—Neochoerus dichroplax, a new species of hydrochoerid from the Blancan of Arizona and Florida is described. This description extends the stratigraphic range of the genus into the Blancan (late Pliocene) of North America. Neochoerus dichroplax differs from other Neochoerus species in the presence of bifurcations in the second to ninth or eleventh plates of the M\ The family Hydrochoeridae is represented today only by one or two species of Hydrochoerus, the capybaras, which are the largest living rodents. In the fossil record of South America, however, the family is represented by more than fifteen genera ranging from Oligocene to Recent time (Hartenberger 1975, Mones 1975). In North America two genera of hydrochoerids, Hydrochoerus and Neochoerus, are known from Pleistocene localities in Texas, South Carolina, Florida, and the Lake Chapala region of Mexico (Hay 1926, Simpson 1930, Lance 1966). At present, Hydrochoerus ranges from Panama east of the Canal Zone southward into South America, east of the Andes to the mouth of the Rio Parana (Anderson and Jones 1967, Mones 1973). In North American Pleistocene localities Neochoerus, the extinct giant capybara, is represented by a single species, Neochoerus pinckneyi (Hay). Five other species, N. magnus, rohustus, siraskae, sulcidens and tarijensis, are known from Central and South America (Mones 1975). These giant forms closely resemble the living species of capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, with the following differences: larger size, two to four additional laminae in M"^, and the masseteric ridge extending farther anteriorly on the mandible (Hay 1926). The material described here extends the stratigraphic range of Neochoerus into the Blancan (late Pliocene) and thus includes the earliest records for the family in North America. It also extends the geographic range of the genus into southeastern Arizona, where it occurs at the 1 1 1 Ranch and Dry Mountain localities in Graham County (see Hypodigm for more complete locality data). The other records reported here are from Florida at Sommer's Pit in Sarasota County and Mule Pen Quarry in Collier County. A late Blancan (late Pliocene) age has been established for each of these localities 436 PROCEEDINGSOFTHE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON based upon the associated vertebrate material (Downey 1962, Lindsay and Tessman 1974, Waldrop, pers. comm.). Dental terminology used is a simplification of that of Kraglievich (1930) and Rusconi (1939). Order Rodentia Family Hydrochoeridae Neochoerus dichroplax, new species Figs. 1 and 2 Holotype.— F: AM107691, left M^, M^ Dry Mountain locality, NW14 of SWV4 of SE V^, sect. 33, T. 8 S., R. 28 E., San Simon Creek drainage system, 20 miles southeast of Safford, Graham County, Arizona. Age and distribution. —Late Blancan of Arizona and Florida. Diagnosis. —M^ with bifurcations in second to ninth or eleventh laminae. M^ composed of fifteen or sixteen laminae. P4 with prisms I, II and III united; prism II with three internal edges and one external edge. Hypodigm. —Dry Mountain locality, NW!4 of SW!4 of SE V4, sect. 33, T. 8 S., R. 28 E., San Simon Creek drainage system, 20 miles southeast of Safford, Graham County, Arizona: F:AM 107680, crushed skull with crushed left and right P-M^; F:AM 107698, crushed skull with partial left and right M^; F:AM 107692, partial palate with left P^-M^ and right P^ M^ and M^; F:AM 107694, left MSM^ and partial M"^ in partial maxilla and right P4-M2; F:AM 107682, maxillary fragments with left M^ and M^; F:AM 107695, maxillary fragment with left M^; F:AM 107693, partial left dentary with P4-M2; F:AM 107690, partial left dentary with partial incisor; F:AM 107686, partial dentary with P4; F:AM 107685 and 107688, partial left dentaries; F:AM 107684, partial right dentary, P4 and fragment of M3; F:AM 107699, right M^ with dentary fragments; F:AM 107697, right P4 with dentary fragments . Ill Ranch, 15 miles southeast of Safford, Graham County, Arizona: UALP 1183, crushed skull with right P^-M^^ and left V\ Wand M^ UALP 1191, partial maxilla with right M^; UALP 1153 and 1167a, left M^ UALP 1157, right M^; UALP 1158, partial left dentary with P4-M3; UALP 1186, partial left dentary with P4 and M^; UALP 1151, partial left dentary with I and P4; UALP 1222, mandible with left P4: UALP 74, partial right dentary with P4; UALP 1170, mandible with left P4-M3 and right P4-M2; UALP 1225, left M3; UALP 1666, right M\ partial left M,\ UALP 1168, fragments of right M^, Ml and M2. Sommer's Pit, Sarasota County, Florida: TRO550, partial right M^; TRO 1451, 1452, 1453, and 1454, partial left M^s; TRO 1455, partial right M^ TRO 1456 and 1457, left M3S; TRO 1458, right M^; TRO1459 and 1460, left VOLUME93, NUMBER2 437


Background There are concerns with the extent of dispensing of antibiotics among community pharmacists in Pakistan often without a prescription adding to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates. Objective To explore the determinants of AMR and the pattern of antimicrobial dispensing among community pharmacists. Design In this qualitative study design, a semistructured interview guide was developed based on an in-depth review of published papers. Audio-recorded interviews with transcripts were analysed by thematic content analysis. Setting Interviews were conducted among community pharmacists in Lahore, Pakistan. Participants In order to obtain individual points of view, in-depth face-to-face interviews with purposively selected pharmacists were conducted. Results A total of 12 pharmacists were interviewed for the study. After analysis, four major themes emerged: (1) knowledge and perception of community pharmacists about antimicrobials, (2) antimicrobial dispensing practices of community pharmacists, (3) determinants of AMR, (4) potential interventions to control AMR. Most of the pharmacists have limited knowledge about AMR, antimicrobial stewardship programmes and related guidelines. However, all the pharmacists strongly agreed that different appropriate actions should be taken in order to rationalise future antimicrobial use. Conclusion The results indicated that irrational antimicrobial dispensing and use is common among community pharmacists in Pakistan owing to lack of knowledge. The community pharmacists perceived that behaviour of patients and the societal environment contributed to irrational antimicrobial use and subsequent development of AMR. They suggested a need for a multidisciplinary framework in order to improve future antimicrobial use and reduce AMR in Pakistan.


Abstract : The three-dimensional nature of the flow fields in planar nozzles and wall jets found in bistable fluid amplifiers was investigated. Detailed total pressure measurements were made at the exit plane of nozzles having convex wall curvature for cases with flow supplied perpendicular and parallel to the nozzle exit flow direction. Significant low total pressure regions in the corners of the nozzles caused by sidewall boundary layer cross-flow in the vicinity of the convex nozzle walls were found in both cases. Midplane total pressure loss regions were found in the parallel supply flow case only. They were produced by secondary flows generated at the transition from round to rectangular flow area at the nozzle inlet. (Author)


Fifteen lignin model compounds with a molecular weight range of 168 to 1076 were examined by descending column chromatography using Sephadex LH-20 with dimethylformamide as solvent. There was a good correlation between molecular weight and elution volume or K d values except for two low molecular weight aromatic acids. The exclusion limit of the system is approximately MW=1700.


Wheat sharp eyespot is one of the most important diseases in the north latitude 33° regions of china.One hundred and fifty-seven Rhizoctonia isolates were isolated from different areas of Jiangsu,Anhui,Henan and Hubei province in 2008 and 2009.Identification results showed,among these isolates,150 isolates were Rhizoctonia cerealis with percentage of 95.54%,and 7 isolates were Rhizoctonia solani with percentage of 4.46%.All R.cerealis isolates were in AG-D anastomosis group.Among the 7 isolates of R.solani,based on anastomosis and blast of their ITS sequences,one isolate was in AG5 anastomosis group,and 3 isolates were in AG11 and 3 isolates were in AG-1-IB,respectively.The virulence of 111 isolates was tested with artificial inoculation method in greenhouse.The results showed that virulence of these isolates was different significantly.The virulence of R.cerealis isolates was higher than that of R.solani isolates.No significant difference was observed between two R.cerealis AG-D groups with different anastomosis frequency.The virulence of isolates from 4 provinces was not significantly different.The virulence of isolates to 3 wheat cultivars was significantly different,and it was the highest to CI12633 and the lowest to Shaan 229.


This chapter studies the identification of the profile of knowledge-intensive firms, analyzing if their innovation activity is a characteristic related with their profitability and employing as framework the 'Resource-based view of the firm (RBV)'. Using a sample of 202 Spanish biotechnology companies, drawn from SABI database, the author has identified these firms' available data until 31st December, 2013. It has been used the cluster analysis methodology rarely employed in the preceding literature to characterise the firms of the sample. The empirical analysis results clarify the profile of the analysed firms, helping stakeholders and policy-makers to understand the dynamics of these kinds of firms and making strategic decisions accordingly over their characteristics. This would help them to grow in an orderly way and, thus, promote socio-economic changes to improve competitiveness and economic growth.


Photo-induced degradation of nonylphenol polyethoxylates(NPEOs)in aqueous solution under the irradiation of UV365 and a simulated sunlight(SSL)was studied in the presence of several photoactive matters that may exist in natural aquatic environments. The change in NPEOs component distribution caused by sensitized photo-degradation was also discussed. It was found that the addition of nitrite, Fe(Ⅲ), H2O2, and humic acid(HA)resulted in a significant increase in photo-degradation efficiency of NPEOs under UV365 irradiation, and the presence of Mn(Ⅲ),Fe(Ⅲ)and H2O2 enhanced NPEOs photo-degradation under SSL irradiation, whereas, the presence of HA inhibited the photo-degradation under the irradiation of SSL. It was also observed that the co-existence of Fe(Ⅲ)-HA or Fe(Ⅲ)-H2O2 with different ratios had different impacts on the photo-degradation efficiency of NPEOs. Moreover, the addition of these photoactive matters also led to a change in NPEOs component distribution. For instance, under UV365 irradiation, the addition of H2O2(1000μmol·l-1)or Fe(Ⅲ)(10,100 μmol·l-1) led to the percentage of short chain NPEOs increasing from 22.52% to 29.75%, 29.89% and 51.89 % after the photo-degradation. The change in NPEOs component distribution could be caused by that long chain NPEOs degraded through the EO-reduction degradation pathway,resulting in short chain NPEOs as degradation products; or that the degradation rate of long chain NPEOs was higher than that of their short chain homologues.


