Standards formotortemperature ratings havebeen inexistence formanyyearsandaregenerally wellrecognized and applied by manufacturers of electric motorsand experienced users. However, therearealsofrequent misunderstandings aboutthebasicmotorratings and capabilities resulting fromtheapplication ofthesestandards. Thispaperattempts tooffer aclear presentation ofthebasic temperature classifications oftheprimary motorstandards in NEMA (1)andIEC(2). Thesebuilding blocks ofmotordesign will becorrelated toapplication issues toprovide aninsight to thevariables oftemperature ratings oninduction motors. Itwill coverlowandmediumvoltage motors commonly available, and will relate tobothelectrical andmechanical factors affected by temperature ratings. Theprinciples anddiscussion within apply primarily tocontinuous dutyinduction motors defined byNEMA (1)asMediumandLarge three phasealternating current (AC) induction motorsranging fromonehorsepower toashighas 50,000 horsepower.


Abstract THE opinion has frequently been expressed that the use of artificial light at night aids the growth of baby chicks. An example of this is given by Ballard (1930) in a popular news story. A commercial poultryman was using all-night lights on his broilers and claimed that the birds took more exercise and ate more feed, therefore, they grew faster. The first experimental evidence bearing on this problem is given by Zoratan (1929) who gave chicks an extra feeding (of grain) in the evening by using kerosene lanterns. He claimed that the chicks so fed grew faster than the controls and feathered one week sooner with lower mortality. The death losses were high on all lots and based on present standards the growth was extremely poor. More recently, LeMasurier and Branion (1939) observed that chicks raised in battery brooders grew faster than comparable chicks raised on the floor. They attributed . . .


In large-scale campus networks, there exists significant requirements for exchanging a large amount mobile data. Smart mobile devices are facing the problem of long transmission time and large energy consumption when accessing the XML-based web services. Therefore, how to develop a novel web service model for reducing both time and energy consumption has become an important issue. In this paper, a data exchange model called CMDE is proposed. The proposed CMDE model is based on EXI (efficient extensible interchange) standard and adapts to smart mobile devices with limited resource. The set theory is used to describe the CMDE model formally, and the data process and system efficiency are also analyzed. In order to check the efficiency of the CMDE model, a prototype system is developed and deployed in real campus environment. The experiment shows that CMDE model performs better than traditional model with remarkable reduction of transmission data volume, bandwidth occupation and time consumption with out obvious increasing of battery consumption.


In the research work, energy transport between a dense fluidized bed and submerged horizontal tube bundle is analyzed in the commercial external heat exchanger (EHE). In order to investigate the heat transfer behavior, the authors carried out eight performance tests in a fluidized bed heat exchange chamber with a cross-section of 2.7 × 2.3 m in depth and width and a height of 1.3 m. The authors have been developing a mechanistic model for the prediction of the average heat transfer coefficient, which includes the effect of the geometric structure of the tube bundle and the location of the heat transfer surface on the heat transfer rate. The computational results depict that the average heat transfer coefficient is essentially affected by superficial gas velocity and suspension density rather than bed particle size. The empirical correlations have been proposed for predicting heat transfer data since the existing literature data is not sufficient for industrial fluidized bed heat exchangers. On the basis of the evaluated operating conditions of an external heat exchanger, the optimal conditions where heat transfer occurs could be deduced. The developed mechanistic heat transfer model is validated by experimental data under the examined conditions.


With hydraulic brake booster Fuskraftunterstutzung comprising: - an actuator (10) for introducing a foot force, - a plunger (9), which is connectable to a master cylinder at the front and introduced back by a system pressure of a pressure chamber (11) and a by the actuator (10), pedal force can be acted upon, - a pressure relief valve chamber (14) between the actuating member (10) and the pressure piston (9) which is closable by a relative movement therebetween, and - a slider (27) disposed in the pressure piston (9) relative to this movable and when a predetermined pressure differential between the system pressure upstream of the pressure chamber relief valve (14) and a pressure downstream of the pressure chamber relief valve (14) on the actuator (10) the foot force acts back in the opposite direction and thereby to the pressure relief valve chamber (14) causes a forward-opening position restoring force.


In 160 pages of principal text and notes, Lúcia Sá's Life in the Megalopolis undertakes the gargantuan task of surveying the imaginary construction of space in the cultural production of Latin America's two most populous urban centers over approximately the last 25 years. Sá proposes to examine processes of urban transformation in the neoliberal era insofar as they "are represented, discussed, and interfered with by cultural products from Mexico City and São Paulo— more specifi cally, by works of literature, fi lm, popular music and, to a lesser degree, visual arts" (4). Unfortunately, the potential of such a sweeping cultural studies approach goes unrealized in a study that provides neither clearly reasoned criteria for the selection of texts nor a rigorously defi ned interpretative scheme. In practice, Sá's promised integration of urban-studies theories "with close readings of recent cultural works in various media" is oft en cursory and forced, while the readings themselves are not especially close. Sá divides the fi ve analytical chapters of her study into two parts. Th e fi rst chapter of Part I examines attempts at representation of the megalopolis in view of what urban theorists have called its ultimate inapprehensibility. Here Sá relates Luiz Ruff ato's novel Eles eram muitos cavalos (2001), Bruno Zeni's poetry collection O fl uxo silencioso das máquinas (2002), and Alejandro González Iñárritu's fi lm Amores perros (2000) through their common recourse to the "fragmentary forms" that Walter Benjamin advocated in order "to think the modern city" (Sá 22). Th is approach allows for little consideration of the distinctive aesthetics of novelistic, poetic and fi lmic discourse. A frustrating laxity of analytical and interpretive labor is particularly evident in Sá's discussion of Amores perros. Despite extensive quotation from some of the excellent criticism already published on the fi lm, Sá's own commentary fi xates idly on the fi lm's most obvious narrative device: "Th e accident [that joins the three storylines] is the catalyst that brings together these parts of Mexico City which normally exist in ignorance of each other. [. . .] we can say that the fi lm can be read [. . .] as a rendering of the social fragmentation of Mexico City. [. . .] the accident also makes evident the fact that these parts of the city that are strange to each other [. . .] can all of a sudden aff ect each other" (46). Th is slender insight is reiterated in very similar terms every few pages (49, 52, 55), while the fi lm's striking visual qualities receive almost no productive attention. Here and elsewhere, Sá's


Abstract : The authors analyze the prospects for a peaceful resolution of the crisis in Haiti and for democracy and socioeconomic development there. They suggest the crisis is a zero-sum game in which the contending forces may well be fundamentally incompatible. The authors describe different courses of action and the steps that the United States might take to implement them. None of the choices are attractive, and none of them can guarantee success. Moreover, even if President Jean-Bertrand Aristide can be-restored to office, the outlook for democracy and socioeconomic development will be highly problematic. Such changes would require a wholesale transformation of the political culture, a process which would take at least a generation to accomplish, if indeed at all. They would also require substantial long-term aid from the international community and the United States.


Article is devoted the analysis of patients with not heavy and not heavy form of a sharp pancreatitis and working out of model of rational decision-making for diagnostics of patients with a sharp pancreatitis on the basis of networks of Petri, on purpose by efficiency of process of diagnostics of the given pathological conditions


PURPOSE: To enable efficient production of organic acids at high production rates by continuous fermentation of bacilli the genus Bacillus in a sterilized growth medium in a reaction vessel. CONSTITUTION: After a culture medium containing about 6 wt.% of glucose, about 2.5 wt.% of yeast essence, about 0.03 wt.% of magnesium sulfate is introduced via pipe 1 into a reaction vessel CSTR, a strain of Bacillus coagulans is inoculated to effect aerobic fermentation for about 24 hours thereby preparing a batch fermentation liquid (A). Then, glucose is fed to the liquid (A) to effect continuous anaerobic fermentation at a pH of 2-9 and at about 50°C to produce a lactate ion product containing about 0.66 N potassium lactate (B). The resultant component B is sent via pipe 2 to an ultrafiltration unit UF, then via pipe 3 into the reverse osmosis unit RO to concentrate the lactate ion to 32N thereby giving concentrated salt (C). The component (C) is introduced via pipe 4 and water is introduced via pipe 5 into the electrodialyzer to decompose it into a compound of the formula (X is NH 4 or a metal whose hydroxide lactate is soluble in water) and an organic acid, namely lactic acid. COPYRIGHT: (C)1991,JPO


1. Acknowledgements 2. Introduction (by Dworkin, Steven N.) 3. Part I. General Problems 4. Beyond Parameters (by Wanner, Dieter) 5. A New View of Grammaticalization to Replace the 'Cycle' in Historical Romance Linguistics (by Klausenburger, Jurgen) 6. Part II. Phonology and Morphology 7. Romance Lenition (by Cravens, Thomas D.) 8. An OT Approach to Atonic Vowel Loss Patterns in Old French and Old Spanish (by Hartkemeyer, Dale) 9. Analogy and Optimality Theory in a Morphological Change of Southwest Spanish (by Martinez, Glenn A.) 10. Linking Social Change and Linguistic Change: Koineization in Early Castile (by Tuten, Donald N.) 11. Part III. Syntax and Semantics 12. Syntactic Diffusion in Spanish and Portuguese Infinitival Complements (by Davies, Mark) 13. The Role of Features in Historical Change (by Dufresne, Monique) 14. Spanish Object Agreement Markers and the Typology of Object Agreement Morphology (by Enrique-Arias, Andres) 15. Evolving Tobler-Mussafia Effects in the Placements of French Clitics (by Hirschbuhler, Paul) 16. Grammaticalization Chains and French Complex-Inversion (by Johnson, Ken) 17. A Minimalist Perspective on Wackernagel's Law (by Mallen, Enrique) 18. Infinitive Subordinators and Verb Restructuring in French (by Martineau, France) 19. Subject Index


