining associations between choice of site and flora, physical exposure in different seasons and microclimate, and whether mortalities from predation change with amount of exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS—Our two study areas were located in the mixed and shortgrass prairies of the southwestern Great Plains, in Beaver, Harper, and Ellis counties in northwestern Oklahoma, and Roosevelt County in eastern New Mexico. Natural vegetation was characterized by a community of sand shinnery oak (Quercus havardii) or sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia; Dhillion et al., 1994; Peterson and Boyd, 1998) on predominantly sandy soil or sandy clay loam. The study area in Oklahoma (56,175 ha) supported native prairie (59%) dominated by sand sagebrush and plums (Prunus) and fields of the Conservation Reserve Program (21%) dominated by Old World bluestems (Bothriochloa), lovegrass (Eragrostis), or native-mix, with numerous forbs and grasses (Appendix 1). There was a natural gradient with increased sand sagebrush in the east (western Oklahoma) and increased shinnery oak in the west (eastern New Mexico). The study area in New Mexico (42,150 ha) included the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish's North Bluit and Milnesand Prairie-Chicken Areas and portions of private ranches. The habitat in this area was analyzed through geographic information system for planning conservation of the lesser prairie-chicken by Johnson et al. (2006). The dominant sand-shinnery-oak communities were fragmented by cultivation, and some sites on one private ranch were treated with tebuthiuron, an herbicide designed to thin or kill stands of shinnery oak and other shrubs (Patten and Kelly, 2010). Other common shrubs and subshrubs at the study site in New Mexico included honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), tree cholla (Cylindropuntia imbricata), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), and soapweed yucca (Yucca glauca). Common grasses were sand bluest


As an important part of the development of the new socialist countryside culture,it is necessary to establish and perfect the rural sports culture with long-term development targets,long-term management and guidance,which conform to peasants' practical needs.It is necessary to encourage the partner assistance among sports culture,poverty alleviation and agricultural development and carry out sport cultural guide,competitions,performances and other activities.It is a necessity to develop new sport cultural products which are in close connection with peasants' productive labor and life practice and guide and encourage farmers to embark on sports culture industry to prosper the rural sports cultural market and promote the development of new socialist countryside.


We discuss a simple singular system in one dimension, two heavy particles interacting with a light particle via an attractive contact interaction. It is natural to apply Born-Oppenheimer approximation to this problem. We present a detailed discussion of this approach, the advantage of this simple model is that one can estimate the error terms self-consistently. Moreover, a Fock space approach to this problem is presented where a systematic expansion can be proposed to get higher order corrections. A slight modification of the same problem in which the light particle is relativistic is discussed in a later section. Here, the second quantized description is more challenging but with some care one can recover the first order term as well as introducing a more systematic approach to higher orders.


The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the increasing global incidence of allergy and atopy are due in part to improved hygiene and decreased microbial exposure. We have adopted a novel mouse model of normalized microbial exposure to test the impact of immune experience on subsequent responses to airway allergens. In this model, specific pathogen free (SPF) B6 mice are cohoused with mice from pet stores and become "dirty" – many commensals and pathogens are transmitted through cohousing and influence the immune cell populations systemically and in the lungs. We treated mice intranasally with a single dose of A. alternata fungal extract (Alt) and assessed production of type 2 cytokines. IL5 and IL13 levels in the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were dramatically elevated by Alt in SPF mice but were not significantly increased by Alt in dirty mice. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are the cells responsible for IL5 and IL13 after acute Alt treatment, and interestingly the number of lung ILC2 was unaltered by cohousing and their activation status appeared similar in both housing conditions. We treated mice with recombinant IL33, the alarmin released by lung epithelial cells in response to allergens, and the results suggest an impaired response to IL33 by dirty lung ILC2. In a repeated Alt exposure model, ILC2 cells expanded in SPF lungs and recruited eosinophils, neutrophils, and T cells. Most dirty mouse lungs contained these cell populations at steady state but were only modestly recruited with repeated Alt exposure. Lung function experiments are in progress. This study suggests that increased microbial exposure leads to more type-2 associated immune cells in the lungs, however responses to airway allergens are dampened.


