We have calculated the threshold current and its temperature (T) dependence in the range 200–400 K for AlGaAs quantum well lasers with 25‐A‐wide GaAs wells using a model which includes lifetime broadening of the transitions and broadening of the density of states function by fluctuations in the well width. The threshold current varies approximately linearly with T and the principal effect of broadening is to increase the threshold current causing a reduction in the fractional change of current with temperature. The apparent value of the parameter T0 is increased to ≊400 K, compared with ≊320 K without broadening. The calculations are compared with experimental data.


Introduction: The year 2019 was affected by Pneumonia caused by SARS Cov 2 virus. This major health challenge whole world is facing and IgG antibodies titre has been widely used to assist the diagnostic and prognostic value. Important aspect of aging is decline in immune function. As per the aging process there are changes at humoral and cellular immune responses leading to impaired immune response which in turn leads to risk of infectivity and decreased vaccine responses. The current study's objectives were to assess the SARS-COV-2 antibody titre in the adult urban Malegaon population and to look for a relationship between age and antibody titre.Methods: Individuals who were residing in densely populated Malegaon village where formerly COVID- 19 was declared as hot spot during first wave were included with total sample size of 2454 and their blood samples were collected to get IgG antibodies from 12 January 2022 to 18 January 2022.Results: In this study we found that when the age advances the % of antibody level doesn't change significantly. In 2454 samples there observed non-significant difference in antibody % and age group (p>0.05)Conclusion: These findings suggest extensive studies are required to bring uniform guideline for developing the vaccine strategy as age and antibodies level remained the same.


. The problem of introducing pulse neutron probing in the process of geological and geophysical studies has been updated. The main factors that increase the sensitivity and information content of pulse methods in comparison with stationary neutron methods have been considered. It has been shown that the efficiency of pulse neutron probing depends on the length of the probe, time and energy characteristics of the equipment used. The principal features of various modifications of pulse neutron probing for solving geological and geophysical problems have been noted. The aspects of the efficient use of pulse modification in neutron gamma-ray spectrometry and inelastic scattering of fast neutrons have been discussed. Improved modifications of neutron probing based on the complex application of instrumental signals arising from inelastic scattering of fast and radiative capture of thermal neutrons have been proposed


In South Korea, the installation of a mechanical ventilation system is mandatory for the management of indoor air quality, and various studies concerning the ventilation rate and performance of the ventilation system have been conducted. However, only a few studies have been conducted regarding the recirculation rate of the ventilation system. If the appropriate arrangement of intake and exhaust vents in the ventilation system is not considered, the pollutants emitted from the circulation movement may be recirculated into the indoor environment and cause the degradation of the performance of the ventilation system. Therefore, this study aimed to quantitatively analyze the recirculation rate of pollutants emitted from a kindergarten building with an installed mechanical ventilation system in Seoul, South Korea, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, and analyze the effectiveness of the guide panel installed for the prevention of the pollutants' recirculation. The number of cases for the CFD analysis was set to a total of ten based on the ventilation rate in a mechanical ventilation system, external wind direction, and the existence of the guide panel for preventing the recirculation of exhaust air. The maximum recirculation rate of exhaust air without the installation of a guide panel was shown to be 20.0%. The maximum recirculation rate in the case where the external wind speed, direction of wind, and the ventilation rate were assumed to be identical to the other case but the guide panel for preventing the recirculation of exhaust air was assumed to be installed was 7.7%, 12.3% lower compared with the case with maximum recirculation rate.


Researches on the factors affecting the interfacial compatibility of thermoplastic polymer/natural fiber composites(TNFC) were described. Technology progress in improving interfacial compatibility of TNFC was reviewed. The disadvantages and advantages of the technology to modify interfacial compatibility of TNFC were discussed, such as surface modification of natural fiber, addition of proper interface compatilizer.


A method was developed for predicting oxidation performance, in an earth atmospheric entry environment, of reinforced carbon-carbon material, coated for oxidation resistance. A model was developed which describes oxidation control mechanisms, and the equations defining these mechanisms were derived. These relations were used to correlate oxidation test data, and to infer pertinent rate constants. Predictions were made of material oxidation performance in a representative entry environment, and the predictions were compared with ground test data. Results indicate that the method can be successfully used for predicting material oxidation performance.


Reputation defence is a form of persuasive tactic that is used in various social settings, especially in political situations. Detection of reputation defence strategies is a novel task that could help in argument reasoning. Here, we propose an approach to automatically label training data for reputation defence strategies. We experimented with over 14,000 pairs of questions and answers from the Canadian Parliament, and automatically created a corpus of questions and answers annotated with four reputation strategies. We further assessed the quality of the automatically labeled data.


A simple, low-cost approach to fabricating large-area highly ordered nanoporous alumina films in sulfuric acid solutions through a single-step high-field anodization, without the assistance of any additional process, is reported on p. 2115 by Chu and co-workers. The critical high anodizing potential in the adopted electrolyte system increases with the ageing of solutions after a long period of anodization. Correspondingly, the applicable current density for stable anodization rises significantly, thus leading to high-speed film growth. Uniform porous anodic alumina films in sulfuric acid solutions under a high electric field of 40–70  V and 1600–2000  A m–2 are achieved.


The consumer acceptance of food is not only affected by the sensory characteristics of food but also by the non-food factors, including food experience, consumption frequency, and food attitudes. Therefore, food attitude scales such as the food neophobic scale, VARSEEK scale, Dutch restrained eating scale, health taste attitude scale, etc. have been developed and effectively used to predict consumer liking and behaviors. Since the globalization of Korean food is currently one of the hottest topics in the Korean food industry, the aim of this study was to identify the tastes and flavors that may represent Korean cuisine. Additionally, an attitudinal scale for Korean taste and flavors was developed, which can then be utilized to predict a consumer's liking of Korean food. In the first stage of the experiment, the representative taste and flavors of Korean cuisine was surveyed by a Korean culinary expert group (n=23) and general consumers (n=62). As a result of these surveys, 4 types of flavors, hot pepper flavor, 'goso' flavor, garlic flavor, and fermented flavor were shown to be the most representative flavors of Korean cuisine. Based on these results, the second stage of the experiment was carried out to develop an attitudinal scale for Korean style flavors. Eleven to 17 questionnaires were developed for each of the 4 types of flavors. The survey consisted of a total of 53 questionnaires and 154 female consumers and 158 male consumers participated in the survey. The data was analyzed by factor analysis. For each type of flavor, the final attitudinal questionnaires were selected based on the following criteria: 1. high absolute factor loading value, 2. carrying clear meaning of the corresponding flavor attitude, and 3. delivering the meaning sufficiently when translated into other language. The final Korean style flavor attitude scale consisted of 7 hot pepper flavor, 6 'goso' flavor, 6 garlic flavor, and 7 fermented flavor questionnaires. In the next step of this study, experiments will be carried out to validate the Korean style flavor attitude scale.


Over the past two decades, extensive research effort has been directed towards examining food initiatives that "somehow" differ from the 'traditional' or 'conventional'. Such newly emerging food initiatives are known as 'Alternative food networks' (AFNs) and have been linked to broader concepts such as locality, quality, spatiality, embeddedness, sustainability and short food supply chains (SFSC). Farmers' markets, community-supported agriculture, box schemes, cooperatives, farm shops and other initiatives have been grouped under the AFNs umbrella. However, the literature has recognised that there is a lack of clarity with regards to the concept of AFNs (Hernandez, 2009; Wilson, 2013), suggesting that it is indiscriminately used to describe systems that involve anything that the conventional does not. Thus, AFNs tend to be defined by what they are not, instead of what they actually are (Feenstra, 1997). Furthermore, the need to further examine the "alternativeness" of AFNs and the unique characteristics of such initiatives has been identified (Maye and Kirwan, 2010). Thus, the aim of this paper is to contribute towards reducing this knowledge gap through a systematic literature review on AFNs. A systematic literature review can serve as a means to advancing knowledge and facilitating theory and empirical development (Fisch and Block, 2018). In this paper, we will aim to provide some clarification of the concept of AFNs by conducting thematic analysis of the academic definitions given to AFNs in the existing literature.


Recent years, with the development of China, an incessant springing up of major engineering projects. Based on the characteristics of the decentralization of local governments in China, whether there are local governments competing to set up major engineering projects at the expense of the environment in order to maintain local economic development. From the perspective of evolutionary game, this paper constructs a game model between engineering construction innovation and local government under the influence of local government's choice of different environmental regulations. Through the dynamic replication equation, the behavior selection path and evolution strategy of local government and engineering construction firms are obtained. The research results show that the strict environmental regulation of local governments and the technological innovation of engineering construction firms can achieve stability at the same time, and the conditions are effective government investment by local governments.