A condensation of 1,8-naphtalic anhydride (Ia), 4-bromo- (Ib), 4-acetyl- (Ic), 4nitro- (Id), 4-piperidino- (Ie), 4-morpholino- (If), 4-pyrrolidino- (Ig) naphtalic anhydride with 4-methoxyphenylacetic acid is performed. The fusion of the anhydrides Ia-Ig with 4-methoxyphenylacetic acid in the presence of anhydrous CH3COONa, leads to formation of the corresponding 6-substituted-2-(4methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrophenalen-1,3-diones and 7-substituted-1,3dihydronaphto-(1,8-c,d)-pyran-1-ones simultaneously. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds are confirmed by elemental analysis, IR-, UV- and NMRspectral data.


The present study aimed to highlight and understand the dynamics of interaction of the levels of soil parameters that are determinant for the expression of crop productivity. The study took place in seven municipalities in the northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Barra do Guarita, Braga, Derrubadas, Miraguaí, Redentora, Tenente Portela, and Vista Gaúcha), in the year 2017/2018. Soil samples were collected in these environments, with a total of 67 soil samples. Most of the studied soils presented pH above 5,5 with 79% of the samples with CEC between 12 and 18. The values of base saturation in 82% of the soils presented values of 80%, while, for of aluminum saturation, in 87% of the samples the values were 0. As for the contents of organic matter, 60% of the soils presented contents above 2,5% with high and low levels of potassium and phosphorus, respectively. When the levels of potential acidity increase, consequently, there is a reduction in the availability of the main nutrients, micronutrients and the Ca:K ratio. On the other hand, when there is an increase in pH levels, there is a greater availability of nutrients and a reduction in potential acidity and aluminum levels.


Introduction:  Gene mutations play an important role in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) pathogenesis. Several genes have been identified in AML, such as FLT3, KIT, NPM1, and JAK2. This study investigated the frequency of novel mutations in IDH1 (amino acid R132) and IDH2 (R140 and R172) and analyzed their impact on disease biology and interaction with other mutations in Chinese patients with de novo AML.


Glass laminates have been readily obtained by photocuring at ambient temperature of an acrylic adhesive consisting either of a liquid resin or a solid thermoplastic polymer. The light-induced polymerization process was followed by real-time infrared spectroscopy. Close to 100% conversion was reached within a few seconds of exposure, by taking as the photoinitiator an α-hydroxy alkylphenone or an aryl phosphine oxide. A liquid formulation containing an aliphatic polyurethane–acrylate oligomer, acrylic acid, and butyl acrylate gives the best performance in terms of reactivity, adhesion, impact resistance, and transparency. The impact resistance was further increased by introducing a polycarbonate core between the two glass plates. The solid thermoplastic polymer was obtained either by casting from a solution containing an aliphatic polyurethane, an acrylate oligomer, and the photoinitiator or by mixing these compounds in the molten state and further extrusion. The glass assembly was heated above the softening temperature (80°C) under a 1 MPa pressure and cured by a 1 min exposure to UV radiation to give a strongly adhesive laminate showing good transparency and long term weatherability. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Chalcogenide glass, such as GeSe, has been widely used in the selector device for high‐density vertically stackable memory application due to their nonlinear electrical property. The electronic structure of the valence band, from which the nature of the bonding, the short‐range structure, and the Fermi level can be obtained, is of great importance to understand their unique electrical behavior. However, the surface oxidation issue makes it difficult to obtain the accurate valence band structure by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Herein, XPS depth profiles using the combination of the monatomic and cluster ion etching are performed to determine the valence band structures of amorphous Ge–Se films capped with a thin carbon layer. The completely different etching behavior dependent on composition in the depth profiles may be closely associated with the intrinsic bonding configurations of the amorphous films. After obtaining the fresh surface, the intrinsic valence band structures of amorphous Ge–Se samples demonstrate the different bonding behavior and short‐range structure. Most importantly, the Fermi level of amorphous GexSe100−x compounds is also determined.


There is great scientific interest of Jupiter's moon Europa and in performing further spacecraft investigations. However, successful measurements at this satellite are difficult because transient charge pulses produced by Jupiter's magnetospheric radiation can significantly degrade signals. In order to develop shielding and mitigation approaches for future Europa missions, we investigated the radiation noise produced in the Galileo spacecraft's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) in the jovian magnetosphere. We then analyzed the radiation-transport characteristics of the NIMS shield and calculated the shielding efficiencies for thicker shields. Major findings are (1) NIMS data obtained at the orbital radius of Europa yield a rate of transient charge pulses ("hits") of 1.5 ×106 cm-2 s-1 behind 5 mm of Ta shielding, (2) radiation transport calculations indicate a decrease in the hit rate with increased shielding, achieving a factor of 10 reduction for 30 mm thick walls, (3) γ-ray photons produced in the shield (and possibly the surrounding instrument and the spacecraft itself) are equally or more important in generating radiation noise, and (4) γ-rays, with their mean-free-paths greater than the range of electrons with the same energy, are difficult to shield so heavier shielding is less beneficial than previously predicted.


The landfill is a place used for landfill that can have a negative impact on the environment such as, causing green - house gas emissions, soil contamination, and groundwater pollution. Landfill gas content of CH 4 , CO 2 and non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) is the cause of the greenhouse effect and Global warming potential (GWP). The concentration of CH 4 in landfill gas is relatively low, but CH 4 causes a greenhouse effect 21 times greater than CO 2 . The research was conducted at the Talang Gulo landfill in Jambi City. The purpose of this study is to measure and analyze the production and amount of CH 4 gas concentration emitted into the atmosphere and assess methane gas emissions as an energy source. The Application to estimate gas using models was with LandGEM-v302 software. The results of LandGEM-v302 simulation of landfill gas show a peak in 2023 of 3,194 ×10 4 Mg·year -1 for total landfill gas, methane emissions A6 (8,530 ×10 3 Mg·year -1 ), carbon dioxide (2,341×10 4 Mg year -1 ) and NMOC (3,667×10 2 Mg·year -1 ). The potential of methane gas as a source of fuel energy is 11,403,693.84 kg·year -1 and electrical energy is 182,862.08 kWh.


Topological phases of matter are conventionally characterized by the bulk‐boundary correspondence in Hermitian systems. The topological invariant of the bulk in d dimensions corresponds to the number of (d − 1)‐dimensional boundary states. By extension, higher‐order topological insulators reveal a bulk‐edge‐corner correspondence, such that nth order topological phases feature (d − n)‐dimensional boundary states. The advent of non‐Hermitian topological systems sheds new light on the emergence of the non‐Hermitian skin effect (NHSE) with an extensive number of boundary modes under open boundary conditions. Still, the higher‐order NHSE remains largely unexplored, particularly in the experiment. An unsupervised approach—physics‐graph‐informed machine learning (PGIML)—to enhance the data mining ability of machine learning with limited domain knowledge is introduced. Through PGIML, the second‐order NHSE in a 2D non‐Hermitian topoelectrical circuit is experimentally demonstrated. The admittance spectra of the circuit exhibit an extensive number of corner skin modes and extreme sensitivity of the spectral flow to the boundary conditions. The violation of the conventional bulk‐boundary correspondence in the second‐order NHSE implies that modification of the topological band theory is inevitable in higher dimensional non‐Hermitian systems.


We introduce and analyze a strongly stable numerical method designed to yield good performance under challenging conditions of irregular or mismatched initial data for solving systems of coupled partial integral differential equations (PIDEs). Spatial derivatives are approximated using second order central difference approximations by treating the mixed derivative terms in a special way. The integral operators are approximated using one and two–dimensional trapezoidal rule on an equidistant grid. Computational complexity of the method for solving large systems of PIDEs is discussed. A detailed treatment for the consistency, stability, and convergence of the proposed method is provided. Two asset American option under regime–switching with jump–diffusion model when solved using a penalty term, leads to a system of two dimensional PIDEs with mixed derivatives. This model involves double probability density function which brings more challenges to the numerical solution in already a complicated partial integral differential equation. The complexity of the dense jump probability generator, the nonlinear penalty term and the regime–switching terms are treated efficiently, while maintaining the stability and convergence of the method. The impact of the jump intensity and other parameters is shown in the graphs. Numerical experiments are performed to demonstrated efficiency, accuracy, and reliability of the proposed approach.


the iodoacetate experiments it was essential to incubate the macro- phages in 199 medium containing 1 mm sodium iodoacetate for 30 min. before adding the bacteria which were also suspended in 199 medium containing iodoacetate. Staining experiments.-In addition to viable counting of bacteria by the method already described, stained preparations were studied in every case. For these experiments a small cover-slip was included in the tissue culture tube so that the macrophages coated its surface. Instead of destroying the macrophages and carrying out viable counts, coverslips were methyl and with Leish-man's dure important it allowed observations to be made on macrophages stages of became nuclear pyknosis and loss of cytoplasmic-nuclear


In a recent paper , (AS), the problem of pricing plain vanilla options under quite general stochastic dynamics for the volatility of the under- lying asset was approached in a novel way. Namely, using the idea of developing the option price in a power series of the correlation coe-cient between the asset price and the volatility processes around zero correlation, the authors in (AS), were able to prove the convergence of such a series under mild assumptions. Moreover it was shown that the flrst coe-cients of the series are computable (at least in an approximate way) and this allows for good estimates of the true option prices. In the present work we perform a flrst attempt to extend such a technique to a multidimensional setting. Namely, we consider the case of an exchange or Margrabe option, (M), written on two assets whose processes are assumed to be of log-normal type but with stochastic volatilities. Therefore the market is incomplete. In our model, as in (M), the two assets S 1 and S 2 are cor- related with correlation coe-cient ‰. The volatilities of the assets, respectively V 1 and V 2 , follow each an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck dynamics. We flrst solve the option pricing problem when ‰ = 0 and then develop an expansion in powers of ‰ around zero in order to flnd an approximation of the pricing formula for the case of general correlation values.