Objective To evaluate the effect of curcumin on diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) in rats. Methods Forty-eight male SD rats weighing 200-230 g were randomly divided into 6 groups ( n = 8 each) : group Ⅰ normal control (group C); group Ⅱ DNP (group D) ; group Ⅲ DNP+ DMSO (solvent of curcumin) (group DD) and group Ⅳ , Ⅴ , Ⅵ DNP + curcumin 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg ( group DC50, 100, 200 ). Diabetes was induced with intraperitoneal (IP) streptozocin 75 mg/kg in group Ⅱ -Ⅵ. Curcumin 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg were given IP once a day for 14 consecutive days starting from 14 d after streptozocin in group Ⅳ , Ⅴ and Ⅵ respectively. Venous blood samples were taken before and 72 h after IP streptosocin for determination of blood glucose level. Successful induction of diabetes was defined as blood glucose > 14.6 mmol/L. Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold to yon Frey stimuli (MWT) and paw withdrawal latency to thermal nociceptive stimulus (TWL) were measured 2 d before and 14 d after IP streptesocin and on the 1, 3, 7, 14 d of curcumin administration. Animals with pain threshold measured at 14 d after IP streptozocin decreasing by less than 15% of the baseline were excluded from the study. The animals were sacrificed after the last pain threshold measurement and the lumbar segment of the spinal cord and p65 was significantly higher in group D than in group C ( P < 0.05). Curcumin administration significantly reduced thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by diabetes and down-regulated the expression of p-JNK and horn and DRG.

Key words:
Curcumin;  Diabetes mellitus;  Neuralgia


. The article deals with the assessment of the opposition between Russia and Great Britain in Central Asia given by a number of Russian periodicals of the late 19th century. The purpose of the article is to systematize and reconstruct the views of publicists on the policies of the two empires in the region strategically important for them. The domestic publicists' in-terpretations of the main components of the Russian-British contradictions are analyzed. The arguments used by some publicists to justify the activities of the Russian government in op-© position to the English policy in the region are given. The way various publications described the goals and methods of Russia and Britain's advance into Central Asia is also clarified, as well as their interpretation of the two states' foreign policy features. The authors conclude that the conservative authors focused on the geopolitical rivalry of the two empires, regarding the expansion of Russia's sphere of influence as fully justified and logical. The liberals believed that the resolution of contradictions in the region between the two empires was possible in case of the spheres of their influence were delimited, the borders were established and the buffer zones were eliminated. The research makes it possible to find out the common traits and the particular ones in the way colonial expansion was perceived, as well as to correlate between the ideological attitudes of the periodicals and their understanding of the essence of the country's national interests.


With the continuous development of computer technology and the gradual popularization of information technology application, the construction of intelligent teaching scene based on wireless sensing technology plays a more and more important role in modern information education. Taking a primary school as an example, this paper introduces multimodal wireless sensing technology into the construction of intelligent teaching system. The purpose of this paper is to explore the construction of a new teaching scene. Firstly, this paper deeply analyzes the sensing mechanism of wireless signal and optimizes the sensing mode, deployment structure, and signal processing in practical application, so that the system can run more effectively in the actual environment. Then, based on multimodal wireless sensing technology, this paper designs and optimizes the basic architecture and functions of intelligent teaching scene. The results show that combining the characteristic information of each mode to get the information conducive to identity confirmation, which can get better recognition performance and improve the accuracy. Combining the information of multiple modes can greatly improve the recognition performance. The user interest model combined with dynamic and static is used to optimize the system recommended resources, so that students can obtain high-quality and highly matched learning resources more quickly and accurately, so as to improve students' learning efficiency in resource acquisition.


