Unravelling the link between the ciliary protein CEP290 and Wnt signaling using human neurons Ciliopathies are heterogeneous Mendelian disorders caused by dysfunction of primary cilia, ubiquitous organelles crucial for signal transduction during development and cell homeostasis. Patients suffer from phenotypes affecting multiple organs, with frequent CNS involvement, which ranges from intellectual disability without morphological anomalies, to hindbrain malformations, as seen in the iconic ciliopathy Joubert syndrome (JBTS). Mutations in over 40 genes have been implicated in JBTS, among which CEP290 is one of the most commonly mutated genes in JBTS and in several other ciliopathies. Our project aims at understanding the role of CEP290 in neural development, which has been little investigated in human neuonal cells so far, mainly because of their limited accessibility. Using CRISPR editing, we generated mutant induced pluripotent stem cell lines for the ciliary gene CEP290, followed by neural differentiation to neural stem cells (NSCs). As ciliary protein composition is cell-type dependent, we characterized the CEP290 interactome in NSCs, identifying an interaction with APC and  -catenin, both involved in Wnt signaling. We studied the consequences of CEP290 reduced expression on neural differentiation, ciliation and signaling. Neural differentiation generated a higher propensity of FOXG1-expressing NSCs in mutant compared to control, a difference that was abolished by inhibiting Wnt signaling during early differentiation. These results suggest a different baseline level of Wnt activation of the mutant cells compared to controls, a hypothesis that is currently under investigation. Our results suggest a new pathophysiological mechanism with a role for the ciliary protein CEP290 in neural differentiation through involvement of Wnt signaling. Afanasyeva, expression and localisation human retinal organoids Dynamic clamping changes in astrocyte physiology. We have performed a label-free mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of APOE2, APOE3, APOE4 and APOE-KO iAstrocytes. Proteomic GO enrichment analysis showed APOE genotype-dependent changes in various pathways including energy metabolism, more specific in lipid and glucose metabolism and aerobic respiration. APOE4 cells showed higher degree of aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis-coupled electron transport compared to APOE2 and APOE3 cells, whereas a lower degree of lipid biosynthetic processes was observed in APOE4 cells compared to APOE2 and APOE3 cells. These new proteomic data of APOE isogenic iAstrocytes indicate an APOE genotype-dependent regulation of energy metabolism which will be further investigated by applying functional assays in future. lysosomal deficiencies. In the present work we investigated the electrophysiological profiles of MSA-P iPSC-derived mesencephalic cultures self-organized using Microelectrode Array System (MEA) coupled with morphological analysis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons embedded in the network. We generated iPSC lines by reprograming peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MSA-P and control donors who signed the Informed Consent. All clones were fully characterized for pluripotency markers and karyotype. iPSCs were differentiated in mesencephalic DA cultures containing dopaminergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons using an established protocol (Kriks et al. 2011, Fedele et al. 2017). At DIV 20 of differentiation, DA cultures were seeded on the 6-well CorePlate  (3Brain AG), an engineered plate providing a microchip with 2000 recording electrodes for each well. Recordings were performed at DIV 35 and 45. For morphological analysis, parallel DA cultures seeded on coverslides were fixed and immunostained with an anti-TH antibody at the same DIV and assessed by computer-assisted morphometry. Functional activity was studied in control- and MSA-P DA cultures by mass electrophysiological recordings using the HyperCAM Alpha multiwell system (3Brain AG). MSA-P DA cultures showed a lower mean firing rate and a decrease of the burst activity compared to control DA cultures, the burst duration being longer in MSA-P. Morphological analysis indicated a reduced dendritic arborization and soma size. These preliminary data reveal a different morphological and functional phenotype of neurons in MSA-P iPSC-derived mesencephalic cultures. SNCA and LRRK2 mutations and developed a co-culture system with cortical neurons. We found a phagocytic defect in iPSC microglia of a SNCA triplication patient, and we showed that LRRK2 is expressed in microglia, but not in neurons and that IFNG treatment highly upregulates LRKK2 in microglia. We used iPSC microglia to model Alzheimer's disease and identified medium dependent phagocytosis defects in TREM2 KO iPSC derived microglia. Our current research is focusing on the development of assays for microglia mediated synapse modulations in the iPSC microglia/neuron co-culture system, with the goal to model microglial contributions to neurodevelopmental disorders. We found that iPSCs lacking KIF7 appear to differentiate into NSCs similar to control iPSCs. Preliminary data shows that ciliary length is unaltered in KIF7 mutant NSCs, while the ciliary protein Arl13b is moderately but significantly reduced in mutants compared with control. Current assays evaluate levels of sHH signaling with and without SAG stimulation using qRT-PCR to evaluate if and how KIF7-loss affects this pathway in NSCs. Inferring and perturbing cell fate regulomes in human cerebral organoids Self-organizing cerebral organoids grown from pluripotent stem cells combined with single-cell genomic technologies provide opportunities to explore gene regulatory networks (GRNs) underlying human brain development. We acquire single-cell transcriptome and accessible chromatin profiling data over a dense time course covering multiple phases of organoid development including neuroepithelial formation, patterning, brain regionalization, and neurogenesis. We identify temporally dynamic and brain region-specific regulatory regions and infer a global GRN describing brain organoid development. We then use pooled genetic perturbation with single-cell transcriptome readout to assess transcription factor requirement for cell fate and state regulation. We find that certain factors regulate the abundance of cell fates, whereas other factors impact neuronal cell states after differentiation. We show that the zinc finger protein GLI3 is required for cortical fate establishment in humans, recapitulating previous work performed in mammalian model systems. We measure transcriptome and chromatin accessibility in normal or GLI3-perturbed GLI3-perturbed cells and identify a regulome central to the dorsoventral telencephalic fate decision. This regulome suggests that Notch effectors are direct GLI3 targets, which together coordinate cortex and ganglionic eminence diversification. we provide a framework for how multi-brain region model systems and single-cell technologies can be leveraged to reconstruct human brain developmental biology. of NogoA in dental mesenchymal stem cell niches and how NogoA signaling drive a proper stem cell proliferation and differentiation within niches. In this study, we observed the expression of NogoA in dental mesenchymal stem cell niche. Nogo-A is expressed in mesenchyme cells, nerve and blood vessels of dental pulp. The expression of Gli1 and Thy-1/CD90 showed different expression pattern upon NogoA deletion. Gli1 is upregulated and Thy-1/CD90 is downregulated, suggest that Nogo-A may involve in the modulate the stemness of Gli+ and Thy-1/CD90+ cells in dental pulp. Besides, nerve markers (neurofilament-L) and vascular marker (CD31 and  SMA) are higher expression in NogoA KO mice. The nerve and vascular volume are higher in NogoA KO incisor compare to WT. Clipping/injury experiment in vivo is conducted to understand how NogoA play roles in the incisor regeneration. The recovery rate of NogoA KO incisor is faster than WT mice. NogoA KO incisor took 2.5 days to recover however WT incisor recovered in 3.5 days, suggest that NogoA will delayed the proliferation and differentiation of incisor upon injury. patient-derived iPSC lines. Changes in sugar metabolite levels were followed by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and spontaneous electrophysiological activity was monitored with micro electrode arrays. We found that SiaFEt inhibits the entire SBP and disturbs network formation in iNeurons, leading to a lower firing rate and shorter but more frequent bursts. NANS-CDG iNeurons presented with a delayed network formation. Metabolomics revealed high ManNAc-6P levels, but no reduction in sialic acid. Surprisingly, also the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway was affected, since GlcNAc-1P, GalNAc-1P and UDP-HexNAc levels were decreased. In conclusion, we demonstrate that disturbances in the SBP lead to abnormal neuronal network formation, but in NANS-CDG this cannot directly be related to a lack of sialic acid. biological processes like stress response and cellular differentiation. Our research is aimed at understanding both the post-transcriptional regulatory role of NMD, as well as its potential use as a therapeutic target, and we will present our work-in-progress in both of these flanks. To gain further insight into the roles of NMD factors during cellular differentiation, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) lines harbouring a tetracycline-inducible knockdown system that allows the conditional depletion of several NMD factors. We will present the genome editing strategy, as well as the initial characterization of these cell lines. Secondly, we generated a set of iPSC lines harbouring different disease-associated nonsense mutations in the progranulin gene, a gene frequently found mutated in familial cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. We confirmed that the nonsense mutations render progranulin mRNA sensitive to NMD


Objective
To evaluate the three oral care methods to prevent the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Methods
Studies on oral care of mechanically ventilated patients at home and aboard searched from the CNKI and Pubmed and other databases from January 1980 to March 2016 was made by an electronic retrieval. RevMan5.3 software was used for the consolidation and analysis of data.

Results
A total of 15 studie and 1 929 cases of patients were included in this study.Meta-analysis results showed that oral rinse was superior to oral swab (random effects model, 95%CI: 0.34 (0.22, 0.52), (P 0.05).

Conclusions
Rinsing method or joint use of oral swabbing and rinsing for oral care can better reduce the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia than swabbing method alone, further studies are needed for better understanding on the effects of different oral care methods.

Key words:
Oral care; Ventilator-associated pneumonia; Meta-analysis


Irregular topography and variations in river flow required unusual analytical studies to select location for Generating Station D of Potomac Electric Power Co, and determine elevations and arrangement of facilities; detailed estimates presented for each possible scheme and final arrangement justified.


