European Journal of International Security The European Journal of International Security (EJIS) will publish rigorous, peer-reviewed theoretical, methodological and empirical papers at the cutting-edge of security research. Welcoming high quality research from around the world, EJIS will cover all areas of international security publishing papers that significantly advance scholarship through original analysis of a salient policy issue, the exploitation of new data, and/or the innovative development and application of theory. Editor-in-Chief Timothy Edmunds, University of Bristol


The Mesolithic from Theopetra Cave was initially presented at the 1st Prehistoric Conference held in Kastoria in 1998,2 and later in 2000 in Documenta Praehistorica and the volume edited by Galanidou and Perlès (2003). Since then, new evidence was produced during the technical works carried out for the development and promotion of the cave (2005–2008), which provided the opportunity to carry out further excavation. Almost two decades later, this paper sets out to, if not provide definite answers regarding the period in Thessaly and Greece generally, at least to contribute to the discussion by presenting new evidence from Theopetra Cave. During these years, apart from our additional excavations, more Mesolithic sites were investigated, mainly on the Aegean islands, including Cyclope Cave on Youra, Maroulas on Kynthos, Kerame on Ikaria, as well as those on the island of Astypalaia8 more recently. Additional sites from mainland Greece include Boila Rockshelter in Epirus, those in the Kopais Basin, and others in the Peloponnese, including Klissoura Cave I and in the Kandia area of the Argolid. The presence of Mesolithic sites on the islands refutes models of the period that had been presented in the literature during previous decades. At this point, it is worth reiterating the following comment made by Demetrios Theocharis in 1967. There are not enough reasons to explain the disappearance of Palaeolithic populations at the end of the Pleistocene and it seems irrational to assume that adaptation here was more difficult than anywhere else. He concludes by saying that if there is any hope of finding the period that connects the Palaeolithic with the Neolithic, we need to undertake more research in caves.


Objective:To compare the different methods of anesthesia for infants and young children removal of bronchial foreign body effect,to explore appropriate methods of anesthesia.Method:Infant and child airway foreign body removal in 46 cases,according to anesthesia is divided into two groups.Group A,for the γ-Hydroxybutrate group(23 cases),the implementation of γ-Hydroxybutrate,and the force of ketamine intravenous anesthesia on the West to preserve spontaneous breathing.Group B,propofol group(23 cases),the implementation of ketamine,propofol,victoria bromide intravenous anesthesia,artificial ventilation technique Bank.Two groups were observed and recorded children with anesthesia time,surgery time and recovery time,statistics the two groups of the satisfactory rate of microscope olaeing in the incidence of complications.Results:By compareing with group A,the time of anesthesia,surgery and recovery in group B were significantly shortened,the satisfactory rate of microscope plaeing was significantly higher than Group A(P0.05),complications were significantly lower than the Group A(P0.05).Conclusion:Under the premise of effective ventilation,combined anesthesia for infant with bronchial foreign body removal by ketamine,propofol and vecuronium was safe and effective,as a proper anesthesia for these patients,which had the advantage of shorting the time of anesthesia,operation and analepsia,improving the satisfactory rate of microscope placing,and lowing the rate of complications.


A gas model of diffusion in liquid metals is presented. In this model, ions of liquid metals are assumed to behave like the molecules in a dense gas. Diffusion coefficient of solute is discussed with reference to its mass, ionic size, and pair potential. The model is applied to the case of solute diffusion in liquid silver. An attempt was made to predict diffusion coefficients of solutes with reasonable accuracy.


Group technology is recognized as one of the most important methods for modern manufacturing industries. This paper discusses how to control process quality with EWMA control chart and proposes the strategy of forming a part family and applying to it a unify EWMA control chart technique. It also accentuates on the effects of statistical cluster conditions on EWMA control chart. Finally, the basic criteria and the steps of application of statistical cluster are introduced.


Three new species of Solva Walker are described: S. atrata and S. melanogaster from Papua New Guinea, and S. laeta from Papua New Guinea and Australia, bringing the number of recorded species from the region to six. The male terminalia of five species are illustrated.


A single blow regenerator model is analysed to study the thermal performance of a metallic matrix based on the thermal losses and effectiveness of the regenerator. The losses due to irreversibility of the process can be calculated by the entropy generation concept. The entropy generation mainly depends on axial heat conduction, fluid friction and internal heat transfer. In this present study, the regenerator is designed and fabricated for the thermal performance analysis of uniform and hybrid mesh matrix arrangements. This paper gives how effectively a regenerator can be optimized based on the minimization of entropy generation and pressure drop. The hybrid mesh regenerator is made up of three zones of equal length with varying wire mesh sizes are analysed. From the results, the performance of hybrid mesh fixed bed regenerator provides better than uniform mesh fixed bed regenerator.


We have already proposed a new one-chip-style quartz crystal motion sensor which detects one-axis angular velocity and one-axis acceleration. This sensor is aimed to be used as a small wristwatch-type instrumentation unit to monitor some motions of the human body. From the results of some simulations of its characteristics, it has been clarified that the sensor is effective; however some problems, such as nonobjective axis sensitivity of angular velocity detection and unstable vibration characteristics of the acceleration sensor part, have remained. Therefore, for solving these problems, we propose here a newly improved sensor structure. The simulations of the newly improved sensor show that it has a very low sensitivity to nonobjective angular velocity and stable vibration characteristics. Furthermore, the vibration characteristics of a prototype sensor were measured using a laser Doppler vibrometer. Some vibration characteristics of the prototype sensor are similar to the simulated ones.


Submitted for the DFD12 Meeting of The American Physical Society Effects of inertia on the steady shear rheology of concentrated emulsions: sign reversal of normal stress differences1 PRIYESH SRIVASTAVA, University of Delaware, KAUSIK SARKAR, George Washington University — The shear rheology of moderately concentrated emulsions (5-27% volume fraction) in the presence of inertia is numerically investigated. Typically, an emulsion of viscous drops experiences positive first normal stress difference (N1) and negative second normal stress difference (N2), as has also been predicted by perturbative analysis (Choi-Schowalter model) and numerical simulation. However, recently using single drop results we have shown [Li and Sarkar, 2005, J. Rheo, 49, 1377] that introduction of inertia reverses the signs of the normal stress difference in the dilute limit. Here, we numerically investigate the effects of interactions between drops in a concentrated system. The simulation is validated against the dilute results as well as analytical relations. It also shows the reversal of signs for N1 and N2 for small Capillary numbers above a critical Reynolds number. The physics is explained by the inertia-induced orientation of the individual drops in shear. Increasing volume fraction increases the critical Reynolds number at which N1 and N2change sign. The breakdown of linearity with volume fraction with increasing concentration is also analyzed. 1Partially supported by NSF. Kausik Sarkar George Washington University Date submitted: 10 Aug 2012 Electronic form version 1.4


Background: Galactofuranose, the five-membered ring form of galactose, occurs in the encapsulated pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans but not in humans. Results: We established the position of galactofuranose within a capsule polysaccharide and characterized cryptococci lacking this modification. Conclusion: Galactofuranose occurs in an unusual linkage but is not required for growth or virulence. Significance: This work fills a gap in knowledge about a pathogen-specific modification. Galactofuranose (Galf) is the five-membered ring form of galactose. Although it is absent from mammalian glycans, it occurs as a structural and antigenic component of important cell surface molecules in a variety of microbes, ranging from bacteria to parasites and fungi. One such organism is Cryptococcus neoformans, a pathogenic yeast that causes lethal meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised individuals, particularly AIDS patients. C. neoformans is unique among fungal pathogens in bearing a complex polysaccharide capsule, a critical virulence factor reported to include Galf. Notably, how Galf modification contributes to the structure and function of the cryptococcal capsule is not known. We have determined that Galf is β1,2-linked to an unusual tetrasubstituted galactopyranose of the glucuronoxylomannogalactan (GXMGal) capsule polysaccharide. This discovery fills a longstanding gap in our understanding of a major polymer of the cryptococcal capsule. We also engineered a C. neoformans strain that lacks UDP-galactopyranose mutase; this enzyme forms UDP-Galf, the nucleotide sugar donor required for Galf addition. Mutase activity was required for the incorporation of Galf into glucuronoxylomannogalactan but was dispensable for vegetative growth, cell integrity, and virulence in a mouse model.


Despite a high prevalence of intimate partner violence in South Africa, few epidemiological studies have assessed individual risk factors and differential vulnerability by gender. This study seeks to analyze gender differences in risk for intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration according to childhood and adult risk factors in a national sample of South African men and women. Using data from the cross-sectional, nationally representative South Africa Stress and Health Study, the authors examine data from 1,715 currently married or cohabiting adults on reporting of intimate partner violence. Our analysis include (a) demographic factors, (b) early life risk factors (including exposure to childhood physical abuse, witnessing parental violence, parental closeness, and early onset DSM-IV disorders), and (c) adult risk factors (including experiencing the death of a child and episodes of DSM-IV disorders after age 20). Although prevalence rates of intimate partner violence are high among both genders, women are significantly more likely than men to report being victimized (29.3% vs. 20.9%). Rates of perpetrating violence are Article at Harvard Libraries on November 19, 2012 jiv.sagepub.com Downloaded from


Abstract : The composite armored vehicle (CAV) is an advanced technology demonstrator (ATD) being developed to determine the potential of lightweight composites, composite armor, and integrated signature management technologies in combat vehicles. The goal is to maintain similar ballistic protection while reducing armor weight and structure by 33%. A prototype of the rear upper hull (quarter section), which incorporates the gun turret, was constructed to develop manufacturing methods and determine structural characteristics of the hull before building the complete vehicle. The quarter section underwent simulated firing impulse loads at U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center's (ATC's) firing impulse simulator (FIS) facility. Imparted structural loads corresponded to the firing of a 105mm gun at various azimuths and elevations. FIS allowed representative dynamic loads to be imparted, rather than static loads, to determine structural response. Instrumentation on the prototype measured accelerations, strains, and displacements, which were compared with computer models. ATC facilitated the comparison between test results and computer models by providing local access to work stations on which computer models could be imported and exercised by the customer.