Wide compatibility is useful for utilization of hybrids between indica-japonica, but the basis of the wide compatibility gene (WCG) is complex. This paper summary and analyze the genetics of WCG from genetic markers for wide compatibility and genetic models for wide compatibility.


A precision linearization method to achieve input-output linearization and decoupling control of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on stator flux model is presented. The permanent magnet synchronous motor is decoupled into second-order linear speed subsystem and first-order linear flux subsystem. The aim space voltage vector is ascertained by combining sector judgment of stator flux with the practical system inputs after linearization and decoupling. The system is decoupled into two linear subsystems,flux and rotor speed,which realizes the completely dynamic decoupling for permanent magnet synchronous motor speed control system. The simulation and experiment results have indicated that the space vector modulation system for permanent magnet synchronous motor based on precision linearization decoupling has the ideal speed tracking performance,the satisfactory robustness and low speed capability.


pivoted connecting part device for setting a means of a bearing device (3) (7), in particular a Fushebelwerks (1) coupled to the transmission unit (10) for transmitting the movement of the connecting part (7) by means of a transmission element (8) in a motor vehicle, is comprising an adjusting mechanism (5) for adjusting the position of the connecting part (7) and a compensation unit (14) to compensate for by the position adjustment of the connecting part (7) caused change in distance of the transmission unit (10) for the connection part (7), characterized in that that the compensating unit (14) is formed as a bi-directional hydraulic locking device (15) which forms at least a portion of the transmission element (8).


This work addresses the estimation of net surface longwave radiation (NSLR) from net surface shortwave radiation (NSSR) by analysing the Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD) radiation data under cloudy conditions. A general model is developed to estimate NSLR from the NSSR for cloudy skies with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 23.16 W m−2 compared with in situ data. The model is applied to AmeriFlux data. The results show that the mean error and RMSE are –2.31 W m−2 and 29.25 W m−2, respectively, compared with the measurement of AmeriFlux. To examine the significance of the influence of seasons on the estimated NSLR, the model is proposed as a function of seasonal variation. The results show a slight improvement for winter and spring, whereas a larger error is found for autumn compared with the results obtained by the general model. The influences of land cover and elevation on the model are also investigated. The results show that the model is slightly sensitive to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the elevation. The RMSE of the model decreases from 23.16 W m−2 to 21.04 W m−2 when the NDVI and the elevation are considered in the model.


We examine the efficacy of flushing the fluoroscopy contrast media during laser-angioplasty prior to the laser operation, when using nanosecond pulses at a wavelength of 355 nm, guided in an optical fiber. We investigate the acoustic transients of the ablation in blood, saline, and contrast media in relation to the absorption spectra of the three. Ex vivo results of ablation in porcine aorta samples showed only minor disruption effects in samples which were immersed in contrast media, and none when immersed in saline. These results are in contrast to the severe disruption effects witnessed in previous reports, using an excimer laser at a wavelength of 308 nm within contrast media. Numerical simulations based on the finite-elements method analyzed the pressure and temperature distributions, and supported the experimental findings. Our study indicates a feasibility of using nanosecond-pulsed laser sources at 355 nm in percutaneous vascular laser interventions that include fluoroscopy contrast media.