Over the last few years, GPUs became ubiquitous in HPC installations around the world. Today, they provide the main source of performance in a number of Top500 machines - for example Summit, Sierra, and JUWELS Booster. Also for the upcoming Exascale era, GPUs are selected as key enablers and will be installed numerously. While individual GPU devices already offer plenty of performance (O (10) TFLOP/sFP64), current and next-generation super-computers employ them in the thousands. Using these machines to the fullest extend means not only utilizing individual devices efficiently, but using the entire interconnected system of devices thoroughly. JUWELS Booster is a recently installed Tier-0/1 system at Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), currently the 7th-fastest supercomputer in the world, and the fastest in Europe. JUWELS Booster features 936 nodes, each equipped with 4 NVIDIA A100 Tensor Core GPUs and 4 Mellanox HDR200 InfiniBand HCAs. The peak performance of all GPUs together sums up to 73 PFLOP/s and it features a DragonFly+ network topology with 800 Gbit/s network injection bandwidth per node. During installation of JUWELS Booster, a selected set of applications were given access to the system as part of the JUWELS Booster Early Access Program. To prepare for their first compute time allocation, scientific users were able to gain first experiences on the machine. They gave direct feedback to the system operations team during installation and beyond. Close collaboration was facilitated with the application support staff of JSC, giving unique insights into the individual processes of utilizing a brand-new large-sale system for a first time. Likewise, performance profiles of applications could be studied and collaboratively analyzed, employing available tools and methods. Performance limiters of the specific application on the platform were identified and proposals for improvement developed. This talk will present first experiences with JUWELS Booster and the applications utilizing the system during its first months. Applied methods for onboarding, analysis, and optimization will be shown and assessed. Highlights of the state of the art of performance analysis and modeling for GPUs will be presented with concrete examples from the JUWELS Booster Early Access Program.


Recent observations of high-redshift galaxies and quasars indicate that the hydrogen component of the intergalactic medium (IGM) must have been reionized at some redshift z ≳ 6. Prior to complete reionization, sources of ultraviolet radiation will be seen behind intervening gas that is still neutral, and their spectra should show the red damping wing of the Gunn-Peterson trough. While this characteristic feature may, in principle, totally suppress the Lyα emission line in the spectra of the first generation of objects in the universe, we show here that the IGM in the vicinity of luminous quasars will be highly photoionized on several megaparsec scales as a result of the source emission of Lyman continuum photons. If the quasar lifetime is shorter than the expansion and gas recombination timescales, the volume ionized will be proportional to the total number of photons produced above 13.6 eV; the effect of this local photoionization is to greatly reduce the scattering opacity between the redshift of the quasar and the boundary of its H II region. We find that the transmission on the red side of the Lyα resonance is always greater than 50% for sources radiating a total of ≳1069.5 ionizing photons into the IGM. The detection of a strong Lyα emission line in the spectra of bright quasi-stellar objects shining for ≳107 yr cannot then be used, by itself, as a constraint on the reionization epoch. The first signs of an object radiating prior to the transition from a neutral to an ionized universe may be best searched for in the spectra of luminous sources with a small escape fraction of Lyman continuum photons into the IGM or sources with a short duty cycle.


This quantitative study analyzed farm management skills among smallscale broiler poultry producers in Botswana.The study adopted an exploratory and descriptive survey research design. Seven areas of farm management skills namely; planning skills, accounting and financial management skills, production management skills, product procurement and marketing skills, decision making skills, risk management skills, and specific technical skills were analysed. A valid and reliable questionnaire composed of 63 closed-end statements/items under seven areas of farm management skills was used for data collection through a survey of 60 randomly sampled small scale poultry farm operators in Botswana. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistical tools whereby the level of farm management skills were determined by calculating means and standard deviations of the management skill. Findings revealed that the broiler producers had skills above average level only in specific technical skills whereas the skill levels in the remaining six farm management skills were found below the average level. Therefore, in order to improve the efficiency and productivity of broiler farming, it was recommended that the small scale broiler poultry producers should be adequately trained in areas of planning skills, financial management skills, production management skills, product procurement and marketing skills, decision making skills and risk management skills.


io-port 06467212 Bai, Yan-Qin; Zhu, Zhao-Ying; Yan, Wen-Li Sparse proximal support vector machine with a specialized interior-point method. J. Oper. Res. Soc. China 3, No. 1, 1-15 (2015). Summary: Support vector machine (SVM) is a widely used method for classification. Proximal support vector machine (PSVM) is an extension of SVM and a promising method to lead to a fast and simple algorithm for generating a classifier. Motivated by the fast computational efforts of PSVM and the properties of sparse solution yielded by `1-norm, in this paper, we first propose a PSVM with a cardinality constraint which is eventually relaxed by `1-norm and leads to a trade-off `1 − `2 regularized sparse PSVM. Next we convert this `1 − `2 regularized sparse PSVM into an equivalent form of `1 regularized least squares (LS) and solve it by a specialized interior-point method proposed by S. J. Kim et al. ["An interior-point method for large-scale `1-regularized least square", IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Process. 12, 606–617 (2007)]. Finally, `1 − `2 regularized sparse PSVM is illustrated by means of a real-world dataset taken from the University of California, Irvine Machine Learning Repository (UCI Repository). Moreover, we compare the numerical results with the existing models such as generalized eigenvalue proximal SVM (GEPSVM), PSVM, and SVM-Light. The numerical results show that the `1 − `2 regularized sparse PSVM achieves not only better accuracy rate of classification than those of GEPSVM, PSVM, and SVM-Light, but also a sparser classifier compared with the `1-PSVM.


Pancreatectomia central. SUMMARY Background: Lymphangiomas are uncommon benign neoplasms that are most often seen in the head, neck, and axillas. Pancreatic lymphangiomas occur predominantly in women, are exceedingly rare, and account for only 1% of all lymphangiomas. These tumors generally cause symptoms such as abdominal pain or vomiting. The diagnosis is radiological and their treatment is surgical resection. The authors present a case of cystic lymphangioma of the pancreas in a 70year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain and was submitted to central pancreatectomy with a success.


There is increase in bacteria disease outbreak with intensive aquaculture leading to high mortality and economic loss. Most available drugs have not been very effective and are also very expensive. This study therefore investigate the colony forming unit (cfu) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that can establish infection and the minimum therapeutic dose of enrofloxacin(10%) that can be used to control the infection in Clarias gariepinus juveniles. The experiment was divided into two; the first was carried out for six weeks in 15litres of water in plastic aquaria (53×36×28cm3). Each aquarium was stocked with 10 C. gariepinus juveniles (44.51±2.69g) and exposed to 3ml of P. aeruginosa with different colony forming unit (cfu) per ml (10-7, 10-9, 10-11, 10-12 and 0-0). The second experiment has different concentration of enrofloxacin (10%) i.e. 0ml/l, 0.25ml/l, 0.5ml/l, 1.0ml/l and l.5ml/l but with the same bacteria colony forming unit of 10-7 except for treatment six which served as the control. The experiment lasted for three weeks and treatment commenced immediately mortality was recorded. Water quality of the experimental set-up was monitored using standard methods. Data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance. The cfu of P. aeruginosa that caused the highest mortality (70%) in C. gariepinus juvenile was 10-7 while the concentration of enrofloxacin that was most effective in treating C. gariepinus juvenile and enhanced highest weight gain was 0.5ml/l which was significantly different (P Keywords: Clarias gariepinus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Enrofloxacin, Colony forming unit


Urgent, radical, and sweeping changes to health services in Wales are being urged by the Audit Commission.

A catalogue of problems identified in a new report include more than one in four beds blocked by patients who should not be there, poor use of resources, alienated clinicians, considerable overspending, and management weaknesses.

Day surgery and theatres are poorly used, beds in community hospitals are underused, and more progress is needed in public health.

"The challenges faced by all those concerned with the health of Wales and its people are daunting. Overall, the picture in Wales is one of an unsustainable service. Welsh comparative performance …


Many Internet multimedia applications require the support of network services with fairness and delay guarantees. Currently, there are two types of fair schedulers in the literature. The time stamp based schedulers achieve good fairness and delay guarantees but have high O(log N) time complexity, where N is the number of incoming flows. While the round robin based schedulers reach O(1) complexity, their delay guarantees are O(N). Aiming at constant time complexity as well as good fairness and delay guarantees, we design a new fair scheduler suitable for variable length packets in this paper. Fast Credit Based (FCB) fair scheduling, the algorithm we propose, provides O(log N) fairness and delay guarantees, by tracking and minimizing the difference between the service a flow reserves and that it actually receives. It reduces the time complexity to O(1) by utilizing approximation and synchronization. To compare FCB with other fair schedulers on their end-to-end delay performance, simulations are conducted in NS2 for various packet lengths, and the results show that FCB achieves short end-to-end delay and handles variable length packets efficiently.


