In today's developing world, technology is growing day by day and expanding its roots towards development of autonomous vehicles. The existing autonomous vehicles have their limitations that restricts their application only to particular areas which have well-built roads with lane markings and road signs. This incurs a huge development cost. The proposed system focuses on implementing a prototype of autonomous vehicle using stereoscopic vision. This model can be used as a reference to overcome the issues of existing systems, by improving the accuracy and efficiency of autonomous vehicle for better safety. Stereoscopic vision is used to get input from environment on which image processing algorithms are applied to obtain the improved response time for autonomous vehicle. Keywords— autonomous, stereoscopic vision, homographic vision, obstacle analyzer INTRODUCTION The smart automobile/ the autonomous car is one step towards smart city and is applicable for all the handicap people especially blind people and is suitable for all day to day transport activities. The motive behind the whole concept of the driverless car was to avoid accidents that take place now days in large numbers. According to the statistics of 2014, [1] the death rate of people due to accidents in the US was around 32,000 each year. In India itself, the count was around 13,976. Use of these Smart Automobiles on the roads could reduce at least half of these accidents, it could save up to 16,000 lives each year. Also, the handicapped and older public can avail to long distance transport without relying on a third person say, a driver. All they would have to do is set the destination on the GPS and the car will take them to that destination. With the continuous progress and evolution in information technology and rising demands of safe travel, it is necessary to find better and innovative systems to aid the human life and make it easier. There has been a tremendous growth in the technologies involving self-driving Sumit Aher et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.6 Issue.4, April2017, pg. 228-233 © 2017, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 229 cars including LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) to Image Processing techniques which has led self-driving car to become a reality in 2016. Self-Driving cars are applicable in a lot of areas including Industrial transport, Public transport, Military ammunition supply and Ambulances. The industrial applications include all the conveyer activities being done in industries for goods transportation in intra infrastructure of the industries. Public transport for intra cities such as cabs can be replaced with Smart Cabs which will help increase strict obedience of traffic rules and decrease the number of accidents taking place in India especially due to cabs and also ensure safety and security of passengers travelling in night especially females. Self-driving ambulances may help focus paramedics on treating patients in an emergency. It would help enforce many of the constraints for efficient and reliable road transport such as: Fuel conservation can be done at maximum by efficient driving techniques and speed limits Strict obedience of traffic rules especially in India as many of the human drivers ignore and neglect the traffic rules such as not following of traffic signal lights, improper lane keeping, not following of speed limits especially in city areas, blowing horns in horn restricted areas such as near educational institutes and organizations etc. Efficient use of parking space can be achieved using autonomous cars as they include automated parking algorithms and sensors to avoid collision with other parked vehicles which will in turn increase space for parking. There is an increased demand for these cars in India itself. This is due to the careless attitude of drivers (in the city, as well as on highways and mountain passing). As of 2014, [1] deaths due to speeding reached a count of 57,844 while that due to overloaded trucks on highways totalled up to 36,543 deaths. Hence, introduction of these self-governing and selfdriving smart automobiles in India will help reduce this death toll as well as aid in day to day activities like long distance goods transport, disciplined driving and so on. Autonomous cars will soon be a reality; the only question is how quickly, as the number of technologies involved for its implementation are growing day by day. Related Work Autonomous cars have been said to be the next big innovation in coming years in India, it is supposed to have a massive social impact in all kind of fields. According to Marlon G. Boarnet's research findings, who is a specialist in transportation and urban growth at the University of South California [1] say that for approximately every two generations, they would reconstruct the transportation infrastructure in their cities in a way that will shape the vitality of the neighborhoods; the settlement patterns of our cities and countryside; and our economy, society and culture‖ and as everyone believes self-driving cars are the new big change everyone is talking about. It will not only impact environment such as by improvement in fuel economy. It would help decrease the fuel consumption by 20% to 30% approx. Ericco Guizzo, in his presented journal paper titled [2] ―How Google's self-driving car works‖ stated the key functions or objectives for the self-driving vehicles. This included the implementation of LIDAR systems for 360% image production and mapping, obstacle detection systems to avoid collisions with other cars. It also explained the parking assistance systems and most importantly the lane keeping management which is carried out by the selfSumit Aher et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.6 Issue.4, April2017, pg. 228-233 © 2017, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 230 driving car itself without human interference. Guizzo's research findings also showed a couple of backdrops like the high cost of LIDAR systems which in turn increases the cost of vehicles implementing LIDAR sensors and the self-driving car's inefficiency in adapting to dynamically changing environments. Most of the time the environment and infrastructure like roads, speed breakers, traffic signal lights, addition of new lanes makes it difficult to adapt itself to changing environments as it requires prior knowledge of the roads and its infrastructure for autonomous driving. In study done by Christoph Stiller and Keith Redmill who had presented, [3] ideas and possibilities of autonomous vehicles being able to detect and avoid obstacles and analyze and estimate the nearby objects or obstacles. The major problem with this finding was the unreliability of the complete system due to its sole dependence on only RADAR sensors. It makes it inefficient as sole reliance on a single system may cause collision with other vehicles if it fails to detect an object. According to Jing Fu, and his colleagues in there presented paper in the IEEE spectrum in 2014 [4] he enlightened 2 new advancements in the driverless vehicle's capacity to sense and navigate the environment and also manipulate the car's speed using a  ̳Wheel Speed Sensor' and Radar sensors along with a navigation system built to strongly support the autonomous behavior or the driverless car. This research will help coping with the speeds of other nonautonomous vehicles to avoid collision with each other in heavy road traffic areas. The wheel speed sensor works on an image processing algorithm along with radar sensors. On the other hand, city traffic can be a problem for the self-driving vehicles and safety is a major issue of the current era. This has always been a big concern for the developers of the driverless car, on how to make the car safer for city travel. Andrei Furda, and his colleagues Laurent Bouraoui, Michel Parent and Ljubo Vlacic presented ideas on using VANET systems for intra-vehicular and inter-vehicular communications in their research paper [5]Their research showed great potential as networking of autonomous vehicles will help self-learning which can be used by other vehicles in similar situations, intra-vehicular communication will help increase safety and security of the vehicle by automatic checking and communication between all the modules used for autonomous vehicles implementation, although it was only applicable in areas where sensors and VANET(Vehicular network) systems were deployed. In the research by Vicente Milanes, Enrique Onieva, Joshue Perez, and Jorge Godoy, their research findings on [6]how the driverless car can perform computerized or automatic lanekeeping and make suitable decisions while running on high speeds on highways. This survey also showed the system's dependency on semi-automated cars only, which can evolve to support the fully-automated systems too. It was stated in the research paper on Milos Mladenovic and Montasir Abbas that the [7] driverless vehicles need an efficient and fail proof framework to handle and govern the control unit and statistical analysis of surroundings and obstacles. The car needs to perform auto computation of any obstacles that might occur and perform actions accordingly while the control framework which handles all the self-governing capability of the driverless car. In research done by G.R. Dunlop and M. Jufer back in 1998 to showcase their ideas and developments on [8] making the driverless cars truly driverless by proposing auto steering of the passenger vehicle using magnetic sensors while, it also showed research on how the car will be controlled while turning on corners with accuracy just like any human driver. Thus, from all these research findings and ideas it can be derived that the motivation behind smart automobiles has been going on since a long time, and it is not just a myth but a promising vision. Autonomous vehicles will soon be a future of India and help to tackle many Sumit Aher et al,


This article uses the principal components analysis method to carry on the quantitative analysis to the water quality data of Tai Lake station,had discovered the water quality indexes which act on principal components variable in token of water quality condition,and has analyzed the primary causes of the effects on water quality and each principal component environmental significance,finally obtains the comprehensive score calculated by the every principal score and sorted.The results show that the top four principal components,which are extracted from original factor information and can account over 90 % of the total variance,can substitute 11 index factors completely to analyze water quality in the Taihu lake comprehensively.The results also turn out that principal component analysis method has overcome the difficulty of the analysis by synthesis multi-dimensional indicators,and possibly will be one important method of water quality comprehensive analysis in the future.


Technological developments in the 4.0 revolution affect aspects of life, including the educational aspect. Currently, the learning components are technology-based, such as podcasts as learning media. So that it becomes an opportunity for students to understand digital literacy through podcasts as a learning media in the classroom with social studies subjects. This study aims to describe the creation of podcast-based social studies learning media model to improve students' digital literacy. The research uses Research and Development with qualitative and quantitative approaches, data collection techniques using observation, interviews, document studies, focus group discussions, and data analysis techniques using regression correlation. The research subjects are students at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia. The results from these studies showed that using digital-based learning media, namely podcasts in social studies subjects, had a good impact and a significant effect on students' digital literacy skills. The application of podcast-based learning media products will work well if they are supported by several funding elements, namely: 1) the involved issues are contemporary; 2) the use of the latest design; 3) in the design of materials, there is a collaboration between lecturers and students.


