Blue-green algae possess polyhedral bodies which, under the electron microscope, resemble the carboxysomes containing ribulose-1-5-diphosphate carboxylase (RUDPCase) in the chemoautotrophic bacterium Thiobacillus. These bodies are present in vegetative cells but not the heterocysts of 15 strains of Anabaena, Nostoc, Plectonema and Westiellopsis, including material grown photoautotrophically, photoheterotrophically and dark heterotrophically. They are also present in spores (akinetes). Their absence from heterocysts provides morphological evidence in support of the view that heterocysts are deficient in RUDPCase.


To provide a contemporary update and recommendations for the diagnosis and management of low‐grade non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (BCa) based on current literature and expert consensus of the International Bladder Cancer Group.


Jean Nappi received the Bachelor of Science degree from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1973. This was followed by the Doctor of Pharmacy from the University of Texas with completion of a Specialty Practice Residency in Clinical Pharmacy (Internal Medicine) in 1977. Her first academic appointment was at the University of Wisconsin as Clinical Assistant Professor of Pharmacy (1977–1979). This was followed by appointments at the University of Utah (1979–1989), the University of Houston (1989–1992) and the Medical University of South Carolina (1992) where she currently holds the title of Professor of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcome Sciences and Professor of Medicine. She is Board Certified as a Pharmacotherapy Specialist with Added Qualifications in Cardiology. Dr. Nappi has a record of extensive service in professional pharmacy associations at the state and national levels. She has received multiple honors and awards for her service and excellence in education. She was president of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) in 1994–1995 and is a recipient of both the ACCP Clinical Practice Award (2002) and the ACCP Education Award (2006). She agreed to a spontaneous interview to talk about her profession, career, and the influences contributing to her success.


This paper presents the industry's first low-power 100-Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) multi-link gearbox (MLG) IC, which facilitates transport of independent 10-GbE and 40-GbE signals to 4×25G physical layers implementing 100GBASE-R. The IC consumes only 1.37-W while implementing complicated reverse gearbox functionality. The measured TX jitter from the 25-Gb/s lane is 1.6-psrms, and the recovered clock jitter is 0.5-psrms. The measured RX input sensitivity for a BER 10-12 is 42-mVppd. The proposed gearbox IC, fabricated in a 40nm CMOS process, occupies 3.7×3.4-mm2. The power consumption of RX and TX in 25G interfaces are 47-mW and 51-mW, respectively, and those of a 10G interfaces are 24-mW and 25-mW, respectively. Gearbox functionalities are verified with embedded self-test logics.


Research on the application of computer three-dimensional and multi-dimensional in the innovation of ideological and political education mode in universities is a necessary subject for the development of ideological and political education in universities. In terms of developing ideological and political education, some colleges and universities are not doing very well. We have the responsibility and obligation to make ideological and political education bloom in every place on campus. Therefore, we need to cut off the innovation of the three-dimensional and multi-dimensional computer education model of ideological and political work in colleges and universities to allow the ideological and political education to develop well. This is the ultimate goal of ideological and political education. This article discusses some methods of the analysis of ideological and political education and the three-dimensional computer in the innovation of ideological and political education mode in colleges and universities.


I write this case report to discuss the potential benefit of using sodium oxybate to treat posttraumatic (PTSD). oxybate is


Is trade liberalization of services the best strategy to achieve health-related Millennium Development Goals in Latin America? A call for caution.


Background and Objective: Human errors for long time have been on spotlight of safety and Ergonomics experts due to accidents and disrupted performance, planning, and human projections. After the failure of the theory of zero-error culture, new approaches "error management culture" with a positive look at the error, the human and the system introduces. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between culture of fault and safety consequences among employees in a petrochemical industry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional that was run among random sample of 424 individuals who were the employees of a petrochemical industry.. EOQ contained 5 scale and 19 items in Likret scale.Safety outcomes which includes events that occurred during past year, was assessed with four questions about the self-report. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the data, and to determine significant relationships. RESULTS: The mean of (EOQ) total score was 69.91 with a standard deviation of 7.34. The results of the Chi-square test of EOQ Score with minor injuries, serious injuries and damage to equip-ment revealed significant relationships. A significant relationship has been found between some error culture scale and safety outcomes. CONCLUSION: The result show the relationship between error culture and reduction of safety out-comes, our results are in line with previous research suggesting that an organizational climate of open communication with a focus on problem-solving and learning is vital to safety. We hope that future research by overcoming on limitations and shortcomings of the present study, with confirming of the findings of this study, introduced the error culture as an effective factor on safety. Language: fa


. The discovery of gravitational waves by the international collaboration LIGO on the one hand is a triumphant confirmation of the general theory of relativity, and on the other confirms the general fundamental ideas on the nuclear evolution of baryon matter in the Universe concentrated in binary stars. LIGO/Virgo may turn out to be the first experiment in the history of physics to detect two physical entities, gravitational waves and black holes.


ADMINISTRATIVE APPOINTMENTS • Spine Consultant for Varsity and NCAA Teams, Stanford University, (1993present) • Director, Medical Student Education; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, (1990-2016) • Director, Orthopaedic Spine Center at Stanford, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, (1990-2013) • Medical Director, Service Quality, Stanford Univeristy Hospital and Clinics, (2009present) • Chief, Spinal Surgery Division, (2004-2013)


The main aim of this paper is to present, in a reasoned and detailed manner, a methodology for Employee Participation System implementation applied in logistics issues. Thus, key aspects are developed in the implementation according to literature, focusing more on the "how" than on the "why." This methodology is illustrated with the analysis of a case study in the Spanish company GADISA. The participative approach applied in redesigning the processes has been one of the keys to its success, in terms of the efficiency of the actions and in the ease with which they were implemented. Although the main objective of the Employee Participation System was the decision of the Board, the personnel took part in its operational design, from the initial stages of its development, not only proposing improvements but also analyzing, implementing, and supervising alternatives. The proposed methodology may be of interest both in the academic and professional world. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Abstract : An edge detection experiment using the MARR operator was conducted at ETL to determine if the operator could be used in an interactive manner to extract well-defined edges from noisy pictures. Three binary image-processing functions, namely, line thinning, line thickening and clutter removal were found to be useful aids in the interactive process. The results of the experiment demonstrate that the MARR operator was not biased and performed as well as the Prewitt and Haralick operators, all of which is contrary to an experiment conducted by Haralick where the operator was used incorrectly.


dorsal vcrtebrw, were witlhin the tumor, denuded, carious, anid deeply cxcavated, tllc iiitervertebral substance remaininig niearly entire. 'T'he tenith dorsal vertebra was more deeply excavated thanl the rest. The seventh, eighth, and ninthl dorsal vertebrn, were in soine degree protected by a mass of fibrine lying upoIn tlleir anterior surfaces, and wllich materially strenlgthlenled thc walls of the tumor at this point. The ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth ribs, were also nmore or less absorbed. The ninth rib was denuded alnd carious, and from it a plate of bone was detached, and pushed upwards. The tentlh rib lhad nearly disappeared, two small portions only remaining, one attaclhed to the cartilage, the other to the vertebra. The eleventh rib was only less injured thani tlle tenth, the remaining portions being considerably displaced, and pushed downiwards. The twelfth rib was completely divided near the vertebra, but not otherwise extensively diseased. The walls of the tumor were at every poilnt entire. The remaining viscera presented little remarkable.


It is shown that zones of clear air turbulence can be indicated remotely both from the variance of radial velocity measured by a coherent Doppler wind lidar and from the structure constant of turbulent fluctuations of the refractive index measured by the lidar capable of determining the intensity of optical turbulence.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the status of management in South Africa.Design/methodology/approach – This is achieved by firstly, providing a concise summary of the classical management theory. This is followed by a presentation of selected dimensions of South Africa's economic, social and political profile (cultural profile), as reflected in secondary sources. A discussion of South Africa's profile vis‐a‐vis management theory is presented.Findings – The findings show that South Africa is faced with unique competitive challenges, which fall within the realm of management. Unfortunately, the unavailability of competent senior managers forms part of South Africa's problem, aggravating the situation.Practical implications – The practical implications are that South African managers need to face their reality, by acquainting themselves with the sound theory underpinning management, available from reputable sources and applying these principles with insight. In so doing they will not only im...


Building damage after an earthquake, or other hazard event, can interrupt businesses, displace households, and significantly disrupt a community for years. As a result, policymakers and engineers are working toward new design guidelines and policies that reduce the vulnerability of the built environment through improved building functional recovery performance. This study proposes a method for assessing post-earthquake building performance states of function and reoccupancy within the architecture of performance-based earthquake engineering, targeted at US construction, making use of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) P-58 fragility and consequence models. This is accomplished by mapping component damage states to systems-level operational performance, and then to building-level performance states, through a series of fault trees. The study also proposes a repair scheduling algorithm to estimate the time taken to restore building reoccupancy or function, considering impeding factors that delay the start of repairs. The result is a probabilistic approach that extends the performance-based engineering framework to explicitly quantify post-earthquake building function performance states, thus facilitating design and mitigation decisions for recovery-based performance objectives.


Lack of equipment or financials for founding the laboratories often hinders the proper execution of laboratory exercises that are mandatory part in every curriculum of electrical engineering. Therefore the virtual laboratories are used as a supplement or replacement of physical laboratories providing the necessary experimental skills for students of electrical engineering. Paper presents two virtual laboratories aimed for analysis of electrical circuits and testing of electrical machines via web platforms. Both laboratories allow students to become familiar with instrumentation, setting of the laboratory measurement circuit and analysis of the obtained results. The advantages and the drawbacks of the both laboratories are described.