In the last two decades, impressive strides have been made in India in terms of providing school buildings, classrooms, teachers, textbooks and other facilities. These have been matched by very significant improvements in enrollment. All available data sources agree that well over 95% of children in the 6–14 age group are now enrolled in school. However, the evidence also suggests that children's learning levels are far from satisfactory and that considerable work still needs to be done to guarantee learning for all children.


https://doi.org/10.4068/cmj.2018.54.1.72 C Chonnam Medical Journal, 2018 Chonnam Med J 2018;54:72-73 Corresponding Author: Gi Beom Kim Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University School of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea Tel: +82-2-2072-0266, Fax: +82-2-743-3455, E-mail: email@example.com Article History: Received October 20, 2017 Revised October 30, 2017 Accepted October 31, 2017 FIG. 1. Left pulmonary artery stenosis demonstrated by CT scan (A), echocardiography (B, C), and angiography before (D) and after (E) 10 mm stent insertion. Vocal Cord Palsy after Left Pulmonary Artery Stent Insertion


The luminescence enhancement mechanism of a white ZnGa 2 O 4 phosphor screen with an In 2 O 3 buffer layer was studied by growing ZnGa 2 O 4 with optimal sputtering parameters and varying the deposition conditions of In 2 O 3 . A ZnGa 2 O 4 film with better crystallization and smaller grains was obtained when it was deposited on In 2 O 3 . These qualities revealed that the resistivity of the phosphor screen was correlated with the surface roughness and resistivity of the In 2 O 3 buffer layer. The photoluminescence spectra of the phosphor screen revealed that the ligand field of the Ga luminescence center was not modified when the In 2 O 3 deposition parameters were varied; however, the emission intensities were altered due to the electron-transition probability in the Ga energy levels changing with the crystallization of phosphor. A significantly enhanced emission from the phosphor screen was observed by improving the crystallization, surface morphology, and resistivity of the prepared ZnGa 2 O 4 phosphor film with the In 2 O 3 buffer layer.


Abstract The white farinose exudate on the fronds of Cheilanthes argentea contains a series of flavanones as minor constituents. These were identified by spectroscopic methods as: 5,4′-diOH,6,7-diOMe flavanone and its 4′-OMe derivative, 5,4′-diOH,7,8-diOMe flavanone and its 4′-OMe derivative, 5,6-diOH,7,8,4′-triOMe flavanone, 5,4′-diOH, 6,7,8-triOMe flavanone and its 4′-OMe derivative. The farina of Notholaena limitanea var. mexicana contains eriodictyol-7,4′-di-methyl ether and eriodictyol-7,3′, 4′-trimethyl ether as minor components. Both compounds were also identified in the exudate of N. fendleri, together with naringenin-7-OMe and naringenin-4′-OMe. In N. lemmonii var. lemmonii trace amounts of 5-OH,7,3′,4′,5′-tetra-OMe flavanone were detected. Nine of these substances are novel natural flavanones.


Sheep erythrocytes have been spin labeled with 5-, 12-, and 16-nitroxystearic acid in order to investigate complement-induced changes in the physical state of the lipid bilayer. Formation of osmotic lesions in the membrane causes an increase in the fluidity of the membrane which overcomes the decrease in membrane fluidity caused by the interaction of the complement proteins. A decrease in membrane fluidity is observed only when complement-lysed membranes are resealed or when complement proteins react with isosmolar ghosts that do not undergo osmotic lysis. The decrease in bulk fluidity of the membrane is first observed when C8 binds to the membranes bearing C5b67 and is enhanced upon the subsequent binding of C9. The decrease in membrane fluidity shown by the electron spin resonance spectra of spin-labeled fatty acids suggests that certain of the complement proteins penetrate the membrane and interact with hydrophobic regions of the lipid bilayer. The complement-mediated killing of bacteria and other cells by the serum complement proteins is among the most intensely investigated immunological reactions. The proteins circulate as inactive precursors in the serum until they are activated sequentially by highly specific biochemical reactions. This activation process changes water-soluble inactive proteins into membrane-bound proteins that destroy the osmotic integrity of the cell membrane. We are particularly interested in the assembly of the terminal complex of complement proteins (C5b-9), which binds to cell membranes and initiates the lytic process (1). The C5b67 complement proteins form a complex that binds to the cell membranes and provides a receptor site for C8 (2). C8 is directly responsible for producing membrane damage (3, 4), and C9 acts to enhance the lytic activity of the terminal complex (5). Recent evidence indicates that membrane damage by complement requires the insertion of hydrophobic portions of the C5b-9 complex into the hydrophobic regions of the cell membrane (6, 7). The exact sequence of events or the molecular mechanism by which this terminal complex damages the membrane has not been rigorously defined. Two recent studies in which electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has been used to investigate changes in the physical state of the erythrocyte membrane brought on by the interaction of the erythrocyte with complement (8, 9) have produced conflicting results. This confusion stems from the fact that the end result of complement interaction with erythrocytes is osmotic lysis of the cells, and osmotic lysis itself produces a change in the spin-label spectrum which is superimposed on the change caused by the interaction of the complement proteins with the lipid bilayer. Accordingly, we have used ESR spectroscopy to monitor the changes in the physical state of erythrocyte membranes brought on by the action of the complement proteins under conditions that eliminate any effect due to osmotic lysis. This was accomplished by either resealing erythrocyte ghosts bearing the complement proteins or by using isosmolar ghosts, which do not undergo osmotic lysis upon interaction with the complement proteins. This communication describes these experiments and reports the following observations: (i) the terminal complement proteins (C5b-9) bind to the cell membrane and reduce the fluidity of the membrane around the spin-label site; and (ii) this reduction in fluidity is first noticed when C8 binds to the membrane and is enhanced by the subsequent binding of C9. A preliminary account of the work has been published (10). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fatty Acid Spin Labels. The experiments described here used 5-, 12-, and 16-nitroxystearic acid purchased from Syva Associates, Palo Alto, CA. Spin Labeling of Erythrocytes. Antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) prepared according to Nelson et al. (11), were centrifuged in the cold at 1570 X g for 5 min, washed three times with 2.5mM Veronal buffer (pH 7.4)/75mM NaCl/2.5% dextrose/0.05% gelatin/0. 15 mM Ca2+/0.5 mM Mg2+ (DGVB2+), and then resuspended in DGVB2+ at 1.25 X 1010 cells per ml. In order to incorporate the spin label into membranes of intact cells, we measured 0.5 ml of a 1.0mM solution of the appropriate spin label in ethanol into an aluminum foil-shielded test tube. The ethanol was evaporated by a stream of N2 gas, leaving a thin film of the spin label. One milliliter of the washed cells was added to the test tube and incubated for 30 min at 370. The cells were washed once with DGVB2+ to remove any unincorporated spin label and used immediately. The 30-min incubation period was found to be optimum for incorporation of spin label. Abbreviations: Terminology for complement components is that recommended by the World Health Organization Committee on Complement Nomenclature (1968); C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9, nine complement components in the classical pathway. E, sheep erythrocytes; EA, antibody-sensitized erythrocytes; EAC1, EAC14, EAC142, and EAC1423, cell-complement intermediates with the designated complement proteins attached to the cell; EAC, EA that have been lysed with guinea pig serum. DGVB2+, 2.5 mM Veronal buffer (pH 7.4)/75 mM NaCl/2.5% dextrose/0.05% gelatin/0.15 mM Ca2+/0.5 mM Mg2+; GVB2-, 5mM Veronal buffer (pH 7.4)/147 mM NaCl/0.1% gelatin. 10mM EDTA, prepared by mixing 57.5 ml of 86 mM EDTA (pH 7.4) and 442.5 ml of GVB2-; C-EDTA, normal guinea pig serum diluted with 10 mM EDTA; GA, antibody-sensitized isosmolar ghosts; GAC, GA that have been reacted with normal guinea pig serum. ESR, electron spin resonance. 5-NSA, 12-NSA, and 16-NSA, 1-oxyl-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine derivatives of 5-, 12-, and 16-ketostearic acid, respectively. * Present address: James Bryant Conant Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. t Present address: Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110. 4930 The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U. S. C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75 (1978) 4931 Table 1. Complement protein interaction with cell membranes: Classical pathway with guinea pig serum* 5-NSAt 12-NSAt 16-NSAt


Motor skills have been linked to language and social development with implications for theory of mind. This study examined theory of mind (attribution of intentions task) in school-age children (N = 62, mean age 8 years; 2 months, standard deviation [SD] = 1;3) in relation to fine motor skills (grooved pegboard), receptive vocabulary (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test), receptive grammar (Test for the Reception of Grammar), reading comprehension (Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests), verbal short-term (nonword repetition), and visual-spatial working memory (one-shape array memory). All variables except verbal short-term memory correlated with accuracy on theory of mind. In regression models, fine motor skills accounted for variance in theory of mind after controlling for age, language, and working memory. The results add to research linking fine motor skills with faux pas understanding, indicating the potentially broad impact of motor skills on social cognition. Given the cross-sectional study design, longitudinal research is warranted to address causality.