A new method of characterizing the damage of high strength concrete structures is presented, which is based on the deformation energy double parameters damage model and incorporates both of the main forms of damage by earthquakes: first time damage beyond destruction and energy consumption. Firstly, test data of high strength reinforced concrete (RC) columns were evaluated. Then, the relationship between stiffness degradation, strength degradation, and ductility performance was obtained. And an expression for damage in terms of model parameters was determined, as well as the critical input data for the restoring force model to be used in analytical damage evaluation. Experimentally, the unloading stiffness was found to be related to the cycle number. Then, a correction for this changing was applied to better describe the unloading phenomenon and compensate for the shortcomings of structure elastic-plastic time history analysis. The above algorithm was embedded into an IDARC program. Finally, a case study of high strength RC multistory frames was presented. Under various seismic wave inputs, the structural damages were predicted. The damage model and correction algorithm of stiffness unloading were proved to be suitable and applicable in engineering design and damage evaluation of a high strength concrete structure.


In modern society,code-switching of netspeak falls into the scope of language variety.Based on Wittgenstein's view of language game,this paper makes an attempt to disclose causes for code-switching of netspeak.The major causes include not only internet context but also education context.


Black and white photograph of the speaker and faculty at a Rice University commencement ceremony. Lovett Hall is behind them. Spectators stand at the left side of the stage and on the balconies of Lovett Hall and the top of the walkway between Lovett Hall and the Physics Building. At bottom right, printed in white ink: "6-9-1930 SCHLWETER HOUSTON."


Magnesium-sulfur batteries are one of the most promising next-generation battery systems due to their high energy density, low cost, and high level of safety. However, the reaction mechanisms are not well understood, and in particular, the discharge reaction products have not yet been identified. Here we show that zinc blende magnesium sulfide is observed as a reaction product after discharging in magnesium-sulfur batteries. When magnesium reacts electrochemically with sulfur in a sulfone-based magnesium electrolyte, sulfur becomes amorphous consisting of magnesium and sulfur in the cathode. In this study, it has been found that the amorphous material has an unusual local structure, which is not related to the most stable rock salt phase of magnesium sulfide but rather the metastable zinc blende phase. It was indicated that this material realizes the reversibility of magnesium-sulfur batteries.


This is rather an odd book. It is part fictional and part non-fictional. Our main character goes on a whirlwind adventure while reflecting on art, philosophy and aesthetics. Vladamir is our protagonist and when his friend Felix appears to him in a strange encounter, he cannot tell what is real and what is simply imagination or even his own madness. During the ordeal, Vladamir comes to grips with his purpose as an art theoretician and philosopher and some possibly profound ideas emerge.


Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyze the management philosophy and success factors for model teachers from the elementary schools in Taoyuan City promoting Model Sustained Silent Reading (MSSR). The study objects comprised seed teachers participating in MSSR from elementary schools in Taoyuan City. Adopting purposive sampling, 10 recognized elementary school teachers were selected from the 2014 Taoyuan City "MSSR" model teachers as the research participants for in-depth interview. The study intends to analyze the key factors and management philosophy of MSSR seed teachers in the promotion of MSSR activities. The following conclusion is drawn from the study findings: I. The status and difficulties encountered by model teachers in the promotion of MSSR are described below: 1. Quiet reading time plans: The routines combining morning reading and environmental cleaning will lead to time distress. 2. Students' reading behaviors: Significant difference in interests and level of reading. 3. Channels for sources of books acquisition: The foremost important issues to be resolved for the management of MSSR. 4. Administrative support plans: Some schools' dministration will lack understanding on the philosophy of MSSR. II. The eight strategies for model teachings in the promotion of MSSR include the follows: 1. Increase the channels for sources of books and routinely update the books. 2. Develop explicit reading rules. 3. Build a cozy reading environment. 4. Teachers set an example and continue to company students with reading. 5. Empower students the freedom to choose books and guide them through book selection according to their interests and reading level. 6. Conduct activities such as discussing and recommending good books in order to extend their interests in reading. 7. Integrate with relevant courses and infuse a diversity of instructional strategies for reading. 8. Encourage parents to implement the family MSSR plan through class information and various parent-teacher interaction channels. III. Teacher's attitude and value towards reading 1. Teacher's personal growth and experience for nlightenment from reading that leads to the passion for reading. 2. Teacher's attitude in the persistence and enthusiasm for reading. 3. Teacher's high recognition for the power and effectiveness through quantitative reading. IV. The three success factors that drive model teachers to manage MSSR program are shown as follows: 1. Teachers will naturally become the model for students in reading due to their resolution in reading attitudes. 2. Recognize the effectiveness of massive reading and regard reading as the indispensable element of class management. 3. Establishment of a reading environment. (1) The attractiveness of books plays as the key success factor for MSSR. (2) Reasonable reading time allocation. (3) Routinely update books and engage in books sharing, books recommendation and other sharing activities to encourage reading. (4) Invite parents to participate in MSSR program and further plant the seed of reading in families in order to establish the excellent reading attitudes and habits in students. V. The four key factors that affect teachers in MSSR promotion are shown as follows: 1. Teachers' reading attitudes with the correct management of MSSR philosophy is the key success factor for this plan. Teachers must become the enthusiastic readers in order to convey the fun of reading to the students. 2. Students would be willing to sit down and read as long as they discover the books matching their interests and level. Hence, teachers will need to enhance the sources and attraction of books through various channels and strategies, and consequently to meet the students' demand for continues reading. 3. Routine reading schedule without interruption is considerably beneficial. Once the reading habit is developed, students will automatically extend the reading time or allocate to other time suitable for reading. 4. Parents' reading attitudes also have considerably powerful influence on the effectiveness of MSSR plan. The key success factor for the plan is to schematically involve parents in MSSR plan. Finally, suggestions in accordance with the findings above are proposed to the educational administrations, teachers and future researcher. Keywords: Model Sustained Silent Reading (MSSR), reading strategies, reading environment, teacher's reading attitudes


According to the nitrogen inflating hydraulic impactor principle of work,establishes a new type of hydraulic impactor control project base on mechanical electrical hydraulic control system.The work principle of the designed hydraulic control system is illuminated and the computer control hardware module,software module are separately detailed designed.Experimentation indicate the system could adjust automatically hydraulic impactor work frequency and single impact energy according to work target,making the hydraulic impactor′s intellectualized work come true.


The electric quadrupole moments of /sup 211/Rn isomers were determined as Q((17/2)/sup -/) = 19(2) exfm/sup 2/ and Q((63/2)/sup -/) = 160(22) exfm/sup 2/ via measurements of the quadrupole interaction in a Bi single-crystal host. The results indicate that the spherical shape is preserved in the lead region even at the core-excited very high-spin regime, in contradiction to theoretical predictions.


Context. Turbulent deflagrations of Chandrasekhar mass white dwarfs are commonly used to model type Ia supernova explosions. In this context, rapid rotation of the progenitor star is plausible but has so far been neglected. Aims. The aim of this work is to explore the influence of rapid rotation on the deflagration scenario. Methods. We use three dimensional hydrodynamical simulations to model turbulent deflagrations ignited within a variety of rapidly rotating CO WDs obeying rotation laws suggested by accretion studies. Results. We find that rotation has a significant impact on the explosion. The flame develops a strong anisotropy with a preferred direction towards the stellar poles, leaving great amounts of unburnt matter along the equatorial plane. Conclusions. The large amount of unburnt matter is contrary to observed spectral features of SNe Ia. Thus, rapid rotation of the progenitor star and the deflagration scenario are incompatible in order to explain SNe Ia.


The Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) will be launched on-board the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) in 1996. Images in four narrow bandpasses at wavelengths ranging from 17 to 31 nm will be obtained using normal incidence multilayered optics deposited on quadrants of a Ritchey-Chretien Telescope. The design of the telescope is discussed in detail and actual performances measured on a 2/3 scale mock up are reported.


It took several independent observations of C‐to‐T differences between genomic mtDNA sequences and corresponding complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences before RNA editing in plant mitochondria was accepted as a fact by the group at Tübingen and later Berlin (Hiesel et al., Science246 (1989) 1632–1634). The first such deviating sequence runs were critically viewed in the lab as being errors of some kind, most likely cloning artifacts, which occur only too frequently. Several such cDNA‐mtDNA differences identified in independent cDNA clones in different libraries and finally CGG to TGG codon changes dispelled the skeptical view, and this phenomenon was finally recognized as plant mitochondrial RNA editing of a type similar to the apolipoprotein B RNA editing in mammals. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61: 1105–1109, 2009.


