KNOWLEDGE ABOUT the small-sample properties of estimators of simultaneous equations has been confined mainly to models which are correctly specified.2 This paper provides some sampling experiment results exploring the effects of certain misspecifications on several simultaneous equation estimators. The main type of misspecification investigated is the incorrect exclusion of variables from certain equations or from the model itself. Such misspecifications could arise in practice from use of partial or incomplete economic theory which overlooks some aspects of the generation of economic data. The need to impose a prior restrictions on the structural equations to obtain identification might also lead to the incorrect exclusion of variables from equations where theory suggests that they do not play important roles. Section 2 of this paper reports experiments where important non-zero coefficients were specified to be zero in the structure estimated. Section 3 investigates the specification of small coefficients to be zero to obtain identification. In Section 4 the omission of an exogenous variable from the estimated structure is considered. Section 5 takes up the related aspect of omitting an equation. Finally, Sections 6 and 7 investigate the effects of failing to specify as zero all the structural coefficients for which such a specification would be valid. Although this is not really a misspecification, it is of interest here since the danger of incorrectly specifying coefficients to be zero might lead investigators to be over-cautious in their specifications. The results of these sections indicate that such failures of specification may


The previous theoretical study has shown that pulse irradiation to the Mott insulating state in the Hubbard model can induce the enhancement of superconducting correlation due to the generation of $\ensuremath{\eta}$ pairs [Kaneko et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 077002 (2019)]. Here, we show that the same mechanism can be applied to the Kondo lattice model, an effective model for heavy electron systems, by demonstrating that the pulse irradiation indeed enhances the $\ensuremath{\eta}$-pairing correlation. As in the case of the Hubbard model, the nonlinear optical process is essential to increase the number of photoinduced $\ensuremath{\eta}$ pairs and thus the enhancement of the superconducting correlation. We also find the diffusive behavior of the spin dynamics after the pulse irradiation, suggesting that the increase of the number of $\ensuremath{\eta}$ pairs leads to the decoupling between the conduction band and the localized spins in the Kondo lattice model, which is inseparably related to the photodoping effect.


Many studies reported for estimating serum YKL‐40 using ELISA or RIA methods. This study introduces the plausible utilization of real‐time surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology in investigating the expression of serum YKL‐40 protein levels and ELISA method for serum IgE in bronchial asthma.


According to the results of regional geological survey of the 1:250000 Kangxiwar Sheet,an integrated petrological, geochemical and isotope chronological study was conducted on the Early Paleozoic granite in the Menggubao-Pushou area on the northern side of Kangxiwar,West Kunlun.Petrological and geochemical characteristics show that the granite belongs to calc-alkaline granitoids and has zircon SHRIMP U-Pb ages of 443.1±2.3 and 430.7±2.6 Ma,indicating a Late Ordovician- Early Silurian age for its formation.The results provide direct age evidence for a further detailed and systematic study of the Early Paleozoic Menggubao-Pushou ophiolitic melange zone and Early Paleozoic granite and furnish new actual material for the further and intensive study of the tectonic evolution of the West Kunlun orogenic belt.


We perform high-precision frequency measurements in the THz spectral region using an unstabilized frequency comb, which acts as a transfer oscillator. To correct the beating signal resulting from the THz source and one comb line of the rectified optical comb for fluctuations of the laser repetition rate, a simple and flexible algorithm is used. By this, we achieve an accuracy of the measurement setup as high as 9·10−14 for a 100 GHz test source. This is an improvement of two orders of magnitude compared to previously reported precision measurements in this frequency range employing femtosecond lasers.


This work was directed toward determining the value of synchronous spraying of all pear trees within a large area with Perthane®, (a mixture of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis ( p -ethylphenyl) ethane (95%) and related reaction products (5%), during the late dormant period after overwintered pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, adults had emerged from hibernation. Thirty-five plots involving about 14,000 acres were treated with aerial and ground sprays. Both were very effective in killing the adults. However, with aerial sprays poorer control was obtained along orchard borders, under power lines, and in other hard-to-spray areas. The treatment improved the seasonal control of pear psylla, and growers indicated a saving of 1-2 summer sprays.


DOI:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000103 The deciphering of the complex mechanisms underlying multifactorial diseases, such as asthma and allergic diseases, is a major public health challenge, given the increased incidence of these diseases in the population. Over the past decades, there have been considerable efforts to characterize the genetic determinants of asthma and allergic diseases with the emergence of genome-wide association studies (GWASs). To date, the asthma susceptibility genes should be included in one of the fourth class of genes as defined by Vercelli [1]: A) genes associated with innate immunity and immunoregulation, B) genes associated with Th2-cell differentiation and effector function, C) genes expressed in epithelial cells and involved in mucosal immunity, and D) genes involved in lung function, airway remodelling, and asthma severity. The prevalence and severity of asthma differ in individuals with different ethnic origin and individuals exposed to different environments. These differences suggest the existence of specific genetic factors influencing the development and the expression of the disease in populations with different genetic background in addition to common genetic factors across populations. It also leads to the effort in integrating the environmental component considering gene by environment (e.g. viral infection and microbiome) interactions and epigenetics to solve a part of missing heritability in asthma. A cellular integration of the asthma genetics also benefits to the understanding of the disease pathogenesis. In time, the knowledge may allow prediction of the development of allergic diseases and may help to develop disease prevention actions and interventions at an individual level (personalized medicine). GWAS have been successful in identifying novel susceptible genes associated with asthma and allergyrelated phenotypes, and they have provided new insights into the biological mechanisms underlying these diseases. However, the characterization of the causal variants responsible for the association signals and their functional effects on disease remain to be further explored. The identification of causal variations in human diseases can greatly be facilitated by the study of population with special characteristics,


Advances in molecular microbiology, comparative genomics and data mining have allowed us to uncover new insights into genome structure within bacterial species. To evolve, Bacteria gains and loses genes and other genomic sequences to adapt to specific ecological niches [1]. Thus, the intraspecies genomic variation found in numerous bacterial species has highlighted the need of analyzing genome composition to define bacterial species [1]. Fortunately, Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis (WGSA) has uncovered the dynamic nature of genomic plasticity and the consequent extensive genetic diversity in Bacteria [2]. Currently, microbiological research has been focused on WGSA within-species to identify molecular or virulence determinants. These studies could accelerate our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis and strains-specific traits of virulence; key factors in improving bacterial surveillance and development of antibacterial treatments or vaccines [3]. Herein, we investigate the genomic variation within Salmonella enterica as an example of the potential of comparative analysis of WGSA to uncover intraspecies variation. A total of 1,604 S. enterica whole genomes were analyzed. This dataset comprised 38 different serotypes (Table 1) retrieved from the Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) system [4]. Serotypes with at least 3 genomes available were used for bioinformatics analyses. Intraspecies traits of genomic variation were assessed for each of the selected serotypes. Briefly, it was found that the genome size S. enterica serotypes varies considerably; for example, serotype Muenchen, in average, possess the largest genome size (5.00 Mbp) whereas Paratyphi possess the smallest (4.59 Mbp). Unexpectedly, a high variation in the genome size was observed in each serotype (Figure 1 and Table 1).


with Z1(x) = εMb(x), where p is the surface reflectance, ∫x indicates the integration over the whole cavity surface, and d∫xi-x is the angle factor from dxi to dx. The expression in Eq. {1) is similar to that given by Sydnor and is equivalent to the first « terms of the series of nested integrals given by Refs, 2-4. To compute an arbitrary order approximation Mn(xi) iteгatively with an electronic computer, it is convenient to express Mn (xi) in terms of the successive loweг-oгder approximations and known quantities with initial values given. The quantity Zn(xi) in Eq. (2) is eliminated in favor of Mn-1(x) and Mn-2(x) as follows: using Eq. (2), Eq. (3) is rewritten as


A coaxial porous injector was proposed for gas–liquid combustion for improved mixing performance compared to a conventional shear coaxial injector. The coaxial porous injector discharged a gas jet in a direction normal to the center liquid core, and it was surmised that the momentum transfer from the radial gas jet to the axial liquid jet occurred more efficiently than with a traditional shear coaxial injector. To validate the effectiveness of this idea, the combustion performances of a coaxial porous injector and a shear coaxial injector were compared by conducting a hot-firing test using nitrous oxide-ethanol as propellant. The momentum flux ratio at the injector tip was selected as a spraying condition index, and the characteristic velocity efficiency was considered as a combustion performance parameter. The coaxial porous injector demonstrated higher combustion efficiency than the conventional shear coaxial injector, especially at lower-momentum flux ratio conditions. In addition, the comparison of sp...