This paper proposes a new cloth design system that provides intuitive operations, e.g., sewing, cutting and fitting a cloth in a virtual 3D space through direct manipulations using a force-feedback device. Advances of computer hardware technologies and results of virtual reality researches make it possible to develop virtual reality applications those provide an immersive environment where the user manipulates 3D objects as if he/she existed in the real world. A lot of cloth simulation algorithms and systems have been proposed and existed so far. However, there is no cloth design system that provides intuitive operations enable the user to sew, cut and fit a cloth in a virtual 3D space as if he/she existed in the real world. So, the authors developed such a cloth design system. This paper describes what kind of model is employed for the cloth simulation, what kinds of operations are implemented, and quantitative performances of the system


A small library of 1,2,3-triazoles was synthesized from diverse alkynes and azides using catalytic amounts of an alkynylcopper (I) complex, which in turn was prepared from direct treatment of phenylacetylene with a Fehling reagent in the presence of glucose as a reducing agent. The results suggest that copper-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions require only 0.5 mg/mmol copper (I) phenylacetylide without any further additives.


High frequency chattering about the sliding line in variable structure control systems is undesirable in practice. In this paper, a method is proposed to eliminate this chattering. The system is allowed to switch once on crossing the switching line, after which the trajectory follows a path that closes in on the slower eigenvector. The loss of speed is compensated for by tailoring the eigenvector (achieved by feedback design) such that the eigenvalues are sufficiently negative. Theoretical analysis is confirmed by simulations.


The decade of the 1980s was a roller coaster ride for many rural Americans, rural health care providers, and scholars of rural life. The "rural renaissance" of the late 1970s and early 1980s was followed by the economic "farm crisis" of the mid-1980s and, in the late 1980s, by a resurgence of interest and policy making related to small towns and rural communities. It was a tempestuous time. Perhaps such fluctuations in national attention and concern are characteristic of most 10-year periods in history; however, the vacillations that occurred in the 1980s seemed, particularly, to have no fixed course.


Titanium pyrophosphate hexagonal nanoplates were synthesized via facile hydrothermal reaction followed by a calcination procedure. As new cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, they demonstrate stable cycle performance and high capacity retention at various current densities.


To reinforcing the self-discipline organizations of the university students is propitious to oneself management of the students and the advancement of the students' diathesis etc.We may establish self-discipline organization from the management of the dormitory and the life of the student and so on.


The quality of the same variety of astragalus from different producing areas was analyzed. The polysaccharide was measured by phenol-sulfuric acid colorimetric method. According to the method from Chinese pharmacopoeia, the contents of extraction and total ashes were measured. The result showed that the contents of polysaccharide, extraction,total ashes and trace elements were different in astragalus from different producing areas. The contents of extraction and total ashes in Shandong astragalus were the highest and the content of polysaccharide in shanxi geo-authentic astragalus was the highest among all the areas tested. Trace elements were the highest of Shanxi geo-authentic astragalus .


The Standardized Plant Analysis Risk (SPAR) Model Development Program has played an integral role in the Accident Sequence Precursor (ASP) Program analysis of operating events. In a complementary fashion, one of the objectives of the ASP Program is to use plant operating experience results and insights for feedback to the SPAR models, as well as to licensee probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) models. In addition, the use of SPAR models as part of the ASP Program and the significance determination process (SDP) Phase 3 evaluations also provides the opportunity for review and benchmarking of the SPAR models against the licensee PRA models in cases where the licensee also provides risk-related input to the ASP and SDP evaluations.


Human population has exerted enormous impacts on biodiversity, even in areas with "biodiversity hotspots" identified by Myers et al. (2000). For instance, the population density in 1995 and the population growth rate between 1995 and 2000 in biodiversity hotspots were substantially higher than world averages, suggesting a high risk of habitat degradation and species extinction (Cincotta et al. 2000). Many regression models have been built to establish correlated relationships between biodiversity and population (e.g., Forester and Machlis 1996; Brashares et al. 2001; Veech 2003; McKee et al. 2004). These models are important and necessary, but they use aggregate variables such as population size, density, and growth rate, which may mask the underlying mechanisms of biodiversity loss and could result in potentially misleading conclusions. For example, does a declining population growth reduce the impact on biodiversity? Although global population growth has been slowing down, household growth has been much faster than population growth (Liu et al. 2003). The continued reduction in household size (i.e., number of people in a household) has contributed substantially to the rapid increase in household numbers across the world, particularly in countries with biodiversity hotspots. Even in areas with a declining population size, there has nevertheless been a substantial increase in the number of households (Liu et al. 2003). More households require more land and construction materials and generate more waste. Furthermore, smaller households use energy and other resources less efficiently on a per capita basis (Liu et al. 2003). Thus, impacts on biodiversity may be increased despite a decline in population growth. To uncover the mechanisms associated with human population that underlie biodiversity loss and provide valuable information for biodiversity conservation, it is crucial to go beyond regression analyses and examine how demographic (e.g., population processes and distribution) and socioeconomic factors affect biodiversity at the landscape level. As many effects may not surface over a short period of time, it is essential to conduct long-term studies. However, landscape level longterm studies are costly, and it is very difficult to conduct experiments on some types of subjects, such as people. Fortunately, systems modeling has become a useful tool


Objective:This study was initiated to study the feasibility and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic fenestration in the treatment of polycystic liver.Methods:Retrospective analysis was made on the clinical data of the 21 cases of polycystic liver from 2003 to 2010.All patients underwent laparoscopic fenestration.Perioperative parameters including preoperative situation,postoperative mortality,complications,cyst and symptoms recurrence rate were summarized and analyzed.Results:All laparoscopic operations were finished without converting to laparotomy.Postoperative complications occurred in three cases,including two cases of bile leakage,one of which coupled with a small amount of pleural effusion,and one case of ascites.They were all cured with conservative methods.The mean follow-up period was 49 months(24-103 months).There were two cases of cyst recurrence,and one case of symptom recurrence.Conclusions:Laparoscopic fenestration is an effective method for polycystic liver with advantages of little trauma,quick recovery and low recurrence rate.Its complication rate and postoperative long-term recurrence rate could gradually decrease when many effective methods are used during operation.


PU-PA hydrophilic coating had synthesized by using macromonomer in this paper.Polymerization technics and the effcet of neutralization and curing on hydrophilicity and long-term hydrophilicity had been studied.The mechanism of hydrophilicity had also been discussed and it showed that the hydrophilic film could hold out and kill bacteria.


Acetylferulic 7‐hydroxyisoflavone ester (AHE) was synthesized and its antioxidant capacity in vitro was evaluated by free radical scavenging assay and thermo‐oxidative stability analysis of fish oil in this study. The formation of primary and secondary oxidation products can be effectively inhibited by AHE, tert‐butylhydroxyquinone (TBHQ), ferulic acid and 7‐hydroxyisoflavone. The intensity of UV–Vis absorption spectrum increased significantly, whereas the intensity of fluorescence spectra decreased obviously with the deepening of oxidation degree of fish oil. AHE significantly alleviated the degradation of unsaturated fatty acids in fish oil. The results demonstrated that AHE was more effective than TBHQ, ferulic acid and 7‐hydroxyisoflavone in retarding the oxidative degradation of fish oil during high temperature storage (80oC). Moreover, the formation of oxidation products in fish oil followed a first‐order kinetic model, and AHE effectively reduced reaction rate constant and delayed secondary lipid oxidation process. As a result, AHE is an effective antioxidant that can stabilize fish oil.


Around the world there are many rural areas need access to electricity, extend the transmission line is one option. However, the long distance between the nearest main grid and the rural system as well as the costs of transmission line expansion rapidly increasing makes grid extension difficult, costly and economically unviable. Therefore, using microgrid technology with renewable energy options to meet electricity demand in remote locations becomes more attractive. In this paper the break-even distance which makes electricity from microgrid cost effective over the one form main grid is calculated. Moreover, the Net Present Costs (NPC) of both providing electricity through the microgrid and the main grid are calculated and compared. Five different cases including a diesel-only, a fully renewable-based, a diesel-renewable mixed, a solar-only, and a wind-only microgrid configurations are designed, to compare and evaluate their economics with the main grid. The well known energy modeling software for hybrid renewable energy systems, HOMER is used in the studies reported in this paper.


Pusher (130) is pushing element a (130) pulsatile moved when moving distally in the syringe barrel (110), the same cleaning that can prevent excessive pressure on the catheter at the same time syringe assembly (100) is provided. Exemplary wash syringes assembly includes a syringe barrel having a liquid chamber (115) for accommodating the first beat generating elements (126) and cleaning solutions, the stopper (160) and the first beat occurs sliding a push rod having a second beat generating elements (136) that provides engagement force that generates pulsatile motion of push rod by interaction with the elements, along with pulsation control element (190) to the push rod can contain thumb push portion attached and (170), the. Beat control element compressible, it produces a greater compressive force than engagement force of the first beat generation element and the second pulsation generating elements.


Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) involving the circle of Willis and documented using time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMM) on transcranial Doppler (TCD) and on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), is common in sickle cell anemia (SCA). Few studies have examined the natural history of CVD. The relationship between TAMM and MRA turbulence is also unclear. We aimed to examine time trends in TAMM and any relationship with clinical stroke and silent infarction (SI) on MRI. We also wanted to determine (a) the degree of MRA turbulence associated with TCD V>200 cm/sec (b) the TCD signature of MRA occlusion and (c) the proportion of patients with no TCD signal who did not have MRA occlusion. TCD was performed in a cohort of 169 patients with highest TAMM measured in either internal carotid/middle cerebral artery recorded (time point 1). Studies were categorised as follows: 0=normal TAMM, 1=170–200cm/sec (conditional TAMM), 2=>200cm/sec, 3= 200cm/sec; 3 had not been screened for SCD neonatally. 11 (7%) patients had abnormally low TAMM 200cm/s at time point 1 had TAMM x 2 , p= 0.001). Although clinical stroke ( x 2 , p=0.001)and SI were commoner in those with abnormal TCD, the latter relationship was not significant ( x 2 , p=0.94). 92 patients had both TCD and MRA within 1 month. The results were analysed for symptomatic (n=63) and asymptomatic (n=29) groups. There was no difference between groups for age (median 13; range 0–27 years). MRAs were examined for evidence of MCA turbulence graded as none, mild, moderate, severe or occlusion. There was a significant association between TAMM and MRA turbulence for the whole (ANOVA, right p=0.0001, left p=0.001), and symptomatic groups (ANOVA, right p=0.01, left p=0.025). All patients with TAMM>200 cm/sec had severe MCA turbulence but 2/3 with TAMM>170 80 cm/sec are unlikely to have occlusion. As silent infarction is not predicted by TCD, MRA has a role as an additional tool to identify high risk patients, particularly in those with low TAMM. TAMM>200cm/sec appears to be a screen for severe turbulence, although this condition may represent specific pathophysiology rather than part of a spectrum.


SUMMARY

In the Lahontan Basin of north-western Nevada, the Mono Lake Excursion is recorded in a wave-cut bank at Pelican Point on the west side of Pyramid Lake. the record is almost identical to one across the lake near Pyramid Island, 10 km away, and in the Carson Sink, 60 km further to the east. At each locality, the older half of the excursion is present only as a reduction in the relative field intensity, while the younger half shows the expected easterly declination and steep positive inclination that result in a small counterclockwise loop of the virtual geomagnetic poles. the younger half occurs during high relative field intensity, and the entire intensity pattern is similar to the one for the excursion in the Mono Basin, California, 250 km to the south.

The presence of only part of the Mono Lake Excursion in the Lahontan Basin might have resulted from the slow sedimentation rate in Pyramid Lake (estimated to be about 12 cm kyr−1), with the field behaviour being more extensively integrated in the subsamples used. In an alternate explanation, the absence of the older part of the excursion can be attributed to overprinting when magnetic grains that were free to rotate in unconsolidated sediment were realigned during the high relative field intensity in the younger part of the excursion.


White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are associated with cognitive decline and increased risk of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. However, the association between WMH and cognitive functioning is weak, presumably due to heterogeneity of the underling WMH pathology. Recently, WMH shape has been related to the severity of the underlying pathology and, compared to volume, may provide a novel metric for WMH burden. We examined the relationship between WMH volume, shape and cognitive functioning in patients with arterial disease. We hypothesized that WMH shape was related to cognitive functioning, independent of WMH volume.


JGP study reveals that segregation of signals within sensory cilia allows Ca2+ to play opposing roles in olfactory signal transduction.


Discussing the ethics of international relations is significant obviously today, namely it not only helps us understand the nature of modern international system but also contribute to quest for the ways to improve the present international order. The realistic school and the idealistic school disagree on the international relations ethics in international society. It is an important task for Chinese theoretical circle to construct an international relations ethics mould reflecting the own standpoint, viewpoint, international situation and interest of the developing countries including China.


A short history of laser communication developments devoted to space communications is presented, followed by a description of present high data rate (up to 1 Gbps) systems under development, and discussion of the most promising space laser commuication techniques. Critical. components such as the laser, modulator, detector, high speed electronics, and acquisition and tracking system will be discussed.


Already in the seventies, Austria started to document constitutional law electronically. In 1990, a comprehensive documentation of Austrian law and court decisions was started. The Legal Information System of the Republic of Austria (Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes – RIS) is one major part of several IT – applications in the judicial field. Today RIS is accepted as one pillar in the network of justice, containing almost all norms, which are used by legal professionals. The recent development will lead to an electronic workflowsystem, specially designed for the law-making-process, with the final result to publish theFederal Gazette authentic over internet. In addition to that databases for professional users, HELP – a brand new internet service designed to guide citizens through official procedures was established in 1997. HELP (www.help.gv.at) is the national e-government portal of the Austrian government and a service platform for all citizens. It offers information, interaction and an increasing number of transaction services. Thanks to a solution-oriented approach with access through "life situations" (e.g. passport, marriage, birth) HELP links a great variety of authorities at the federal, provincial and municipal level. This makes HELP a "turntable" redirecting citizens automatically to the competent body.


Currently, one of the most important tasks of research activity is the task of collecting information, identifying and publishing the names of architects, sculptors and artists who are still unknown, the circumstances of their life and work, which will allow more objective presenting of Russian art of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. In particular, this concerns a study of the field of construction of industrial facilities, where the names of most project authors still remain unknown. This paper is to study the work of one of such architects and engineers — Nikolai Alexandrovich Poturaev. To this end the authors explore some of the construction activities of the Brothers A. and N. Poturaev Trading House in Moscow, as well as identify a number of addresses related to the placement of workshop, technical office and other services of this Trading House. Addressing to archival documents made it possible to establish that the Trading House of brothers A. and N. Poturaev actively collaborated with the M. S. Kuznetsov Partnership and carried out construction work at the Riga Porcelain-Faience Factory, Dulevsky Porcelain Factory, Tver Porcelain Factory in the village of Kuznetsovo. The factory buildings under construction included carefully elaborate heating system as well as the first ventilation and air humidification system installed. The most modern technical solutions and materials were used for construction. It should be noted that the merits of buildings of purely utilitarian purpose are due in no small part to elements of decor, generally characteristic of Russian industrial architecture of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The authors analyze Poturaev's architectural projects, considering stylistic features of neoclassical buildings with the introduction of Art Nouveau elements, as well as other historical styles. Poturaev's architecture is distinguished by rationality, the desire to develop interesting layouts, convenient and practical. In the composition of the building, he always highlights its structural basis, as a rule, emphasized by decorative elements. The surviving buildings of N. A. Poturaev provide additional connotations to the characteristic of development of a domestic architecture of the late 19th – early 20th centuries.


Abstract Islamic fundamentalism is a product of modernity. Its constitution as the hegemonic discourse of modern Islam was accomplished in the course of the twentieth century over against two Others: the external Other of the West and the internal Other of tradition, especially its mystical aspect – Sufism. The article claims, however, that the fundamentalists' critique of Sufism as backward, superstitious, and apolitical involved the collective forgetting of the leading role that Ṣūfī reformist brotherhoods had filled in premodern Islam and in their own upbringing. In this light the Salafī discourse and popular socioreligious movements such as the Muslim Brothers appear as modern transformations rather than negations of Sufism. On the other hand, contemporary Sufism has constituted itself as the modern Other of the hegemonic Islamic fundamentalism. The fundamentalist estrangement from Sufism, and Islamic tradition at large, engendered a dialectics of unenlightenment culminating in the present radicalization of Islam.


In this article, we analyze how reasonable it is to play according to some Nash equilibria if players have a preference for one of their opponents' strategies. To formalize our argument, we propose the concepts of collaborative dominance and collaborative equilibrium studying some of its properties. First, we prove that if the collaborative equilibrium exists, then it is always efficient, what can be seen as a focal property. Moreover, we argue that one reason that may lead players not to collaborate is that they can focus on security instead of efficiency properties, in which case they would prefer to play according to maximin strategies. This argument allows us to reduce the hall of reasonable equilibria for games where a collaborative equilibrium exists. Finally, we show that two-player zero-sum games do not have collaborative equilibrium, and that if they contain a strategy profile composed only of collaboratively dominated actions, then such profile is a Nash equilibrium of the game.


News Q: How did you become interested in immunization? A: After I got my MD degree in 1966, I worked at a health centre in a small town in the Amazon region, then studied epidemiology and got involved in a new national centre for epidemiology , a kind of " Brazilian CDC " (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). But the centre never took off because people working there were accused of being communists by the military dictatorship. Through the centre, I got involved in the smallpox campaign which had started in Brazil. In 1969 three other colleagues and I did some of the first trials of the surveillance and containment strategy. The smallpox programme in Brazil was based on mass vaccination but did not have enough resources to mass vaccinate people in every state. So we chose four states where we set up surveillance and containment units. I was in charge of the unit in Paraná, a state of some eight million people and where in 7 or 8 months we identified over 1000 smallpox cases and vaccinated their contacts, about 30 000 people. As a result, transmission was interrupted. We published the research in this journal. That was my first experience with an immunization programme. Q: What is surveillance and containment and how did you help to develop this approach? A: The smallpox programme in Brazil started in 1966 with mass vaccination campaigns, which aim to vaccinate every single person. But when Donald A Henderson came to Geneva to head the WHO Smallpox Eradication Programme – before I worked on smallpox – he and his team realized that some countries with high levels of vaccination coverage still had smallpox outbreaks and that mass vaccination was not working everywhere. They knew that people with smallpox had pock marks on their faces and that these people usually knew where they got infected, because they had seen someone else like that. They said that if you could trace the chain of transmission from one patient to another over several generations and vaccinate all of the people who had come into contact with the smallpox patients, you could stop the chain of transmission. That is how surveillance and containment works. In Brazil, surveillance and containment proved to be a fantastic strategy and it was tested in studies in West Africa and India with the same success. That's why it became the final …


