Transposon Tn4431 was used to introduce a luciferase (lux) operon into Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (X. o. pv. oryzae) T7174. Two transconjugants which were highly bioluminescent and indistinguishable in pathogenicity with the parental strain were selected. The transconjugants produced more bioluminescence in the logarithmic phase in liquid cultures. Bioluminescence was also detected from rice leaves infected with the transconjugants. In the compatible rice cultivar IR24 bacteria multiplied and moved prior to the expression of disease symptoms. In contrast, in the incompatible rice cultivar IR-BB2, which has resistance genes Xa1 and Xa2, bioluminescence was restricted near the inoculation sites, but light produced by the transconjugants was detected even 3 weeks after inoculation, suggesting that bacteria could multiply, although restrictedly, and remain viable. No bacterium was reisolated from the leaf sections beyond the light-producing regions. The detection of bioluminescence makes it possible to examine the actual location or infection process of X. o. pv. oryzae continuously without destroying the infected leaves.


With 65% of the general population and 85% of 18-24 year old university students using their smart phones to fill their everyday needs, the vast majority of clients are now walking into libraries with computers in their pockets.


Present scenario of  energy crisis  not only demands to increase  generation of energy  but  also  to  utilize  it  as per legitimate requirement to conserve  at public places like educational institutes, where the users are more  and  no one  cares to switch  OFF appliances when not required. The aim of this project is to design cost effective automated system which can be easily incorporated in academic institution especially in the class rooms to conserve the energy. Lights and fans switched ON and OFF as per requirement for number of students entered in the class room through person counting subsystem. The implementation is made simpler by using sensor to detect person and compact circuitry built around 8051 microcontroller programs. Through this system, the author wishes to inculcate discipline in the students by giving no option but to occupy the front row first and so on and back benchers to come in front and then only have the comfort of light and fan and at the same time want to help academic institutes to save money on their power bills and contribute in reducingthe emission of green house gases in environment.


In recent decades an ever-growing interest in the History of Science has been manifest. During the present century the histories of most of the learned societies have appeared and these have provided a wealth of valuable detail on the progress of their respective branches of science and of the persons to whom this progress is mainly due. Biography and bibliography necessarily enter largely into Scientific History, and as regards Natural History the labours of Charles Davies Sherborn, the formation of this Society and the publication of its Journal have given a great stimulus to research. Apart from its intrinsic interest, the history of Zoology and Botany in particular has had a practical value in providing the material for the recovery of data as to the origin and vicissitudes of many historical collections and even of individual specimens, most of which date from a time when the records and registers of museums were not so carefully kept as they are at the present day. This volume is a notable contribution to the history and growth of the study of one particular class in Zoology—the Mollusca, and of the rise and progress of Conchology and Malacology. These two terms, without any pedantic scrutiny of their etymology, are for all practical purposes synonymous and the one implies the other. Shells, like birds and butterflies, have ever made a strong appeal to mankind


Considerable work in the Computer Science Center at the University of Maryland has been devoted to the creation of an academic program in the computer sciences. Those involved have been W. C. Rheinboldt, J. P. Menard, R. H. Austing, J. M. Ortega, G. E. Lindamood and the author. Numerous other people, both at Maryland and elsewhere, have contributed to this work, but the frequent assistance of H. E. Tompkins and A. B. Marcovitz of the Electrical Engineering Department has been especially helpful. The program is now under consideration for adoption at the University and will hopefully be underway by the Fall of 1965. This program would begin with the offering of a number of new courses and expand toward the establishment of a master of science degree, a baccalaureate degree and then a doctoral program as rapidly as staff and other necessary conditions could be developed. In addition to degree programs in the computer sciences, the development of supporting courses for other programs is very important and this program has been designed to satisfy much of this need.


This paper presents two high-efficiency charge pumps (CPs) by utilizing the gate voltage boosting technique (GVBT). Unlike traditional bulk-CMOS and all-NMOS CPs, an input bias voltage is independently applied to the gate terminal, and it improves the current driving capability without the need of large pumping capacitors or high-frequency clocks. Meanwhile, the GVBT decouples the state of transistors from the clocks connected to the pumping capacitor, and it can eliminate the reversion loss in both main and auxiliary circuits. Fabricated in a 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> standard CMOS technology, the single-stage all-NMOS CP achieved a maximum output voltage of 6.589 V and a peak power efficiency of 80.08%. We also implemented the bulk-CMOS CP with GBVT for comparison, the single-stage all-NMOS CP achieved <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim 1.24\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> more output voltage than the bulk-CMOS CP under a load current of 1.5 mA. The voltage errors of the all-NMOS CP between the analytical and the measured results are less than 7%.


This paper proposes a design guideline to reduce squeal noise generated by an automobile wiper blade. In order to explain the squeal noise phenomenon, a source of squeal noise is experimentally investigated using a rotating disk equipment, and then a single-degree-of-freedom stick-slip vibration model is established for a blade tip. Based on analytical results, we discuss about a tendency of the squeal noise for various parameters. Keywords—squeal noise; vibration; automotive wiper blade; noise reduction


The present invention discloses a pyroclastic unburned foam sound absorbing panels, the gist of the technical solution is that the built-in frame on the flat die, a short steel tube after the frame built into the upright, cement made using pyroclastic rocks suds cast inline frame periphery, completely embedded within the frame built pyroclastic cement foaming agent, according to a conventional curing method for curing the cement products, packaging unburned pyroclastic finished foamed sound-absorbing panels; broken volcanic rock cuttings by a cement foam pyroclastic rocks, blood attapulgite clay and cement powder raw material composition; forming an integrated whole cement foam after curing pyroclastic rocks and inline frame, increases the overall strength, bending resistance and the actual results. Unburned pyroclastic rocks foam acoustic panels can not only effectively control noise pollution, as well as insulation and air purification function, suitable for installation in highways, viaducts, urban light rail, metro, public places and other facilities.


Purpose – The purpose with this paper is to propose an agent-based condition monitoringsystem for use in industrial applications. An intelligent maintenance agent is described that isable to autono ...


Abstract The stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides is a major pollinator of the Brazilian semi-arid region (Caatinga), it is widely used in meliponiculture due to the economic value of the honey. The goals of this study were to identify the floral resources exploited by these bees in a human-modified area from Caatinga in Bahia, and to provide a pollen calendar that might be helpful to beekeepers. Pollen loads were collected monthly from each colony over a 7-month period. Twenty pollen morphotypes were identified with high frequencies of pollen types belonging to Myrtaceae, Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae and Solanaceae. The dominant pollens were represented by Mimosa 1 and Mimosa arenosa (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae). The accessory types were Mimosa tenuiflora, and Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae), while Solanum 1 and Solanum 2 represented major isolated pollen types. Some morphotypes, such as those from Mimosa are common in anthropized areas, thus playing a major role in the survival of bee colonies from areas where floral resources are limited. The present result revealed that Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides interacts with several plant species, thus highlighting the importance of conserving the regional flora. Moreover, the pollen calendar obtained is particularly useful to the management of this stingless bee in meliponary since it provides information about the plants that can be used as pollen source throughout the year. This information is also helpful for both the conservation of regional biodiversity and beekeeping in local agriculture.


Significance Type I IFN signaling is maintained under homeostatic conditions, which plays a crucial role in antiviral immunity. Epigenetic regulation of innate immunity and inflammation attracts much attention now. However, the underlying mechanisms need further investigation. Here, we demonstrate that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) "reader" YT521-B homology domain-containing family 3 (YTHDF3) selectively inhibits IFN-stimulated gene expression under basal conditions by binding to the translation initiation region of the transcription corepressor forkhead box protein O3 (FOXO3) mRNA and promoting its translation. Unexpectedly, the capacity of YTHDF3 for binding FOXO3 mRNA is independent of METTL3-mediated m6A modification. Our paper adds a view of YTHDF family proteins in the control of IFN antiviral responses. Overall, the roles of RNA-binding proteins and their RNA targets with certain modifications in inflammation and autoimmune diseases need further identification. IFN–stimulated genes (ISGs) are essential effectors of the IFN-dependent antiviral immune response. Dysregulation of ISG expression can cause dysfunctional antiviral responses and autoimmune disorders. Epitranscriptomic regulation, such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of mRNAs, plays key roles in diverse biological processes. Here, we found that the m6A "reader" YT521-B homology domain-containing family 3 (YTHDF3) suppresses ISG expression under basal conditions by promoting translation of the transcription corepressor forkhead box protein O3 (FOXO3). YTHDF3 cooperates with two cofactors, PABP1 and eIF4G2, to promote FOXO3 translation by binding to the translation initiation region of FOXO3 mRNA. Both the YTH and the P/Q/N-rich domains of YTHDF3 were required for FOXO3 RNA-binding capacity, however, METTL3-mediated m6A modification was not involved in the process observed. Moreover, YTHDF3−/− mice had increased ISG levels and were resistant to several viral infections. Our findings uncover the role of YTHDF3 as a negative regulator of antiviral immunity through the translational promotion of FOXO3 mRNA under homeostatic conditions, adding insight into the networks of RNA-binding protein-RNA interactions in homeostatically maintaining host antiviral immune function and preventing inflammatory response.


We would like to make the readers of the Journal of Family Nursing aware of a project undertaken by a team of researchers in the Department of Nursing at the University of Massachusetts Boston and invite any interested family nursing scholars to contact us for more details, with the possibility of extending our work. The purpose of our project was to analyze the contents of Volumes 1 through 13 (1995–2007) of the Journal of Family Nursing.