ABSTRACT The morphometric characteristics and their related parameters of Venkatagiri watershed have been quantitatively derived using the topographical maps on a scale of 1:50,000. The Venkatagiri watershed covers an area of 1164 Km2 and the river originates from Velikonda hill ranges and flows from south-west to north-east and joins the Upputeru river before it joins the Bay of Bengal. The relative relief of the watershed is 1028 mts, and the major rock types of the area are granites and gneisses. The dendritic pattern of drainage is observed because of the presence of granites and gneisses to a large extent in the watershed area. The Venkatagiri watershed is a 6th order stream and elongated in shape. The bifurcation ratio is 4.24 indicates the mature stage of development of the watershed. The other morphometric parameters such as drainage density, frequency, stream length ratio, elongation ratio and circularity ratios are also analyzed which shows the relationship among the various attributes of the morphometric aspects. Drainage Morphometric Characteristics Of Venkatagiri Watershed, S.P.S. Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh


AIM: To explore the expressions of transforming growth factor-β_1 (TGF-β_1) and transforming growth factor-β receptor Ⅰ(TβRⅠ) in the tissue of the benign biliary stricture and discuss their roles in the process of benign biliary stricture formation. METHODS: Paraffin embedded materials from 23 cases of benign biliary stricture were analyzed for TGF-β_1 and TβRⅠ expressions by immunohistochemical strept-avidin-biotin complex (SABC) method, meanwhile, 6 normal cases served as controls. RESULTS: The positive rates of TGF-β_1 and TβRⅠ were 91.3% and 82.6% in biliary stricture duct and 33.3% and 16.7% in normal bile duct (P0.05). CONCLUSION: The high expressions of TGF-β_1 and TβRⅠ play an important role in the active fibroblast proliferation, extracellular matrix overdeposition and scar proliferation in the process of benign biliary stricture formation.


Today science teachers are expected to understand the nature of environmental education, and be competent in skills, methods, and procedures relevant to a science discipline. The purpose of this research was to explore pre-service science teachers' views with regard to environmental education, investigation conducted during a freshwater ecosystem studied, skills developed and the associated stepwise scientific process. Data were collected through a five-item questionnaire that included the characteristics of environmental education, types of scientific investigations, science process skills and the scientific process. 94 students that registered for a Bachelor of Education degree participated in this research. The results from statistical analysis of the teachers' responses showed the importance of lifelong learning, involvement of community in environmental education and development of critical and problem-solving skills. However, most teachers could not provide correct scientific investigation they conducted during the freshwater study. Although there were no correlations between the investigation, science process skills and the associated scientific process, influence of the stepwise scientific process recommended in the science curriculum was evident in the teachers' linking of form a hypothesis to observation. The findings imply that teachers face potential challenges in understanding of scientific investigations and the scientific process.
Keywords: fieldwork, environmental education, pre-service teachers, science process skills, scientific investigations, stepwise scientific process


In a recent paper, M.A. Noor et al. (Hindawi publishing corporation, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Volume 2008, Article ID 696734, 11 pages, doi:10.1155/2008/696734) proposed the Variational Homotopy Perturbation Method (VHPM) for solving higher dimentional initial boundary value problems. In this paper, we use the proposed method to obtain the solution of Cauchy reaction-diffusion problem. Reaction-diffusion equations have special importance in engineering and sciences and constitute a good model for many systems in various fields.


Ten typical sections including micro-surfacing and ordinary pavement of different service lives are chosen and texture depth,friction coefficient,noises in and out cars and impairments of them been tested firstly.Results indicate that texture depth has a visible degression with the prolonged service life while friction coefficient is changeless,texture depth of micro-surfacing which has been open to traffic three years before is comparative with that of surface of AK-13,noise of micro-surfacing in and out cars is higher than that of ordinary pavement and there is a liner relationship between noise of micro-surfacing in cars and texture depth.Then,reasons which bring on attenuation of pavement performance is analyzed and it is found that abrasiveness of surface,bleeding,uneven construction and slack gradation control are main causes result in attenuation of micro-surfacing performance.At last,some instructional suggestions of material and construction are put forward for the spread and development of micro-surfacing.


Subjects furnished public or private accounts of major recent success experiences. Public accounts contained many references to receiving help from other people, whereas private accounts were relatively devoid of such acknowledgements. Thus, expressions of gratitude and other references to external help may often be a superficial concession to self-presentational norms, expectations, and other interpersonal factors' that restrict the typical operation of self-serving biases.


The study was conducted in Banaskantha District of Gujarat State in purposively randomly selected three taluka (Palanpur ,Vadgam and Danta ) where National Watershed Development Project in Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) was functioning. There were 21 villages, where the project was in operation during 9 th Five Year Plan. All these villages were selected purposively to make the present study reliable. Using proportionate random sampling, 200 beneficiaries were selected. The findings revealed that majority of the beneficiaries of the project had medium level of knowledge and medium adoption of Watershed Crop Production Technology (WCPT). Majority of them adopted no cost or low cost technologies such as summer ploughing, sowing across the slope, growing short duration varieties, hand weeding and use of organic manures. It was interesting to note that very less number of beneficiaries had adopted costly/complex technology such as mulching, use of herbicide, recharging of well and terracing. Among soil and water conservation technology, the important constraints expressed by the respondents were, lack of technical guidance (84 %), the land leveling is costly (76 %), lack of finance (72.50 %) and less subsidy (61 %). Constraints related to crop production technologies concerned, it was clearly observed that low market price of agricultural products (88 %), high rate of electricity (87 %) and irregular supply of electricity (84 %), lack of technical guidance (76 %) and lack of finance to purchase inputs (75.50 %) were the major constraints expressed by respondents. More than 80 per cent of beneficiary farmers suggested that more subsidies should be granted for soil and water conservation works (82.50 %) and remunerative market prices of agricultural products should be provided to the


Lisa Gumley considers herself fortunate to have worked as a volunteer with CanTeen, a peer support network for young people (12 to 24 year olds) living with cancer.


Ron et al. (1998) introduced a rich family of models for discrete longitudinal data called acyclic probabilistic finite automata. These may be represented as directed graphs that embody context-specific conditional independence relations. Here, the approach is developed from a statistical perspective. It is shown here that likelihood ratio tests may be constructed using standard contingency table methods, a model selection procedure that minimizes a penalized likelihood criterion is described, and a way to extend the models to incorporate covariates is proposed. The methods are applied to a small-scale dataset. Finally, it is shown that the models generalize certain subclasses of conventional undirected and directed graphical models.


Objective To explore the application of Tei index on early assessing right ventricular function of pediatric patients with atrial septal defec(ASD)before and after repair. Methods Thirty patients with ASD treated by operation and 30 healthy children were enrolled in this study. Right atrial diameter(RA) and right ventricular diameter(RV) were measured using echocardiography. Right ventricular volume was measured using Simpson method and right ventricular ejection fraction was calculated. Tricuspid ejection interval time was measured and Tei index was calculated. Results ①No residual shunt was found in patients with ASD 1 month after operation. ② RA and RV were higher in patients with ASD before operation than those in healthy children(P 0.05). RA and RV were lower in patients with ASD 1,3 months after operation than before operation(P 0.05). ③Tei index of right ventricular were higher in patients with ASD before and 1,3 months after operation than those in healthy children(P 0.05). Tei index of right ventricular were higher in patients with ASD 1,3 months after operation than before operation(P 0.05). Conclusion Right ventricular function of pediatric patients with ASD before and after repair could be evaluated using Tei index.


Four basic configurations, block, homogeneous, multilayered, and heterogeneous systems, for tritium breeding in natural lithium water-reflected fusion blankets are compared. A 14-MeV point neutron source is used with a lead multiplier. All the calculations are done in rectangular geometry with the Monte Carlo code MORSE-E and Los Alamos National Laboratory's 30-group neutron cross-section set CLAW-IV in P/sub 3/ scattering approximation. The homogeneous system gives the best and the block concept gives the lowest tritium breeding, but neither of these concepts is practical for use in fusion blankets. Among the practical blanket arrangements, for equal amounts of natural lithium and water, the heterogeneous and multilayered arrangements give almost identical tritium breeding.


Surface quantum wells of InP have been grown, by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy, on top of graded GaxIn1−xP epitaxial layers. The surface quantum well is confined on one side by vacuum, and on the other side by the graded GaxIn1−xP. Photoluminescence measurements show two transitions for electron‐hole recombination within the surface quantum well. Surface recombination appears to be saturated by the high density of carriers collected in the well, and plays a minor role. The bending of the conduction and valence bands in the GaxIn1−xP leads to a high collection efficiency of excess carriers near the surface, and suggests that high efficiency surface light emitters could be built in similar structures.