A key outcome of the HUMANE project is a series of policy roadmaps which provide guidance for improving Human-Machine Networks (HMNs) in different social domains. In order to achieve this, we need to foresee future trends in these social domains, examine the broader impact and implications of HMNs, the technical and regulatory challenges, and set the desired goals at the end of each roadmap. We then need to propose concrete actions or steps that should be taken to achieve these goals. The contribution of this deliverable is two-fold: First, a roadmapping process addressing HMNs in specific social domains. Second, the roadmaps for three such domains: the sharing economy, eHealth, and citizen participation. These domains all embrace exciting technological applications that promise to give great societal benefits. The roadmapping process has been construed to take into account implications of HMNs, e.g. with regard to notions of trust or motivation. The presented roadmapping process is general and, hence, serves as a model or guidelines for roadmap creation in other domains. The roadmaps themselves provide steps toward understanding the short- and long-term higher level goals for HMNs in these domains, and aid stakeholders in recognizing shared goals and their roles in reaching them.


The near field wireless communication functionality known as Bluetooth is loaded as standard on tablets like iPad. Using this near field wireless communication functionality enables two tablets to connect together directly, thus supporting communication between people who just happen to meet up unplanned in that location. This study concerns the development of a collaborative handwriting application that uses a collaborative work support format utilizing near field wireless communication on tablets, known as ad hoc collaborative work support that enables the joint creation of a handwritten object.


- One of the best application of image analysis and understanding is face detection.Face detection is one of the challenging task. For face detection the number of algorithm have been developed in last few years. In this review paper we deals with the of colour spaces which are used for face detection and skin detection, different operations performs like thresholding and morphological filtering. In this paper an improved segmentation algorithm for face detection in colour images with multiple faces and skin tone regions proposed. Skin regions are extracted using a set of bounding rules based on the skin colour distribution obtained from a training set. A segmentated regions of face are further classified using a parallel combination of morphological operations. In the preprocessing step skin colour is detected using colour space model. Filters and morphological operators will be used to fill the wholes that will be created after the segmentation process. Then edge detection method will be used to detect the face edges and then masking is done and faces are detected. The goal is to develop an algorithm to detect faces from an images so that it will upgrade the exact detection rate. This paper explains various techniques of face detection and skin detection at various conditions such as face expressions, position and various lighting conditions. Also explain the operation performed for face detection in future, a new algorithm can be developed using exiting techniques of detection.


This paper analyzes the theory demands and the current development of business incubator in China.By studying the present development demands thoroughly,it gives the specific tasks that can promote the development of business incubator effectively.And it points out that it is necessary to improve the conditions of developing business incubator.


We present a concept design for a versatile, high throughput fiber couple spectrograph for the 9-meter Hobby-Eberly telescope. This instrument, designated the medium resolution spectrograph (MRS) will cover the visible spectrum from 350 nm to 1100 nm and have a resolution range 300 < (lambda) /(Delta) (lambda) < 20000. It will reside in an environmentally controlled spectrograph room. Operating modes of the spectrograph will include single object, synthetic long slit, and multiple object spectroscopy. The dual requirements of spectral coverage and high resolution mandate that the MRS be a dual beam instrument.


A retrospective study was done to assess the prevalence and distribution of various parameters associated with scoliosis in 2,650 students who passed the entrance examination and admitted for the first-year class of Naresuan University in 2004. The posteroanterior chest radiographs were used for measuring of the lateral curvature of the spine by Cobb ' s method. Using Cobb ' s angle of 10 degrees or more for consideration of having scoliosis, the prevalence of scoliosis was 7.0 per cent in females and 1.9 per cent in males. Most of the curves (207; prevalence 8.0 per cent) were small (10 to 19 degrees). Only ten of the students (0.4 per cent) had a scoliosis exceeding 19 degrees. The most common type of curve was thoracolumbar, followed by thoracic curve. Most of these curves were to the right, the left to right ratio was 1 : 1.3.


Micro-resolution Particle Image Velocimetry(Micro-PIV) was used to measure the flow in a micro-branch(Micro-Bypass). In this paper, effects of particle lump at the tip of a Micro-branch and difficulties of Micro-PIV measurements for microfluidics with branch passage were described. Micro-bypass was composed of a straight channel(200(100)m width 80m height) and two branches which has 100(50)m width 80m height. One of branches was straight and the other was curved. Experiments were performed at three regions along streamwise direction(entrance, middle and exit of branch) and five planes along vertical direction (0, 10, 20 m) for the range of Re


Research and development of digital manufacturing system based on integration of planning, engineering application and line performance analyzing are presented. Construction and simulating traits of sub models are analyzed. Key technologies of system integration and development are studied.


In this study, carbon steel corrosion was evaluated in salt water solutions using the newly developed non-destructive electrical method which can be easily adopted in the field for real-time monitoring and the results were compared to some standard test methods such as weight loss, corrosion rate and potential difference. The average weight loss in 10% salt solution (accelerated corrosion and also representing the hydraulic fracking fluids) in one year was 1.05% and corrosion rate was 1.54 mm/year, using the ASTM G1 method. Vipulanandan correlation model was used to represent the weight loss versus time relationship. The potential difference between the corroding steel and standard calomel electrode in 1M salt solution reduced from -0.680 V to -0.791 V in two years, a 15% total change. The use of the new nondestructive electrical method was to detect and quantify the surface and bulk corrosion in the field. Tests were performed to first verify the best electrical property that will be highly sensitive and represent the steel corrosion. The findings from this study indicated changes in the newly developed electrical corrosion index for the surface (2D representation) and the resistivity (second order tensor, 3D representation) for the bulk material using the Vipulanandan Impedance Corrosion Model. Corrosion development in 30 inches long steel specimens were studied in the 3.5% salt solution (simulating sea water) for 500 days. The changes in the specimens were monitored at regular intervals using the new two probe method and measuring the impedance-frequency relationship using alternative current up to a frequency of 300 kHz. The surface corrosion was quantified using the new electrical corrosion index parameter, which changed from point to point on the surface of the corroding steel and the change was over 200%. The change in the bulk resistivity along the length of the steel specimen was over 40,000 times (4,000,000%) in 3.5% salt solution compared to the weight loss and reduction in the potential difference. Hence the electrical resistivity for the bulk material and the new corrosion index for the surface corrosion are highly sensing parameters for detecting and quantify the corrosion in the steel.


Anyone who has a bookshelf on which he keeps his issues of the Journal of Geophysical Research knows that the volume and quality of published material have been increasing from year to year. So also have the costs of publishing it. The section of the Journal of Geophysical Research now devoted to the earth had become too big, and so this issue starts a new division of the Journal to produce three, instead of the former two, sections. This section of the Journal will contain papers related to the oceans and the atmosphere, another will cover the surfaces and interior of planets, and a third will cover space physics.


Temporal environmental variations are ubiquitous in nature, yet most of the theoretical works in population genetics and evolution assume fixed environment. Here we analyze the effect of variations in carrying capacity on the fate of a mutant type. We consider a two-state Moran model, where selection intensity at equilibrium may differ (in amplitude and in sign) from selection during periods of sharp growth and sharp decline. Using Kimura's diffusion approximation we present simple formulae for effective population size and effective selection, and use it to calculate the chance of ultimate fixation, the time to fixation and the time to absorption (either fixation or loss). Our analysis shows perfect agreement with numerical solutions for neutral, beneficial and deleterious mutant. The contributions of different processes to the mean and the variance of abundance variations are additive and commutative. As a result, when selection intensity $s$ is weak such that ${\cal O}(s^2)$ terms are negligible, periodic or stochastic environmental variations yield identical results.


This study examines the long-run influence of institutions and natural resources on economic growth in Nigeria over the period 1960 – 2014. It is apparent that the Nigerian economy depends largely on natural resources such as petroleum products for its sustainance. An economy with good institutions is more likely to use natural resources optimally, and hence that should translate into sustainable economic growth. In view of this, good institutions are required to restore confidence in the economy and ensure adequate management of the natural resources and distribution of the proceeds realised from them. To achieve the objectives of this study, Gregory & Hansen's (1996a) co-integration approach and vector error correction model have been applied. The results reveal that institutions have a significant positive long-run influence on economic growth in Nigeria. Similarly, natural resources have a significant positive long-run relationship with economic growth in Nigeria. The results thus imply that improving the quality of institutions has the tendency of increasing long-run economic growth in Nigeria. Furthermore, they imply that enhancing the exploitation and maximum utilisation of natural resources will also help promote long-run economic growth in Nigeria. In addition, the findings of this study indicate that accounting for structural break in VECM improves the significance and thus, reliability of the model applied. Therefore, this study recommends the enforcement of rule of law which will ensure equality before the law and promote contract enforcement and property rights, which are proxies for institutions. Furthermore, it recommends that government should further enhance the exploitation and maximum utilisation of natural resources as well as diversify the economy so as to reap the benefits from the production of natural resources.