The aim of this study was to evaluate growth response of two greenhouse-grown strawberry cultivars grown under two different relative humidity (RH) regimes using photo-physiological measurements, such as photosynthetic rate and photosynthesis efficiency (with the initial chlorophyll fluorescence curve part of 0 ‐ 30millisec (OJIP) transients). The two different RH regimes (< 40% and > 60% RH) were maintained during daylight hours from November 20, 2018 to December 20, 2018. After 15 days of controlled humidity treatment, we found significant differences in photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, energy flux trapped by one active photosystem II reaction center (TRo/RC), and rate of electron transport flux of photosystem II reaction center (ETo/RC) values relative to cultivar type and RH. However, after 30 days of humidity treatment, the significant differences in these photosynthesis related parameters were responses related to RH treatment effects regardless of the cultivars. Both 'Arihyang' and 'Keumsil' cultivars grown under > 60% RH (during the day) showed higher root activity, reflecting multiple turnover of QA reductions (Ss), TRo/RC, and ETo/RC values than when grown under < 40% RH. In addition, relative variable chlorophyll fluorescence at 2millisec (Vj) and relative variable chlorophyll fluorescence at 30millisec (Vi) values were higher in the 'Arihyang' cultivar (regardless of RH) than in the 'Keumsil' cultivar. We conclude that maintaining high relative humidity inside greenhouses during the cold season (when RH is naturally low) will optimize strawberry fruit yield by enhancing root activity and photosynthetic rates. Additional key words: electron transfer, energy fluxes, root activity, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate


Objective: To explore whether human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are able to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells under appropriate condition in vitro.Methods: The human bone marrow MSCs were isolated and cultured.The MSCs were induced by HGF,bFGF and co-cultured with damaged mouse liver tissues.The specific genes of hepatocyte were detected by RT-PCR and real-time PCR in different culture period.The hepatic markers were identified by immunofluorescent staining. Results: The expression of AFP,CK-18 and TDO until day 7 were detectable and increasing after prolonged culture.After 7d of inducing,CK18,albumin,AFP,HNF and HSA positive staining was observed in differentiated cells using immunohistochemistry.AFP and TDO were detected in cells co-cultured with damaged liver tissues of mouse separated by a transwell membrane for 21 days. Conclusion: Human bone marrow MSCs were able to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells and may serve as a source of cells for cell therapy of hepatic diseases.


Downstream migrating smolt must be guided around hydropower plants to avoid fish mortality due to the turbines. In Piteå River, which is already regulated, open spillways serve this purpose but few fish find this route. Hence, action must be taken to enhance downstream fish migration. One way to attract the fish to the spillways is to direct the surface flow towards them by means of a guiding device. The hydrodynamic design of one such device is outlined using numerical calculations of the flow upstream the spillways and by the assumption that the fish moves near the surface of the water. A number of geometries are evaluated by starting from a straight impermeable barrier that extends 2 m down from the water surface and stretches over a part of the river. A major result is that it is possible to redirect the surface water towards the spillways at very low spilling rates which means high energy efficiency. Another finding was that the device should stretch over a large part of the river. For optimal functionality, the spilling should match the guiding device geometry. High spilling implies that the guiding has a low impact while for low spilling the geometry is crucial for successful downstream migration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the learning process in kindergarten is significant, especially in assisting teachers in evaluating learning and making interactive and communicative learning media. However, the PERAK Foundation, which has 9 PAUD in Petukangan Utara, South Jakarta, does not yet have a computer laboratory facility or provide computer facilities in each class or provide computers to PAUD teachers to assist teachers in the teaching and learning process. In addition, most of the PAUD teachers at Yayasan Perak are over 40 years old and technologically savvy. So that some of the things above hinder the application of ICT to PAUD teachers at the PERAK Foundation. Facing this problem, FTI proposed computer application training activities for PAUD teachers at the PERAK Foundation. The computer application training program aims to improve ICT skills or competencies for PAUD teachers, especially in using learning media. Based on the evaluation results of training activities carried out by the FTI Lecturer Team at Budi Luhur University in collaboration with the PERAK Foundation. It can be concluded that Microsoft PowerPoint and Access training activities have positively impacted efforts to improve information and communication technology competencies, especially for PAUD teachers at the PERAK Foundation


In today's world, every company has a variety of report's needs, especially incident reporting system is needed when there is an incident around the company. This sometimes is very difficult to do incident administration until employee right is forgotten to get treatment. Such misunderstanding are: incident report form is not printed, incident report form is gone, thus making it difficult to complete the previously stated needs. In other words, some companies do not have the capabilities to manage and develop their manual system to new generation, being automatic system. It means cannot give time cost if any, activities is done by automatically system. This in fact can be solved, if their problem, including time management activities is recorded in good condition and details. This program is designed to facilitate each person around environment, health and safety department in managing their incident in conclusion and graph on a periodic basis. The uniqueness of this program is accessible to everyone in any position as long include positions are pointed by environment, health and safety admin without using form paper but using desktop application which can be used around the company.


The present invention discloses a method and system for preventing a mobile terminal abnormality upload information, the system comprising: a real-time monitoring means for monitoring transmit power in real time and a standby state of the mobile terminal standby state and the standby state and the standby a state notice transmission power comparison module; comparison module, after receiving the notification, the transmission power of the mobile terminal in the standby state in the mobile terminal transmit power in a state of standby comparison, and the comparison module notifies the software prompts; when prompted by the software module, configured to, when a comparison result of the transmission power of the mobile terminal in the standby state is greater than the transmit power of the mobile terminal in the standby state theory, suggesting the risk of information leakage malicious user exists in the current state, the present invention provides methods and systems, the determination accuracy, the user can overcome the abnormal leaking of information, improving the security of the mobile terminal user information.


Sustainable cleaner production is a very important work for the auditing of cleaner product. The significance and meaning of sustainable cleaner product should be comperhended. Then the cleaner production can realize the sustainability, which puts forward a new idea for the development of enterprises. In this paper, combined with the course of Jiahe Coal Mine's cleaner production, it is discussed the basic contents of sustainable cleaner production and the process to realize it.


Rtt109 is a novel histone acetyltransferase (HAT) involved in promoting genomic stability, DNA repair and transcriptional regulation. A histone chaperone, either Vps75 or Asf1, is required for efficient acetyltransferase activity toward H3 histone substrates. In complex with Vps75, Rtt109 acetylates lysine 56 within the H3 globular domain, as well as N‐terminal tail residues on H3 peptide and H3‐H4 tetramer substrates. The ability of histone chaperones to activate and direct substrate targets is unique among HAT enzymes. Here we explore the molecular mechanism of histone acetylation and report a detailed kinetic investigation of the Rtt109‐Vps75 complex. A steady‐state kinetic analysis reveals evidence for a sequential kinetic mechanism whereby Rtt109‐Vps75 complex, acetyl‐CoA (Km= 0.27 μM) and H31–20 peptide substrates (Km=146 μM) form a complex prior to chemical catalysis (kcat =0.11 s−1). Product inhibition studies demonstrate that CoA competitively inhibits acetyl‐CoA, while thermodynamic binding measurements demonstrate that Rtt109‐Vps75, in the absence of H3 substrate, binds acetyl‐CoA and CoA with a Kd value of 1.41 μM and 43.29 μM, respectively. Additionally, pre‐steady state kinetic analysis suggests the chemical attack of substrate lysine on the bound acetyl‐CoA is the rate‐limiting step of catalysis. The pH profile of kcat reveals a crucial ionization of pKa=8.5, possibly representing the deprotonation of the substrate lysine on H3. Together, these data support a mechanism in which acetyl‐CoA binds first, and following H3 binding, the ε‐amino group of lysine directly attacks acetyl‐CoA, transferring the acetyl group to the targeted lysine residue. This research is funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health.


'In this study, we aimed to present the results of subcostal percutaneous nephrolitotomy operation in patients with upper calyces stone. The operation records of 44 patients who had undergone subcostal percutaneous nephrolitotomy for upper calyces stone were retrospectively evaluated. The situations of stone-free and clinically insignificant residual fragments (


We are becoming increasingly dependent on software systems also for highly critical tasks in society. To minimize the risk of failures, regulatory institutions define standards that software organizations must meet. However, the quality of the safety-critical software is, ultimately, determined by the software engineers' behavior. Even though previous studies have recognized the significance of such behavioral aspects, research that studies them is limited. The aim of this initial study was, therefore, to identify how and in what way, behavioral aspects affect the quality of safety-critical software. Thematic analysis of interviews with six software engineers identified four themes linking developer behavior to safety. Our analysis suggests that developing safety-critical systems imposes stress on software engineers and that to reduce such pressure it is critical to enhance organizational trust. It also indicates that the agile way-of-working has the potential to improve safety by facilitating the sharing of domain knowledge. Our findings provide directions for future studies into these important aspects and can be of wider relevance, in particular for the development of secure software, but potentially also for general software engineering.