Background: The high risk of recurrence of ovarian endometrioma after laparoscopy is a major challenge. Objectives: In this study, we measured recurrence of endometriosis six months after laparoscopic surgery and evaluated its risk factors in these patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients with endometrioma (based on the pathologic report) who underwent laparoscopic cystectomy in Rasool-Akram Hospital, Tehran, from April 2015 to August 2016, were evaluated by ultrasonography six months after the surgery. Endometriosis surgery was done by a team of expert surgeons. The demographic information of patients, number, size, and location of cysts, disease stage, and medical treatment taken after the surgery were recorded in the study checklist. The pre-operative endometriosis-related symptoms, including pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, dyschezia, and dysuria were recorded by visual analogue scale and compared with related symptoms six months after the surgery. Results: Seventy-nine patients completed the study with the mean age of 31.38 ± 5.98 years. The mean cysts' size was 69.2 ± 2.76 mm: 44.3% had multiple cysts and 39.2% bilateral endometrioma. In 53.1% deep infiltrative endometriosis (DIE) was recorded. After six months, 13.9% had a recurrence with the mean size of 37.2 ± 13.3 mm. There was a statistically significant correlation between recurrence and a previous surgery (P = 0.001) and infertility (P = 0.02). All endometriosis-related symptoms significantly decreased six months after the surgery. Conclusions: The recurrence rate, compared to the previous report, indicated that patients with a previous surgery and infertility should be closely monitored for the risk of recurrence. Possibly, damages in the previous surgery and cellular and molecular abnormalities that encountered more deeply in endometriosis-associated infertility predispose the patients to more recurrence rate, which can be further investigated.


When Ferdinand von Mueller first arrived in Australia in 1847, he took up employment as a chemist in Adelaide, South Australia. Whilst there he collected extensively in the Mount Lofty and Flinders Ranges and discovered an unusual lichen which he sent to Ernst Hampe in Blankenberg, Germany; this was subsequently described as Sticta Mulleri [sic] (Hampe, 1852: 711). Unfortunately these first specimens were sterile and Hampe was misled by the presence of pseudocyphellae-like depressions on the lower surface to place his specimens in the genus Sticta. However, when more material became available it was examined by William Nylander in Paris. The presence of long fasciculate rhizines, the peculiar placement of the apothecia, which are terminal on the marginal lobes, and the stipitate pycnidia caused Nylander (1860: 306) to place it in Platysma. In his description he says that this lichen is similar in habit to Cladonia alcicornis but the undersurface is almost as in the genus Sticta; however, the spermogonia are black, nipple-like, marginal and very much like Platysma. However, Nylander did not appear to be satisfied with this combination for in 1861 (Nylander, 1861: 39) he moved it again, this time to Cladonia, thinking that its characters were more consistent with the Cladoniaceae. Apparently Nylander was still not satisfied with his choice of genera for when he wrote his Synopsis Lichenum Novae Caledoniae he again considered this problem plant. He had been sent samples from New Caledonia by E. Vieillard, a ship's doctor, who gathered specimens there and also acquired the collection of M. Deplanche and M. Panther. Thus with a wider range of specimens to examine he now considered that this species was worthy of generic rank and the genus Heterodea was described (Nylander, 1867: 47) and grouped with Cladonia and Cladina in the tribe Cladoniei. For this study 168 collections of Heterodea were morphologically examined, and fifteen each of H. beaugleholei and H. muelleri were extracted and examined for chemical constituents by both t.l.c. and the standard microcrystal tests. Only a selected list of specimens examined is presented in this paper; a complete list has been deposited in the library of the British Lichen Society and in the National Herbarium, Melbourne. Heterodea madagascarea Nyl. has not been considered here as this species is now Pleurocybe madagascarea (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (see Jahns and van der Knapp, 1973: 437).


Positional isomers, protonation and solvent provide useful strategies for morphology-controllable fabrication of organic microcrystals. Among them, the solvent unprecedentedly induces a globate polyhedron morphology with unusual orange-red phosphorescence. The changes in morphology also induce interesting changes in the photophysical properties of boron difluoride organic microcrystals.