The Orthopaedic Journal of M P Chapter (OJMPC) is official publication of Madhya Pradesh Chapter of Indian Orthopaedic Association (IOA). This journal is academic representation of our esteemed body. Publishing a journal is not easy, it needs lot of determination, time and energy. Till last year previous editors (Dr. P. K. Rai, Dr. HKT Raza, Dr. Sunil Rajan and Dr.Alok C Agrawal) have put all their efforts to improve the journal in terms of quantity and quality of scientific content. I must acknowledge Dr.Alok C Agrawal for two major breakthroughs in his long tenure of editorship one is getting ISSN and second indexing with Index Copernicus. As this is a free open access journal with no article submission or processing fee overcoming the financial hurdles was a big challenge for previous editors. After the directives issued by Medical council of India to have publications in print journals with indexing in any of the following Pubmed, Index Medicus, Medline, Scopus and Index Copernicus etc the task became more difficult and technical. After this directive though the number of articles submitted are increasing but at the same time due to the pressing need lots of journals have cropped up thus compromising the quality of the articles. In this scenario it is imperative to maintain ethical practice and publish high quality scientific material. This is for the first time in history of Orthopaedic Journal of M P Chapter that journal is having its own website and this is the first online issue. From now onwards all manuscript submissions will be online and there will be a double blind peer review process. Journal will now have a National as well International readership. As the journal will be assessed globally the number of submissions are going to be increased. Our mission is to have stringent peer review, high quality publications, improved indexing and improved impact factor. Very soon we will increase the number of issues published per year. However, being official publication of state chapter of IOA we expect more publications from our own members. Publishing is a team work I thank all the members of editorial board, all the reviewers and technical team. We cordially invite you all to submit your manuscript in OJMPC, we assure you of good peer review and quick decision on articles. This is our own journal we must work together and contribute toward its growth.


Abstract: This work aimed at investigating the fluid dynamics of the convention-al spouted bed during a coating process, using several inert particles such as polysty-rene, polypropylene, polyethylene of low density, ABS ® , placebo tablets and glass beads, analyzing the adhesion of the film on the particle and the influence of the physi-cal properties of the particles and of an aqueous polymeric coating suspension on the fluid dynamics. Nomenclature d – diameter, mm; M – mass, kg; RH – relative humidity, %; t – process time, min; T – temperature, oC; V – velocity, cm/s; X – moisture content, %; Q – Flow rate, kg/s; P – pressure, Pa; C – concentration, %; W – suspension flow rate, m 3 /s; H – height, cm; n – behavior index; m – consistency index, N/m 2 ; δ – particle growth, %; η – coating efficiency, %; θ – contact angle, o; φ – sphericity; Φ – angle of repose, o; ρ – density, kg/m 3 ; e – porosity, %; τ – shear stress, N/m 2 ; γ – rate of strain, s –1 ; Δ – drop. Subscripts p – particle; sol – solids; S – stable; M – maximum; s – spout; ms – minimum spout; o – dry bed; susp – suspension; ap – apparent; i – initial; f – final; an – annulus; ft – fountain.


Several authors have examined the effect of tumor transection and biopsy type on preliminary and final Breslow depth and staging in patients with melanoma. This interest in tumor transection stems in part from the debate surrounding the validity of different biopsy types for pigmented lesions, particularly shave biopsies. Previous studies have shown that there is a risk of underestimating Breslow depth with shave biopsy but that this changes management in only a small percentage of patients. These authors did not examine long-term outcomes in patients whose Breslow depth or management changed because of tumor transection on initial biopsy.


From 1983, various tests and research efforts, using a 2T/D air-blown pressurized two-stage entrained bed coal gasifier, have been conducted to investigate the gasification characteristics, slag discharge etc.. This report presents the outline of the 2T/D PDU gasifier and the test results on the slag discharge technologies and the gasification characteristics for typical 5 coals. As a result of tests, we can obtain smooth and steady slag discharge with high ash melting coals by means of using air as a gasifing agent. Gasifier performance (e.g. per pass carbon conversion efficiency) were affected by the gasifier air ratio and at the same gasifier air ratio, there were slightly difference among coal types.


This study investigated the effect of blueberry juice on menhaden oil lipid oxidation during microencapsulation. Oil in water emulsions containing menhaden oil with 0, 5, or 10% blueberry juice were spray dried to produce control-M, 5% BJ-M, and 10% BJ-M microencapsulated powders, respectively. All microencapsulated powders had similar encapsulation efficiencies with low surface oil content. Peroxide value (meq/kg of oil) was 4.50, 4.31, and 3.38 for control-M, 5% BJ-M and 10% BJ-M, respectively. Ten percent BJ-M had lower (P < 0.05) anisidine value, and totox values than 5% BJ-M and control-M. This indicated that 10% blueberry juice reduced lipid oxidation in menhaden oil during microencapsulation to a greater extent than the other formulations.


Estrus synchronization has become a routine reproductive management tool for dairy producers. Reproductive performance has decreased over the last 25 yr on dairy farms, and the lack of estrus detection or inaccurate detection are major reasons for increased numbers of days open for the average cow. Estrus synchronization methods that control both the function of the corpus luteum and the development of follicles with viable oocytes are critical to efficacy. This article reviews some of the synchronization methods used in dairy cattle, especially the recent protocols involving the use of GnRH. Conception and pregnancy rates from a series of studies using the Ovsynch protocol averaged 34.9 and 34.9%, respectively. Conception and pregnancy rates from breeding at detected estrus after PGF2α averaged 37.7 and 19.8%, respectively. Because pregnancy rates are typically below 40%, possible methods for early identification of open cows and resynchronization will be discussed.


Four methods of the early spermatid micronucleus test were investigated. The experimental Kunming male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, 5 mice for each group. The 1 th group as control was given sterile water by single intraperitoneal injection.The 2 st , 3 nd or 4 rd group were given cyclophosphamide by single intraperitoneal injection at dosage of 80, 55 or 30 mg/kg b.w. respectively. At the 14 d after administration of drug, mice were sacrificed for slides making by the methods of trypsin isolation of spermatids and Giemsa staining, trypsin isolation of spermatids and PAS HE staining, mechanical isolation of spermatids with pipette and Giemsa staining, mechanical isolation of spermatids with pipette and PAS HE staining respectively. The results showed that the correlations of these four methods were very good. The correlation coefficient r were between 0.985—0.996. Cyclophosphamide had dose effect relation at dose of 30—80 mg/kg b.w., and its regressional equation was y=1.225+0.055D.


Development of embedded OS based on ARM7 S3C4510 is presented, which use uClinux embedded OS as software flat and adopt serial DMA communications mode. This system can improve efficiency of serial data acquisition and avoid data lose in serial communications of great data flux.


We have implemented a compressor (XMilI) and decompressor (XDemill) for XML data, to be used in data exchange and archiving, which can be downloaded from http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/xmill. XMill compresses about twice as good as gzip, at about the same speed. It does not need a DTD in order to compress, and preserves the input XML file faithfully, including element order, attributes order, PI 's, comments, the DTD, etc. A novelty in XMill is that it allows users to combine existing compressors in order to compress heterogeneous XML data: by default it uses z l i b , a library function implementing gz ip ' s functionality, and includes some standard compression techniques for simple data types. Further, XMill is extensible with user-defined compressors for complex data types, such as DNA sequences or images. This paper describes XMilI's extensible architecture; it also summarizes some other aspects of XMill from [3], such as container expressions and an experimental evaluation. There are three principles in XMill:


The oral desensitization using hypoallergenic wheat was performed for twenty children with a history of wheat allergy. The enrolled subjects were divided into three groups: children with severe wheat allergy, group S; children with mild wheat allergy, group M; children receiving no desensitization, group C. The oral desensitization was performed with increasing doses starting at 25 mg (group S) or 0.4g (group M) using hypoallergenic wheat. Six out of eight children in group S and five of seven children in group M achieved the daily intake dose of wheat product, whereas only one of five children did in group C. Hypoallergenic wheat is useful for inducing food tolerance for children with a wheat-immediate type allergy.


Abstract Background: Neonates with right ventricular outflow obstruction and intact ventricular septum show serious hemodynamic problems, such as severe hypoxemia, congestive heart failure due to massive tricuspid regurgitation, respiratory distress related to huge pulmonary hypoplasia or ventricular dysfunction due to right ventricle‐coronary communication. Recent advances in fetal diagnosis include many cases of in utero diagnosis of pulmonary atresia or critical pulmonary stenosis and intact ventricular septum.


According to Southern Min dictionary edited by Dong (2001), the meanings and the examples of chêng are listed in the following table: meaning Examples ago chìn-chêng, chá-chêng, chêng-chi t-mî Face, front thâu-chêng, heng-chêng, chhùchêng Ahead, beforehand s chêng former chêng-pái Ex-(wife) chêng-lâng-kiá , chêng-bó, chêng-ang future chiân-tô fore chêng –nî senior chiân-pòe near bo k-chêng, gán-chiân, b n-chêng, b n-thâu-chêng Based on the Southern Min dialect spoken in Taiwan (the corpus adopted from Ún-giân ê tai-gi-bun homepage http://203.64.42.tur21/iug/Ungian/ungian.asp), we'll explore the frequency of each semene of chêng, the relation between the semantics and the different structures of compounds composed by chêng, and the competition of synonyms. There are three issues discussed in the paper: (1) based on nominal element collocated with chêng, the semantic development of chêng follows the path proposed by Heine et al 1991; (2) the meaning of qian varies with different position in a compound, e.g. chêng-sa kang 'the previous three days' and sa kang-chêng 'three days ago' share the same morphemes, but have different order, and therefore have different meanings; (3) According to the layering principle proposed by Hopper (1991:22): "new layers continually emerging. As this happens, the older layers are not necessarily discarded, but may remain to coexist with and interact with the newer layer". The interaction and competition of different layers appear in the two sets of (near-)synonyms, i.e. bo k-chêng, gán-chiân and ba k-chiu-chêng 'now' and thâu-chêng, b n-chêng and b n-thâu-chêng 'front'.