This study looked at how Syracuse University basketball fans' spectator motives impacted their preference on whether to renovate the Carrier Dome or to build a new arena. The purpose of this research was to find out if these Syracuse University basketball fans differed from prior knowledge regarding sport spectator motivation. It was known that fan enjoyment is influenced by convenience of concessions and restrooms (Wakefield, 1995). However, it was also known that fans' team identification affected resistance to change (Wu, 2012) and sense of home had a positive impact on stadium satisfaction (Lee, 2012). The sample for this study consisted of 93 Syracuse University basketball fans that had access to on online survey through Syracuse University basketball Twitter pages. The results of this study showed that 85% of fans preferred to renovate the Carrier Dome. There were 6 aspects of fan importance and fan satisfaction with the Carrier Dome that had significantly different means between the groups "renovate" and "build new." Although these aspects had significantly different means statistically, the greatest difference in means between the two groups practically was satisfaction with sense of home. When fans were asked why they preferred to renovate the Carrier Dome they used words such as unique, iconic, landmark, and tradition. These findings were important because it showed that Syracuse University basketball fans had an emotional attachment to the Carrier Dome and would prefer to renovate the facility and continue to have the team play there. Document Type Undergraduate Project Professor's Name Dr. Burakowski Subject Categories Sports Management


Improvements in the patent 200450076, for "automatic braking system for detecting derailing trains." In an automatic braking system (1) for coupling to the general autobrake station including means for detecting derailment conditions wagons (2) bell-shaped, operatively facing actuator means (3). Detecting means (2) are attached to the bogie (BV) and the actuator means to waggon frame (BT) so that we can track turns the bogie about its upright axis (V) and horizontal cross (HT) and means actuators (3) are driven when pre-established angle of rotation of the bogie values representing conditions of derailment of a wagon, producing actuation of automatic braking system are exceeded. Actuator means (3) are mechanically coupled to a position switch (4) with a first contact normally not closed (4NC) whose opening serves to generate a control signal for the control circuit braking and a second normally open switch ( 4NA) whose closure can be used to generate a signal or signaling information to indicate which bogie or bogies are in a situation of derailment.


it is certainly possible that coal played a major role in the earlier period before the invention of the steam engine. For example, coal might have influenced the direction of technological progress: having cheap coal might induce more coal-burning machinery. The book does not provide any evidence on that. Another way in which coal might have mattered was in sustaining the high level of urbanization; coal helped raise the overall income level in england. And high income might have given incentives to technological progress and an industrial revolution. But wrigley does not entertain that Allenesque idea either. we can all agree that when a society goes through an industrial revolution, it goes through a transition from being an organic economy to being an economy relying on fossil fuel. But the underlying driver of that transition may not be the possession of natural resources or the access to them, after all. even if this book does achieve some of its goals, it ultimately falls short of showing that coal played a major standalone role in the english industrial Revolution.


According to the Integrative Language Theory (ILT), language is an internal/external multiprocess activity that uses a multifaceted phonemic/grammatic/semantic coded structure for multipurpose intentions in communication. The above is a complex definition of the complex use of a complex code for communication purposes. An understanding of the code itself as well as the way the code is used is essential to the understanding of language, its disorders, and its assessment.


According to micro-economics, our country's agriculture belongs to the typical all-competent industry. The theory of modern industrial organization thinks that market structure determines market efficiency. The essential cause for the contradiction between the production of agricultural products, especially grain, and peasants' farm income lies in that we have tacitly approved that the market of farm produce is an all-competent market and have been searching for the way to the best market efficiency from such an all-competent market structure. Therefore, if we want to raise the market efficiency of our country's agriculture, we have to change the nature of the market structure from an all-competent market to an efficient-competent one, adjust agricultural products from homogeny to difference and the number of peasant households from innumerable to relative few.


As the state-of-the-art sequencing technologies and computational methods enable investigation of challenging regions in the human genome, an update variant benchmark is demanded. Herein, we sequenced a Chinese Quartet, consisting of two monozygotic twin daughters and their biological parents, with multiple advanced sequencing platforms, including Illumina, BGI, PacBio, and Oxford Nanopore Technology. We phased the long reads of the monozygotic twin daughters into paternal and maternal haplotypes using the parent-child genetic map. For each haplotype, we utilized advanced long reads to generate haplotype-resolved assemblies (HRAs) with high accuracy, completeness, and continuity. Based on the ingenious quartet samples, novel computational methods, high-quality sequencing reads, and HRAs, we established a comprehensive variant benchmark, including 3,883,283 SNVs, 859,256 Indels, 9,678 large deletions, 15,324 large insertions, 40 inversions, and 31 complex structural variants shared between the monozygotic twin daughters. In particular, the preciously excluded regions, such as repeat regions and the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, were systematically examined. Finally, we illustrated how the sequencing depth correlated with the de novo assembly and variant detection, from which we learned that 30 × HiFi is a balance between performance and cost. In summary, this study provides high-quality haplotype-resolved assemblies and a variant benchmark for two Chinese monozygotic twin samples. The benchmark expanded the regions of the previous report and adapted to the evolving sequencing technologies and computational methods.


e19085 Background: More than 50% of BM occurs in advanced NSCLC. In most cases BM are multiple and their standard therapy is whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) since the role of systemic therapies for is still a matter for investigation due to concerns on the drugs ability cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). FTM is a nitrosourea able to cross BBB and CDDP remains the backbone for medical treatment of NSCLC.

METHODS
Pts with advanced NSCLC, ECOG PS 0-1 and multiple BM were treated with 2 cycles of FTM 80 mg/m2 d1,8 and CDDP 80 mg/m2 d1 q3 wks followed by WBRT 30 Gy/3 Gy daily; radiological response using Recist Criteria were analysed before WBRT to assess the role of FTM/CDDP both for cranial and extracranial disease. Pts with disease control (DC) received further CT up to 6 cycles. Barthel ADL Index was administered every 2 cycles. The trial has a two step design according to Simon: 29 pts were required to verify if FTM/CDDP was able to achieve a >25% response rate both for cranial and extracranial disease (step 1), and if this was true further pts had to be enrolled up to 81 pts (step 2).

RESULTS
At first evaluation 4/29 pts were excluded from the study (2 not treated/ 1 never included/1 not eligible). Therefore patient's demographics were: median age 61 (range 48-73), M/F 16/9, adeno 11, squamous 5, large cell 2, nos 7; PS 0/1: 1/14, Barthel Index median value at the starting point 20 (13-20). Overall 3/25 (12%) partial responses were observed with 9 (36%) stable diseases and 13 (52%) progressions of disease. These data did not satisfy the pre-planned hypothesis and the study was stopped at the first step. Before WBRT after the first 2 CT cycles 13/25 pts (48%) had a systemic DC in contrast with 15/25 pts (60%) with brain tumour DC. WBRT seemed not useful to further modify the results of CT. CT was relatively well tolerated with asthenia as the most relevant specific toxicity while the hematological toxicity was mild.

CONCLUSIONS
CDDP and FTM combined with WBRT could represent a therapeutic option for patients with NSCLC even if the global therapeutic index was not satisfactory. Further studies evaluating the combination of systemic treatments with WBRT are warranted. No significant financial relationships to disclose.


This policy brief on Social Innovation of Employment informs on an inventory of challenges and policy recommendations based on the Case Study Report of Employment and on the Second Policy Foresight Workshop of Employment. A 'paradigm shift' is needed in the mind-set of policymakers. 'Traditional' employment strategies for youth employment and vulnerable groups are underusing how social innovation could help, and how it can bring new actors at the stage. Social entrepreneurship creates jobs and provides experience but it has a bad image and remains underused. Workplace innovation can improve employability and sustainable jobs but it not fully recognised as a useful social innovation to alleviate employment issues. Policymakers must 'open their eyes' and help create the infrastructure for social innovations: a 'social innovation friendly environment'.


Digitally enhanced Landsat TM5 images along with geological and mineral occurrence information were applied for investigation of lineament systems in the northern Loei area, NE Thailand. Prior to visual interpretation, enhancement process was performed, including contrast stretching, edge enhancing and directional filter analyses. Image interpretation indicates 3 major lineament systems: north-south, northwestsoutheast, and northeast-southwest trending lineaments. The north-south trending lineaments are inferred to be closely related to substantial, nearly parallel thrust faults and fold axes, which, to some extent, follow the major and regional structural feature. Combination of major lineaments with pre-existing structural geology is useful for delineating tectonic features of the area. The overlay of mineral occurrences onto the lineament map indicates that the mineralizations have good coincidence not only with the shorter in northeast-southwest lineaments intersected by the longer in northwest-southeast lineaments but also with the intrusive igneous bodies. The mineral occurrences are mostly concentrated in areas of high-density lineaments. Our preliminary analysis also indicates that lineaments from Landsat interpretation fit fairly well with those of the geologic data. It is concluded that lineaments observed from enhanced spaced-borne images can be used to comprehend the tectonic setting and to select the target areas for follow-up mineral exploration.


Let M be a 2-torsion free prime -ring and U be a non zero ideal of M such that M admits a generalized derivation F associated with a nonzero derivation d. In the present paper, it is shown that If M satises


The article by Cardona and Rudel (2021) analyzed ToxCast results for the H295R steroidogenesis assays and reported that "296 chemicals increased [estradiol] (182) or [progesterone] (185), with 71 chemicals increasing both." This result is both fascinating and rather striking in suggesting that in vitro 32% of chemicals increase estrogen production, 32% increase progesterone production, and 12% increase both. Based on our reanalysis of the data (available on Github: https://github.com/ DataSciBurgoon/toxcast_steroidogenesis/blob/main/Raptor_SSI_ Steroidogenesis.ipynb) and based on the fact that most ToxCast chemicals have small sample sizes (generally n=2, atypically n=8) and therefore likely suffer from sampling bias, most if not all of the chemicals identified by Cardona and Rudel (2021) are false positives (Christley 2010; Gelman and Carlin 2014; Lin 2018). Peculiarly, Cardona and Rudel (2021) did not base their analysis directly on ToxCast data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's invitrodb database. Rather, they used data from Haggard et al. (2018, 2019); using data from only a single plate for each chemical, ignoring replicate information from other plates. Ignoring available replicates is a violation of common statistical standards and will result in flawed and biased results, mostly due to sampling bias and failure to account for plate effects. The authors also overlooked data quality issues reported for several of the chemicals in the ToxCast dataset in the National Toxicology Program's Integrated Chemical Environment (ICE) database (Abedini et al. 2021). Thirty-seven and 42 of the chemicals that Cardona and Rudel (2021) identified as increasing estrogen or progesterone production, respectively, have quality flags that indicate that the chemical used may not be what was intended, or that the concentration may be 30% or less than the intended concentration. Furthermore, the progesterone data exhibit a major day effect, indicating they are not of suitable quality for analysis. Without additional information, the progesterone data should be removed entirely. Our reanalysis identified either 17 or 3 chemicals (depending upon stringency) that we allege may be stimulating the production of estrogen in vitro; however, all of those are likely false positives due to small sample sizes and sampling bias. This is far less than the number identified by Cardona and Rudel (2021), suggesting most of the chemicals they identified are false positives. Therefore, we suggest that these 17 or 3 chemicals would be good starting points for further research at human-relevant concentrations, with the understanding that they very well could be false positives due to the limited number of replicates.