Discriminative dictionary learning techniques are applied in an art historical context with the goal of automatic classification of an ink drawing based on the type of stroke. Two kinds of K-SVD-based multi-class classification are tested on van Gogh's drawings. First is a classical dictionary method where atoms are learned from pixels directly. A second feature-based dictionary method is introduced where atoms are learned based on features characterising collections of individual strokes. Results indicate that feature-based method provides better classification while incurring significantly less computational expense than the classical method. A multi-level feature-based method extends K-SVD for larger images. Such an automated classification would provide a new resource for scholars of van Gogh and students learning the art of drawing, be useful in automated photograph to computer drawing translation and point towards the more difficult problem of identifying painted brush strokes. Algorithms and data are provided to encourage modifications and extensions.


This article examines the issue of the appropriate scope of review of economic evidence enshrined in the discretionary assessments of utility regulators in the US and the UK. It advances a balance of institutional competencies approach to the question of the degree of deference owed to the regulatory agency's economic assessments. In doing so, it revisits the doctrinal positions advanced in the US and the UK for the substantive review of administrative discretion, so as to become attuned to the challenges posed by economic evidence. Drawing on insights from political science and economics, the suggested approach illuminates the institutional disadvantages of the courts that may warrant a high degree of deference. At the same time, however, it remains sensitive to the polycentric elements of regulatory disputes as well as to a number of institutional realities that may attenuate the weight of such comparative institutional disadvantages.


Different using modes of precipitation's surface flow, the caused soil erosion, dynamic change of soil moisture and soil nutrient's and their space-time distribution have announced the technological principle to keep water and soil resources standing and high-efficient in the hillside fields, giving a corresponding value of water and soil of red soil developing from the fourth century laterite texture. The result also indicates that so long as the management and development can be combined organically, the hillside fields of mound can be cultivated by a large scale and will not cause soil erosion.


This research work has been focused on the early age setting properties of Sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) substituted concrete and also monitored the rate of strength gain for different mixes. The waste by-product materials SCBA were replaced 0 to 30% by weight of binding materials in Portland cement with 0 to 3% of calcium nitrate type of accelerator had shown a consistent increase in the rate of setting. It can also be noted that the rate of hardening is higher with addition of 1% accelerator with 20% SCBA accelerates the pozzolanic reactions leading to additional gel formation of C-S-H and C-A-H that leads to the early age of hardening. The test results showed the better improvement in early stage of compressive strength for M25 grade of concrete attained at 3 days up to 34.15 MPa. The preliminary results were enough encouraging that these waste by-products materials were used to produce the quality of structural concrete without affecting their durability and lifespan.


edited by David Clarke and Ute Wölfel (2011). However, in this present work Grieder complies closely with the specification set by the editorial team for 'concise, elegant accounts by distinguished historians, with a strong emphasis on the different perspectives from which familiar events can be seen'. In implementing this criterion Grieder has produced a concise, clear and carefully reasoned summary of the history of the GDR. However, given the publication date of this book (2012), the inclusion of more recent scholarship on how the GDR is remembered would be valuable.


Link Analysis has been a popular and widely used Web mining technique, especially in the area of Web search. Various ranking schemes based on link analysis have been proposed, of which the PageRank metric has gained the most popularity with the success of Google. Over the last few years, there has been significant work in improving the relevance model of PageRank to address issues such as personalization and topic relevance. In addition, a variety of ideas have been proposed to address the computational aspects of PageRank, both in terms of efficient I/O computations and matrix computations involved in computing the PageRank score. The key challenge has been to perform computation on very large Web graphs. In this paper, we propose a method to incrementally compute PageRank for a large graph that is evolving. We note that although the Web graph evolves over time, its rate of change is rather slow. When compared to its size. We exploit the underlying principle of first order markov model on which PageRank is based, to incrementally compute PageRank for the evolving Web graph. Our experimental results show significant speed up in computational cost, the computation involves only the (small) portion of Web graph that has undergone change. Our approach is quite general, and can be used to incrementally compute (on evolving graphs) any metric that satisfies the first order Markov property.


Government in both developed and developing countries strive to deliver effective and efficient services to its citizens. Hence the rapid increasing use of information technology to enhance service delivery. However, IT carries its own challenges, such as incompatibilities, lack of integration and lack of scalability. Many approaches, from both academic and professional domains have been employed to assess the challenges, for improvement purposes. Government of some countries have therefore introduced enterprise architecture (EA) to addressing IT challenges. Similarly, EA is influenced by many factors, making it not as easy as we are made to understand. Thus activity theory was applied to examine and understand how the challenges manifest into complexities, and in turn, have negative impacts on services delivery.


In this paper, the relationship between the assumptions in the supply-driven and the demand-driven input-output model is discussed. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for the stability of the input coefficients, the output coefficients, and both coefficients. For both models, the effects of a demand pull on the total outputs and on the primary inputs are analytically expressed. Also, the effects of a supply push on the total outputs and on the final outputs are expressed, again for both models. In general, the assumption of fixed input coefficients in the demand-driven model does not hold, but computations are still based on it. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for the correctness of the computed total outputs, both for a demand pull and a supply push. Similar results are obtained for the supply-driven input — output model.


If Toledo Edison Company succeeds in its suit against Babcock and Wilcox - to recover repair and safety expenses from the reactor manufacturers instead of its utility customers - other utilities will be able to force their manufacturers to cover the costs of conforming to Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations established after the Three Mile Island (TMI) accident. Toledo Edison customers have averaged paying $15 million/year for four years for the plan's 62% downtime. The suit also includes the cost of substitute fuel during downtime, responsibility for backfits, and replacement of pump seals and auxiliary feedwater headers. General Public Utility has filed a similar suit to recover damages from TMI. (DCK)


A concrete trackbed offers the urban railway operator savings in maintenance as well as lower tunnelling costs, but repairs can be expensive. So it pays to over-design against cyclic stress variations, and to get such details as the electrical bonding of reinforcing right first time. Key factors to be considered when designing nonballasted track are drainage, rail fastening design, and vibration control to protect both the concrete trackbed and people in nearby buildings.


Theory and Background Guerilla Conflict: The Theory and Its Implications The Historical Background In the Field Israeli Policy Toward the Territories and Their Inhabitants The Antiguerilla Military Alignment Palestinian Politics Under Israeli Occupation Direct Action The International Scene Blessings Curses Perspectives What Now? Among Other Conflicts Appendixes: PLO Actions with Casualties in Israel and the Administered Territories PLO and PLO-Linked Actions Abroad Bibliography Index


Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 This paper presents the results obtained studying the PAH's removal in a conventional active sludge wastewater treatment plant located in Cluj Napoca - Romania, in which wastewater with a predominantly organic character is treated using complex physical -chemical - biological processes . The collected samples were filtered to remove suspended matter, and then PAHs were extracted using liquid-liquid extraction with hexane and determined by high performance liquid chromatography using an Agilent 1100 system with both diode array and fluorescence detection. Separations were accomplished using an Envirosep PP column and a mixture of acetonitrile: water as mobile phase. Detection limits ranged from 0.05 µ g/kg for naphthalene to 0.001 µ g/kg for the other 13 of PAHs. The obtained results were expressed by the cumulative amount of 14 compounds which ranged from 0.116 µ g/kg in the influent of the wastewater treatment plant to 0.0108 µ g/kg in the effluent. The amount of carcinogenic PAHs (b enzo [a] anthracene, benzo [a] pyrene, benzo [b] fluoranthene, benzo [k] fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenz [a, h] anthracene and indeno [1, 2, 3-c,d] pyrene) ranged from 0.0591 µ g/ kg in the influent to 0.002 µ g/ kg in the effluent. Overall PAHs removal ranged from 9.31% to 60.55 %. Research showed that naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene are removed effectively during wastewater treatment, whereas for benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo (k) fluoranthene, benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (g, h, i) perylene and dibenz (a, h) anthracene, indeno (1, 2, 3-cd) pyrene the recorded values were lower.
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Students of the subjects of compound interest and life contingencies are usually baffled by the type of problem in which the value of a premium, say P, can only be ascertained when one knows the number of years, say n , after which there is some definite change in the conditions of the problem. Such is, for example, the valuation of a variable annuity-certain subject to different remunerative and reproductive rates of interest when, in the beginning, the payments under the annuity are too small to meet requisite interest payments. In Chapter IV, article 16, of Todhunter, the student is advised that in such cases the value must in general be sought by trial and error. Similar exhortations perplex the student's mind when he turns to the subject of life contingencies, in which he is frequently required to evaluate the premium for a complicated assurance in which the death benefit is defined by different expressions before and after a period of time which is itself unknown.


Presentation showing how the secret port of Richborough was created and made a significant contribution to victory in the First World War.


Aircraft trajectory optimization is the key step of flight vehicle general design,especially for the modern spacecraft and supersonic flight vehicle.This paper gives the new classification of aircraft trajectory optimization methods based on a review of all the available trajectory optimization technologies at home and abroad.Meanwhile,the paper gives a summary of principle and application of all trajectory optimization methods and it also gives a detailed analysis of their respective advantages,disadvantages and development trends.Finally this paper introduces kinds of useful trajectory optimization software.