1. Music's deep connection to social identities has been distinctively intensified by globalization. This intensification is due to the ways cultural separation and social exchange are mutually accelerated by transnational flows of technology, media, and popular culture. The result is that musical identities and styles are more visibly transient, more audibly in states of constant fission and fusion than ever before. 2. Our era is increasingly dominated by fantasies and realizations of sonic virtuality. Not only does contemporary technology make all musical worlds actually or potentially transportable and hearable in all others, but this transportability is something fewer and fewer people take in any way to be remarkable. As sonic virtuality is increasingly naturalized, everyone's musical world will be felt and experienced as both more definite and more vague, specific yet blurred, particular but general, in place and in motion. 3. It has taken only one hundred years for sound recording technologies to amplify sonic exchange to a point that overwhelms prior and contiguous his-


In this work, we propose an elastic metamaterial plate made by an aluminum block tailored with a row of periodic pair of U-shaped slits. Total conversion between longitudinal and transverse modes can be achieved by the metamaterial plate. The conversion is induced by an oblique dipolar resonance, not relying on the Fabry–Pérot resonance or the design of effective parameters. The plate's thickness can be orders smaller than the working wavelength, showing good potential in practical applications.


U.S. studies on the relationship between life events stress and dating violence (Makepeace, 1983,1987) have not examined factors that may mediate this association. This study evaluates the influence of male peer support on the linkage between dating life events stress and premarital woman abuse. The buffering hypothesis contends that social support may prevent individuals from appraising negative life events as stressful. This paper supports this proposition by providing exploratory data revealing that a correlation between stress and woman abuse does not exist for men who received informational support from their male peers. Contributions to the sociological study of premarital woman abuse and suggestions for further research are discussed.


The ozone oxidation method was used to treat the simulated phenolic waste water, the processing efficiency of ozone oxidation method was studied. Initial phenol concentration, initial pH value of solution,the amount of ozone inflow,and dosage of catalyst etc. that effect the removal rate of phenol were analyzed in detail. The results show that the initial pH of the waste water and the amount of ozone inflow had a great influence on the removal of phenol in waste water and provide a basis for dealing with phenolic wastewater with ozone.


OBJECTIVES: This study explored consumers' perceptions of four drug-management strategies (DMSs): formularies, generic substitution, drug co payments, and prior authorization. Study objectives were to examine consumers' awareness of DMSs, beliefs and attitudes toward DMSs, and motivation to seek information about DMSs, and to describe the importance of these strategies in consumers' decisions to choose a managed care organization (MCO). DESIGN: The study was a cross sectional mail survey study. The study targeted residents of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland between the ages of 25-65 who are members of MCOs. RESULTS: A final sample of 1,441 participants received the questionnaire. A total of 303 (21.4%) completed responses were obtained. Results indicated that most respondents were unaware of formularies and prior authorization in their health plans. Respondents held slightly positive attitudes toward drug copayments and generic substitution, whereas their attitudes toward formularies and prior a...


This work investigates and compares a set of efficient techniques to extract and select striking features from th e ECG data applicable in automatic cardiac beat classification. Each method was applied to a pre-selected data segment from the MIT-BIH (Massachusetts Institute of Technology / Beth Isrel Hospital) database. The classification and optimization of different heart beat methods were performed based upon the extracted features (morphological and statistical feature). The morphological features were found as the most important for arrhythmia classification. However, because of ECG signal variability in different patients, the statistical approach is favoured for a precise and robust feature extraction. Amo ng all these feature extraction, feature selection, classification a nd optimization techniques, SVM based PSO gives higher classification accuracy with curse of dimensionality.


The politics of pharmaceutical patent protection increasingly involves the interaction of different transnational legal orders (TLOs). Two of these, a TLO focused on trade and intellectual property protection and a TLO focused on the human right to health, have interacted to frame and shape countries' approaches to intellectual property protection. These rival transnational legal orders involve recursive interaction between legal norm-making and implementation at the international and national levels. This chapter argues that understanding the operation and interaction of these TLOs provides an important framework for countries to develop strategies to navigate among the multiple pressures placed upon them.


SummaryCalcium supplementation during pregnancy attenuates maternal blood pressure and reduces the risk of pregnancy hypertension in Andean women with low calcium intake. Calcium supplementation might result in an increase in the vascular production of prostacyclin, and this might be responsible for the hypotensive effect of calcium supplementation. We measured the release of prostacyclin from umbilical arteries in two groups of nulliparous women:- 14 supplemented with 2 g elemental calcium daily from 20 weeks pregnant to delivery, and 11 assigned to placebo starch tablets. The levels of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α were similar in both groups. However, the calcium supplemented group had a mean blood pressure (106 ± 8/70 ± 8 mmHg; s.d.), lower (P<0.05) than the placebo group (112 ± 10/74 ± 6 mmHg). Although these data confirm that calcium supplementation attenuates maternal blood pressure in normal pregnancy in these women, the hypotensive effect is unlikely to be mediated by an increased vascular production ...


To prepare future teachers for today's technology driven society, Colleges of Education must produce technology proficient teachers, which involves a change in the attitude of educators, increased access to technology rich K-12 schools, and creating positive attitudes on the part of preservice teachers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not preservice teachers received the training and support that is needed to gain technology proficiency. The sample for this study consisted of preservice teachers that were in the Internship II stage of their education degree program and had completed a technology training program during the Spring Semester of 2003. A survey was administrated to determine the preservice teachers' self-efficacy with respect to their technology proficiency. Careful analyses of the data led researchers to conclude that preservice teachers were being exposed to a variety of technology tools and applications in their content courses and field experiences; however, many of the preservice teachers felt they needed more technology preparation to equip them with the skills they need to integrate technology into their future classroom.


This article discusses how to sculpt digitally with ZBrush software. This is a new trend in film, gaming, and animation industry using 3D modelling software like ZBrush. ZBrush is a digital sculpting tool that combines modeling 3D/2.5D, texturing, and painting. The use of a technology called Pixol on the software allows deep storage of lighting, color, and material information in an object in the layer. Moreover, the technology differs Zbrush with other 3d modeling softwares which are more traditional because the software is more like sculpting. Zbrush as a digital sculpting tool is capable of making high-resolution models (up to ten million polygons). The Zbrush capability at the level of high resolution and detail level can be set dynamically, allowing the user to make changes in total or in part on the carvings. Stages described in the article in addition to explain the function of the tool, are also the advantages that exist in ZBrush software compared to other 3d softwares. Sample images from various sources and some projects may help the reader know and understand the Zbrush software and bridge the manual artist to digital 3d artist as well.


I've been practicing the B2B marketing thing since the late 1980s, when the term "database marketing" first started being mentioned. Endless articles and entire conferences were devoted to the subject. While the buzz around database marketing has waned,...


The problem of plagiarism detection system design is a subject of numerous works of the last decades. Various advanced file-file comparison techniques were developed. However, most existing systems, aimed at natural language texts, do not perform any significant preprocessing of the input documents. So in many cases it is possible to hide the presence of plagiarism by utilizing some simple techniques. In this work we show how a natural language parser can be used to fight against basic plagiarism hiding methods.


Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control lacks voltage inertia and powerful decoupling capabilities. The voltage of the distributed generator (DG) unit controlled by the VSG will be easily affected by power fluctuations and high-frequency noise, and the DG coupling usually makes the VSG control effect unsatisfactory. In order to effectively reduce power fluctuations, the influence of high-frequency noise on voltage, the influence of coupling on the power regulation, and effectively improve the economy of the economic system, the improved VSG control that combines voltage inertia and virtual impedance is proposed in this paper. The second-order inertia in the proposed VSG control strategy can minimize the voltage change rate and filter high-frequency noise from the excitation and virtual impedance. The virtual impedance in the proposed VSG control strategy can simulate the actual impedance to change the line characteristics, so the coupling of the DG unit can be reduced. Experimental results based on the microgrid platform prove the feasibility of improving the VSG control.


Finding Strongly Connected Components (SCCs) in graphs is one of the important research topics of graph data mining. Traditional methods of finding SCCs need to fully load the whole graph into the main memory of a computer before actual processing. However, with the rapid growth of real-world graphs, the sizes of graphs easily exceed the main memory space of an ordinary computer. The distributed graph processing system running on a cluster and the out-of-core system utilizing the external memory all can handle that huge graph, but recent evidences (e.g., GridGraph) show that the external memory systems are more cost-effective and efficient than the distributed systems on conducting most graph mining tasks. Existing external memory solutions are inefficient on finding SCCs in large-scale graphs for two reasons: 1) The data-parallel processing model adopted is not efficient to find SCCs in a largescale graph. 2) Their poor support for graph mutation incurs excessively high overhead. In this paper, we study the problem of finding SCCs in big real-world graphs by using the external memory. We propose a task-based approach and an efficient graph mutation method to address the limitations in existing external solutions for finding SCCs. Experiment results show that our approach is orders of magnitude faster than existing external memory solutions.


Objective To investigate the treatment of the complex fractures of the tibil plateau of AO type B 3 and C 1-3 .Methods We reviewed 58 cases of complex fractures of the tibil plateau from 1998 treated by internal fixation with plate and layscrews of external fixator.Results All the patients were followed up from 8 months to 6 years,the excellent and good rate was 87.5%.Conclusion Open reduction and internal fixation can be used for the treatment of the complex fractures of the tibil plateau.The following may be the key to get the good results:① The methods of fixation should be chosen according to the type of fracture and the severity of soft tissue injure.②To enhance the technique of operation.③ The early functional exercises without weight by CPM shoud be promised.


The kinetics of multiplying media sustained by externally generated neutrons is examined. Point kinetics and diffusion theory considerations form the underlying basis. The results derived here constitute an extension of neutron kinetics analysis with ready applications to hybrid reactors and spallation accelerator blankets.