Abstract Brazil nuts are often used for direct consumption or in the preparation process of water-soluble extract. After obtaining the water-soluble extract, a large amount of Brazil nut residues with good sensory characteristics are generated. Thus, this study aimed to dry Brazil nut processing residues in layers with different thicknesses in a direct solar dryer as well as by direct exposure to the sun, in order to fit different mathematical models to the experimental data of drying kinetics, and calculate the drying rates and effective diffusivity. The drying procedures began at 9 a.m. on a concrete base, for samples dried by direct exposure to the sun, and in a solar dryer constructed with expanded polystyrene foam zinc plated and a glass cover. The mass loss of the samples was monitored by weighing at regular times until the hygroscopic equilibrium was obtained. The direct solar dryer had temperatures about 80% higher than those recorded in the open environmental air temperature. Drying rates were higher in dehydrations performed in the solar dryer compared to the drying by exposure to the sun. The Midilli model was selected as the most adequate for predicting the drying of the samples under all experimental conditions, showing coefficients of determination above 0.99. The effective diffusion coefficients of moisture were higher in samples dehydrated in the solar dryer when compared to those dried by exposure to the sun. Regarding the research conducted under the experimental conditions of this study, the performance of the solar dryer to dry Brazil nut processing residues was satisfactory.


THE GOAL OF THIS PAPER IS TO DEVELOP A STEADY-STATE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE NEW GENERATION OF POWER ELECTRONIC-BASED PLANT COMPONETS PRESENTLY EMERGING AS A RESULT OF THE NEWLY DEVELOPED CONCEPT OF FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS (FACTS), NAMELY THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES COMPESATOR (TCSC). THE MODELLING IS CARRIED OUT IN THE PHASE DOMAIN CONSIDERING THE TCSC PHYSICAL STRUCTURE. A POLYPHASE POWER FLOW PROGRAM BASED ON NEWTON ALGORITHM IS DEVELOPED IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT THE PROPOSED MODEL. THE POWER FLOW EQUATIONS PERTAINING TO TCSC CONTROLLER AND THE ELECTRICAL NETWORK ARE SOLVED SIMULTANEOUSLY IN A UNIFIED FRAME-OF-REFERENCE FOR HIGHLY ROBUST ITERATIVE SOLUTIONS. ANALYSIS OF THE TCSC PERFORMANCE IS CARRIED OUT BOTH BALANCED AND UNBALANCE


The uptake of nitrate by wildtype plants and chlorate-resistant mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. was studied by intermittent or continuous measurement of the nitrate concentration of the ambient solution. The uptake rate in the wildtype and the nitrate reductase-less mutant B 25 showed a dual-phase relation ship with concentration. Each phase showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics although multiphasic patterns within each phase could not be excluded. A dual-phase relationship was also found in the uptake mutant B I. Here, however, phase II did not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics and uptake rate of nitrate in the phase II concentration range was considerably lower in the B 1 mutant than in the wildtype. It is concluded that the mutation in B I has disturbed phase II of the nitrate uptake, without affecting phase I, which leads to the suggestion that uptake of nitrate in Arabidopsis is mediated by at least two independent uptake mechanisms.

The nitrate uptake rate showed an optimum at pH 8, and it was not stimulated by the presence of calcium. Ammonium had different effects on nitrate uptake: a direct effect, when it was present during the uptake of nitrate, resulting in a release of nitrate and a reduced rate of uptake, and an indirect inhibitory effect, possibly caused by assimilation products of ammonium, which is most pronounced after growth on ammonium as the sole nitrogen source or in long-lasting uptake experiments in the presence of ammonium. Chlorate also showed a multiple effect, an inhibiting one which proved to be competitive and, at very low concentrations of chlorate, a stimulating one. Evidence was obtained that chlorate and nitrate arc taken up by the same carrier.


Topology optimization with moving morphable voids (MMVs) is studied in this paper. B-spline curves are used to represent the boundaries of MMVs in the structure. Kreisselmeier–Steinhauser (KS)-function is also implemented to preserve the smoothness of the structural boundary in case the intersection of the curves happen. In order to study the influence of continuity, we propose pseudo-periodic closed B-splines (PCBSs) to construct curves with an arbitrary degree. The selection of PCBS parameters, especially the degree of B-spline, is studied and discussed. The classic Messerschmitt–Bolkow–Blohm (MBB) case is taken as an example in the numerical experiment. Results show that with the proper choice of B-spline degrees and number of control points, PCBSs have enough flexibility and stability to represent the optimized material distribution. We further reveal the mechanism of the merging process of holes and find that high-order degree PCBS could preserve more separated voids. A support beam design problem of microsatellite is also studied as an example to demonstrate the capability of the proposed method.


Abstract The positive outcomes derived from the implementation of culturally sensitive educational programs in addressing disparities in environmental literacy and health among disadvantaged communities have not been rigorously examined. This report summarizes the results of a community-wide survey completed to test this hypothesis in the Cameron Park Colonia, one of the poorest communities along the Texas-Mexico border. The assessment followed a two-year training program in environmental health provided by community lay health workers using a train-the-trainer approach. Statistical analysis of data obtained from 498 households showed that educational intervention significantly improved residents' knowledge of environmental health and disease, particularly in general health knowledge and behavioral modifications to achieve healthier lifestyles. These findings show that culturally appropriate educational intervention enhanced environmental health literacy among Cameron Park Colonia residents. We advocate f...


Compared with the wealth of research accumulated on face-to-face social interactions, relatively little research has examined race talk within anonymous Web 2.0 mediums. We investigated online threaded comments on YouTube video clips of two race-related incidents involving New Zealand television presenter Paul Henry. Through thematic content analysis, thematic analysis, and discourse analysis, it was found that characteristics unique to Web 2.0 were associated with the appearance of old-fashioned racism and high-levels of obscenity (together with modern racism/symbolic racism). The hyper-low context of communication led to interpretive ambiguity; conversation sequences failed to follow Gricean maxims for cooperative communication, with most comments attracting no replies and the modal sequence being two turns. There was almost never resolution to a disagreement online: rather there was points-scoring against opposing opinions and a tangential style of dialogue influenced by the asynchronous and anonymous nature of communication. The YouTube medium shaped but did not determine the message, as obscenity and racist content in the target video from the eliciting public figure influenced the subsequent degree of obscenity and hostility in the responses. A third corpus that examined responses to our own research on race talk presented on a news website (stuff.co.nz) underlined this point by engendering a dramatically different response to the same subject, retaining the tangential style of communication, but with little to no obscenity. A framework to understand race talk as a function of both medium and context effects is proposed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Electromagnetic scattering of metallic column covered by double-negative (DNG) metamaterials is simulated with auxiliary differential equation method in Finite-Difference Time-Domain method. Lossy Drude polarization and magnetization models are used to simulate DNG media. Numerical result shows that though the backward scattering of metallic column covered by DNG media decrease, the forward scattering increase. The effects to the backward scattering caused by the variation of DNG media's depth, plasma frequency, damping frequency and incident wave frequency are discussed.


The goal of the implementation of this research is the study of education services provided by the Payam Noor University of Garmsar. It is therefore model was used Servqual known and most widely used in the evaluation of services Quality. Services Quality Model is evaluated in five dimensions: concrete, stress and scalability, guarantee, compassion and responsibility. 247 people were selected from students of this university as a model simple for the study questionnaires were distributed among them, the results of this research that, in all dimensions, the expectations of students more than their perception of the actual performance of the education services provided in the mentioned university.


The purpose of this paper is to obtain solutions which are periodic with respect to distance, describing the phenomenon called "roll-waves," for water flow along a wide inclined channel, and to discuss the behavior of the mathematical solutions. The basic idea presented in Part I is that discontinuous periodic solutions can be constructed by joining together sections of a continuous solution through shocks (or "bores"). It is shown first that no continuous solutions can be periodic and that only one special continuous solution can be used as the basis for constructing discontinuous periodic solutions. The analysis is based upon the non-linear partial differential equations of the "shallow water theory," augmented by the Cheay formula to allow for turbulent resistance. The Bresse profile equation is obtained in a form applicable for progressing wave flows. Shock conditions are derived for the case of an arbitrary continuous channel bed and for a flow subject to a resisting force. The special continuous solution is explicitly obtained and analyzed. Branches of it are then joined together through shocks. It is proved that roll-waves cannot occur either if the resistance is zero or if the resistance exceeds a certain critical value. As the resistance decreases, the size of the waves decreases also; and if the resistance becomes too large, the profiles reverse their direction and can no longer be joined by shocks. This critical value is reached when the (dimensionless) resistance coefficient equals one-fourth the value of the channel slope. The presence of a resistance force which varies merely with velocity is not sufficient to permit the construction of periodic solutions; the resistance must also act in such a manner that it decreases as the water depth increases. The analysis proves that the ratio of wave height to wave length of roll-waves is always independent of the speed of the waves. Explicit expressions for water height and shock height as functions of wave length are derived. The investigation studies the static discharge rate as a function of the wave speed, and asymptotic formulas for the wave speed in terms of the average discharge rate are derived. Twelve sets of curves arc presented, based on the equations obtained here, to illustrate the quantitative behavior of roll-waves; these may be used to check this theory against observed data. For prescribed values of slope, resistance, and wave speed, there is a one-parameter family of roll-wave solutions. If the wave length is also prescribed, the solution will then be unique.