The first part of the paper defines the problem of traffic accidents of children as participants. Particular attention is paid to the parents' perception of the problem itself, the knowledge of the law on child safety in vehicles, as well as its application. In the second part, analyzes of the effectiveness and application of theories of intimidation and the model of health measurement through parent surveys were performed.


This study was designed to carry out an analysis of the profitability and technical efficiency of groundnut processing among rural women in Kwara State, Nigeria. A three-stage sampling technique was adopted in collecting the data used for the study from a sample of 120 women groundnut processors. Descriptive statistics, Gross Margin Analysis and Stochastic Frontier Model were used to analyze the data. The study revealed that 44.2% of the processors did not have formal education and relied mostly on traditional tools and equipment for processing groundnut. The net return to groundnut processing was estimated at N4, 643.28 (US$ 31) per 50kg of raw groundnuts. The mean technical efficiency of groundnut processing was estimated at 88.26%. The major factors affecting the efficiency of groundnut processing were farming experience and household size. Based on the findings, and given the relative economic sustainability of the enterprise, this study recommends the need for the policy makers to organize entrepreneurial training programs especially the new entrants among the processors in order to update their skills and improve their efficiency. The processors should also be assisted with easier access to processing equipment that would enable them to carry out the activities with smaller labour personnel requirements thereby enhancing its sustainability.


Inspired by the munition women of Silvertown, London during the First World War, Out of the Cage tells the story of women's courage, dignity and hope, fired in the crucible of war.


Control channel jamming is a severe security problem in wireless networks. This results from the fact that the attackers can effectively launch the denial of service attacks by jamming the control channels. Traditional approaches to combating this problem such as channel hopping sequences may not be the secure solution against intelligent attackers because the reliability of control channels in cognitive radio ad hoc networks cannot be guaranteed. In this paper, we introduce a jamming-resilient control channel (JRCC) game to model the interactions among cognitive radio users and the attacker under the impact of primary user activity. We propose the JRCC algorithm that enables user cooperation to facilitate control channel allocations and adapts to primary user activity with variable learning rates using the Win-or-Learn-Fast principle for jamming-resilience in hostile environments. It is shown that the optimal strategies converge to a Nash equilibrium or the expected rewards of the strategies converge to that of a Nash equilibrium. The results also show that the JRCC algorithm effectively combats jamming under the impact of primary user activity and sensing errors. Moreover, the control channel allocation policy can be improved by enhancing transmission and sensing capabilities. The proposed algorithm is scalable and can be applied to multiple users.


"The paper examines the influence of schooling and work experience on the development of wage inequality in the 1990s. On the basis of the employment and benefit recipients historical data file as well as the IAB employment sample, Mincer-type earnings functions are estimated as Tobit and quantile regressions for western and eastern Germany. An increase in premium payments for educational and vocational qualifications becomes especially obvious for employees with the upper secondary school examination (Abitur) and with vocational training as well as for graduates of higher education. In the new Lander, the premium payments have developed similarly to those in the old Lander, though at a lower level. Especially for employees with higher education or university degrees, the differences between the old and new Lander have decreased over time. In western and eastern Germany, the wages have increased particularly in those sectors that already paid high wages in the beginning. An equalization process between the old and new Lander can also be observed for the sectoral wage structure. There were relatively high increases in wages in some branches of the economy in eastern Germany. This is particularly the case for sectors in which western German and foreign enterprises carried out big investment projects in eastern Germany in the 1990s. The findings of the quantile regressions give a more mixed picture, that is, the development of premium payments for work experience and qualifications differ to a relatively high degree between the individual quantiles. There was no evidence of an excess supply of highly qualified people who displace lower qualified workers and accept lower premium payments for their education. The observed change in qualification-related and sectoral wage structures is all in all in accordance with the hypothesis of 'skill-biased technological and organizational change' and also confirms research from other countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))


A remote monitoring system of rolling bearing using the virtual instrument, database and wireless network technology was developed which has a composite structure based on C/S and B/S structure.The system consists of three parts: data acquisition-side,monitoring and diagnosisside,and data communication. It can realize the real-time data acquisition and processing,the abnormal data screening and uploading as well as signal analysis and fault diagnosis by the remote users. The life-cycle test of deep groove ball bearing-6309 shows that the system can implement the real-time monitoring of the test bearing and find out the fault's cause and position through further analysis of abnormal data. This system is of pratical value.


Many methods are used to analyze the stability of rock-wall crane beam in underground powerhouse such as rigid body limit equilibrium method,force-lost balancing method,elastic foundation beam method,finite element method and DDA method,among which,the rigid body limit equilibrium method is widely used because of its convenience.However,some theory and concept of rigid body equilibrium method used to analyze rock-wall crane beam stability still remain to be discussed.For this,some project case histories are illustrated.


This research aimed at comparing synchronicity of macroeconomic variables among five ASEAN countries comprising Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Japan, by using secondary time-series data from 1980-2010, totaling 31 years. Data were collected from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank and analyzed by Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The result reveals that there was synchronicity in macroeconomic variables among ASEAN members and Japan in terms of real GDP growth, degrees of openness and inflation rate, while the variables which had low synchronicity were the change of local currency per USD and real interest rates. When considering each country, it was found that Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Japan were countries having synchronicity of economic variables. However, the
Philippines had low synchronicity. In addition, ASEAN and ASEAN plus Japan had similar synchronicity of macroeconomic variables. Therefore, ASEAN should place a high level of importance on the unity of country members, and have a mutual economic management mechanism in order to develop an economic integration as a common currency area in the future.


Pseudomonas aeruginosa assembles several cell surface-associated organelles, including those of the chaperone usher (CU) pathway. Five different CU loci have been identified and characterized in various strains of P.aeruginosa. However, their potential functional redundancy, particularly in biofilm formation, is supported by the control of their expression by a complex and specific regulatory network. Here, we review recent findings relating to this network. The control exerted by this network involves transcriptional repressors and activators, a phase-variable mechanism, a second intracellular messenger (c-di-GMP) and chemosensory and two-component systems.


made the explicit link to violence in Sinai and Mursi's removal in July 2013. In a broader sense, the inconsistency in the analysis also fed into this sense of imbalance. For example, when dealing with the military interference and support for the Tamarrod movement (page 111), Ketchley does not credit the Muslim Brotherhood with the same element of interference when dealing with protestors being ferried into Raba'a later on page 132, or indeed the Muslim Brotherhood's financial backing of protestors on page 138. Similarly, on the one hand, Ketchley implies that street protestors had a significant and legitimate hand in unseating the Mubarak Administration in the run-up to the 25 January Revolution, but then reverses his position in asserting that protestors were 'intervening into the formal transitional process' after 25 January, on page 89. The result was, unfortunately, a somewhat unbalanced argument. That being said, it is important to stress that Ketchley's work is a welcome addition to the literature on the matter. The careful and enhancing use of footnotes in particular also evidenced elements of rigorous analysis conveyed in the book. Indeed, the sophisticated manner in which Ketchley deploys an approach and narrative that grips the reader emboldens this point and makes Egypt in a Time of Revolution an enjoyable and valid read.


The home range of the endangered Ethiopian endemic hartebeest, Swayne\'s hartebeest, Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei , was studied in Senkele Swayne\'s Hartebeest Sanctuary (SSHS). The size of the sanctuary has been diminishing since 1974, resulting in the shrinking of the area available for the hartebeests. Even in the current available habitat, the animals still preserved their behaviour of ranging in wider area during the wet season and smaller area during the dry season. However, when the human settlers migrate from the sanctuary and the bordering area during the dry season, the hartebeests occupy a range which is larger than their wet season range in the sanctuary. As their dry season home range increased in absence of the settlers, their movement was observed to have increased becoming equivalent to that of the wet season. Key words/phrases : Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei , home range, human interference, movement, Senkele Swayne\'s Hartebeest Sanctuary SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science Vol. 27 (2) 2004: 121–126


Objective: Make the follow-up appointments of posterior lumbar interbody fusion with pedicle screw system fixation.Compare and analyze the clinical result of lumbar instability with posterior lumbar interbody impaction grafting fusion,peek implanted bone fusion and pedicle screw system.Methods: From January 2010 to December 2012,36 patients with lumbar instability were treated with posterior lumbar interbody fusion,including 20 males and 16 females.The ages were from 38 to 79 with an average of 54.2 years old.They were divided into two groups randomly: group A and group B.Before and after the operation,the appointments of the two groups are scored according to the Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA).The recovery rate,disc space height,bone fusion rate,vertebral activity,vertebral sagittal plane displacement are compared.Results: ①Before and after the operation,the differences in the recovery rate,vertebral activity rate and vertebral sagittal plane displacement were significant(P0.01).But the differences between the two groups showed no statistical significance(P0.05).②The differences between the two groups of postoperative implanted bone fusion rate showed no statistical significance(P0.05).③The comparisons before and after the surgery of the two groups,and between the two groups in the intervertebral space height were significantly different(P0.01): the preoperative disc height of peek group changed from(5.79 ± 1.48) mm to a postoperative follow-up(11.18 ± 0.78) mm;the preoperative disc height of bone grafting group changed from(5.84 ± 1.54) mm to a postoperative follow-up(9.90 ± 0.88) mm.The bone grafting group loses more than the other.Conclusion: The two methods were effective in the treatment of lumbar instability.The comparison in clinical recovery rate,vertebral sagittal plane displacement,vertebral activity and vertebral fusion rate showed no statistical significance.The peek and autogenous bone can be used as the implanted bone material for lumbar instability interbody fusion.The peek helps better restore disc height after the surgery,but the cost is expensive.The autogenous bone loses more disc height without immune rejection and it is cheap.No matter which one we choose,autogenous bone or the peek,we should improve implanted bone quantity and select the appropriate internal fixation.