NATO is currently facing an unprecedented and probably short-lived opportunity to collaborate in developing a completely new kind of mutual security regime for Europe, extending from the Atlantic to the Urals. This opportunity has been created by a fundamental change in the way the Soviet Union defines its national security requirements. The radical nature of that change has unfortunately been obscured by the broad sweep and utopian flavour of the Soviet campaign for 'new thinking' in international relations and Soviet exhortations to adopt a new approach to world affairs. These far-reaching proposals are too easily dismissed as a traditional Soviet peace offensive, as propaganda designed to breed complacency in the West and give the Soviet Union the breathing space it needs to restructure its economy. At the end of this article I shall return briefly to what this 'new thinking' implies and how it relates to the change in Soviet national security requirements. But the immediate task is to describe exactly what has changed and to highlight its far-reaching implications, to outline the process of doctrinal evolution that made the change possible, and to summarize the evidence that change is actually in progress. It would be nice to wait until the process of change in the Soviet Union had run its course, but that is not really an option. Developing a new security regime for Europe is inherently a collaborative enterprise, and without active participation by NATO the new Soviet regime will be either stillborn or seriously deformed. The change in how the Soviet Union defines its security requirements can be summarized as follows. From 1948 to 1984, planning for the defence of the Russian homeland centred on the worst-case contingency of world war. In order not to lose such a war, the Soviet Union would need to evict American forces from the European continent. This required an offensive posture facing NATO, a measure of overall superiority, and the advantage of surprise, which would depend on secrecy. Although the Soviet Union has considered war progressively less likely since 1963, the scale of force required to mount a successful offensive against Western Europe has steadily increased. A particularly pronounced Soviet build-up occurred during the 1970s, a consequence of the new strategy which relied primarily on conventional means. In 1983-4 the Soviet Union faced up to the fact that in covering the ever more remote contingency of world war it had raised international tension, fostered distrust, and made world war more likely. It had meanwhile incurred heavy political and military costs in the form of NATO's response to what the West perceived as an increase in threat. These political and military costs came on top of the economic burden of maintaining the military capability required to implement the contingency plans for world war. This impasse prompted a shift in military doctrine concerning the


The competency of acoustic emission (AE) technique in order to predict the fatigue life of SAE 1045 carbon steel was discussed in this paper. The correlation of the AE parameter and the number of cycles to failure of the tested specimens were established via the statistical approach. In this paper, The AE hits were selected as the functional parameter. The fatigue life values were calculated using the strain-life approach of three models; Coffin-Manson, Smith-Watson Topper and Morrow. Both AE and strain signals used in the analysis were captured using the AE sensor and strain gauge that were attached to the specimen during the fatigue test. The results show that the AE technique has a good potential in assessing the fatigue life with the designed H-N curve (AE hits-number of cycles to failure curve).


Theosis in the Eastern-Orthodox and Western-Protestant theological debate: All major religions agree on one theme, namely they strive to provide an answer regarding the relation with their God. A good relation to God is the way of salvation, because the question about God is an acknowledgement that a human being needs to be in union with God. Some questions and answers are only possible in the relation between God and humankind. The well-known saying from the letter to the Romans (1:17), is typical of such a relation formulated in the Western Protestant debate in forensic style. From the Eastern orthodox theological debate, theosis is used in accordance to what the church father Irenaeus meant: 'God became human that we might become divine'. This article gives a definition of theosis, sketch the historic background of the concept, discuss salvation in the Western theological tradition, and pays attention to a theosis scriptural basis. Furthermore, attention is also given to Martin Luther and theosis as an indication that his view of salvation was much closer to theosis as was readily accepted in the Western theological debate since the Reformation of the 16th century.


The invention discloses a data collection and control system for a target tracking segmented power supply street lamp. The data collection and control system comprises an LCD (liquid crystal display) interface, a serial printer interface, a keyboard interface, a microprocessor, an external storage module, an internal storage module, a clock synchronization module, a GPRS (general packet radio service) module, a wireless ratio frequency communication module or an electric carrier communication module, wherein the LCD interface and the serial printer interface are connected with the microprocessor through a serial port expansion module, the wireless radio communication module or the electric carrier communication module is connected with the target tracking segmented power supply street lamp system, the GPRS module is connected with a remote street lamp management center, and the system adopts the real-time management data structure and the roll polling algorithm for realizing the state roll polling. The system can automatically collect the real-time data of the street lamp system, and can realize the automatic statistics analysis, high-speed large-volume storage and street lamp control, the real-time work state can be mastered in real time, and the operation fault can be found. The street lamps are organized and managed in different segments, the data collection and control system adapts to the duplex requirements of traffic management, energy saving and environment protection, and the management efficiency of an illumination system is improved.


We present Input Finger Detection (IFD), a novel technique for nonvisual touch screen input, and its application, the Perkinput text entry method. With IFD, signals are input into a device with multi-point touches, where each finger represents one bit, either touching the screen or not. Maximum likelihood and tracking algorithms are used to detect which fingers touch the screen based on user-set reference points. The Perkinput text entry method uses the 6-bit Braille encoding with audio feedback, enabling one- and two-handed input. A longitudinal evaluation with 8 blind participants who are proficient in Braille showed that one-handed Perkinput was significantly faster and more accurate than iPhone's VoiceOver. Furthermore, in a case study to evaluate expert performance, one user reached an average session speed of 17.56 words per minute (WPM) with an average uncorrected error rate of just 0.14% using one hand for input. The same participant reached an average session speed of 38.0 WPM with two-handed input and an error rate of just 0.26%. Her fastest phrase was entered at 52.4 WPM and no errors.


This special issue of Systems Engineering is composed of papers focusing on modeling and methods of systems in context and are extensions of papers presented at the 16th Annual Conference on Systems Engineering Research (CSER 2018). CSER 2018 was held on May 8– 9, 2018, at the University of Virginia (UVA), in Charlottesville, Virginia. The co-chairs for the conference were Peter A. Beling (UVA) and William T. Scherer (UVA). The honorary chair of the conference was Yacov Haimes (UVA). The program chair was Stephen Adams (UVA), and the panel chair was Cody Fleming (UVA). The publication chairs were James H. Lambert (UVA) and Brian Park (UVA). Systems do not operate independently of other systems and stakeholders. Understanding the context in which a system will be used and the interactions with these other entities (the other systems and the stakeholders) are paramount to the design process. Therefore, the theme of CSER 2018 was "Systems in Context." This theme covers a wide range of topics including but not limited to applications of systems engineering concepts, systems-of-systems design, optimization and multicriteria decision making, data-driven decision making, and sensor and data fusion. We would like to thank all of the authors that submitted a manuscript to this special issue. We also thank all the presenters for participating inCSER2018and contributing to awonderful experience in Charlottesville.


BACKGROUND: Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) was successfully synthesized from sulfonated 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone, 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone and bisphenol A. SPEEK cation exchange membranes were prepared by the casting method. The composition and morphology of SPEEK were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopies, respectively. The ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake and degree of swelling of the membranes were also investigated. SPEEK120 was used as a separator in an electrolysis cell to produce thioglycolic acid (TGA).

RESULTS: SPEEK polymerization was carried out at 145 and 175 °C for 10 h. The IEC of the SPEEK membranes was measured as 0.24–2.02 meq g−1 and the water uptake as 2.26–26.45%. The degree of swelling of the membranes was 1.71–15.28%. TGA was effectively prepared by electro-reduction of dithioglycolic acid. The current efficiency peaked at 58.31% at room temperature with a current density of 15 mA cm−2.

CONCLUSION: SPEEK120 membrane shows good dimensional stability and H+ permeability. Compared to the traditional metal-reduction method, the current electro-reduction technique avoids the use of zinc powder and so reduces environmental pollution. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry


Accurate and efficient vectorization are the foundation of engineering drawing understanding. The existing vectorization methods have three main shortages: (1) A line segment is fitted using a chain of medial axis points so that the computational complexity is high; (2) A lot of time consuming searching and judging operations are needed to combine the separated segments caused by noise or intersections; (3) The capability of processing slant lines is much lower than that of processing vertical or horizontal lines. In this paper, the authors propose a seed segment based global line vectorization method, which vectorizes an entire line in one step so that the combining step is avoided. Furthermore, it processes the lines of any orientation in the same way. Both the performance evaluation and experimental results show that the performance of line vectorization is significantly improved using the proposed method.


The history of economic development is on the cost of ecology rather than the sustaining environment and development. The countries that became centrally located in the stream of economic exchanges among people around the world impacted the environment in the long run. Newspapers and editorials include environmental horror stories almost on a daily basis and demand better management of natural resources (Jangu, 2014). But who is listening?
The environment is not just lush green trees, threated plant and animal species. It is the entity on which humans primarily exist, and agricultural and industrial development depends. Development on the cost of the environment can never be sustainable rather it would take us to a point causing enormous ecological losses and human sufferings primarily because of the present rate of development in developing countries. In order to contribute to the overall development in India, access to modern energy and cleaner fuel for rural households is important. The Brundtland Commission in its 1987 report 'Our Common Future' coined the most quoted definition of the term sustainable development, i.e., development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs (Mathur and Goswami, 2016). Sustainable production and consumption of resources helps to satisfy necessities of life such as nutritious food, good health, clean water and sanitation, clean energy, education, employment creating sustainable communities while combating climate change.
Having a negative energy balance for decades, India is forced to purchase energy from other countries to fulfil the needs of the entire country. Hence, energy access is an important component of poverty alleviation and an indispensable element of sustainable human development. Government of India has initiated numerous development programmes focussing on providing sustainable energy solutions to rural communities often deprived of clean and uninterrupted energy supply for their daily energy requirements. The study entitled 'Renewable Energy Options among Rural Households' was conducted in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh states. The outcomes of the study provide a roadmap for future programmes promoting the use of clean, efficient and modern energy technologies, to be implemented more effectively. Findings would further benefit the primary and secondary key stakeholders involved in research and development, formulation of policies and regulations, promoting sale and purchase and provide financial assistance to future energy programmes meant to popularize the use of Renewable Energy Technologies.