We show that the NLS systems with multiplicative noise, nonlinear damping and nonlocal dispersion exhibit a variety of interesting effects which may be useful for modelling the dynamical behavior of one- and two-dimensional molecular systems.


The Carpet-3 experiment for investigation of gamma-radiation with energy above 100 TeV is currently being prepared at the Baksan Neutrino Observatory of the Institute for Nuclear Research, RussianAcademy of Sciences. At present the plastic scintillation counters with a total continuous area of 410 m2 are installed in the muon detector (MD) underground tunnel, and they are totally equipped with electronics. The counters' gains and thresholds have been adjusted. Fifteen modules of shower detectors are placed on the surface of the MD absorber. Ten of them contain 9 standard plastic counters with an area of 1 m2 each. Also 24 modules without counters are arranged on the territory of the array. These modules will accomplish a surface part of the Carpet-3 array. The preliminary estimates show that the new array will have the best sensitivity to the flux of primary gamma rays with energy


A theoretical model was established for the degassing of magnesium alloy by a spinning spray based on the analysis of the mass transformation of hydrogen at the surfaces of Ar gas bubbles and the interface between the melt and air. The effect of the process parameters, such as the rotation speed on the degassing efficiency was calculated and analyzed. The results show that the total surface area of the gas bubbles increases with increasing rotation speed of spinning, i.e. the total surface area increase from 1.49× 10?2 m2 to 3.44×10?2 m2 with increasing rotation speed from 230 r/min to 330 r/min. As a result, the diffusion content of hydrogen increases with rotation speed increasing, and the degassing efficiency increases. Verification experiment was conducted by measuring the density of the samples solidified under a reduced pressure. The theoretical predication is in good agreement with the experimental results, suggesting that the model could be used for the optimization of degassing processes of magnesium alloy.


This note is one in a series explaining the attributes and practical application of integrated river basin management. This note discusses: 1) The importance of system modeling in a river basin; 2) The typical composition of a modeling package; 3) How to develop a modeling package; and 4) Some examples of different modeling packages.


This aims of the study was to analyze the business economically layer poultry farms medium scale. The study was conducted with case studies and data were analyzed using analysis of the economic aspects of revenue, R/C ratio, Profit Margin (PM), and Break Event Point (BEP). The results showed that the layer farm business medium scale economically profitable.


The demand for smart, wearable devices has been dictating our daily life with the evolution of integrated miniaturized electronics. With technological innovations, comes the impactful human footprint left on the planet's ecosystems. Therefore, it is necessary to explore renewable materials and sustainable methodologies for industrial processes. Here, an eco-friendly approach to producing flexible electrodes based on a single-step direct laser writing is reported. A 1.06 µm wavelength fiber laser was used for the first time to produce porous three-dimensional laser-induced graphene (LIG) on an agglomerated cork substrates. The obtained material exhibits the typical Raman spectra, along with an exceptionally low sheet resistance between 7.5 and 10 ohm sq−1. LIG on cork high electrical conductivity and the friendliness of the used production method, makes it an interesting material for future technological applications. To show its applicability, the production of planar micro-supercapacitors was demonstrated, as a proof of concept. Electrochemical performance studies demonstrate that LIG interdigitated electrodes, using PVA-H2SO4 electrolyte, achieve an area capacitance of 1.35 mF cm−2 (103.63 mF cm−3) at 5 mV s−1 and 1.43 mF cm−2 (109.62 mF cm−3) at 0.1 mA cm−2. In addition, devices tested under bending conditions exhibit a capacitance of 2.20 mF cm−2 (169.22 mF cm−3) at 0.1 mA cm−2. Here, showing that these electrodes can be implemented in energy storage devices, also successfully demonstrating LIG promising application on innovative, green, and self-sustaining platforms.


A theoretical treatment based on the concepts of orbital resonance is applied to data for reactions between excited 3d metal atoms and CH/sub 4/ at 15 K. It is shown that both the energy of the interaction of the levels in the region of orbital resonance (as exemplified by the reaction Fe* + CH/sub 4/) and the cross sections of the processes occurring under the conditions of orbital resonance (as exemplified by the charge transfer reaction) are satisfactorily described by the Breit-Wigner formula. A method is discussed for determining the width of the resonance and its energy from experimental data, and an analytical derivation of the resonance nature of the reaction of the levels when these are of the same energy is given. It is concluded that the resonance interactions are initiated when the reaction partners are far apart and can lead to cross sections greater than the geometrical values.


The placement of criticality alarms at the Paducah plant has been studied. Four detectors placed in the halls of the first floor will provide double coverage of the first floor and single coverage of the basement, attic, and counting laboratory. Results from MCNP calculations also show that a detector placed in the hall adjacent to room 27 will cover the NDA laboratory.


A demonstration of a typical media package designed to faciliate group instruction in computer operations will be presented. The package consists of slides, captions stored on a filmstrip, and an illustrated workbook. Detailed sequential procedures can be shown to the students through a slide presentation thus saving expensive computer time. The media packages can also be used by individual students who wish to review the laboratory exercises. Each slide presentation closely follows the steps of a sequential laboratory procedure. This new captioning system allows verbal explanations and cueing techniques such as circles and arrows used to enhance the meaning of the visuals. The workbook is closely correlated with the slide presentation and is illustrated with prints of selected slides. This system allows revision of captions, workbook, or slides without revision of the entire instruction unit.


The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effect of aerobic exercise on their physical composition and the level of blood fat.


The decision to invest on projects requires careful financial consideration because construction is also a business, which has to earn profits. However, practitioners in the field do not fully recognize financial evaluation tools' limits and correctly applies those to projects. This paper examines NPV and IRR's inherent limitations such as unfair assumptions on investment base and reinvestment practice and algebraic problems of IRR when evaluating a non-conventional project and more importantly their inapplicability to a certain type of construction project, for example, a partnership construction project. Purpose of this paper is presenting reality-considered project investment decision tools: PPV (Project Present Value), PRR (Project Rate of Return), and FRR(Firm Rate of Return), which overcomes above-mentioned problems and provides better meaningful indices of investment performance economically for construction business.


The Frequency Modulation Continuous Wave(FMCW) radar has the characteristics of low probability of interception,good hidden property and ability to counter anti-radiation missiles.This paper proposes a new method for high speed ground moving target detection using triangular FMCW modulation.According to the characteristic of the reverse range shift induced by the upslope and downslope of triangular FMCW modulation,the upslope and downslope are imaged,respectively.After compensation of continuous motion of the platform and time difference between upslope and downslope signals for imaging,the moving target can be detected through displaced phase center antenna(DPCA) technology.When the moving target is detected,we extract the moving target image,and use the correlation processing to get the range shift,which can help to estimate the target range velocity,and to find the real position of the target.Computer simulation verifies the validity of the method.


Patches in transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) have been used to overcome the hypodermic needles drawback, However, these patches also have absorption limitation for hydrophilic drugs and macromolecule like peptides and DNA. Therefore, micronized projections which have the ability for skin penetration named as microneedles were developed. Microneedle array patches can penetrate the stratum corenum to form condutis in the epidermis for drug delivery, avoiding nerve fibers and blood vessels contact to minimize pain sensation and bleeding. There are types of microneedles such as solid, coated, hallow, dissolving and hydrogel microneedles with different methods of microfabrication. Keyword: Microneedle Array, Transdermal delivery, Penetration enhancement techniques, Microneedles application. قصاوللا يجراخلا مييقتلاو فصولا : ةيرهجملا ةفوفصملا ةيربلاا


Information extraction is an appropriate methodology to process queries in purposeful dialogs such as navigation and question answering. We apply information extraction to find meaningful instances from queries on navigation domain and to fill them into predefined slots. To deal with various ambiguities and flexible utterances of queries, we introduce three-leveled robust rules; instance extraction, filtering, and ranking rules. The extraction rules select instance candidates by matching the input query with lexico-semantic patterns. Using the context consisting of lexico-semantic patterns and slot names, the filtering rules remove improper ones among the candidates, and the ranking rules endow them with positive scores. We choose navigation domain as a test environment to experiment the adaptability of information extraction. Our experimental result shows the understandability against user's queries increases up to 97% even though speech recognition has only the accuracy of 75.2% in sentence level.


Introduction: Accreditation is a public recognition by a National Healthcare Accreditation Body, of the achievement of accreditation standards by a Healthcare Organization, demonstrated through an independent external peer assessment of that organization's level of performance in relation to the standards. Aim : To assess the knowledge and attitude towards NABH accreditation among the staffs and to analysis the system gaps.  Methods: 200 bedded super specialty cardiac hospital was assessed as per NABH accreditation entry level standard requirements and the knowledge of the staffs about NABH standards. Results: 62% of staffs are very knowledgeable about NABH accreditation where only 59% are knowledgeable about standards and policies in NABH accreditation. Conclusion: Quality Assurance should help to improve effectiveness, efficiency, cost containment, and should address accountability and the need to reduce errors and increase safety in the system.


Abstract This work examines changes in the cultivation of olive groves in the region of Andalusia since the accession of Spain to the European Common Market (1986). The first phase is marked by the triumph of productivism in which some of the basic elements of this model (specialisation and intensification) are overwhelming, according to the statistical sources used for this research, although the behaviour in terms of corporate concentration can be considered unique. Also notable, as we will explain later, are other less desirable effects of the process, which can currently be considered environmentally unsustainable. As the weaknesses and contradictions of the model have become evident, in the recent years - as a result of the new stimuli provided by the Common Agricultural Policy - more attention is paid to the opportunities offered by rural development. For the moment, the results of this approach have been limited, although the 2015-2020 planning period could be decisive for its reorientation.