2005. Commercial morel harvesters buyers in an exploratory study of the 2001 harvesting This exploratory study examined aspects of the social organization of the commercial wild morel industry in western Montana during 2001. Interviews were done with 18 key informants (7 buyers and 11 pickers) and social interactions were observed at one buying station near the Kootenai National Forest and three buying stations near the Bitterroot National Forest. The key data were used to construct a picture of social interactions at field buying stations, buyer strategies for attracting pickers, changes in prices over the course of a season, and the ways in which various participants in the wild morel harvest construct their livelihoods. These findings are contrasted with the results of a recently published study on nontimber forest product harvesters in the Eastern United States, and management implications for managers and scientists are discussed. lumber, and plywood; log prices in the Pacific Northwest; volume and average prices of stumpage sold by public agencies; and related items. This report was delayed by the temporary unavail-ability of trade data, thus all four quarters of 2003 were combined in one book in the interest of efficiency and timeliness. Projections of timber harvest in western Oregon and by The Pacific Northwest forest resource is highly dynamic. Expected changes over the next 50 years will greatly challenge some current perceptions of resource managers and various stakeholders. This report describes the current and expected future timberland conditions of western Oregon and Washington and presents the results at the county level. About 50 percent of the timber removals in this region will come from 10 west-side counties, and Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) will remain the major species removed. Forest industry will account for 50 percent of the total harvest in the Pacific Northwest West. Some inferences about the attributes of future timber and its utilization will be drawn from the projections at the county level over the next half century. owl, fire. Software for calculating vegetation disturbance and recovery by using the The use of cumulative watershed effects models is mandat-ed as part of interagency consultation over projects that might affect habitat for salmonids federally listed as threatened or endangered. Cumulative effects analysis is also required by a number of national forest plans in the Pacific Northwest Region (Region 6). Cumulative watershed effects in many cases are measured with the equivalent clearcut area (ECA) model, which generates an index of cumulative disturbance by considering disturbance type, extent, and recovery over time. Although the model has many limitations, it provides an index of vegetative disturbance that can be used to compare the existing condition of different watersheds, and the potential impacts among land management alternatives. Calculating ECA on multiple watersheds and management scenarios for project-level analysis is a tedious process. We automated the process with a program called Equivalent Treatment Area Calculator to streamline its application on national forests in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon. The program, operation, and limitations of the ECA model are described. 2005. Invasive plants in 21 st century landscapes. Nonnative, invasive plants can displace native plants and disrupt ecosystems in many ways. In the Pacific Northwest, invasive plants affect many ecosystems, with at least one nonnative plant species found on 70 percent of forested plots surveyed across Oregon. Scientists at the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, with management partners and other scientists, are developing reliable detection and inventory techniques, integrating species biology and invasion ecology, and identifying what makes habitats vulnerable and invasive plants so success-ful. The scientists are integrating their research on control methods with work on habitat restoration and resilience of native plant communities. forests that are projected to experience increased housing density by 2030. Results indicate that some 44.2 million acres (more than 11 percent) of private forests particularly in the East, where most private forests occur are likely to see dramatic increases in housing development in the next three decades, with consequent impacts on ecological, economic, and social services. Although conversion of forest land to other uses over time is inevitable, local jurisdictions and states can target efforts to prevent or reduce conversion of the most valuable forest lands to keep private working forests resilient and productive. 2005. Spruce reproduction dynamics on Peninsula, During the past 30 years, spruce forests of Alaska's Kenai Peninsula have undergone dramatic changes resulting from widespread spruce bark beetle( Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby)) infestation. In 1987 and again in 2000, the Pacific Northwest Research Station's Forest Inventory and Analysis Program conducted initial and remeasurement inventories to assess broad-scale impacts of this infestation. Changes in regeneration of Sitka spruce( Picea sitchen-sis (Bong.) Carr.) and white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) are examined by using data collected on 130 plots. Regeneration of Sitka and white spruce in terms of mean number of seedlings per plot is not significantly different from the 1987 findings. The number of plots where seedling stocking remained at previous levels or increased, slightly exceeded the number of locations where seedling stocking declined. Almost half the plots (49 percent) had decreased numbers of seedlings, and almost 72 percent of the plots fell in the less-than-fully-stocked category in both inventories. Also, the distribution of the seedlings over the plot was not uniform. No plots had seedlings on all plot cluster sample points in either inventory. 1 at pasture rotation, and October 1 at the end of grazing. An additional four photopoints were established following disturbance from flooding and beavers. Results reported here cover 30 years, 1975 to 2005. Cattle did not significantly impact the riparian area. Beavers ( Castor canadensis ) arrived in 1984 and departed in 1994. They seriously reduced aboveground willow biomass by harvesting stems for food and dam construction. Dams raised the water table causing a dry meadow to become moist, and increased water in a wet meadow that inhibited willow growth. Beaver departure in 1994 left dams unmaintained. A 50-year flood event in February 1996 eroded dams and created a new channel. The water table was reduced below that of the 1984 levels, causing a dry meadow to revert to pre-1984 conditions and permitting willows to vigorously expand in a wet meadow. Dynamic riverine riparian environmental conditions seriously challenge the typical range management concepts of "condition and trend." There is no "climax good condi-tion." Instead a "state-and-transition" concept seems a more apt range management concept to describe range conditions resulting from beaver dams and flooding over a 30-year period on Emigrant Creek cattle allotment. was obtained directly from the organizations managing these areas. Statistical tables provide estimates of land area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest for individual survey units for western Washington as a whole. Timber resource statistics of south-central Estimates of timber resources for south-central Alaska are presented. Data collection began in 2000 and was complet-ed in 2003. All forest lands over all ownerships were considered for sampling. The inventory unit was, roughly, the region between Icy Bay to the east and Kodiak Island to the west. Forest lands within national forest wilderness study areas and recommended wilderness areas were not sampled on the ground. Tables present supply estimates of area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and harvest. Research On August 20–23, 2004, a conference was held in Kamilche, Washington, with the title "Productivity of Western Forests: A Forest Products Focus." The meeting brought together researchers and practitioners interested in discussing the economic and biological factors influencing wood production and value. One of the underlying assumptions of the meeting organizers was that management activities would be practiced within a framework of sustaining or improving site productivity; thus, several papers deal with methods to protect or improve productivity or discuss new studies designed to test the effects of various practices. This proceedings includes 11 papers based on oral presentations at the conference, 3 papers based on posters, and 2 papers describing the Fall River and Matlock Long-Term Site Productivity study areas visited on the field tours. The papers cover subjects on forest harvesting activities, stand establishment, silviculture, site productivity, remote sensing, and wood product technologies. Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). A fifth treatment substituted N fertilizer for N-fixing alder. Changes in average tree height, and in numbers of trees, basal area, and volume per acre between plantation ages of 10 and 27 are compared. In pure conifer plots, gross volume growth averaged 26 percent greater on fertilized than nonfertilized plots, indicating measurable benefits of additional N. On both fertilized and nonfertilized plots, an average of 13 percent of the original conifers died. Retaining 20, 40, or 80 alder per acre (7, 13, and 27 percent of the associated conifer trees per acre, respective-ly) was associated with reduced numbers of Douglas-fir by about 19, 5, and 17 percent, respectively, in the next 17 years. Mortality and growth of Douglas-fir were not related to alder density, but losses of Douglas-fir were especially large on plots where relatively large red alder (20 per acre) were retained. Neither total stand nor conif


C Polymers and Elastomeric concretes ommon knowledge about concrete pavements: • Eight to ten percent of all pavement spall repairs fail within one year. • Fifty percent of all pavement repairs fail within the first five years. Of course, the statements stated above do vary depending on the initial condition of the pavement. But the statement that cannot be contested is that failures are a part of pavements. Engineers at MDOT, and particularly at the Materials and Technology (M&T) Division at Lansing, are always looking for newer and better ways to patch highways and bridge decks with best possible results. The most important factors that researchers look for in new patching materials are quickest and safest installation of patching material leading to longest possible durability. Peter Emmons in his article Selecting concrete repair materials for long-term durability based on available test data, writes, " concrete requires repair and/or protection when damage, defects or deterioration cause disintegration, spalling, cracking, deflection , settlement or leakage. Successful repairs must address the issues of constructability, engineering and aesthetics. The best repairs are those that first address the long-term needs of engineering and durability followed by the short-term needs of constructability. " The search for newer and better concrete patching materials is an old one. But what is new is the addition of polymers, and specifically elastomeric concretes, to the list of concrete repair materials. Enter Polymers Defense technology percolating to civilian use is not new. What is new with polymers (and especially elastomeric concretes) is their speed of adoption and enthusiastic reception within the various DOTs. The study of polymers started with the U.S. Air Force searching for better ways to address the problem of bomb damaged runways (BDR). The goals of the improved BDR systems were structural soundness, flushness with surrounding pavement , and rapid accomplishment within any environment. The materials research section of the BDR study brought into focus polymer concretes, because their performance promised to satisfy stringent structural requirements and satisfy the full range of test conditions. However, the studies found one major problem with practically all polymers-incompatibility with water or wet aggregates and concrete. One conclusion from the study, conducted by BDM/Batelle Columbus laboratories, which tested polyurethane and acrylic polymer concrete at extreme temperatures (-20' F to 105˚F), indicated that surface water on aggregate significantly reduced (40 to 60 percent) the flexural strength of these polymers. However, the 400-psi flexural …


ND band state D+ ions are treated as a sum over pairs. The wave functions of a D+ pair is assumed to be a product of a Bloch function in lattice space times a Bloch function in separation space. Overlap allows a strong force fusion reaction to 4He++. A coupling between the nuclear change and the ion charge distribution in the lattice is described. The change in ion charge distribution scatters Bloch electrons in a multistep nuclear de-excitation process.