Abstract Purpose: Enhanced biofeedback during rehabilitation therapies has the potential to provide a therapeutic environment optimally designed for neuroplasticity. This study investigates the impact of audio feedback on the achievement of a targeted therapeutic goal, namely, use of reciprocal steps. Methods: Stair-climbing therapy sessions conducted with and without audio feedback were compared in a randomized AB/BA cross-over study design. Seventeen children, aged 4–7 years, with various diagnoses participated. Reports from the participants, therapists, and a blinded observer were collected to evaluate achievement of the therapeutic goal, motivation and enjoyment during the therapy sessions. Results: Audio feedback resulted in a 5.7% increase (p = 0.007) in reciprocal steps. Levels of participant enjoyment increased significantly (p = 0.031) and motivation was reported by child participants and therapists to be greater when audio feedback was provided. Discussion: These positive results indicate that audio feedback may influence the achievement of therapeutic goals and promote enjoyment and motivation in young patients engaged in rehabilitation therapies. This study lays the groundwork for future research to determine the long term effects of audio feedback on functional outcomes of therapy. Implications for Rehabilitation Stair-climbing is an important mobility skill for promoting independence and activities of daily life and is a key component of rehabilitation therapies for physically disabled children. Provision of audio feedback during stair-climbing therapies for young children may increase their achievement of a targeted therapeutic goal (i.e. use of reciprocal steps). Children's motivation and enjoyment of the stair-climbing therapy was enhanced when audio feedback was provided.


Lexically,this paper makes a comparison of words about the body in eight Chinese Turkic languages,aiming to reveal the cognate nature of phonemes of these kin languages.


Magic-angle helical trilayer graphene relaxes into commensurate moir\'e domains, whose topological and well-isolated set of narrow bands possess ideal characteristics for realizing robust correlated topological phases, compared with other graphene-based moir\'e heterostructures. Combining strong-coupling analysis and Hartree-Fock calculations, we investigate the ground states at integer fillings $\nu$, and uncover a rich phase diagram of correlated insulators tuned by an external displacement field $D$. For small $D$, the system realizes several competing families of symmetry-broken generalized flavor ferromagnets, which exhibit various anomalous Hall signatures and Chern numbers as high as $|C|=6$. The interaction-induced dispersion renormalization is weak, so that the band flatness and the validity of strong-coupling theory are maintained at all integer fillings. For experimentally accessible displacement fields, the strong-coupling insulators at all $\nu$ undergo topological phase transitions, which appear continuous or weakly first-order. For larger $D$, we also find translation symmetry-broken phases such as Kekul\'e spiral order. Our results demonstrate the robust capability of helical trilayer graphene to host gate-tunable topological and symmetry-broken correlated phases, and lay the groundwork for future theoretical studies on other aspects such as fractional topological states.


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This paper presents a control scheme based on distributed model predictive control (DMPC) for coordinating flexible distributed energy resources (DER) of heterogeneous type in the Smart Grid with minimum system integration effort. This approach can be used for reducing the peak power exchange between the grid and a cluster of units in the same feeder in price-driven demand response applications. Preliminary simulations prove that the proposed coordination scheme for DMPC succeeds in coordinating flexible DER unit, achieving significant peak shaving when required. The rationale of this approach consists in coordinating independent units equipped with local MPC controller via simple information passing and hiding in the local controllers the units' dynamics.


Practical realization of decision feedback equalizers (DFEs) has to date been limited to at most two taps in 100-Gb/s long-reach (LR) wireline applications due to significant power, area, and timing costs. This article presents a systolic many-tap low-complexity sliding-block decision feedback equalizer (SB-DFE) that overcomes the implementation challenges of conventional DFEs with no performance loss. A nine-tap configuration is demonstrated in a 112-Gb/s analog-to-digital converter (ADC)-digital signal processing (DSP) four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) LR wireline receiver implemented in 7-nm FinFET. The architecture partitions the received signal into overlapping but computationally independent blocks thereby breaking the feedback loop of the DFE and allowing logic pipelining. Unlike existing feedback-breaking techniques, the computational overhead of the SB-DFE can be made arbitrarily small for any tap count—indeed, we show the practicality of SB-DFE implementations exceeding 30 taps. Optimized pipeline cuts are employed to minimize the latency through the SB-DFE while maintaining timing margin. The nine-tap SB-DFE is paired with a five-precursor tap feedforward equalizer (FFE) and compared to a two-tap-DFE 15-tap-FFE reference DSP implemented in the same receiver. A bit error rate of 2 $\times $ 10−12 is measured over a 36-dB loss channel—at least an order-of-magnitude reduction compared to the reference DSP. Power is reduced by 0.33 pJ/b. DSP gate area is reduced by 30%. Noise tolerance is improved by 0.2-mVRMS. Error-free operation is demonstrated on an RS(544,514) KP4 forward error correction (FEC)-encoded link even when the DFE tap values are manually stressed. Techniques for further reduction in complexity are described.


Biosensor based on micro-ring resonator platform has attracted much attention owing to its high sensitivity for identifying various toxins in the environment. Among various bio-toxins, Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) are one type of poisonous substances causing the life-threatening neuroparalytic disease and probably used as biological weapon. In our study, a silicon based micro-ring resonator is designed, fabricated and demonstrated to detect BoNT in water sources. First, the capture antibody is labelled on the surface of silicon waveguide for capturing BoNT. The amount of BoNT bound on the surface results in the change of the effective refractive index. As a result, the concentration of toxins can be sensed based on the resonant shift response. Before involving the detection antibody in the assay, the BoNT concentration can be detected in the range from 200 ng/mL to 1 μg/mL. For further improving LOD, a signal enhancement strategy is to use biotin conjugated detection antibody to form a sandwich structure, and then to bind streptavidin-HRP and biotin conjugated anti-HRP antibody. LOD can be improved to 30 ng/mL after linking the detection antibody. After associating with the layer-by-layer structure composed by HRP and anti-HRP antibody on the sandwich assay, LOD can be improved to several pg/mL. Based on this strategy, the process of signal enhancement is flexible to achieve target LOD. And it also can be regenerated and reused after a cycle of detection. Therefore, this platform shows a high potential to apply for robust, realtime and high sensitive detection for various bio-toxins in water sources.


This paper gives a redaction of a talk delivered at the
"Ecole pluri-thematique de theorie ergodique '' which took place at
the CIRM of Marseille in May 2004.


Whether liquidated damages awarded to plaintiffs in actions under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 are taxable to the recipient is an issue about which several circuits are now clearly divided. When viewed in light of recent United States Supreme Court decisions and congressional action, however, it appears clear that such awards will likely be taxable to the large majority of recipients. The Supreme Court will soon resolve this issue.1


Status of this Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract This report contains a discussion of the difficult problem of key management for multicast communication sessions. It focuses on two main areas of concern with respect to key management, which are, initializing the multicast group with a common net key and rekeying the multicast group. A rekey may be necessary upon the compromise of a user or for other reasons (e.g., periodic rekey). In particular, this report identifies a technique which allows for secure compromise recovery, while also being robust against collusion of excluded users. This is one important feature of multicast key management which has not been addressed in detail by most other multicast key management proposals [1,2,4]. The benefits of this proposed technique are that it minimizes the number of transmissions required to rekey the multicast group and it imposes minimal storage requirements on the multicast group. 1.0 MOTIVATION It is recognized that future networks will have requirements that will strain the capabilities of current key management architectures. One of these requirements will be the secure multicast requirement. The need for high bandwidth, very dynamic secure multicast communications is increasingly evident in a wide variety of commercial, government, and Internet communities. Specifically, the secure multicast requirement is the necessity for multiple users who share the same security attributes and communication requirements to securely communicate with every other member of the multicast group using a common multicast group net key. The largest benefit of the Wallner, et al. Informational [Page 1]


Excerpt The free use of the electrocardiogram in military hospitals and an epidemic of diphtheria among unimmunized troops presented an opportunity for a reevaluation of the non-specific electrocar...


Abstract In dealing with the question of the location of the City Railways in the past it has always occurred to me that the importance of the ultimate growth of population had not received that consideration this feature of location deserved. To prepare a design for railways in a progressive city like Sydney with success, it is of the utmost importance that the extent and direction of that progress should be first sketched out, guided by its past history, in order to arrive at an approximate conclusion as to the correct alignment of this means of transit, then, with the aid of a scheme designed on such a comprehensive basis, so much of that scheme which may meet the requirements from time to time may be taken in hand and dealt with, modified, of course, as altered conditions may demand.


Achieving control over formation of molecular films on insulating substrates is important for designing novel 2D functional materials and devices. To study the main factors governing successful control, organic molecules with interchangeable polar functional groups, a variable length aromatic body, and flexible hydrocarbon chains are designed, synthesized and then deposited on the (001) surfaces of bulk sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and rubidium chloride. The deposited structures are imaged using noncontact atomic force microscopy and modeled using density functional theory. The results show that it is possible to form large‐scale, highly ordered, 2D, porous molecular domains (>104 pores), which are stable at room temperature, and to control the size of the 2D pores. Alternatively, it is possible to form line structures or droplets (through molecular dewetting) by altering the molecular structure or changing the substrate lattice constant. Theoretical calculations explain the balance of the molecule–molecule and molecule–surface interactions and the structure and thermodynamic stability of the grown films.


We consider the Kawasaki dynamics at inverse temperature β for the Ising lattice gas on a two-dimensional square of length 2L+1 with periodic boundary conditions. We assume that initially the particles form a square of length n, which may increase, as well as L, with β. We show that in a proper time scale the particles form almost always a square and that the center of mass of the square evolves as a Brownian motion when the temperature vanishes.


Aluminum could be detected widely in natrual environment, aluminum salts-made water purifying agents are widely applied, so over intake of aluminum may cause adverse health effects to human health.Various speciation of aluminum may cause different kinds of health affects in different degree. The hydroxy-aluminium with higher level in drinking water is an important factor for the adverse health effects. Determination of the speciation of aluminum is the key to the research of the toxicity of aluminum.The methods for determination of trace aluminum and the speciation of aluminum ,including spectrophotometry, ET-AAS,electrochemistry, ICP-AES, IEC, RP-HPLC etc. are reviewed in this paper.