Inspired by the biological concepts of metamorphosis evolution, this paper presents a novel simulated metamorphosis (SM) algorithm for solving the homecare nurse scheduling problem in a fuzzy environment. The algorithm is motivated by the need for interactive, multi-objective, and efficient optimization approaches to solving problems with fuzzy conflicting goals and constraints. The SM goes through initialization, growth, and maturation phases, mimicking the metamorphosis process. Initialization generates a candidate solution which successively goes through growth and maturation loops. Comparative computational tests on benchmark problems show that, when compared to other algorithms, SM is more efficient and effective, producing near-optimal solutions within reasonable computation times.


Objective To investigate the prevention and treatment of injury to branches of the middle hepatic vein during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods Branches of the middle hepatic vein were found in the gallbladder bed of 13 patients during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Changzheng Hospital,Second Military Medical University during March 2002 to March 2007.And the pictures of the branches were captured during the operation for measurement of their diameter.In 4 of the patients,injuriy of the branches caused hemorrage,which was controlled by clipping the vessel at both sides of the rupture point or by suturing the ruptured vessel.Results In the 13 cases,mean diameter of the branches was 2.4mm (1.6~3.5mm).All the patients,including the four undergoing hemostasis during laparoscopic operation,recovered without complication.Conclusion During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, gallbladder bed should be seperated in the correct plane to avoid injury to branches of the middle hepatic vein.Once injuried,the branches should be clipped or sutured under laparoscopy to effectively control the bleeding.While open surgery is still a choice when the hemostasis is difficult under laparoscopy.


The aims of this study were to provide normative data for dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 25 year old women and evaluate whether young adult Swedish women have bone mineral density (BMD) comparable to DXA manufacturer reference values and other equivalent populations. BMD at all sites was measured in the population-based P EAK -25 cohort (n=1061 women; age 25.5±0.2). BMD values were standardized (sBMD) and compared against NHANES III and other cohorts. Based on the DXA manufacturer supplied reference values, Z-scores were 0.54±0.98 (femoral neck; FN), 0.47±0.96 (total hip; TH) and 0.32±1.03 (lumbar spine; LS). In comparison to other studies, sBMD was higher in the P EAK -25 cohort (FN 1.5-8.3%), (TH 3.9-9.2%), (LS 2.4-6.5%) with the exception of TR-sBMD (trochanter) which was 2.5% lower compared to NHANES III. The concordance in identifying those in the lowest or highest quartile of BMD was highest between hip measurements (low 71-78%; high 70-84%), corresponding discordance 0-1%. At this age the correlation between DXA sites was strong (r=0.62-0.94). BMD in Swedish young adult women is generally higher than has been reported in other equivalently aged European and North American cohorts and suggests that that the high fracture incidence in Sweden is not explained by lower peak bone mass. The use of non-regional specific DXA reference data could contribute to misdiagnosed osteoporosis in elderly women.


An experimental method used for the accurate determination of the differential capacitance C of the diffusion voltage Φ and of the exponent α of a varactor is proposed. The data processing of the experimental results in a numerical way allows independence from the parasitic capacitance. The accuracy which has been achieved is higher than 2 × 10−3 for the determination of C, and higher than 4 × 10−2 for the determination of Φ.


A significant amount of experimental data for particle production in high-energy heavy ion collisions (10 - 200 GeV/A at center of mass) has been accumulated during last years. Many different theoretical attempts have tried to describe these data using thermal models in the approximation of global thermal equilibrium considering only one freeze-out temperature. However the thermal models often are not able to describe adequately the whole multiplicities of hadrons. For instance, the abundance of strange particles is overestimate and the pion yields are underestimated. In this work is presented a thermal hadronic model with two different temperatures in order to describe the baryonic and mesonic chemical freeze-out in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions. The model is used to fit the particle population ratios of the hadrons produced in the reaction. The proposal is not merely to incorporate one additional degree of freedom in the adjustment procedure of data, but to present and alternative scenario for the freeze out stage in the collisional proces s. This new reformulated version of thermal model was applied to a set of data, offering a rather good improvement in the fitting of the calculated particle ratios to the data. The results suggest that the introduced model makes the thermal approach more robust to handle with a larger number of colliding systems and a more comprehensive set of reaction observables.


Background: Septicemia contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality especially in hospitalized patients. The situation further deteriorates with increasing rate of multidrug resistance. Therefore, the early and accurate diagnosis and start of empirical treatment is a success key to cure such infection. However, for successful treatment, geographical epidemiological etiology is must. Blood culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of septicemia.
Methods: In the present study, etiological and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of blood culture collected from in-patients, out-patients, and ICU patients in three months at a tertiary care hospital was done. Blood culture positive isolates were identified using standard microbiological, biochemical tests. The antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Oxacillin disc diffusion test was used to identify MRSA.
Results: A total of 217 blood culture were positive out of which 110 (50.6%) were from pediatric group. Gram positive cocci (60.8%) outnumbered Gram negative bacilli (39.2%). Among Gram positive, S. aureus (51.5%) was the most common isolate followed by CoNS (39%). Among Gram negative, Klebsiella spp. (32%) was most common followed by Acinetobacter spp. (21%). Among isolates, 35% were MRSA and 30% were ESBL producer.
Conclusion: The results indicate emergence of high rate of antimicrobial resistance among septicemia patients. The results warrant continuous monitoring of etiology and antimicrobial pattern so as to build geographical epidemiological data. This may help clinicians to select appropriate empirical treatment to control such infections especially in hospitalized patients.

Keywords: Blood culture, Bacteria, Antimicrobial susceptibility, Routine monitoring


be published in exemplary form by Egyptologists. Notwithstanding the useful plates in the second volume of Wreszinski's monumental Atlas, and the earlier detailed line drawings of Edouard Naville, this battle presentation remains unanalyzed from an art historical viewpoint. The latter statement may first appear to be overly critical, especially in light of the recent studies of Marcus Müller and Susanna Heinz, both of whom have devoted much attention to the New Kingdom depictions of war. Nonetheless, a detailed study concentrated upon one self-contained series of pictorial reliefs has much to offer, especially when we exclude the other exemplars from the Ramesseum, Karnak, Luxor, and Abu Simbel. In this light it is interesting that Naville, who was the first to understand the historical progression of the Abydene representations, was also the first to pay attention to the "beauty of the hieroglyphic signs" of the Poem that concludes the entire representation. The scenes commence on the west or rear wall of Ramesses II's temple at Abydos. This entire wall is occupied with Phase I of the Kadesh battle in which the Nacarn troops are seen marching to the left (north) against which the now lost camp scene was carved. The manner of carving is unique among the Kadesh depictions. Sunken relief was employed, as we have come to expect, but the details are far better rendered than in the reliefs of the other temples. The intricate internal carvings of the hieroglyphs of the Poem parallel this. They too are well sculpted, rendered also "Classical" in their layout and structure. For example, the nearby Dedicatory Inscription of Ramesses II on the portico of Seti's temple presents a poor showing in comparison to the Kadesh Poem at Abydos insofar as the former shows a more schematic outlook, perhaps rapidly executed as well. At Abydos, the divisions of the "phases" are more solidly presented. The three portions of the battle are well separated from each other, and even though much of the scenes has been lost owing to time, the static quality of what remains cannot be overlooked. Indeed, as only the lowest portions of the walls remain, we are faced with the inherent bias of not being able to examine the actual battlefield encounter between the Egyptians and the Hittites. Notwithstanding this situation, the presentation at


In order to cliscuss the structural and physical properties of filaments from the blend solution of cellulose xanthate with chitin xanthate, blend filaments with 0, 2.89%, 6.46% chitin content are prepared. There exist gloves on the surface of viscose filament and the blend filaments prepared from the blend solution of cellulose xanthate with chitin xanthate, which decreases with increasing chitin content in the filament. The filament surface is becoming coarse with increasing chitin content. The dry and wet intensity of blend filament is lower than those of viscose filament, but the decreasing extent is not high, so do hygroscopicity and accessibility of the blend filaments. The degree of crystallinity, degree of orientation, modulus and density of blend fibers decrease with increasing chitin content. The bacteriostatic results of blend filaments prepared are all higher than 26%, considered as effective. So the blend filaments have effective biostatic effect on staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli.


The present paper emphasizes the difficulties in translating philosophical texts in general, with a special focus on Romanian translations of German philosophical writings. Translators of philosophical texts face a dilemma, since they are compelled to oscillate between two translation principles: that of transferring an unaltered message on the one hand, and that of preserving the style which defines the subjectivity of the text, on


A concise and efficient asymmetric process for the total synthesis of (20S)-7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (=SN-38; 1f), an active metabolic form of the prodrug irinotecan, is described. This approach features the enantioselective cyanosilylation of indolizinone 4 into the corresponding cyanohydrin 5, mediated by a bifunctional thiourea-based cinchona alkaloid under mild conditions, and I2-catalyzed Friedlander condensation of the tricyclic lactone 6 and 2-amino-5-hydroxy propiophenone (=1-(2-amino-5-hydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one).


The review of the collection of articles published for the 60th anniversary of the scientific director of the BSC SB RAS, academician B.V. Bazarov (IMBT SB RAS) is presented. The paper deals with actual issues of archeology, general and national history and world politics in the Eurasian space.