The Global Environmental Multiscale model for Mars (GEM-Mars) has undergone considerable improvements and now simulates Mars atmospheric chemistry in reasonable accordance with available datasets and with the LMD model [Lefèvre et al., 2004]. Model innovations include an update from GEM 3.3.0 to GEM 4.2.0, inclusion of radiative effects of water ice clouds, and a parameterization for non-condensable gas enrichment. The diurnal and seasonal variations are compared to observations and to other models.


The engine perf orman ce, combustion characteristic and exhaust emission of C. I. engine operated with WE/O type emulsified fuel produced from hydrous ethanol and gas-oil were investigated experimentally. As a result, WE/O type emulsified fuel has a potential to produce a better brake thermal efficiency and lower smoke and hydrocarbon emission levels as compared to those of gas-oil operated diesel engine. The more hydrous ethanol in the emulsified fuel increases, the more the injection timing where the maximum brake thermal efficiency took place advances. The combustion noise of engine operated with emulsified fuel is higher than that of gas-oil operation because of high combustion pressure and rate of pressure rise. The main reason for this phenomena is the increase of ignition lag accompanied by the increase of hydrous ethanol in the emulsified fuel. ( Keyword) Diesel engine, emulsified fuel, hydrous ethanol, gas oil, alternative fuel, ignition lag, thermal efficiency, combustion noise


Introduction With the advent of information technology in the modern era, the use of e-learning has facilitated the education. But in many courses there is a problem with a lack of efficient courseware. Brain-based learning theory has provided effective strategies for increasing efficiency in education that can be well applied in courseware development. One of the most difficult lessons is computer programming. Teachers look for ways to improve student learning in this lesson. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of courseware with brain-based learning approach on students' cognitive learning levels in computer programming course compared to conventional courseware.


The most popular methods about information retrieval are based on keywords matching so far. Despite the search models which can indicate the meaning of documents and queries have emerged,they simply match the similarity of vocabulary semantically instead of lexically. However,the huge difference among existing ontologies and the various definitions of semantics with uneven qualities lead to the difficulties in semantic searching by user intention. Therefore,an efficient mechanism working on knowledge discovery and commonsense reasoning is extremely needed. This paper proposes a novel retrieval method combining ontology with graph theory. To infer the user intention,it presents the knowledge of documents using computer domain ontology and expands the queries in the shortest path of semantic network. In the search process,it ranks the documents based on both factors of lexical and semantic similarities. This model is proven efficient in improving the accuracy of retrieval through a testing of standard dataset.


Objective
To investigate the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2) in attenuation of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by dexmedetomidine (Dex) preconditioning in rats.

Methods
Adult male SD rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n=6): Sham group (group S), hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury(HI/RI) group (group HI/RI), Dex pretreatment in HI/RI group (group D), U0126 (MEK inhibitor) pretreatment followed by same treatments as D group (group U). The results were observed at 6 h of reperfusion. The effects of Dex on phosphorylate(p)-ERK1/2 expression in the ischemic liver were measured by immunohistochemistry. Hepatic injuries were evaluated with the activity of ALT and AST, levels of Cleaved caspase-3, TUNEL assay, and H-E staining.

Results
Compared with group HI/RI, group D exhibited reduce activity of ALT and AST, lower levels of Cleaved casepase-3, and attenuated apoptosis index(P<0.05), but elevated levels of p-ERK1/2 (P<0.05). Compared with group D, group U showed enhanced activity in ALT and AST, raised expression of Cleaved casepase-3, increased apoptosis index (P<0.05), but reduced, expression of p-ERK1/2(P<0.05).

Conclusions
Dex treatment reduced expression of casepase-3 and inflammation in HI/RI rats, probably through activationg the ERK1/2 pathway.

Key words:
Dexmedetomidine; Ischemia/reperfusion injury; Liver; Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; Apoptosis


After three years of teaching experiment,results show that after the reforms College Students bodybuilding teaching model for the students body shape,physical fitness,physiology and psychological conditions are very good improvements and enhancements,the effect is remarkable.Only college sports reference for the reform of teaching.


In the era of new technologies and complex production systems, enterprises face new challenges in creating and maintaining healthy and safe working conditions. Maintaining a high level of development of the safety system of employees in the course of their work is the key to the efficiency of the enterprise, and in this they are helped by the development of the security culture. Anatoliy Komarov, head of HSE Practice, consulting director of Industry Consulting Ecopsy, explains what the security culture and behavioral safety audits are.


This paper provides an empirical assessment of the relationship between banking origins and the supply of credit in Ivory Coast. The analysis focuses on 14 banks composed of local banks, African banks and foreign banks outside Africa. The study covers the period from 2000 to 2016. Using the panel data approach, we show that local banks positively influence the supply of credit unlike foreign and African banks. Foreign banks, on the other hand, have a negative influence on the supply of credit in Ivory Coast. In addition, the results highlight the positive impact of growth and market share on the supply of credit to the private sector. On the other hand, the size of banks and the inflation rate are unfavourable to the supply of credit in Ivory Coast. The study suggests that local banks should be strengthened so that they can provide more financing to the Ivorian economy.


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A number of studies have been reported in recent years which examine the development of children's preferences for paintings. In general, these studies show that younger children's preference judgments are primarily influenced by the kind of subject matter depicted by the paintings. Older children also attend to subject matter when making preference judgments, but with decreasing importance, while more complex stimulus dimensions such as style, color, and other compositional dimensions increase in importance. This transition is viewed by some researchers as a correlate of cognitive growth and is analogous to Piaget's concept of decentration. According to Inhelder and Piaget (1964), the young child's attention is centered at any one time on the dominant characteristic of a stimulus configuration at the expense of other features. With development, the child's perception and judgment become increasingly decentered and more attention is given to a variety of other stimulus dimensions.


This paper argues for the need to integrate migration in future food policy research and practice and, in doing so, examines the role of internal migration as a livelihood strategy in influencing food security among rural households. Migration has become a key component of livelihood strategies for an increasing number of rural households across the developing world. Importantly, there is emerging consensus among academics and policy makers on migration's potentially positive effects in reducing poverty and promoting sustainable human development. Concurrently, the significance of the catch-cry 'food security for all' as an important development objective has been growing, particularly since the 2007–08 global food crisis. However, academic and policy discussions on these two issues have tended to proceed largely in silos, with little attention devoted to the relationship they bear with each other. Using primary survey data collected from 392 rural households from a district in western Bihar in India, this paper seeks to fill this gap in relational dynamics. It first reviews plausible reasons for this disconnect between migration and food security in the wider developing countries' context, and then draws on a primary survey of rural Indian households to provide empirical household-level insights on the linkages between people's movements and households' capacity to secure food. In particular, the paper focuses on the often-overlooked role of migrants' remittances for food security of rural households at points of origin. The findings show that, by equipping households with improved purchasing power and enabling investment in agriculture, remittances contribute positively to household food security.


Diagnostic Strategies for Common Medical Problems, second edition, presents the best diagnostic strategies for 51 of the most common patient presentations you're likely to see in a clinical setting. Each chapter is presented in a clear, concise format, allowing you to get the information you need quickly and easily. Filled with practical and cost-effective pathways to solve the problems you see every day, Diagnostic Strategies is an essential tool for any primary care provider.


In this paper, we propose a new information theoretic network growing algorithm. The new approach is called greedy information acquisition, because networks try to absorb as much information as possible in every stage of learning. In the first stage, two competitive units compete with each other by maximizing mutual information. In the successive stages, new competitive units are gradually added and information is maximized. Through greedy information maximization, different sets of important features in input patterns can be cumulatively discovered in successive stages. We applied our approach to a language classification problem. Experimental results confirmed that different features in input patterns are gradually discovered.


1Department of Chemistry, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) and Center for Nano Science (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 11 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany 2Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) and Center for Nano Science (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany # authors contributed equally to this work *corresponding authors: firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com


diplopia in any predictable manner, because they do not influence the myopathy that is primarily responsible for diplopia in Graves' disease. In fact, diplopia may be even more troublesome to a patient after a decompressive procedure, particularly if visual acuity is substantially improved. A planned ocular muscle surgical procedure after decompression is facilitated because the eye is restored to a more normal position, and tension on already damaged muscles is reduced, allowing more precise muscle manipulation.7 Until more specific therapy is discovered to prevent or reverse the orbital complications of Graves' disease, some patients will require orbital decompression. Whereas this surgical procedure was once reserved for patients with advanced disease, particularly those with threatened blindness, our experience with antral-ethmoidal decompression indicates that use of the procedure is reasonable at less advanced stages of the disease and is very likely preferable to long-term high dosage steroid therapy. In those patients with severe proptosis without visual impairment, antralethmoidal decompression offers a satisfactory method of providing substantial improvement in a disfigured appearance.