Thalassemia is a heritable human anemia caused by a variety of mutations that affect expression of the aor the b-chain of hemoglobin. The expressivity of the phenotype is likely to be inf luenced by unlinked modifying genes. Indeed, by using a mouse model of a-thalassemia, we find that its phenotype is strongly inf luenced by the genetic background in which the a-thalassemia mutation resides [129svyevy129svyev (severe) or 129svyevyC57BLy6 (mild)]. Linkage mapping indicates that the modifying gene is very tightly linked to the b-globin locus (Lod score 5 13.3). Furthermore, the severity of the phenotype correlates with the size of b-chain-containing inclusion bodies that accumulate in red blood cells and likely accelerate their destruction. The b-major globin chains encoded by the two strains differ by three amino acids, one of which is a glycine-to-cysteine substitution at position 13. The Cys-13 should be available for interchain disulfide bridging and consequent aggregation between excess b-chains. This normal polymorphic variation between murine b-globin chains could account for the modifying action of the unlinked b-globin locus. Here, the variation in severity of the phenotype would not depend on a change in the ratio between aand b-chains but on the chemical nature of the normal b-chain, which is in excess. This work also indicates that modifying genes can be normal variants that—absent an apparent physiologic rationale—may be difficult to identify on the basis of structure alone. The severity of thalassemia, one of the most prevalent of the heritable human anemias, is brought about by the insufficient production of functional hemoglobin and the degree of quantitative imbalance between aor b-globin chains (1–8). Needless to say, there are a large number of genetic alterations that can cause such a disturbance in globin chain production, and many of these have been characterized at the molecular level (see review in ref. 1). Thus, for example, thalassemias arise through mutations that induce alterations in gene transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA and protein stability, polyadenylation, and even translation (1). The disease offers a virtual textbook of potential molecular genetic lesions. In addition to the great variety of mutations that affect the expressivity of the phenotype, the phenotype is likely to be further influenced by unlinked modifying genes that could account for the variable severity of the disease seen in certain families wherein the primary genetic lesion is likely to be identical by descent (9–11). To date, save for pathologic hemaglobinopathies, no such modifying genes have been identified. An opportunity to address the issue of modifying genes arose when we created a mouse model of a-thalassemia and noted that the severity of the disease was greatly influenced by the genetic background in which the mutation was expressed [129svyevy129svyev (severe) or 129svyevyC57BLy6 (mild)] (12). In the work described below, we have identified the modifying gene that ameliorates the a-thalassemia phenotype as the normal b-globin allele present in the C57BLy6 strain of mouse. The severe form of thalassemia can be related to a Cys-13 residue present in the b-globin gene of the 129svyev strain and the milder form to a glycine in this position in the C57BLy6 strain. The aggregates of excess b-chains that likely form via cysteine sulfhydryl bridges would account for the very large inclusion bodies seen in the red blood cells in a-thalassemic mice bearing two copies of the 129svyev b-globin allele. This mechanism indicates that the severity of thalassemia can depend not only on the imbalance between aand b-chains but on the nature of the allelic form of the chain in excess. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals. The a1 knockout mice on 129svyev background used for the genetic crosses were generated in our laboratory (12). The inbred strains C57BL-6 and BALByc were obtained from Taconic Farms and were housed in our animal facility until they were old enough to breed. Genotyping. Southern blot analysis. Tail DNAs were prepared from tail biopsies as described (12). DNAs were then digested with EcoRI restriction endoclease run on 1% agarose gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane, and hybridized with b-globin cDNA derived from a mouse spleen cDNA library. Analysis of the a-globin genotype was as described (12). PCR. D7Mit-40 primers were used in a PCR reaction to distinguish between b-globins of C57BLy6, 129svyev, and BALByc alleles. The amplification reaction contained 1 ml of diluted DNA (1:10 volyvol in H20), 17 ml of PCR supermix (GIBCOyBRL), 1.5 ml of 59 oligonucleotides and 1.5 ml of 39 oligonucleotides in a 21-ml total reaction volume. The thermal cycle conditions were: 94°C for 1 min followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for 30 sec, 52°C for 30 sec, and extension at 72°C for 1 min. The PCR reactions were analyzed by gel electrophoresis in a 4% agarose (NuSieve GTG) gel, prepared, and run with 13 TBE (0.1 M Trisy0.08 M boratey0.001 M EDTA, pH 8.6). Peripheral Blood Analysis. Blood was collected from tails in potassium EDTA-treated microtubules. Hematologic indices were determined by using standard hospital methods in the clinical laboratory at Children's Hospital, Boston. Cloning Adult b-Globins by PCR. Tail DNA from 129svyev mice was used as a template for a PCR reaction. Primers were designed according to a published BALByc b-globin major (13). An EcoRI site was added to the primers (forward) 59-ACGAATTCATGGTGCACCTGACTGAT-39 and (reverse) 59-ACGAATTCGTGGTACTTGTGAGCCAAGCA-39. The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked ''advertisement'' in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. PNAS is available online at www.pnas.org. †To whom reprint requests should be addressed. e-mail: leder@ rascal.med.harvard.edu.


Comparing and ranking hospitals based on health outcomes is becoming increasingly popular, although case‐mix differences between hospitals and random variation are known to distort interpretation. The aim of this study was to explore whether surgical‐site infection (SSI) rates are suitable for comparing hospitals, taking into account case‐mix differences and random variation.


In this paper I present an internal difficulty for the hypothesis that mentalistic explanation is causal explanation. My thesis is that intuitively acceptable mentalistic explanations appear to violate constraints imposed by the mental causation hypothesis.


Here begins the second part of this voyage under the seas.* The first one ended with that moving scene in the coral cemetery, which left such a deep impression on me. So was Captain Nemo's life spent completely in the bosom of...


The Imperial Eagle is a typically Asian species which spread into the Carpathian basin only about 150 years ago (Jánossy, pers. comm.). In palaeontological findings, bones of this species are absent; moreover, according to the oldest data in the literature, it was not until the first half of the last century that this eagle started to occur in this region. It is clear that, in several cases during the early years of observation, it was often confused with the Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos, as is confirmed by Horváth's report (1867, in Mosansky 1975) that some time before 1867 (precise date not given) a Golden Eagle's nest was located in an oak tree in Eastern Slovakia containing three nestlings, north of the town of Kosice, whereas the situation of the nest and the number of nestlings indicate that it must have belonged to an Imperial Eagle. If so, this could be the first published record of this eagle's breeding in Slovakia.


This paper is about the design of a systemic model used in restaurants' management inside the hotels of Great Tourism category in Mexico City, applied to the Restaurant the Gifts of the Hotel Sheraton Centro Historico.

With the purpose of establishing a Holistic vision of the work's development, the use of the Systems' Paradigm and concepts of Soft Systems Methodology by Peter Checkland was determinate, since the case of study is a social system that is not only able to choose means to reach certain goals, but also capable to select and to change them.

The designed model was conceptually defined with the restructuring of the information flows, the reorganization of the restaurant's organizational structure and the view of the elements that affect the system in its intern and external environments.


Advances in the surgery of trauma save function and, ideally, life. These advances add the responsibility of reclaiming life so that the person may fill a useful place in society and in the nation's economy. Certain tissues can be stored and grafted with clinical success; these play a decisive role in the care of the patient from injury to complete recovery. A tissue bank that offers, and thereby permits, the free and successful transplant of human tissues has always been the surgeon's desire. Dr. Alexis Carrel 1 said, in 1912, before the Section on Surgery of the American Medical Association in Atlantic City, N. J.: "It would be very convenient for the surgeon to keep [in storage] pieces of skin, periosteum, bone, cartilage, blood vessels, peritoneum, omentum and fat ready to be used." This paper presents various aspects of procurement, preservation, clinical development, and use of tissues at the tissue


The exterior joint of specially shaped columns with or without X-shaped reinforcement was tested under low cyclic loading.The damage characteristic,hysteretic curve,bearing capacity,displacement,ductility and energy dissipation were compared.The change of the stirrup strain of the core of joint was studied.The cumulated damage was analyzed using the damage accumulation model at last.It is shown that the hysteretic behavior of the joint with X-shaped reinforcement is improved significantly,the ductility is enhanced and the degree of cumulated damage is relieved.Therefore,the overall seismic behaviour of specially shaped column joints with X-shaped reinforcement is improved significantly.


The objective of this study was the evaluation of feasibility of producing particleboard for general use using cotton gin waste generated in Argentina and urea formaldehyde resin. The chemical composition and size distribution of particles of the ginning residue as well as mechanical and physical properties of the particleboards obtained were investigated. Density and flexural strength of particleboards produced with varying levels of urea-formaldehyde resin between 8.3 and 19.3% (solid to solid ratio) were evaluated. The effect of incorporating jute reinforcement on the mechanical properties of these boards was also analyzed. Particle boards with densities between 530 and 700 kg/m3 and variable flexural strength between 0.30 and 5.85 MPa were obtained, allowing the minimum levels required for low-density boards to be reached.