Three polymerase chain reaction-based assays for the mouse Lepob mutation are described: Dde I site created by the C-->T transversion characterizing Lepob enables positive detection of the mutant allele; positive detection of the wild-type Lep allele is achieved by the use of primer sequence which introduces an A-->C substitution, creating an Msp I site in the normal allele; and an electrophoretic assay which positively identifies the heterozygote.


Abstract Vocabulary plays a significant role in the learning process of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students, especially undergraduates who need to read academic materials and listen to specialized lectures in English. However, retaining lexical items is still a challenging task for many EFL learners. The current study seeks to examine the effectiveness of a constructivist approach in improving EFL learners' vocabulary retention, mainly meaning recall, as well as investigate their attitude towards this learning method. To achieve this aim, a quasi-experimental design, including a pretest and a posttest, was employed with the participation of 75 EFL Vietnamese undergraduates. The participants were assigned into two groups: the control group (Group 1, N = 37) and the experimental group (Group 2, N = 38). While Group 1 was taught in a conventional way, Group 2 received vocabulary training following the constructivist approach. At the end of the eight-week treatment, a questionnaire was administered to the experimental group to gauge their view on vocabulary learning using constructivism. The results showed that Group 2 retained lexical items more effectively than Group 1. Furthermore, the experimental group had a favorable opinion of learning vocabulary in the constructivist approach. Recommendations for future studies as well as implications for teachers regarding vocabulary and constructivism, were presented in detail.


The objective of this cross‐sectional study was to examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and fruit and vegetable (FV) intake and BMI and physical activity (PA) by race in three low‐income northern California schools consisting of primarily White and Hmong elementary school students. A total of 244 4th and 5th grade students were classified into three racial groups: White, Hmong and Other. Students were measured for height and weight and completed an in‐class survey assessing FV intake and PA behavior. The Kruskal‐Wallis test was used for data analysis. The overweight and obesity prevalence was 31%. While there was no significant association between BMI and PA among Hmong and Other students, overweight White students had a significantly higher PA level than normal weight White students. Among students from other races, overweight students reported consuming more vegetables than normal weight students, whereas no association between BMI and FV intake was observed among White and Hmong students. Additional research is needed to further understand possible explanations of varied associations between BMI and PA and BMI and vegetable intake among different racial groups. Educators and health care providers may need to consider different strategies when delivering health education to different racial groups.


The aim of this article is to investigate the effect of companies act 2017 on governance parameter in Pakistan, especially in non-financial companies measures the qualities of a firm's financial performance (FFP). This article analysis the secondary data from the company's annual reports of a sample of 120 non-financial companies from 11 different sectors. The non-financial companies are listed in Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX), and time frame are selected from 2013 to 2018. The findings showed that Board Independence (BI), Audit Committee Independence (ACI), and the Women Directors (WD) on the board has a substantial and beneficial influence on FFP. However, interestingly, the Separate Leadership Structure (SLS) exerted a significant and negative effect on FFP. The study enriches the literature, policy, and practice especially after the introduction of the recent CG code 2017 in Pakistan. The findings suggest that the nomination of independent directors to the board and audit committee along with increasing the number of women directors on the board augment the independence of the board that has positive impacts on FFP.


Studying the stability of genetic regulatory networks (GRNs) helps to explore the laws of automatic regulation in organisms. By designing proper controllers, the finite-time stability problem of GRNs with nondifferential discrete time-varying delays is discussed in this brief. Rather than constructing the Lyapunov functional or using the finite-time stability theorem, inequality technique and comparison method are firstly adopted in the analyzation. Then, several sufficient algebraic criteria are derived to ensure the finite-time stability of addressed delayed GRNs. The results are general and contain the exponential stability as a special case. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the validness of theoretical results.


The maximum out-of-plane field that some thin-film cobalt rings resisted while remaining in the vortex state was found experimentally to be lower than expected from simulation, possibly due to tilt. Analysis of a Zernike phase plate shows that the observed bright outlines around large objects result from the low-spatial-frequency limit of correction imposed by the beam hole. The maximum size of phase object that can be imaged accurately with a Zernike plate can be raised by increasing the effective focal length of the objective lens.


Surveying the literature we have not found any convincing indications that the PCS, or any single PCS-symptom, is caused by cerebral lesion. Neither have we, in the present series, found any relation between late PCS-symptoms and concussional intensity, EEG-abnormalities, performance in psychological tests of brain damage, etc. The pathogenic importance of traumatic vestibular dysfunction for the development of late PCS-dizziness is evident (Ch. VIII), but care should be taken not to stress this importance too strongly. The absence of associated signs of lesion in the cochlea, brain stem and cerebellum indicates that the lesion in our cases of vestibular dysfunction generally was of a subtle nature. The prognosis of traumatic vestibular dysfunction in cases of CC is usually good (cf. Adams & Staewen 1959), and PCS-dizziness persisting for a long time is often found in patients whose vestibular functions seem to be perfectly normal (Lidvall 1966). Thus, traumatic vestibular dysfunction appears to be of limited importance in the pathogenesis of late PCS-dizziness.


The receptivity to free‐stream vorticity of the boundary layer over a flat plate with an elliptic leading edge is investigated numerically by solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes system in general curvilinear coordinates with the vorticity and streamfunction as dependent variables. A small‐amplitude vortical disturbance is introduced at the upstream boundary and the governing equations solved time accurately to evaluate the spatial and temporal growth of the perturbations leading to instability waves [Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves] in the boundary layer. The effect of disturbance amplitude, orientation, and the effect of the leading edge and of surface curvature are investigated for the case of spanwise vorticity. Simulations reveal, for the conditions considered, a linear variation in the TS response with forcing amplitude for perturbations of free‐stream velocity that are either symmetrical or asymmetrical with respect to the basic‐state stagnation streamline. The presence near the leading edge of...


It is shown that iterative refinement (using normal equations and exclusively standard floating point arithmetic with relative precision v) yields almost full accuracy of computed solution to regular linear least squares problem, provided some conditions.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), as well as its most abundant polyphenol, is the most potent neuroprotective compound in green tea. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of EGCG on oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease induced by Aluminum oxide nanoparticles in rats. Eight groups of rats were used; Group1 (normal control n). Group 2 (AI 2 O 3 NPS-treated rats) . Group 3 (EGCG 5 mg/kg b.w -treated rats, n= 6). Group 4 (EGCG 10 mg/kg b.w-treated rats). Group 5 (Rivastigmine or Exelon-treated rats). Group 6 ( AI 2 O 3 NPS + EGCG 5 mg/kg b.w). Group 7 ( AI 2 O 3 NPS + EGCG 10 mg/kg b.w) . Group 8 ( AI 2 O 3 NPS + Exelon , n=6 ). The study revealed that AI 2 O 3 NPS treated increase AChE, Aβ, BChE and MDA as well as the decrease in GSH, SOD and CAT. EGCG minimized the deteriorating effects of Aluminum oxide nanoparticles on biochemical parameters indicated by the decreased AChE, Aβ, BChE and MDA with the increased GSH, SOD and CAT.


In this study, we introduce an advanced architecture of genetically optimized Hybrid Fuzzy Neural Networks (gHFNN) and develop a comprehensive design methodology supporting their construction. A series of numeric experiments is included to illustrate the performance of the networks. The construction of gHFNN exploits fundamental technologies of Computational Intelligence (CI), namely fuzzy sets, neural networks, and genetic algorithms (GAs). The architecture of the gHFNNs results from a synergistic usage of the genetic optimization-driven hybrid system generated by combining Fuzzy Neural Networks (FNN) with Polynomial Neural Networks (PNN). In this tandem, a FNN supports the formation of the premise part of the rule-based structure of the gHFNN. The consequence part of the gHFNN is designed using PNNs. We distinguish between two types of the linear fuzzy inference rule- based FNN structures showing how this taxonomy depends upon the type of a fuzzy partition of input variables. As to the consequence part of the gHFNN, the development of the PNN dwells on two general optimization mechanisms: the structural optimization is realized via GAs whereas in case of the parametric optimization we proceed with a standard least square method- based learning. To evaluate the performance of the gHFNN, the models are experimented with a representative numerical example. A comparative analysis demonstrates that the proposed gHFNN come with higher accuracy as well as superb predictive capabilities when comparing with other neurofuzzy models.


The invention relates to a short tube gas replenishing device for a draft tube of a water turbine, belonging to the field of gas replenishing of a water turbine generator set. The short tube gas replenishing device for the draft tube of the water turbine is characterized in that the short tube gas replenishing device is arranged in the draft tube, passes through the tube wall of the draft tube through four branch tubes and is communicated with the atmosphere through an annular tube to form a gas replenishing loop; four short tubes are uniformly distributed on the same horizontal plane of the draft tube; and each short tube is in an upward arched form, i.e. each short tube forms an angle of 30-45 degrees with the upward horizontal plane or is parallel with the horizontal plane, each short tube is sealed by a plug, a gas outlet hole is formed below each short tube, and each gas outlet hole is positioned in the third quadrant of the cross section of each short tube seen from the center of the draft tube. The short tube gas replenishing device operates stably, and the gas replenishing quantity meets the requirement of the set. The short tube gas replenishing device does not generate the pipeline falling phenomenon, thereby reducing the daily maintenance, lowering the maintenance cost, avoiding the condition that the set operates without the gas replenishing device, and improving the safety and the stability of operation of the set.