With evolution of wireless communication, the next generation (5G) cellular system emerged and aimed at providing three times higher spectrum efficiency compared with LTE-Advanced system for enhanced Mobile Broadband. Massive MIMO is considered as one of the most important technologies to achieve the purpose and its benefits have been proved by theoretical analysis and field trials. However, the antenna size and weight have become the bottlenecks on the deployment in the realistic network. To tackle this problem, a novel flexible antenna structure for massive MIMO, known as multi-panel massive MIMO, was proposed and attracted broad attention in 3GPP NR (New Radio). Currently the performance of the multi-panel massive MIMO is studied in literature by the numerical simulation, however the field measurements to characterize the actual performance of multi-panel massive MIMO have been scarce so far. In this article, we first present a detailed description of our developed multi-panel massive MIMO prototype and then provide our radiation pattern measurement results and field test results. These experimental measurement results not only justify the validity of the coverage beamforming pattern, but also demonstrate that the multi-panel massive MIMO can achieve significant throughout gain. Based on these measurement results, it can be seen that multi-panel massive MIMO will be a novel practical antenna array structure for massive MIMO flexible deployment in the next generation cellular systems.


Response functions linking regression predictors to properties of the response distribution are fundamental components in many statistical models. However, the choice of these functions is typically based on the domain of the modeled quantities and is not further scrutinized. For example, the exponential response function is usually assumed for parameters restricted to be positive although it implies a multiplicative model which may not necessarily be desired. Consequently, applied researchers might easily face misleading results when relying on defaults without further investigation. As an alternative to the exponential response function, we propose the use of the softplus function to construct alternative link functions for parameters restricted to be positive. As a major advantage, we can construct differentiable link functions corresponding closely to the identity function for positive values of the regression predictor, which implies an quasi-additive model and thus allows for an additive interpretation of the estimated effects by practitioners. We demonstrate the applicability of the softplus response function using both simulations and real data. In four applications featuring count data regression and Bayesian distributional regression, we contrast our approach to the commonly used exponential response function.


Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu Tampere University of Applied Sciences Bachelor's Degree in International Business Julia Menezes Tapioca Digital Marketing Plan for the Summer School of Hochschule München University of Applied Sciences Bachelor's thesis 58 pages, appendices 6 pages December 2020 This thesis is the creation of a digital marketing plan for the commissioner, the Summer School program of Hochschule München University of Applied Sciences. This thesis focusses on social media marketing and current digital trends aiming the commissioner's purpose of attracting more international students. In order to create the digital marketing plan, the author of this thesis researched multiple concepts and theories like Marketing Plan, Digital Marketing, Social Media Marketing, Communications Planning Framework – PASTAM, and AIDA Framework. The thesis involved a quantitative research in the form of an online questionnaire that was answered by the target group, in which necessary information was gathered to build content marketing and improve search engine optimization, as well as understanding the importance of social media for the target group and the relevant social media channels. Primary and secondary data made it possible for the author to create the digital marketing plan. Recommendations have been included throughout this thesis. The author believes that the digital marketing plan will benefit the commissioner's marketing and business strategy.


A systematic narrative literature review was carried out with the aim of identifying key themes in the group analytic literature on clinical supervision, and to inform the development of theory, practice and research in this area. The systematic literature search identified 103 relevant publications, nearly all involving case vignettes of supervisory practice and theoretical reflections on group analytic supervision, with only a handful of published research studies in this field to date. Four core themes were identified in this literature, indicating what group analysts have considered to be the key functions of clinical supervision—one primary theme: Providing critical holding and containment, and three other themes radiating out from this primary concern: Supporting capacity to bear and process emotionally, sustaining ability to think deeply and widely, and counteracting isolation and enabling creative exchange. The nature of each of these themes is elaborated, and this material is critically considered in terms of the group analytic contribution to the clinical supervision field (considering theoretical coherence) and its relationship with the wider literature on supervision (considering correspondence with other disciplines). In conclusion, some implications and recommendations are outlined.