Summary The fourth Pan-African Society of Cardiology (PASCAR) hypertension taskforce meeting was held at the Yaoundé Hilton Hotel on 16 March 2016. Its main goals were to update and facilitate understanding of the PASCAR roadmap for the control of hypertension on the continent, to refine the PASCAR hypertension algorithm, and to discuss the next steps of the PASCAR hypertension policy, including how the PASCAR initiative can be customised at country level. The formation of the PASCAR coalition against hypertension, the writing group and the current status of the PASCAR hypertension policy document as well as the algorithm were presented to delegates representing 12 French-speaking countries. The urgency to finalise the continental policy was recognised and consensus was achieved by discussion on the main points and strategy. Relevant scientific issues were discussed and comments were received on all points, including how the algorithm could be simplified and made more accessible for implementation at primary healthcare centres.


The present study aims to synthesize nanoTiO 2 -AC and evaluate its property and photocatalytic activity using 254nm UV lamp in suspended system and as immobilized catalyst for the color removal of Turquoise blue dye solution. NanoTiO 2 -AC is synthesized via the sol-gel method and calcined at 400°C. Various ratio (1:10, 2:10 and 3:10) of weight AC / volume of TiO 2 sol were investigated. NanoTiO 2 -AC is immobilized in glass plates using Polyethylene glycol (PEG) as binder. Powder and immobilized catalysts were characterized using BET, SEM-EDX, TGA, FTIR and XRD techniques. The effect of initial dye concentration, initial solution pH, catalyst loading and AC loading were investigated. SEM images confirmed the uniform distribution of nanoTiO 2 attached on the surface of AC. Immobilized 1:10 AC/nanoTiO 2 has lower surface area compared to powder 1:10 AC/nanoTiO 2 . Increasing the AC loading in AC/nanoTiO 2 increases the dye adsorption in the composite catalyst to as much as 9%. The initial rate of color removal is faster in suspended catalyst compared to immobilized catalyst. In general, suspended catalyst is more efficient than immobilized catalyst. Further, PEG as a binder can be used to immobilize AC/TiO 2 in glass with considerable stability.


A ZnO/SnO_2 supported on natural zeolite coupled photocatalyst was prepared.The structure of composite samples was investigated by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy.The influence of calcining conditions and the ZnO and SnO_2 molar ratio on catalytic structure and activity are discussed.The results show that a chemical combination to some extent exists between the ZnO/SnO_2 composite semiconductor and the natural zeolite.There is fast loading of the semiconductor on the surface of zeolite.Heat treatment of the material loaded on zeolite was kept at 300 ℃ for 2 h.The molar ratio of ZnO to SnO_2 was 2∶1.The material has the best photocatalytic activity on the degradation decoloration rate of methyl orange.


As many consultative aspects and explanations have been discussed through the counselling to providing the best solution to the problems in different areas. Similarly, counselling psychology has a significant role in the field of special needs group and their connected ones. The main attention of this research paper is to explore and portrait the cases of mothers having special needs children, this case study is related to the significant aspect of counselling such as regularity, expectations, support from family and community, and few factors which may produce an impact on mothers like, acceptance, feeling of guilt, depression, anxiety, quality of life along with learned expertise from counselling. With the purpose of the study, the structured interview was developed to collect information. The two case studies were conducted between two mothers. The sample of the case study is one of the main limitation, as more mothers did not participated due to the different reasons. The conclusion was revealed that counselling or effective communication has a stronger connection and positive relationship to enhance the quality of life for these mothers having special duties. Counselling is an important platform to provide better awareness, understanding and useful way to manage the critical situations.


The utility model discloses a vacuum heat insulation plate packing film, which sequentially comprises a two-way stretching nylon layer, a polyethylene terephthalate layer, an aluminum foil layer, a two-way stretching nylon layer and a composite polythene layer from the outside to the inside. Compared with the prior art, the vacuum heat insulation plate packing film has the advantages of flat appearance of a bag body (plus or minus 5 percent extreme deviation), no phenomena of drape, crystal point, PE coke button and the like, high barrier property of the packing bag and good vacuumization effect, peeling strength, temperature resistance and aging resistance.


A field survey was undertaken on the malaria parasite rate and the spleen rate in somerural areas of the Philippines during the period from November, 1969, till March, 1971. The subject areas were Wawa,north from Manila; Sonlon, north from Davao; and Maruyogon, Mainit, Quezon and the Iwahig Penal Colony in Palawan Island. Persons subjected to the survey were residents, prisoners (colonists) in the penal colony and in some areas, primary school children. The spleen rate was examined by manual palpation in children under 12 years. Results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) The parasite rate was 2.5% (8/320) at Wawa, 0.5% (1/217) at Sonlon, 4.0% (16/401) at Maruyogon, 15.4% (10/65) at Mainit, 26.7% (8/30) in the native tribe and 5.7% (2/35) in settlers, and 7.1% (21/181) in school children at Quezon. 2) The spleen rate was 4.0% (7/177) at Maruyogon, 40.9% (18/44) at Mainit and 15.2% (34/224) at Quezon. 3) In the Iwahig Penal Colony, colonists in the Montible and Central Subcolonies were * Present address ; Funai Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., General Research Centre, ShodaiTajika, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan **Present address ; Department of Orthopedics, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan ***Participated from Department of Medical Zoology, Institute for Tropical Medicine. Nagasaki University Contribution No. 678 from the Institute for Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University Epidemiologic Survey on Malaria, Palawan Island, Philippines 155 employed for the parasite examination. The parasite rate in the Montible was 12.1% (62/521). A significant difference in parasite rate was shown between the central district (6.7%) and the outskirts (16.3%) of the Montible Subcolony. Newcomersinto the Orientation Unit of the Montible demonstrated 13.6% (9/66) in parasite detection and this fact would imply the high frequency of a new infection to colonists during the stay of the first 6 months. At the Mangahan (Agronomy) Unit of the Central Subcolony, 10.7% (3/28) in parasite rate was obtained. 4) The parasite species and the proportion observed in this survey were; P. falciparum 84.8%, P. vivax 13.9%, and P. malariae 1.2%. Introduction Even at the present time, malaria is regarded as a broadly endemic disease, prevalent particularly in the rural areas, in the Philippines and is still exerting an unfavorable influence to the medical and socioeconomic development of the nation. According to a report by Russel (1936), malaria was responsible for at least 2 x 106 cases of illness and 1-2x 104 deaths in 1935 in the Philippines. The whole population at that time was estimated approximately 13 millions. Until the outbreak of the World War II, this disease had been controlled to some degree by the administration of quinine and other antimalarials, and by anti-mosquito measures. The incidence of malaria, however, is thought to have greatly increased during and after the War. This fact is clearly understood from the annual report by the Disease Inteligence Center of the Philippines, in which the morbidity and mortality rates of malaria per 105 population in 19.16 were shown to be 1,000,7 and 91.0 respectively. Smith also reported in 1950 that more than 4x 106 persons would infect with malaria in 19-1-5, the year of the end of the W ar. Since the malaria control project was started in 1946, both the morbidity and mortality rates of malaria are recognized to have gradually decreased until the present time, as they showed 90.7 and 3.3 per 105 respectively in 1967 according to the report by the Disease Inteligence Center. Although in the past two decades, a marked reduction in the incidence of malaria was achieved in the Philippines as hitherto stated, numbers of patients are still found in the rural areas (Valera, 1971). Moreover, in recent years, the drug-resistance problem in malaria has been considered to become a large obstruction against the future eradication project of malaria in the country (Ramos et al. 1971, Clyde et al, 1971, Shute et al. 1972, Nakabayashi et al, 1973). This epidemiologic survey was undertaken to know the present state of the prevalence rate of malaria in several rural areas, especially in the Island of Palawan, of the Philippines during the period from November, 1969, to February, 1971, in close cooperation with the Malaria Eradication Service, Department of Health of the Philipppines, 156 Nakabayashi, Tsukamoto, Motomura, Miyata, Tsuneda , Miya'gi & Dulay


We experimentally demonstrate that the Mosquito method is capable of fabricating polymer optical waveguides with single-mode cores. The Mosquito method we developed is a technique to form planar polymer waveguides using a commercially available microdispenser. In this article, the flow of the core monomer dispensed from the tip of the needle is simulated using fluid analysis software. The results show that the shape of the needle periphery significantly affects the fabrication of perfectly circular cross-sectional cores. In addition, we demonstrate that the Mosquito method is capable of reducing the MFD variation to 0.4 μm. We find such a small MFD fluctuation is comparable to that of typical single-mode optical fibers.


Propp's structuralism reveals the basics of verbal forms of practice management in primary societies. In them was imprinted the first organizational techniques society, with which structuralism reveals the Foundation of human life, reveals its building blocks (values), with their functions and characteristics. And they are not always clear and acceptable from the point of view of a society with a developed sense of morality and self-esteem


Drink driving legislation attempted to create certainty by a combination of Medicine and Law. The levels of permitted alcohol were defined Medically and Scientifically with reference to alcohol estimation and breathalyser analysis. However, this intended accuracy and certainty has been undermined by the defence of 'reasonable excuse'. A range of Medical excuses will successfully defeat the legislation.