In one embodiment, a region of interest indictor is positioned over a first portion of an ultrasound image, and the first portion and at least some other portion of the ultrasound image are saved in a post-scan-converted format. The stored ultrasound image is played, and a region of interest indicator is positioned over a second portion of the played ultrasound image. In another embodiment, an ultrasound image is stored in a post-scan-converted format. The ultrasound image is played, and a region of interest indicator is positioned over a portion of the ultrasound image. In yet another embodiment, a user requests storage of a multi-frame ultrasound image for a first length of time. The ultrasound system instead stores the multi-frame ultrasound image for a second length of time, which is longer than the first length of time.


A mental model approach is developed to map systematically an organisation's R&D project-selection decision process from the cognitive beliefs of its key decision-makers. Respondents' revealed decision-criteria maps are judged against a normative project-selection model to reveal systematic departures from rational choice. The methodology is demonstrated within an industrial R&D organisation of a large production company. The results highlight the value of the mental model approach applied to R&D decision-making. Application of the methodology may prove useful to managers and policy-makers by providing insightful information about an industry's R&D selection process.


The article is devoted to the theoretical interpretation of the concept of "tension" as a necessary prerequisite for its operationalization and transformation into a tool for applied comparative analysis. The increase of tensions in different regions and types of government, within and between countries is a refl ection of the profound changes that the modern world is undergoing. At the same time, the number of attempts at serious scientifi c understanding and conceptualization, as well as operationalization and measurement, remains extremely limited. The fi rst part of the article presents a brief review of previous studies on the phenomenon of "tension" in the context of world politics and international relations. The second part is devoted to a conceptual analysis of the phenomenon of "tension" as a special dynamic state that is present not only in competition (war) relations, but also in cooperation (peace) relations, and which, therefore, is a more common type of interstate interactions.


The paper reports a finite element (FE) study of the "popcorn" effect of a plastic Thin Quad Flat Pack (T-QFP) 176 package, based upon experimental investigations. Delamination of the die-pad/adhesive interface and subsequent occurrence of a kink crack at the lower die-pad edge is shown to be the typical kind of popcorning failure for the thin package after level 1 preconditioning. The elastic stiffness as well as fracture toughness of low-stress molding compounds are shortly characterized in dependence on temperature. Moisture, heat, and vapor pressure induced stresses are calculated by FE-analysis for the uncracked package. The initially delaminated package is studied by means of linear elastic fracture mechanics. Low critical vapor pressure but a sharp pressure induced increase of the vapor volume is observed for different package design. No significant influence of the die size, varied by about 20%, on the package stress could be detected.


In recent years,the agricultural nonpoint pollution has threatened the water quality protection of headwater area in reservoir.To prevent the environmental pollution,protect the water quality of the ground water body,and to exert enough the productive potentialities of resources,it is important to control nonpoint pollution in the protection zone of headwater area of a reservoir at present.Pretank technology is one of the effective ways to prevent the nonpoint pollution in headwater area of reservoirs because it has such advantages as low expenses,suitable for many kinds of conditions.According to the special geographical characters and some characters of the nonpoint pollution in headwater area of reservoirs,this paper explains the composition of pretank and its water quality purification mechanism,proposes the capacity of a reservoir and site selection for pretank,and analyses detailedly pretank ecosystem and aquatic biological construction.Furthermore,this paper put forward the limitation of pretank in the course of usge.Owing to pretank technology which can reduce pollution load organically outside reservoir,especially the nitrogen,phosphorus in the stream that flows into reservoirs,this technology has extensive potential application prospects.


The effects, on levelling, of variations in agitation, pH and temperature are shown to be in accord with a hypothesis of levelling action put forward earlier. Measurements of levelling power on mic...


ON ULITHI, a Micronesian atoll in the Carolinian archipelago, mythology has always exercised an obvious part in maintaining rituals and supporting traditional values.1 It has "explained" the locus of supernatural power and provided a basis for tapping such power. Moreover, it has justified the political order by giving it a sacred rationale expressed in dramatic actions associated with gods, tricksters, and ancestral ghosts. In the economic and technological spheres it has explained the origin of various taboos.


In the literature on idioms, conjunction modification is understood as involving a modifier that does not lexically belong to the idiom at hand, modifying the literal meaning of a noun in that idiomwhile the idiomatic meaning of the expression as a whole is preserved. The construction relies on the hearer perceiving the idiomatic meaning of the whole and the literal meaning of a part of it simultaneously and in conjunction. We investigate instances of naturally occurring examples of four semantically non-decomposable verb-phrase idioms (two English, two German) whose complements contain such a modifier. We examine the possible interpretations and the contextual conditions of these idiom-modifier combinations. They are particularly interesting instances of one-to-many relations between form and meaning.


Objective To investigate the effect of Endoscopic Papillary Balloon Dilation for treatment of choledocholithiasis clinical therapeutic effect.Methods Selected 104 cases choledocholithiasis patients in our hospital from 2009 to 2010 as the study objects,divided them into treatment group and control group,patients in the control group were given conventional surgical laparotomy operation treatment,the treatment group were treated by endoscopic papillary balloon dilation operation for treatment,two groups were observed in patients with operation success rate and patients with complications after operation.Results The treatment group with two patients with stones 2 cm,surgical laparotomy for treatment,the control group patients take stone of the success rate was 100%,97.8% in the treatment group.But the treatment group of patients with complications were much lower than in the control group patients.Conclusion Endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation is a safe,high reliability,less of the bile duct sphincter without contraindications,treatment of the injury of small common bile duct calculus,but also needs further research and observation.


Reactive oxygen species have been strongly associated with various cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis and hypertension. It remains unresolved whether the compromised antioxidant status develops before the elevation in blood pressure or develops as a consequence of it. This study was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant status in both weanling and adult Dahl salt sensitive (DSS) rats and to monitor the progression of hypertension over a six week period. This animal model is ideal since they display hypertension and atherosclerotic changes in early life; so the role of free radicals in both these processes could be determined. The antioxidant status of the red blood plasma cells (RBC), and cardiac tissue was evaluated on the basis of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels. The levels of malonyldialdehyde, a biomarker for lipid peroxidation, was also determined after subjecting RBC to forced peroxidation. In addition isolated myocytes were subjected to chemical hypoxia using hydrogen peroxide. The results have shown that weanling DSS rats which are normotensive have a compromised antioxidant status compared to their respective controls, the Dahl salt resistant strain. Both SOD and GPx levels were significantly lower in the RBC of DSS weanling rats compared to DSR animals. This indicates that the compromised antioxidant status precedes the elevation in blood pressure in DSS weanlings.


A new strategy for the determination of force parameters is presented. The equilibrium values appearing in the force field equations representing the "stretching" and "bending" of bonds are directly determined from quantum mechanical calculations without geometrical restrictions. The determination of the force parameters is carried out by means of a rigorous fitting between the quantum mechanic and the molecular mechanical energy variations arising from the perturbation of the geometric variables. The strategy presented here has been incorporated into a computer program named PAPQMD, which was developed in order to provide nonquantum mechanical experts with a powerful tool for the determination of approximate force parameters. The program was developed upon the assumption that force parameters are not universal, but they strongly depend on the molecular environment. This implies that the parametrization procedure should be done in a molecular model close to the molecule or molecules to be studied by means of molecular mechanical or dynamic methods, and consequently, it is no longer supposed that the variation of one geometrical parameter does not affect the rest of the molecular geometry. PAPQMD performs the fitting between molecular mechanics and quantum mechanical energies considering all the perturbations that the modification in one geometric variable causes in all the others, enabling the parametrization even of large molecules. The ability of our method to reproduce experimentally derived force parameters is discussed and compared with the widely used Hopfinger's strategy. The study of the behavior of PAPQMD and Hopfinger's strategies for reproducing the force parameters of two complex molecules demonstrates the superiority of the methodology presented here.


