Social Contract Theory was Rousseau's great works that he left in the French Enlightement thinking.In the book,the theories about democracy,freedom,equality,sovereignty of the people and so on were raised,which promoted greatly social developmnet.However,because its ideal demonstration made the correctness of contrast theory thought and demonstration have many difficulties,they lack sufficient convincing.


In the course of the last two years the 130 MeV superconducting electron accelerator in its different states of construction has produced some 1500 hours of beamtime. Atomic and nuclear physics experiments provided very valuable information about the performance and reliability. Due to an improved field gradient of more than 6 MV/m in one accelerating cavity the injector energy was increased almost up to the design value of 10 MeV and an upper limit for the beam emittance with less than 0.2 7r -rnrn -rnrad could be achieved. Investigations for improving the cavity inspection facilities and extensive calculations that predict cavity field profiles and power distribu tions were made.


Many engineering academics interested in quality teaching and learning dabble with educational research. Some go further leaving their technical research field behind to embark head-long into what for many is an initially bewildering and conceptually challenging domain. Often peers perceive this transition as a crime (giving up on real engineering) liable to be punished with reduced access to funding and institutional recognition for one's research. The Australasian Association for Engineering Education (AAEE) has been sponsoring a Winter School in Engineering Education Research Methods since 2011, to help engineering academics change their transition story from one of crime and punishment to success and reward. While helpful, this transition is not a simple matter of learning new techniques but of altering one's perspective and habits of thinking and behaviour. Many participants find this both challenging and at least initially, a lonely pursuit. In this paper, participants in the 2018 school ask the question "what enables and hinders the transition to educational research".


Philosophers have wanted to work with conceptions of word-competence, or concept-possession, on which being a competent practitioner with a word amounts to being a competent judge of its uses by others. I argue that our implicit conception of competence with a word does not have this presupposition built into it. One implication of this is what I call "modesty" in interpretation: we allow for others, uses of words that we would not allow for ourselves. I develop this point by looking at Saul Kripke's discussion of some famous examples given by Benson Mates, concerning beliefs about beliefs. I defend Mates's point against Kripke's claim that an interpreter who is modest in my sense must be "conceptually confused."


Today Internet technology has become an essential
part of our life for education, entertainment, gaming, banking
and communication. In this modern digital era, it is very easy to
have any information by one click. But everything which has
pros and cons, as we have any information at our tips but
Internet is an attack platform also. When we use Internet to make
our work easy same time many attacker try to steal information
from our system. There are many means for attacking, malicious
URL one of them. When a user visits a website, which is
malicious then it triggers a malicious activity which is
predesigned. Hence, there are various approaches to find
dangerous URL on the Internet. In this paper, we are using
machine learning approach to detect malicious URLs. We used
ISCXURL2016 dataset and used J48, Random forest, Lazy
algorithm and Bayes net classifiers. As performance metrics, we
calculate accuracy, TPR, FPR, precision and recall.


I wish to add to the record two cases of flat sarcoma of the choroid. In 1904 Mr. Herbert Parsons* reported a case of ring sarcoma of the ciliary body and iris, and reviewed the literature of diffuse sarcoma of the uveal tract. He recorded 35 cases, including his own, but regarded two cases reported by Schiess in 1864 and 1865, and two reported by Hirschberg in 1869 and 1870, as probably inflammatory and not to be counted. In November of last year Drs. A. N. Alling and Arnold Knapp reported a case of ring sarcoma of the ciliary body, and reviewed the literature of that variety of the diffuse sarcomata. They refer to nine cases, including their own, four of which are described by Parsons, "in which a diffuse growth was present in the form of a complete ring, involving the ciliary body and apparently originating therein." In addition to the 40 cases referred to in these two papers, I find that Arnold Knapp reported a flat sarcoma of the choroid,t and Paul G. Woolley, a flat tumor of the ciliary body and choroidi in 1905; Mr. E. E. Hender-