Following initiation by Amoco in 1973 of a secondary miscible (WAG) flood in the South Swan Hills Unit, tracer performance indicated severe channeling of solvent and water, particularly in the northwest quarter of the Unit. In 1975 and 1977, problem zones at 9 injectors were isolated and selectively treated with chrome-lignosulfonate time-set gels in an attempt to reduce solvent and water cycling. The treatment volumes varied between 8500 and 14,000 bbls (1350 and 2225 m/sup 3/) per well. As part of an evaluation of the gel treatments, incremental oil production responses observed at a number of the 56 producers offset to the 9 treated injectors were examined. The responses which could not be explained by other contributory factors, such as the drilling of infill seam injection wells, well workovers (e.g. acid jobs and asphaltene treatments), casing repairs, and pump changeouts, were considered to be the result of improved sweep due to the gel treatments. Thirteen of the 56 offset producers (23%) were found to have responded to the gel treatments, and these were rated as to the duration of response. Response durations of up to 18 months were rated as ''good'', and those lasting longer were rated as ''excellent''. Althoughmore » a detailed economic analysis was not performed, a comparison of the total cost of the 9 injector gel treatments with the gross revenues generated by the total calculated incremental oil from the 13 responding producers indicates that the treatments were an economic success.« less


A sensitive assay of both tegafur (I) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) using GLC with a nitrogen-phosphorus-sensitive detector is described. The drugs were extracted from rabbit serum with ethyl acetate and methylated with diazomethane. Linearity was obtained over the concentration ranges of 3.13-200 micrograms/ml for I and 0.0313-2 micrograms/ml and 10-50 ng/ml for 5-FU. The detection limits of I and 5-FU in serum were 50 and 8 ng/ml, respectively. The serum concentrations of the drugs determined by the present method closely agreed with those obtained by spectrophotometry for I and microbial assay for 5-FU.


We are developing the numerical model called the RIAM-COMPACT (Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Computational Prediction of Airflow over Complex Terrain). The object domain of this numerical model is from several m to several km, and can predict the airflow and the gas diffuSiOn over complex terrain with high preciSiOn. In the present paper, we discuss the handling of the outflow boundary in unsteady numerical simulation of airflow over complex terrain. The simulation of six cases was executed to this purpose. As a result, to execute the calculation with stability, it was shown that the area about three times the typical height of topography was necessary.


With the abundance of digital text documents, opinion mining is an emerging research topic at this time. A significant problem in opinion mining is a problem of document subjectivity. This problem is related to how to determine a sentence that is extracted from a text is an opinion or not. Another important issue is to find the target of an opinion. In the business world opinion mining is used for automatically analyzing customer opinions about products. In the education world opinion mining can be applied to evaluate and utilize the textual advices in an educational evaluation using questionnaire. In this study we used a technique of two order HMM Based Part-of-Speech (POS) Tagger to identify opinions from the text. This technique was also used to determine the target opinion in an opinion sentence. Both document subjectivity and target opinion was implemented using rule-based techniques, i.e the use of patterns of part-of-speech couples as a characteristic pattern of opinion and target opinion. The data used for the evaluation was student comments of learning evaluation in IST AKPRIND Yogyakarta. The results showed that the precision and recall of subjectivity documents amounted to 0.95 and 0.92, and for the detection targets are 0.91 and 0.89.


This paper proceeds from generalized Papkovich-Neuber axisymmetric general solution ̄[1] of the axisymmetric problems of transversely isotropic elasticity in a cylindrical coordinate system, By omitting or making conjugate for the poten-tial functions in it ,five special general solutions are derived.Their completeness is also proved.


In this study effect of different mulching materials on yield and crude saponin contents in Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. The results of this study are summarized as follows: The rhizome yield of seed propagation type in transparent PE mulching cultivation was of which increased 16.7% more than those of non-mulching cultivation. The rhizome yield of young-plant propagation type in green PE mulching and transparent PE mulching cultivations were of which increased 29.4% and 26.5%, respectively more than those of non-mulching cultivation. The contents of methanal extract of seed propagation type in transparent PE mulching and black PE mulching cultivations were of increased each 31.0%, 15.4% more than those of non-mulching cultivation. Crude saponin contents of seed propagation type in transparent PE mulching cultivation was increased up to 30.3% compared to those of non-mulching cultivation. However, the crude saponin contents of seed propagation type in green PE mulching and black & white PE mulching cultivations were not affected by the non-mulching cultivation. Crude saponin contents of young-plant propagation type in transparent PE mulching cultivation was increased 24.0% and 15.4% more than those of green PE mulching and black PE mulching cultivations.


The coefficient problem for the family consists in the search for bounds for the coefficients an and for the set of points {a2, a3,. . .a, ... } in the coefficient space which belongs to functions in F. The problem of determining the functions in F, for which, say, the functional Re {an} takes its maximum, can be attacked by the method of variations and the extremal functions can be characterized by functional-differential equations [2], [4]. The general idea of this procedure is as follows: Let w=f(z) map the domain D onto the image domain A and let r be the complement of A in the w-plane. To every point wo E r one can find univalent functions in A of the form (2) w* = V[w] =w + w2/(w-wO)w2 + Q(82) such that V(O) = 0, V'(O)= 1 and that the remainder term 0(82) can be estimated uniformly in each closed subdomain of A. The combined mapping function (3) f*(z) = V[f(z)] =f(z) + ef(Z)2/(f(Z) _ WO)W2 + Q(e2) is then a competing function in F with the nth coefficient


A method for obtaining topology-preserving maps (TPMs) from virtual coordinates (VCs) of wireless sensor networks is presented. In a virtual coordinate system (VCS), a node is identified by a vector containing its distances, in hops, to a small subset of nodes called anchors. Layout information such as physical voids, shape, and even relative physical positions of sensor nodes with respect to x- y directions are absent in a VCS description. The proposed technique uses Singular Value Decomposition to isolate dominant radial information and to extract topological information from the VCS for networks deployed on 2-D/3-D surfaces and in 3-D volumes. The transformation required for TPM extraction can be generated using the coordinates of a subset of nodes, resulting in sensor-network-friendly implementation alternatives. TPMs of networks representing a variety of topologies are extracted. Topology preservation error ( ETP), a metric that accounts for both the number and degree of node flips, is defined and used to evaluate 2-D TPMs. The techniques extract TPMs with ( ETP) less than 2%. Topology coordinates provide an economical alternative to physical coordinates for many sensor networking algorithms.


This paper presents characteristics analysis results of no-insulation (NI) high-temperature superconducting (HTS) motor with saliency according to motor control schemes. In case of a salient motor, for efficient operation, the commonly-known maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control method is applied to generate the maximum torque at the given absolute value of stator current by using optimal dq-axes current pair (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$i^{r}_{ds}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$i^{r}_{qs}$</tex-math></inline-formula>). To figure out whether MTPA control is applicable for NI HTS motor, we applied three control schemes referred from conventional motor control method: 1) MTPA with constant parameters; 2) MTPA with variable parameters; and 3) <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$i^{r}_{ds}=0$</tex-math></inline-formula> control. In addition, we proposed MTPA control with exponential function for suppressing radial leak current. The following key transient profiles of 500 kW NI HTS motor according to motor control schemes are presented: 1) dq-axes current; 2) field coil radial leak current; and 3) torque per ampere value.


Statistics of a dust layer suspending in a plasma and interacting through a Yukawa-type potential is considered. The goal is to examine the extensivity of the internal energy with respect to the potential range and external white noise by a two-dimensional molecular dynamics simulation. Accordingly, a molecular dynamics simulation model is designed that provides several reasonable evidences in this respect. It is shown that for long-range potential, the internal energy scales according to non-extensive thermodynamics expectation and the criteria are specified. Besides, for the short-range case, we demonstrate that the external noise drastically modifies the statistics of the dust layer and makes the internal energy non-extensive.


Millstone capping the Pliocene sequence of the Beni-Abbes region, Algeria, exhibits a genetic relationship with underlying sandstone. Numerous grains of detrital quartz clearly show the effects of solution which could have been the source of the secondary silica (chalcedony and quartz). Induration was a near-surface process. Iron oxides, gypsum, and perhaps calcium carbonate appear to have played a role in the processes of substitution and induration.


The aerodynamic plasma actuator is a surface discharge configuration dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma using a highly asymmetric electrode configuration with one electrode exposed to air and the other encapsulated by dielectric material, driven by a high voltage (5-10 kV) AC waveform (2-10 kHz). The discharge appears over the surface of the dielectric above the encapsulated electrode, and is capable of coupling momentum into the surrounding air sufficient to substantially affect the airflow around aerodynamic surfaces. We describe the results of a series of optical measurements that reveal the rich temporal and spatial structure of the plasma. We show that the structure of the plasma is substantially different in both space and time on the negative-going versus the positive-going half-cycles of the applied voltage waveform. We demonstrate that the plasma initiates near the edge of the exposed electrode once each half-cycle, and that subsequent to this sudden initiation event, the discharge sweeps over the dielectric surface at a relatively constant rate. At the extrema of the voltage waveform, the discharge quenches entirely, and we show that the speed of this quenching is related to the plasma chemistry of the ionized air.


This paper examines the growth and instability analysis of chickpea production in Maharashtra state using district wise time series data on area, production and productivity pertaining to the period 1980–81 to 2009–10. The period has been divided decade-wise into three parts, viz. Period-I (1980–81 to 1989–90), Period-II (1990–91 to 1999–2000) and Period-III (2000–01 to 2009–10). The exponential function Y=Abt was fitted to the data to compute compound growth rates. These compound growth rates were tested for their significance. Similarly, instability in area, production and productivity was measured through Co-efficient of Variance (CV%). During the overall period, the growth performance of chickpea in Maharashtra state as a whole showed significant positive growth rate in area (2.33%), production (3.45%) and productivity (2.60%). The highest compound growth rate of chickpea acreage was observed in Yevatmal (7.64%) district. Howeverincase of productivity, growth rate was found to be highest in Aurangabad (3.78%) district of the state. During the overall period of study, the state as a whole recordedinstability in area, production and productivity which was to the tune of 37.47, 60.30 and 27.33%, respectively. The reasons for such instability may be attributed to shifting in crops priority less appropriate production technology are preferences towards more remunerative crops. Further, by taking into account of both growth rates and instability index of state as a whole during the overall period was used for grouping the district(s) in different categories. Among the categories, high growth rate and low instability was considered the most preferred category.