Individuals with impaired glucoses tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) are at substantially increased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease (1). The extent to which individuals with IGT/IFG are also at risk of microvascular complications, such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy, has not been as well defined. Some (2,3), but not all (4–7), studies have shown that microvascular complications are more common in individuals with IGT/IFG than those with normal glucose metabolism.

Peripheral neuropathy, a common microvascular complication of diabetes (8), is often associated with concomitant retinopathy (9) and albuminuria (9,10). Whether peripheral neuropathy is also associated with retinopathy and albuminuria in people with IGT/IFG is unclear and is examined in the current study.

The Australian, Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) is a population-based survey of Australian adults aged ≥25 years (11). Glucose tolerance status was determined by a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (12). The prevalence of diabetes in the AusDiab was 7.4%, while 16.4% had IGT or IFG (13). All participants with diabetes, IGT, IFG, and a random sample of normal control subjects were invited for complications testing (6). This analysis is based on the 1,154 individuals with IGT or IFG who attended the complications screening.

Neuropathy was classified by 1 ) the modified neuropathy symptom score (NSS), 2 ) the modified neuropathy disability score (NDS), 3 ) the pressure perception score (PPS), and 4 ) a postural systolic blood pressure drop score of ≥20 mmHg. The NSS measured …


Efficient phagocytosis of cells undergoing apoptosis by macrophages is important to prevent immunological responses and development of chronic inflammatory disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, cystic fibrosis or atherosclerosis. To study phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (AC) by macrophages in tissue, we validated different apoptosis markers (DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation and cleavage of its substrate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1) in combination with macrophage immunostaining. Human tonsils were used as a model because they show a high apoptosis frequency under physiological conditions as well as efficient phagocytosis of AC by macrophages. On the other hand, advanced human atherosclerotic plaques were examined since phagocytosis of AC in a plaque is severely impaired. Our results demonstrate that the presence of non-phagocytized TUNEL-positive AC represents a suitable marker for poor phagocytosis by macrophages in situ. Other markers for apoptosis, such as cleavage of caspase-3 or PARP-1, should not be used to assess phagocytosis efficiency, because activation of the caspase cascade and cleavage of their substrates can occur in AC when they have not yet been phagocytized by macrophages.


It founds the optimal design model of dish spring for clutch. Based on the restrict variable method, it develops the system. With the system the dish springs function of clutch used in SH50 Tractor has been greatly inproved.


Abstract Background: Leptospirosis is an acute infectious disease that can infect humans and animals (zoonoses). The cause of the disease is Leptospira . Leptospirosis is spread all over the world, including Indonesia. One area in Yogyakarta Province is a region of leptospirosis is endemic to the events Sleman District cases constantly increasing. Spatial analysis is an analysis and description of the geography of disease data with regard to population distribution, the distribution of environmental risk factors, ecosystem, social and economic, as well as analysis of relationships between variables. Objective to analyze the incidence of the disease leptospirosis spatially and risk factors Sleman District of Yogyakarta Province in 2011. Methods: The study was descriptive research aimed to describe and either map leptospirosis disease events in Sleman District of Yogyakarta Province in 2011. The data used in this research was from the Sleman District Health Office. Sample size of this research was 61 leptospirosis patients. Results: Patients with leptospirosis was highest in Moyodan. Spatial analysis showed most leptospirosis occurs in locations with pet ownership (59,1%), the presence of rat (85,2%), vegetation (100%), and occurred in the location of the trenches / ditches around the house (47,5%). Conclusion: It should be done to inform the public about the disease leptospirosis , and Public Health Service Sleman need to develop early warning systems (SKD) so that more optimal disease eradication. Keywords : zoonoses, leptospirosis , spatial analysis, risk factors.


Agent architectures are gaining popularity for building open, distributed, and evolving software required by e-commerce applications. Unfortunately, despite considerable work in software architecture during the last decade, few research efforts have aimed at truly defining patterns and languages for agent architectural design. This paper proposes a modern approach based on organizational structures and architectural description languages to define and specify agent architectures notably in the case of e-commerce system design. The meteoric rise of Internet and World-Wide-Web technologies has created overnight new application areas for enterprise software, including e-commerce applications. These areas demand software that is robust, can operate within a wide range of environments, and can evolve over time to cope with changing requirements. Moreover, such software has to be highly customisable to meet the needs of a wide range of users and sufficiently secure to protect personal data and other assets on behalf of its stakeholders. Not surprisingly, researchers are looking for new software designs that cope with such requirements. One promising source of ideas for designing such e-commerce software is the area of agent architectures. They appear to be more flexible, modular and robust than traditional including object-oriented ones. They tend to be open and dynamic in the sense they exist in a changing organizational and operational environment where new components can be added, modified or removed at any time. To cope with the ever-increasing complexity of the design of software architecture, architectural design has received through the last decade increasing attention as an important field of software engineering. Practitioners have come to realize that getting an architecture right is a critical success factor for system life-cycle and have recognized the value of making explicit architectural descriptions and choices in the development of new software.


This paper used for exterior insulation system, a new form - decorative mortise slot insulation board exterior insulation systems integration, construction technology, a careful study and discussion, and through concrete examples and practical engineering Construction, operation points of the construction and quality control.


To examine variation in phytosiderophore biosynthesis in Triticeae, phytosiderophores were investigated in wild and cultivated species of wheat and barley with different genomes. All wheats tested including hexaploid (AABBDD), tetraploid (AABB), and diploid (AA or DD) lines produced only one phytosiderophore, 2'-deoxymugineic acid. The phytosiderophores biosynthesized in wild barleys varied among species. Using substitution-type triticale lines and wheat-barley addition lines, it was revealed that, in triticale, genes for the biosynthesis of both mugineic and hydroxymugineic acids were located in the long arm of chromosome 5R and that, in barley, the gene for production of mugineic acid was located in the long arm of chromosome 4H.


The utility model discloses an integrated heat-accumulating type heating furnace, which comprises a furnace body, wherein an inner cavity of the furnace body is partitioned into two heat-accumulating chambers and a combustion chamber by partition walls; heat accumulators are filled in the two heat-accumulating chambers; the two heat-accumulating chambers are formed on two sides or the same side of the combustion chamber; and a plurality of combustion channels which are used for communicating the heat-accumulating chambers and the combustion chamber are formed on each partition wall along horizontal direction. The integrated heat-accumulating type heating furnace has an integrated structure and is easy to manufacture; and by combustion ports which are formed on the side wall of the combustion chamber, the distribution uniformity of heat in the combustion chamber can be greatly improved, a heated piece can be uniformly heated, and the heating quality of a product is improved.


Objective To test whether glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) would regulate the expression of visfatin in adipocytes,and to explore the mechanism of this effect.Methods Fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with GLP-1.Total RNA was extracted for analyzing the level of visfatin mRNA by quantitative RT-PCR.The media were collected for measuring the level of visfatin protein by enzyme linked immuno-assay (ELISA).In order to test the involvement of PKA pathway,the adipocytes were pretreated with a specific pharmacological PKA inhibitor H89 for 30 min before GLP-1 was added.Results GLP-1 increased visfatin expression in a time-and dose-dependent manner.The level of visfatin significantly increased at the concentration of 10 10 mol/L GLP-1 (P<0.05),and reached the peak at 10-9 mol/L (P<0.01).After incubation for 18 hours,GLP-1 dominantly increased the level of visfatin (P<0.05).Inhibition of PKA pathway by H89 partially blocked the effect of GLP-1 on visfatin expression.Conclusions GLP-1 may enhance the expression of visfatin in 3T3-L1 adipocyte via the PKA pathway,which might contribute to the improvement in glucose homeostasis.

Key words:
Glucagon like peptide-1; Visfatin; Adipocyte; Diabetes


During the period of Republic of China,Shanghai business community created numerous national brands,based on the Chinese traditional business strategy and Western marketing theory.These brands played a certain role in prospering social economy,enriching people's lives,resisting foreign aggression,and reforming social fashions at that time.Meanwhile,they also provide certain reference for today's Shanghai brand construction.


Objective : Our purpose was to evaluate the prevalence and genotypic distribution of HPV infection by newly developed HPV DNA chip in various cervical lesions and to assess the relationship between HPV genotypes and different grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer. Methods : Between December 2001 and May 2003, 394 patients who visited Busan Paik hospital due to abnormal Pap smear or colposcopic finding, were involved and classified into 5 groups according to their cytologic diagnoses: nonspecific chronic cervicitis (n=36), ASCUS/AGUS (n=36), LSIL (n=46), HSIL (n=131), cervical cancer (n=145). We examined HPV positivity and genotype of the specimens using HPV DNA chip, which detects 22 HPV genotypes including 15 high-risk HPV groups (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/66/68/69) and 7 low-risk HPV groups (6/11/34/40/42/43/44). Results : The overall detection rate of HPV infection was 71.1% (280/394), and the detection rate of high-risk HPV infection was 67.0% (264/394). According to the grade of the lesions, the detection rates of high-risk of HPV infection were 19.4% (7/36) in nonspecific chronic cervicitis, 16.7% (6/36) in ASCUS/AGUS, 63.0% (29/46) in LSIL, 83.2% (109/131) in HSIL, and 77.9% (113/145) in cervical cancer. The major prevailing HPV genotypes in this study were HPV types 16, 58, 18, 35, and 52 in descending order of incidence, which averaged 86.7% for all. HPV 16 was the most common type in all the HPV-positive cases as well as HSIL and cervical cancer. HPV 18 was the second most common type in cervical cancer and HPV 58 was the second most common type in HSIL. The odds ratio was estimated to evaluate the relationship of HSIL and cervical cancer versus HPV type. HPV 16 and 35 were found to be significantly related to HSIL, cervical cancer, or HSIL and cervical cancer. HPV 58 was found to be significantly related to HSIL, or HSIL and cervical cancer. Conclusion : In our study, HPV type 16, 18, 35, 52, and 58 were confirmed to be major prevailing subtypes in CIN and cervical cancer. Our results suggest that HPV 16, 35, and 58 positive patients have a tendency to develop HSIL and cervical cancer than other HPV positive patients.