The problem of plastic anti-personal mine detection is well known. These devices are typically 75mm in diameter and between 25mm to 50mm in thickness. Some types contain no metal, but their explosive (RDX, TNT) can be considered as a dielectric material with a dielectric constant between 3.5 and 4.0. This electromagnetic property enables a radar to identify mines. It is true that the radars operating "through the air" provide a high detection rate. However, in the case of operating "into the ground", the problems are significant and inherently reduce performance. Target identification is done in the presence of the air-ground interface, which usually produces a higher amplitude signal than an anti-personal mine Chignell (1998). This context can justify why the difficulties of detecting anti-personal mines are formidable. A family of search mobots controlled by a new algorithm proposed in this research could be a solution1 for operating on the ground. In this Chapter we2 address the general question of what is the best strategy to search efficiently for randomly located objects (target sites). We propose a new agent based algorithm for searching in an unpredictable environment. The originality of our work consists in applying a non-cooperative strategy, namely the distributed Goore Game model, as opposed to applying the classical collaborative and competitive strategies, or individual strategies. This research covers both the destructive search and the non-destructive search. The first occurs when the agent visits the target only one time. The latter can be performed in either of the two cases if the target becomes temporarily inactive or if it leaves the area. The proposed algorithm has two versions: one when the agent can move with a step equal to unity and the other when the step of the agent follows a Levy flight distribution. The second version is inspired by the work of A.M. Reynolds et al. Reynolds (2006a;b; 2007; 2008a;b; 2009); Reynolds & Rhodes (2009); Rhodes & Reynolds (2007) where he braced the use of Levy processes when resources are sparsely distributed within unpredictable environments. The Chapter is organized as follows. The Goore Game is presented in the next section. In Section 2 we introduce the terminology of the Learning Automata, methodology used for


Abstract
 This chapter describes the advantages and disadvantages, procedures and efficacy of tooth brushing and other dental homecare programmes in cats and dogs.


In this study, the red seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa was used as a bioethanol producing biomass. G. verrocosa has a high content of easily degradable carbohydrates, making it a potential substrate for the production of liquid fuels [8]. The carbohydrates in G. verrucosa can be categorised according to their chemical structures: alginate, carrageenan, and agar. Carrageenan and agar, which are plentiful in the seaweed, can be used as a source of galactose and glucose. Various pretreatment techniques have been introduced to enhance the overall hydrolysis yield, and can be categorized into physical, chemical, biological, enzymatic or a combination of these [1]. Dilute acid hydrolysis is commonly used to prepare seaweed hydrolysates for enzymatic saccharification and fermentation for economic reasons [13]. However, thermal acid hydrolysis pretreatment for 3,6anhydrogalactose from G. verrucosa have produced 5hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), an inhibitory compound for ethanol production [8]. One of the problems encountered in G. verrucosa fermentation has been high concentrations of NaCl due to its origin from sea water [3]. High-salt stress to yeasts is a significant impediment on the production of ethanol from seaweed hydrolysates. Salt stress in yeasts results in two phenomena: ion toxicity and osmotic stress [11]. Defense responses to salt stress are based on osmotic adjustments by osmolyte synthesis and cation transport systems for sodium exclusion [20]. The preferential utilization of glucose over non-glucose sugars by yeast often results in low overall ethanol production and yield. When yeast grows on a mixture of glucose and galactose, the glucose is metabolized first, whereas The seaweed, Gracilaria verrucosa, was fermented to produce bioethanol. Optimal pretreatment conditions were determined to be 12% (w/v) seaweed slurry and 270 mM sulfuric acid at 121C for 60 min. After thermal acid hydrolysis, enzymatic saccharification was carried out with 16 U/ml of mixed enzymes using Viscozyme L and Celluclast 1.5 L to G. verrucosa hydrolysates. A total monosaccharide concentration of 50.4 g/l, representing 84.2% conversion of 60 g/l total carbohydrate from 120 g dw/l G. verrucosa slurry was obtained by thermal acid hydrolysis and enzymatic saccharification. G. verrucosa hydrolysate was used as the substrate for ethanol production by separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). Ethanol production by Candida lusitaniae ATCC 42720 acclimated to high-galactose concentrations was 22.0 g/l with ethanol yield (YEtOH) of 0.43. Acclimated yeast to high concentrations of specific sugar could utilize mixed sugars, resulting in higher ethanol yields in the seaweed hydrolysates medium.


This article proposed one new fault diagnosis method of roller bearing: grey incidence analysis of EMD-AR model.First take EMD to the vibration signal to decompose,then recombines the basic pattern component(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF) to establish the AR model according to the reorganization component,the model from the return parameter and the model residual error variance composition characteristic vector,the use of grey incidence degrees as pattern recognition method realizes to revolved the roller bearing precise diagnosis.


In connection with our studies on anticoccidial agents, some 1-(4-chlorobenzylamino)-3-substituted guanidine tosylates (3) were prepared. The structure of the aminoguanidines was proven by autoxidation of 3 into the corresponding benzylideneaminoguanidine (5).


Modern linguistics develops in a constructive circular network.The linguistic system is constructed in the circular interaction between language and speech.The discourse is constructed in the circular interaction between speech activities and discourse.The shared discourse meanings are constructed in the course of circular communication among communicators.The internal speech is constructed in the circular interaction between speech activities and speech mechanisms.The individual's linguistic system is constructed in the circular interaction between linguistic system and speech mechanisms.The written system is constructed in the circular interaction between linguistic system and written system.The written discourse is constructed in the circular interaction between written system and speech activities.The machine language system and discourse are constructed in the circular interaction between human brain and computer.


M-shell x-ray-production cross sections are reported for lH+ and 2He+ ions incident on thin targets of 79Au, »Pb, 83Bi, and»U. The energy of the ions ranged from 0.3 to 2.6 MeV in increments of 0.1 MeV. The first Born calculations overpredict the data at all energies studied. The perturbed-stationary-state calculations with energy loss, Coulomb deflection, and relativistic effects agree with the present data for both &H+ and 2He+ ions at -0.35 MeV/u, overpredict the data at higher El/A l, and underpredict the data at lower El/Al. The electron-capture contribution to the target ionization is calculated to be less than 3.4%%uo for the targets, projectiles, and energies reported in this work.


Dan Laor has published three books on the life and writings of Shmuel Yosef Agnon: a volume of essays, Hebeitim hadashim (1995); a comprehensive biography, Hayyei Agnon (1998); and the current volume, Shai Agnon (2008) in the Gedolei ha-ru'ah. ve-ha-yetzira ba-̀am ha-yehudi series sponsored by the Zalman Shazar Center. As this last book is built on the previous and much more extensive biographical study of 1998, it is important to consider the development of the presentation from book to book. Hayyei Agnon is a lengthy (774 pages), impressive repository of the wellresearched information one would want about the life of S. Y. Agnon. I cannot imagine that it will ever be possible to add significant material to it. It fails, however, in two cardinal aspects: It avoids presenting any literary study of Agnon—who really interests us only because he was a writer of such genius; and it is a naïve hagiography of a man who, in life—and I spent hundreds of hours with him in 1962–63, and 1966–67—was egotistical, manipulative, and a canny fabricator. Agnon's pious behavior was often demonstrative, often staged, and hence, in my mind, suspect. The Agnon who appears in Hayyei Agnon bears no resemblance whatsoever to the man I knew; my opinion is shared by his contemporaries, including Dov Sadan, Gershom Scholem, Shlomo Tsemah, Shimon Halkin, Leah Goldberg, and Nathan Rotenstreich, all of whom personally affirmed my assessment. They would testify, for example, that Agnon's relationship with his wife, Esther, was radically different from that portrayed in Laor's book—the latter based solely on Agnon's letters in the volume Esterlein yakirati. They understood, however, that the man's pettiness did not diminish his stature as an author, perhaps the greatest writer of Hebrew prose fiction since the authors of the Bible. The present volume in the Shazar series is significantly shorter (205 pages) than Hayyei Agnon and attempts to conform to the goal of presenting "monographs on the life and works of outstanding persons in Jewish history in the areas of thought, halakhah, and culture." This volume follows works on Moses Mendelssohn, Rabbi Judah the Pious, Rashi, Saadia Gaon, Rav Kuk, Rabbi Yehudah ha-Nassi, and Theodor Herzl (a volume on Bialik was published after the study of Agnon). Laor professes his aspiration in this volume to bring Agnon close to a wide audience of readers and students. Fortunately, much of the biographical detail of Hayyei Agnon is minimized to make room for a presentation of brief studies of many of Agnon's works, thus generating an understanding of why we should be interested in his life and historical setting. The book does succeed admirably in integrating the works into the fabric of Agnon's life. Unfortunately, the reader's anticipation of improvement in presentation induced by the integration of biography and literary analysis is frustrated from the very beginning by Laor's naïve journalistic opening: "Several minutes after 4 o'clock—the end of the Sabbath—motorcycles of the Stockholm police paved the way for an elegant automobile that traveled from the Grand Hotel to the Book Reviews


A new species Epidendrum edquenii, is described and illustrated from the Private Conservation Area La Pampa del Burro, department of Amazonas, northeastern Peru. It belongs to the informal Takulumena group, characterized by Vanda-like monopodial stems with basal or lateral, successive inflorescences. The new species is distinguished by its non-pubescent, red flowers with green dorsal surface, margins, and apices of the sepals and petals, yellow-green base of column and disc of lip, acuminate sepals 9.5–10.7 mm long, narrowly ovate petals with the margin densely and shortly ciliate, and widely triangular lip, 6.0 × 9.5 mm, with the margin scarcely papillose. A list and an identification key for the previously known species of the Takulumena group are provided. Furthermore, the new name Epidendrum vulcanitungurahuae is proposed to replace the illegitimate combination Epidendrum tungurahuae, predated by E. tunguraguae.