China on the crossroads: challenges and problems of the new PRC government Since opening up to foreign trade and investment and implementing free market reform in 1979, China has become one of the world's fastest-growing economies, with real annual gross domestic products growth averaging nearly 10% through 2013. In recent years, China has emerged as a major global economic and trade power and its predicted to become the world's largest economy. The global economy crisis tha  began in 2008 greatly affected China's economy, GDP growth downturned and millions of Chinese workers lost their jobs. Economic model that worked so well during the early years of China's development now needs to be changed. It's one of the main challenges for the new Chinese leaders. China's once-in-decade transition to a new generation of leaders took place at the 18th Party Congress in November 2012. At the 18th Party Congress the fifth generation of leaders came to power. In this article Author argues that China faces daunting challenges and China is on the "crossroads". The main goal of the article is to identify key challenges that China faces today. Author argues that China has far bigger challenges that slowing economy. Those challenges are: inequality, environment, rising expectations, demographics, corruption and others. Under the new leadership of president Xi Jinping, a quiet process of reform is under way in China. If successful, it will transform the country's politics and the way its approaches the world. China's political, economic and foreign policy over the next decades is not only fundamental to the country but also to the wider Asia-Pacifi c region and, increasingly, the world beyond.


Removal of flux residue under highly dense chip caps presents a difficult cleaning challenge. Chip caps are flush mounted to the circuit card. Upon reflow, flux residue fills the gap under the chip cap. Cleaning fluids must wet, dissolve, penetrate the flux dam, and flow under the component to adequately remove all flux residues. Increased board density, miniaturization, and Pb-free soldering magnify this problem. To address this problem, process parameters in the form of cleaning temperature, time, cleaning chemistry concentration, and impingement energy must be considered. This paper presents the results from a designed experiment of an advanced cleaning fluid combined with an optimized inline spray-cleaning machine for removing flux residue under flush mounted chip caps.


Orphans, a section of disadvantaged children are rarely focused by psychological works. This section of children is socially sensitive and culturally stimulating. With change in social and cultural environment, the volume of this section increases since 1945 after the World War II. It has been found from several survey reports that the number of orphans is cumulated after each disaster. The number is counted with the intensity of specific disaster. However, each disaster, leaves several children with traumatic social identity who requires more psychological support than material support.In this context, let we put the statistics of orphans after 1950 when communists attacked South Korea. Shortly after the war started approximately two million people were driven out of their homes, forced to sleep on the fields and live in tomatoes and raw sweet potatoes. Men were forced to join the army and mothers died on the roadside with their babies on laps or were separated from their children. Thousands of hungry orphans roamed the war-ravaged country. Hence, South Korea becomes a land of orphans during fifties. Similar situation was there in Bangladesh in the year 19711972. Let us consider the situations of Latur in Maharastra after earthquake and Ersama in Odisha after super cyclone. Thousands of children with traumatic mental condition have been left orphan. The psychosocial conditions of these children shouldbe considered from humanitarian points. They should be allowed to live like human beings with the protection of their esteem and creativity which can enhance their competence and make them able to stand on their own resources.In this relation, Dr. Bob Pierce clearly found that orphans are mostly depressed and search the support of a supreme power due to lack of parental support. Further, he also remarked "the spiritual and physical poverty among orphans when they enter into any orphanage" (Pierce, 1964). This remark of Pierce indicates the deficit in physical growth and mental development of Orphans. With this line of thought, it can be viewed that physically and mentally the orphans are subnormal due to lack of psychosocial linkage, which demands psychosocial care beside food and shelter.The concept of "adolescence" has both a biological and psychological connotation. Biologically this period is associated with physical maturation. The onset of puberty marks the beginning of adolescence. In case of girls puberty occurs sometimes between the ages of eleven and thirteen. In case of boys puberty occurs between the ages of twelve and fourteen. But there are individual differences among boys and girls. Some may get early maturity and some many attain maturity late. One girl of age 12 may attain maturity and may confine herself in her study room but another girl of the same age may be still playing hide-and-seek with her boy friends.Psychologically, adolescence refers to social emotional and intellectual maturation. Although physical maturation is more clearly noticeable, social, emotional and intellectual maturations are no less important than physical maturation. These maturations are interrelated to ore another. An adolescent who has matured to all directions has a smooth transition to adulthood. However, just as childhood is a period of consideration after infancy; similarly, adolescence is a period of expansion after childhood.Social supportSocial support is the product of complex personal, social and environmental interactions and that its acquisition is embedded in a web of other resources. How these resources combine determines whether the products of social support will be effective, appropriate and timely. The study of this interplay of resources contributes to a more complete understanding by which social support operates.Social support is also related to a generalized positive view of one's interpersonal relationships. Other research also highlights the need to conceptualize and assess personal characteristics that influence perception of social support. …


Coronal mass ejections (CME) are large-scale eruptions of magnetized plasma and huge energy through the corona and out into interplanetary space. A mount of CMEs observed by HI-1 cameras present two fronts that are similar in shape but separated by a few degrees in elongation. Scott et al. (2019) interpret the ghost fronts as projections of separate discrete sections of the physical boundary of the CME. Ghost fronts could provide information about the longitudinal shape of CME in the field of view of Hi1, which can be used to improve the forecast of the arrival time of ICME. During 13-15 June 2012, STEREO/SECCHI recorded two successive launched Earth-directed CMEs. Both of the two CMEs show clearly two fronts in HI-1 images. We use the ghost fronts to predict the arrival time of the two CMEs and utility the in-situ measurements from VEX and Wind to verify the accuracy of the prediction of ghost fronts model.


Two siblings' code-switching (CS) data will be analyzed using Myers-Scotton's MLF model. The majority of the data consists of the interactions between the two when they appear to be in the bilingual language mode (Grosjean, 1995; 1997; 2001). In addition CS data in the interactions between a child and parent is analyzed. However in the latter, the siblings are usually in the monolingual language mode which means that the amount of CS data is limited. Theoretical issues will be discussed first (1), the insertion of the singly occurring form (2) and that of the multi-word item (3) will be analyzed and finally problematic data with the MLF model (4) will be discussed.


The space rover shoulder is expected to have higher mobility and reliability to satisfy future space exploration mission in unknown irregular environment.Through the combination of the advantages of both the self-adaptive and active rovers,the concept of active self-adaptive suspension rover,a type of self-adaptive suspension rovers,which can reconfigure themselves according to terrain,is creatively ggproposed.In even terrain,the active self-adaptive suspension rover just works like self-adaptive suspension rovers,while in rough terrain,it can reconfigure its structure to fit terrain and promote mobility.To verify the idea,a six wheeled active self-adaptive suspension based concept rover,which can fold and stand up if it is upset,was constructed.Based on an integrated model of mobility for space rover,the configuration model and the active way to reconfigure were also proposed.It is revealed from the study that the active configuration makes the active self-adaptive suspension rover own better mobility and reliability,which enable the active self-adaptive suspension rover to fit unknown irregular environment better.


A realistic numerical three-dimensional (3D) model was constructed to study CO2 transport inside a birch leaf. The model included chloroplasts, palisade and spongy mesophyll cells, airspaces, stomatal opening and the leaf boundary layer. Diffusion equations for CO2 were solved for liquid(mesophyll) and gaseous(air) phases. Simulations were made in typical ambient field conditions varying stomatal opening, photosynthetic capacity and temperature. Doubled ambient CO2 concentration was also considered. Changes in variables caused non-linear effects in the total flux, especially when compared with the results of double CO2 concentration. The reduction in stomatal opening size had a smaller effect on the total flux in doubled concentrations than ambient CO2. The reduced photosynthetic capacity had a similar effect on the flux in both cases. The palisade and spongy mesophyll cells had unequal roles mainly due to the light absorption profile. Results from the 3D simulation were also compared to the classical one-dimensional resistance approach. Liquid and gas phase resistances were estimated and found strongly variable according to changes in temperature and degree of stomatal opening. For the birch leaves modelled, intercellular airspace resistance was small (2% of the total resistance in saturating irradiance conditions at 25 °C at stomatal opening diameter of 4 µm) whereas the liquid phase resistance was significant (23% for mesophyll and chloroplasts in the same 'base case'). The absorption of CO2 into water at cell surfaces caused additional (strongly temperature dependent) resistance which accounted for 36% of the total resistance in the base case.


In this paper, which was presented at the Quadripartite Meeting of the Institutes of Navigation in Rome, 11–14. May 1970, the author describes the precise acoustic navigation systems designed for use with submersible vehicles as distinct from typical cruising submarines. With recent technical advances in position finding a whole new range of underwater tasks for the submersible has been opened up.


Motivated by recent policy changes across many countries, this paper discusses the rationale for various policies that target financial advice in the market for retail financial services. To set the stage, we review recent findings on how retail financial consumers make use of professional financial advice. Based on our own research, as well as other recent contributions in the economics literature, we then discuss the pros and cons of, in particular, policies that target the disclosure as well as the size and structure of commissions.


Abstract— The effect of solvent polarity on the electronic absorption and fluorescence properties of neutral red (NR), a phenazine‐based dye of biological importance has been investigated in several neat and mixed solvents. An unusual dual solvatochromic behavior has been observed that reveals the existence of two closely spaced electronic excited states in NR. In low‐polarity solvents the fluorescence of the NR is mainly emitted from the localized excited state, whereas in high‐polarity solvents the emission from the charge transfer state dominates. The dipole moments of the localized and charge transfer states of NR have been estimated from the solvatochromic shifts. The dipole moment of the localized excited state (4.8 D) is only slightly higher than that of the ground state (2.0 D), while that of the charge transfer state is drastically higher (17.5 D). Fluorescence quantum yields and the life‐times of NR have been determined in different solvents and correlated with the solvatochromic shifts.