Intramolecular electron transfer (ET) processes with the main energetic
contributions coming from the solvent reorganization are investigated for a polar
medium that exhibits dynamic disorder. Dynamic disorder provides a description
of the anomalous relaxational behavior of correlation functions in complex glass-like
systems, alternative to static disorder. In particular, the questions addressed are
whether time-resolved observation of nonexponential ET in such a medium can
readily distinguish experimentally between static and dynamic disorder and whether
a contribution of intramolecular degrees of freedom to the ET can be identified by it.


Seven subgrade soils in Korea were subjected to laboratory open-system freeze-thaw tests and triaxial compression tests in order to determine the frost heaving and thaw-weakening characteristics of subgrade soils. By comparing frost heaving of subgrade soils and subbase materials, it was found that tested subgrade soils with low fine content are less frost-susceptible compare than the tested subbsae materials. It was considered that frost-susceptibility classification method which is suggested by COE (1985) based on the percentage of soil finer than 0.02mm is acceptable criterion for a qualitative assessment of frost susceptibility for subgrade soils in Korea.


In this study, the rejection mechanisms of six commonly detected pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) were systematically studied with three commercial thin film composite polyamide reverse osmosis (RO, XLE) and nanofiltration (NF, NF90, and NF270) membranes at pH 3–10. The amount of PPCP adsorption on membrane surfaces was also extracted and calculated so as to determine the contribution of adsorption mechanism on PPCP rejection using adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms. At low pHs, PPCP rejection was the highest for XLE followed by NF90 and NF270. As pH increased to 10, PPCP rejection increased significantly for NF90 and NF270, attributed to the enhanced electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged membrane surface and ionized PPCPs, while being slightly increased for XLE due to the dominant mechanism of steric hindrance. The simplified charge concentration polarization model predicted well for most cases, which demonstrated the contribution of steric hindrance and electr...


For a long time,the generalization of the citation to Marxist classics in the ideological and political education has mislead people's practical activities,and seriously influenced on full playing of the function of the ideological and political education. Therefore,it can effectively overcome the generalization of the citation to Marxist classics in the ideological and political education that we really "return to Marx doctrine",and dialectically treat "Marxism in Western world",and strengthen the construction of teaching staff in the ideological and political education.


Confucius and Mencius are the representatives of Confucian, but these two men hold different doctrines on the problem of taking people as essence. The main differences are: the different understanding of the monarch and the people; the different arrangement of the monarch and the state and the people; the different way of how to handle the relationship between the monarch and the people; and how to carry out the policy of benevolence. The root causes for these differences are they lived in different times, so that they had to deal with different social crashes.


The World Bank's assistance to Jordan in the 1990s coincided with a period of considerable political and economic turmoil. Three important exogenous factors affected the Kingdom's economic and social development. The first was the oil crisis in the early 1990s that, despite obtaining about half of its imports on concessional terms, still increased the average price of Jordan's oil imports because it is one of the few Middle East countries that does not produce oil. The second was the 1991 Gulf War that completely disrupted normal trade between Jordan and Iraq, Jordan's traditional trading partner. In addition, most Jordanians employed in the Middle East and elsewhere lost their jobs and were forced to return to Jordan. The third was the 1999 Israeli/Palestinian conflict that disrupted normal trade and movement of people to and from the West Bank and directly affected many Palestinians who live in Jordan. These events provide the backdrop for this evaluation of the World Bank's program in assisting Jordan to reduce poverty and improve health and education services during the nineties and in 2000/2001.


. If any data is stored on publicly available services, then it is obligatory for the service to apply different security policies in order to prevent information leakage to unauthorized users. This also applies to e-Science gateways, where sensitive (for example, medical) data might be stored. Moreover, e-Science gateways usually enable the usage of distributed computing infrastructures that apply some sort of authentication, which should either be provided by the users, or be completely hidden and implemented inside the gateway in the form of robot credentials. In this chapter we discuss some aspects of security applied within WS-PGRADE/gUSE.


Simple Summary The widely spread microplastic component and endocrine disruptor BPA is a hazardous material recognized for a long time. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated that BPA, administered into mice in a very specific developmental step of the animal (3 days post-natal), induces an increase in metastasis to the lung in the adult life, compared to the control or vehicle mice. In addition, of novelty, it is the analysis of the cytokine tumor microenvironment, which is the reason for the increased metastasis by BPA (BPA induce the increase in pro-metastatic cytokines). Abstract Breast cancer (BC) metastasis represents the main physiopathology leading to poor prognosis and death. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a pollutant, classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical compound with estrogenic properties, their exposure in the early stages of neonatal life leads to an increase in the size and weight of breast tumors and induces cellular changes in the tumoral immune microenvironment where cytokines play a key role. Thus, we used female BALB/c mice exposed neonatally to a single dose of BPA. Once mice reached sexual maturity, a mammary tumor was induced, injecting 4T1 cells in situ. After 25 days of injection, we evaluated endocrine alterations, cytokine expression, tissue alterations denoted by macro or micro-metastasis in the lung, and cell infiltration induced by metastasis. We found that BPA neonatal treatment did not show significant endocrine alterations. Noteworthy, BPA led to an augmented rate of metastasis to the lung associated with higher intratumoral expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and VEGF. Our data suggest that cytokines are key players in the induction of BC metastasis and that BPA (an environmental pollutant) should be considered as a risk factor in the clinical history of patients as a possible inductor of BC metastasis.


In recent years, there has been a vigorous effort within the disciplines of political science and strategic studies to encourage scholars to become what is termed 'policy relevant.' These initiatives have supported an array of activities, including fellowships in government, training in opinion writing and media engagement, and funds to produce research that is perceived to be useful to decision-makers. To be sure, young scholars are still expected to produce deeply researched papers and monographs on disciplinary concerns that, to the outsider, may appear narrow. There has also been a clear shift in focus in graduate training toward mastering methodological tools like statistics, sometimes at the expense of substantive knowledge, languages, or area studies. Nor is the trend toward policy relevance universally accepted. The young scholar still risks receiving little or no credit in their tenure file for an article in Foreign Affairs or testimony before a congressional committee; yet if they rack up enough technically proficient publications in obscure journals considered prestigious within the discipline, they can secure lifetime employment without ever meeting an elected official or policymaker. That said, the trends are clear: there is a move by many important figures in the field to make at least part of the mission of political science in the United States engaging, shaping, and influencing national discussions over policy. Some of these are simply generational: what scholar under the age of 40 does not possess a Twitter account, an easy way to engage larger, potentially influential audience? There has also been a proliferation of digital outlets – the most prominent being The Monkey Cage collaboration with The Washington Post – that encourage political scientists to translate their scholarly work for broader, more policy engaged audiences. Many soon to be or recent PhD graduate students spend at least one fellowship year, if


In this work we propose an alternate scaling for the head loss in the steady flow of Newtonian fluids through tubes. The characteristics of the proposed scaling render more clear the role of inertia in this flow and ensure that the trends of the relationship between dimensionless quantities are the same ones observed in the dimensional problem.


We construct a goodness-of-fit test for the Functional Linear Model with Scalar Response (FLMSR) with responses Missing At Random (MAR). For that, we extend an existing testing procedure for the case where all responses have been observed to the case where the responses are MAR. The testing procedure gives rise to a statistic based on a marked empirical process indexed by the randomly projected functional covariate. The test statistic depends on a suitable estimator of the functional slope of the FLMSR when the sample has MAR responses, so several estimators are proposed and compared. With any of them, the test statistic is relatively easy to compute and its distribution under the null hypothesis is simple to calibrate based on a wild bootstrap procedure. The behavior of the resulting testing procedure as a function of the estimators of the functional slope of the FLMSR is illustrated by means of several Monte Carlo experiments. Additionally, the testing procedure is applied to a real data set to check whether the linear hypothesis holds.


An ion generator (10) includes: an arc chamber (12); a repeller (62) that includes a repeller plate (64) provided within the arc chamber (12) and a repeller extension portion (66) inserted through a through hole (60) communicating the inside and the outside of the arc chamber; and a supporting structure (70) that is provided outside the arc chamber (12) and that supports the repeller so that a gap (60a) is ensured between the repeller extension portion (66) and an inner wall of the through hole (60). The supporting structure (70) includes a cover member (80) that forms, outside the arc chamber (12), a small chamber (88) communicating with the gap (60a), and an insulation member (72) that electrically insulates the arc chamber (12) and the repeller (62) from each other.


This work shows a method to recover the shape of the precision glass molding surface via null-screen test. For the validation of the proposed method, we analyzed the ACL25416U condenser lens fabricated by Thorlabs. The results show that the conic constant, the radius of curvature and the aspheric deformation coefficients can be retrieved with good accuracy.