Objective This study was designed to determine MICs of 4 antifungal agents against Candida isolates and evaluate drug resistance in Candida spp.Methods MICs of amphotericin B (AP), ketoconazole (KE), fluconazole (FL), itraconazole (IT) were determined on 78 clinical isolates of Candida by E test.Results The susceptibility rate of 78 strains of Candida to AP, KE, FL, IT was 89.7%, 92.3%, 85.9% and 85.9% respectively. The susceptibility rate of Candida albicans to the above 4 antifungal agents was 96.9%, 96.9%, 100% and 87.5% accordingly.Conclusions The 4 antifungal agents tested have good antifungal activity against Candida albicans in vitro. Their antifungal activity against other Candida spp. is not as good as against Candida albicans.


Graves' disease Graves' disease (GD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder caused by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental and endogenous factors. GD complications affect thyroid and orbital connective tissues. The most common symptoms affecting about fifty% of patients are fatigue, weight loss, palpitations, tremor and heat intolerance. Among extrathyroidal physical signs, in addition to ophthalmopathy, between 1 to 4% of patients can manifest thyroid dermatopathy too (1). It has been shown the dominant role played by the autoimmune response in the development of GD, as well as the pathogenetic role covered by thyroid stimulating autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of this disorder (2).


Professional societies in biology tend to segregate themselves taxonomically. In 1992, the National Science Foundation of the U.S. formed a proposal review panel for "Functional Biology" (now named "Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology") that entertained proposals without regard to biological kingdom. From their experiences on this panel, many panel members and managers have become advocates for cross-kingdom activities. In particular, Martin Feder and James Coleman, who served as presidents for the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (formerly known as the American Society of Zoologists) and the Physiological Ecology Section of the Ecological Society of America, respectively, sponsored symposia at their national meetings in 2001. Here, we report on two symposia, "Plant-Animal Physiology" and "Living Together: The Dynamics of Symbiotic Interactions," held at the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Meetings in Chicago (January 5–7, 2001) with support from the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Competitive Grants Program, respectively. The proceedings of these symposia will be published in American Zoologist later this year.


Background: Use of alternative medications and herbal remedies is widespread in the United States and across the globe. These traditional medications can be contaminated with toxic metals. Despite several case reports of poisoning from such contamination, the epidemiological data are still limited. Objectives: To report on a cluster of lead and mercury toxicity cases in 2011 among a community of adherents of traditional medical practice of Ayurveda. Methods: Adherents of Ayurveda were offered heavy metals screening following the identification of the index case. Results: Forty-six of 115 participants (40%) had elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) of 10 μg/dl or above, with 9.6% of BLLs at or above 50 μg/dl. Conclusions: This is the largest cluster of lead and mercury toxicity following use of Ayurvedic supplements described in the literature in the US. Contamination of herbal products is a public health issue of global significance. There are few regulations addressing contamination of "natural" products or supplements.


In this study, a simple and rapid electrophoretic procedure was developed to determine the amylose content in wheat starch. The experimental approach was based on agarose
gels using a borate buffer and entailed optimisation of gel concentration, staining method, elecfrophoretic conditions and starch solubilisation conditions. Laser densitometry was used to quantify the amylose component.


We present fivepatients with squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa arised on the pre-existing oral lichen planus. Immunohistochemical analysis of the precursor lesions was performed by using p53 and Ki-67 antigens, and compared with the unaffected mucosa of the same patient, as well as with the matched control patient's mucosa. Clinical diagnosis of OLP has to be confirmed by histopathological analysis. As a premalignant lesion, OLP need to be assessed by use of immunohistochemical and genetic markers as well. Further research is essential for better understanding of the mechanisms and propensity of some OLP lesions to undergo malignant transformation.


The data stored in a static random access memory (SRAM) immediately after power-up is of practical interest for some applications, such as SRAM physical unclonable functions. In this paper, measurements of SRAM cell power-up state (i.e., whether the cell is storing 0 or 1 after the power supply is turned on) using an addressable cell array test structure are reported. The test structure provides direct access to individual transistor characteristics of many SRAM cells, which would facilitate the characterization of SRAM power-up behavior. Methods and considerations necessary for reliable and stable power-up state characterization using the test structure will be discussed and demonstrated.


We investigate finite volume schemes for the one-dimensional Kerr-Debye model of electromagnetic propagation in nonlinear media. In this relaxation quasilinear hyperbolic system, the relaxation parameter is the response time of the media. When it tends to zero, the relaxed limit is known as the Kerr system. We show that basic explicit splitting methods fail to preserve this asymptotic. Following two different viewpoints, we construct splitting implicit and well-balanced explicit approximations which are stable, entropic and own the correct asymptotic behavior. Various numerical experiments are performed.


Although pioglitazone, a well‐known anti‐diabetic agent, has recently established itself as a pillar of cancer treatment, its therapeutic value could be attenuated by the aberrant activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.


The synthesis of all the isomers of pyreno[b]thiophene namely, pyreno[1,2-b]thiophene, pyreno[2,1-b]thiophene and pyreno[4,5-b]thiophene is described. Their spectral characteristics are also discussed.


Many deaf people worldwide face problems with integrating into society and interacting with people who do not understand sign language. This can lead to isolation and difficulty in expressing feelings. In this research, our primary goal is to help deaf people communicate, express their feelings, and socialize with others. Toward that end, 40 Arabic words that are commonly used in social interactions were used to build a dataset of hand movements used by deaf people to express these words. These movements were recorded using a Leap Motion Controller (LMC). The resulting dataset consists of 1,579 instances and 112 features, recorded with the help of five deaf persons. Feature reduction and oversampling techniques were applied to analyze the dataset. Machine learning algorithms were then used to build a model that is able to classify any given hand posture or gesture into one of those 40 words. This work compared the performance of nine classification algorithms: Random Forest, Decision Table, Classification via Regression, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Simple Logistic, Input Mapped Classifier, Random Tree, J48, and Bayes network. Results show that the Random Forest model achieved the highest accuracy with over 90%, outperforming the other eight models. Subsequently, a usability study was conducted by 10 deaf people to test the effectiveness of the proposed assistive device. The results suggest that the proposed device is useful for facilitating social communication with deaf people. It also suggests that the device was preferred, when compared with other relevant devices.


10 species of Mesocyclops in China are recorded as follows: Mesocyclops leuckarti(Claus,1857),M.thermocyclopoides Harada,1931,M.dissimilis Defaye Kawabata,1993,M.pehpeiensis Hu,1943,M.ogunnus Onabamiro,1957,M.woutersi Van de Velde,1987,M.aspericornis Daday,1906,M.mariae Guo,2000,M.shenzhenensis Guo,2000,M.mongoliensis Kiefer,1981.The morphological characters and distribution of each species are described respectively and a key to these ten species of Mesocyclops is provided.Meanwhile,synonyms of some species recorded in China are discussed.


In this paper, we analyze the heart rate signal using linear and non-linear prediction techniques. The value of each sample point is predicted using the values of k previous samples and the prediction error is computed. Since high variability of the heart signal indicates normal cardiac function, it is expected that the prediction errors of signals acquired from healthy subjects would present larger values than those of subjects with some sort of cardiac pathology. This is indeed the case, as is confirmed by the results shown here. Several prediction techniques have been applied, all of which lead to similar experimental results showing a clear distinction between the two groups of subjects.


aerial or submarine deposit of prior age to the higher Limestones in the series, which elsewhere rest upon this bed. I may mention that I possess some exceedingly beautiful specimens of miniature basaltic-like columns in common briek-clay, that were picked up by a friend in a field where clay had been burnt for agricultural purposes. These resemble .very closely the columnar, clay in the Tideswell quarry. In reference to another subject, I may remark that in going to and from the quarry in question, I passed, on each occasion, through that part of Millers Dale where the Bev. T. G. Bonney (see GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, Vol. VII., p. 267) says he found apparent burrowings in Limestone. I sought carefully for these hollowed Limestones, but found none; and I am driven to the belief that Mr. Bonney, in his hurried visit, mistook a bed of Toadstone—a trap-bed much lower in the series than the one above mentioned and which runs along the valley at the road-level for a great distance—for Limestone, and that the vesicular cavities which abound therein were mistaken for the borings of animals. This error could of course only have arisen from a very hasty examination of the locality.


We analyze the viability of the Zee-Babu model as an explanation of observed neutrino masses and mixings and the possibility that the model is confirmed or discarded in experiments planned for the very close future. The allowed parameter space is studied analytically by using some approximations and partial data. Then, a complete scanning of all parameters and constraints is performed numerically by using Monte Carlo methods. The cleanest signal of the model will be the detection of the doubly charged scalar at the LHC and its correlation with measurements of the branching ratio of {mu}{yields}e{gamma} at the MEG experiment. In addition, the model offers interesting predictions for {tau}{sup -}{yields}{mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -}{mu}{sup -} experiments, lepton-hadron universality tests, the {theta}{sub 13} mixing in neutrino oscillations and the {sub ee} parameter of neutrinoless double beta decay.