Three sandstone blocks were sampled during dives along the southern slope of the Ivory Coast-Ghana continental margin and studied using fission tracks in apatite. Measurement demonstrates that samples were heated above 120 o C. This result agrees with the slight metamorphism observed along the margin. The ages of cooling recorded by the apatite crystals are 70 Ma eastward, 52 Ma in the middle part of the margin and 44 Ma westward. These preliminary results indicate probable denudation of the margin during Paleocene/Eocene times


PURPOSE: A method of calculating a prediction motion vector is provided to predict a prediction motion vector of a block to be coded using motion vector information of a neighboring block and improve coding efficiency. CONSTITUTION: Median operation is carried out using motion vectors of blocks surrounding a block to be coded, and a prediction motion vector of the block to be coded is calculated. When the surrounding blocks have motion vectors, directivity information of a reference picture to which each of the motion vector refers is obtained, and one of the motion vectors of the surrounding blocks is selected using the obtained directivity information. The median operation including the selected motion vector is performed to obtain the prediction motion vector of the block to be coded.


1 H.M. Proshansky, "The Development of Inter-group Attitudes," in L.W. Hoffman and M.L. Hoffman (eds.), Review of Child Development Research (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1966), pp. 311-371. 2 J.S. Coleman, et al., Equality of Educational Opportunity (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1966). 3 D.P. Ausubel and P. Ausubel, "Ego Development Among Segregated Negro Children," Mental Hygiene, 42 (1958), 362-369; K. B. Clark and M. P. Clark, "Emotional Factors in Racial Identification and Preference in Negro Children," Journal of Negro Education, 19 (1950), 341-350. ity development of Negro students has not been reported.


Abstract. During the austral summer 1997–98, within the framework of the activities of the Climatic Long-term Interaction for the Massbalance in Antarctica (CLIMA) Project of the Italian National Program for Antarctic Research (PNRA) in the Ross Sea, measurements were conducted to focus on the role of dissolved iron, copper and manganese as micronutrients, and on their distribution in suspended particulate matter in different water masses. Sampling was carried out in two selected shelf areas, both important for formation and mixing processes of the water bodies.

Metal data were evaluated together with physical measurements and classical chemical parameters such as oxygen and nutrients.

In both the studied areas, the distribution of dissolved metals along the waste column confirmed their micronutrient behaviour, showing depletion where phytoplanktonic activities occurred.

The trend of particulate metals underlined the scavenging phenomena along the water column and presented an interesting correlation at intermediate depths with the amount and origin of suspended matter.


To solve the problem that when the particle swarm optimization algorithm solved multimodal,it was easy to fall into local optimal,a new hybrid algorithm based on multi-swarm particle swarm optimization and artificial bee colony was proposed. The new algorithm used Multi-swarm particle swarm optimization,after each evolution,grouped the best particles in the sub-swarms into a bee group and used artificial bee colony algorithm to evolve it. After that,the best particle of the artificial bee co-lony algorithm were fed back to the particle swarm optimization,in order to improve the convergence speed of the algorithm. The simulation results of the problem in 10test functions showed that,compared with other improved PSO variants or artificial bee colony algorithm,the hybrid algorithm was better than other algorithms in 7 test functions including four single peak functions and three multimodal functions. It showed that the hybrid algorithm had good global search ability and faster convergence speed.


In view of hit probability calculation of irregular-shaped target,a new method based on the real target object photo was proposed for analyzing the effectiveness by using pixel simulation.The basic steps of the method was studied,and an example was taken to validate the proposed method in Matlab environment,and the simulation results verified the effectiveness and the feasibility of the proposed method.


We present a technique to stabilize in an atomic transition the chirping frequency of a narrow-band semiconductor diode laser. The technique is demonstrated to chirp-cool 85Rb atoms used for loading a magneto-optical trap. The stabilization process eliminates long-term fluctuations and drifts in the number of atoms caught in the trap. This is a simple, easy-to-implement, and robust method for wide range of laser cooling experiments employing frequency chirping.