Background and Purpose: Patients with spine-related injuries usually cause muscle guarding or increased muscle tone on extremities. Nerve mobilization can reduce tension and increase mobility. Functional training after nerve mobilization can promote the available range of functional movement. The purpose was to investigate the effect of combined functional training and nerve mobilization on mobility in a patient with L2 burst fracture. Methods: This is a 71-year-old man, who had thoracolumbar (T11-L2) spinal injury with paraplegia post operation. He had a falling accident from a ladder during working. Impression was burst fracture L2 with stenosis, posterior lumbar interbody fusion with Transpedicle Screws at T10-T12, and L1-L3, verteboplasty with spinejack and failed surgery syndrome. Posterior laminectomy decompression of L1-L2 was intervened one month after the first operation. Two months after second operation, he could walk for 60 meters with walker under contact guarding and sit to stand with moderate assistance. It is also difficult to maintain static standing balance independently. The goal of functional training was to enhance independent walking by functional training and nerve mobilization on lower extremities. Functional training of assisted sit-to-stand, stand-to- squat, quadruped rock back, quadruped assisted hip extension, quadruped horizontal hip abduction, standing balance with one leg on the step, and standing balance with one leg heel raising on the step were included in his physical therapy programs for total of 15 minutes per day. Nerve mobilization performing by straight leg raising (SLR) in supine and knee bending in side-lying positions was also applied for 20 times on both legs per day. Both of functional training and nerve mobilization programs were continued for 18 days. Results: Degrees of passive and active SLR were about 30 and 15 degrees respectively for both legs before treatment. After treatment, the degrees of passive and active SLR were changed to 50 and 30 degrees. Moreover, the patient also could stand independently and step forward without walker. Conclusion: Combination of functional training and nerve mobilization could increase the pain-free range of SLR in the case with spine vertebrae burst fracture. Clinical Relevance: Nerve mobilization followed by functional training seems to improve the neuromuscular control in a patient with paraplegia.


The collisional excitation transfer fine-structure mixing cross sections for nD states of Cs (n=11-13) are measured by the technique of selective two-photon excitation with pulses of radiation from a N2 laser-pumped dye laser and observation of collisionally induced fluorescence.


In contrast with template matching, section thinking remains similar and difference, which is adapted to complete matching image in static way. First, the section with a certain size is decided by means of some features on the image required matching. Second, the whole image is divided into many small section with same size, and the last, some feature values are found to distinguish these small sections for final matching. In the former license plate location algorithms, some articles proposed template matching method in the process of license plate location, but template matching method itself lies in the disadvantage over the calculation, which clearly and directly influence the location speed, and can't live up to real time requirement on the license plate recognition system. So the paper presented the idea, that is, section thinking was applied in car license plate rough location. The whole image was curved up some number of blocks with the same size, and then vertical texture features were enhanced by means of the difference in the horizontal direction, and finally in the way of seeking the maximum among difference accumulating values in the blocks, approximate region of license plate was found. The results show that the method can effectively improve location speed, at the same time, the rough location results are the better base of the next step, exact location.


In our statistical research we have proposed to make an assessment of the satisfaction of the population from the time of accession to the European Union. We mention that we considered five target groups, namely: students from West University of Timisoara; students from the University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara; resident doctors; top management and employees from companies in the western area of the country. Consequently, an interpretation of the conclusions of our research at national level should be made with caution. As regards the integration and future of Europe, there is a diversity of opinions. Some insist on promoting unity in diversity, contending that "the European community cannot be conceived beyond strict objectives, the realization of which is the very reason of being its existence" (Manolache, 1995). There are two extremes: (a) The Union is a federation of nation-states, and therefore the construction cannot overlap with a federal ideal (Kahn, 2008); (b) federalization is the Union's perspective because "federalism now seems the only form of social organization that can guarantee the preservation of national and regional identity in harmony with the requirements of independence and globalization" (Sidjanski, 2010). We note that some consider federalism to be an idealistic goal (Kahn, Rosamond), others consider federalism to be a necessity (Sidjanski), and others appreciate that "federalism represents the philosophy, functionalism is the stage method" (Ion, 2013). There are opinions that proclaim the end of the West and of United Europe. "The European Union is a grandiose and debilitating project at the same time. Compared to well-defined national identities, European identity is very diffuse "(Boia, 2013). As far as we are concerned, we believe that the European Union's integration process must continue, an opinion stemming from our previous research (Duțǎ, 2017). Starting from the hypothesis that the population's perception of European integration is a signal that the theoretical assumptions cannot discard, we have proposed a statistical survey on five target groups in the western area, limiting only one criterion, the satisfaction of integration. The methodology used was presented in our paper "The European Index. Statistical survey on five target groups"(Duțǎ, 2017).


Conventional and inverted thin CdS/CdTe-based solar cells are fabricated using thermal deposition techniques, and their performance under an external electric field is investigated. Results show that both positive and negative electric fields can change the performance of the developed solar cells and that the latter recover to their initial state after switching the external electric field off. Heat treatment experiments confirm the negligible impact of the temperature on the solar cell performance. Transient photocurrent experiments show that the carrier transfer efficiency is modulated directly by an external electric field. By taking into account the CdS nanodipole, the effect of an external electric field on the solar cell performance can be well explained. The results presented in this paper open the way toward the realization of solar cells through carrier separation by an electric field provided by the CdS nanodipoles rather than the solar cell junction.


With the coming era of knowledge economy, it is difficult for many of clinical medical students who were cultivated under the traditional medicine pattern to be fit for the need of development of modern medicine and medical service. Therefore it is necessary to strengthen the medical students' entirely quality education, which is mainly involved in professional virtue, all-round medical skills, humanistic culture, creativity and attitude to seek truth from facts, just in order to keep up with the development of medical talented men.


Abstract Keep Law Alive, the latest book by law and literature scholar James Boyd White, is an important apologia for the traditional understanding and practice of law in the United States. Law, White argues, has served as a language in a sense closely parallel to what we mean by referring to English or Spanish as a language: law provides those fluent in it with the tools to describe the social world and to imagine its transformation, but without scripting what the speaker must say. White also envisions law as an art that evokes imagination, emotion and personal judgment, as well as the mind, and that is fundamentally oriented toward the realization of justice. Intellectual, social and political changes, however, threaten to displace law as a language and art with a view of law as an essentially empty rhetoric that cloaks the use of abstract and impersonal reasoning often borrowed from other disciplines. The survival of law depends on the willingness of those who speak it to continue its practice as an art that serves a humane vision of political life.


Title: The Effectiveness of Focused Direct Written Corrective Feedback and Metalinguistic Explanations on the Use of English Articles by Vocational Training Students (Part II). Abstract The second part of this paper presents an empirical study in which the effects of Direct Written Corrective Feedback and Metalinguistic Explanations are compared, as measured by a Task Repetition test and an Error Correction Test, in order to test the participants' use of the English article. The results reveal the usefulness of both types of feedback, with an advantage for Metalinguistic Explanations. These results are reported and discussed, and pedagogical implications are suggested.


A comparion of three soil types: red soil,calcareous soil,calcium soil in the hills area in south of Hunan province was used to determine effect on quality and yield.The investigation and systematic analyses of the Eriobotrya japonica fine varieties high-yield culture technology was carried out in an experimental forest and an example forest.The high-quality high-yield high-effect culture technology system in three soils above pointed out that ground preparation,applied fertilizer rationally,fruit bagging,fruit bagging,stressing the pruned fruit tree and the prevention and cure of plant diseases and insect pests in summer effect quality and yield.


BACKGROUND: FMRI maps commonly show multiple areas of false positive activity. We aimed to identify areas of true fMRI activation by using complex MRI texture analysis (TA) of raw EPI data, thus enhancing the identification of true activity. METHODS: 12 right handed healthy volunteers were recruited (IRB approved). All scans were performed on a 3.0T GE MR scanner. FMRI consisted of a high resolution 3D T1 weighted structural scan and a gradient echo EPI functional scan. FMRI data analysis was performed using SPM8 software for a sentence completion block design task. T map for each individual was displayed using xjview toolbox and thresholded individually to optimize visualization of language area. Each activity cluster was selected and saved. Board-certified neuroradiologists and neuroscientists classified different clusters into two separate groups Expected (E) and Non Expected (NE) based on their anatomical locations. TA was performed using the mean EPI volume for each individual, and 20 invariant texture features were obtained. Efficacy of TA in fMRI was assessed by decision tree and validated using a 4 fold cross validation. RESULTS: fMRI areas of activity in individual scans were identified based on their texture features with 95.3% accuracy, sensitivity 95.3% and specificity 95.3%. Sum of Variance, Cluster shade, sum of average and information measure of correlation were the most important texture features. These features had higher texture values in the NE ROIs indicating more homogeneous areas. Texture features were able to significantly differentiate areas of true versus false activity. CONCLUSIONS: Extracted features indicated that true activity has more heterogeneous texture compared to non-expected activity Quantitative TA of functional MRI using texture feature can enhance the accuracy and sensitivity of the test to true activity and help eliminate false activation


We provide an explicit formula for the Levi-Civita connection and Riemannian Hessian when the {\it tangent space} at each point of a Riemannian manifold is embedded in an inner product space with a non-constant metric. Together with a classical formula for projection, this allows us to evaluate Riemannian gradient and Hessian for several families of metric extending existing ones on classical manifolds: a family of metrics on Stiefel manifolds connecting both the constant and canonical ambient metrics with closed-form geodesics; a family of quotient metrics on a manifold of positive-semidefinite matrices of fixed rank, considered as a quotient of a product of Stiefel and positive-definite matrix manifold with affine-invariant metrics; a large family of new metrics on flag manifolds. We show in many instances, this method allows us to apply symbolic calculus to derive formulas for the Riemannian gradient and Hessian. The method greatly extends the list of potential metrics that could be used in manifold optimization and machine learning.