Submitted for the MAR11 Meeting of The American Physical Society Shear alignment of standing block copolymer lamellae in thin films SASWATI PUJARI, MICHAEL KEATON, Princeton University, PAUL CHAIKIN, New York University, RICHARD REGISTER, Princeton University — While thin films of cylinder-forming block copolymers (BCPs) can be effective templates for striped patterns (leading to parallel nanowires), a drawback is the modest aspect ratio of the final structures, because of limited etch contrast between the two polymer blocks. Using thin films of lamellar BCPs, with the lamellae standing perpendicular to the substrate, could yield structures with larger aspect ratio. To generate parallel stripes of controlled direction, the in-plane orientation needs to be guided while preserving the out-of-plane perpendicular orientation. In this study, we have produced thin films of standing lamellae of a polystyrene/polymethylmethacrylate BCP of thicknesses up to 1.5 times the domain spacing, by neutralizing the Si substrate with a random terpolymer brush layer. To date, films less than one domain spacing thick have been aligned by shear, while shearing thicker films causes the perpendicular lamellae to switch to parallel orientation. We are currently investigating the alignment as a function of stress, film thickness, terpolymer composition and domain spacing. Saswati Pujari Postdoctoral Researcher Date submitted: 19 Nov 2010 Electronic form version 1.4


Meningiomas are common tumors of the central nervous system that account for approximately 15% of all intracranial tumors and are the most common extra-axial neoplasm. Most meningiomas are benign, although atypical and malignant meningiomas also exist. Typical imaging characteristics include a well-circumscribed, homogeneously enhancing, extra-axial mass on both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The presence of an associated cyst is an uncommon imaging feature that may make it difficult to distinguish the tumor from a primary intra-axial glial neoplasm. The presence of peritumoral edema can also be a misleading finding. We present a case of a woman who presented with a history of multiple recent falls, decreased energy, and increased somnolence and was found to have a "cystic meningioma." Typical imaging characteristics, histologic subtypes, treatment, and prognosis are also discussed.


Mathematics is considered as an important subject which is taught up to the secondary level as a compulsory subject. Students' achievements are influenced by the attitude they have for Mathematics subject and the attitude towards Mathematics is affected by teachers and the teaching methods adopted by the teachers. The aim of the study was to find out the effectiveness of the inquiry-based method for Mathematics instruction at the secondary level. The research sample was 30 students studying at secondary level in district Attock. Pretest posttest control group design was used for this research study. Experimental and control group were formed equally on the basis of pretest achievements. Both groups were taught for two weeks. The experimental group was treated with an inquiry-based method using the 5-E model while the control group was treated by the traditional method. After treatment posttest was held and results were compared. Results revealed that the inquiry-based method was better than the traditional method.


The tree Moringa oleifera Lamarck is of agricultural importance in Mexico and other parts of the tropical Americas (Olson and Fahey 2011, Rev. Mex. Biodiver. 82: 1071–1082). Fruits, seeds, and roots are consumed by humans, stems are used for livestock feed, and oils extracted from seeds are used in lubricants, cosmetics, and biofuels (Da Silva et al. 2010, Biomass Bioenerg, 34: 1527–1530; Pérez et al. 2010, Moringa oleifera, una Alternativa Forrajera para Sinaloa. Fundación Produce, Sinaloa AC. Mexico). A number of insects and related arthropods have been reported on M. oleifera including ants (Hymenptera: Formicidae), Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Estigmene acrea Drury (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Diatraea sp. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Bemisia sp. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Oligonychus punicae Hirts (Acari: Tetranychidae), and Tetranychus merganser Boudreaux (Acari: Tetranychidae) (Monjarás-Barrera et al. 2015, Southwest. Entomol. 40: 847–849; Pérez et al. 2010). Herein, we report the first reported occurrence of Caliothrips phaseoli Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) larvae on M. oleifera under greenhouse conditions and its predation of eggs and adult females of T. merganser under laboratory conditions. Thrips larvae were collected from M. oleifera leaves growing in greenhouse conditions (36 6 48C; 80 6 10% relative humidity [RH]) in Ciudad Victoria,


PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION
The endogenous estradiol metabolite, 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME), has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of cell growth and a strong anti-angiogenic substance. We investigated for the first time whether in vitro combinations of 2ME with various chemotherapeutic compounds may result in an additive inhibitory effect on the proliferation of human ovary cancer cells.

METHOD
As a model two different human ovary cancer cell lines were used. All cell lines were incubated with equimolar concentrations of 2ME (0.8-25 microM) and the chemotherapeutics epirubicine, doxorubicine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, carboplatin, vinorelbine, 5-fluorouracil and mafosfamide. Proliferation was measured after four days using the ATP-chemosensitivity test.

RESULTS
For both ovary cancer cell lines a significant additive effect of 2ME with epirubicine and carboplatin was observed at the lower concentration range of these chemotherapeutic substances.

CONCLUSION
2ME is able to enhance the antiproliferative activity of certain chemotherapeutics at pharmacological relevant concentrations. This estradiol metabolite is currently in a phase II trial in patients with refractary metastatic breast cancer and the tolerability has been shown to be very good. The combination of 2ME with chemotherapeutics may therefore offer a new clinically relevant treatment regimen for hormone-dependent cancer.


Interest groups aim to influence public policy and, therefore, interest groups representing business advocate improvements to the business enabling environment. Researchers claim that it is difficult to assess the extent to which interest groups influence public policy. Most research in this area focuses on the US and EU and little explores the factors that may determine whether business membership organisations (BMOs) are likely to be successful. This paper addresses those gaps. It explores the attempts by a BMO in Tanzania, the Tanzania Horticultural Association, to influence reform of public policy. It offers evidence that the association was successful, though mostly on issues that might be regarded as technical rather than contentious or political. The paper reviews the factors that have contributed to its success, which include providing good evidence, preparing a persuasive argument, using champions amongst public officials and engaging in dialogue, without confrontation, across government and concludes that this approach makes a difference in whether BMOs are successful.


Based on numerical analysis method of several adjacent rigid foundations interaction on layered soils, a systematic analysis method for computing inclination of box foundation is proposed. The method can take into consideration not only the influence of load eccentricity and interaction of several adjacent foundations, but also the influence of the soil restriction on foundation side face and the height of load center to foundation base. A research is made on three adjacent box foundations of which the deformation and pressure distribution on soil surface have been well measured. The computed results are in agreement with the results measured.


Functional Food are a fast growing segment on the food market. Although there is a lack of legal definition this products can be described as food which shall have besides their main nutritional or deligth purposes still other effect on body functions. They have to be distinguished from Food Supplements. While Functional Food mainly serve energy delivering substances like fat, sugars or protein, Food Supplements are sold in a drug shape and contain only one or a few essential substances with special nutritional values. Labelling of Functional Food is difficult because of unsatisfactory knowledge about all effect on the human metabolism of the substances concerned an particularly by reason of only long term effect. In addition it is still not known wether all people can have benefits from consuming Functional Food or only special groups in certain imbalanced alimentary situations. Hence advertising of these product very often may mislead consumers.


Abstract This article posits a theory of iterative stress that separates each facet of the stress map into its constituent parts, or 'atoms'. Through the well-defined notion of complexity provided by Formal Language Theory, it is shown that this division of the stress map results in a more restrictive characterisation of iterative stress than a single-function analysis does. While the single-function approach masks the complexity of the atomic properties present in the pattern, the compositional analysis makes it explicitly clear. It also demonstrates the degree to which, despite what appear to be significant surface differences in the patterns, the calculation of the stress function is largely the same, even between quantity-sensitive and quantity-insensitive patterns. These stress compositions are limited to one output-local function to iterate stress, and a small number of what I call edge-oriented functions to provide 'cleanup' when the iteration function alone fails to capture the pattern.


The contents soil heavy metals in the soil of grade orchards were monitored and analyzed on 51 sampling plots in the major grape production area of Shihezi.Heavy metals such as Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,Hg and As were detected.However,the content of metals mentioned above were all within limits of no-harmful grade.The values of the single-item pollution index of the soil heavy metals were all smaller than 1,so were the values of comprehensive index,belonging to clean grade.According to the permitted level of green food producing environmental standard,the contents of Cr,Cu,Hg and As were below the permitted level. The contents of Cd were beyond the permitted level in 49.02%of grade orchards,the contents of Pb were all beyond the permitted level.The values of the single-item pollution index of Cr,Cu,Hg and As were smaller than 1,and that of Pb was between 1 and 2,and that of Cd was bigger than 1 in 49.02%of grade orchards.78.43%of all the orchards were under the alarming degree,21.57%were slightly polluted one. Therefore,the soil in the major grade production area of Shihezi was only for no-harmful grade producing environmental standard.


Most tumors in animals, and probably also in humans, grow progressively. This depressing fact has led many researchers to discount the view that the adaptive immune system of the host plays a role in the control of malignant cells. It may be argued, however, that immunosurveillance really exists, involv ing not only specific antitumor responses mediated by T-lymphocytes and/or antibodies but also a "natural resistance" involving macrophages and NK2 cells. However, tumors may "escape" from host controls through a number of pathways.