Abstract Background The consequences of SARS-CoV2 reinfections for patients, healthcare workers and society are unclear. We reviewed the clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological characteristics of patients re-infected with genetically distinct strains of SARS-CoV2 identified by Whole Virus Genome Sequencing (WvGS). Methods Cases were selected based on a positive SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test, clinical resolution, a negative interim test and a subsequent positive nasopharyngeal swab. Positive samples were prepared for sequencing by cDNA synthesis, tiled-PCR following the ARTIC protocol and amplicon sequencing using Illumina MiSeq platform. Raw reads were mapped to the reference sequence using bowtie and Samtools was used for variants calling and to generate the consensus sequences. Comparative sequence analysis was conducted by phylogenetic inference maximum likelihood method with RAxML using the multiple sequence aligned by MAFFT. Clades and variants were assigned respectively using Nextstrain and Pangolin COVID-19 lineage assigner (Figure 1). The clinical, radiological and laboratory data were collected from patient medical notes and laboratory information system. Results Two cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection were detected by RT-PCR (patient 1 and 2). CT values and strain variants are presented in Table 1. The time between detection of the first and second infection was 67 and 270 days respectively. WvGS confirmed that the second episodes were due to a genetically distinct strain of SARS CoV2. These reflected the dominant contemporaneous variants in circulation. Both patients were immunocompromised from co-morbidities and medications. First and subsequent infections were minimally symptomatic. Both cases were associated with known hospital outbreaks. They passed away within 2 weeks of the second infection of unrelated causes. Conclusion Two patients in this study were diagnosed with a SARS-CoV-2 reinfection confirmed by WvGS. A common factor in these cases was immunocompromise. Where a previously infected patient test shows a new positive or an unexpected reduction in CT value is observed, we recommend individual risk assessment to determine the timing of discontinuation of isolation and infection control precautions. Disclosures Jérôme Fennell, MB BCh BAO MSc PhD FRCPath FRCPI, Roche Diagnostics (Advisor or Review Panel member)


CH 1.-- (103111) COURSE INTRODUCTION; SCIENTIFIC R...; CH 2.-- (110211) EARTH'S PLACE V.S. MEN'S PLACE; CH 3.-- (110411) EVOLUTION, ARTIFICIAL SELECTION; CH 4.-- (110711) DARWIN'S SEARCH FOR NATURAL SELEC...; CH 5.-- (110911) GENES:WHAT ARE THEY? WHERE ARE TH...; CH 6.-- (111111) CANCER & HIV/A.I.D.S.; CH 7.-- (111411) IMPAIRED FLUID FLOW IN HUMANS; CH 8.-- (111611) ORGANIC FARMING & FOODS, GENETIC ...; CH 9.-- (111811) STEM CELLS: SIMPLE BIOLOGY, MORAL...


This paper tries to compare the most representative tragedies of Shakespeare and Guan Hanqing and to find the differences in two aspects, namely, the images of the protagonists and the conflicts of the plots.


Objective To evaluate the surgical treatment of the acute posterolateral complex(PLC)injuries of knee joint and then observe the clinical outcome.Methods Twelve cases(12 knees)of acute PLC injuries were treated from May 2006 to October 2008.Patients' age ranged from 23 to 47 years old,average 31 years.There were 9 males and 3 females.Rebuild the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)and posterior cruciate ligament(PCL)under arthroscope and then,locally suture the PLC injuries sites on those patients with PLC avulsion fraction.If there is PLC rupture,then locally suture the injury sites plus PLC reconstruction.Knee functions were evaluated by IKDC and Lysholm score.Results All patients were followed up for 12-18 months(mean,13.3 months).The preoperative range of motion was 118.00°±6.77°,which was 130.75°±3.05° after surgery.KT-1000 arthrometer measurement showed that the average posterior translation improved from(14.85+1.83)mm preoperatively to(4.18±1.88)mm postoperatively.Seven cases were normal(A grade),3 cases were nearly normal(B grade),1 abnormal(C grade),and 1 severely abnormal(D grade)according to IKDC standard.The preoperative Lysholm joint function score was 35-44,average 38.83 ±3.16,which was 79-91,average 84.92±3.73 after surgery.Conclusion To those acute PLC injuries with avulsion at the ligament extremities,locally suture should be taken.But for those with PLC rupture at the mid part of ligament,locally suture the injury sites plus PLC reconstruction helps get satisfactory outcome.