A survey is given for the techniques of human motion synthesis from the viewpoint of human computer interaction. The focus is on an overview based on the interaction of these animation systems between human and computer. To design a good interactive system, we concern the underlying structure of such a system more than the concrete interface that the system will adopt. Therefore, we first analyze the tasks of animators for designing a human motion synthesis system. After reviewing the evolution of the techniques of human motion synthesis, we try to reveal how such evolution improves interaction between human and computer. Finally, we demonstrate our motion synthesis system and give some suggestions for future research directions.


Despite their importance to the history of economics and social theory, social scientists and historians pay little heed to the structural similarities as well as the important divergences in the work of French-man Emile Durkheim (1858—1917) and American Thorstein Veblen (1857—1929). Consequently, this article places Durkheim and Veblen in their social and historical context, and then (1) their epistemologies are related to their use of cultural lag to explain the persistence of atavistic continuities in the existing order, (2) their theories of social bonding and integration are compared to explain the meaning as well as the structural differences in their collectivism, and (3) these are linked with the predictive power of their broader socioeconomic theories to forecast the future of Western society. The two men made major contributions to the human sciences and a historical retrospect by way of comparative analysis illuminates these contributions.


At present scenario transistor scaling uses step by step complex automatic plans to optimize integrated chip (IC) design. The expansive variety of transistors on hand today empowers the development of chip multiprocessors that contain several on-chips interconnects. For an instance network onchip (NoCs), have turned out to be significant mainstream and information in the network during end to end transmission depends on congestion control. Though several algorithms focused on network congestion we have concentrate on optimizing buffer through reconfigurable architecture. Though larger buffer improve the performance of the architecture which in turn consumes more area and delay. In this paper we recommend the utilization of a , switch, where the aid openings are powerfully distributed to construct switch productiveness in a NoC, even beneath as an alternative particular correspondence loads. In the proposed method, the profundity of every guide phrase utilized as part of the input channels of the switches can be reconfigured at run time. The reconfigurable transfer lets the proposed swapping method outperforms existing reconfigurable router design in terms of area overhead and timing constrain.


The reception of Jean Bodin is considered to have been an influence on German political thought of the later sixteenth and seventeenth century. But precisely what was this 'influence'? The question is made more difficult by the fact that our understanding of the development of both the concept and the terminology of 'state' in early modern Germany is undergoing profound change. This change is primarily encouraged through a stronger emphasis in research on early modern Germany on the importance of the Empire as a whole. This chapter determines precisely at what juncture the reception of Bodin did have an impact. It traces the uses made of Bodin during the 1590s through to the 1620s. Finally, the chapter inquires into the role of Bodin, if any, in relation to the new conceptions of princely rule emanating from the great historian and political philosopher Hermann Conring in Helmstedt. Keywords: Hermann Conring; Holy Roman Empire; Jean Bodin


With the ever-growing number of base stations (BSs) and user equipments (UEs) in ultra-dense networks (UDN), reusing the same pilot sequences among the cells is inevitable. With pilot reuse scheme, the channel estimation obtained at a BS contains not only the desired channel-state information (CSI) but also interference from neighboring cells, which can severely degrade CSI estimation performance and adversely affect communication performance. In this paper we consider a pilot contamination avoidance based on pilot pattern design for UDN where the pilot reuse employed and the interfering users from neighboring cells may be not at lower power levels at the BS compared to the in-cell users. We present a novel statistical interference model of sub-carriers to describe the non-deterministic interference from neighboring cells. Then, we provide a pilot pattern design model with non-uniform pilot distribution. Based on this, a pilot contamination avoidance based on pilot pattern design is proposed where pilot reuse scheme and the non-deterministic interference from neighboring cells are taken into consideration. Unlike existing interference mitigation approaches, the proposed method eliminates interference through the method of interference avoidance and can be applied to different kinds of channel estimation algorithms. Simulation results showed that the proposed approach can effectively avoid the interference and ensure the accuracy of channel estimation.


The haplochromine cichlid fauna of the rivers and smaller lakes of Tanzania and SE Africa are of key importance in understanding the origins and inter-relationships of the great lake cichlid radiations of Malawi, Tanganyika and Victoria. Prior to formal taxonomic investigations, here we present the results of investigations of the type specimens, identification of type localities and superficial characterisation of freshly-collected material. The type locality of Astatotilapia bloyeti (Sauvage, 1883) is identified as the Mkondowa River, near Kilosa. This species appears to be the only haplochromine found in the Wami system. It is concluded that junior synonyms of A. bloyeti include A. strigigena (Pfeffer, 1893), A. kilossana (Steindachner, 1915) and A. paludinosa Greenwood, 1980. Astatotilapia sparsidens (Hilgendorf, 1905) is closely related and may constitute a junior synonym or a sister taxon. The range of A. bloyeti includes the Pangani system. The type locality for Astatotilapia gigliolii (Pfeffer, 1896) is identified as the Kingani River, or southern Ruvu, where it appears to be the only haplochromine in the river system. Junior synonyms include Astatotilapia vollmeringi (Steindachner, 1915) from the Great Ruaha River at Kidatu and Astatotilapia tweddlei Jackson, 1985 from Lakes Chilwa and Chiuta. The species is also reported from the lower part of the Rufiji system, the Ruvuma system and from other lakes and rivers in between. A few specimens were also collected in and around a fish farm at Songea, in the upper reaches of the Ruhuhu system (Lake Malawi catchment). Apart from this record, the only Astatotilapia species in the Lake Malawi catchment is A. calliptera. Four undescribed Astatotilapia species are identified from the Rufiji system, while other possibly undescribed taxa from the basins of Lake Tanganyika and Rukwa are discussed.


The aim from this research is to know the differences of financing and dividend policy between growth and non growth firm In Indonesia and Singapore. Growth potention shows from IOS proxies which are MVABVA,MVEBVE, PER, CAPBVA and CAPMVA. This research is quantitatif research. Sample of this research are 52 manufacture firm s which is go public and listed in IDX and 30 manufacture fir m which is go public and listed in SGX, the period ofthis research is 2011 until 2013. Factor analysis we used in this study to separate growth and non growth firm, the extraction of factor analysis will be ranked, which is 40% above for growth and 40% below for non growth firm. Then it will used the independent sample t-test or mann whitney  to test it. Then it will look forward the differencess in financing and dividend policy. Result of this research shows that there is no differences in book debt to equity between growth and non growth firm in Indonesia and Singapura. Market debt to equity shows growth firm have lower tahn non growth firm in Indonesia and Singapore. Dividend payout ratio in Indonesia shows growth firm have lower than non growth firm, in Singapore shows growth firm have lower tahn non growth firm. Dividend yield shows that in growth firm have lower than non growth firm wheather in Indonesia or Singapore. Finally, hope this research will give knowledge about financing and dividend policy between growth and non growth firm in Indonesia and Singapore. Keywords : Investment Opportunity Set, Book debt to Equity, Market Debt to Equity, Dividend Payout Ratio, Dividend Yield, Indonesia, Singapore, manufacturing company.


Results: Transradial 7-Fr complex PCI was performed in 20 patients after manual and duplex scan assessment of the radial arteries. The size of radial artery on accses route was over 2.4 mm in all 20 patients (14 patients underwent duplex scan study). The radial access was obtained successfully in all 20 patients. The age range was 40-78 years with mlae predominance (18 pts.) There were 10 left main stem PCI (50%), 4 (20%) complex bifurcation lesions, 3 chronic total occlusions (15%), and 3 (15%) acute coronary syndrome patients. All 20 procedures were completed successfuly There was no in-hospital mortality and no periprocedural complications registrated. Collor doppler examination showed preserved patency of the punctuated radial artery after 3 months follow up in 18 patients. Conclusion: A 7-Fr transradial complex PCI is feasible and can be performed successfully without major complications. In suitable patients transradial complex PCI represents good alternative to transfemoral approach in complex PCI procedures.


In this paper, we introduce a new technique that makes use of satisfiability (SAT) based debugging techniques along with a mutation-based technique to correct certain design errors in digital designs automatically. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method enables us to locate and correct multiple bugs by targeting gate replacements and wire exchanging within reasonable run-time and memory usage for several designs.


The present invention relates generally to intravenous drugs to a patient (IC) infusion, and more particularly to a cassette infusion infusion container comprises an IV infusion systems. The present invention provides a pharmaceutical infusion cassette, which may be as with a non-metallic solid vial needle (163), means for when the needle when the needle is not (158) protection, anti-free flow device (168) , and other beneficial structures such as air into the locking mechanism, quality assurance tags, plug made of soft material and a minimum number of individual components by means of the tube is fixed to the cartridge. The kit can be used with an automatic piercing mechanism, which automatically clamp includes a vial puncturing mechanically driven by the motor of the vial holder. If the cartridge is not fully engaged with the mating surface of the device (e.g., stabilization or a suction unit and analgesia delivery system) (200), the needle (163) is still protected.


Industrial heritage plays an important role in the economical, historical, and cultural identity of contemporary European society. A significant part of the industrial heritage consists of historical buildings which have remained after mining and petroleum exploitation. Moreover, industrial heritage can be also nurtured in countries in which mining and petroleum activities are not fully developed. It is inevitably associated with geological heritage. Furthermore, geological heritage is essential for a better understanding of nature, its wider appreciation and better protection. Mining has always played a significant industrial role, but it has recently lost its significance due to increasing environmental requirements regarding the European green deal and transforming the economy for a sustainable future. However, old mining and petroleum heritage sites can become attractions and they can contribute to the development of tourism and the community itself. A new term "geotechnological heritage", presented in this paper, is related to mining, geological and petroleum heritage due to their significant interaction. This paper presents the used and unused touristic potential of heritage on selected sites in the Republic of Croatia. In addition, an analysis of the Croatian undervalued geotechnological heritage has been performed after the exploitation of stone and other nonmetallics, coal, metals, and petroleum. Unlike Croatia, the potential of geotechnological heritage has been recognized and exploited in most European countries. Therefore, Croatia has a great opportunity to develop heritage based on the experience of more successful members of the European Union.