A new methodology of assessing large amounts of fluidized bed pressure fluctuation data with various signal analysis methods in combination with signal pre-treatment methods is presented. This approach can be used to find certain combinations that are selectively sensitive to certain physical effects in fluidized beds, such as agglomeration.


One of the major challenges in developing techniques for realistic and high performance visualization of outdoor environments is rendering of vegetation. The issue of rendering dense foliage or forests is especially pressing in simulators and other virtual reality based game applications, such as first person shooters. The greatest problem is that convincing modeling of trees, bushes and undergrowth would require great numbers of polygons beyond what graphics hardware can cope with today or in the next few years to come. This paper presents recent extensions and improvements to the authors' previous work on foliage rendering. It reviews some of the landmark techniques used in real-time PC applications, including the authors' novel solution of using 2.5 dimensional impostors for tree rendering, followed by the in-depth discussion of extending the later algorithm to rendering dense forest for human-scale simulation. The method presented takes full advantage of the programmable rendering pipelines available on most of the recent video cards. Numeric results and pictures are presented to illustrate rendering efficiency and visual quality.


This presentation addresses the role of mitochondria in non-genetic inheritance, shaping the adaptive potential of populations under a warming ocean scenario. In our study, we investigated transgenerational plasticity (TGP) to partition the relative contribution of maternal vs. paternal (additive genetic) effects to offspring body size (a key component of fitness). We investigated the potential physiological mechanisms underlying whole-organism growth/size responses by analysing mitochondrial capacities in the offspring of differently acclimated parental groups.
Offspring body size of marine sticklebacks benefited from maternal TGP and were larger when reared at the respective mother's acclimation temperature. This points at an involvement of mitochondrial metabolism, as in fish, mitochondria are almost exclusively inherited maternally.
Indeed, mitochondrial capacities were significantly influenced by maternal temperature, reflecting the observed growth patterns and thus linking offspring body size to maternal inheritance of mitochondria. Maximum mitochondrial capacities differed depending on maternal temperature and offspring of warm acclimated mothers that were reared at warm temperatures showed full metabolic compensation with respect to heart mitochondrial capacities in comparison to the control groups.
Our results for mitochondrial capacities between the different offspring groups suggest that mitochondria are a primary target for non-genetic transgenerational thermal compensation of metabolic rates in a changing climate, as an optimized energy metabolism will generate a higher scope for growth. Warm acclimated mothers adjust the metabolism of mitochondria that are inherited by offspring, and differences in mitochondrial capacities and efficiency underlie the differences observed in offspring growth.


In this article we examine the views of multi‐professional service providers on the provision of Early Support for disabled children 0–3 years old from minority ethnic communities. We begin with a description of national policies relevant to this field and of Early Support before describing a national evaluation of its impact. We discuss findings from a sample of service providers. The range of views on provision for disabled children from diverse backgrounds is examined under three approaches. These are related to policy and research on access to services for minority ethnic communities. We argue that some of the views expressed are of concern, particularly in relation to assumptions made about service provider responsibilities. We also point out that the views of users from communities should not be assumed and consultation with communities and organizations representing them should be wide ranging and inclusive and built in from the outset of service provision.


Real-time Optimally Adapting Meshes(ROAM) is one of the most widely used algorithms in triangular mesh construction.An ROAM terrain simplification algorithm based on vision character is developed in this study.Vision character is applied and view-of-field culling is integrated with occlusion horizon culling to realize more simplified terrain model.Experimental results show that the algorithm proposed can dynamically generate terrain model in real time and the prototype program using this method produces a satisfactory rendering result on PC.


S (Super Separator Spectrometer) [1] is a future device designed for experiments with the high intensity heavy ion stable beams of SPIRAL2 [2] at GANIL (Caen, France). It will include a target resistant to these very high intensities, a first stage momentum achromat for primary beam extraction and suppression, a second stage mass spectrometer and a dedicated detection system. This spectrometer includes large aperture quadrupole triplets with embedded multipolar corrections. To enable the primary beam extraction one triplet has to be opened on one side, which requires an appropriate design of such a multipolar magnet. The final mass separation power required for S needs a careful design of the optics with a high level of aberration correction. Multiple symmetric lattices were studied for this purpose. A 4-fold symmetric lattice and the achieved results are described in this paper.


Customer lifetime value (CLV) scoring is highly effective when applied to marketing databases. Some researchers have extended the traditional association rule problem by associating a weight with each item in a transaction. However, studies of association rule mining have considered the relative benefits or significance of "items" rather than "transactions" belonging to different customers. Because not all customers are financially attractive to firms, it is crucial that their profitability be determined and that transactions be weighted according to CLV. This study aims to discover association rules from the CLV perspective.,This study extended the traditional association rule problem by allowing the association of CLV weight with a transaction to reflect the interest and intensity of customer values. Furthermore, the authors proposed a new algorithm, frequent itemsets of CLV weight (FICLV), to discover frequent itemsets from CLV-weighted transactions.,Experimental results from the survey data indicate that the proposed FICLV algorithm can discover valuable frequent itemsets. Moreover, the frequent itemsets identified using the FICLV algorithm outperform those discovered through conventional approaches for predicting customer purchasing itemsets in the coming period.,This study is the first to introduce the optimum approach for discovering frequent itemsets from transactions through considering CLV.


Noble gases dissolved in groundwaters provide accurate absolute paleotemperatures, which can directly be related to stable isotope ratios obtained from the same archive. A recent example is a study conducted in China, where the influence of temperature and precipitation (monsoon) on the stable isotopes could be separated. The combination of noble gases and stable isotopes has been applied in many groundwater studies, but a synthesis of what we can learn from this approach is still missing. However, it cannot be denied that groundwater is not an ideal paleoclimate archive in terms of time resolution and age control. Therefore, it is interesting to explore new applications of noble gases in high-resolution archives such as ice or speleothems.


The objective of this paper is to depict dynamic of labor opportunity in rural area. This paper describes : (a) structural change of rural labor opportunity, (b) linkages between productivity and rural labor opportunity, and (c) rural labor opportunity perspective. The reviewed materials are mainly from the Patanas research conducted in several years. The result in this paper shows that the agricultural sector have enough capacity to create labor opportunity in rural area if its development is prioritized. Key word : labor opportunity, productivity, interlinkages, rural areas.


The quin olin e nu cleus and it s parti all y redu ced fo rm s can be readil y recogni zed as stru ctural motifs in many physiologi ca ll y ac ti ve alk aloi ds i . Therefore, th e synth es is and charac teri zati on of va ri ous quin olin e deri va ti ves is of continuin g interes t. We ha ve been parti cul arly interested in the sy nthes is a nd ch aracteri za ti on of 5,6,7,8 -tetrahydroqu inolin e deri va ti ves as poss ible prec urso rs fo r th e aza-steroid type co mpound s. The 5,6,7,8- tetrahydroquinolin e moiety is fo und in alk aloids iso lated from th e pl ants belongin g to Aizoaceae 2 , Amarylli daceae J and


The performance,ecnomic characters and growing-seedling culture technology of Puna Cichorium Intybus were studied in the Feima River areas near Yan'an City.Results indicated that Puna Cichorium Intybus well adapted to the soil climate and field management conditions.Forage yield reached 8.2~9.8 t/hm~2,and its quality was in a high class.It was of disease resistance and free of pests.Growing-seedling culture may solve the problem of maintaining a full stand of seedlings in the Feima River areas near Yan'an City.


South Pointing Chariot is one of the important mechanical inventions in ancient China. It achieves the purpose of fixing direction by applying mechanical devices. All existing designs can be classified into two types: "fixed-axis type" and "differential type". In this study, firstly, the existing designs are analyzed and decomposed into four parts: two inputs, a transmission part, a passive feedback mechanism, and one output. Secondly, because some existing designs have the same topological structures, new representations are used to identify different axial directions of joints and characteristics of members. Thirdly, a design methodology is proposed to systematically synthesize all feasible design concepts of differential-type South Pointing Chariots. Finally, three examples are provided.


The article focuses on the selected examples of the blurring of a book's genre status by means of specifi c editorial solutions, such as the use of a spatial layout of the text, the differentiation of fonts, the selection of printing paper, the cover design etc. This mechanism is discussed
on the example of six experimental works of contemporary Polish non-fi ction literature. Books
by Filip Springer and Jarosław Mikołajewski, bordering upon literary reportage, show how the use
of typography enhances the formal hybridity or even amorphousness of the text. In turn, Mariusz
Szczygieł and Wojciech Tochman, their documentary narratives, emphasize the mutual synergy between the physical components of the book, which undermines the standard genre classifi cation.


The relaxation dynamics of polypropylene glycol oligomers having different end groups was studied by broadband dielectric spectroscopy (10 mHz to 10 GHz) in the temperature interval 110-350 K, above and below the glass transition. The effects produced on structural and secondary relaxations by the different end groups are discussed.


The motion of a freely rotating prolate spheroid in a simple shear flow of a dilute polymeric solution is examined in the limit of large particle aspect ratio, $\kappa$. A regular perturbation expansion in the polymer concentration, $c$, a generalized reciprocal theorem, and slender body theory to represent the velocity field of a Newtonian fluid around the spheroid are used to obtain the $\mathcal{O}(c)$ correction to the particle's orientational dynamics. The resulting dynamical system predicts a range of orientational behaviors qualitatively dependent upon $c\cdot De$ ($De$ is the imposed shear rate times the polymer relaxation time) and $\kappa$ and quantitatively on $c$. At a small but finite $c\cdot De$, the particle spirals towards a limit cycle near the vorticity axis for all initial conditions. Upon increasing $\kappa$, the limit cycle becomes smaller. Thus, ultimately the particle undergoes a periodic motion around and at a small angle from the vorticity axis. At moderate $c\cdot De$, a particle starting near the flow-gradient plane departs it monotonically instead of spirally, as this plane (a limit cycle at smaller $c\cdot De$) obtains a saddle and an unstable node. The former is close to the flow direction. Upon further increasing $c\cdot De$, the saddle-node changes to a stable node. Therefore, depending upon the initial condition, a particle may either approach a periodic orbit near the vorticity axis or obtain a stable orientation near the flow direction. Upon further increasing $c\cdot De$, the limit cycle near the vorticity axis vanishes, and the particle aligns with the flow direction for all starting orientations.