Key words:
Knee joint;  Ligaments;  Soft tissue injuries


A recent study of an European consortium (TPZ, Carlo Gavazzi Space, Edisoft, Elman, ITS) led by Telespazio and co-financed by ESA has investigated about the possibility of receiving AIS signals (i.e., AIS transmissions of vessels equipped with regular AIS transponders) from space with an improved performance with respect to the current literature thanks to an optimized mission design and enhanced technical capabilities mainly in terms of antennas and signal processing. The performances is assessed by means of a dedicated end-to-end System Simulator developed during the project.


The Mayday Scholars Program for 2001-2002 provided an opportunity to boards of nursing to present their experiences in monitoring the prescribing practices of advanced practice nurses and to research ways for improving their own investigation processes as professional disciplinary agencies for prescribing practices related to pain management. The Alabama Board of Nursing was interested in participating in the program based on its commitment to accountability for public protection. A gradual increase in disciplinary cases involving violations of prescribing practices by certified registered nurse practitioners (CRNPs) prompted our inquiry as to whether a proactive monitoring system was needed to determine compliance with regulations for advanced practice nurses in collaborative practice. In this article, we discuss selected elements related to pain management and regulatory factors, including nursing, that affect the treatment of pain. We present a brief overview of the evolution of advanced practice nursing, with an emphasis on the nurse practitioners movement, and prescription practices and pain management by nurse practitioners.


High power spallation targets for neutron sources are being developed in the world. Mercury target will be installed at the material and life science facility in J-PARC, which will promote innovative science. The mercury target is subject to the pressure wave caused by the proton bombarding mercury. The pressure wave propagation induces the cavitation in mercury that imposes localized impact erosion damage on the target vessel. The impact erosion is a critical issue to decide the lifetime of the target. The electric Magnetic IMpact Testing Machine, MIMTM, was developed to produce the localized impact erosion damage and evaluate the damage formation. Acoustic vibration measurement was carried out to investigate the correlation between the erosion damage and the damage potential derived from acoustic vibration. It was confirmed that the damage potential related with acoustic vibration is useful to predict the damage due to the localized impact erosion and to diagnose the structural integrity.


The apparent indifference of some nurses towards caring for the elderly can be caused by an overwhelming frustration brought on by lack of knowledge of problem-solving techniques, and may be resolved through better education, say authors of a Canadian study.


Objective To determine whether interleukin 17 (IL 17) plays a role in the development of mouse lupus nephritis.Methods Urine albumin level was measured with radioimmunoassay (RIA),blood or urine IL 17 level was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),IL 17 protein expression level was checked with immunohistochemistry,and IL 17 mRNA expression level in the kidney was detected by reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) in lupus nephritis and control mice.Results Compared with control mice,blood IL 17 was not detected in lupus nephritis mice,but urine IL 17 level [(22±6) pg/ml vs (3 1±2 1) pg/ml],IL 17 + cell number of renal tissue [Ng:(25±8) cell/gcs vs 0;Nt:(23±8) cell/mm 2 vs 0],and IL 17 mRNA level of renal tissue (0 34±0 15 vs 0) in lupus nephritis mice were significantly higher respectively.IL 17 + cell number in kidney of lupus nephritis mice was positively correlated with urine IL 17 level and urine albumin level respectively.Conclusion IL 17 expression is markedly elevated and may play a great role in the development of the mouse lupus nephritis.