In this paper, a new method to impose 2‐D solid wall boundary conditions in smoothed particle hydrodynamics is presented. The wall is discretised by means of a set of virtual particles and is simulated by a local point symmetry approach. The extension of a previously published modified virtual boundary particle (MVBP) method guarantees that arbitrarily complex domains can be readily discretised guaranteeing approximate zeroth and first‐order consistency. To achieve this, three important new modifications are introduced: (i) the complete support is ensured not only for particles within one smoothing length distance, h, from the boundary but also for particles located at a distance greater than h but still within the support of the kernel; (ii) for a non‐uniform fluid particle distribution, the fictitious particles are generated with a uniform stencil (unlike the previous algorithms) that can maintain a uniform shear stress on a particle‐moving parallel to the wall in a steady flow; and (iii) the particle properties (density, mass and velocity) are defined using a local point of symmetry to satisfy the hydrostatic conditions and the Cauchy boundary condition for pressure. The extended MVBP model is demonstrated for cases including hydrostatic conditions for still water in a tank with a wedge and for curved boundaries, where significant improved behaviour is obtained in comparison with the conventional boundary techniques. Finally, the capability of the numerical scheme to simulate a dam break simulation is also shown. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Bees respond to gravitational and centrifugal stimulation by characteristic movements and postures of their antennae. Depending upon the direction of motion in relation to the bee's body, one or both antennae point against the direction of movement. Together with the antennal postures, definite postures of the abdomen can be observed. Free running bees also exhibit postural responses of the antennae which are correlated with the direction of progression under the influence of centrifugal force. Removal of the antennae does not eliminate postural responses of the body. In several other insects similar postural responses can be observed, while in certain forms they do not appear.


The push to sequence the entire human genome is gearing up [1]. Recently there has been disagreement within the genome community as to the best approach for sequencing the human genome. While many scientists believe that clone mapping is the best solution, others argue that whole genome shotgun sequencing is a cheaper and faster alternative. Arguments for [2] and against [3] whole genome shotgun sequencing have been printed. The purpose of this paper is not to reargue the merits of whole genome shotgun sequencing, but to outline an algorithm for such sequencing and, through simulated test cases, to demonstrate its practicality. For our algorithms we assume a large database of randomly selected human DNA fragments is availible. These fragments are dual end sequenced and fall into one of two classes. Short fragments are size selected so the sequenced ends overlap. Thus the sequence of the entire fragment (around 0.4-1.2 kb) is known. Long fragments are 5-20 kb long and sequencing both ends results in two sequences (reads) whose relative orientation and approximate spacing is known. For most of our trials we assume the number of basepairs sequenced results in a 10-fold coverage of the genome. The goal of whole genome shotgun sequencing is to reconstruct the genome from this database of fragments. Random sampling will result in portions of the genome being uncovered by reads in the database. These uncovered pieces are called gaps and they make the goal of reconstructing the entire genome from the database impossible. Instead we try to reconstruct the represented portion of the genome by forming contigs. A contig is a set of overlapping reads. Inclusion of opposite ends of a long fragment in different contigs gives an ordering of those contigs. A set of such ordered contigs is often called a scaffold, though in this paper it will usually be refered to as a walk. So our revised goal is to find a walk which spans the genome and in which the contigs are as large as possible. We have some additional information about the genome in the form of sequene tagged sites (STSs). An STS is a small sequence (around 300 bps) of the genome which is unique. The order of these STS markers is known (with some errors) as is the approximate distance between them. Due to significant progress in this field [5] [4] it is not unreasonable to assume that such markers will cover the genome and are spaced every 100-200 Kbps. Thus reconstructing the genome breaks down to the problem of reconstucting the stretches of the genome between STS markers. This will sometimes be refered to as the inter-marker assembly problem. Our algorithms will focus on this subproblem. One algorithm will attempt to form a walk connecting the STS markers to verify their adjacency. The other will try to reconstruct as much of the genome between the markers as possible. There are a few obstacles our algorithms must deal with. One is repeats, which will erroneously make reads which come from different parts of the genome appear to overlap. Repeats are sequences that, up to some variation, are repeated along the genome. Some, such as Alu's, are relatively short (approximately 300bp) and occuring frequently. Others may be long (up to 10 kbp) and with only 2-5 occurances. Since so little of the genome has actually been sequenced the nature of the repeats is yet unknown. Therefore our algorithms should be prepared to handle a variety of repeat types. Another problem is that sometimes the reads are reported to be opposite ends of a long fragment when they are not. The algorithm should try to ensure that such erroneous information is not used in ordering the contigs.


In the ebXML specifications released recently, collaboration-protocol profile and agreement specification plays the key role on the whole architecture. It is the current focus that how to write party's CPP documents. Through analysis on the format of CPP document, the paper proposes a concept of CPP document framework template. Meanwhile, using DOM technology, the tool to implement the concept is developed. Using the tool and template, each party could create or update CPP document more easily.


At early stages the dynamics of cosmic string networks is expected to be influenced by an excessive production of small loops at the scales of initial conditions l{sub min}. To understand the late time behavior we propose a very simple analytical model of strings with a nonscaling population of loops. The complicated nonlinear dynamics is described by only a single parameter N{approx}2/(1-C(l{sub min})) where C(l) is a correlation function of the string tangent vectors. The model predicts an appearance of two new length scales: the coherence length {xi}{approx}t/N{sup 2} and the cross-correlation length {chi}{approx}t/N. At the onset of evolution N{approx}10 and at late times N is expected to grow logarithmically due to cosmological stretching and emission of small loops. The very late time evolution might be modified further when the gravitational back-reaction scale grows larger than l{sub min}.


The education and training status of personnel in die and mould industry of China was described.Some existing problem was analyzed and corresponding suggestions were proposed.


Indigenous people throughout North America were dramatically affected by the invasion of European colonizers. Growing evidence suggests that, among many strategies for survival and perseverance, increased sedentism was common; it often resulted from either forced resettlement or attempts to access European resources. We present artifactual, paleoethnobotanical, and faunal findings from the yak tichu tichu yak tilhini northern Chumash village of Tstyiwi (CA-SLO-51/H) where a reasonably discrete postcontact component provides evidence for extreme resource intensification and year-round site use following contact. Although there is evidence for diachronic settlement shifts preceding arrival of the Spanish, the postcontact occupation at Tstyiwi contrasts significantly with 35 exclusively pre-invasion components in its seasonal profile, artifact diversity, density of plant remains, and abundance of fishing equipment and fish bone. High frequencies of the latter two features seem to reflect use of a resource that became the primary focus of subsistence for this coastal community as its inhabitants intensified their work effort to levels never before seen in attempts to avoid the Spanish whose presence had restricted their foraging radius.


INTRODUCTION AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The stereotype content model postulates that variations in our evaluation of others are largely explained on the basis of "the Big Two": our perceptions of warmth (intentions) and competence (realisation of intentions) (Fiske et al., 2002; Wojciszke et al., 1998). According to recent research, this also applies to a large extent to brands and organisations (Kervyn et al., 2012) because of our innate tendency to anthropomorphise (e.g., Aggarwal & McGill, 2007; Epley et al, 2007). Together warmth and competence predicts up to 82 percent how we assess brands (Malone & Fiske, 2013). Warmth and competence hereby supersede traditional constructs that are used to predict the brand preference of consumers, as well as brand attitudes and brand personality, where warmth in many cases is more important than competence (Bernritter et al., 2016; Wojciszke et al., 1998). Being able to forecast warmth and competence therefore holds a great promise for brands. It is nonetheless not known whether warmth and competence forecast different outcome variables in different ways (for example buying intentions and word-of mouth advertisement); and is it also not known whether the predictive power of warmth and competence differs per product category. Based on previous research on the social behaviour regarding brand recommendations (Bernritter et al., 2016), our hypotheses was that non-profit brands profit more from warmth and competence than commercial brands (Aaker et al., 2010).


The classical-field formalism has been widely applied in the calculation of normal correlation functions, and the characterization of condensation, in finite-temperature Bose gases. Here we discuss the extension of this method to the calculation of more general correlations, including the so-called anomalous correlations of the field, without recourse to symmetry-breaking assumptions. Our method is based on the introduction of U(1)-symmetric classical-field variables analogous to the modified quantum ladder operators of number-conserving approaches to the degenerate Bose gas, and allows us to rigorously quantify the anomalous and non-Gaussian character of the field fluctuations. We compare our results for anomalous correlation functions with the predictions of mean-field theories, and demonstrate that the nonlinear classical-field dynamics incorporate a full description of many-body processes which modify the effective mean-field potentials experienced by condensate and noncondensate atoms. We discuss the role of these processes in shaping the condensate mode, and thereby demonstrate the consistency of the Penrose-Onsager definition of the condensate orbital in the classical-field equilibrium. We consider the contribution of various noncondensate-field correlations to the overall suppression of density fluctuations and interactions in the field, and demonstrate the distinct roles of phase and density fluctuations in the transition of the field to the normal phase.


This paper proposes an image binarization method based on the human vision system. It firstly gets the image threshold value according to the Euclidean distance, then uses the standard deviation to determine the visual sensitivity coefficient of each pixel according to the human visual characteristic, finally performs image binarization according to the gray value, the image threshold and the visual sensitivity coefficient. This method can both effectively eliminate the ghosts, and keep the character stroke well. The experimental results show that this method is more effective than Ostu method and Bernsen method. It is superior to Ostu method and Bernsen method in the entropy. It also provides a new effective way for image binarization.


The problem of the influence of the Value-Based Marketing on the Polish TSL branch on Euromarkets competitiveness in transports, expedition and logistics is presented in this paper. The four main instruments of this activity have been mentioned.


Confucius and Aristotle had similar aesthetic ideal,i.e.HARMONY.Confucius advocated the neutralized aesthetic harmony while Aristotle declared the unified aesthetic harmony.The thesis compares their aesthetic theories in three ways from cross-culture viewpoint,unbosoming function of art,complement relationship between form and content and dialectical unity of beauty and virtue


Based on the ecological theories,combined with landscape,forestry,aesthetics and other disciplines principle,existing problems in urban forest park ecological construction were analyzed in detail,and several countermeasures were put forward,which aimed to solve the damaged vegetation restoration.These suggestions are beneficial for regulating and guiding urban forest park ecological construction,reducing vegetation degeneration of improper ecological construction or the possibility of reverse succession.