The paper presents a new two-phase flow approach to simulate unsteady cavitating flows. The study applied the in-house code neptune_cfd, which allows two-fluid modelling of liquid-vapor flows [1]. The code solves the ensemble-averaged equations of mass, momentum and energy conservation for each phase (liquid and vapour) for a total of six conservation equations. The equations system requires closure laws for the interfacial terms that represent the mass, momentum and energy transfers occurring between the liquid and vapor phases. An original approach is implemented by using an energy-source term based on the difference between the local enthalpy and its saturation value. 2D and 3D simulations are carried out for a NACA 65−012 hydrofoil with an angle of attack of 6°, a cavity length of 40% of the hydrofoil chord and different flow velocities. The methodology to obtain the cavity length and the main frequency of its periodic behavior is presented. Then the numerical results are compared with those previously obtained by a homogeneous approach [2] and with the available experimental data [3]. The quantitative predictions of the hydrodynamic characteristics (i.e. cavitation sigma number, cavity length, shedding frequency and cavity shape) obtained from two-phase flow modeling appear in better accordance with experimental data.


Severe acute pancreatitis,a multiple system disease was associated with distant organs injury as the lung,kidney and liver,etc.Acute renal failure is one of the major death causes in severe acute pancreatitis.In this paper,pathogenesis,diagnosis and treatment of Renal injury in severe acute pancreatitis is reviewed.So they are helpful for the insight into the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure syndrome.


One of the promising methods for the integral assessment of the quality of the environment and the vital activity of herbaceous plants is the assessment of the state of living organisms by the morphometric characters development stability. The study revealed an increase in the variability of morphological characters in the plants of lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album) and milk-witch gowan (Taraxacum officinalis) in areas with a high level of technogenic pollution. Phenotypes with smaller sizes of vegetative organs prevailed there, as compared with the area with a low level of pollution. At the same time, viable seeds and seedlings were formed in the plants of urban cenoses.


It is well known that mice are relatively insensitive to histamine. Figures quoted by Guggenheim (1940) indicate that the lethal doses of histamine by subcutaneous injection for the mouse, guinea-pig, and cat are 600-2,000, 3.5-10, and 34 mg./kg. respectively. It has also been shown (Halpern, 1942, 1947a, b; Bovet and Walthert, 1944; Mayer and Broussaud. 1946) that histamine antagonists are unable to protect mice from the lethal effects of histamine and may indeed increase its toxicity. Even promethazine (phenergan), which is able to protect the guinea-pig against 1,500 times the normally lethal dose, cannot protect the mouse against one single lethal dose of histamine. Adrenalectomy increases the sensitivity of animals to histamine as well as to other substances (Dale, 1920; Kellaway and Cowell, 1923; Crivalleri, 1927; Marmoston-Gottesmann and Gottesmann, 1928). According to these authors this increase in the toxicity of histamine in adrenalectomized animals is mainly due to the lack of adrenaline and not to deficiency of cortical hormones. Thus, in 1920 Dale found that the adrenalectomized cat was more than normally sensitive to the action of histamine. He mentioned several points of " support for the view that secretion of adrenaline by the medulla of the gland is, at least, an important factor in the normal resistance to histamine." Kellaway and Cowell (1923) showed that the altered haemoconcentration reaction to small doses of histamine in adrenalectomized cats is due to medullary defect and can be prevented by adrenaline. According to Wyman (1929) the increased sensitivity of rats to histamine after adrenalectomy is due to deficiency of adrenaline. Ingle's results(1937) show that, although cortical hormones are also concerned, their part is less important than that of adrenaline. Halpern has demonstrated that, like adrenaline, the antihistamine substances, particularly promethazine, have an action on capillary permeability, and this is clearly illustrated in the protection which these substances give against the oedema and haemoconcentration caused by injection of egg-white i'nto normal or adrenalectomized rats (Halpern and Briot, 1950). This action of antihistamine substances on oedema produced by egg-white has also been found


SUMMARY The scattering of elastic waves by cracks is an old problem and various ways to solve it have been proposed in the last decades. One approach is using dual integral equations, another useful and common formulation is the Boundary Element Method (BEM). With the last one, the boundary conditions of the crack lead to hyper-singularities and particular care should be taken to regularize and solve the resulting integral equations. In this work, instead, the Indirect Boundary Element Method (IBEM) is applied to study problems of zero-thickness 2-D cracks. The IBEM yields the Crack Opening Displacement (COD) which is used to evaluate the solution away from the crack. We use a multiregional approach which consists of splitting a boundary S into two identical boundaries S + and S − chosen such that the cracks lie in the interface. The resulting integral equations are not hyper-singular and wave propagation within media that contain zero-thickness cracks can be rigorously solved. In order to validate the method, we deal with the scalar case, namely the scattering of antiplane SH wave sb y a2-D crack. We compare results against a recently published analytic solution, obtaining an excellent agreement. This comparison gives us confidence to study cases where no analytic solutions exist. Some examples of incidence of P -o rSV waves are depicted and the salient aspects of the method are also discussed.


Summary A case of Mycobacterium shimoidei in a 75 year old man is reported. He had been a smoker, with a past history of bullous emphysema and a lung abscess. He had a 12 month history of weight loss, night sweats, with increased cough and sputum, and progressive opacification of the left apex with cavity formation. Sputum repeatedly grew M. shimoidei, identification of which was confirmed with high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). He was treated for 45 days with three drugs to which the organism was sensitive, but failed to respond. His death was attributed to mycobacterial infection.Abbreviations: HPLC, high‐pressure liquid chromatography.


Simple Summary Transhumance of dairy cows to upland pastures during summer is a tradition in mountain farming systems. Different management systems are practiced in the upland depending on topography and available infrastructures. This study aimed to assess the effects of two traditionally practiced upland pasture management systems (full-time grazing and part-time grazing) on feeding behavior and milk yield and quality. Cows with access to pasture for only 6 h per day had different feeding behaviors than cows on pasture 24 h per day; their milk yields, however, were similar. Although protein and casein contents were higher in the milk of cows with full-time access to pasture, milk coagulation properties did not differ between the two systems. The differences found in milk fatty acid profiles suggest that cows with part-time access to pasture mobilized more body fat reserves to counterbalance the energy expenditures required during fasting periods and for walking back and forth between the barn and the pastures. Abstract Different grazing management systems are practiced on upland dairy farms during summer, depending on topography, local traditions, and infrastructure. The present experiment compared two distinct management systems with respect to feeding behavior and milk-related properties. Two similar groups of eight Valdostana Red Pied cows originating from two farms were followed during three grazing events in summer on three upland grazing sites. Cows in the full-time grazing group were kept exclusively on pasture and milked twice daily in a mobile milking parlor. Cows in the part-time grazing group had access to pasture for 4 h and 2 h after their morning and evening milkings, respectively. The part-time grazing cows differed markedly in their feeding behavior; they exhibited shorter daily ingestion times and longer durations of ingestion and idling bouts than full-time grazing cows. Part-time grazing cows had lower milk protein and casein contents, but milk yield and milk coagulation properties did not differ from the full-time grazing cows. As a result of the fasting periods in the barn, part-time grazing cows synthesized less fatty acids de novo and mobilized body fat reserves, as evidenced by the higher proportion of oleic acid in their milk fat.


Brain Computer Interface(BCI) systems provide an additional way for people to interact with external environment without using peripheral nerves or muscles[1]. In a variety of BCI systems, a BCI system based on the steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) is one most common system known for application, because of its ease of use and good performance with little user training. In this study, the common frequency pattern method (CFP) is used to improve the accuracy of our EEG-based SSVEP BCI system. There are four basic classifiers (SVM, KNNC, PARZENDC, LDC) in this paper to estimate the accuracy of our SSVEP system. Without using CFP, the highest accuracy of the EEG-based SSVEP system was 80%. By using CFP, the accuracy could be upgraded to 95%.


Objective:To investigate the complication and prevention methods of posterior pedicle screws correction technique for degenerative scoliosis.Method:82 patients including 17 cases with first anterior spinal release,structural grafting,2nd stage posterior correction with pedicle screw system and posterolateral bone grafting.41 cases with one-stage posterior pedicle screws instrumentation correction,and PLIF intervetebra combined with posterolateral fusion.14 cases with posterior shortening and pedicle screw system correction with posterolateral bone grafting.10 cases only posterior decompression and pedicle screws fixation with posterolateral bone grafting.In this group.75 cases have been finished 6 months~4 years(average 2 years and 3 months) follow-up,and a retrospective study on their complication.Result:No death was noted,and average ICU time was 22h.1 cases wound infection.4 cases delayed incision healing.Medical complication including 7 cases pneumonia,recovered by treatment.6 cases recured cardiopathy,recovered by internal medicine.9 cases occured both lower extremities pain,and relieved after 3 months conservative treatment.4 cases still suffered from low back pain.No instrumentation broken.88.6% patients were satisfied with surgical result.Conclusion:There are many severe complications in posterior 3 dimensional technique of pedicle screws instruments treated for degenerative scoliosis.You should consider patients health condition and symptoms before operation,then select properly operation strategy.