d‐aminoacyl residues have been detected in various animal peptides from several taxa, especially vertebrates and arthropods. This unusual polymorphism was shown to occur in isoforms of the crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone (CHH) of the American lobster because a d‐phenylalanyl residue was found in position 3 of the sequence (CHH and d‐Phe3 CHH). In the present study, we report the detailed strategy used to characterize, in the lobster neuroendocrine system, isomers of another member of the CHH family, vitellogenesis inhibiting hormone (VIH). We have demonstrated that the fourth residue is either an l‐ or a d‐ tryptophanyl residue (VIH and d‐Trp4 VIH). Furthermore, use of antisera specifically recognizing the epimers of CHH and VIH reveals that aminoacyl isomerization occurs in specialized cells of the X organ–sinus gland neurosecretory system and that the d‐forms of the two neuropeptides are not only present in the same cells, but, importantly, also are co‐packaged within the same secretory vesicles.


Prevention programmes often promote HIV testing as one possible strategy for combating the spread of the disease. The objectives of the present study were to examine levels of HIV testing practices in a large sample of Jamaicans and the relationships among HIV testing, sociodemographic variables and HIV‐related behaviours.


Abstract In this paper, we consider a nonlinear system of higher order three-point boundary value problems on time scales. The Schauder fixed point theorem is used to investigate the existence of solutions of nonlinear dynamic systems on time scales. Furthermore, we establish the criteria for the existence of at least one, two and three positive solutions for higher order nonlinear dynamic systems on time scales by using the four functionals fixed point theorem, the Avery–Henderson fixed point theorem and the five functionals fixed point theorem, respectively.


Sociotherapy was launched as a therapeutic system in 20th Century, which has very strong theoretical and historical relations with the discipline of Sociology. Why there was a need to suggest a new way of therapy, while psychotherapy is existing? We have witnessed that there are some social dimensions of psychological problems which require a solution based on "socialization" between therapists and patients. There is a "healing power" in socialization and it has been the basis for all sorts of group therapies, including Sociotherapy as well. In this paper, we will have the opportunity to discuss the theoretical knowledge on Sociotherapy and consider its possibilities for applying contemporary socio-psychological problems in society. Knowledge society gives us a suitable platform to practice various therapeutic disciplines to find out solution for the problems created by the same society. This paper may be seen as a part of this purpose, finding viable and operative solutions to socio-psychological problems that today's individuals experience in their daily lives.


The idea that the language of the gods is inaccessible to men and thus interpretation is required is an old one. In Greek mythology, Hermes was an intermediary between the gods and men, thus the term: hermeneutics. Moses was able to talk to God, but he needed Aaron to communicate with the people. Hermeneutics, in these terms, grants speech to the law. An analogy with a legal interpretation theory is not all unthinkable.


COVID-19 pandemic has affected many sectors of life including education. Many countries had implemented the policy on distance learning. Distance education denotes the physical separation of the learner from the instructor, both by time and space. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) including online media are used to bridge the educators and the learners. The distance learning system forced the teacher to shift the traditional teaching method of face-to-face teaching to no-physical contact teaching in all stages of educations such as primary and secondary education, higher and vocational education, and special education. We found that teachers have been applied different strategies based on the unique challenges they faced. According to the COVID-19 situation, teachers from all stages of education have gathered all the solutions that could be applied. So that, it could help students to adapt to distance learning by transforming the traditional learning system to mandate distance learning system like nowadays when COVID-19 positive case could be controlled by contactless only.


Ten litters of crossbred piglets were divided randomly into two groups.At 7-21 days old,the piglets of experimental group ate freely and also were forced to eat,and the control group ate freely.The results showed during the suckling,feed intake of each piglet from the forced feeding group was 600.6 g,significantly(P0.01) higher than that of the control group(202.6 g).ADG(during 22-28 d and 29-35 d) was significantly(P0.01) higher than that of the control group.After weaning diarrhea incidence in forced feeding piglets was significantly lower than that of control piglets(P0.01).At 28 d,intragastric pH below 4 of experimental group piglets significantly lower than that of the control group(P0.05) and intestinal E.coli decreased significantly(P0.01);at 35 d,weight of stomach from the forced feeding group was significantly(P0.05) larger than that of the control,and length of villus of stomach and duodenum was significantly(P0.05) higher than that of the control.