Assessment of lecturer report cards is a decision-making process using information obtained through measuring the results of lecturer performance by students and administrative completeness of each lecturer. The object used in this study is the Informatics Engineering IV Study Program using the promethee method. The Promethee method is used to obtain a ranking of grades from lecturers. Promethee's method of calculating requires several alternatives and criteria. The alternative used for assessment is the lecturer who teaches in the D IV Informatics Engineering Study Program. The criteria used to assess each alternative are lecturer assessment data by students which includes student assessment input taken from the final score or the average resulting from the questionnaire assessment filled in by students. Administrative appraisal data which includes: syllabus collection, collection of college contracts, modules, number of attendance, timeliness of UTS and UAS collection questions as well as the timeliness of collecting UTS and UAS scores. From this study, the assessment of lecturer report cards was obtained, which also included lecturer rankings based on the scores produced. System testing is done by comparing the results of manual assessment with the results of the assessment produced by the system. Based on the testing that has been done it can be concluded that the results of testing both manually and using the system are the same.


The aim of this paper is to propose an optimum linear control algorithm that is able to stabilize the attitude of a hexarotor micro aerial vehicle (MAV) in indoor environment. The work will then compare it with the classical control PID (proportional-integral-derivative) and optimal control LQR (linear quadratic regulator) techniques. The proposed attitude controller is based on an outer-inner loop structure PID plus LQR (PID+LQR) control method where the controller combines the positive features of each sub-controller (PID and LQR). The key contribution of this work is the proposed attitude controller can improve robustness and transient response thus leads to faster response in indoor flying environment. The attitude tracking errors are proven to be ultimately bounded with specified boundaries. Simulation results on the hexarotor demonstrate the effectives of the proposed attitude controller.


ABSTRACT
Fiber To The Home is a format that transmit a signal from provider
directly to the users. Fiber To The Home is a successful business by providing a
minimum Capital Expenditure (CAPEX). Fiber To The Home (FTTH) can be
implemented with Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (GPON) that can
distributes the optical signal using passive devices. Royal Wood Cluster in the
Grand Cibubur Country Residence that is currently under construction is a
modern area that would desperately need high speed network access. FTTH
GPON access network design is the right solution to meet those need.
FTTH GPON design is conducted with the study literature and topologi
design. The final purpose to be achieved in this design is comparison of FTTH
GPON with passive splitter 1:8 and 1:16 contained on the ODP through
calculation of link power budget, rise time budget and techno economy.
Based on research result obtained Loss (PT) downstream GPON 1:8 is
21,26 dB and GPON 1:16 is 21,32 dB. Then the calculation of CAPEX obatained
for FTTH GPON 1:8 Rp 471.094.058,- and for GPON 1:16 Rp 403.681.571,-.
Based on this data the performance of downstream GPON 1:8 is better than
GPON 1:16 and GPON 1:16 more cost effective of CAPEX than GPON 1:8.
Keywords : FTTH, Optisystem 7.0, Link power budget, Rise Time Budget
GPON, Fiber optik Optik, CAPEX.


ABSTRACT This paper aims to study the wage gap among religions in Lebanon using a random sample. The advantage of using Lebanon as a case is due to its historical diversification. This case excludes any impact of culture, language and immigration. The article uses multiple regression analysis, the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, and the quantile distribution regressions to study the wage gap. The signs of our estimated coefficients are as expected. The results show a significant wage gap for Sunnis, and Shias compared to Maronites. Furthermore, we find that the place of work has a significant impact on earnings. The religion wage gap vanishes if a Shia worker is working in Beirut or in the Eastern suburb; or if a Sunni is working in the Eastern Suburb. Finally, the paper shows that the gap is larger in the case of males for Sunnis, but not for Shias.


In the last recent years cosmology has undergone a revolution, with precise measurements of the comic microwave background radiation (CMB), large galaxy redshift surveys, and the discovery of a recent accelerated expansion of the Universe. All these details has boosted our understanding of the Cosmos, its evolution and the models describing it are entering a new phase of precision. In this light the SKA will provide an opportunity to directly measure the expansion rate of the Universe via a rather simple experiment by observing the neutral hydrogen (H i) content within and also toward galaxies at two epochs. Due to the accelerated expansion of the Universe these signals encounter a shift in redshift space and hence provide a real time measure of the cosmological expansion rate. The accuracy of these measurements, together with other probes of cosmological parameters, allows us to constrain our current understanding of the Universe and may help to distinguish between alternative cosmological models. Introduction: The Big Bang concept of our Universe seems to be well established as "the standard model of cosmology", but currently the observational data cannot tighten constrains on the physics of the very early phase of the Universe. In this current picture 13.8 billion years ago the Universe was hot and dense, and it has expanded and cooled ever since. The content of the universe has evolved and observations specify a census of the type of matter and energy in its development. In the very early phase, it began to be dominated by an energy field with a negative pressure, which drove an early period of acceleration expansion, "the inflation" phase. It was then dominated by radiation, and later by matter. Based on this understanding the expansion of the Universe should decelerate if it is dominated by baryonic and cold dark matter 3. However by using type Ia supernova (SNIa), as standard candles, a surprising discovery has been made, that the expansion of the Universe encounters a second epoch of acceleration (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999, this research was awarded a the Nobel prize in physics 2011). The reason for the recent accelerated expansion is still a mystery and points again to a new negative pressure contribution of the mass-energy field and a possible modification of Einstein's general relativity. Therefore, understanding the nature of the current acceleration is the essential step in our understanding of the inflation phase and the mechanism in place in this phase. Measuring the expansion history of the Universe include distances, the linear growth of density perturbations, and a combination of both observed at different epochs. The observations at different epochs allows for a direct measure of the expansion history, whereas SNIa surveys, weak lensing (Heavens 2003) and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations in the galaxy power spectrum (BAO; Wang 2006) are generally considered to be indirect probes of the acceleration. The results of the indirect probes are uncertain because the extracted information requires a Baryons are composite subatomic particles made up of three quarks and participate in the strong interaction force. Cold dark matter is a hypothetical from of matter that interacts weakly with electromagnetic radiation and most of whose particles move slowly compared to light. Possible candidates of "cold dark matter"-objects are MACHOs, RAMBOs, and weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) and axions. Such constitutes lead to a "bottom-up" scenario of structure formation in the Universe. Dark matter is undetectable by its radiation, but its presence can be inferred from gravitational effects (e.g. rotation curves in galaxies).


To elucidate mechanisms involved in surface changes of ram spermatozoa during their final stages of differentiation in the epididymis we have studied: I) trypsin accessibility of intrinsic surface proteins of testicular spermatozoa; 2 ) trypsin accessibility of adsorbed rete testis fluid (RTF) and cauda epididymal fluid (CEF) components bound to testicular spermatozoa; and 3) the regional distribution of intrinsic surface proteins and adsorbed fluid components over testicular and ejaculated spermatozoa. Electrophoretic analysis of testicular spermatozoa incubated in radioiodinated RTF revealed adsorption of several fluid components of molecular weights ranging from 17,500 to 41,000 daltons. Mild trypsinization removed almost all adsorbed I-labeled proteins, but after prolonged incubation traces of label remained inaccessible to trypsin. Incubation of testicular spermatozoa in I-labeled CEF resulted in selective and time-dependent adsorption. A 24,000 dalton component was predominant among the adsorbed proteins, and between 21% and 30% of this fluid component was inaccessible to trypsin. Because internalization of intrinsic surface components might be associated with the striking transformation of the radioiodination pattern of maturing ram spermatozoa, radioiodinated testicular spermatozoa were also subjected to trypsinization. The results suggest that some of the surface radioactivity becomes inaccessible to trypsin and is slowly degraded by endogenous protease to yield new radioactive components protected from exogenous proteolytic enzymes. To determine the distribution of intrinsic surface proteins and adsorbed fluid components over the sperm cell body, surface-labeled spermatozoa or spermatozoa incubated in la' I-labeled fluids were fractionated after disruption by a brief ultrasonification. The subcellular fractions obtained were homogenous as judged by morphological criteria, but loss of outer membranes from the head and tail fractions complicated interpretation of the results. Although electrophoretic analysis of the subcellular fractions revealed striking differences in staining patterns, there was little evidence for regional specialization of adsorbed or intrinsic surface components in both testicular and ejaculated spermatozoa. The significance of this fluid adsorption is not clearly resolved but the results suggest that internalization and degradation within the membrane of maturing spermatozoa may be important mechanisms of sperm differentiation in the epididymis.


Speaking at the University of Cambridge a good many years ago, Professor W.P. Ker assured his audience that King James I had 'abilities which would have entitled him to be a Professor of Literature.' Of James's pedagogical bent there has never been any doubt – he has been described as a Scottish dominie at heart. Characteristically, King James, daily visiting his young favourite, Robert Ker, while the young man was recovering from a leg injury, used the opportunity to teach him Latin. But a desire to teach is not enough to create a professor. There is a further consideration: the man must be a publishing scholar. With this in mind, let us consider the bibliography of King James.


Composite materials, such as CFRP, are hard-to-cut materials but useful for their specific strength. Usually creating small holes in them is done using drill tools, but tool abrasion occurs early, reducing quality, raising processing costs. Comparing drilling with other processing methods, it was revealed in a previous report that it was possible to effectively create large quantities of small holes using blasting [1]. However, such blast processing involves unknown mechanisms. In the present report, we investigated the material-removing mechanisms of blasting from the viewpoint of erosion abrasion, and looked into the most suitable method by changing hole sizes and processing conditions. The results revealed, relationships between abrasive particle size and hole accuracy or hole processing efficiency as well as the optimum abrasive combinations according to hole diameter.