The northern part of Jingdezhen is an area with great potential fo r gold deposit in Northeastern Jiangxi Province. The E hu concentration region of gold mineralization is a representative which has been discovered in recent year s. The genetic type of the gold deposits in the region is of sheared quartz-vei n zone formed in the ductile shear zone with superimposed brittle crash (also na med as post-shear zone quartz vine).The gold deposits are characterized by the united control of ductile shear zones, Proterozoic strata, and E hu granodiorite complex and lamprophyre in space. The gold mineralization commonly distributes in large areas and with a large quantity of ore bodies extending steadily along trends but variously along dips. The ores are of poor-sulphite type. The wallro ck alterations are dominated by silicification, sericitization, pyritization,ank eritization, chloritization and carbonatization. The gold mineralization is clos ely related to the silicification, sericitization and pyritization. The values o f δ34S of the pyrites in the ores of Dabeiwu gold deposit range from -4.9‰to -7.1‰, showing that the sulphur was dominantly derived from the epimetamorphos ed marine sedimentary rock series. The values of the δ18O, δDH2O and δC refle ct that the metallogenic fluid was composed by the mixture of magmatic solution and metamorphic solution.


The water-soluble and lipid-soluble pigments from grape skin were separated using Cellulose DE-25 weak ion-exchange chromatography and their absorption spectra were measured.Based on absorption spectral characteristics,eight different pigments was obtained,of which two belonged to anthocyan and two were catechins,the other four pigments were trans-piceid,quinones,non-phenolic pigment and puce pigment composing of different kinds of substance,respectively.This study offers the experimental date for realizing the varieties and characters of substance which form the colour of grape as well as utilizing grape skin.


Background: Teaching congenital hypothyroidism is a challenging aspect of medical education. Objectives: In this study, the authors implemented storytelling plus simulation (Double-S method) to make a new way of understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of the thyroid gland. Methods: An educational intervention study was conducted on 120 medical students in the third and fourth grades of medicine with little or no clinical experience. Participants were randomly divided into the Double-S and lecture-only groups and underwent the same pre-test and post-test. They attended a 120-minute class by the same pediatric endocrinologist. Results: The intragroup analysis showed no significant difference between the pre-test scores of the two groups (P-value = 0.843), but higher post-test scores were obtained in the Double-S method (7.6 vs. 5.3, respectively, P-value = 0.002). Conclusions: This study showed that teaching heavy physiological and pathophysiological content by unique incorporation of simulation and storytelling can improve learning basic and clinical courses in medical students. As our method had a novelty toward common simulation and storytelling methods, it helped medical students from the base to the bedside.


Simple Summary Animals are frequently used to determine whether new compounds have the potential to be used as drugs against the parasitic disease leishmaniasis. There is, however, no consensus on the best animal model, and many different ones are used. This review explored the many different models and identified their strengths and weaknesses. The work showed that many papers on animal models for leishmaniasis lack a thorough description of the experimental procedures used, are deficient in appropriate ethical review (to safeguard the welfare of the animals), and measures to reduce, refine or replace animal studies are hardly addressed. Mice and hamsters are most frequently used, but there are many differences in how the animal experiment is set up. We propose a more generalized animal model, in particular to ensure that different experiments can be better compared. Furthermore, we make a plea to report all animal experiments in the same way, and all experiments must be scrutinized by appropriate ethical review committees. Abstract Many different animal models are in use for drug development for leishmaniasis, but a universal model does not exist. There is a plethora of models, and this review assesses their design, quality, and limitations, including the attention paid to animal welfare in the study design and execution. A systematic review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines of available literature after the year 2000 describing animal models for leishmaniasis. The risk of bias was determined using the SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) risk of bias assessment tool. A total of 10,980 records were initially identified after searching the databases PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, and SciELO. Based on the application of predetermined exclusion and inclusion criteria, a total of 203 papers describing 216 animal experiments were available for full analysis. Major reasons for exclusion were a lack of essential study information or appropriate ethical review and approval. Mice (82.8%; an average of 35.9 animals per study) and hamsters (17.1%; an average of 7.4 animals per study) were the most frequently used animals, mostly commercially sourced, in the included studies. All studies lacked a formal sample size analysis. The promastigote stages of L. amazonensis or L. major were most frequently used to establish experimental infections (single inoculum). Animal welfare was poorly addressed in all included studies, as the definition of a human end-point or consideration of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) was hardly addressed. Most animals were euthanized at the termination of the experiment. The majority of the studies had an unknown or high risk of bias. Animal experiments for drug development for leishmaniasis mainly poorly designed and of low quality, lack appropriate ethical review, and are deficient in essential information needed to replicate and interpret the study. Importantly, aspects of animal welfare are hardly considered. This underpins the need to better consider and record the details of the study design and animal welfare.


Due to the rising share of renewable energy sources in the energy market (e.g. 40 % in Germany 2018) the power grid has to be stabilized by other sources of balancing power than conventional power plants and the volatility of the energy price is expected to increase. Production machines in the industry have unused energy flexibilities in their production processes. Those flexibilities like the differences in energy consumption between various machining processes or even between single processing steps could be used for demand-side management. This paper presents an approach on how to model and control the energy consumption of CNC (Computerized Numerical Control) machines. While in previous studies on energy flexibilities, mainly high energy-consuming auxiliary units are investigated, the focus of this publication is to use explicitly the flexibilities inside the process. The main idea is to optimize automatically the production process to a certain volatile energy price without significantly delaying the process, increasing the workload on the shop floor with additional tasks or jeopardizing (much) the workpiece quality. The proposed method uses a material removal simulation in combination with an energy model of the flexibilized machine tool, to be able to model the energy consumption of each processing step, and its dependencies to other steps. The energy costs can be reduced by scheduling the various processing steps. The precondition for the "look ahead" is a workpiece model, a model of the machine and a tool model which are described in this publication. Therefore, it is not only suitable for series production but also for small batch production. The approach is especially interesting for long production processes (>>1 h) or a market with highly volatile energy prices.


Past research has found that characteristics associated with giftedness make career decisions difficult for gifted youth. This study investigated the difficulties experienced by gifted youth and the factors they consider as they make career decisions. Interviews were conducted with 30 gifted adolescents at three strategic decision-making points. A content analysis of the interview transcripts found 20 factors that gifted adolescents identified as important to their career decisions. These factors clustered into five groups: (a) sensitivity to others' expectations, (b) perfectionism, (c) developmental issues, (d) superior intelligence, and (e) multipotentiality. Sensitivity to others' expectations and perfectionism were the factors considered most frequently. Implications of the findings include preventive work with parents and teachers of gifted youth, use of career role models and exploratory work experiences, and research into the actual expectations held for gifted youth by the adults who influence them.


The concepts of rapidly and automatically obtaining the stresses found in specific human teeth and performing quick parametric studies has been a persistent goal in bioengineering. Finite element analysis (FEA) is a powerful approach for human tooth stress analysis and has been applied to various dental researches. However, the whole FEA process is a major challenge to dental researchers since special simulation skills and expert knowledge in mechanics are required for constructing proper models and obtaining accurate results. This paper presents an expert system that permits dentists with no engineering expertise to obtain stress distributions accurately and rapidly for various dental applications. The expert system for 2D stress analysis of human teeth is developed on the customization platforms provided by commercial computer aided design (CAD) software (ProEngineer Wildfire 3.0, Parametric Technology Corporation, Needham, MA, USA) and FEA software (MD Patran R2, MSC Software Corporation, CA, USA), respectively. A knowledge based system is built for helping users carry out the whole FEA process automatically. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are constructed for inputting the necessary tooth information such as dimensions, material properties, etc. An orthodontic application is presented for showing how the expert system works. The approaches developed and applied here can be expanded to provide automatic stress analyses for many other applications as well.


Abstract In this study large-eddy simulations (LES) are used to gain more knowledge on the shell of subsiding air that is frequently observed around cumulus clouds. First, a detailed comparison between observational and numerical results is presented to better validate LES as a tool for studies of microscale phenomena. It is found that horizontal cloud profiles of vertical velocity, humidity, and temperature are in good agreement with observations. They show features similar to the observations, including the presence of the shell of descending air around the cloud. Second, the availability of the complete 3D dataset in LES has been exploited to examine the role of lateral mixing in the exchange of cloud and environmental air. The origin of the subsiding shell is examined by analyzing the individual terms of the vertical momentum equation. Buoyancy is found to be the driving force for this shell, and it is counteracted by the pressure-gradient force. This shows that evaporative cooling at the cloud edge, ...


Protocols applicable to bidirectional data transfer via satellite between two earth terminals are analyzed with res pect to their achievable rate regions, an information-theoretic compar ison. Protocols include amplify-forward, requiring no special satellite processing, and several variations of decode-forward, which necessita te satellite demodulation, decoding, and re-encoding. All such protoco ls seek to increase the spectral efficiency, by as much as 100%, over con ventional two-way communication. In addition to comparing the basic protocol efficiency on transfer rate limits given certain power and bandwidth resources, the protocols are characterized in terms of comp lexity and operational feasibility. Amplify-forward and a protocol c alled MACnested coding emerge as preferred candidates.