In recent Portuguese tax arbitration cases two opposing lines have emerged concerning fair value loss deduction in equity instruments listed in financial markets, one arguing for loss restriction, another sustaining full loss deduction. Both are based on an interpretation of corporate tax rules. The purpose of this paper is to discuss both perspectives, using case analysis to arrive at a consistent interpretation. We conclude that the rational or purposive element should be of paramount importance in the interpretation of relevant tax rules, and no loss restriction should apply.


In the article, the author attempts to determine the position of restoration and preservation of architectural monuments in a range of actions aimed at designing architectural environments in contemporary Russian megalopolises. The author has proven that public and private funding of restoration can re-energize cultural heritage assets. They serve as dominant urban elements in present-day megalopolises and boost traveling. The author analyzes features of restoration funding and assesses private investment programmes focused on the restoration of cultural heritage assets. The author has analyzed several cases of the "One ruble for one square meter" programme implemented in the Russian capital and assessed the restoration of cultural heritage assets performed there. The set of methods, employed by the author in his research, includes the retrospective analysis, the comparative historical method, and the general research method of inductive generalization.


By letter of 11 April 2002, the German government accepted the amendment of 27 March 2002 of the Commission's proposal for appropriate measures as regards the system of State guarantees to German public banks (Anstaltslast and Gewahrtragerhaftung). By its acceptance, the German government formally put an end to the procedure of appropriate measures initiated in January 2001. It cleared the road to bringing the German system of State guarantees for public banks in line with the State aid rules of the EC Treaty, thereby removing a longstanding distortion of competition in Germany's and Europe's financial system.


A new program entitled Together for a Better Education Program or Juntos Para Una Mejor Educacion (2011) targets underserved and minority audiences to help build a stronger alliance with families, schools and community based youth serving agencies to help youth reach their goals for a rewarding future. The primary goal of the program is to allow the dream of college to be a reality for youth as well as their families. This six (6) session workshop series is designed so families and youth participate in activities and lessons congruently to develop and reach shared goals focused on graduating from high school and attending post-secondary education.


The uniform-price and discriminatory auctions are used in bond issued.Which auction has higher market efficiency is still an unresolved problem.In this paper, we compare the different of uniform-price and discriminatory auctions with simulated experiments. The results show that the uniform-price auction is a better choice to a long time. And discriminatory auction is efficient as a short time policy.


The article is dedicated to implementing the process on-line modes modeling in programming and computing suites that are based on using on-line measurements of gas flows parameters (supplied by SCADA-systems) in the model. At the same time the uncertainty of on-line data used as input data for modeling is determined by a number of factors: various inaccuracies (accidental, systematic, abnormal) available in the measured on-line data; unreliability of the data on actual state of the process facilities that are not controlled by SCADA-system, especially in case of crane systems; fragmentary nature of data on gas flows parameters at the modeling system input/output; failures of measuring devices, data communication network channels and devices, components of the process parameters collecting system; manual entry errors. Presence of these factors requires implementation of special methods for preliminary processing and preparation of on-line data for its subsequent use in the workflow processes calculation models. In particular, methods based on regression smoothing of time-series measurements and subsequent statistical analysis of smoothed values residual errors and measurements are applicable. Another problem is choosing the model (stationary, quasi-stationary, non-stationary) which in each case would adequately reflect on-line workflow process, on the one hand, and would require reasonable computer powers. The approaches proposed to solve the tasks considered are demonstrated by the example of actual modes of the North European gas pipeline modeling.


We investigate the utilisation of the dual-frequency lidar-radar concept for high resolution range measurements. Experimental results, leading to 17 cm resolution with a 200 /spl mu/s laser pulse width, are presented.


In this study, we developed two-dimensional hydrodynamic age expressions for the free-surface aquifer problem required for radiocarbon data interpretation in terms of recharge. Time-varying recharge is accounted for in fully transient or pseudo-steady state alternative analytical expressions applying to weakly or highly hydraulically reactive unconfined aquifers, respectively. These expressions extending a previous model based on a constant recharge represent a convenient alternative approach to the more complex numerical resolution of a particle tracking problem considering climate variability. An application of the developed expressions was carried out to assess past (40ky) and present recharge rates for the North Western Saharan Aquifers System (NWSAS) and the Djeffara plain (Tunisia-Libya). Using the available 14C data at different outcrops, we obtained local recharge values ranging from 1.27 to 6.86 mm yr-1. A linear relation between the present recharge and the average annual rainfall was obtained and used to identify the regional distribution of the recharge and domain-averaged values. Global values of 1.32 ± 1.47 mm yr-1 for the NWSAS and 3.97 ± 1.46 mm yr-1 for the Djeffara are in excellent agreement with the values obtained by hydrogeological models and derived using Satellite gravity data. The relation between recharge and rainfall obtained here can be used as a first-order estimate for hydrogeological modeling or water management analysis for aquifers in the Saharan area.


The present work clarifies the role of Hg diffusion in forming ion‐implanted junctions in HgCdTe. Two experiments indicate that displaced Hg acts as a limited diffusion source. The first experiment contrasts n/p junction electrical profiles in two HgCdTe wafers, one p doped primarily by cation vacancies and the other primarily by the addition of As in the liquid phase epitaxy melt. The second experiment compares the carrier concentration near the junction with the residual net background doping of the sample. The results indicate that Hg released from the implant region operates as a limited diffusion source in the post‐implant anneal process. Adjusting these material and process parameters allows n‐on‐p junctions to be formed with a controllable electrical profile.


In the last years, several approaches have been proposed for solving inverse problems arising in microwave imaging [1] and related applications including non-invasive diagnostics, biomedical imaging, remote sensing, and subsurface prospecting [1]-[4]. In a microwave imaging problem, the targets are illuminated by incident waves and scattered field samples are measured outside the investigation area [1]-[4]. In order to retrieve the unknwon objects from the measurements, different stochastic [1][3] and deterministic [2][4] approaches have been proposed. As for these latter, they are usually based on iterative procedures such as gradient or Newton-type methods. In this framework, an approach based on an Inexact-Newton method (IN) has been recently proposed for solving inverse scattering problems formulated through electric field integral equations (EFIEs) [4]. Such a method has been validated on synthetic and experimental results as well as extended to contrast source formulations [5] showing several advantages in terms of stability, accuracy, and convergence rate with respect to state-of the art techniques [4]. However, it can suffer from local minima because of its deterministic nature. In order to overcome/mitigate such a drawback, the iterative multiscaling approach (IMSA) introduced in [2] for conjugate-gradient methods is considered in this paper. The IMSA is a synthetic zoom procedure that, thanks to an efficient exploitation of the available information from scattering data, guarantees higher resolution and enhanced reconstruction with respect to the corresponding "bare" approaches whatever the inversion technique [2][3]. Thanks to these features, it represents a candidate solution for improving the performances of IN and avoiding some intrinsic drawbacks caused by the limited amount of indipendent data and the deterministic nature of the same approach. In the following, the integration of the IMSA with the IN method (IMSA-IN technique) will be described and its performances will be compared to those of the standard IN implementation (Bare-IN).


Existence and regularity of solutions of the reenement equation i (x) = X 1jN X k2Z c ij (k) j (2x ? k); 1 i N and conditions under which f i g 1iN generate a multiresolution are considered in this paper. Examples are constructed to illustrate the theory.


Prostitution is a dangerous and illegal occupation that has far reaching consequences on the individual. In this article, reasons in which women become involved in prostitution and the effects of p...


Introduction: Frozen shoulder is a common disease which causes significant morbidity. Frozen shoulder is a common shoulder disorder characterized by pain and gradual loss of active and passive glenohumeral motion that occurs in 2–5% of the general population. However, the etiology and pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to the development of frozen shoulder are poorly understood, and there is no consensus regarding optimal treatment.


The aim of the research was to develop a theoretical approach to describe the emotional and techno-ontological logic of mathematics teachers during distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of their emotional state on the learning process. The research approach used in this paper belongs to the qualitative paradigm. The study involved teachers and students from universities in Ecuador, both private and public. The study observed the behavior of teachers and students, analyzed the use of technology in mathematical activities, and analyzed personal opinions about the learning process of the participants of the study. A digital observation guide and open-ended interviews were used to collect data. The qualitative analysis program Atlas. Ti was used to analyze the data. The program created three categories: andragogical heterotopia of mathematics, emotional scar in teacher preparation, and perceptions of the educational process. As the results of the research showed, there was a deficit of digital professional training of teachers in the university teaching of mathematics. As a result of the research work carried out, a theoretical approach is proposed, through which it is possible to avoid the manifestation of techno-ontological logical emotions in mathematics teachers in Ecuadorian universities.


The recently observed CP violation in B decay and B-B mixing data put constraints on the mass of WR and the parameters of the right-handed current quark mixing matrix V R in SU(2)L × SU(2)R × U(1) gauge model. It is shown that the allowed region of parameters are severely restricted for light WR with mass on the order of 1 TeV. There exist sets of parameters which can accommodate large CP violation as measured by Belle, sin 2φ1|exp ≃ 1, for MWR = 1 ∼ 10 TeV.


Tumor formation and development involves the long-term co-evolution of neoplastic cells together with the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), the latter including fibroblasts, extracellular matrix (ECM), immune cells, tumor vasculature and various other stromal components. Tumor outgrowth at the primary foci and subsequent metastasis is determined not only by genetic changes and/or epigenetic modifications in cancer cells, but also by multiple TMEassociated pathological factors. As such, the dynamic tumor topography poses an increasingly daunting challenge to targeted cancer treatment, as the TME compromises the efficacy of otherwise successful anticancer agents by actively dampening therapeutic response and conferring cancer resistance. Therapeutic strategies that are developed to prevent, attenuate or abolish tumor progression should take advantage of cutting-edge-front technologies, and consider to target both cancer cells and the disease-supporting TME, a conception that should be well incorporated into the fine-tuning steps of clinical oncology.