In order to study influence of down-regulation of EGFR in gastric cancer cell tumorigenicity in vivo and lymph node metastasis,the plasmid of pEGFPN1-dnEGFR and pEGFP-N1 were transferred into NCI-N87 cells,the three groups of cells were generated:UN(untreated NCI-N87),EN(EGFPexpressing NCI-N87 cells,which were stably transfected with pEGFP-N1),DN(dnEGFR-EGFPexpressing NCI-N87 cells,which were stably transfected with pEGFPN1-dnEGFR).Three-group cells were grown in the right palmula of nude mice(each team contain six nude mice).After six weeks,mice were executed and primary tumor growth and lymph node metastasis to the right groin were analyzed.Hematoxylin and eosin stains of the tumor and lymph nodes were used to confirm whether they originated from the transferred cells.Western blotting and real-time PCR were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression of AKT1 and MAPK3.Tumor volume was smaller in the DN than those in the UN and EN groups(P 0.05).The DN group had a smaller number of right inguinal lymph nodes than the UN and EN groups(P 0.05).AKT1 and MAPK3 protein and mRNA expression was down-regulated in DN(P 0.05).The results demonstrated that dnEGFR can inhibit gastric cancer cell growth and lymphatic metastasis in vivo by inactivating the AKT1 and MAPK3 pathway.


PREFACE EMULSION FORMATION, STABILITY, AND RHEOLOGY Introduction Industrial Applications of Emulsions Physical Chemistry of Emulsion Systems Thermodynamics of Emulsion Formation and Breakdown Interaction Energies (Forces) between Emulsion Droplets and Their Combinations Adsorption of Surfactants at the Liquid/Liquid Interface Selection of Emulsifiers Creaming or Sedimentation of Emulsions Flocculation of Emulsions Ostwald Ripening Emulsion Coalescence Rheology of Emulsions Bulk Rheology of Emulsions Viscoelastic Properties of Concentrated Emulsions EMULSION FORMATION IN MEMBRANE AND MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES Introduction Membrane Emulsification (ME) Microfluidic Junctions and Flow-Focusing Devices Microfluidic Devices with Parallel Microchannel Arrays Glass Capillary Microfluidic Devices Application of Droplets Formed in Membrane and Microfluidic Devices Conclusions ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF IONIC SURFACTANTS AT WATER/HEXANE INTERFACE OBTAINED BY PAT AND ODBA Introduction Experimental Tools Theory Results Summary MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES APPLICABLE TO THE INVESTIGATION OF EMULSION FORMATION DURING PROCESSING Introduction Online Droplet Size Measurement Techniques Techniques Investigating Droplet Coalescence Concluding Remarks EMULSIFICATION IN ROTOR - STATOR MIXERS Introduction Classification and Applications of Rotor - Stator Mixers Engineering Description of Emulsification/Dispersion Processes Advanced Analysis of Emulsification/Dispersion Processes in Rotor - Stator Mixers Conclusion FORMULATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND PROPERTY CONTROL OF PARAFFIN EMULSIONS Introduction Surfactant Systems Used in Formulation of Paraffin Emulsions Formation and Characterization of Paraffin Emulsions Control of Particle Size Stability of Paraffin Emulsions Conclusions POLYMERIC O/W NANO-EMULSIONS OBTAINED BY THE PHASE INVERSION COMPOSITION (PIC) METHOD FOR BIOMEDICAL NANOPARTICLE PREPARATION Introduction Phase Inversion Emulsification Methods Aspects on the Choice of the Components Ethylcellulose Nano-Emulsions for Nanoparticle Preparation Final Remarks RHEOLOGY AND STABILITY OF STERICALLY STABILIZED EMULSIONS Introduction General Classification of Polymeric Surfactants Interaction between Droplets Containing Adsorbed Polymeric Surfactant Layers: Steric Stabilization Emulsions Stabilized by Polymeric Surfactants Principles of Rheological Techniques Rheology of Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsions Stabilized with Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) INDEX


The effect of interdiffusion on band structure of superlattices composed of initially cylindrical GaAs/Ga1xAlxAs quantum rings is investigated. Two cases of superlattices, namely, a three dimensional superlattice composed of Gaussian-shaped double quantum rings and one layer quantum ring superlattice are considered. The Fourier transformation to momentum space is used to solve the Schrödinger equation. In the case of one layer superlattice the adiabatic approximation is also used to take into consideration the transversal motion of electron. It is shown that due to interdiffusion both the first and the second minibands of conduction band shift to the region of higher energies and broaden. The cylindrical symmetry of rings as well as the difference between the behaviors of the dispersion curves in different directions of momentum space gradually disappears. The obtained results indicate to the opportunity of purposeful manipulation of structure characteristics by means of interdiffusion both quantitively and qualitatively.


Studies the optical retardation of a nematic film with its thickness. The orientational behaviour is found by using in the equilibrium equations for the interfacial energies a more precise expression than the usual one. The results are: the optical retardation is a monotonic function of the thickness if all interactions at one interface lead to align the molecules in the same direction; the optical retardation is a non-monotonic continuous or discontinuous function if some interactions (e.g. dipolar) lead to align the molecules perpendicularly to the interface and other one (e.g. Van der Waals) lead the molecules to lie on the same interface. The linear asymptotic behaviour of this function is established leading to the new notion of limiting thickness, different from critical thickness.


A study on the nonlinear transformation of a tsunami-like solitary wave over impermeable submerged structures of finite widths was performed to examine the feasibility of the integration of such structures into tsunami coastal protection systems. Laboratory experiments with varying structure geometry and incident wave conditions were conducted to determine wave evolution modes, incipient wave breaking and the number of solitons resulting from the wave fission process. The latter was found to be constant for a given relative structure submergence depth and width, irrespective of incident wave conditions, and tended to increase for smaller freeboards and larger barrier widths. The hydraulic performance of the structure, predicted numerically for more realistic tsunami conditions by means of the Boussinesq-type model COULWAVE, was determined in terms of wave transmission, wave reflection and wave energy dissipation coefficients. The rate of wave transmission and energy dissipation was dependent on the breaking conditions over the structure crest: the weakest wave attenuation (approximately 10%) corresponded to nonbreaking waves, while the highest wave damping (about 25%) was achieved for the widest relative structure width (B/Li = 1.0) and the smallest relative structure submergence depth (dr/h = 0.3) investigated.


In order to solve this problem flash compensation photographing apparatus uncontrollable, the present invention provides a method for backlight compensation, and a terminal apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for obtaining a preview image acquisition module, a determining module for determining whether a preview image needs to compensate for the backlight, the light source calculation module calculating a compensation parameter for compensating for the preview image to compensate for backlight compensation parameters according to compensation module and a display module for displaying the preview image; terminal comprises the image pickup means, storage means and a backlighting compensation means compensating backlight according to the backlight compensation means calculates a compensation parameter acquiring the preview image and a preview image by the imaging apparatus. By implementing the present invention, when the terminal user can be automatically captured backlit preview image backlight compensation, backlight compensation by controlling the parameters, the image presented to the user of perfect quality, increasing the user experience.


Yunlong reservoir is the key part of Zhangjiuhe water conservancy project of Kunming city,which is very important for the construction and economic development of Kunming.Through introducing the natural environment of Zhangjiuhe watershed and the engineering of Yunlong reservoir,the basic pattern of water conservation forest of Yunlong reservoir was analyzed.The main problems in function transfer of the existing forests as water conservation forests were proposed.A series of protection and management strategies including scientifically divide management and protection area of water source,construct reasonable structured water conservation forest and ecological compensation mechanism,were proposed.


In Zambia, health policy reforms have recently focused upon decentralization of care with an emphasis upon community-based services. The perspective of primary healthcare workers (PHCWs), who provide these services, may offer valuable insight into this changing health system. To explore the perspective of PHCWs in Zambia, we conducted a written survey of 80 PHCWs. Several barriers to care, many surrounding issues of access to care, were consistently and independently reported by the PHCWs surveyed. Shifting care into the community will only be beneficial if primary care clinics can offer a reasonable minimal standard of care. From the perspective of healthcare workers on the frontline of primary care delivery in Zambia, expanded training of providers and an increased number of providers is needed. Improving access to drugs and supplies is also necessary. User fees that might increase financial resources for the healthcare system may also deter needed care among vulnerable patient populations.


This paper proposes application of HomePlug AV power line communication modems in local area networks and network devices in order to overcome the limitation of transmission of Ethernet data over copper twisted pair in the distance more than 100 meters. HPAV modems allows to improve functionality of Ethernet switches: transmit data over copper wires with speed more than 100 Mbps at distances few hundred meters and combine tens of IP devices in one network with use of one pair of wires only. Paper presents practical example of HPAV modem application in the unique task about IP video signals transmission through the copper cable with length more than 700 meters.