Aimed at the problem that video image is often affected by noises, the principle of median filtering and improved algorithm is analyzed. A new algorithm of noise elimination is presented, whose experiment on video processing hardware shows its reliability and advantage: image noise can be removed and image details can be preserved effectively.


The medicinal herbs such as Alternanthera sessilis, Eclipta alba and Cissus quadrangularis were used to assess the growth promoting ability, enhancement of muscle biochemical constituents and profiles of amino acid in the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii. The herbal powders were separately incorporated with basal diet, and these diets were fed to M. malcolmsonii postlarvae for a period of 90 days. At the end of experiments, the survival of prawn significantly improved in herbal incorporated feed. In addition, the growth parameters, such as weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency rate were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in herbal diets fed groups when compared with control. The activities of digestive enzyme, biochemical constituents, profile of amino acid, energy utilization parameters, concentrations of vitamin C and E were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in experimental diets fed groups when compared with control. The profiles of essential amino acids were also found elevated in herbal incorporated diets fed PL. Among the three herbs tested, C. quadrangularis incorporated diet fed group showed better performance followed by the E. alba and A. sessilis. The present study suggests that these herbs can be incorporated in artificial feed formulations for Macrobrachium culture.


With the development of industrial technology,the cost of USB device,especially U-disk,become more and more cut-price. In this case,it will bring a new challenge to online examination systems. It's necessary to monitor and manage the USB ports in online examination system more effectively in order to the convenience and security of the process of examination. Moreover,it's also an experience of fairness in examinaitons. In this paper,by analysing the mechanism of Windows device management,A USB port monitoring and managing method based on the Windows APIs has been designed and implemented by the Delphi programming-language. Our practice indicates that this method is so effective on the USB port's monitoring and management in the process of examination that the fairness and authority of examination can be ensured.


Presented method in this paper aims to develop an accurate motion model and SLAM algorithm, which is only based on the Laser Range Finder (LRF) data. Proposed method tries to overcome some practical problems in traditional motion models and SLAM approaches, such as robot slippage, and inaccuracy in parameters related to robot's hardware. Novel insights specific to process and measurement model, and making use of them in the IEKF framework, give rise to the real time method with drift-free performance in restricted environments. Furthermore, uncertainty measures, calculated through the method, are valuable information for fusion purposes and also an accurate motion model, derived in this method, can be used as a robust and an accurate localization procedure in different structured environments. These issues are validated through experimental implementations; experiments verify method's efficiency both in pure localization and in SLAM scenarios in the restricted environments, involving loop closures. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) has received immense attention of many researchers in the last 20 years. SLAM has been formulated in different frameworks; however, crossing over into practical systems confronts with substantial issues. Focus of the work presented here is on developing a theory, which can overcome some problems, come into view in practical implementations. The problems, considered here, stem from unmodeled dynamics of the system, such as robot slippage, surface type changing, and imprecision in the parameters of robot's hardware. In other words, method aims to circumvent traditional encoder-base dynamic modeling and propose a robust process model with respect to mentioned problems. The key contributions given in this paper include accurate covariance calculation for robot displacement derived from feature based laser scan matching, and the use of this information to establish a robust motion model. This is accomplished based on extracted features' individual covariances. Exploiting calculated covariance and features' individual covariances, the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) framework, is established to estimate robot's and features' states, only based on the laser range finder information. Together, these add up to an efficient and robust algorithm achieves real time implementation with single LRF hardware. To fuse the LRF data with the other sensors, it is necessary to calculate reliability of obtained information. This information could be in feature measurement layer or in pose displacement layer. Our method calculates covariances as reliability measures in the both of these, which can be used as valuable


Purpose: It is known that blockage of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity enhances radiation sensitivity of human tumor cells presenting a K-RAS mutation. In the present study, we investigated whether impaired repair of DNA doublestrand breaks (DSB) is responsible for the radiosensitizing effect of EGFR and PI3K inhibition in K-RAS mutated (K-RASmt) cells. Experimental Design:The effect of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor BIBX1382BS (BIBX) on cellular radiosensitivity was determined in K-RASmt (A549) and K-RASwt (FaDu) cell lines by clonogenic survival assay. Radiation-induced phosphorylation of H2AX (Ser), ATM (Ser), and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs;Thr) was analyzed by immunoblotting.Twenty-four hours after irradiation, residual DSBs were quantified by identification of gH2AX foci and frequency of micronuclei. Results: BIBX reduced clonogenic survival of K-RASmt-A549 cells, but not of K-RASwt-FaDu cells, after single-dose irradiation. Analysis of the radiation-induced H2AX phosphorylation revealed that BIBX, as well as the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, leads to a marked reduction of P-H2AX in K-RASmt-A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells, but not in K-RASwt-FaDu and HH4ded cells. Likewise, radiation-induced autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs at Thr was only blocked in A549 cells by these two inhibitors and AKT1 small interfering RNA transfection. However, neither in K-RASmt nor in K-RASwt cells the inhibitors did affect radiation-induced ATM phosphorylation. As a consequence of inhibitor treatment, a significant enhancement of both residual DSBs and frequency of micronuclei was apparent only in A549 but not in FaDu cells following radiation. Conclusion: Targeting of the EGFR-dependent PI3K-AKT pathway in K-RAS-mutated A549 cells significantly affects postradiation survival by affecting the activation of DNA-PKcs, resulting in a decreased DSB repair capacity. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently involved in the pathogenesis of human epithelial tumors. Thus, numerous tumor entities are presenting overexpression of EGFR, which adversely affects prognosis and treatment outcome, due to EGFR-mediated therapy resistance. EGFR/erbB1 is a member of the erbB receptor family (erbB1-erbB4). Structurally, erbB receptors present an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain (1). Activation of erbB receptors by ligand binding results in downstream signaling, inducing various pathways regulating proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, as well as metastasis (2). Importantly, in the case of EGFR, activation and signaling can also be mediated by ionizing radiation ligand-independently. Thus, exposure of tumor cells overexpressing EGFR to ionizing radiation does activate survival and proliferation mechanisms through signaling via the PI3K-AKT and the RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways (3). This response pattern can lead to radioresistance of Cancer Therapy: Preclinical Authors' Affiliations: Divison of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tuebingen,Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, Laboratory of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Divisionof Hematology andOncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany Received11/11/05; revised 3/22/06; accepted 4/24/06. Grant support: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, BMBF-IZK programme, grant 01KS9602 (H.P. Rodemann). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges.This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with18 U.S.C. Section1734 solely to indicate this fact. Requests for reprints: H. Peter Rodemann, Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, EberhardKarls University Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 11, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany. Phone: 49-0-7071-29-85962; Fax: 49-0-7071-29-5900; E-mail: hans-peter.rodemann@ uni-tuebingen.de. F2006 American Association for Cancer Research. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2454 www.aacrjournals.org Clin Cancer Res 2006;12(13) July1, 2006 4119 Cancer Research. on January 13, 2018. © 2006 American Association for clincancerres.aacrjournals.org Downloaded from EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells, and accelerated repopulation of tumors under radiotherapy could be correlated to the expression pattern of EGFR (4–7). Consequently, antagonizing strategies to inhibit EGFR-signaling may help to overcome radioresistance of EGFR-overexpressing tumors. In this context, it has been shown that inhibition of EGFR (i.e., by monoclonal antibodies or tyrosine kinase inhibitors) can increase radiation toxicity in a variety of human tumor cells (8, 9). However, accumulating preclinical as well as clinical data indicate a very heterogeneous response pattern of different tumor cells in vitro and tumor entities in vivo especially to small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (10, 11). This may reflect cellor tumor type– specific differences most likely based on the heterogeneity of accompanying mutations in related or separate growth regulatory pathways (12). Previously we have shown that targeting of EGFR by the specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor BIBX1382BS (BIBX), as well as blockade of PI3K by LY294002, modulates radiation sensitivity differentially in K-RASmt and K-RASwt cells in vitro (13, 14). BIBX enhanced radiation sensitivity (i.e., clonogenic cell survival) only in tumor cells presenting a point mutation in K-RAS gene in codon 12 or 13 but not in wild-type RAS tumor cells or in a tumor xenograft model of wild-type RAS tumor cells (10, 15). BIBX-specific radiosensitization of K-RASmt human tumor cells in vitro could be attributed to the RAS mutation–dependent up-regulated production and secretion of autocrine EGFR ligands (i.e., amphiregulin), which in turn selectively stimulated the EGFR-PI3K-AKT pathway (14). Consequently, inhibition of each component of the EGFRPI3K-AKT pathway in K-RASmt human tumor cells enhanced radiosensitivity significantly (14). Likewise, Kim et al. (16) have shown that targeting AKT activity by small interfering RNA (siRNA) approaches sensitizes human tumor cells in vitro to ionizing radiation. Although different mechanisms have been proposed to be involved in the radiosensitizing effect of EGFR antagonists, such as effects on cell cycle progression, repopulation, reoxygenation, apoptosis, DNA repair, and angiogenesis (8, 17–20), the exact mechanism of radiosensitization by EGFR inhibitors is not clear thus far. Several reports discuss the possibility that blockage of the EGFR pathway predominantly leads to reduced cell survival through up-regulation of apoptosis and down-regulation of survival mechanisms, such as DNA repair after exposure to DNA-damaging agents (21, 22). DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are the most important DNA lesions leading to cell kill following exposure to ionizing radiation (23). Two processes are primarily involved in the repair of DNA-DSBs: nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination (24). Nonhomologous end-joining is the major process of DNA-DSB repair responsible for survival of cells exposed to ionizing radiation. Proteins involved are the heterodimer Ku70/Ku80, the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), the ligase IV-XRCC4 complex, and, in addition, Artemis and the Mre11-NBS1-Rad50 complex (25). Any reduction in one of the nonhomologous end-joining component was shown to result in an increased number of residual DSB and/or enhanced cellular radiosensitivity (25–28). It is known that EGFR interference by the specific antibody C225 can modulate the balance between cytoplasmic and nuclear DNA-PKcs and thereby affect DNA repair (8, 17). Furthermore, a recent report by Friedmann et al. (22) describes the potential of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (ZD1839), as well as the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, to block repair of DNA damage induced by chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin and melphalan, and proposes that the EGFRPI3K pathway may be involved in regulating repair of DNA damage through control of DNA-PK activity. Thus, in the context of these reports (8, 22) and our own previous results (13, 14), we addressed the question whether small-molecule inhibitors of EGFR tyrosine kinase, PI3K activity, or AKT (e.g., BIBX, LY294002, or API-59CJ-OH, a derivative of API-59CJ-OMe; refs. 29, 30), as well as AKT1 siRNA, are able to modulate radiation-induced activation of proteins involved in repair of DNA damage. As a consequence, radiation sensitivity of K-RASmt human tumor cells is significantly enhanced. Evidence is provided indicating a prominent role of EGFR-PI3K-AKT-signaling in triggering DSB repair as one functional end point of radiation response of K-RASmt human tumor cells. Materials and Methods Antibodies and inhibitors. P-H2AX (Ser) and P-ATM (Ser) antibodies were purchased from Upstate/Biomol (Hamburg, Germany). Antiactin antibody and cytochalasin B were obtained from Sigma (Taufkirchen, Germany). DNA-PKcs antibody was a product of BD PharMingen (Heidelberg, Germany). PI3K inhibitor LY294002 is a product of Calbiochem (Merck, Schwalbach-Germany). The specific EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor BIBX was provided by Boehringer Ingelheim Austria GmbH (Vienna, Austria). The AKT inhibitor API59CJ-OH is a derivative of API-59-OMe, recently described by Jin et al. (29) and Tang et al. (30). As tested in pilot experiments, API-59CJ-OH at a concentration of 10 Amol/L completely blocked EGF-induced AKTdependent GSK3 phosphorylation at Ser when cells were pretreated for 72 hours with this inhibitor. P-Thr antibody w