PURPOSE: To obtain a new compd. useful as an intermediate for the production of carbapenem or carbacephem antibacterial agents. CONSTITUTION: The compd. is expressed by formula I, wherein R 1 is H, a (protected)hydroxy (lower alkyl); R 2 is H, a 1 to 6C alkyl; R 3 is H, a halogen, nitro, cyano, etc.; R 4 is H, an amide nitrogen protecting group; R 5 is H, a carboxylic acid protecting group; X is O, S. The compd. is, for example, 1,3 dithiolane2-propanoic acid, β[[1[(1,1-dimethylethyl) dimethylsilyl]-3[[1-[(1,1 dimethylethyl] dimethylsilyl]oxy]ethyl]4-oxo2azetidinyl]methyl] methylester, [2R[2α(R* and S*), 3β(R*)]]-. The compd. of formula I is obtd. by bringing a compd. expressed by formula II into contact with a compd. expressed by formula III (R 10 is lithium, etc.; R 11 is an alkyl, etc.; R 12 is a substd. silyl, etc.), then allowing the obtd. compd. to react with bromine or the like to obtain a compd. expressed by formula IV, and then bringing the compd. of formula IV into contact with R 3 -H. COPYRIGHT: (C)1993,JPO


There are several types of pavements which have been constructed around the world; flexible and rigid pavement. These pavements have major differences in terms of materials and construction process, giving the differences in their compositions and production process, each one of these pavements has some strength and weak points. The current study presents detailed comparison between these two pavements from the perspectives of the total life cost and environmental aspects using software Athena pavement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The assessment using LCA software is based on the construction materials, the construction and maintenance process as well as the machines and vehicles used during the construction, and the life cycle of pavement. Two majors streets were selected for the purpose of the comparison, the first street is called the street of coaches station in Al-Diwaniyah city and the second street is Om Al-Kheil street. The street of coaches station was constructed with composite pavement layers (full rigid pavement layers covered by 5 cm flexible pavement layer). On the other hand, the street of Om Al-Kheil was constructed with full layers of flexible pavement. The results of Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) showed that initial construction cost of composite pavement is higher than that of flexible pavement by 31%, while the total maintenance cost for flexible pavement is about 24 % more than of composite pavement. The diesel oil and gasoline had consumed by higher quantities during the preparation and construction stages of flexible pavement compared with composite pavement. Therefore, the environmental impact and gases emissions is more consumed during the construction of flexible pavement.


The article discusses the process of the formation and development of the Russian military school, which originates since Peter's I transformations. I. The main historical periods of military education are allocated, each of which has distinctive features related to the methods of training and education of future officers, the preparation of military teachers, the edition of educational and methodological literature, etc. A characteristic feature of the development of military education was the fact that these transformations were in parallel with transformations occurring in the armed forces. This interrelated process fruitfully influenced not only the development of the military education system, but also the development of military scientific thought in general. The article traces the continuity between all historical periods of military education in Russia. Attention is focused on the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries when the most elaborated educational system of military schools in Russia was formed, and the military school became one of the most important sociocultural institutions of the state mechanism and the country's society. All transformations in military education in pre-revolutionary Russia became a foundation for the formation of the Soviet, and then the Russian military school.


The Department of Mechanical Engineering at Kanazawa Institute of Technology has offered a creative mechanical designing and drawing subject, entitled "Machine Design Project (MDP)", to third year students. It is well known that it is difficult to perform a scholastic evaluation for a creative subject. Moreover, the instructors' loads are large owing to the large quantity of reports from students. In such a background, we have carried out course improvement activities of the MDP from 2005. The improvement activities and its effects and problems are examined, and the considerations based on the questionnaire results are reported in this paper.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


Invasive alien species are major drivers of global change that can have severe impacts on biodiversity and human well‐being. Management strategies implemented to mitigate these impacts are based on a hierarchical approach, from prevention of invasion, via early warning and rapid response, to invasive species management. We evaluated how different classes of spatially explicit models have been used as predictive tools to improve the effectiveness of management strategies. A review of literature published between 2000 and 2019 was undertaken to retrieve studies addressing alien mammal species through these models. We collected 62 studies, dealing with 70 (27%) of the 261 mammal species that are considered to be introduced worldwide. Most of the studies dealt with species from the orders Rodentia (34%), Artiodactyla and Carnivora (both 24%); the most commonly studied families were Sciuridae (13%) and Muridae (12%). Most of the studies (73%) provided spatial predictions of potential species spread, while only ca. 15% of the studies included evaluations of management options. About 29% of the studies were considered useful in risk assessment procedures, but only because they presented climatic suitability predictions worldwide, while studies modelling suitability before a species was introduced locally are still lacking for mammals. With some exceptions, spatially explicit population models are still little used, probably because of the perceived need for detailed information on life history parameters. Spatially explicit models have been used in relatively few studies dealing with invasive mammals, and most of them covered a restricted pool of species. Most of the studies used climate matching to evaluate the suitability of geographic areas worldwide or the possibility of species that were already established spreading further. Modelling procedures could be a useful tool to assess the risk of establishment for species not yet present in an area but likely to arrive; however, such studies are lacking for mammals.


An inscription from Mytilene represents a successful bid by the city, with the support of Pompey, for tax immunity on some part of its land holdings.


The complex relationships in an urban environment can be captured through multiple inter-related sources of data. These relationships form multilayer networks, that are also spatially embedded in an area, could be used to identify latent patterns. In this work, we propose a low-dimensional representation learning approach that considers multiple layers of a multiplex network simultaneously and is able to encode similarities between nodes across different layers. In particular, we introduce a novel neural network architecture to jointly learn low-dimensional representations of each network node from multiple layers of a network. This process simultaneously fuses knowledge of various data sources to better capture the characteristics of the nodes. To showcase the proposed method we focus on the problem of identifying the functionality of an urban region. Using a variety of public data sources for New York City, we design a multilayer network and evaluate our approach. Our results indicate that our proposed approach can improve the accuracy of traditional approached in an unsupervised task.


In 21 centuries, City will have very important function in country economy. City development to China economy development will have decisive function. The city function will be a city development of importance topic, it development transformation decision the rise and fall alive or dead of city. The paper analysis of the city function as a correspond point. Seeing through city development of history horizon line, this paper generalize urban function within history type, and explore its variety, evolve characteristic attribute, and further put forward creation and usage city of the person adjust to control city function transformation of inevitable and possibility path.


This paper explores the parameters and operation of rule types as used in policy formation, arguing that hard law elements (where failure can lead to pecuniary sanction and recourse to the European Courts), and soft law (where there is reliance on peer pressure supplemented by various devices such as reporting and benchmarking) both have a role to play. It examines the role of sanctions – a key distinction between hard and soft law and their influence on policy formation, how it is used as a symbol, the failure to trigger sanctions, the institutional and policy reasons for this, and the circumstances where sanctions can support coordination effectively, noting that a defensive response to policy coordination can be triggered if such coordination is seen as coercive and top-down. Reform of policy methods and institutions are constrained by the prospect of treaty reform – generally seen as best avoided in relation to EMU and the ECB in particular. This leaves any reform agenda focused on nonTreaty aspects of policy formation of which the Stability and Growth Pact is perhaps the most obvious. Recent reform proposals by the Commission have thus focused on a more flexible interpretation of the Stability and Growth Pact's medium-term budgetary balance rule to take into account the size of public debt and the quality of public investment. While both of these reforms would help to restore consistency between the pact and the UK Treasury's Fiscal Code for Stability and thus remove an important obstacle to UK membership of the euro area, they fail to adequately address the current problem of public finances in France, Germany, Italy and Portugal and the weakness of peer pressure as a sanction mechanism. The proposed flexible interpretation of the pact will do little to change the fact that the Stability and Growth Pact failed to promote an adequate degree of fiscal consolidation in these countries in advance of the current economic slowdown. * London School of Economics and Political Science (email@example.com). ** London School of Economics and Political Science and the Australian National University (firstname.lastname@example.com).


This study aims to determine the effect of Behavioral Counseling Theory with the Modeling Setting Lesson Study Technique on Self Endurance. This type of research is Quasi Experiment, with the design of Non Equvalent Pree Postest Only Control Group Design, the sample of this study was taken by using random sampling techniques. The subjects of this study were 35 students in class X Hospitality Accommodation 5 at Singaraja State Vocational High School 2. The process of retrieving data in this study uses the method of observation, interviews, diaries and the Self Endurance questionnaire on the linkert scale pattern. Data were analyzed descriptively and statistical analysis using the t-test formula. Based on the value of the t test above, it is obtained thit of 19.34 with ttab of 1.66 at the significance of 0.05. So that it can be concluded H1 is accepted. So the results of the study show that Behavioral Counseling with the Modeling Technique through Lesson Study has an effect on Self Endurance students


In a globalized era where English keeps the position of an international language, learnt and spoken by lots of people from diverse linguistic, cultural and national backgrounds, there is a need for a new perspective towards English as an international language which can bridge notions and cultures. The appearance of varieties of English is the consequence of the global dissemination of English. Based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative data using a semi-structured questionnaire (see Appendix A) administered to 60 Iranian learners from expanding circle and 60 Indian learners from outer circle, this study surveyed the developing picture of EIL pronunciation and evaluation of different varieties of English from the perspective of learners from two circles which include the most users of English in the globalized world. The results of the questionnaires supplemented by interviews with leaners from expanding and outer circles revealed that expanding-circle learners like more to have a native-like identity with their preference towards nativism. The implications on the findings on the spread of native speaker norms and the status of ELF and its reflections in learning and teaching in expanding and outer circle countries are discussed.