OBJECTIVE
To analyze the genome mutations of HIV-1 gag, pol and env genes from HIV-infected paid blood donors in rural central China.

METHODS
DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, gag (p17-p24), pol (PR-RT), env (C2-V5) genes were amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), purified products were sequenced, and sequence data was analyzed by MEGA5.0 soft wares.

RESULTS
Twenty-three samples were subtype B, two samples were recombinant of subtype B and subtype C, one sample was recombinant of subtype CRF01_AE and subtype B. PI major resistance mutations were not found in the PR region. M184V, K101E and G190A were detected in the RT region, respectively.

CONCLUSION
Subtype B was the major HIV circulating genetic forms in this area. Most strains were sensitive to high active anti-retroviral therapy (HARRT). 91.7% V3 loop tip motifs of X4-tropic strains was GPGR. It showed that GPGR might be associated with accelerate disease progression to AIDS.


Constitutive laws define the boundary conditions on fault plane and govern many aspects of earthquake failure. Although several constitutive laws have been formulated based on laboratory rock experiments and applied to theoretical studies in various fields, no actual relation during a natural earthquake has been determined. The 1995 Kobe earthquake is suitable for detailed kinematic analysis, and this enables the first evaluation of constitutive relations for a natural earthquake. In this study, we determine spatiotemporal slip distribution on an assumed fault plane of the 1995 Kobe earthquake by waveform inversion and then solve elastodynamic equations using a finite difference method to determine the stress distribution and constitutive relations on the fault plane. An inversion method based on Bayes theorem is employed to obtain a spatiotemporal slip distribution, and enables us to ensure the objective uniqueness of the solution with numerous parameters and smoothing constraints. This slip distribution is then used as part of the boundary condition in the finite difference calculation. The time histories of slip and shear stress obtained then provide a constitutive relation at each point on the fault plane. They show slip weakening relations almost everywhere on the fault plane, while slip rate dependency is not clear. The slip weakening behavior has a clear depth dependency indicating that the slip weakening rate (dτ/du) is smaller in the shallow crust than that in the deep crust. This may be associated with the paucity of shallow seismicity observed in the source region of this earthquake as reported for many mature fault systems.


Loki is Io's largest, most powerful, and best-studied active volcano. When erupting, it accounts for nearly 15% of the total heat output from Io [1]. It is generally bright enough that it can easily be observed using ground-based telescopes, and its brightness has been measured hundreds of times over the past 30 years [2-6]. Early work based on both spacecraft and ground based data determined that Loki erupted periodically and suggested that Loki is a large overturning lava lake [2]. More recent work has built on that original model [3, 7-9]. Our collection of all available data from 1998 – 2018 includes more than 300 data points from 3 different telescopes over 30 years (figure 1).


Introduction A returns a signal that depends on its distance from a laser beam passing nearby. It acts as a passive mirror, returning a signal to a sensor mounted near the source of the beam, at a considerable range. The retroreflector is located in the x, y plane, as shown in Fig. 1. This plane is normal to the marker beam nominal direction, and the beam describes a circle in this plane at a constant rate. The retroreflector is assumed to be at rest during the time required for many cycles of data, and so no dynamic equations or transition matrix are needed for the retro. The two coordinates of the retro are to be estimated. This is done using signal strength or brightness data, which vary with the range of the reflector from the beam. The time variation of this signal strength yields estimates and covariances of the retroreflector coordinates.


Two bulk glass nanocomposites of xMoO3(1-x) (0.5Se02-0.5ZnO) for $x$ = 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 compositions have been prepared via slow cooling process of the melt, and the dependency of dielectric properties on temperature and frequency has been studied. The results of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) process describes the thermal property of these compositions. The dielectric constant (ε/) and the dielectric loss (ε//) show an increasing nature with temperature and decrease with frequency. The dynamic conductivity relaxation process is non-Debye type, and the obtained relaxation time shows Arrhenius behavior. The scaled complex electric modulus spectra disclose that the dynamic conductivity relaxation process depends on composition but not depend on temperature.