The decomposition of tasks of the system of formation of competitive advantages of retail companies according to the process and management functions is proposed, the technology of forming competitive advantages of the retail enterprise is developed.


Neuritic plaques in the brains of victims of Alzheimer's disease are primarily composed of a 42 amino acid polypeptide, the β-amyloid peptide (βA4), the neurotoxicity of which is related to its aggregation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used to study the conformational properties of two synthetic analogues of βA4 peptides known to be involved in the formation of the neuritic plaques formed in patients with Alzheimer's disease and the influence of a single, naturally occurring point mutation upon the tendency of the peptide to aggregate. Peptides from both "normal" Alzheimer's and the more severe Dutch variant of the disease were found to form aggregated antiparallel strands. However, the replacement of a single, negatively charged amino acid (glutamic acid) with an uncharged amino acid (glutamine) in the Dutch-type peptide results in significant differences in the strength and stability of these aggregates and the microenvironment of a number of amino acids. The differences in the strength and the stability of the aggregates are attributed to the presence of varying (small) proportions of the classical secondary structures and differences in net charge. Environmental (solvent) effects were shown to significantly affect the strength of the inter-molecular hydrogen bonding in the aggregates, solvent systems mimicking the membrane/water interface resulting in more strongly hydrogen bonded aggregates. Infrared spectra of material from autopsied human Alzheimer's brains show spectral features indicative of the formation of similar aggregates, which may be related to plaque formation. This observation suggests that IR spectroscopic methods may in the future be useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of Alzheimer's disease.


The development of efficient methods and novel strategies to prepare organic compounds with biological and medicinal potentials is of great interest today.1 Among these routes, multi-component reac...


Environmental pollution from village and township enterprises was caused because of improper policy,imperfect laws and management.Environmental impact assessment should be included in the management system and adjust the structure and distribution of the village and township enterprises,and perfect management system,and strengthen education to solve the existing problems.


Lake Wuliangsuhai is typical shallow weedy lake in arid area in north of China. In this paper, Lake Wuliangsuhai is recognized as study area. The data of water quality from June to October in 2005 are analyzed using principal components analysis. The parameters about water quality of Lake Wuliangsuhai are generalized into sever principal components. They are index about characters of eutrophication, index about characters of salinization, index about organic pollution, index about configuration characters of lake, index about acid and alkali, index about living amount and index about environment of plant growing. The meaning of each principal component and the mechanism about pollution of Lake Wuliangsuhai are concluded. The conclusions indicate that the water quality of Lake Wuliangsuhai mostly is controlled by the first principal component (index about characters of eutrophication), and it secondly is controlled by the second and third principal components (index about characters of salinization and index about organic pollution). So Lake Wuliangsuhai encounters three menaces of pollution. They are eutrophication, salinization and organic pollution. Eutrophic pollution is the worst pollution. The principal factors that influence water quality of lakes are concluded, and the scientific gist of reasonable using water resource of lakes and fathering eutrophication are provided.


We propose an architecture that can support video services in networks that have no quality of services With the development of Internet, we are dissatisfied with the information only based on text and picture that Internet can provide now We expect that Internet can provide the high quality image and video services But the architecture of current Internet does not support the control of quality of services,and it is difficult to provide high quality video services The system described below combines both image processing and networking techniques in order to provide high quality video services without harming the performance of the Internet


The sol–gel process was used to prepare a photosensitive inorganic–organic composite, silica/poly(2-hydroxymethyl methacrylate). Its nanoscale morphology was observed with field emission scanning electron microscopy at high magnifications (e.g., 160,000×). The size of the particles in the nanocomposite synthesized under various preparation conditions fell in the range of 20–50 nm. The effects of the pH, reactant composition, and solvent content in the reaction mixture on the thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite were studied with thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and thermomechanical analysis. The thermal stability of the synthesized nanocomposite could generally be improved by an increase in the molar ratio of the inorganic component, a reduction in the reaction pH, or an increase in the solvent content. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1927–1935, 2004


Objective: To analyse the position of the glenoid fossa in subjects with different sagittal and vertical skeletal features. Methods: A cephalometric study was carried out on a sample of 40 subjects who were divided into two groups (20 subjects each) according to skeletal vertical relationships. Cephalometrci analysis comprised both sagittal and vertical measurements for the assessment of the position of the glenoid fossa in relation to surrounding skeletal structures, as well as the shape of the glenoid fossa. Results: As for sagittal measurements, TMJ position was more posterior in low angle type of skeletal class Ⅲ in contrast with high angle type. In the vertical plane, the position of the glenoid fossa relative to cranial base was more caudal in low angle subjects when compared with subjects with high angle vertical relationships. Conclusion: In the aspect of variety, it's more steep on the frontier wall of the glenoid fossa in low angle type. Both the podition and the shape of the glenoid fossa may be used as reference structures for the assessment in diagnosis and treatment planning of skeletal Malocclusion class Ⅲ.


Accurate and reliable global positioning system (GPS)-based vehicle use data are highly valuable for many transportation, analysis, and automotive considerations. Model-based design, real-world fuel economy analysis, and the growing field of autonomous and connected technologies (including predictive powertrain control and self-driving cars) all have a vested interest in high-fidelity estimation of powertrain loads and vehicle usage profiles. Unfortunately, road grade can be a difficult property to extract from GPS data with consistency. In this report, we present a methodology for appending high-resolution elevation data to GPS speed traces via a static digital elevation model. Anomalous data points in the digital elevation model are addressed during a filtration/smoothing routine, resulting in an elevation profile that can be used to calculate road grade. This process is evaluated against a large, commercially available height/slope dataset from the Navteq/Nokia/HERE Advanced Driver Assistance Systems product. Results will show good agreement with the Advanced Driver Assistance Systems data in the ability to estimate road grade between any two consecutive points in the contiguous United States.


: The catalytic activity of silver and gold nanoparticles in the spectrophotometric determination of parathion using 1-naphthol as a new coupling reagent to form an azo dye is described. It is based on the reduction of nitro group in parathion with zinc/HCl to form an amino derivative, which is diazotized and subsequently coupled with 1-naphthol to form an orange colored azo dye in alkaline medium. The size and shape effect of silver and gold nanoparticles in the time for diazotization is thus studied. The important analytical parameters and optimum reaction conditions have been evaluated.


After one Heavy Plate Mill was overhauled and repaired,a set of AC drive control system with Siemens Sinamics S120 converter sent out the grounding and stalling fault.Analyzing the grounding fault through the motor insulation,current transformer and circulating current between the converters,the stalling fault through the motor load,motor encoder and magnetic polelocation,all the faults were solved correspondingly.In the end,some items for attention were given during maintenance of the S120 converter.


The results of a comprehensive study of weak electron localization (WEL) and electron-electron interaction (EEI) effects in disordered V75X25 (X = Pd, Al) alloys has been reported. The resistivity in absence of magnetic field shows a minimum at temperature T = Tm and follows T1/2 law within the temperature range 5K ≤ T ≤ Tm, which suggests predominant EEI effect. Magnetoresistivity is positive due to strong spin-orbit interaction. The dephasing scattering time is dominated by the electron-phonon scattering. The electron-phonon scattering rate shows quadratic temperature dependence behavior, which is explained by the theory of incomplete dragging at the random scattering potential by phonons. The zero temperature scattering time strongly depends on the disorder and its magnitude decreases with increasing disorder.


In this paper, we present demonstration of a 2Dplus3D visual interactive environment called ESSAVis++. It is an enhanced version of the ESSAVis platform and was designed to overcome the limitations of the previous version. Its goal is to facilitate the collaboration between different engineers and to lead to better understanding of the analyzing process of safety aspects in embedded systems. In this work, we provide an overview of ESSAVis++ platform and focus on the new modifications and the set of improvements that we added for providing the enhanced and intuitive visualization features to facilitate extracting important safety aspects about the underlying embedded system.


Why are firms sometimes more efficient than markets at organizing transactions? Why are most transactions arrayed neither at the pure "market" nor at the pure "hierarchy" end of the continuum, but rather in the "swollen middle," incorporating features of both "market" and "hierarchy"? Why don't firms make greater use of price incentives? This paper addresses these three questions by developing a model of the choice of institution.One key building block is the distinction between organizing methods (hierarchy and the price system) and institutions (firms and markets). Hierarchy and the price system are two distinct methods for organizing transactions, each with particular costs and benefits. Markets and firms are institutions which use one or both of these methods. Although markets predominantly use prices and firms rely principally on hierarchy, there is not a one-to-one correspondence between prices and markets or between hierarchy and firms. Indeed, the paper argues that it is generally more efficient to use a mix of both methods than to specialize in either.The paper focuses on the enforcement properties of prices and hierarchy. Hierarchy controls individuals directly by constraining their behavior (by imposing behavior constraints) while prices do it indirectly by measuring their outputs (through price constraints). Under hierarchy, individuals receive a salary to do as told, while self-employed individuals governed by the price system are rewarded on the basis of their output. Each system has its own biases: using prices maximizes effort (minimizes shirking) but incites individuals to inflate the price and/or reduce the quality of their output. (It encourages cheating.) Relying on hierarchy results in the opposite bias: under hierarchy individuals are not paid in function of their output, but instead are rewarded for following directives. They have, thus, strong incentives to minimize effort (to shirk) unless properly supervised, but, being paid a fixed sum to (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)