Introduction Since Hans Eberhard Mayer published his Geschichte der Kreuzzüge in 1965 in which he called for a definition of the concept of crusade the issue has been much debated. I was not personally present at the first conference of The Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East that was held in Cardiff in 1983, but according to one eye-witness account the issue was "hotly debated", and has indeed continued to be so. Central to the discussion has been the question of whether or not crusades only went to the Holy Land or should the term be more generally applied to all papally proclaimed wars, that is between a traditionalist view and a pluralist view. Recently the debate has taken a d0ifferent turn and it has increasingly become a debate about whether the definitions given by modern historians are at all congruous to the medieval phenomenon. In the twelfth century at least there did not exist a term that is congruous to the modern construct of crusade and as John Gilchrist has pointed out, the elements that we are told constituted a crusade – indulgence, pilgrimage, the vow, the remission of sin, an enemy defined by the church – are absent from the canonical collections of the twelfth century. I would not like to say if this modern construct has become "tyrannical", but it has led at least one English historian, Christopher Tyerman, to ask the question: "Were there any crusades in the twelfth century?" and then conclude in the negative. His conclusions are in fact parallel to the conclusions reached within the study of feudalism, where it has been argued that the concept of feudalism was "invented" by lawyers at the end of the twelfth century under the influence of new-style bureaucratic governments. Historians of the twentieth century, it is possible to argue, used the legal definitions that emerged towards the end of the twelfth century to create the modern concept of crusade. It is, however, obvious from the contemporary sources that people believed that something new was initiated by Urban II (1088–1099) at the council of Clermont in 1095. It is also apparent that the call to arms against the infidels made by Urban II contained some sort of institutional characteristic in the form of new privileges granted to people who wanted to embark upon the expedition to the Holy Land. This, I believe, should be ample reason for us, as historians, to use a word like crusade. But the main conclusion we have to draw from the work of Christopher Tyerman, I think, is to keep in mind that it is not possible to create a matrix of a crusade that applies to the whole crusading period: "The crusade cannot be adequately defined in its own terms because it only existed in relation to the dictates of its shifting western context".


Wheelchairs are used by the people who face difficulty in walking or impossible to walk due to illness either in physiological or physical, injury or disability. Generally, the conventional type of wheelchair is the manual wheelchair and the electric-powered wheelchair. However, this conventional type wheelchair requires the user to use their arms to control the wheel chair, either by turning the hand rims for the manual wheelchair or using the joystick control for electric-powered wheelchair to move the wheelchair.
Nowadays, the number of the elderly and physical challenged people in all countries of the world are gradually increased. Most of the elderly and physical challenged people depend on the wheelchair to help them move around in order to perform their daily activities. However, the patients who suffer from chronic mobility impairments such as quadriplegics and multiple sclerosis find it difficult to operate the conventional type wheelchair as they have lost their ability to use their arms. They often require the help from others to push the wheelchair to the desired location as they cannot move the wheelchair by themselves. Therefore, a smart wheelchair with voice recognition controlled is designed and developed for the physically disabled people so that they can navigate the wheelchair to the desired location using voice command.
With the voice recognition controlled wheelchair, the user is able to navigate the wheelchair by speaking the voice commands such as "move", "move back", "make a left turn", "make a right turn" and "brake now" or by using route spoken by the GPS navigation system to navigate the wheelchair. The average overall efficiency of 80% is being achieved when different voice commands is given to navigate the wheelchair. When different pitch is used to speak the voice commands, the voice recognition system is able to achieve an overall efficiency of 72.5%. As the given voice command is using fast and slow speaking rate, the average overall efficiency of 62.5% is being achieved where the rate of recognition is depends on which voice command is spoken. When different male and female voices are used to speak the voice commands, the average accuracy of the voice recognition system is about 70% for male voices and about 80% for female voices. The accuracy of voice recognition system is vary as it depends on which voice command is given as different people will have different pitch or tone. By using the GPS command to navigate the wheelchair to move from one location to another location, the overall efficiency of 50% is being achieved by the voice recognition system.


Sulphur mustard (SM), chemically bis (2-chloroethyl) sulphide is a bifunctional alkylating agent that causes cutaneous blisters in human or animals. There is no specific therapy for SM induced skin injury, however, DRDE/WH-02 (containing PVP-I, Aloe vera gel and betaine) has proved to be an effective remedy for SM dermatotoxicity in preclinical studies. This study was planned to evaluate safety of DRDE/WH-02 for risk assessment and dose interpolation in humans during clinical trials. Skin corrosiveness and skin irritation potential was assessed by primary skin irritation test (Draize test) which showed that DRDE/WH-02 is not irritant to the rabbit's skin. Acute toxicity studies were carried out using two doses viz. 3.2 g/kg or 6.4 g/kg by oral or dermal route. There were no adverse clinical/ toxic signs and pre terminal deaths. The evaluated median lethal dose LD 50 of the test item was found to be more than 6.4 g/kg body weight by either dermal or oral route. Cumulative biological effect of DRDE/WH-02 was evaluated in Wistar rats by dermal route at dose of 1g and 2 g/kg daily for 90 days. There were no toxic/clinical signs, pre-terminal deaths and inter group differences in body weights and feed and water intake in different groups. There were no treatment related changes in haematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights and gross or histopathological findings in different groups. No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of DRDE/WH-02 in repeated dermal administration to Wistar rats was found to be more than 2 g/kg body weight under the testing conditions.


With continued improvement in their living standards, people attach more and more importance to the safety of food. Food labeling has become one important element of food safety supervision. In the interests of Chinas continual economic progress, a food label evaluation system should be set up.


In the context in which spare parts trading companies are becoming increasingly competitive, the level of service is essential to be able to compete in the market. This indicator is affected by on-time deliveries, which are a key factor in meeting customer demand, as this determines customer satisfaction and thus has an effect on the company's profitability. For a company to deliver its products on time, the warehouse processes must work efficiently, making the picking process one of the most critical of them. It must also run a proper inventory procurement process in order to have stock on hand to fulfill customer orders. This case study focuses on increasing the level of service in a company that sells spare parts for mining, which was found to have a low service level of 66.1%, in contrast to the recommended level for the sector, which is 85.9%. Therefore, the implementation of the 5S methodology, Systematic layout planning, demand forecasting, and cycle counting are proposed as tools to solve the root causes of the problem. The main results indicated a reduction in picking times of 36.70%, an increase in demand forecast accuracy of 13.45%, and an increase in Inventory Record Accuracy (IRA) of 5.42%.


Eccinococcasis which frequently seen in liver and lung, but soft tissue invasion seen very rare. Theraphy of the lesions that seen in soft tissue and bone is difficult. Here is presented a case releated to a eccinococcosis which met inguinal region.


Offshoring and outsourcing are two terms-often used interchangeably-that comprise an essential element of the modern post-industrial global economy. Analysis of this phenomenon in the United States is often framed in the light of job loss and economic decline relating to the manufacturing or low-end services sectors, but this paper will revisit the traditional offshore industry-that of offshore finance and offshore financial centers (OFCs) and compare OFC offshoring with traditional offshoring in Latin America. This paper argues that some similarities are evident when comparing OFC offshoring with traditional offshoring but many differences exist. Using the framework or "lens" of politics certain OFC offshoring issues and tensions with the onshore world relating to unfair tax competition, money laundering, sovereignty, secrecy, regulation, trust, and reputation are analyzed and are shown to be more onerous, tense and different from those occurring in the mainstream offshoring/outsourcing world. In addition, using the "lens" of cyberspace and e-commerce, and a case study of the Cayman Islands and the Bahamas, this paper argues that the creation of an electronic infrastructure in the OFC offshoring world is as necessary as in the onshore world, but the actors and institutions creating and promoting such infrastructures are different. Future work could pursue more reputable and comparative data gathering to further more rigorous statistical modeling of the relationships both "between" OFCs as they compete for offshore capital, and between offshore and onshore as the onshore world seeks to further lift the veil of offshore financial opacity, particularly related to issues of money laundering. Copyright (c) 2009 Copyright the Author. Journal compilation (c) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc..


Jonathan Oberlander writes that just a year after its introduction in September 1993, the Clinton Health Security Act was dead in Congress. What happened to the Clinton plan, and what lessons can today's reformers learn from its failure? Jonathan Oberlander discusses the pitfalls of the Clinton health care plan of 1993, the obstacles to reforming the U.S. health care system, and the outlook for the future. Dr. Oberlander is an associate professor of social medicine and of health policy and administration at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.


December marks one year since Compassion in Practice (CiP) was launched, in which we aimed to get to the essence of great care. Through the 6Cs, I am confident we have done this.


It is well-known that communication systems are composed of various function modules. In order to facilitate students to study the knowledge and skills of major of communication engineering, the traditional course experiments are made gradually, which is not benefit to guide the student to consist of the relatively complete communication system. Aiming at the current experimental teaching situation of communication engineering core courses, this paper develops a synthetic experiment based on "Principle of Communication" and "Fiber Optical Communication Technology". As an example, the experiments of AM, 2FSK modulation/demodulation and the one of optical transmission system were synthesize, previous equipments were utilized to design a more comprehensive communication system to accomplish a relative complicate experiment without extra funds. It can help students to reinforce the links between diverse knowledge, to gain a deeper understanding of theory about the whole communication system, and to improve operational ability and save time of experiments the laboratory construction.


ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM) is proud to announce the Board of Distinguished Reviewers, the first step of an ambitious editorial plan for the coming years. The ACM TOSEM plan aims to consolidate the high quality of the journal, while improving its impact by hosting many high-quality articles. The Board of Distinguished Reviewers is the first step toward attracting an increasing amount of articles that present exciting and novel ideas and toward acknowledging the too-often underestimated contribution of many reviewers, whose precious work is a core element for the quality of the journal. ACM TOSEM is the leading software engineering journal in terms of average citations per article, and, at the same time, publishes the smallest amount of articles among top software engineering journals. TOSEM seems to be more attractive for articles that consolidate long-term work than for articles that present completely novel ideas. Over 60% of TOSEM articles are archive articles that harmonise the results of a considerable amount of work previously presented at conferences and workshops, and less than 40% are journal-first articles that report completely new research results or present novel contributions that significantly extend and were not previously reported in prior work. Journal-first articles ask for a fast time to publication, and the TOSEM Board of Distinguished Reviewers is a first step toward a reliable upper bound of the turnaround review time. With a current average time to first decision of 107 days, TOSEM turnaround review time is as good as and sometimes better than most top software engineering events; however, few TOSEM articles suffer long delays. Long delay in review time is rooted in the increasing difficulty of finding good and reliable reviewers and in the high variance of reviewers' response time. We are witnessing an increasing rate of declined invitations to review articles, and it is not unusual for editors to contact more than ten specialists before finding three reviewers for an article, and this may accumulate conceivable delays. While many reviewers return their review within a reasonable time, a few reviewers respond after far too many months, and this impacts the excellent work of many good reviewers. The Board of Distinguished Reviewers gives space to the many reliable and qualified reviewers who promptly accept review invitations and return valuable and detailed reviews within an acceptable deadline. Our ultimate goal is to guarantee a first response within three months from the submission. ACM TOSEM welcomes self-nominations to the Board of Distinguished Reviewers and will publicly acknowledge the invaluable contribution of the members of the Board of Distinguished Reviewers to a reliable and timely review process both in the ACM TOSEM Web page and in the first issue of each year.


NAPI was proposed because a large number of network data packets to trigger a "interrupt livelock".Although NAPI interrupted polling effective solution NIC to Kernel data packet reception,But a large number of data packets has not been timely processing,thus taking a lot of memory space.This paper presents a "An adaptive Polling daemon"methodology to improve NAPI.Test results showed that An adaptive Polling daemon can effectively improve the efficiency of packet capture data,reduce the memory occupied by the timely processing of packet data enable.


Brands often rely on social media influencers (SMIs) to promote products. With more SMIs becoming brand endorsers, their authenticity has been questioned. This study examines whether and to what extent authenticity can influence user engagement through the establishment of parasocial interaction and attitudinal persuasion knowledge. In particular, four paths of authenticity (i.e. absolute, fairytale, disembodied and fake), which are categorized by expressing intrinsic motivation and disclosure of sponsored content, were investigated. Utilising Instagram post data from a field study and an online experiment, we found that intrinsically motivated authenticity paths are likely to trigger fewer distrusting beliefs and result in higher engagement. This relationship can be mediated by parasocial interaction but only when SMIs show a strong passion and limited transparency. However, transparency is not always the best policy and some paths of authenticity can lead to negative results.


We examine the cosmology induced on a brane moving in the background of a five-dimensional black hole, solution of the string effective action. The evolution, determined by the Israel junction conditions is found to be compatible with an accelerating universe with the present day acceleration coming after a decelerating phase. The possible species of the energy–momentum tensor, localized on the brane, for these solutions to be valid are discussed.


Maria Vittoria Brugnoli was a distinguished member of the editorial staff of the monthly literary review, the «Bollettino d'Arte», for a long period, more than thirty years, from 1949 to 1980. Just for this journal she edited the results of her research on some Cinquecento and Seicento painters and sculptors, mainly on Giovanni and Cherubino Alberti, Baldassarre Peruzzi, Perin del Vaga and Caravaggio. Furthermore she signed a number of book reviews for the literary section Received books or Reviews. They express her close examination and in-depth study of several themes and her attitude to popularize and make the world of art accessible to lay-people. She succeeded in cataloguing, restoring and keeping in museums the objects of our cultural Heritage and expressed her dynamic activity in her reportages as an art critic of the exhibitions about the early Renaissance Masters.


Zhang Zai's theory of self-cultivation includes theoretical basis and the concrete implementation method.The theoretical basis' s main point is learning,which unfolds from the existence of life and the duality of human nature.The concrete implementation method includes determination,courage and adaptation.Zhang Zai's theory of self-cultivation is a process of self-achievement,and the ultimate goal is the pursuit of perfect personality of Confucians.


The main objective of cognitive radio network is to provide flexible spectrum management, by permitting the secondary users (SUs) to temporarily access the licensed spectrum in the absence of a primary user. In the existing backward induction approach, each SU performs spectrum sensing and consequently reports the sensing details to the centralized controller. In the proposed work, an adaptive cluster‐based heuristic approach (ACBHA) with cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) scheme has been proposed for cognitive radio medium access control networks for 5G applications. To identify the availability of unused spectrum, the proposed CSS‐based ACBHA algorithm adopts a cluster‐based selection scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed CSS‐based ACBHA provides a better result compared with existing techniques. The performance parameters such as false alarm probability, the probability of detection, spectrum sensing time, slot length, noise density have been analyzed using MATLAB R2012a.


Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has rapidly become the procedure of choice for gallbladder removal and has become the most common major abdominal procedure performed throughout the world. To observe the extrabiliary complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy this research work was done.
Materials and methods: This observational study was carried out in the Department of Surgery, Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chattogram, duration December 2015 to November 2016. A total of 100 Gall stone diseased patients were enrolled in this study and they were randomly allocated. Post operatively patients were observed, Data were collected, and Statistical analysis were obtained by using window based computer software devised with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-22).
Results: Among 100 patients male to female ratio was 4.6:1 with maximum age group of third and fourth decade. Seventeen patients were associated with other disease e.g. diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Per-operative complication rate was 5(5.0%) among those, per-operative port site bleeding 2(2.0%), cystic artery bleeding 1(1.0%), liver bed bleeding was in 2(2.0%) cases. All these complications were managed successfully and smooth recovery within normal time.Post-operative complication rate was 1(1.0%). Among those port sites infection were in 1(1.0%) case.
Conclusion: The findings of this study are expected to help taking perioperative measure to prevent extra-biliary complications. There may be some other devastating complications which may cripple the patients as well as surgeon.
IAHS Medical Journal Vol 5(1), June 2022; 45-48


The thermal resistance of a borehole heat exchanger (BHE) varies significantly depending on the position of the pipe legs. However, the pipe position cannot be fully controlled during its construction because of extreme slenderness of BHEs. As a result, the borehole thermal resistance (Rb) estimated from one BHE cannot represent the entire borefield. This study probabilistically quantified the uncertainty of Rb caused by the inherent uncertain characteristics through Monte Carlo simulations. The following four scenarios were considered:

1) pipe legs move along the central axis of the borehole,

2) insertion of a U-tube using spacers to maintain the shank spacing,

3) pipe legs freely located inside the borehole, and

4) considering uncertainty of the pipe location, borehole radius, and thermal conductivities of the grout and ground.

The results demonstrated that the use of spacers significantly improves Rb and reduces its uncertainty range. The results of the last scenario revealed that the maximum Rb could be more than twice the minimum value. Moreover, the spatial variation of Rb according to the pipe position was systematically analyzed to clarify the dynamics of b change. The results suggest that Rb obtained through a thermal response test cannot adequately represent the entire borefield.


Acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill children is a risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality. It affects approximatively 5% of patients with almost half of them requiring renal replacement therapy. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on challenges of current available pediatric renal replacement therapy practices and proposes a decision making algorithm for their use in critically ill children with AKI. Keywords: acute kidney injury; pediatrics; pediatric intensive care unit; peritoneal dialysis; renal replacement therapy; continuous renal replacement therapy; intermittent hemodialysis Received: March 18, 2014; Accepted: June 4, 2014; Published: November 3, 2014 Corresponding Author: Aicha Merouani, Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, 3175, Cote Sainte Catherine, H3T 1C5, Montreal (Quebec), Canada. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com .


This paper introduces a head pose estimation system that localizes nose-tip of the faces and estimate head poses in images simultaneously. After the nose-tip in the training data are manually labeled, the appearance variation caused by head pose changes is characterized by tensor model. Given images with unknown head pose and nose-tip location, the nose-tip of the face is localized in a coarse-to-fine fashion, and the head pose can be estimated simultaneously. We evaluated our system on the Pointing'04 head pose image database with 50% of the data as training set and the rest as testing set. With the nose-tip location provided, our head pose estimators can achieve 94% head pose classification accuracy(within plusmn15deg). With nose-tip automatically localized, we achieves 85% nose-tip localization accuracy(within 3 pixels from the ground truth), and 81% head pose classification accuracy (within plusmn15deg).


Ongoing increases in adult and child obesity have become a serious public health concern. The current study of 65 parent-child pairs uses parent-completed surveys and child Body Mass Index (BMI) to portray the potential family processes that put children at risk and to illustrate the household environment, parenting beliefs, and child characteristics of obese and non-obese children. Results suggest that efforts to curb childhood obesity should address improving parent knowledge of child nutrition and reducing child television viewing.