We present analysis of the R7 Q8 O2 B-band rovibronic transition measured with ultra-high signal-to-noise ratio by Pound-Drever-Hall-locked frequency-stabilized cavity-ring- down spectroscopy. For line-shape calculations ab intio in spirt approach was used based on numerical solution of the proper transport/relaxation equation. Consequences for spectroscopic determination of the Boltzmann constant as well as precise determination of the line position in the Doppler limited spectroscopy are indicated.


No class of patients is more worthy of the sympathy and careful attention of the physician than the unhappy victims of prostatic hypertrophy. To this malady is often added hernia, enterocele, with adhesions of the intestines, hernial sac and tunicae and not infrequently there is chronic hydrocele of the cord and multilocular cystic degeneration of the testicle. Already declining from the general organic dissolution of senility, these complications make them a class of patients difficult and unsatisfactory to treat. The constant appeals from this class of sufferers for relief from vesical pain and burning, rectal and vesical tenesmus, frequent and painful urination, retention of urine and its concomitant misery, has demanded of me more than passing notice. The diseases of the prostate and bladder and their adnexa have been studied by many scientific men, and their researches have done much to mitigate the suffering of this class of patients. That


Indonesia is geographically located in the disaster vulnerable area and frequently hit by various disasters such as earthquake, flood, etc. So that Indonesian people aware that the disaster information system is very important. Thus, the development of information and communication technology application is needed for disaster management. For this purpose, this paper proposes on the development of online disaster information system based on location based service (LBS) technology by using short message service (SMS) gateway and global positioning system (GPS). Then,the web-based prototype of online disaster information system is designed and developed as the media to provide information of location and situation of the disaster area. Furthermore, a user interface is also designed and developed to transmit input data as the location information using manual SMS and automatically using smartphone based on SMS/GPS. The research method used in this research is a spiral method that begins with conceptual design, prototype development, application test, and evaluation. The results of this research are the web-based information system and the implemented user interface application (we called ASIKonLBS) for Android based smartphone. The online mapping of input data from smartphone to the web-based system has been tested. It shows that the disaster location information can be mapped to Google Maps timely and accurately that can be accessed using the Internet connection. The evaluation to mapping delay time shows that it is lower than the refresh time of the web-based system. Therefore, the proposed online system can be categorized as a real-time system.


We propose a hybrid P2P information search system that combines: 1) the idea that a searcher searches not information itself but people who have KANSEI (human sensitivity) well fitted to the searcher; 2) a P2P network on which we can build a scalable information search system; 3) a folksonomy, which is a system that allows users to classify information by themselves, to quickly and reliably obtain the desired information from on the network. The main characteristic of the proposed system is that it produces a two-dimensional map visualising the KANSEI information of all nodes by a self-organising map, and then utilises the map for searches. The simulation results show that the proposed system provides balanced opportunities from which we obtain our desired information and other unknown information, in comparison with a search method that conducts searches directly in higher-dimensional space and a random search method.


A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2013 at Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat to find out most efficient and economic combination of different organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen to increase the productivity and profitability of greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] without deteriorating the soil qualities. The results showed that conjunctive application of recommended dose of nitrogen (20 kg N/ha) through organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen like, 25% RDN from FYM +75% RDN from urea significantly enhanced plant growth and growth attributes. Combined application of RDN as 25% RDN from FYM +75% RDN from urea recorded higher values for number of pods per plant (37.3), number of seeds per pod (10 seed/pod), 1000-seeds weight (40.8 g), seed yield (1632 kg/ha), stover yield (4375 kg/ha) and grain protein content (22.3%) over other combination and sole application of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen. Application of 25% RDN either from FYM or castor cake with 75% RDN from urea gave 14.65, 6.47 per cent higher net return over 100% RDN from urea, respectively.