................................................................................................................................................ 11 1 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE .................................................. 13 1.1 Type II diabetes: An introduction ..................................................................................................... 14 1.2 Overview of Insulin Action on Glucose Homeostasis ........................................................................ 16 1.2.1 Insulin ............................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2.2 Insulin Secretion ............................................................................................................................... 19 1.2.3 Insulin Signaling ............................................................................................................................... 21 1.2.4 Glucose homeostasis ....................................................................................................................... 22 1.3 Genetics of Type 2 diabetes .............................................................................................................. 25 1.3.1 Genetic studies in humans ............................................................................................................... 26 1.3.2 Missing Heritability ......................................................................................................................... 30 1.3.3 Genetic studies in mouse models .................................................................................................... 32 1. Spontaneous mutant mouse models of T2D ............................................................................... 32 2. Single gene Knock-out and transgenic models of T2D ................................................................. 33 3. Inbred strains (mouse models of polygenic T2D) ........................................................................ 36 1.4 C57BL/6J and A/J Inbred Strains: Alternative model ........................................................................ 38 1.4.1 Advantage of B6 and A/J inbred strains ........................................................................................... 38 1.4.2 B6-chr A CSS development and advantage ........................................................................................ 40 1.4.3 Choosing CSS-6 ................................................................................................................................. 45 1.6 Summary and Research Aims ........................................................................................................... 46 2 CHAPTER 2: INCREASED MITOCHONDRIAL OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE LIVER IS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE ............................................................................................................ 49 2.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 50 2.2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 52 5 2.3 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................................... 54 2.3.1 Mice. ................................................................................................................................................ 54 2.3.2 RNA Isolation. ................................................................................................................................... 54 2.3.3 Microarray hybridization. ................................................................................................................ 55 2.3.4 Microarray data analysis. ................................................................................................................. 55 2.3.5 Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin secretion ......................................................................... 55 2.3.6 Insulin tolerance test (ITT). .............................................................................................................. 56 2.3.7 Statistics. .......................................................................................................................................... 56 2.4 Results .............................................................................................................................................. 57 2.4.1 Localization of Obrq2 to a 30 Mb interval on chromosome 6 ......................................................... 57 2.4.2 6C1 mice are insulin resistant relative to 6C2 .................................................................................. 59 2.4.3 Global gene expression analysis ...................................................................................................... 61 2.4.4 Genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are over-expressed in the liver of 6C1 ..................... 63 2.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 67 3 CHAPTER 3: SOLUTE RECEPTOR SLC35B4 OVER-EXPRESSION LINKED TO DIET-INDUCED OBESITY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE ................................................. 74 3.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 75 3.2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 77 3.3 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................................... 80 3.3.1 Husbandry ........................................................................................................................................ 80 3.3.2 Generation of subcongenic and subsubcongenic strains ................................................................. 80 3.3.3 Sequence Analysis. ........................................................................................................................... 81 3.3.4 Fasting insulin, fasting glucose and HOMA-IR .................................................................................. 81 3.3.5 Glucose Tolerance Test. ................................................................................................................... 82 3.3.6 Tissue Collection and RNA extraction .............................................................................................. 82 3.3.7 Real-time quantitative PCR. ............................................................................................................. 82 3.3.8 Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Clamp. .............................................................................................. 82 3.3.9 Determination of glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. .................................................................. 84 3.3.10 Statistics. ........................................................................................................................................ 85 3.4 Results ............................................................................................................................................. 85 3.4.1 Obrq2a regulates body weight and IR ............................................................................................. 85 3.4.2 Inheritance pattern of Obrq2a1 ....................................................................................................... 96 3.4.3 Obrq2a1 is associated with decreased glucose tolerance ............................................................... 98 3.4.4 Increased hepatic glucose production disrupts glucose homeostasis in Obrq2a1 ........................ 100 3.4.5 Candidate gene analysis of the Obrq2a1 interval .......................................................................... 103 3.5 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 106


The benzoic acid and sublimed sulfur were selected as temperature indicators for steam sterilization by measuring the melting points of several crystal chemical reagents.The comparative validation tests were performed for them and other temperature indicators.The test results showed that above two temperature inducators could meet the requirements for steam sterilization at 121℃ and provide objective evidence for routine monitoring of steam sterilization.


Objective To report a series of female patients with bladder cancer who underwent gynecologic-tract sparing radical cystectomy with long term follow-up. Methods Fifty-five female patients between the ages of 25 and 82 years who underwent gynecologic-tract sparing radical cystectomy between 1990 and 2010 were reviewed retrospectively.Pathologic characteristics and survival ( overall and cancerspecific) were reported.Survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods,and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with mortality. Results Five patients were lost in follow up.Fifty-five women with a mean follow-up of 55.2 months were analyzed.The 3,5 and 10-year cancer specific survival (CSS) was 65%,61% and 61%,respectively,and the corresponding overall survival (OS) was 61%,54% and 42%,respectively.For patients with organ confined disease ( ≤ pT2N0M0) the 5-year CSS and OS was 84% and 72%,while for those with non organ confined disease ( ≥pT3N0M0) the 5-year CSS and OS reduced to 29% and 29%.Pathologic lymph node status (HR =3.877,P =0.019) and pathologic staging ( HR =3.992,P =0.011 ) were the only clinical or pathologic characteristics significantly associated with survival. Conclusions For patients with pathologically organ-confined bladder cancer ( ≤ pT2 N0 M0 ),gynecologic-tract sparing radical cystectomy is an oncologically safe treatment modality,while for those with ≥ pT3N0M0 or positive pelvic lymph nodes,gynecologic-traet sparing radical cystectomy may need large scale randomized control trials to justify its validity,pathological stage and lymph node status are the most important key points when choosing appropriate patients.

Key words:
Urinary bladder neoplasms; Carcinoma; Female; Cystectomy; Retrospective studies


OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of CYP3A5*3 on cyclosporine (CsA) pharmacokinetics in Chinese healthy subjects.METHODS CYP3A5*3 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assays;CsA blood concentrations were detected by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS);CsA pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated with a noncompartmental method using the WinNonlin program (version 4.1).RESULTS The Cmax was (1 790±661)μg·L-1 in subjects with CYP3A5*3/*3 ( 2 296±725)μg·L-1 with CYP3A5*1/*3,and (2 225±692)μg·L-1 with CYP3A5*1/*1,respectively.The CsA peak time (Tmax) and oral clearance (CL) of males were higher than female (P value0.05).And no statistical differences of CsA pharmacokinetics were found among different CYP3A5 genotypes in 27 Chinese healthy volunteers of single administration of 4 mg·kg-1 (P value0.05).CONCLUSION CYP3A5*3 genetic polymorphism had no effects on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers,but the gender effects on Tmax and CL of CsA.


The ultraviolet absorption spectra of seven substituted benzenes have been measured in the region of 220 to 300 millimicrons. The substances were n-, iso-, sec-, and lert-butylbenzene and 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-diethylbenzene. The wavelengths (also frequencies in centimeters-I) are shown for· the absorption bands for each substance. Spectral absorbancy curves are given for the ame concentration in each case. The hydrocarbons were NBS Standard Sample prepared in connection with American Petroleum Research Project 6 and were highly purified in t he Chemistry Division of thi Bureau. These spectral data should be of value in chemical analysis in the field of ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. The m easurements were made with a Beckman quartz spectrophotometer on I-centimeter cells of t he hydrocarbons in a solution of isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane).


1. I have previously' pointed out the existence of a conformal invariant, the conformal connection, which in the problem of the conformal correspondence of Riemann spaces plays a r6le similar to that of the Christoffel symbols in the problem of the equivalence of two quadratic differential forms, and by expressing integrability conditions of its law of transformation given a derivation of the conformal curvature tensor discovered by Weyl. By continuing the process of elimination employed in the former paper, I now show how a complete set of integrability conditions for the equations of transformation of the conformal connection can be obtained. These integrability conditions express the laws of transformation of a set of conformal invariants. In addition to the first partial derivatives of the old variables with respect to the new, they involve certain combinations of second derivatives, but no derivatives of higher order than the second. Consequently the resulting invariants are not in general tensors. They form, nevertheless, a basis for stating an equivalence theorem. The sequence of invariants is composed of two invariants and their successive conformal derivatives, the conformal derivative being defined as the ordinary derivative evaluated in a certain conformal coordinate system. 2. From the results of the former paper the conformal connection is given by


In order to deal with systems that do not obey Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, several alternative entropy functions were proposed. We present a framework to deal with these exotic entropies in the context of an orthodox BG statistics. Anomalous distributions follow from the assumption that microscopic states are not equally probable due to the presence of correlations. This article explores the consequences of breaking the hypothesis of equal a priori probabilities, where it is shown that the structure of thermodynamics and Gibbs/Jaynes' prescription are fully preserved.


The connection between Bayesian neural networks and Gaussian processes gained a lot of attention in the last few years, with the flagship result that hidden units converge to a Gaussian process limit when the layers width tends to infinity. Underpinning this result is the fact that hidden units become independent in the infinite-width limit. Our aim is to shed some light on hidden units dependence properties in practical finite-width Bayesian neural networks. In addition to theoretical results, we assess empirically the depth and width impacts on hidden units dependence properties.


In the circuit for detecting the characteristics of the light (1), it senses the light, the measurement period and the first circuit element which is implemented to generate the (? Tm) output signal during (I1) (7), the measurement period ( warming period preceding the? Tm) (a temperature (second circuit element which is implemented to enhance T) (8) of the first circuit element (7) is provided in .DELTA.TW), the output signal (I1) It includes a light first circuit element (7) is bathed is generated according to the temperature of the first circuit element (7) (T).


This aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of two conventional classifiers and neural network MLP for land use mapping from a Vant image. Four classes were defined on the image for automatic classification: eucalyptus, pasture, weed competition and exposed soil. The algorithm used in the artificial neural network simulator "NeuroDic ® 2.0" was the resilient-propagation. For conventional classifiers MAXVER and ISODATA the software Erdas Imagine ® 11 was employed. The results show that the best classification was obtained by the algorithm MAXVER and worse performance with algorithm ISODATA, according to the Kappa index. Finally, it can be concluded that the neural network has proved to be an efficient paradigm for image classification.