Tax-benefit microsimulation models are frequently used to analyse the distributional, budgetary and behavioural effects of social and fiscal policies in a period t* using data from some previous period that have been adjusted ("aged") to approximate the population in period t*. This paper considers which types of data adjustments are necessary and appropriate and discusses issues and limitations that affect the scope and interpretation of results based on aged data. It presents a simple conceptual framework for thinking about different types of data adjustments and illustrates the mechanics of ageing procedures in a case study using the EUROMOD tax-benefit model in conjunction with detailed Finnish household micro-data from two periods (1996 and 1998). The case study evaluates the performance of one particular ageing technique by comparing results from the 1998 dataset with those derived from aged 1996 data. JEL Classification: C81; C88


Music, as everybody knows, is a performing art. Not only are musical works performed, but they are also designed, by their very nature, to be performed. The notion of a performance of a musical composition is therefore part and parcel of our conception of music. And yet the relationships between a composition and its performances give rise to many difficult problems, some of which will be touched on later. For the present I want to stress two more specific issues in which the significance of the notion of performance for music lies. The first is that a musical composition is constituted by concepts and properties intrinsically connected to performance. In fact, I believe that the very meaning of these concepts and properties is rooted in the ways they are manifested in performance. Hence, even if a certain composition has never and will never be performed, it is still constituted by concepts and properties whose meaning lies in the ways they should be manifested in performance. The second point is that since music is in fact a performing art, since we perform music, and listen to various performances of the same compositions, and conceive of them and evaluate them as music, notions of performance are an integral part of the conceptual repertoire in which we conceive of music. Hence questions pertaining to the nature of performance, and to the relationship between a composition and its performances are inescapable in any philosophical investigation of music. And around these general questions a host of others suggest themselves: What makes a particular performance (even if faulty) a performance of a particular work? Can there be different equally good performances of the same work? In what terms should performances be evaluated (and graded) and how? Can a composition be individuated apart from its performances and how? On many of these problems and the issues surrounding them, a distinction between two conceptions of performance seems helpful, and sometimes


(By Sergei Naryshkin, speaker of the State Duma. Rossiiskaya
 gazeta, Feb. 24, 2016, p. 4. Complete text:) This Sunday, Feb.
 28, will mark 20 years since Russia joined the Council of Europe. A
 mere list of achievements would not give a full picture of where we
 are today. It is also important to mention the problems that have
 remain unresolved for years, and explain the reasons behind double
 standards and a lingering cold war mentality. In this context, it
 would be helpful to compare what has happened over the last two
 decades with similar times in the history of the entire continent.
 I am referring to periods of sudden tension between Russia and
 other European nations. Some may ask: Can you even compare these
 things? The answer is: You can and you should - if for no other
 reason than to avoid making the same mistakes over and over. It is
 imperative to establish similarities between Western policies
 during past centuries and today. And we must ask our European
 partners some questions without waiting for them to turn back
 toward us (such a "thaw" will certainly happen sooner or later).
 These questions may be awkward, but they are fundamental to our
 future together. We must sort out the complicated history of our
 relations so that moving forward, nobody is tempted to rekindle old
 disputes when told to attack us. Otherwise, when the current wave
 of Russophobic hysteria passes and relations normalize, no one is
 going to learn a lesson from this and people will pretend that what
 happened was no big deal. Well, it is a big deal. ... We have seen a lot of things over this two-year period of
 security crisis. We have seen how the US used this crisis to
 strong-arm other nations into signing two unprecedented trade deals
 (the Transatlantic and Trans-Pacific Partnerships). We have seen
 how the West sought to weaken us by expanding NATO to our borders
 and promising Ukraine swift integration into the European Union
 (despite Ukraine's obligations under the free trade agreement with
 the CIS). But that's not all. It seems that this new expansion plan
 included a number of political, economic and military goals.
 However, this plan would have been impossible without the active
 participation of key European politicians. ... I think that this may be actually the most dangerous period in
 the history of our relations since the cold war. And I think that
 the purpose of the provocative steps taken by the US and the EU was
 to achieve some very specific goals - at the expense of other
 countries. ... We understand this clearly now. In fact, Western politicians
 have confirmed it, in part through boastful reports by the NATO
 leadership about their latest achievements. It turns out that in
 2015 alone, NATO tripled the size of its rapid reaction force, and
 ran hundreds of drills involving tens of thousands of personnel,
 aircraft ... I emphasize that such "achievements" would be simply impossible
 without brazen and deceitful Russophobic hysteria. But even that is
 not enough for the NATO leadership, and they plan to set up a
 special propaganda unit for some reason. In fact, we would really
 like to know what that reason is. ... Well, as the saying goes, "generals are always preparing for the
 last war," even it's only a propaganda war. But then why do they
 claim that all these preparations have nothing to do with the cold
 war era? Turkey shoots down a Russian plane [see Current Digest,
 Vol. 67, No. 48, pp. 3 - 6] and openly sells oil bought from
 ISIS [Islamic State of Iraq and Sham], and yet the US and the EU do
 not impose any sanctions on Turkey; on the contrary, they continue
 to push Turkey toward further confrontation with Russia. They
 disregard even official reports by the UN saying that oil revenues
 are the primary source of funds for ISIS terrorists. ... The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe is not
 criticizing Turkey either; instead, they say Turkey is one of their
 biggest donors. And this despite the fact that another Council of
 Europe organization, the European Court for Human Rights, named
 Turkey the second biggest human rights offender in 2015. ... While we are on the subject of human rights, I would like to
 point out that organizations that are part of the Council of Europe
 continue to turn a blind eye to Ukraine's undemocratic laws, media
 censorship, police raids, and mass arrests without charges or
 trial; they only admonish Ukraine occasionally. Instead of
 strengthening international law and maintaining dialogue, PACE has
 been busy playing political games for the past two years. ... One would expect the Council of Europe to remember what its
 statute says about its mission and to point out to PACE that it is
 unacceptable to deviate from it. But Strasbourg prefers to distance
 itself from the outrageous situation in PACE and describes its
 current relations with Russia as "exceptional." "Exceptional"
 indeed - in the sense that they are an exception to the general
 Council of Europe rules of conduct.


to the needs of four modernizations. This policy of four modernizations and the vanguard role of the youth has opened new vistas of career for the youth and the possibilities of rustication have been drastically reduced. This policy, in theory at least, should resolve the contradiction between the individual interests of the youth and the collective interests of the state which was surfaced during 1950s itself. Thus, the new policy ostensibly helps the party to secure whole-hearted co-operation of the youth in modernizing China. In reality the problems faced by the party vis-a-vis youth arc not that simple in nature. At the time of liberation, the party could secure full devotion of the youth in the reconstruction of China because, first, the party was able to build fervour among the youth by arousing their nationalistic feelings. For a strong and developed China would


A environment Therapy recording - to provide a playback system. A method and apparatus according to the present invention is to record the sounds of nature in the microphone array adapted, includes a method of recording a signal on a high-resolution recording devices. This includes the formation of the audio bed. In addition, to play the record in the tuned of the playback system. The method and apparatus for performing environmental therapy, are used to or double form the environmental sound space. .FIELD 1


Given two sets A and B of multidimensional objects, the all-nearest-neighbors (ANN) query retrieves for each object in A its nearest neighbor in B. Although this operation is common in several applications, it has not received much attention in the database literature. In this paper we study alternative methods for processing ANN queries depending on whether A and B are indexed: Our algorithms are evaluated through extensive experimentation using synthetic and real datasets. The performance studies show that they are an order of magnitude faster than a previous approach based on closest-pairs query processing.


An algorithm for compensating the varying section contour within the extent of each layer thickness is proposed to improve the rapid prototyping part's shape and size precision.


The era of the second Temple was plagued with many difficulties for the Jewish people. When the Greeks conquered the Land of Israel, they brought with them a culture that was attractive to a large segment of the Jewish People1. Many Jews became Hellenized and left the faith of their fathers, there were many caught in between who were unsure of their beliefs 2. The Seleucid dynasty that was ruling at the time was very adamant in forcing the Hellenistic culture upon their subjects. This was expressed by King Antiochus IV ("the wicked") more than any other king. He decided to uproot Judaism by forbidding its practice and defiling the holy Temple. A revolt sanctioned by the Sages begun at that time and was initially headed by Matisyahu, the founder of the Hasmonean family. After his death a year later, his sons who eventually became kings headed it. However, the monarchy of the Hasmoneans was not to last: they were punished for taking away the kingship from the Tribe of Judah3. After the events of Chanukah, many descendants of the Hellenized Jews joined the Sadducees (which were a sect that preached what they believed as the "modern" version of Judaism that only accepted the Written Torah)4; those who remained loyal to the Torah became known as the Pharisees5. The influence of the Sadducees and the Hellenists remained strong during the entire reign of the Hasmoneans. Matisyahu's grandson, Jochanan Hyrcanus son of Shimon Macabbi, conquered many surrounding lands including the land of the Edom, descendents of Esau. He converted them to Judaism retaining them as slaves to the crown6. After his death, his son Judah Aristobolus ruled for a short time. After he died, his wife married his brother, Alexander Yannai, via levirate marriage7 and he became king. Over the years, the Hellenist and Sadducee elements within the Jewish nation strengthened themselves to the point that they were able to come out publicly during the reign to Alexander Yannai. The Talmud8 relates to us one of his most horrifying acts9: after being convinced


In this paper, we establish several explicit evaluations, reciprocity theorems and integral representations for a continued fraction of order twelve which are analogues to Rogers-Ramanujan's continued fraction and Ramanujan's cubic continued fraction.


According to the characteristics of synchronous motor,a detailed analysis was made on out-of-step phenomena and hazards of the synchronous motor.In the light of different out-of-step phenomena,the relevant protection measures were advanced.The actual protection measures and operation features of the synchronous motor for blower of Baoshan Iron Steel Co.,Ltd were presented.


OBJECTIVE
To describe an arthroscopically guided technique for lag screw placement across subchondral bone cyst (SBC) in the medial femoral condyle (MFC) and to compare postoperative racing performance with corticosteroid injection and cyst debridement.

STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective cohort study.

ANIMALS
One hundred twenty-three horses with 134 MFC SBCs undergoing treatment at a single referral hospital in the UK between January, 2009, and December, 2020.

METHODS
Sex, age, limb affected, radiographic cyst dimensions, preoperative and postoperative lameness, surgical technique (lag screw placement, cyst debridement, intralesional corticosteroid injection), and, where applicable, screw positioning were recorded retrospectively. A ratio was calculated using measurements from preoperative and postoperative radiographs. Outcome was assessed by resolution or improvement in lameness, reduction in cyst size, and starting one race after treatment. Outcome data was compared between treatment groups.