Itch: Mechanisms and Management of Pruritus Jeffrey D. Bernhard; ed. 454 pages. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1994. $50.00. Itching is second only to disfigurement as a source of patients' distress about their skin. It is the most common symptom of skin disease, afflicting millions of persons with atopic dermatitis (eczema), psoriasis, urticaria, and various other dermatoses. Nevertheless, it is poorly understood in most instances and, perhaps because of this, has been a relatively neglected topic in medical and dermatologic textbooks. Indeed, this is the first single comprehensive book devoted to pruritus. In Itch, Jeffrey Bernhard provides dermatologists and all other physicians who manage skin disease a much-needed reference about what is known and what is not, as well as specific recommendations about the evaluation and treatment of patients with pruritus. Twenty-one contributors, all but one of whom are clinicians, provide in-depth coverage of the pathophysiology and distinguishing characteristics of pruritus in various dermatologic and systemic diseases, the psychogenic aspects of pruritus, and therapy. With few exceptions, the chapters are balanced and well referenced. Many reflect the authors' broad personal experiences; others represent the compulsive thoroughness of trainees and junior faculty members entrusted with somewhat arcane topics. One of the more charming aspects of the book is the frequent use of quotations, ranging from the illustrated Shel Silverstein poem Unscratchable Itch to Huckleberry Finn's description of his personal itches to philosophical comments by Samuel Johnson. This combination of a rigorous critique of the medical literature and musing on the human condition reflects Dr. Bernhard's personal approach to pruritus and compensatesat least in partfor the paucity of hard facts. This latter problem is, of course, not a fault of the contributors, who rather are to be congratulated for assembling an often disparate literature so effectively. Itch belongs in the library of every medical school and dermatology department, as well as in the personal collection of any physician with more than a passing interest in this challenging subject.


ABSTRACT This paper presents a case study of how two teacher educators responded to the disparities and challenges of field experience opportunities for undergraduate teacher candidates. The purpose of the study was to explore teacher candidates' perceptions of the benefits and challenges of having the teacher educators physically present during virtual classroom observations that were conducted in place of traditional field observations or practicum. Social Learning Theory was applied to this study. The authors conclude the paper by providing recommendations regarding the continued exploration of how virtual classroom observations with the presence of teacher educators can help facilitate and leverage timely, meaningful support for teacher candidates.


Proponents of schemes to incorporate indigenous individuals and ideas into mainstream natural resource management point out that participation allows Native voices to be heard, giving previously excluded citizens seats at environmental decisionmaking tables while simultaneously supporting effective programming and indigenous rights.1 These claims have validity. While initiatives have varied in both their durability and their ability to respectfully integrate diverse perspectives, Native North Americans have found ways to productively present their communities' critical concerns in new and important arenas and, through their recent collaborative undertakings, have become accepted as valid environmental actors—an achievement environmental justice scholar Laura Pulido refers to as "ecological legitimacy."2 Yet, critics argue, partaking in mainstream processes leads to empowerment not on autonomous indigenous terms, but only within an asymmetrical (post)colonial system.† Even as indigenous contributions are encouraged, usually sincerely, the politically dominant settler society continues to set operating discourses, patterns of information transmission, and rules for producing relevant knowledge. As anthropologist Paul Nadasdy suggests in his critique of land claims and co-management in northern Canada, "to be 'empowered,' local people must first agree to the rules of the game, rules that they had no role in creating and that constrain what


Diuretic are drug that can increase the speed of urine formation.
Green cincau leaves contains of flavonoid, saponin, tannin and alkaloid which can
increase the amount of added urine in the body. The purpose of this study was to
study and prove the effect of ethanol extract of green cincau leaves (Cyclea
barbata Miers) and the most effective dose in increasing the urine added in the
body.
Green cincau leaves (Cyclea barbata Miers.) Were extracted by
maceration method using 96% ethanol. Diuretic testing was divided into 5 groups,
namely 0.5% CMC negative control group, positive control group furosemide 3,6
mg/kg BB and green grass jelly leaf extract group (dose 60 mg/kg BB), green
grass jelly leaf extract group ( dose 120 mg/kg BB), green grass jelly leaf group
(dose 240 mg/kg BB). Data analysis using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test followed
by the One Way ANOVA test.
The results showed that the ethanol extract of green grass jelly leaves
could have diuretic activity. At the dose of green grass jelly leaf extract at a dose
of 60 mg/kg BW the diuretic activity was lower than the green grass jelly leaf
extract at a dose of 120 mg/kg BW. Green grass jelly leaf extract at a dose of 240
mg/kg BW has a more optimal diuretic effect.
Keywords: Green grass jelly leaves, Furosemide, Diuretics, Extracts, Cyclea
barbata Miers.


In order to overcome the drawback of traditional extended kalman filter (EKF) procedure,the improved EKF scheme was proposed,and applied to nonlinear time-varying system identification based on feed forward neural network.The proposed algorithm relaxes the data saturation.Simulation results of both a nonlinear time-varying systems with a single variable and a three degrees-of-freedom structural system with nonlinear time-varying stiffness show that the proposed algorithms can overcome the problem of divergence and consume less computational cost and is of higher accuracy and robustness.


Insufficient public cognition of nuclear and radiation safety and absence of effective method to handle crisis lead to common crisis events of nuclear and radiation safety,which brings about unfavorable impact on the sound development of nuclear energy exploring and application of nuclear technology.This paper,based on crisis communication theory,analyzed the effect of current situation on nuclear and radiation safety crisis,discussed how to handle crisis,and tried to explore the effective strategies for nuclear and radiation safety crisis handling.


Accurate description has almost become the touchstone of value for contemporary critics and reviewers of British and Irish poetry, and indeed for many poets and readers. It was not always so: Behold the place, where if a Poet Shin'd in Description, he might show it, Tell how the Moon-beam trembling falls And tips with silver all the walls ... But let it (in a word) be said, The Moon was up, and Men a-bed.


Amusement parks are complex facilities with various attractions and shops, and many events for entertainment, making it a very difficult target for marketing research. Therefore, we proposed and built an opinion collection system using smartphones to efficiently collect user's opinions for improvement. In this paper, we propose and construct an opinion analysis and visualization system to support the grasping the situation of the amusement park, the planning of improvement. It is difficult for marketing researchers to extract important opinions from a large number of opinions. To cope with this problem, we propose a method to visualize emotional information of opinion on a map. The method classifies emotions for opinions based on Plutchik's wheel of emotions. The evaluation result by questionnaires is 4.75 on average out of 5 scales. The result shows that the proposed system can support the action of proposing business ideas.


PLENARY LECTURES * Freudenthal Lecture: On risk and reliability - contributions to engineering and future challenges * Special Lecture: Increasingly catastrophic disasters due to global warming * Keynote Lectures TECHNICAL SESSIONS * Modeling of Rare/Imprecise Data * Smart Structural Health Monitoring and Safety Assessments * Monte Carlo Simulations Applied to Civil Engineering * Structural Reliability and Optimization * Current Status and Future Applications of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment * Probabilistic Design of Wind Turbines * Construction Risk and Safety Management * Damage Analysis and Assessment * Risk Analysis in Decision Making * Bridges and Buildings * Uncertainty Modeling of Rare/Imprecise Data * Smart Structural Health Monitoring and Safety Assessments * Monte Carlo Simulations Applied to Civil Engineering * Structural Reliability and Optimization * Current Status and Future Applications of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment * Materials & Probabilistic Materials Analysis * Deterioration Modeling * Novel Approaches for Reliability Analysis and Statistical Structural Health Monitoring * Bridges and Buildings * Uncertainty Modeling of Rare/Imprecise Data * Smart Structural Health Monitoring and Safety Assessments * Monte Carlo Simulations Applied to Civil Engineering * Structural Reliability and Optimization * Seismic Risk Assessment and Information * Probabilistic Materials Analysis * Monitoring and Maintenance Systems & Structural Health Monitoring * Bridges and Buildings * Uncertainty Modeling of Rare/Imprecise Data * Smart Structural Health Monitoring and Safety Assessments * Developing Performance-Based Concrete Design Code * Structural Reliability and Optimization * Seismic Risk Assessment and Information * Vulnerability and Robustness of Structures * DT Reliability and Its Use for Maintenance Applications * Mechanics of Random Media * Safety Assessment of Offshore and Marine Structures * Fatigue Reliability * Monte Carlo Simulations Applied to Civil Engineering * Smart Structural Health Monitoring and Safety Assessments * Monitoring Performance under Uncertainty * Structural Safety and Reliability by Means of Structural Health Monitoring * Hoshiya Memorial * Vulnerability and Robustness of Structures * NDT Reliability and Its Use for Maintenance Applications * Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete Structures * Geotechnical Engineering * Offshore and Marine Structures * General Session (Reliability-Based Design and Regulations & Reliability-Based Optimization and Control & Reliability Theory) * Uncertainties in Civil Structures & Infrastructure Engineering * Smart Structural Health Monitoring and Safety Assessments * Monitoring Performance under Uncertainty * Structural Safety and Reliability by Means of Structural Health Monitoring * Hoshiya Memorial * Design Concepts * Inspection and Analysis of Concrete Bridges in Coastal Environments * Reliability-Based Design and Regulations & Reliability-Based Optimization and Control & Reliability Theory * Uncertainties in Civil Structures & Infrastructure Engineering * Vulnerability Assessment and Risk-Based Life-Cycle Analysis and Design * System Identification and Structural Health Monitoring * Risk Assessment of Lifeline Networks and Decision Support * Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology * Time-Dependent Reliability Methods and Their Applications * Performance-Based Design for Steel Structures * Random Vibration * Safety Prediction and Evaluation of Wind-Induced Phenomena * Machine Learning in Structural Reliability and Probabilistic Mechanics * Uncertainties in Civil Structures & Infrastructure Engineering * Vulnerability Assessment and Risk-Based Life-Cycle Analysis and Design * System Identification and Structural Health Monitoring * Risk Assessment of Lifeline Networks and Decision Support * Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology * Time-Dependent Reliability Methods and Their Applications * Challenging Technology for Condition Screening of Bridge Structures * Nonlinear Stochastic Dynamics of Structures with Uncertain Mechanical and Geometric Properties * Stochastic Computational Mechanics & Stochastic Finite Elements * System Identification and Structural Health Monitoring * Risk Assessment of Lifeline Networks and Decision Support * Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology * Time-Dependent Reliability Methods and Their Applications * Challenging Technology for Condition Screening of Bridge Structures * Health Monitoring, Structural Monitoring & Control * Nonlinear Stochastic Dynamics of Structures with Uncertain Mechanical and Geometric Properties * Stochastic Computational Mechanics & Stochastic Finite Elements & Stochastic Processes and Fields * Insurance and Management of Risk & Economic Analysis &Probabilistic Risk Analysis & Simulation * Health Monitoring, Structural Monitoring & Control * Modelling Seismic Action * New Methods for Non-Gaussian and Pulse Problems in Stochastic Dynamics * Life-Cycle Reliability and Optimization of Deteriorating Structures * Computational Methods in Stochastic Mechanics * Risk Evaluation on Geotechnical and Geo-Environmental Problems * Earthquake Engineering * Structural Systems & System Reliability * Health Monitoring, Structural Monitoring & Control * Modelling Seismic Action * New Methods for Non-Gaussian and Pulse Problems in Stochastic * Life-Cycle Reliability and Optimization of Deteriorating Structures * Computational Methods in Stochastic Mechanics * Risk Evaluation on Geotechnical and Geo-Environmental Problems * Earthquake Engineering * Structural Systems & System Reliability & Lifeline Risk Assessment Author Index