Smartphones have opened the possibility to interact with people anytime and anywhere. A significant amount of individuals rely on their smartphone for work-related and everyday tasks. As a conseque ...


Functional brain images are primarily derived from investigations using positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). PET and SPECT d o not carry information about the underlying morphology. Although a functional image of a metabolically and morphologically normal brain clearly resembles the gross morphological structure, this is usually not the case in the diseased brain. Modern PET and SPECT instruments often include computer facilities that are designed to display and superimpose morphological MRI or CT images in high resolution on the functional image ( I , 2). This opens up opportunities to reference functional images to an anatomically well defined brain region. A major problem with this combined image technique is exact positioning of the head in the different instruments, e.g. SPECT and MRI. PET and SPECT instruments producing multiple consecutive slices allow post hoc rotational adjustment in any direction. There are substantial indications that MR technique in the future will allow reliable regional functional imaging (blood flow, metabolic changes), thereby eliminating the positioning problems (3). A major problem is to define and identify functional changes. This is far from a trivial task, mainly because the brain continuously adjusts its own regional levels of activity. As this accounts for both conscious and unconscious brain activity, it is not possible, neither for the examiner nor for 1. Friberg, H. Lenborg-Jensen


High velocity impact of projectile generate penetration, scabbing, perforation on concrete. It has been reported that local failure is affected by such as nose shape, mass of projectile. In this study, rear strain behavior of concrete panel considering the projectile nose shape was evaluated. It was considered that penetration and scabbing properties are different by each projectile nose shape. so it should be taken into account the rear strain behavior by projectile nose shape, when predicting scabbing, perforation of concrete by projectile impact.


Background: Ischemic brain injury is among the most common causes of death and disability in humans worldwide. Recent findings suggest that neural precursors in the adult mammalian brain can be a therapeutic target in ischemic brain injuries. Curcumin stimulates neurogenesis and reduces oxidative stress in the brain. Objectives: The present study compared the neuroprotective effects of different concentrations of curcumin in various regions of the brain in a rat model of transient global ischemia (TGI). Materials and Methods: Forty-eight adult male Wistar rats were randomly chosen as control, sham (animals only underwent TGI), treatment (100 and 300 mg/kg curcumin following TGI), and vehicle groups. The animals underwent global ischemia imposed by a 20 minute ligation of the bilateral common carotid arteries. Cell death and apoptosis in different areas of brain were evaluated after 3 or 4 weeks by Nissl staining and TUNEL assay respectively. Results: The number of dark neurons and apoptotic cells significantly increased after TGI. The number of TUNEL-positive cells after TGI was significantly higher in the temporal neocortex than in different regions within the hippocampus. Treatment with curcumin at a high dose reduced the numbers of dark neurons and apoptotic cells. Lower concentrations of curcumin showed a neuroprotective effect in the neocortex, whereas higher doses prevented cell death and apoptosis in the neocortex and in different regions of the hippocampus. Conclusions: Regional differences were evident with respect to the neuroprotective effects of curcumin in the temporal cortex and in the different parts of hippocampus following TGI. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms underlying these regional differences.


The author discusses how she and her team attempts to deal with the presentation of the data in the Yearbook of Muslims in Europe , whilst suggesting some caveats about how the data accumulated in this publication can be used. One way of creating a transparent critical platform is to distinguish between a 'category' and a 'group', such that a 'category' refers to the collection of data about Muslims. From this perspective, 'Muslims' can be viewed as a category with reference to the interest of our respective fields of research. The description of Muslims in categories of 'practising/observing Muslims' and 'cultural/nominal' Muslims can be problematic because the descriptions are ambivalent and reflect contestation. Keywords: cultural difference; Muslim organisation


This paper presents computer programs for adjusting the mechanical properties of 2-in. dimension lumber for changes in moisture content. Mechanical properties adjusted are modulus of rupture, ultimate tensile stress parallel to the grain, ultimate compressive stress parallel to the gain, and flexural modulus of elasticity. The models are valid for moisture contents from 8 to. 23 percent (assumed green value). Although test results can be adjusted for moisture content, such adjustments decrease in accuracy with increasing change in moisture content. For this reason, the specimens should be conditioned as closely as possible to the target moisture content prior to test.


We study a transport model that is characterized by a spatially distributed retardation coefficient. The latter accounts for linear instantaneous mass transfer between a mobile and immobile phases as well as instantaneous equilibrium adsorption. Using a Lagrangian framework we upscale the local scale transport problem to an observation scale that is much larger than the variation scale of spatial heterogeneity. The derived effective Lagrangian transport equation describes the effective particle motion as a random walk in space‐time, or in other words, a continuous time random walk, which is characterized by a joint transition length and time distribution. The transition time distribution is obtained by an exact map from the spatial distribution of retardation coefficients. The effective model compares well with numerical simulations of the small scale transport problem. For broad disorder distributions transport is highly non‐Fickian and an (constant) effective retardation coefficient may not exist at practically relevant time and length scales.


Objective: To review the clinical course of patients with bronchiolitis treated with racemic epinephrine by continuous nebulization (CNR).Design: Retrospective chart review.Setting: A 20 bed pediatric intensive care unit in a tertiary care children's hospital.Subjects: Five patients (median age, 4 months; range, 2 months to 16 months) with severe bronchiolitis as defined by clinical scores of 5 or greater.Interventions: In addition to supportive care that included oxygen, hydration, and nasal suctioning, racemic epinephrine was administered by continuous nebulization.Measurements and main results: Racemic epinephrine was given by continuous nebulization for 44.2±29 hours without any adverse events. No increase in heart rate or blood pressure was seen from CNR. No rebound effect was seen when CNR was discontinued.Conclusion: CNR is easy to administer and is well tolerated. It should be considered for patients with severe bronchiolitis.