RESULTS
Twenty-six of 45 (57.8%) horses that underwent transcondylar screw placement raced postoperatively, at a median of 403 days between surgery and first postoperative race. There was no difference between treatment groups with regard to racing or preoperative and postoperative lameness. Cysts treated with transcondylar screw placement had a greater reduction in cyst size and a reduced period of convalescence in comparison with those that underwent debridement; the results were similar to those treated by intralesional corticosteroid injection.

CONCLUSION
Postoperative racing rates were similar for all techniques. Convalescence was reduced for lag screw placement and corticosteroid injection compared to debridement.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The arthroscopically guided technique results in radiographically consistent screw placement and cyst engagement and offers a viable alternative to other treatments.


The movements of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were followed in an estuary from August to November 1978 and in July and August 1979 by ultrasonic tracking. During these periods, the proportion of time spent by salmon in apparent random movement inside a small area steadily increased, reaching 97 or 98% in September and October, and then declined. This behavior was observed visually in schools of 17 to 75 salmon which showed no preference for sun or shade, were not easily disturbed, kept a constant distance from the surface associated with the halocline, and were in currents too low to measure. As the frequency of this behavior increased, average ground speed of moving fish decreased. Suspended migrations of up to  mo were recorded. Salmon planted as smolts in East River and returning as adults remained almost exclusively in the East River arm of the Y-shaped estuary. Salmon favored areas having water deeper than 3 m, but showed no preference for areas deeper than 5 m inside the 3-m contour. Moving f...


The increased complexity of the transmission grid can endanger the operational security of the grid. Operational risk assessment, a stochastic tool, helps to enhance security. Contingency analysis and its impact quantification are the main constituents of operational risk assessment. In this study, different graphical methods are proposed to visualize operational risk contingency-based detailed results: heat-map and risk-based contingency chart. Through the heat-map, the system operator can determine which contingencies contribute most to the operational risk and would therefore be the most threatening contingencies for operational security of the grid. The "risk-based contingency chart" allows the system operator to analyze contingency cases from the probability and impact aspect in one chart. Both tools may be used in the control room for improved operational planning. In this study of contingency analysis and various types of network studies of severity factor quantification, the IEEE 39-Bus sample network is used in Power-Factory to analyze the contingencies behavior under different operational scenarios.


In general, the method of obtaining residual stress from indentation test requires calculating the contact area of indenter and indented material, and also needs to know yield stress of indented material in advance. In this work, the dimensional analysis of indentation loading curve was first analyzed, and then a reverse numerical procedure was explored to show a possibility of determining residual stress and yield stress of materials simultaneously from indentation test. Besides, the calculation of contact area can be also avoided.


With the progress in mobile communication as the background, researchers have become interested in digital signaling techniques. The quadrature modulator and the quadrature demodulator are employed in those techniques.

This paper aims at the suppression of the waveform distortion in such a quadrature modulator/demodulator and proposes the affine transformation distortion compensation for the linear distortion (ADC). The linear distortion is attributed to: (i) dc offset in the baseband signal; (ii) unbalance of I/Q amplitudes; and (iii) phase offset of quadrature reference carrier. It is shown that those can be eliminated by ADC. A method is shown which estimates the ADC parameters of the quadrature modulation from the output of the level detector for the modulated wave. A method is also shown which estimates the ADC parameters for quadrature demodulation from the detected component in the received wave. ADC is actually implemented in the QPSK transmission system using the decision feedback equalizer. The characteristics are examined experimentally, and the usefulness of the method is demonstrated.


Introduction There has been much discussion regarding the recruiting and retention of engineering students. The 2004 ABET annual meeting looked at the changing demographics that engineering schools face. Historically the white male has dominated our profession. Our national demographics are shifting with Caucasian population falling as a percentage of the total. Minority population percentages are growing. With this change ABET is encouraging schools to emphasize diversity. [1] Multiple sessions at the ASEE Annual Conference, this sectional conference and the Christian Engineering Educators Conference have focused on this subject. The latest data on undergraduate engineering graduates show that the number of engineering graduates has increased each of the past four years, but in 2002-2003 the freshmen enrollment failed to increase for the first time in three years.[2]


In this paper, we provide updated constraints on the bolometric quasar luminosity function (QLF) from z = 0 to z = 7. The constraints are based on an observational compilation that includes observations in the rest-frame IR, B band, UV, soft, and hard X-ray in past decades. Our method follows Hopkins et al. with an updated quasar SED model and bolometric and extinction corrections. The new best-fitting bolometric quasar luminosity function behaves qualitatively different from the old Hopkins model at high redshift. Compared with the old model, the number density normalization decreases towards higher redshift and the bright-end slope is steeper at z ≳ 2. Due to the paucity of measurements at the faint end, the faint end slope at z ≳ 5 is quite uncertain. We present two models, one featuring a progressively steeper faint-end slope at higher redshift and the other featuring a shallow faint-end slope at z ≳ 5. Further multiband observations of the faint-end QLF are needed to distinguish between these models. The evolutionary pattern of the bolometric QLF can be interpreted as an early phase likely dominated by the hierarchical assembly of structures and a late phase likely dominated by the quenching of galaxies. We explore the implications of this model on the ionizing photon production by quasars, the CXB spectrum, the SMBH mass density, and mass functions. The predicted hydrogen photoionization rate contributed by quasars is subdominant during the epoch of reionization and only becomes important at z ≲ 3. The predicted CXB spectrum, cosmic SMBH mass density, and SMBH mass function are generally consistent with existing observations.


The paramagnetic (1)H NMR spectrum of Cu(II) pseudoazurin [PACu(II)] contains eight directly observed hyperfine-shifted resonances which we have assigned using saturation transfer experiments on a 1:1 mixture of PACu(I) and PACu(II). The spectrum exhibits a number of similarities to those of other cupredoxins, but differences are found concerning the Cu-S(Met) interaction. The spectrum is dependent on pH* in the range 8.5-4.5 (pK(a)* 6.4), and a conformational change involving movement of the copper ion away from the Met toward the equatorial ligands, as a consequence of protonation of the surface His6 residue, is identified. Corresponding changes are also seen in the UV/vis spectrum. The protonation/deprotonation equilibrium of His6 influences the reduction potential of the protein in the same pH range. The self-exchange rate constant of PACu at pH* 6.0 (25 degrees C) is considerably smaller (1.1 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1)) than the value obtained at pH* 7.6 (3.7 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1)). The effect on the self-exchange reactivity is mainly due to an alteration in the reorganization energy of the copper site brought about by the structural change resulting from His6 protonation.


The ultrasonic phased array total focusing method (TFM) has the advantages of high imaging signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high defect resolution, but the problem of large amount data capturing and processing limits its practical industrial applications. To reduce the imaging calculation demand of the total focusing method, a half-matrix focusing method (HFM) is proposed based on the acoustic reciprocity. The method simplifies the calculation process of full-matrix data capturing (FMC) and total focus imaging. The experimental results show that the signal obtained by the linear array transceiver sensor is highly consistent, and the imaging resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of the half-matrix focusing method are slightly lower than those of full-matrix focusing method and higher than those of the B-scan imaging. However, compared with TFM, data acquisition and computational efficiency using the HFM have been improved significantly.


The essential nature of Phosphorus (P) in plant growth and the finite amount of P resources have result in the question: what kind of management in farming systems can lead to P sufficiency in organic farming? The release of acid and alkaline phosphatases of plant and microbes promote the plant availability of soil P. The presented results show a significant higher enzyme activity at permanent grassland (PG) than at arable land with annual crops at an organic farm in Northern Germany. Therefore livestock systems with PG for grazing ruminants seem to have high potential to improve on-farm P-cycles via feed and manure flows even to annual cropland. These systems can profit from the nutrient transfer from PG to arable land through the use of manures. Enhance the soil-plant P cycle by better use of P sources with low availability from PG could be component of sufficiency P management in organic and also conventional production.


The present application are 150 new essential genes and their gene products of Bacillus licheniformis and sufficiently similar genes and proteins. These factors take on in vivo each elementary life processes such as replication (for example, DNA polymerase, helicase, or gyrase), transcription (for example, RNA polymerase), protein synthesis (ribosomal proteins, Aminocyl-tRNA synthetases, initiation and elongation factors ), secretion of proteins (for example, translocase) or energy metabolism. A lack of these genes is immediately lethal to the cells in question and can not be compensated for by possible links from the nutrient medium. Thus, the corresponding genes can be used as a selectable marker. This far as can be established by microorganisms improved biotechnological production as a selection on these genes does not require antibiotics and also can not be compensated by components of conventional culture media.


[Objective] The study aimed to extract the statistical features of complete tobacco necrosis virus genome and conduct clustering analysis. [Method] On the base sequence of complete tobacco necrosis virus genome,by using three base groups which were composed of each base and its subsequent two bases,a new sequence S were arranged; the probability of all 64 kinds of three base groups occurred on S were calculated,a 64-dimensional vector L was obtained; L-vectors of each genome were compared,8 three base groups were obtained,their probabilities had significant differences. [Result] The emergence probability of 8 three base groups (CGT; CAA; TAC; TAA; AGG; ATG; ATA; AAG) had significant association with genetic variation of tobacco necrosis virus genome; according to genetic variation result,4 different sources tobacco necrosis virus complete genome formed 2 major categories. [Conclusion] The study will provide theoretical basis for the control of tobacco necrosis virus.