Use of carbon dioxide slugs rather than pure CO/sub 2/ for beginning to end of a tertiary recovery run would permit a stretching of available CO/sub 2/ supplies and a reduction in the process cost, because nitrogen costs about half as much as CO/sub 2/ on a thousand cubic foot basis, and the compressibility factor of nitrogen is 3 times as great as CO/sub 2/ for reservoir conditions in W. Texas; for example, the cost of nitrogen per barrel of reservoir pore space may be only 15% of the cost of using carbon dioxide. Permian Basin Fields contain 3 to 5 billion bbl of oil that could conceivably be recovered by tertiary methods. More than 20 tcf of carbon dioxide may be required to do this, which means available supplies from New Mexico and Colorado probably amount to only one-third of the amount needed. A large number of carbon dioxide wells will have to be drilled, and a 500-mile pipeline must be installed. Cost of the carbon dioxide probably will be $1.00 to $1.25/mcf, and availability will tend to limit prospective applications.


The PC-based package development of the multiple variables predictive control scheme with constraints is discussed in this paper. The system's modul鐂 for modei Identification and predictive control, arithmetic of multiple variables predictive control and constraints processing are realized in the package. The system's properties can be simulated and further analyzed by using this PC-based package. Moreover, the real-time control of the object of typical process control can also be realized by using this package.


Corporate Financial Strategy performance is evaluated from aspects of the industry, history and expectations. According to the characteristics of high-tech enterprises, the paper designs the financial performance evaluation system through the normal method of data preprocessing, the use of entropy method to determine weights, and through the diffusion index for the empirical study, and proposes that the financial strategic performance can be enhanced by adopting stable financing, stable investment and emphasizing the paying-by-cash target.


This study will identify the determinants of the location of electrical-electronic sector in Mexico, under the premise that choosing the best location allows companies to be more competitive. For this 16 variables were calculated using official information available also the methods of principal component analysis and linear regression for data processing were used. Overall, the workforce offers the greatest explanatory power for the location of electric-electronic sector in Mexico. In contrast, specialized services not significantly affect the choice of location.


Introduction: Patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have a substantial risk of reccurent ischemic events after ACS. Hypothes...


Abstract Vaccination of hens withSalmonella enteritidis(SE) bacterin has become an important industry management tool to reduce both the incidence of SE in flocks and the production of SE-contaminated eggs. After vaccination, antibodies to SE can be found in both the serum and egg yolks. The current study was undertaken to examine whether the antibodies deposited in eggs after vaccination would have any effect on thein vitrogrowth of 10 SE seeded into pooled egg contents and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The SE inoculum grew well in egg contents from control-vaccinated hens, and a high percentage of these samples were culture positive for SE. Conversely, significantly fewer egg contents from vaccinated hens were positive for SE at weeks 2, 3, 4, and 5 post-primary vaccination and weeks 1, 2, and 4 post-secondary vaccination. After 24 h incubation, the SE inoculum grew to 108–109organisms ml−1in egg contents from control hens, while growing to less than 104organisms ml−1in egg contents from vaccinated hens. No inhibition of growth was observed for a second organism,Proteus mirabilis, in egg contents from bacterin-vaccinated hens, indicating antigen-specificity of the activity. Inhibition of SE growth was observed in egg contents from vaccinated hens diluted 1:5 in eggs from control hens. Mixed results were observed for egg contents receiving a 10-fold higher SE inoculum with significant inhibition of growth observed in one trial and minimal inhibition observed in a second trial. Supplementing the egg samples with an iron source abrogated the inhibition, suggesting that the iron- restricted environment found in eggs may play a role in the observed inhibition.


We report on the successful integration of superconducting Nb gate electrodes to AlGaN/GaN heterostructures and HEMTs for low noise cryogenic applications. First, a specific Nb-gate process was developed and implemented on stand-alone gate test structures. The latter were tested at cryogenic temperatures down to 4 K, using DC end-to-end measurements. The results show a clear transition to a superconducting state at Tc ~ 9.2 K. The superconducting nature of the Nb gates further verified on actual HEMTs, featuring 2 fingers design with gate length of 0.2 μm, through their S-parameters measurements at Tc. Finally, we demonstrate a significant reduction of the gate resistance with superconducting Nb compared to Au-gated transistor with the identical dimensions. The results confirm the potential of the GaN HEMTs with superconducting Nb-gate for low noise operation at cryogenic temperatures.


Process for printing a container (10) with an electrophotographic printer, wherein the container (10) with the surface of a container wall (11) on the toner coated surface of a photoconductor (20) or on the toner coated surface of the photoconductor (20) in contact stationary transfer medium (24) rolls, characterized, that the container (10) is supported on its container wall to be printed (11) on two spaced-apart transport rollers (31) of a transport device (30) and rolled with its container wall (11), that at least one of the transport rollers (31) before or after the coating operation transversely to their axial direction (delivery Z) is adjusted, and that is enclosed in the from the container (10) interior through a container opening (12) through which a corona (26) is introduced ,


Data assimilation is the process of merging measurement data with a model to estimate the states of a system that are not directly measured. By means of data assimilation, we can expand the effectiveness of limited measurements by using the model and, at the same time, increase the accuracy of model estimates using the measurements. In this dissertation, we survey and develop data assimilation algorithms that are applicable to large-scale nonlinear systems. Very high order dynamics, nonlinearity, and input uncertainties are addressed since they characterize the problems associated with large-scale data assimilation. Specifically, we focus on developing the data assimilation algorithms for the ionosphere-thermosphere using the Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model (GITM). For developing computationally tractable algorithms, we obtain finite-horizon optimal reduced-order estimators for time-varying linear systems, and, subsequently, develop linear suboptimal reduced-complexity estimators. The suboptimal estimators are based on localization and the reduced-rank square root of the error covariance. To deal with nonlinearity, we use the unscented Kalman filter and ensemble Kalman filter. We apply suboptimal reduced-complexity algorithms developed for linear systems based on the unscented Kalman filter. Also, we develop the ensembleon-demand Kalman filter, which can be used for the special case of a single global


the development, current situation and medium-term prospects of the Russian coal industry. The issues of the specifics of the industry, investment risks, as well as the legal regulation of investments at the present time separately. Based on the current legislation, statistical data and scientific publications on the topic under consideration, the author a number of conclusions regarding the current state, legal regulation and the appropriate type of investment in the coal industry. In the course of the research, the author, in addition to general scientific methods of synthesis and analysis, such special methods formal-legal.


Introduction: Analytical interference is the systematic error of measurement caused by a sample component which does not by itself produce a signal in the measuring system. Objective: This study was designed to evaluate whether the high concentration of bilirubin is able to interfere the determination of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Methods: Clinical tests evaluating the interfering substance of bilirubin on the determination of ALP were conducted based upon the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) document EP7-A2, the most recent guideline on interference testing approved in 2005. Results: The interference judgment is made by comparing the observed systemic error (bias) with the amount of error that is allowable for the test. There is no interfering effects of bilirubin at this cocentration on the determination of different ALP concentrations. Conclusion : We need high concentration of bilirubin to detect the interfering effects can cause false measurement of ALP levels, probably interfering with the clinical prognosis of liver diseases.


This paper analyses the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth in Botswana for the period 1977 to 2006, using Granger causality through cointegrated Vector Autoregression methods. The results show that there is a stable long- run relationship between financial development and economic growth. Financial development causes economic growth in Botswana. The causality runs from financial development to economic growth. The results suggest that the financial sector is important in the economic growth and development of Botswana. Financial intermediation and institutional financial reforms should be enhanced in order to promote Botswana's economic growth.