The sociological literature on prisons contains some confusion and disagreement on at least three interrelated issues: the character of inmate society, the forms of inmate adaptive behaviour and the nature and extent of prison socialization. This paper suggests a new inmate typology (based on a differentiation between interaction with various membership groups and identification with different reference groups) and describes for each type the degree and kind of socialization (and prisonization) likely to be experienced. Finally some of the theoretical and practical implications for prisons and for the individual prisoner of such a typology are discussed.


Antonio O'Brien was widely involved in administrative and technological politics, related to silver mining in Huantajaya in the second half of the 18th century, writing a guide Instrucciones explaining how to refine silver ore. This paper offers an interpretation of O'Brien's work in the context of the Bourbon reforms, based on primary sources and published material.


ints; a 3s &texity 8 Embodiments include systems and methods for providing enterprise visual communications. In one embodiment, a method is provided. The method can include receiving event data from one or more data management systems; based at least in part on the received event data, generating one or more indications for output to a user; based at least in part on the received event data, generating one more expected activities for the user; and generating one or more additional indica tions corresponding with at least one of the expected activities for output to the user.


The invention belongs to the technical field of deep water foundation construction of a bridge, a port, a wharf and the like, particularly a combined steel pipe pile cofferdam used under the condition of no cover layer in the deep water and a construction method thereof. The combined steel pipe pile cofferdam used under the condition of no cover layer in the deep water comprises a surrounding purlin and steel pipe piles; drilling cast-in-place piles are applied in a plurality of steel pipe piles on the upstream; and a cover layer formed by boring mud is sunk at the bottom of a river bed in the structural construction range of the cofferdam. The construction method comprises the following steps of: sinking the boring mud into the river bed; installing the surrounding purlin; sinking the steel pipe piles along the outside of the surrounding purlin; constructing the drilling cast-in-place piles in a plurality of steel pipe piles on the upstream; protecting a boring mud slope toe outside the cofferdam by sandbags and reinforcement cage rubbles; extracting and removing the boring mud in the cofferdam; carrying out underwater pouring of construction bottoming concrete; flushing locking ports of the steel pipe piles; and carrying out grouting sealing processing in the locking ports of the steel pipe piles. The combined steel pipe pile cofferdam used under the condition of no cover layer in the deep water and the construction method thereof have the beneficial effects that the cofferdam obtains the required stability; the process is simple; and not only can the requirement that the steel pipe pile cofferdam is used as a water retaining structure object be met, but also the requirements of the cofferdam for preventing the flood and bearing the flood can be met.


This study addressed the relationship between the perception of scientific skills acquisition in Mexican graduate students with their awareness of scientific competences considered in the curriculum, mentoring practices and availability of institutional resources for conducting research. The study involved a conventional sample of 147 graduate students ( M age=28, DS= 6.52 years) in natural sciences and engineering from public higher education institutions from a northwest state of Mexico. The results of multiple linear regression show that the variables studied are significantly associated with the perceived acquisition of scientific skills during the program, the importance of scientific competence in the curriculum, mentoring practices and available resources for research.  Implication for graduate programs are discussed in light of the results.


The HER2 oncogene encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor (p185her2) with extensive structural homology to the epidermal growth factor receptor. These receptors activate signaling pathways responsible for originating and development some malignant tumors. HER2 gene amplification and overexpression is evident in 20-30% of primary breast cancers and correlates with poor prognosis. This overexpression was noticed in lower percentage of the other tumors, suggesting that HER2 product, p185her2 receptor, may be an important prognostic factor and a basis for the monoclonal antibody therapy, specific for this receptor. The principal subject in this review is current understanding of role this activated p185her2 receptors in regulation of cell cycle progression and apoptosis. In fact, signal, originated after activation of pl85HER2 receptors, may be conducted by many different pathways downstream of the receptors, from what will depend, either, prognosis and response to therapy.


This thesis addresses the problem of simultaneous localization and mapping with moving object tracking (SLAMMOT) with application to unmanned aerial vehicles in uncertain and dynamic environments. The first part of the thesis presents the formulation and design of an inertial-based filter for the SLAMMOT problem. The proposed solution includes the implementation of a modified version of the multiple hypothesis tracking method for data association of the environment's objects, the use of the interacting multiple model algorithm for detection and tracking of moving objects (MO), and data fusion is performed using an extended Kalman filter, as a result of the nonlinear kinematics of the system. The consistency and performance of the devised SLAMMOT filter are successfully confirmed with both simulation and experimental results, using an instrumented quadrotor equipped with an RGB-D camera. The second part of the thesis presents the formulation and design of a novel sensor-based filter for the SLAMMOT problem, that builds on the same methods for data association, detection, and tracking of MO. However, due to the sensor-based approach, the system dynamics are formulated in such a way that can be regarded as linear for filter design purposes, from which a Kalman filter is applied for data fusion. The convergence and effectiveness of the devised SLAMMOT filter are successfully confirmed with simulation results.


Starting with some of the subjects dealt with during the seminar, several observations are made from the point of view of Ms A, who specialises in restoring paintings. Several of the participants brought up the question of why restorers nowadays are moving more and more towards detailed re-composition of images. Ms A's criticism of this trend, which harks back to a period approach, is that such a technique is limited to filling in lacunae (as opposed to what happened in the past) thus leading to a sub-standard and rather faded appearance, especially since the surrounding pigment has lost many of the layers that made up the shading and tones of the original. This means we should rethink the interaction between theory and practice, and reflect on the many links between historical-artistic disciplines and restoration culture.


Thoracic radiotherapy has been a key component of local treatment for the patients with non small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)。Many state of the art technologies, such as conformal radiotherapy, integration of PET imaging into target definition, measures of set-up and movement uncertainties have been used in the clinic and guided the treatment of individual patient. The treatment outcome of postoperative radiotherapy using new techniques has been improved for stage IIIa resected NSCLC. For the patients with inoperable or local advanced NSCLC,the involved field radiotherapy had been used. Dose escalation has become possible in recent years because of improved radiation technology to spare normal tissues. Introduction of risk estimation of normal lung based on dose-volume analysis for dose prescription may further optimise individual treatment


The invention discloses an information display method used to solve the problem of low sharing efficiency of an operation process of a document between a local user and a remote user in a remote conference process. The method mainly comprises the following steps that: screen projection information of a local terminal is obtained, wherein the screen projection information is information displayed on the screen of the local terminal; and the screen projection information and multimedia information acquired by information acquisition equipment are combined into the same data stream, and the data stream is sent to a receiving end for displaying the data stream. The invention also provides an information display device and an information display system.


The solubility of ammonium phosphate is reviewed. Many ammonium phosphates can be described in terms of the ternary system: NH3–PO5–H2O. However, this system differs from systems like the sulfates and halates in that it has a marked tendency to form condensed oligophosphate ions. The literature survey covers the period up to 1988.


s address the approach, results, concepts, and applicability of the research studies conducted in the field of displacement. In addition to welcoming the more traditional peer reviewed research paper, we also invited the submission of abstracts for policy and practice notes. All abstracts have been double blind refereed for quality, originality and relevance by the Scientific Committee. This book includes over 50 abstracts by scholars, policy makers and practitioners around the world. A paper ID number (e.g., RCFD_09) is identified under each abstract. This ID number was assigned at the start of the abstract submission process. Papers are listed sequentially according to their ID number. The detailed conference programme, which details the timing of paper presentations, identifies the associated abstract ID number and can be used to locate the abstract being presented. An index of authors is provided towards the end of this book. Authors of selected abstracts will be invited to prepare full papers that will be published in the International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment or a book volume with a renowned publisher. International Symposium on Rebuilding Communities after Displacement


THE Center for Adult Education at Teachers College, Columbia University, under the direction of Alan B. Knox, has been conducting a multivariate study of the factors that are associated with the noncollege bound young adult's decision to enroll in adult education programs. This group, ranging in age from approximately 16 to 25, comprises a substantial proportion of high school graduates. In an era of ever increasing technological and societal complexity, it will be necessary for these individuals to acquire post high school adult education. One of the purposes of the Young Adult Study was to


Since in 1993 the Dutch government set detailed goals for educational programmes on secondary schools for 14-year-olds, writing EFL materials has become an increasingly complex task for textbook writers.Not only are they supposed to deal with these new objectives, but they are also expected to cater for all pupils within that age-group and ensure that (teacher)independent learning can be achieved.Writing course books for all pupils implies writing for pupils with language learning difficulties as well. In a newly developed English course a distinction was made between dyslexic pupils, who experience purely phonological problems, on the one hand and poor language learners, who in addition are characterized by a poor general understanding on the other.In this article the editor of 'Worldwide', the new Dutch EFL course, reports on how the various elements mentioned above have been incorporated into the material.


The investment decision-making problem, which makes it possible to distribute capital among real and portfolio investments, is presented. The investment decision-making method under uncertainty is proposed for solving the problem.