Rural areas in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) are commonly characterised by high dependence on agriculture and natural resources, high levels of informality in employment arrangements, low productivity rates and high prevalence of poverty. Poor rural households are particularly exposed to risks during their life cycle and to covariate risks such as drought and armed conflict. Social protection policies have great potential to respond to these risks, reduce poverty and promote agricultural development. While non-contributory programmes can provide a basic level of income security and access to essential health care, and ensure food security and small-scale livelihood activity, contributory schemes can provide higher levels of protection, enabling rural populations to better manage risks and prevent impoverishment. However, agricultural workers are often excluded from social protection systems, especially from contributory schemes.


A method for synthesizing broadband antireflective (AR) surfaces at millimeter wave frequencies is demonstrated. AR surfaces were formed by machining a multilayer subwavelength structures into nonabsorptive dielectrics. This created low‐reflected energies (<−25 dB) over large bandwidths and incidence angles. Experimental results are provided demonstrating the validity of the method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 561–568, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24973


The article provides an overview of arts-based research (ABR) within social work and general healthcare practice in Canada, and how it can be used to uncover racism within vulnerable populations, particularly youth, women, immigrants and refugees, the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex  (LGBTQI) community, and Indigenous peoples. This is a general review of the literature. A literature search was conducted using the University of Western Ontario's Summons database, with coverage from January 2000 to February 2019. Data exploring participant experiences, personal identity, voice, and invisible powers were extracted, and analyzed using a critical race lens to examine the intersection of societal and cultural practice with race and power.Results indicate that ABR can support therapeutic recovery from oppression by enhancing self-expression of feelings and thoughts, and affording participants the agency to reclaim and reframe their personal narrative. ABR can further generate a sense of community by creating connections between participants with similar oppressions to overcome disconnection and marginalization. Within a broader community context, ABR permits the sharing of stories and insights with others, which can generate dialogue on important social issues to expose areas of social inequity and oppression alongside potential solutions for transformative social action. This dialogue can also extend to discussions with policy makers on the impact of social inequities to guide recommendations that address system gaps for broader community-level change. The paper concludes that ABR can move beyond merely reflecting on social conditions toward actively addressing them by promoting sustainable social change. The voices expressed through ABR illustrate possible solutions to overcome racism through inclusive social practice, deconstruction of the racial status quo, and movement toward an equitable distribution of power.


The manufacturing of so called customer innovated products leads to changes in production planning and control. In order to master the complexity inherent to a production with batch size one, the use of autonomous systems is a possible solution. The implementation of such systems may involve problems concerning the acceptance of users, for example production planners, as they are complex to understand and to work with. The following article analyses this problem and points out the importance of a defined process and an appropriate interface between human and system to realise a successful interaction. In addition to that, an approach for the definition of requirements for this cooperation is introduced.


Hong Kong Polytech University is the representative of tourism higher education in Hong Kong, offering various courses in hotel management and tourism management at the Doctor, Masters and Bachelor levels, whose curriculum and education system have been quite perfect. The PolyU has cultivated a large number of high- quality professional people for the hotel and tourism industry. Excellent teachers, modern curriculum and the education concept of attaching great importance to the practice are the reasons why it can cultivate senior executives with international perspective, skills and social responsibility.


The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of multiangular SAR data at C-band for soil parameters' discrimination over bare agricultural fields. In order to exploit the incidence angle diversity to enhance the soil parameter retrievals, the conventional multiangular roughness descriptor ΔHH formulated originally as the backscattering difference between two specific incidence angles is adapted to take into account a general incidence angle effect. Moreover, a new angular coherence SAR descriptor γHH is proposed by using a pair of low and high incidence angle SAR data. The adapted ΔHH and the proposed γHH are applied to the RADARSAT-2 data with three different incidence angles. The results indicate that the proposed γHH is more sensitive to surface roughness than the adapted ΔHH. Thus, the γHH is selected to retrieve the surface roughness, and then the retrieved surface roughness is substituted into a low incidence angle data to retrieve the soil moisture. The RMSE of 6.1-8.5 m3/m3 is obtained for soil moisture retrieval.


This volume analyzes such key areas as the prevalence of alcoholism and other forms of maladjustment among COAs and he role of biological and environmental factors in the expression of alcoholism.


This study aims to examine the effect of entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation on the performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the palm oil processing industry in Riau Province through innovation as a mediating variable. The research data is primary data in the form of a research questionnaire, the population in this study is an oil palm processing company registered in the 2017 Manufacturing Industrial Directory. The sampling technique in this study uses saturated sample technique where all members of the population are used as a sample of 178 companies. The data analysis in the study used Warp PLS 6.0. The results showed that (1) entrepreneurial orientation had a positive and significant effect on company performance indicated by the direct effect EO coefficient on KIN (path c) in model 1 was 0.452 and significant


The situation is changing. Libraries have been identified as one of the key elements for open access to information, which is crucial to democratic information society development. In October 1998 the European Parliament adopted an own-initiative report "The Role of Libraries in Modern Societies", the first library policy paper in the EU. It defines the need for the most important pan-European actions on library field.


Metatheology practiced "from within" theology includes the assertion that a necessary condition of doing theology by a subject is the belief of the subject. Using the tools of logic, this paper proposes a transformation regarding theological theorems. Irrespective of the different propositional attitudes toward the theological theorems that different people have, all people have the same attitude towards the new form of the theorems of theology. This is an argument against the metatheological theorem mentioned above.


The diseases of the thyroid, such as exophthalmic goiter, and adenomatous goiter with hyperthyroidism have lost their former place among serious and fatal surgical ailments. The present great reduction in surgical mortality demonstrates the benefit of medical and surgical team work in the diagnosis and classification of thyroid diseases. Medical treatment is curative or beneficial in certain forms of goiter. In types of the disease formerly so fatal if untreated, and also having a high mortality surgically, improvement may be obtained by proper care. The actual dangers from avoidable surgical accidents and complications are now better recognized. This is all the result of the greater attention, both medical and surgical, paid to diseases of the thyroid. Any discussion or argument, any fad, medical or surgical, which will lead to more care, will lower mortality, as a by-product, so to speak, and therefore is justified by the results. In order properly


HIGH AFFINITY BINDING OF EPIBATIDINE TO 5-HT3 RECEPTORS. Renaldo C. Drisdel, Douglas Sharp, Tricia Henderson, Tim G. Hales 3 and William N. Green Department of Neurobiology University of Chicago 947 East 58th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology The George Washington University Medical Center Washington DC 20037 Running title: Epibatidine binding to 5-HT3 receptors. Correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.com


OBJECTIVE To explore the relationships between drug resistance of Staphylococcus epidermidis and biofilm formation,the positive rate of PIA production and the genic expression of Ica operon.METHODS The antibiotics susceptibility was tested by K-B method.Congo red agar plate was used to test PIA synthesis.Semi-quantitative test was performed to examine biofilm phenotype.IcaA gene and icaD were detected by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and RT-PCR.RESULTS Among 49 strains,10 strains were sensitive to Oxacillin,39 strains were resistant to Oxacillin.There was relation between PIA and antibiotics susceptibility.(P0.05).32.7% of S.epidermidis strains were slime forming.67.3%of S.epidermidis strains were no slime forming.There was relation between PIA and antibiotics susceptibility.(P0.01).10 strains were icaA positive 11 strains were icaD positive by PCR analysis.There was not relation between icaA and icaD.(P0.05).7 strains were icaR positive,It was not relation betwen icaA or and biofilm formation icaD.(P0.05).CONCLUSIONS Resistant of S.epidermidis to Oxacillin in our hospital is mainly related to PIA synthesis and biofilm formation.The co-expression of icaA and icaD plays an important role in biofilm formation and the expression ica R gene inhibits the synthesis of PIA.


Pure and N-doped TiO_2 were synthesized by hydrolysis-deposition method.The catalysts were characterized by SIMS,XRD,UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra,TEM and BET.Using blue-light-emitting diodes as a light source,the activities of catalysts to degradation of formaldehyde were investigated.The results showed that under the optimal reaction conditions,the N-doped TiO_2 catalyst exhibited high activity to degradation of formaldehyde under visible light irradiation.


Each sphere of the buffer zone contributes to an overall web of control that is devastating to communities of color and serves to keep them out of mainstream institutions. School teachers, counselors and administrators often monitor youth of color closely, isolating them in "special needs" classes, writing them up as behavior and discipline problems, suspending them readily and then blaming their families for not caring and their communities for being dysfunctional.


In article views of M.B. of Lomonosov of interaction of the Russian culture with western, on western «samples», on value of art in moral and patriotic education of citizens, on a worthy name in science, views of art criticism are considered. Relevance of activity of M.B. of Lomonosov turned to the future of Russia is emphasized.


ABSTRACT Introduction Current treatment for age-related macular degeneration poses a large burden on patients and the inability of patients to adhere to this immense burden can lead to worse visual outcomes. Novel treatments have been proposed to extend treatment intervals and reduce visit burden. Areas covered This review article summarizes phase I and phase II clinical trials of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as durable treatment options for patient with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Expert opinion Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have shown substantial promise in reducing treatment burden while maintaining visual acuity and anatomic outcomes with favorable safety profiles. Several platforms have shown positive outcomes in initial trials and are currently moving toward phase III clinical trials.