On January 30 of the 2020 year, the World Health Organization declared an international public health emergency the pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Initially, many doubts arose regarding treatment adjustments and follow-up of patients with chronic leukemias, and various international associations issued recommendations. The use of telemedicine and the selection of treatment strategies that allow care without patients going to hospital centers, has been one of the main techniques for protecting patients with chronic leukemias. International experience de-scribes that it seems that patients with chronic myeloid leukemia are less susceptible to infection and death, unlike patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.


This study examined fuel depletion in white muscle of juvenile rainbow trout sprinted to fatigue to determine whether the onset of fatigue is associated with a measurable metabolic change within the muscle and whether muscle glycogen levels influence endurance. In this study, "fuels" refer to any energy‐supplying compounds and include glycogen, phosphocreatine (PCr), and ATP. Fuel depletion in white muscle was estimated by the calculation of the anaerobic energy expenditure (AEE; in μmol ATP equivalents g−1) from the reduction of PCr and ATP and the accumulation of lactate. Progression of fuel use during sprinting was examined by sampling fish before they showed signs of fatigue and following fatigue. Most of the AEE before fatigue was due to PCr depletion. However, at the first signs of fatigue, there was a 32% drop in ATP. Similarly, when fish were slowly accelerated to a fatiguing velocity, the only significant change at fatigue was a 30% drop in ATP levels. Muscle glycogen levels were manipulated by altering ration (1% vs. 4% body weight ration per day) combined with either daily or no exercise. Higher ration alone led to significantly greater muscle glycogen but had no effect on sprint performance, whereas sprint training led to higher glycogen and an average threefold improvement in sprint performance. In contrast, periodic chasing produced a similar increase in glycogen but had no effect on sprint performance. Taken together, these observations suggest that (i) a reduction in ATP in white muscle could act as a proximate signal for fatigue during prolonged exercise in fish and (ii) availability of muscle glycogen does not limit endurance.


Hypothermia often occurs during surgery, a factor influencing anesthetic pharmacokinetics through its influence on solubility. Information on the tissue solubility of volatile anesthetics under hypothermia is limited. The present study supplies this information for the solubility of volatile anesthetics in human tissues. Tissue specimens of brain, heart, liver, muscle, and fat were obtained from 10 postmortem males (27 ± 8 yr). Tissue/gas partition coefficients of desflurane, sevoflurane, enflurane, isoflurane and halothane were measured at 37°C, 33°C, 29°C, 25°C, 21°C, and 17°C. For each given tissue, the order of tissue/gas partition coefficient was halothane >enflurane >isoflurane >sevoflurane >desflurane. Tissue/gas partition coefficients at 37°C differed significantly (P < 0.05) across drugs, except that liver/gas partition coefficients for isoflurane and enflurane did not differ. The logarithm of all tissue/gas partition coefficients increased linearly with decreasing temperature (P < 0.05). In conclusion, hypothermia increases tissue/gas partition coefficients of volatile anesthetics. The increases are proportional to those for blood/gas partition coefficients, and therefore tissue/blood partition coefficients will not change during hypothermic conditions.


Summary A 41-year-old man presented with a mass of the posterior chest wall with intercostal neuralgia. Computerized tomography examination showed a soft tissue lesion underlying latissimus dorsi muscle of right hemithorax. After the tumour was excised totally, histology confirmed lipoma. We present here a rare case of intercostal neuralgia caused by a giant lipoma of the chest wall.


Objective To explore the changes of plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitrousoxide (NO), blood gas analysis, and blood rheology in patients with chronic bronchitis (CB), pulmonary emphysema (PE) and pulmonary heart disease (PHD) at different periods.Methods The plasma ET-1, NO, blood viscosity, hematocrit (Hct) and aggregation index (AI) of patients in groups of CB, PE and PHD, and the subjects of the control group were tested and compared. Blood gas analysis of subjects in four groups also performed and compared. Each group had 40 cases.Results In PE and PHD patients, the ET-1 level was higher, the indexes of blood gas analysis and blood rheology were abnormal. When PE developed into PHD, the ET-1 and PaCO_2 tended to increase, PaO_2 tended to decrease. When CB developed into PE and PHD, the blood viscosity, pressure volume and AI tended to increase, but NO tended to decrease.Conclusion When CB developed into PE or PHD, ET-1, PaCO_2 tend to increase and NO, pH, PaO_2 tend to decrease; increased red blood cells, blood viscosity and AI become severe.


Research in outdoor education and more specifically on wilderness expeditions has almost exclusively focused on short-term benefits (<5yrs) despite their findings suggesting these are "life-changing" experiences. This study examined long-term outcomes (40 years later) of three (month-long) adventurous school expeditions to mainland Europe, by staff and pupils from a high school (11- to 16-year-olds) in Scotland in the 1970s. The investigation was initiated by a call for life stories from 45 participants, followed by 10 interviews at a school reunion. The interviews revealed a transference of learning qualities attributed to the expedition, indicating a long-term impact on participants' personal and/or professional lives, with individuals still drawing upon their expedition experiences some 40 years later. Significant themes emerging were planning and preparation, confidence, and feelings of gratefulness, which led to participants wanting to undertake service that contributes back into society for young peoples' benefit. This study adds to the knowledge of long-range educational outcomes from school expeditions.


Genetics is the new frontier of medicine. Hardly an issue of any leading medical journal is published without one or more articles on a genetic disease or a topic closely related to genetics. A recent series of articles in the Journal was devoted to the importance of genetics in medical practice.1 The immediate impetus for such a series was, as is widely known, the sequencing of the human genome and the promise that that effort would lead to better diagnosis and treatment of disease.2 However, the knowledge that many metabolic disorders are genetic has long been seen as evidence, with . . .


This paper examines alternative policy measures taken by the Administration to support grain prices in the wake of the Soviet grain embargo. Most notably in the analyses is the fact that exportation of grain has a stronger price impact than entry of grain into the farmer-owned-reserve.


This paper investigates the impact of the high-K material gate spacer on short channel effects (SCEs) for the 16 nm double-gate FinFET (DG-FinFET), where depletion-layer widths of the source-drain corresponds to the channel length. Virtual fabrication process along with design modification throughout the study and its electrical characterization is implemented and significant improvement is shown towards the altered structure design whereby in terms of the ratio of drive current against the leakage current (ION/IOFF ratio), all three materials tested being S3N4, HfO2 and TiO2 increases from the respective 60.90, 80.70 and 84.77 to 84.77, 91.54 and 92.69. That being said, the incremental in ratio has satisfied the incremental on the drive current as well as decreases the leakage current. Threshold voltage (VTH) for all dielectric materials have also satisfy the minimum requirement predicted by the International Technology Roadmap Semiconductor (ITRS) 2013 for which is at 0.461±12.7% V. Based on the results obtained, the high-K materials have shown a significant improvement, specifically after the modifications towards the Source/Drain. Compared to the initial design made, TiO2 has improved by 12.94% after the alteration made in terms of the overall ION and IOFF performances through the ION/IOFF ratio value obtained, as well as meeting the required value for VTH obtained at 0.464V. The ION from high-K materials has proved to meet the minimum requirement by ITRS 2013 for low performance Multi-Gate technology.


Nrf2/antioxidant-response-element(ARE) signal pathway is vital in the regulation of cellular oxidative stress response,and the downstream anti-oxidant proteins and phase Ⅱ detoxification enzyme,which were regulated by Nrf2/ARE pathway,play the important roles in the cellular defense protection.Nrf2/ARE pathway plays a key role in the anti-inflammatory,antitumor,neuroprotective,and anti-apoptotic effects.Drugs targeted on Nrf2 are expected to be used in the treatment of several diseases such as multiple sclerosis,diabetes,neurodegenerative diseases,and tumors;Some new drugs such as dimethyl fumarate and Bardoxolone have advanced into late clinical phase.This paper introduces the relationship between Nrf2/ARE pathway and diseases as well as the development of drugs targeted on it.


: Engineering students seem to have a great potential to globally disseminate their research. However, their low proficiency in English skills, particularly academic writing becomes their major obstacle. In response to that problem, this paper proposes the design of e-learning system encouraging their ability improvement in doing so. The design of e learning is called Waterfall and it is applied as a method of software development. It has 5 phases namely: communication, planning, modeling, construction and deployment. This paper discusses its process including: communication, planning and modeling. Modeling phase is visualized through DFD (Data Flow Diagram). This system is operated by three different actors namely administrators, teachers, and students. Their roles are different. Administrator refers to the users who manage all the management system. While the teachers manage the content of e-learning, the students can access the learning materials, quizzes, as well as the template of abstract.


E-waste problems related to trade in wastes and informal recycling in the developing countries address environmental, social, and economic effects. Moreover, given on multiple aspect considerations, it is found that currently recycling fragmentation trade presents. This paper first reviews the driving forces of international trade in wastes and characters fragmentation in recycling industry. In the premise that environments and economic/social benefits can be exchanged among countries, we offer managerial conditions on international cooperation solution that increases e-waste treatment cooperation and fragmentation and contributes to effective e-waste management.