Neurological diseases are highly prevalent in the world, accounting for 6.3% of global morbidity and 12% of global mortality [1], which leads to a significant need for good treatment methods [2] and an increased requirement for students to enter the field [3]. Despite this, students are reluctant to establish a career in neurological sciences [2]. The field of Neurology is considered to be tougher than other fields, in terms of difficulty faced by students in understanding the subject and a clear disconnection with its clinical applications [2,4]. Previous research show that the level of knowledge, among students, about neurological pathology, is inadequate as compared with other fields. Commonly, the causes were found to be incompetent methods of teaching, and a general intimidation of neurology because of its grinding reputation [4]. In the past, most universities in Pakistan did not even recognize the field as a compulsory specialty to be taught at the undergraduate level, and the ones that did have the department failed to give it ABSTRACT


Using a variety of techniques including Topic Modeling, Principal Component Analysis and Bi-clustering, we explore electronic patient records in the form of unstructured clinical notes and genetic mutation test results. Our ultimate goal is to gain insight into a unique body of clinical data, specifically regarding the topics discussed within the note content and relationships between patient clinical notes and their underlying genetics.


The low-fare arm of the airline industry may be reaching the end of its immunity to the economic woes that have plagued the higher-priced, more established carriers. Low-cost carriers (LCCs), however, have had their share of financial problems. Most airlines started since the deregulation of the U.S. market have failed. America West, according to Standard and Poor's, is the only post-deregulation carrier started in that period that is still flying. In Europe LCCs are facing increasing challenges. A recent study shows that LCCs are likely to boost their share of passengers from 19% to 33% by 2010, up from just 5% in 2000, but many of them will go out of business before then. European network carriers appear well-positioned to withstand LCC challenges. Slower growth is expected to create over-capacity, and the smaller carriers are already committed to major expansion of their fleets. Surplus flights are starting to show up at places like Dublin, Cologne and Brussels, and some routes are being discontinued. Another factor is the growing convergence of charter, scheduled and LCC offering. The article also examines LCC trends in the U.S., Canada, and Asia.


There is considerable evidence that the therapeutic action of penicillin is determined primarily by the total length of time for which it remains at concentrations effective against the particular organism. It is, however, equally clear that the exposure to penicillin need not be continuous. Injections of aqueous penicillin may be given so infrequently that for an appreciable period of time the serum concentrations of the drug are below the limits effective against the particular organism, and yet such widely-spaced injections may be fully effective therapeutically. This raises the question as to why the bacteria fail to remultiply during the time that the serum concentrations are less than that necessary to kill the organisms in vitro. Several of the possible explanations are apparently not valid. We have not found the bacteria we have studied to be appreciably more sensitive to penicillin in vivo than they are in vitro. The concentrations necessary to effect cure are of the same order of magnitude as those required to kill the bacteria in the test tube. Similarly, we have not found that penicillin, after its intramuscular injection in aqueous solution, persists at effective levels in the tissues for a significantly longer period than in the blood. This paper will describe some experimental data which may throw some light on this problem. The clue was the observation by Parker and Marsh (1) that after staphylococci had been exposed to penicillin, they did not immediately remultiply on the removal of the drug. Instead, there followed a period of recovery during which they remained essentially constant in number, and during which they were presumably recovering from the toxic effects of the drug. Wehave found this phenomenon to be observed with every bacterial species so far studied, whether with group A, group B or


People who are allergic to peanuts take great pains to avoid any peanut products, which can be difficult with restaurant meals or when peanut oil is


Although the United States and Russia have led the lunar exploration, Japan, China, and India have succeeded in lunar exploration during the past 10 years. In our country, the government lunar exploration project has been undertaken in 2016. Therefore, we will look at the development trends of the lunar exploration projects currently underway around the world. In this paper, the US lunar reconnaissance orbiter(LRO) running the mission in the current lunar orbit, the India lunar lander Chandrayaan-2, the China lunar sample-return Chang"e-5, the Japan Smart Lander for Investigation Moon(SLIM), Lunar CubeSats mounted on the EM-1 which is the first test flight of the US Space Launch System, and the Google Lunar XPrize landers and rovers were described. Making it possible to explore the moon by 10kg class nanosats with innovative technologies, and to became the era of space exploration on a small budget, it was found that the civilian lunar exploration is also possible.


Today is known that genus Malassezia includes seven species: M. furfur, M. sympodialis, M. obtusa, M. globosa, M. restricta, M. slooffiae and M. pachydermatis, but role of each of the species in the pathogenesis of desease has not been eluciated yet, so futher laboratory isolation and identification are necessary. We report the first case of isolation of Malassezia globosa in Serbia (Belgrade), in a patient suffering from Pityriasis versicolor. Identification of M. globosa was based on macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical characteristics. Isolation was done on Leeming and Notman medium and on mDixona agar, at 350C, during 7 days in aerobic conditions. Also the yeast's biochemical phenotype was determined as catalase (+), lipase (+), esculin degradation (-), Tween (20,40, 60 and 80) asimilation (-). M. globosa is a lipophilic yeast of the genus Malassezia and the common member of the skin flora. In concordance with some predis-poning factors M. globosa is implicated in the pathogenesis of several skin diseases (pityriasis versicolor, malassezia foliculitis sebor-rheic dermatitis and some forms of atopic dermatitis). In immuno-compromised patients and neonates this yeast can even cause fatal systemic infections. Because the role of Malassezia spp. in pathogenesis of skin desease is not still determined, we suggest laboratory diagnosis and identification of these species as a routine diagnostic procedure.


Objective
To detect the binding ability of the molecular probe of neuropilin-1(NRP-1) to mouse ectopic glioma by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods
Glioma model mice were prepared by glioma tissue transplantation.Thirty tumor bearing mice were randomly selected for tissue anatomy(n=12) and other 18 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (group A), the probe control group (group B) and the probe group (group C), which were given 20 μl saline, 20 μl USPIO-PEG, 20μl USPIO-PEG-tLyP-1 through the tail vein of the mice respectively.And at 0h, 6h, 12h, 24h after administration, T2WI and T2MAPPING sequences were detected by MRI. Then the tumor bearing mice were killed immediately and the glioma tissue was used to detect the iron content by Prussian blue staining to detect the binding ability of the glioma tissue with the new molecular probe. The biological toxicity of the new molecular probe was detected by pathological staining.

Results
The expression of NRP-1 in glioma tissues was significantly higher than that in the liver, kidney and brain(P<0.05). The 24h relaxation time ((14.19±0.87)ms) of the glioma tissue in the C group was significantly lower than that in the B group ((25.94±0.77)ms) (P<0.05), and the blue staining particles in the C group were more than those in the B group(P<0.05).

Conclusion
In the animal experiment, the molecular probe with NRP-1 as the target has obvious targeting effect and good biocompatibility, which provides a clinical basis of glioma for further clinical diagnosis.

Key words:
Neuropilin-1; Ectopic glioma model; Magnetic resonance imaging; Prussian blue stain; Mice


A low cost calibration method for fiber optic gyroscope(FOG) strapdown inertial navigation system(SINS) by single axis table was studied with the system installed in a hexahedron.There are three empty surfaces without FOG in the hexahedron,so angle between three surfaces was measured by nonius protractor.A body reference frame was established according to the three surfaces,and the output model of FOG was given.During the calibration,three surfaces of the hexahedron were put on the surface of single axis table in turn.Calculation formula of FOG's scale factor and mounting misalignment was deduced.The accuracy of the calibration was discussed,and test experiment was done.The result shows the system requirement is met.


The volume of the environmental risk disclosure in the annual reports of firms in the pharmaceutical and chemical, tannery, telecommunications, and paper and printing industries listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) in Bangladesh was analyzed in this paper. The research used a content analysis of the annual reports of 43 companies that represented four DSE sectors. To quantify the level of environmental risk disclosure reporting practiced by corporations in their annual reports, the authors established the ERDIPCI for the pharmaceutical and chemical industry, the ERDITI for the tannery industry, the ERDITeI for the telecommunications industry, and the ERDIPPI for the paper and printing industry. Similarly, the machine learning clustering algorithm, k-means clustering, is used to cluster the companies based on the completion of different environmental indices. It is observed that from four sectors, the highest number of companies from the pharmaceutical and chemical industry disclosed environmental risk disclosures, and the lowest number of companies was from the tannery industry, followed by the telecommunications and the paper and printing industries. The enterprises differ significantly in their environmental risk disclosures, and the overall scenarios of the environmental reporting practices by companies in Bangladesh are quite poor. It also shows that among the 43 companies, a limited number of enterprises are placed first. The majority of the businesses are in the midst of a cluster that reflects the increasing order of indices fulfillment. This paper provided a few specific proposals to the relevant authorities in order to establish a regularity framework in which all the firms listed on the DSE in Bangladesh will be expected to address environmental risk disclosures and conservation actions in their annual reports towards adaptation to climate change and achieving environmental sustainability.


The definition of "public finance" as "income、defrayal or the activities" being too narrow, and as "the economic activities by government" being too extensive, this paper analyses the connotation and features of public finance. It is not the financial pattern that run parallel with national finance but the financial pattern of the latter under the condition of market economy. Excluding state-owned capital finance from public finance is an issue needs further researching.


Among women with early-stage breast cancer, the effects of hormone therapy (HT) and other epidemiologic factors on breast tumor characteristics and on