Since ancient Greece, major and minor modes in Western tonal music have been identified as the primary responsible musical feature for eliciting emotional states. As such, the underlying correlates of the major-minor mode dichotomy in music perception have been extensively investigated through decades of psychological and neuroscientific research, providing plentiful yet often discordant results. Specifically, crucial questions remain about the several factors contributing to the affective perception of major and minor modes, at times very different among individuals. Moreover, major and minor mode perception has never been quantitatively compared in literature. This comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a qualitative and quantitative synthesis of musical mode perception and its behavioural and neural correlates. The qualitative synthesis resulted in 69 studies, showing great diversity in how the major-minor dichotomy has been empirically approached. Most studies reviewed were conducted on adults, considered participants' expertise, employed real-life musical stimuli, performed behavioural evaluations, and were carried out among Western listeners. Behavioural, electroencephalography, and neuroimaging meta-analyses (36 studies) consistently showed that major and minor mode elicit distinct neural and emotional responses. Based on our findings, a framework to describe a Major-Minor Mode(l) of music perception and its behavioural and physiological correlates is proposed, incorporating individual factors such as age, expertise, cultural background, and emotional disorders. Limitations, implications, and suggestions for future research are discussed, including putative clinical applications of major-minor dichotomy and best practices regarding stimulation paradigms for musical mode investigation. Public Significance Statement This study provides qualitative and quantitative evidence of the distinct behavioral and neural responses elicited by major and minor mode, while also highlighting the influence of factors such as age, culture, personality, and health. Results offers a detailed overview of the major-minor dichotomy in music, putting forward an integrated and critical discussion of methodologies, paradigms, and clinical implications of this pivotal musical feature.


Die Okzipitale Dysplasie by Doz Dr Hermann Schmidt and Dr Erich Fischer Heft 9 Zwanglose Abhandlungen Aus Dem Gebiet Der Normalen und Pathologischen Anatomie pp vi +69 illustrated DM 35 Stuttgart: Georg Thiemne Verlag 1960 Developmental disorders of the occipital bone and upper cervical vertebra are far from rare anomalies, and the neurological disturbances that can follow them are sometimes grave. Moreover, the existence of such bony deformities, especially in their less severe forms, may be overlooked clinically, and a misdiagnosis reached whose results may ultimately prove irreparable. In this short and scholarly monograph from the Radiological Institute of the University of Tubingen, the authors review successively the various anatomical forms and developmental origins of the dysplasias of the occipital bone, the atlas and the axis. In this detailed treatment, they record many linear and angular measurements of the normal bony structures that compose the base of the skull and the upper cervical vertebra together with those found in the various grades of dysplasia. Many excellent skiagrams, often accompanied by line drawings to clarify their main features, illustrate the conditions discussed in the text. A list of about two hundred references from the international literature is appended. The monograph should be of considerable service to both neurologists and radiologists.


This paper summarizes the work completed to determine if and how an electron beam affects the performance, reliability, and yield of an advanced copper semiconductor device. This study was done in the Kilby Fab of Texas Instruments located in Dallas, Texas. As IC technologies advance to smaller and smaller dimensions, the techniques used to detect defects needs to advance as well. Also the unique nature of defects and the defect mechanisms for copper dual damascene processes are much different than what was seen in the past with Al technologies that further complicate defect detection. The days of using only visible light to inspect wafers for defects is coming to an end. For these advanced technology devices, killer defects can be smaller than 0.15mm in size and may be invisible optically. To detect these types of defects, new light sources must be used to be able resolve these. Scanning electron beam (SEM) inspection has been introduced recently as a new tool to detect these defects and to give further capability to detect defects that may only have an electrical signature. For the defects which exhibit electrical defect characteristics, the scanning electron beam inspection tool can be used to charge the device under the scan causing a voltage contrast and actually detect electrical abnormalities in the circuit that can be caused by a defect in some underlying area. There has been much concern in the semiconductor industry however; that the electron beam itself can damage or affect the transistor characteristics due to the high voltage, or landing energy that is commonly used in an electron beam system. The depth of penetration of the electron beam into the layer of the wafer is dependent on the energy of the electron beam striking the surface. Another concern is that through time, the chamber walls are deposited with various contaminants such as carbon due to outgassing and the interaction of the electron beam and certain materials on the surface of the wafer being inspected, this material can be left on the surface of the wafer where the electron beam scanned. This residue can then affect the processing subsequent to the electron beam inspection causing adhesion issues or improper deposition. This paper will detail a study in which an advanced technology copper dual damascene logic device, along with a defect density test device, are subject to a scanning electron beam inspection at numerous points in the process and attempt to document the effects on the transistor performance and wafer processing. The results that were obtained from both sets of tests were that neither the transistor parametrics nor reliability were affected by the electron beam.


AIM: Hydrogen sulfide(H2S) is one of the supposed endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor(EDHF),the protective effects of exogenous H2S,namely exogenous supposed EDHF on cerebral ischemia reperfusion(I/R) injury was observed in present study.METHODS: Sodium hydrosulfide(NaHS) was taken as a donor of H2S.Focal cerebral I/R injury was caused by occluding the right middle cerebral artery(MCAO) in rats.The numerical data,which were from infarct volume,neurological deficit,brain water content,malondialdehyde(MDA) level and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activities in serum,were evaluated.HE staining was used to observe brain pathologic changes.RESULTS:0.195,0.390,0.780 mg/kg NaHS markedly ameliorated the neurological deficit,decreased the percentage of infarct volume,reduced the brain water content,and dramatically inhibited the cerebral I/R injury-induced increases of LDH activity and MDA content in serum,improved brain pathologic changes in different degrees.CONCLUSION: NaHS significantly improved the cerebral I/R injury in rats,this suggests exogenous supposed EDHF(H2S) has a significant protective effect against cerebral I/R injury.


This address considers the development of media history as a field of research in Australia. It takes the form of a historiographical excursion, beginning with a focus on the press, and then extending to broadcasting, and touching on the work of KS Inglis as a through line. After considering what I identify as a historiographical blossoming since the 1980s, I extend my gaze to the tools and institutions for media history that have emerged, including online resources, a conference series and a research centre. Finally, I use my own 1990s research into the Packer empire to illustrate how some of the techniques for doing media history have changed in the past 20 years. In doing so, I reflect on both the benefits, and the limitations, of digital tools and techniques for Australian media historians.


The ambiguity existing between evaluation factors and environment quality standards lead to the uncertainty of the results of traditional evaluation model. This paper combined neural network model and fuzzy theory,used menbership degree of fuzzy theory to reflect the quality relative state of each factor. Thus,fuzziness could be recognized more precisely. Through the test of fuzzy neural network model on environmental quality standard samples,get evaluation grade,and compared with integrated fuzzy evaluation method. The result showed that the fuzzy neural network model was feasible in environment quality evaluation and the evaluation result was more objective and reasonable than integrated fuzzy evaluation method.


A nonlinear feedback system is designed and analyzed for a surface micromachined resonant accelerometer. For this, a brief illustration of the plant dynamics is given. In the analysis, the periodic signal in the nonlinear feedback loop is obtained by the limit cycle point, which is best approximated via the describing function method. This approach is reasonable in that the describing function method gives the optimal quasi-linearization for a sinusoidal input under an adequate filtering condition. In the sequel, it is possible that the nonlinearity form in the loop is determined by the graphical analysis in complex plane. Considering the characteristic feature of plant dynamics, a simple phase shifted relay with finite slope is found for the nonlinearity implementation. Also is concisely illustrated the stability of limit cycle. Finally, simulation and experimental result is given to show the properness of the designed loop.


Here, applying the Scale-Symmetric Everlasting Theory (S-SET), I described composition and calculated masses of the Upsilon mesons. This follows from the atom-like structure of baryons. Applying the modified quantum chromodynamics, within the S-SET, we can calculate the masses of quarks. This leads to conclusion that S-SET is the superior theory to the Standard Model in initial conditions. Calculated mass of b quark is 4190 MeV. Here, I showed that the Type 1S Upsilon meson is both a structure containing b-b(anti) quark pair (theoretical mass of such structure is 9460.1 MeV), or mesonic nucleus (theoretical mass of such nucleus is 9465.1 MeV). Due to the transformations/oscillations of these two different structures having practically the same mass and spin and parity, the full width of the Type 1S Upsilon meson is very small. Calculated masses of Types 1S, 2S, 3S, 4S, 10860 and 11020 Upsilon mesons are very close to experimental data. They all have unitary spin and negative parity.


We investigated 59 cases of Crohn's disease treated surgically between 1967 and 1997. There were 112 operations, 10 with exclusion with mucous fistula, 86 with resection, 5 with bypass. 7 with colostomy, and 4 with other procedures. The 5-year and 10-year cumulative reoperation rates were 0 and 33.3%, respectively, for exclusion with mucous fistula, 29.3 and 57.8% for resection, 60 and 60% for bypass, and 52.4 and 52.4% for colostomy. The rate for exclusion with mucous fistula was significantly lower than that of others. Two pa-tients after exclusion with mucous fistula experienced recurrence, and one was reoperated. This method seemingly yields satisfactory results when performed on properly selected Crohn's disease patients.