This study investigated the effects of school climate and students' aesthetic experience on their professional identity and innovative behavior. A survey was conducted with 385 students from hospitality-related departments of colleges and universities in Hainan, China, and the data were analyzed using a hierarchical linear model (HLM). Using the criteria constituting the students' aesthetic experience scale proposed by Chang, it was found that teacher support can improve students' professional identity; school climate and students' understanding of beauty and full experience contribute to the development of students' innovative behavior; students' understanding of beauty and full experience have mediating effects between teacher support and professional cognition; students' understanding of beauty and full experience have mediating effects between student support and innovative behavior; student support positively moderates the relationships between full experience with professional cognition and students' appraisal of the hospitality industry; and teacher support positively moderates the relationship between students' full experience and professional emotion. Therefore, teacher support under school climate and students' understanding of beauty and full experience under aesthetic experience were the most important factors in enhancing hospitality department students' professional identity and innovative behavior.


The observations of using frozen semen of Angus beef cattle to improve native Yanhe yellow cattle showed that the conformation of F1 crossbreds of Angus and Yanhe yellow cattle tended to be simi- lar to that of Angus with a dominant inherence of coat color such as black and blackish brown coat,the av- erage birth weight,body weight at 6,12,18 month-old of F1 crossbreds were 20. 80±2. 63 kg,111. 08 ±5. 02kg,172. 91±12. 47kg,229. 56±14. 67kg,respectively,which was 46. 99%,43. 55%,45. 81%, 47. 79%higher(P<0. 01) than that of Yanhe yellow cattle at the same age;all body sizes of F_1 crossbreds were greater(P<0. 05) than that of yellow cattle with the increasing rate ranging from 10% to 20%,the results suggested that the Angus beef cattle demonstrated the ability to improve the conformation and growth performance of Yanhe yellow cattle,F_1 crossbreds of Angus and Yanhe yellow cattle exhibited the fast growth,high disease-resistance,low quality forage tolerance and good adaptability,therefore,the Angus beef cattle deserved to be extended to improve the quality of mountainous yellow cattle.


Thank you very much for reading the nature of selection evolutionary theory in philosophical focus. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look numerous times for their favorite novels like this the nature of selection evolutionary theory in philosophical focus, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some infectious bugs inside their desktop computer.


The Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) is an imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) which is capable of operating on various airborne platforms. The main scientific focus is on the dynamics and chemistry of the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) region.


The research expounded in this paper is a continuation of previous investigations into the modelling of information flow with a typical university. A generalized net model which describes the process of creating and evaluation of educational content using a set of criteria is constructed. The example for education of medical students in diabetes mellitus and possibilities for venous thrombotic disease is given.


A controlled fusion system that can be achieved with almost present-day or near-term technology is proposed as a propulsion device that could be utilized for interplanetary and interstellar space exploration. It is based on the Gasdynamic Mirror (GDM) which, when operated as a propulsion engine, is capable of producing specific impulses in excess of 200,000 seconds, and thrusts of tens of kilonewtons. This capacity stems from the fact that at a sufficiently high plasma density the collision mean free path is significantly shorter than the machine length, allowing the plasma to behave much like a fluid with confinement properties that are substantially different from those which characterize the standard collisionless mirror. Under these circumstances the plasma escape from the end is analogous to the flow of a fluid into a vacuum from a vessel with a hole. Using an appropriate set of conservation equations we have deduced the plasma parameters that underlie the propulsive capability of GDM. We have also carried out a preliminary engineering analysis to estimate the masses of the major components, and have concluded that such a system can be constructed with present day, or near term technology that has been developed by the world effort in terrestrial fusion power research. When applied to a manned mission to Pluto, it is shown that with GDM a round trip to the outermost planet in the solar system can be done in slightly over four years.


The conventional way to evaluate dimensional stability, regardless of end-use purpose, is to measure the change in dimensions when the moisture content is changed by changing the relative humidity. ...


BACKGROUND
 Motivational interviewing is an effective strategy to mitigate chronic disease risk through promotion of health behavior changes. However, multiple barriers impede its delivery to and uptake by patients. mHealth-based versions of motivational interviewing interventions, or technology-delivered adaptations of motivational interviewing (TAMIs), might increase reach, but their effectiveness is less well-understood.

 OBJECTIVE
 The purpose of this narrative review was to characterize the extent to which TAMIs: (1) affect behavioral outcomes, (2) have included individuals from populations that have been marginalized, and (3) have addressed socio-contextual influences on health.

 METHODS
 We identified studies indexed in PubMed that described interventions incorporating motivational interviewing techniques into a mobile or electronic health platform. Data were abstracted from eligible studies, including target population characteristics, study design and eligibility criteria, theoretical/conceptual models utilized, mHealth tool details, and effects on behavioral outcomes.

 RESULTS
 Thirty-three studies reported the use of TAMIs. Sample sizes ranged from 10 to 2,069 participants ages 13 to 70 years. Most studies (n=24) directed interventions towards individuals engaging in behaviors that increased the risk of chronic disease. Most studies oversampled (n=18) individuals from marginalized socio-demographic groups, but few were designed specifically with marginalized groups in mind (n=3). TAMIs utilized text messaging (n=7), web-based (n=19), app + text messaging (n=1), and web-based + text messaging (n=3) delivery platforms. Twenty-seven (90%) included randomized controlled trials reporting behavioral and health-related outcomes, 21 of which reported statistically significant improvements in targeted behaviors with the use of TAMIs. TAMIs improved targeted health behaviors in the remaining 3 studies. Nine of 30 (30%) assessed TAMI feasibility, acceptability, and/or satisfaction, all of which rated TAMIs highly in this regard. Among 18 studies comprised of a disproportionately high number of racial or ethnic minorities, 15 (83%) reported increased engagement in health behaviors and/or better health outcomes.

 CONCLUSIONS
 TAMIs can improve health promotion and disease management behaviors for people from a variety of socio-demographic backgrounds. Future studies are needed to determine the contribution of TAMIs on individual health outcomes, and to determine best practices for implementing TAMIs into clinical practice.


Background: Intra-articular fractures of the base of middle phalanx are difficult to manage. With many known methods of treatment available, the authors present their experience of managing these injuries by Suzuki's pin and rubber traction method.
Methods: A prospective study of five years duration which included 23 patients. All the patients were managed with Suzuki's pin and rubber traction system. The primary outcome variable was ROM at the PIP joint. The secondary outcome variable was the complication profile.
Results: The mean ROM at the PIP joint at the final follow-up was 80±12.2 (range: 50-100) degrees. The mean flexion at PIP joint at the final follow-up was 82.72±10.5 degrees and the mean extension at PIP joint was -2.7±4.5 degrees. No case of non-union was observed in the present study. Pin tract infection occurred in 17.39% of cases and was the commonest complication observed. Two patients needed realignment of K-wires for pin displacement. One patient developed osteomyelitis of middle phalanx at three weeks and needed early removal of hardware. The same patient also developed complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) at two months. One patient developed painful arthritis of PIP joint.
Conclusions: Suzuki's pin and rubber traction method is an effective modality of treatment for intra-articular fractures of the base of proximal phalanx of fingers of hand. Although, not free of complications the final results in most patients are good. However, the authors recommend large randomized control trials to be held for these injuries to compare carious modalities of treatment.


Two structurally different triphenyltin complexes of thiosalicylic acid were obtained depending on the amine used. Bis(triphenyltin) thiosalicylate was obtained when diethylamine was used while dicyclohexylammonium thiosalicylatotriphenylstannate resulted with dicyclohexylamine. Their structures have been characterized by IR and multi-nuclear (1H, 13C, 119Sn) NMR spectroscopies. In the solid state, both tins in the bis(triphenyltin) thiosalicylate complex are four-coordinate while the tin in dicyclohexylammonium thiosalicylatetriphenylstannate is five-coordinate. However, in solution, dissociation occurs in the dicyclohexylammonium thiosalicylatotriphenylstannate complex reducing the coordination of tin to four. The coordination of the tin atoms in the two triphenyltin complexes is confirmed by X-ray crystallographic studies.


The advent of advanced frugal products has paved the way for gearing engineering and its constituents for frugality from here onwards. Therefore, frugal engineering (FE) is accomplished by setting constraints on both material consumption and cost at all stages of product development. This article expounds on the entrepreneurship that will be unleashed by relevant entities, companies and countries embracing FE. The features of advanced frugal products that positively influence quality, resources and cost will have serious ramifications for entrepreneurs of all stripes. This article describes the challenges faced by entrepreneurs of small and midsize businesses (SMBs) in going frugal and some possible solutions. Large enterprises (LEs) have also been studied for the impact of their ample resources on the effective creation of advanced frugal innovations (AFIs). Although LEs can utilise the ample resources at their disposal for effective implementation of FE of advanced frugal products, SMBs can use the natural scarcity to their advantage. Overall, this article establishes the need for entrepreneurs to become knowledgeable about science, technology and other knowledge areas. Such awareness in this age of climate change will greatly help entrepreneurs in maximum leveraging of science for the creation and diffusion of advanced frugal products. Large-scale entrepreneurial activity with AFIs will greatly aid in finding sustainable solutions to the various challenges thrown by climate change and other crises.


Time-varying investor risk aversion can generate significant state dependence in the correlation of international stock returns, despite the underlying endowment/dividend processes being independent and identically distributed. The welfare benefits of international diversification associated with these time-varying comovements tend to increase (rather than decrease) when the correlations of international stock returns are high or cross-market "contagions" appear most severe. In a world where risk sharing among different countries is still imperfect, our findings imply that contagionlike variations in the correlation of international stock returns can arise if the benefits of international risk sharing are to be fully exploited.