The invention relates to a digital voice recording and broadcasting teaching system, which comprises a main teaching unit which is used by teachers, an auxiliary subunit, a shooting module and a positioner. The teaching system also comprises a teaching strategy processing module and a recording and broadcasting strategy processing module, wherein the teaching strategy processing module analyzes teaching operations of the main teaching unit and the auxiliary subunit and determines information whether to perform scene and shot change, and the recording and broadcasting strategy processing module controls the corresponding shooting module according to output information of the positioner, calculates the focal length of shooting lens, the shooting angle and the shooting effect, and takes a picture of the behaviors of the teachers or students if scene and shot change is required, so that the effect of intelligent shooting is realized and the aim of bidirectional omnibearing video communication of the teachers and the students is achieved. Simultaneously, the system can also directly broadcast shot videos on the internet through a direct broadcasting module, so that users on the outsides of classrooms can participate in teaching activities through the internet.


It is disclosed a motor of the same torque sensor according to the manner of a strain gauge and a method for producing the same. Specifically, a first sensor structure with a convex portion on a junction surface thereof, and a second sensor structure are formed with a concave portion, which is connected to the convex portion of the first sensor structure. The measuring film is formed by arranging a strain gauge on a flexible film. The measurement film is disposed in compressive manner between the connecting surface of the first sensor structure with the convex portion and a joint surface of the second sensor structure with the concave portion to initially deform the measuring film. The first sensor structure and the second sensor structure are connected together in a state where the measuring film is initially deformed.


Objective. To evaluate agronomically 25 genotypes of maize for forage purposes. Materials and methods. This research was carried out in Turipana - Investigation


According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), a number of drug entities and pharmaceutical formulations, generated in health care facilities, meet the definition of hazardous waste, including epinephrine, warfarin, nicotine, and seven chemotherapeutic agents. This study has been carried out to assess the hazardous pharmaceutical waste generation in one large multi-specialty hospital in Alexandria for the ultimate objective of recommending an environmentally sound management plan for this waste. Alexandria University Main Hospital was selected for the study. A checklist containing the names of the drugs that are considered hazardous upon disposal was developed. Data concerning the generation and the management of this waste were collected using 2 questionnaire forms. The study revealed that ten hazardous pharmaceuticals are generated from the hospital departments. They are Epinephrine, m-cresol, phenol, silver sulfadiazine, multi-mineral formulations containing Cr and Se, warfarin, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, and daunomycin. These drugs, as well as the other pharmaceutical waste, are managed as infectious waste: collected in yellow bags, stored in the storage area for infectious waste, and transported by the Private Company responsible for solid waste management in Alexandria Governorate to treatment by shredding and autoclaving prior to ultimate landfill. Consequently, the study recommended a hazardous pharmaceutical waste management plan taking into consideration other equally hazardous drugs such as all chemotherapeutic agents, mutagenic or teratogenic substances, endocrine disruptors, and immunosuppressant drugs. Thermal destruction of all these drugs would provide the highest level of best management practice available at this time. The ash resulting has to be tested and eventually disposed in a lined hazardous waste landfill.


Detection of anomalous objects is an important application of hyperspectral imaging in remote sensing. Current anomaly detection algorithms for a subspace target are based on partialling out the main background from each spectral component of a pixel. This paper proposes an anomaly detection algorithm that partials out the main background from each subset of a pixel that has been partitioned using non-uniform subsets. The anomaly detector is defined as the Mahalanobis distance of the resulting residual. Experimental results show that the anomaly detector has a substantial improvement in detection over the conventional anomaly detectors.


republic. Dennis instead chooses to reinforce and slightly expand the existing interpretations. Given the tendency for witchcraft studies to rework historiographical shibboleths in interesting ways, this may amount to a missed moment for American witchcraft studies. Dennis is on firmer ground elsewhere in the volume, in his lengthy discussions of gender and power in the Quaker missions among the Seneca, or the way in which the Seneca in 1821 defended Tommy Jenny in an effort to defend their own sovereignty in the face of Indian Removal. Seneca Possessed is at its best when comparing the complexities of a witch-murder to the complexities of Indian territorial struggles of the early republic. In that sense, this volume is very much a book for Americanists—broader witchcraft scholars will scan the footnotes in vain for references to any European historiography not written by Keith Thomas—and it tries to fit witchcraft into the preexisting historiographical schemes of the early American republic. Yet Seneca should resuscitate interest in Handsome Lake and Indian witchcraft in the early republic, and if so, Iroquois magic may yet unmake some of the older assumptions about Indian America in the early republic. Dennis's book should mark good starting point for a historiographical debate. Handsome Lake certainly deserves one.