Previous experiments 1 have led to the conclusion that one of the principal causes for the epinephrine hyperglycemia consists in a decreased utilization of blood sugar in the tissues. It was pointed out that mobilization of liver glycogen alone is an inadequate explanation for the hyperglycemia, because there is not enough liver glycogen present to provide the tissues for hours with sugar at a rate which is greater than their normal ability to utilize sugar. Mobilization of liver glycogen can only lead to a protracted hyperglycemia of the type observed after epinephrine injections, (1) if a new formation of liver glycogen occurs which keeps pace with the conversion of liver glycogen into blood sugar and (2) if utilization of blood sugar itself is diminished. A new formation of liver glycogen exceeding its mobilization was demonstrated during epinephrine action and the source for the newly formed liver glycogen was found to be lactic acid derived from muscle glycogen. 1 That blood sugar utilization is low during epinephrine hyperglycemia was suggested by a comparison of the arterial and venous blood sugar concentration in men. Whereas the arteriovenous difference rises during alimentary hyperglycemia, it fails to do so during the much more pronounced epinephrine hyperglycemia, showing that the tissues are unable to withdraw sugar from the blood at a higher rate. A carbohydrate balance on sugar fed rats showed that the disposal of absorbed sugar after epinephrine injections is markedly diminished in the peripheral tissues. 1 Since epinephrine inhibits blood sugar utilization in the peripheral tissues of the intact animal, this should also be demonstrable on hepatectomized animals. Mann 2 found that epinephrine did not cause an increase in the blood sugar following hepatectomy or delay the development of the characteristic symptoms associated with hypoglycemia. This is not surprising, because muscle glycogen cannot contribute glucose directly to the blood; it can only do so indirectly through the intervention of the liver. In the absence of the liver, lactic acid derived from muscle glycogen can no longer be converted into glucose and consequently epinephrine is unable to produce hyperglycemia in hepatectomized animals. Since it takes several hours until the blood sugar falls to 50 mg. % in the hepatectomized dog and since the time at which hypoglycemic symptoms appear is variable, an inhibitory action of epinephrine on the fall in blood sugar might easily escape attention, or it might even be absent, owing to the extremely low utilization of blood sugar.


In micro electrical discharge machining (EDM) using non-contact electric feeding method, a measuring electrode is coupled to the tool electrode by capacity coupling to measure the gap voltage indirectly. Especially in micro discharge energy, the influence of the parameters of the non-contact measuring circuit on the working gap voltage and the measuring voltage has not been studied yet, meanwhile, the working gap voltage and the measuring voltage affect the discharge energy and the servo control of the discharge gap. Therefore, in order to clarify the influence of the parameters in the non-contact measuring circuit on the micro EDM using non-contact electric feeding method, the relationship between the parameters of the non-contact measuring circuit and the working gap voltage or the measuring voltage was analyzed by MULTISIM(circuit simulation software) in this paper. Finally, the influence of the working gap voltage is minimized and the servo control of the gap width in Micro EDM is realized by selecting reasonable parameters of the non-contact measuring circuit.


Hydro-distilled volatile oil from the roots of Plumbago europaea L. was obtained at a yield of 0.2% w/w based on dry weight. The oil was analyzed by a combination of GC and GC-MS. Fifteen components were identified constituting 95.3% of the oil. The major constituents in the root oil were plumbagin (69.1%), 1-octen-3-yl acetate (9%) and limonene (5.7%). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The paper is about an ongoing research on the eco-energy values of the local plan and deals with the possible evolution of sustainability paths towards principles of diffuse social sharing affecting territories and settlements. In this perspective, the article focuses on the development of decentralization processes resulting from the energy liberalization, in relation to local planning practices. Such a theme is developed in four subsequent steps concerning (i) a problematic context of sustainability policies and the energy liberalization process; (ii) an interpretive overview of current European and Italian experiences towards forms of energy localism and signals for sharing sustainability; (iii) the energy district as a territorial projection of energy inclusive community: the active and dialectic role of energy district in the planning process; (iv) conclusions and research proposals regarding the integration of decentralized energy in local planning.


A broad-band noise prediction code based on the work of Carolus et al was written and incorporated into the low-pressure axial fan design program. For the convenience of design calculation, the turbulence statistics were determined by a semi-rational formula for fully-developed duct flow instead of the experiment. The code predicts 3 different forms of broad-band noise that were superimposed to calculate the total noise emission. The outputs include noise spectra, overall sound power and overall pressure level. In addition, Fukano's model was also utilized for indicative comparison. The influence of the variation of the design parameters, including twisted power, hub ratio and solidity, on the fan noise characteristics was calculated and analyzed. It is indicated that the total sound pressure level is most sensitive to the flow relative velocity, while the chord length can be considered as a secondary cause.


This volume looks at archaeological conservation in an urban context, looking at why sites have been historically (since WWII)selected for conservation, focusing in particular on fragmentary sites rather than major monuments. Sandes takes London, Berlin and Beirut as case studies, asking what value sites which have been conserved serve, exploring the relationship between conservation and urban development, and asking what constitutes successful conservation. Conclusions discuss factors for drawing up criteria as to which sites should be conserved and why, and how such projects can be made more useful as part of the urban environment, and how this can be enhanced by conservation and management practices.


The article analyzes the identification tasks of forensic examination that formulated by V. P. Kolmakov. The differentiation of tasks on the individual identification of objects and the establishment of their common group membership has been made. The differences of the essence of expert tasks for the establishment of group and common group membership of forensic examination objects are established.


In the isozyme studies concerning the origin and evolution of Asian rice, Morishima(1990) pointed out that, so far, there have been about 20 isozyme loci related to the differentiation of indica and japonica. In 1990, we discovered another Est locus related to the origin, evolution and classification of Asian rive. Genetic studies revealed that there were 5 multiple alleles on this locus represented 4 isozyme bands,


An analysis of population trends in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone of China located on the Hong Kong border is presented. The emphasis is on the characteristics of the population of this special zone. (ANNOTATION)


The process dissociation paradigm was applied to investigate the contributions of automatic and consciously controlled processes to the repetition priming effect for new associations, under elaborative encoding (Experiments 1 and 2) and copy instructions (Experiment 3). Semantically unrelated context-target word pairs were presented during study, and context words and stems were presented during test. Target word stems were paired with the same context words as at study (intact), paired with different context words from study (recombined), or were the stems of unstudied words (control), Participants had to complete stems with the first word that came to mind (indirect), with studied words (inclusion), or with new, unstudied words (exclusion). Results indicated that consciously controlled processes mediated the associative repetition effect under elaborative encoding, whereas automatic processes were implicated under copy instructions.


The transition metal ion-doped TiO_2 filmare prepared with Sol-Gel method, and the effects of doping different metal ions on the ability of TiO_(2)in photocatalyzing degradation of phenol are studied. The results show that doping of Fe~(3+)in TiO_2nanoparticles made photocatalytic efficiency increase, the effects of concentration of doped ions on photocatalytic performance are discussed.


The purpose of this study was to compare clinical, radiographic and histological differences around titanium oral implants loaded with either acrylic-veneered metal or ceramo-metal fixed prostheses. Five beagle dogs were used in this investigation. At the beginning of the study, all mandibular premolars and first molars were extracted. After 3 months of healing, 2 Branemark implants were installed on each side of the mandibles. Three months later, abutments were inserted on each implant and a daily oral hygiene regime was initiated. One month after abutment connection, the implants on one side of the mandible were restored with an acrylic-veneered metal fixed prosthesis, whereas, on the other side a ceramo-metal fixed prosthesis was inserted. The prostheses were constructed in occlusion with the maxillary first molars. The following clinical parameters were measured around each implant at this time (i.e., baseline), and thereafter, at monthly intervals up to 5 months: Plaque Index; Gingival Index; implant mobility (using the Periotest®); probing depth and clinical attachment level (using the Florida Probe®). In addition, standardized radiographs were taken at baseline and 5 months after insertion of the prostheses and evaluated by subtraction radiography. Another Branemark fixture was installed on each side of the mandibles 3 months before the end of the study. These implants remained unloaded and submerged for the entire study period. Five months after prosthesis insertion, the animals were killed, and implants with their supporting peri-implant tissues were processed for histological evaluation. Analyses of the clinical, radiographic and histometric parameters revealed no significant differences between the acrylic-veneered and ceramometal loaded implants. All clinical and radiographic parameters remained stable over time. Histological comparison of the alveolar bone height levels around both loaded groups with those from the unloaded, submerged implants revealed that a similar and slight loss of bone height (approximately 0.6 mm) occurred on the loaded groups following abutment connection. It was concluded that both acrylic-veneered metal and ceramo-metal suprastructures appear to be suitable for the restoration of endosseous oral implants. Additional long-term studies in humans, however, are needed evaluating both types of implant-supported prostheses, in a variety of clinical conditions. before final restorative recommendations are made.


14 l Nursing2013CriticalCare l Volume 8, Number 3 www.nursingcriticalcare.com CCardiovascular disease, more specifically coronary atherosclerosis, is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States.1 Chest pain is often the first presenting symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD) and the second most common presentation in the ED. About 6 million patients present to the ED each year for evaluation of chest pain, which presents a major challenge to ED nurses and physicians.2 Fifty-five percent to 85% of complaints of chest pain by patients who present to the ED are noncardiac in origin, and these negative evaluations cost $10 to $13 billion per year.3 On the other hand, 2% to 10% of patients with chest pain are inappropriately discharged home.3 The missed diagnosis of an acute myocardial infarction (MI) accounts for the highest incidence of malpractice suits among ED physicians.3 This review sought to determine the predictive value of two noninvasive tests, coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and coronary artery calcium scoring (CACS), in detecting CAD and evaluating acute coronary syndromes (ACS).


Meme is a basic form used for cultural transmission and imitation.It is a pattern of information which is stored in the human brain and can be replicated and transmitted.Meme promotes human communication and cultural exchange.There's an extensive research scope of meme and memetics.This paper probes into the role of memetics in cultural evolution from the view of cultural transmission and the spread and purity of subculture.