Lv Qian-heng,the grandson of the poet Wang Duo,who is Artist of calligraphy and painting in the end of Ming Dynasty.His idea of poetry succeeded to Wang Duo who brought the poetry of Ming Dynaty in order out of chaos.It is a profile of the poetry style evolution from Ming Dynasty to Qing Dynasty in study of the origin,development and variation of Lv Qian-heng's style.On the other hand,the former studies to Lv Qian-heng's poetry get quite diffenert conclusions.It is essential to sort out the Lv Qian-heng's poetics which is significant to the study of poetics in Qing Dynasty.


Present data do not rule out a light neutral Higgs particle with mass below 40-50 GeV in the framework of 2HDM with tan β ∼ 20-30. The promising possibility of searching for a light Higgs particle in such a scenario in photoproduc- tion at HERA collider is discussed. For the MSSM there is only a very small chance to observe the Higgs sector, and only for limited mass range ∼ 45-50 GeV and with large tan β.


MgAl_2O_4 films have been grown epitaxially on both Si(100) and MgO(100) by a novel single source metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process. A single molecular source reagent [magnesium dialuminum isopropoxide, MgAl_2(OC_3H_7)_8] having the desired Mg: Al ratio was dissolved in a liquid solution and flash-vaporized into the reactor. Both thermal and plasma-enhanced MOCVD were used to grow epitaxial MgAl_2O_4 thin films. The Mg: Al ratio in the deposited films was the same as that of the starting compound (Mg: Al = 1:2) over a wide range of deposition conditions. The deposition temperature required for the formation of crystalline spinel was found to be significantly reduced and crystallinity was much improved on Si by using a remote plasma-enhanced MOCVD process. The epitaxial nature of the MgAl_2O_4 films was established by x-ray pole figure analysis.


Tea seasonal customs in the literatures and the tea poems have a very wide folk phenomenon of the tea culture. They also include the knowledge of...


Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, microtomography and ultrasonic velocity measurements were used to characterize microstructures and anisotropy of three deeply buried Qusaiba shales from the Rub'al‐Khali basin, Saudi Arabia. Kaolinite, illite‐smectite, illite‐mica and chlorite show strong preferred orientation with (001) pole figure maxima perpendicular to the bedding plane ranging from 2.4–6.8 multiples of a random distribution (m.r.d.). Quartz, feldspars and pyrite crystals have a random orientation distribution. Elastic properties of the polyphase aggregate are calculated by averaging the single crystal elastic properties over the orientation distribution, assuming a nonporous material. The average calculated bulk P‐wave velocities are 6.2 km/s (maximum) and 5.5 km/s (minimum), resulting in a P‐wave anisotropy of 12%. The calculated velocities are compared with those determined from ultrasonic velocity measurements on a similar sample. In the ultrasonic experiment, which measures the effects of the shale matrix as well as the effects of porosity, velocities are smaller (P‐wave maximum 5.3 km/s and minimum 4.1 km/s). The difference between calculated and measured velocities is attributed to the effects of anisotropic pore structure and to microfractures present in the sample, which have not been taken into account in the matrix averaging.


We propose a series of work areas related to program veri cation, type theory and functional programming. The areas presented are: the implementation of an environment for carrying out constructions in type theory, the systematic development of programming in type theory as a formal discipline and the formalization in type theory of the theory of functional programming languages. We also give a succinct introduction to a theory of speci cations and programs in which programs and their correctness proofs are separated but still can be built up simultaneously; we propose the implementation of a programming system for this theory too. The group of people presenting this work proposal is de ned by their common interest to work together in at least one of the areas proposed. Most of them will be soon working in the Plata region of South America (Argentina and Uruguay), because they already reside there, or because they plan to do so in the near future. They also hope to be in strong connection with the sites of the working group types of the esprit action, specially those in France and Sweden.


An efficient, adaptive and intelligent transmission–reception system, which will take care of challenging fading multipath problems in real case scenario, is always needed in digital communications. This paper presents a novel, neural based method to improve performance of WLAN receiver in presence of nonlinear distortions introduced by high power amplifiers, Doppler effect, delay spread and many other fading multipath problems.


The management of "hypertrophied" or prominent lower eyelid orbiculis can be a challenge to the surgeon and has been historically managed with an open subcilliary orbicularis resection. However, the subcilliary approach has the drawbacks of visible incisions, alterations of subcilliary tissue support, and the lateral canthal considerations. We are suggesting two new approaches to prominent lower lid orbiculis using electrosurgery:


New ferrocenic 4-aminoquinoline urea compounds have been tested for inhibition of trypanothione reductase (TryR) and human glutathione reductase (GR). Several compounds were also tested in vitro against Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. All compounds showed significant improvement in inhibition of TryR relative to chloroquine with the best compound showing an IC50 value of 2.4μM (Chloroquine IC50 = 47.6 μM).


A pixel structure, pixels of the pixel array and a display panel, the pixel structure includes an active element, a first pixel electrode, the second pixel electrode and a wire. A first pixel electrode electrically connected to the active element. The second pixel electrode and the first pixel electrode is electrically insulated. Conductors positioned below the first pixel electrode and second pixel electrode, wherein the active element is connected electrically to the first pixel electrode via a wire, and the wires coupled to the second pixel electrode form a coupling capacitor (coupling capacitance). Thus, the same pixel structure may be such that during driving the pixel electrodes have two different voltages, thereby improving the color shift of the display panel side.


In this paper it is shown that the resistors in a rectangular network can be determined by measurements at the boundary of the voltages generated by imposed currents. An algorithm for using the boundary measurements to compute the resistances is also given.


This brief news article discusses the severe imbalance between births and deaths in Russia since 1990. In the first 6 months of 1996 there were twice as many deaths as births. In Moscow, between January and July 1996, there were 34,356 births and 66,586 deaths. The imbalance began in 1990, when the birth rate was 10.5/1000 and the death rate was 12.8/1000. By 1992 the gap widened to 7.7 births/1000 and 13.7 deaths/1000. The decline in population replacement is likely to affect care of and support for the elderly. Russia's elected council took action by changing the labor code to prohibit women from working in industries that are considered harmful to women's reproductive capability and health: heavy manual labor as builders, crane operators, and tunnel workers. A sociologist at Moscow State University posits that when people live with uncertainty and in poor conditions they stop having babies. Social science research affirms that post-communist instability and uncertainty about the future are deterrents to young couples having children. Russia is following Europe's demographic patterns, but has the singular combination of a very low birth rate and a very high death rate.


What ever happened to strychnine and brandy as a beneficial health tonic? I only ask because it seems to have gone out of favour of late.

Perhaps the most famous use of this cocktail occurred just over 100 years ago. In the 1904 Olympic Marathon, 31 runners lined up at the start in temperatures above 32 degrees Celsius. Some of the runners were veterans of previous marathons but a number of runners had never competed in distance races. The Greek team apparently could not afford to bring any marathon runners to the Olympics and therefore managed to persuade nine Greek emigrants living locally to enter the race despite the fact …


This paper presents an analysis of handover process and its effect on the traffic performance in global mobile personal communications by satellite (GMPCS) systems. With the nongeostationary satellite used for the system, the handover scheme needs to be applied to make calls completed without any interruption. An analytical model is developed for the analysis of the handover process. We derive the mean number of handovers and handover delay with various satellite antenna patterns and different settings of handover parameter. A suitable traffic model of the whole system is also derived after due considerations of the handover process. The system performance measures include new call blocking probability, call dropping probability, and mean number of handovers per call. A computer simulation is developed and used. We also analyze the system performance with a number of handover priority schemes applied. Based on the study results, the handover parameters are selected to maximize the traffic performance. It is shown that we can improve the overall traffic performance of GMPCS system by setting handover parameters properly and using the handover priority scheme.


The promotion of Ag-ZSM-5 by cerium for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with methane in the presence of an excess of oxygen was studied in this work. Ce-Ag-ZSM-5 catalyzes the CH{sub 4}-SCR of NO{sub x} over the temperature range of 450--600 C. Rate measurements of NO reduction to N{sub 2} under SCR conditions and of the competing CH{sub 4} oxidation by O{sub 2} (CH{sub 4} combustion) show that incorporation of a small amount (1--1.5 wt%) of cerium into Ag-ZSM-5 enhances the activity and selectivity of the latter for the SCR reaction. Catalysts with low Ag exchange levels (<50%) were found to be more selective than those with high Ag loading, the latter being more active for CH{sub 4} combustion. To examine the role of silver and cerium in the Ce-Ag-ZSM-5 system, the kinetics of the SCR reaction were complemented by studies of NO oxidation to NO{sub 2}, SCR of NO{sub 2} by CH{sub 4}, and CH{sub 4} combustion as well as catalyst characterization by STEM/EDS, HRTEM/EDS, XPS, and UV-VIS DRS techniques. Silver existed mainly as dispersed Ag{sup +} ions in low Ag-content (Ag/Al < 0.5--0.6) Ce-Ag-ZSM-5 samples, while nanoparticles of silver of {approximately}10 nm size were also foundmore » on the surface of high Ag-content samples. The dispersed Ag{sup +} state was more active for the SCR reaction, while silver particles more effectively catalyzed the methane combustion reaction. Cerium was present in both the 3+ and 4+ oxidation states. The major functions of cerium suggested by the data presented in this paper are to catalyze the oxidation of NO to NO{sub 2}, suppress the CH{sub 4} combustion, and stabilize silver in dispersed Ag{sup +} state.« less


Multi-chambered containers having individually arranged chambers and methods of using same are provided. In a general embodiment, the present disclosure provides a multi-chambered container (10) including a first chamber (30), a second chamber (40), and a third chamber (50). A first peelable seal (32) separates the first and third chambers. The first peelable seal is independently openable by selective application of external pressure to the first chamber. A second peelable seal separates the second and third chambers. The second peelable seal (42) is independently openable by selective application of external pressure to the second chamber. The first chamber is separated from the second chamber by a permanent seal (52) defining a transverse opening (54).


IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) is a soluble and specific inhibitor of IL-22, a cytokine with known protective actions on intestinal epithelial cells during inflammation. Although eosinophils and mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) were shown to be the producers of IL-22BP in the intestine lamina propria (LP), it has recently been proposed that CD4+ T cells represent an additional source of IL-22BP in the gut during Crohn's disease (CD). In this study we sought to confirm these findings and to assess IL-22BP secretion levels.We investigated IL-22BP cellular sources in CD gut samples using qPCR and ELISA on FACS-sorted LP and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) cell subsets. We also evaluated IL-22BP levels in ex-vivo culture of intestinal biopsies.MNP (HLA DR+ CD11c+ cells) and eosinophils isolated from LP CD tissues expressed IL22RA2, while the expression measured in the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells fractions was undetectable or 100-1000 times lower than in MNP. In MLN, IL22RA2 expression in T cells was either undetectable of 1000-fold lower than in MNPs without differences between naïve and non-naive subsets. IL22RA2 expression was undetectable after ex vivo activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from LP or MLNs and IL-22BP was not detected in their supernatant, either activated or not. LP eosinophils appeared capable of secreting IL-22BP but not DCs likely due to in vitro activation as confirmed with monocyte-derived DCs. We also identified higher production of IL-22BP from ileum as compared to colon biopsies and demonstrated that IL-22BP levels correlated with those of eotaxins but not with TNF and IL-6. Finally, high ex vivo production of IL-22BP in mucosa biopsies from CD patients was only observed in smokers.We confirmed that eosinophils and MNPs are the major sources of IL-22BP in the gut during CD and found no clear evidence for IL-22BP expression by T cells. This work also provides new insights on factors regulating intestinal IL-22BP levels.


Most of the processes using wood fuels in gas turbine applications that are presently being studied are based on gasification of the wood fuel and operating the gas turbine with the product gas. An alternative is running the gas turbine with the hot gas from a wood combustor — the directly wood particle fired gas turbine. This technique offers the possibility to realise efficient and cost effective small scale power generation systems in the low power range (1–2 MWe). For realizing a directly wood particle fired gas turbine, the Institute of Thermal Turbomachines and Powerplants at the Vienna University of Technology developed a two stage combustor. Solid and liquid fuels require relatively long residence times and good mixing with the oxidant to be completely burned. This can be achieved in the primary stage designed as a cyclone combustor/gasifier. In the cyclone chamber, burning fuel particles are suspended, according to their size, caused by centrifugal and drag forces. This cyclone effect of the flow offers the possibility that big particles remain in the cyclone combustor until they have been completely burned. Using a two stage combustor, the combustion process can be divided into two zones: A primary zone for fuel-rich pyrolysed-gasified-combustion and a secondary zone where the gasification products from the primary zone are oxidized with excess air. Staged combustion has the potential to reduce NOx (NO, NO2 and N2 O), CO and total hydrocarbons Cn Hm concentrations in the exhaust. A large series of test runs was carried out with 3 different fuels, numerous fuel feed rates and equivalence ratios in the cyclone combustor resulting in stable operating conditions and almost total carbon burn-out. The main purpose of the test runs was to investigate the effect of air staging and temperature on the emissions of CO, Cn Hm and NOx .Copyright © 2002 by ASME


Abstract This grounded theory study utilized art therapy techniques to explore the experiences of 8 Latino families that had immigrated to the United States. Focus group facilitators invited the parents and adolescent children in the families to share their acculturation experiences verbally and in family drawings. Emergent themes from each of three focus groups were categorized and used to interpret the participants' drawings, creating consistencies between the sources of data. The results suggested that the fathers struggled with unexpressed anxieties and stressors, the mothers were concerned with holding the family together with traditional values that they feared losing, and the adolescents demonstrated strengths as bilingual, bicultural agents of acculturation for the entire family system. Art therapy can facilitate communication about the complex nature of acculturation and can be incorporated into research methods for understanding family drawings.


. Both extracts exhibited hemolytic activity on chicken erythrocytes at 6.99 HT/mg for methanolic and 8.64 HT/mg for aqueous extracts. On SDS-PAGE, the crude protein yielded eight bands in methanolic extract and five bands in aqueous extract, with molecular weight ranging from 14.4 to 116 kDa with three well defined bands of 19.5, 39.0, 66.2 kDa in both the extracts.


The media temperature field under laser irradiation is simulated by the finite element method.The enthalpy of the material is defined as the function of temperature to deal with the phase change in the process.When P=2 000 W,r_(0)=0.01 m or r_(0)=0.012 m,t=3 s,and h=0.06 m,these laser parameters and media thickness are used in the calculation.Effects of the thermal stress coupling and the heating process on the temperature distribution are discussed in detail.Results of the simulation show when r_0=0.01 m,the temperature of the thermal stress coupling is 10.54℃ higher than the heating process on the underside of media,and when r_0=0.012 m,it is 1.31℃ higher than the other.These results show that the higher of the laser power density,the more obvious effect for heat process of the thermal stress coupling.The calculation results indicate that the phase change needs some laser energies,the transient heat exchange continues when the laser irradiation stops,which is beneficial for the rise of the media temperature.


Characteristics of hydrolysis and acidification of 10 kinds of organic solid wastes were investigated.The pH values,COD,contents of volatile fatty acids(VFAs) of hydrolysate were analyzed.The results showed that the different organic waste had the different characteristics of hydrolysis and acidification,but there still exist some thing in common.In addition to cabbage residues,the VFAs were mainly composed of acetic acid in the hydrolysate of other 9 kind of solid waste.The propionic acid content was relatively higher in the hydrolysate of cabbage residues,chicken manure and the outer leaves of brassicaoleracea;the content of iso-butyric acid were high in hydrolysate of broccoli residue and watermelon pericarp;and propionic acid,butyric acid and pentanoic acid were little or not detected in the hydrolysate of other waste materials.Kitchen waste was the best in producing hydrolyzed acid,whose hydrolysate pH was as low as 3.64,and COD as high as 65992 mg·L-1,and the acetic acid was the dominant,which would not inhibit subsequent methanogenic process,and so most suitable as additives for hydrolysis phase of straw two-phase anaerobic fermentation.Comparing the different acidification characteristics of different materials,all tested 10 kinds of waste could be used as raw materials for biogas production,but acid suppression affecting gas production should be bewared of for kitchen waste,the outer leaves of brassicaoleracea and broccoli residues.


The 5 excellent articles in this section stand on their own as scientific contributions and together highlight important progress in schizophrenia research. The first 2 articles, by Caton and colleagues and by Mueser and colleagues, clarify unique features of 2 co-occurring disorders subgroups and may help us to understand the development and heterogeneity of co-occurrence in ways that lead to prevention and treatment. Caton documents that many individuals who appear to present with substance-induced psychosis also have some traditional risk factors for schizophrenia and are at high risk for psychosis 1 year later and for converting to a diagnosis of primary psychosis. Like the research of Caspi and colleagues, 1 her article suggests that genetic vulnerability can combine with substance use in important ways to increase the likelihood of primary psychosis. Mueser's article suggests that childhood conduct disorder may be a key to understanding some of the variance in the cooccurring disorders population. Consistent with earlier research, 2 his article suggests that conduct disorder and antisocial behaviors may be key vulnerability markers for substance-use disorder during the prepsychotic phase of schizophrenic illness. The next 2 articles, by Brunette and colleagues and by Petrakis and colleagues, describe pharmacologic research that may lead to clues regarding both the treatment and the neurobiology of co-occurring disorders. Brunette's article shows that medications may be critical in the relapse prevention stage of substance-abuse treatment and that clozapine continues to demonstrate unique properties among antipsychotic medications as a treatment for schizophrenia and co-occurring substance-use disorder. Petrakis' article, which describes one of the few randomized controlled trials to test medications for alcoholism, such as disulfiram and naltrexone, in patients with cooccurring disorders, suggests that these medications are probably effective for those with psychotic disorders. The final article by McHugo and colleagues reviews several methodological implications drawn from intervention research on co-occurrence over the past 20 years. McHugo's suggestions may help the field begin to standardize research approaches and develop more robust clinical trials, ones that are feasible and applicable to the large population of patients with co-occurring disorders. Considering these articles in relation to the larger field of co-occurring disorders invokes several scientific trends. Because animal and human studies expand, theories of co-occurrence will likely become more refined. It is now clear that patients with schizophrenia have heightened vulnerability to substance abuse before and after they become psychotic. 3 Both the genetic profiles and the neurocognitive features of patients with schizophrenia may lead to enhanced sensitivity to substances of abuse and almost certainly predispose them to high rates of substance-use disorder. This could imply converging neurobiological vulnerabilities (to schizophrenia and to substance abuse), perhaps within the brain reward circuit, consistent with a common mechanism for the dual effects of clozapine. 4,5 Prepsychotic neurocognitive