In the current article, Section 1 begins with the reconsideration of Külpe's late-nineteenth-century thesis that all problem solving is based on "imageless thoughts," from which conscious images are constructed by vivid imagers but not by non-imagers. Section 2 proceeds by reconsidering Bühler's refined thesis that conscious images are constructed from imageless rules, and by considering the present author's auxiliary thesis that constructed images serve to test newly developed rules for parsing percepts and generating images. Section 3 concludes by reconsidering Külpe's psychophysiological thesis that vivid visual images are "centrally excited sensations" which are centrifugally constructed on the retina, in accordance with generative rules in the cortex. Twentieth and twenty-first century evidence in support of these theses is summarized throughout the article, in the hope that Külpe's visionary thoughts lead to further research and testing.


The new 1981 Chrysler Imperial introduces totally electronic digital instrument cluster, which features five vacuum fluorescent displays and nine low-travel push buttons for function selection. This paper presents the innovative aspects of the design and how the challenges of utilizing electronics in the automotive environment were met.


Historically, the lack of patients' sleep histories has caused low identification of sleep apnea (SA) and referral rates. Moreover, the costly and time-consuming nature of polysomnography (PSG) as a standard clinical test for detecting SA and the lack of sleep clinics has created a demand for suitable home-based monitoring devices. Pressure measurement using a pressure sensitive mat (PSM) can address the challenges found in current sleep-monitoring solutions. The noncontact PSM has a potential to replace obtrusive breathing sensors in the sleep lab and to be used as a prescreening tool for patients suspected of having SA. Applying classical support vector machine (SVM), this article presents a personalized system based on the measurements of each patient to detect central SA (CSA) events and monitor sleep characteristics longitudinally. For this purpose, sensor set-ups were installed in nine seniors' homes to collect unsupervised pressure data in approximately one year ranging from 8 to 12 months. Cost-based and resampling-based approaches were examined to combat imbalanced data. The results showed that the cost-based method outperformed other methods. Next, the patient-specific system was used to determine the total number of CSA events, as well as their starting time and duration in each day. The SA severity was measured by the central apnea index (CAI). In addition, other sleep characteristics such as bed occupancy (BO), day clock, and night clock were extracted from the PSM measurements. The impact of longitudinal sleep monitoring could be in tracking SA treatment progression, and possibly providing information on the interaction between SA and other disease progressions.


This paper considers the importance of Andrew Clark's time in New Zealand to the ways in which he wrote about geographical change.  It suggests that some of the features of Clark's writings, for instance his reticence about generalisation emerged very early in his career.  Likewise, that in a context where the landscape had been rapidly and to a great degree transformed, 'geographical change' assumed central place in Clark's thinking.  Other considerations and approaches became more important to Clark by the mid-1950s but his New Zealand sojourn cannot be overlooked in any assessment of his  over all career.


Mass claims have been accepted, in principle, in the landmark 2011 ICSID Decision on Jurisdiction and Admissibility of Abaclat v. Argentina. Welcoming this development as providing novel access for the common man and woman to international investment arbitration, the author explores related streamlined procedures in domestic and international law -- such as class actions and international mass claims commissions as well as vanguard use of technology and statistical methods -- that allow the processing of a high number of claims arising from common factual and/or legal issues with a view toward elaborating rules and mechanisms tailor-made for the context of international arbitration.


Using the notion of TRO's (ternary ring of operators) and independence from operator algebra theory, we discover a new class of channels which allow single-letter bounds for their quantum and private capacity, as well as strong converse rates. This class goes beyond degradable channels. The estimate are based on a "local comparison theorem" for sandwiched R\'enyi relative entropy and complex interpolation. As an application, we discover new small dimensional examples which admit an easy formula for quantum and private capacities.


Empirical evidence on type II conflicts between controlling shareholders versus minority shareholders has not been extensively explored.  This study gives new evidence on the agency conflict in a scenario of highly concentrated ownership. This study aims to examine the effect of Good Corporate Governance mechanism with quality of disclosure on concentrated ownership context The sample were drawn from companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The data were analyzed with panel data regression. The results shows that CG mechanisms negatively effects with DQ. However, looking at each individual variable, the study reveals that the audit committee and independence of audit committee are not significant. A possible reason is that companies' audit committee members have lack of accounting expertise and independence. These findings shed light on the concept of good CG enhances incentives for good DQ under highly concentrated ownership. It the effectiveness of CG mechanisms is likely to supplement regulation to protect investor rights and may prove to be useful for standard-setters as an important way to reduce agency conflicts.


A pre-electrode for a stimulation lead includes a generally cylindrical body having an exterior surface, an interior surface, a proximal end, and a distal end. The body includes segmented electrodes disposed along the body in a spaced-apart configuration, connecting material coupling each of the segmented electrodes to one another and forming the exterior surface of the body, and cutouts defined between adjacent segmented electrodes, in some instances, the pre-electrode includes at least one depression in the exterior surface of the pre-electrode over one of the segmented electrode so that the pre-electrode is thinner at the depression than at immediately adjacent portions of the pre-electrode. In some instances, the pre-electrode includes at least one aperture extending into the body from the exterior surface and between two of the segmented electrodes with portions of the connecting material forming borders between the aperture and the proximal and distal ends of the pre- electrode.


The sections in this article are:

1
Historical Background

2
Anatomy of Biliary-Pancreatic Duct System
2.1
Gross Structure

2.2
Microscopic Structure

2.3
Species Variation

3
Methods of Study
3.1
Imaging Studies

3.2
Flow Measurements

3.3
Manometry

3.4
Electromyography

3.5
Scintigraphy

3.6
Sonography

3.7
Miscellaneous

4
Pharmacology

5
Physiology
5.1
Hepatic Bile

5.2
Gallbladder

5.3
Cystic Duct

5.4
Common Duct

5.5
Sphincter of Oddi

5.6
Overview

6
Abnormal Function In Humans
6.1
Gallbladder

6.2
Sphincter of Oddi

7
Summary


The authors introduce the soil systems in Erlongshan Valley,conduct overall soil resource assessment as well as the quality assessment,and point out the problems about soil resource.Finally,according to the local facts, the authors come up with some advices to the sustainable use of the land.


Objective To explore the effect of Peiyuan Gubiao Decoction(PGD) on enhancing immune function of mice.Methods BALB/c mice were divided into blank group,model group,lentinan group,and high-,middle-and low-dose PGD groups.Immunosuppressive mice models were induced by intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide(CY).Carbon clearance test was used for the examination of non-specific immunoregulation,quantitation of lactate dehydrogenase in cell culture supernatant was used to measure natural killer(NK) activity,and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) colourimetry was applied to detect the transformation of lymphocytes induced by concanavaline A.Results Lentinan and high-dose PGD increased carbon clearance index and phagocytic index,and middle-dose PGD increased phagocytic index in normal mice.For immunosuppressive mice,carbon clearance index and phagocytic index were increased in lentinan group and high-dose PGD group,NK activity was enhanced in high-,middle-and low-dose PGD groups,and the transformation of lymphocytes was increased in lentinan group,high-and middle-dose PGD groups(P0.05).Conclusion PGD has immunoenhancement in normal and immunosuppressive mice through increasing carbon clearance,enhancing NK activity and promoting lymphocyte transformation.


The distributed POS is playing an important role in the ultra-high resolution aerial survey and remote sensing system, and can accurately provide time-spatial reference information for various imaging sensors. However, the distributed POS faces a special problem that the flexible arms used to connect the inertial measurement units (IMUs) would deteriorate the phenomenon that external disturbance leads to serious alignment errors. In order to improve the alignment precision of distributed POS in external disturbance, an anti-disturbance coarse alignment based on inertial reference frame is proposed. This method is developed mainly based on the structure of non-collinear vectors, which are constructed by a velocity vector determined by gravity vector integration. The disturbed acceleration and rotation is decreased a lot by the integral operation in the proposed method. Finally, the experiments were carried out and verified the validity of the proposed method.


Through a series of tests on saturated remoulded clay, initial shear stress on dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio under the condition of large strain(>10-3) is examined. The test data indicate that initial shear stress effects on stress-strain relation and dynamic modulus and damping ratio are obvious. With the initial shear stress increasing, the characteristic of the stress-strain relation changes from cyclic deformation to accumulative deformation, and there is difference in variation pattern of dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio with cyclic number increasing.


Inhibitory ability of two biocontrol strains(K9-3 and L14-2) against tobacco black shank was investigated with petri-dish,spore germination and pot experiments.The strains colonization capacities were determined with double layer filter paper method and pot experiment while their identification with morphological and physiological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis.In vitro experiments showed that the two strains can inhibit mycelial growth,germination of cystospores,and formation of zoospore and zoosporangia of Phytophthora nicotianae.Pot experiment showed that inhibition rate of K9-3 and L14-2 were 96.29 % and 77.78 %,respectively.The two strains showed good colonization capacities,and their colonized concentration maintained at about 106 cfu·g-1 in root and over 5×104 cfu·g-1 in rhizosphere soil.Identification showed that K9-3 was Serratia plymuthica,L14-2 was Pseudomonas chlororaphis.