With the development of communication countermeasure technology, the future communication systems will face multi-source and multi-pattern interference deliberately released by the enemy, and the electromagnetic environment is becoming more complex. Effective communication anti-jamming technology needs to identify the interference signal of the enemy. Therefore, an interference signal recognition method based on multi-modal deep learning is proposed in this paper. Recently, multi-modal deep learning has become more and more important in machine learning. However, it has few applications in the field of communication. At present, most of the CNN-based signal recognition methods that have been studied are only based on the unimodal feature of the signal. We exploit a signal contour stellar images-I/Q waveform multimodal fusion (CWMF) method to achieve interference signal recognition based on AlexNet networks and deep complex-valued neural network. After feature extraction from multimodal data using AlexNet networks and deep complex-valued neural network, To merge multimodal features, we use the feature fusion method. In addition, we use decision-based fusion to merge multimodal models to obtain better distinguishable features and realize a better recognition performance.


Semantic web is gaining interest of lot of people due to its great power. Semantic web makes the data understandable for machines. It enables machines to interpret the data published by the web in machine interpretable form. Though lots of businesses are moving towards Ecommerce websites, but there are few problems with the current ecommerce systems due to the lack of proper standards. Daily thousands of people search for the product they want to buy and due to the inefficiency of the systems it wastes lot of time and resource of the users. Semantic web has that power to overcome those problems and it can accelerate the business to further higher level where ecommerce websites are playing very important role. This paper gives the introduction of semantic web mining and its techniques and then problems of the current ecommerce systems and how those problems can be avoided using semantic web. It discusses the detailed semantic web ecommerce architecture.


Agroforestry has drawn the attention of researchers due to its capacity to reduce the poverty and land degradation, improve food security and mitigate the climate change. However, the progress in promoting agroforestry is held back due to the lack of reliable data sets and appropriate tools to accurately map and to have an adequate decision making system for agroforestry modules. Agroforestry suitability being one special form of land suitability is very pertinent to study in the current times when there is tremendous pressure on the land as it is a limited commodity. The study aims for applying the geo-spatial tools towards visualizing various soil and environmental data to reveal the trends and interrelationships and to achieve a nutrient availability and agroforestry suitability map. Using weight matrix and ranks, individual maps were developed in ArcGIS 10.1 platform to generate nutrient availability map, which was later used to develop agroforestry suitability map. Watersheds were delineated using DEM in some part of the study area and were evaluated for prioritizing it and agroforestry suitability of the watersheds were also done as per the schematic flowchart. Agroforestry suitability regions were delineated based upon the weight and ranks by integrated mapping. The total open area was identified 42.4% out of which 21.6% area was found to have high suitability towards agroforestry. Within the watersheds, 22 village points were generated for creating buffers, which were further evaluated showing its proximity to high suitable agroforestry sites thus generating tremendous opportunity to the villagers to carry out agroforestry projects locally. This research shows the capability of remote sensing in studying agroforestry practices and in estimating the prominent factors for its optimal productivity. The ongoing agroforestry projects can be potentially diverted in the areas of high suitability as an extension. The use of ancillary data in GIS domain can have enormous ability to map the land for the benefit of rural people even up to the village level.


Objective To investigate the effect of blocking the survivin expression with RNA interference(RNAi)techniques on supperresing proliferation and inducing apoptosis of bladder cancer T-24 cells.Methods A siRNA directed against survivin was transfeted into bladder cancer T-24 cells with lipofectamineTM2000.The changes of survivin expression were detected by semi-quantitive RT-PCR.The effect of suppressing proliferation of T-24 cell was detected by MTT assay.The effect of inducing T-24 cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry.Results The sequence-specific siRNA efficiently blocked the survivin expression at mRNA level.The expression inhibition rate was 61.73% at mRNA mevel detected by semi-quantitive RT-PCR.To blocking the survivin expression could suppress proliferration of T-24 cells significantly.At 24h and 48h after the cells were reseeded,the proliferation inhibition rates were 32.42% and 37.48%,and at 24h after transfection,apoptosis was induced in 16.76% of the cells as detected by flow cytometry assay.Conclusion Blocking the survivin expression with RNAi technology can significantly suppress proliferation of T-24 cells and induce apoptosis to a certain degree.RNAi targeted to survivin has a potential value in gene therapy of bladder cancer.


I nteractions of elastic, inertial, and aerodynamic forces are capable of producing in missile wings during flight a potentially dangerous flutter condition, or oscillation. The first two of these forces-elastic and inertial-are inherent in and associated with any wing motion. If, then, the third -aerodynamic-force can be applied to an actual wing by means of simulation, the stage is set for the three types of force to interact. This suggests immediately a possible technique for ground testing actual missile wings for the presence of flutter. Application of this technique and the development of pertinent test equipment are the subject of this paper.


Due to the presence of actuating pressure of low permeability reservoir, researching on actuating pressure gradient of low permeability reservoir is necessary. While actuating pressure gradient is relevant to permeability and porosity, it can be obtained through laboratory experiments, well testing interpretation method and theory derivation combined with practical application method. The results of a large number of laboratory experiments show that actuating pressure is related to permeability. The greater the permeability is, the smaller the actuating pressure is. They both present the similar hyperbolic relationship; the greater the viscosity of the oil is, the greater the actuating pressure is. Here, we get the actuating pressure gradient formula through the method of theory derivation combined with practical application, meanwhile we put forward the relationship between actuating pressure gradient and permeability, porosity and viscosity. Key words: Low permeability reservoir; Actuating pressure gradient; Porosity; Fluid viscosity


A study was conducted to develop an automated procedure to assist in the development of input data sets for the FESHM hydrologic model using the GRASS geo-graphic information system. Shell scripts (executable sequences of commands in the UNIX operating system) were developed to overlay soils and land use maps to generate hydrologic response unit (HRU) maps and to compute the fractional areas of HRUs in overland flow elements. The automated procedure decreased the input data set development time significantly, by approximately 250% (from five to two hours) for a 122 ha (303 ac) watershed. The time savings on larger, more variable watersheds would be even greater. The input data set development procedure provides an efficient manner for considering alternate land use and management scenarios.


This paper presents the characteristics of the shared economy phenomenon. The theoretical part focuses on the activities of the shared economy in the current international market environment. We describe the categorization of shared economy activities across platforms. We devote ourselves to measuring a shared economy because it also generates many values that are not fully captured in GDP data. The global value of the shared economy is only an estimate. We also deal with threats to the shared economy as these can also be seen as a growing network of unregulated digital markets. These pose a threat to regulated businesses and to consumers. Shared economic platforms are different in national economies. They are highly criticized in some economies because they create unfair competition conditions. They create illegal, black or gray markets or support, for example, tax avoidance. The shared economy also generates many values that are not fully captured in GDP figures. The research part of the paper consists of an UBER analysis in selected countries. At present, UBER is one of the most widespread structures of the shared economy compared to classic taxis. The analysis offers a comparison of the UBER platform, which can bring a new perspective on shared economy issues. The selected indicators are country-specific and collected for two periods: before the UBER come to country and after that.


Hierarchical models play three important roles in modeling causal effects: (i) accounting for data collection, such as in stratified and split-plot experimental designs; (ii) adjusting for unmeasured covariates, such as in panel studies; and (iii) capturing treatment effect variation, such as in subgroup analyses. Across all three areas, hierarchical models, especially Bayesian hierarchical modeling, offer substantial benefits over classical, non-hierarchical approaches. After discussing each of these topics, we explore some recent developments in the use of hierarchical models for causal inference and conclude with some thoughts on new directions for this research area.

Keywords:

hierarchical models;
causal inference;
Bayesian inference;
interactions;
varying treatment effects


Cyperus esculentus (Yellow Nutsedge) is a troublesome weed with broad infraspecific variation. A growing experiment was performed in which diverse clones were raised under different environmental conditions. Sixty five characters were measured and evaluated based upon their sensitivity to environmental and clonal differences. Of these, 17 proved to be sufficiently reliable for taxonomic purposes. They concern size and shape of floral parts rather than dimensions of spikes, which were until now thought to be the diagnostic characters. Herbarium material from all continents where C. esculentus is present was studied, including type material of varieties; 70 plants were selected, the 17 parameters measured, and the data analysed by multivariate techniques. Four clusters were distinguished, which appeared to broadly represent four varieties described by Kii- kenthal in 1935; three of his seven varieties were rejected, var. cyclolepis, var. nervoso-striatus, and var. sprucei. The four remaining varieties are discussed and described, and a key is given for their identification. They are var. esculentus, var. leptostachyus, var. macrostachyus, and var. heermannii. All of these varieties occur in the Americas as well as in Europe. Variety esculentus dominates in Africa and southern Europe, var. leptostachyus is rather common in both the Old and the New World. Two varieties, var. macrostachyus and var. heermannii, have been recently introduced into the Netherlands; they probably originate from the Americas. The occurrence of var. leptostachyus in Europe is probably the result of an earlier introduction.


Abstract : The report covers, from both design and operational standpoints, all ground test equipment provided by APL in conjunction with the TIROS Solar Proton Monitor (SPM) subsystem. This equipment consists of a Digital Decoder, A Test Suitcase, and an Auxiliary Test Unit. Complete checkout of an SPM package can be performed by means of this test equipment, either with the SPM operating independently of the spacecraft or in situ. All data from such testing is available immediately. Included in the report are complete test procedures and sample data sheets. (Author)


The downhole controllable drilling tool is novel research on the structure and attitude solution based on the ordinary directional drilling tool installed by the mine reverse drilling rig, and it is also an important way to realize the intelligent mine construction. In this paper, the key component structure of controllable drilling tool is proposed, and the drilling tool structure is designed according to the research objectives. According to the structure of the designed drilling tool, the attitude coordinate system of the controllable drilling tool is constructed. The attitude of the drilling tool is solved by quaternion, and the advantages of the quaternion solution method are highlighted. Finally, this paper expounds the superiority of the drilling tool attitude solving method in this paper.