Early-onset scoliosis has many diverse causes1. The management of early-onset scoliosis is complicated by the need to control progression of spinal deformity without negatively impacting pulmonary function with early spinal fusion2,3. This has led to the development of "growth-friendly" instrumentation that allows growth of the thorax and increases the space for lung development4.

Surgical options for management of congenital cervicothoracic scoliosis have included posterior fusion in situ or hemivertebra resection 5-8. Fusion alone does not allow for large correction, and it can result in an asymmetric head tilt. Hemivertebra resection allows for correction of the deformity but carries increased risk of iatrogenic neurologic injury8.

In this case report, we present the application of growth-friendly instrumentation (developed for correction of scoliosis in the thoracic spine) to perform a gradual correction of deformity in the cervicothoracic spine. Hemiepiphysiodesis of the convex side was combined with distraction-based instrumentation on the concave side to improve head position without the neurologic risk posed by acute correction of the deformity. The patient's parents were informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and they provided consent.

A two-year-old girl with congenital cervicothoracic scoliosis presented for evaluation (Fig. 1). The patient had a 70° curve with an apex at T2 and a T1 tilt measuring 45°. T1 tilt was measured as the angle from the superior endplate of T1 to the horizontal reference line on a standing radiograph. There were seven ribs at the most cephalad left side of the spine compared with four ribs on the right side, the equivalent of three hemivertebrae. On the concave side, there was a unilateral bar from T2 to T6 (Fig. 2). She had a severe head tilt and minimal range of neck motion. …


Environmental Context. Contamination of freshwater ecosystems by cadmium is of increasing concern with accumulation and toxicity in aquatic animals occurring through both waterborne and dietary routes. Increases in water calcium ('hardness') levels protect against waterborne uptake. Physiological research on freshwater fish has demonstrated that this occurs because cadmium moves through the calcium uptake pathway at the gills. Surprisingly, elevated dietary calcium also protects against waterborne exposure by down-regulating the calcium uptake pathway at the gills, and against dietary exposure by reducing cadmium uptake through the gastrointestinal tract. In both cases, the stomach is the critical site of action. Abstract. Waterborne cadmium causes toxicity in freshwater fish by inducing hypocalcaemia. Research on the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a sensitive model species, has demonstrated that this occurs because Cd2+ ions compete with waterborne Ca2+ ions for the active branchial uptake pathway which normally ensures internal homeostasis of calcium levels. Therefore, increases in waterborne calcium concentrations ('hardness') protect against waterborne cadmium uptake and toxicity in both acute and chronic exposures. Increases in dietary calcium concentration also protect against waterborne exposure, because elevated gastrointestinal calcium uptake down-regulates the Ca2+ uptake pathway at the gills, thereby simultaneously reducing Cd2+ entry. Furthermore, dietary calcium also protects against dietborne cadmium exposure, although the physiological mechanisms appear to differ from those at the gills. Surprisingly, the principal site of this inhibitory action of dietary calcium on gastrointestinal cadmium uptake appears to be the stomach, which is also the major site of gastrointestinal calcium uptake, rather than the intestine as in mammals. These results underline the importance of considering not only water chemistry but also dietary chemistry in the environmental regulation of cadmium, and suggest that fish in the wild under chronic cadmium stress would benefit by switching to a more calcium-rich diet. While diet switching has been seen in the wild in fish under metal stress, its etiology remains unknown; to date, laboratory experiments have not been able to show that voluntary diet-switching of an adaptive nature actually occurs.