ObjectiveTo evaluate the first indicatiors of breast cancer recurrence.Method158 recurrence cases were retrospectively analysed after surgical treatment for primary breast cancer. Data included the first recur- rent site and its means of detection(symptoms, self- examination, physical examination performed by a physician, and the results of blood and radiological tests).Result125 (79.11%) cases revealed recurrence at the scheduled fol- low- up surveillance, among them 95 (60.13%) cases were found by blood and radioligical tests; 30 (18.99%) cases were found by physician- performed physical examination; 25 (15.82%) cases were detected by symptoms; 8 (5.06%) cases were detected by self- examination.ConclusionScheduled follow- up surveillance is the primary method to reveal recurrence, and routine blood and radiological tests are necessary.


One way to understand today's legal anthropology in the Low Countries and the articles in this special issue is to look back and assess what is similar and what is different today as compared to recent history. We observe that legal anthropology in the Low Countries is as diverse as ever, but also that some typical lines in research topics, methods, and conceptual problems addressed, may still be discerned. An important research topic, today as well as in the recent past, is the struggle over land and natural resources. Several authors in this special issue address that topic. As regards methods, research is usually still based on long-term involvement in local places. Attention however seems to have shifted from 'trouble less-cases' to 'trouble cases': the analysis of conflicts (over land, water, power, law) is on centre stage, while the investtigation of law in the affairs of daily life has moved backstage. As far as concepts and theory are concerned, we may conclude that the notion of legal pluralism has become the common sense framework from which researchers start. In some of the articles in this issue the topic is explicitly analysed in legal pluralist terms, while in others it lingers as general knowledge in the background. Discussion on the concept of law, that used to be part of legal anthropological research in the past, has disappeared. What still is dominant, partly because of the specific institutional embedding of legal anthropologists, is a focus on research in countries in the East, Africa, and South America (see below for more on this issue). In order to better understand these continuities and changes, let us take a look over our shoulders at professorships and institutions of the past. Who were doing anthropology of law in the Low Countries in the seventies and eighties of the 20th century, at which institutions, and what were dominant research topics? What happened in the nineties, and what remains of the former research topics in the beginning of the 21 century? In the seventies and eighties three universities were involved in legal anthropology: the Leiden Law School and the African Studies Centre (ASC)


Background: Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA complexes have been associated with arterial and venous thrombosis. Their role in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is unknown. Here, we sought to explore whether serum MPO-DNA-complexes are present in patients with aSAH, and whether levels of serum MPO-DNA complexes are associated with delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Methods: We performed a post-hoc analysis of a prospective, blinded, observational single-center biomarker study that enrolled consecutive patients with spontaneous SAH between July 2018 and September 2020. Serum samples obtained on admission and on hospital day 4 were analyzed for concentrations of MPO-DNA complexes. The primary outcome was the occurrence of DCI defined as new infarction on brain CT-scan. The secondary outcome was clinical vasospasm, a composite of clinical and transcranial doppler parameters. We used Wilcoxon's signed-rank-test to assess for differences between paired measures. Results: Among 100 patients with spontaneous SAH, mean age 59 (SD+13) years, 55% women, 78 patients had an aneurysmal SAH and complete DCI information. Among these, 29 (37%) developed DCI. MPO-DNA complexes were detected in all serum samples. The median MPO-DNA level was 33 ng/ml (IQR, 18-43 ng/ml) on admission, and 22 ng/ml (IQR, 11-31 ng/ml) on day 4 (Mann-Whitney test: p=0.015). In the primary outcome analysis, we found a significant reduction in MPO-DNA levels from admission to day 4 in patients with DCI (paired test, p=0.036) but not in those without DCI (p=0.171). The secondary analysis showed a similar reduction in MPO-DNA levels between admission and day 4 in patients with (p=0.006), but not in those without clinical vasospasm (p=0.473). Conclusions: MPO-DNA-complexes are detectable in peripheral serum samples of patients with aSAH. A pronounced reduction in MPO-DNA levels over the first days after aSAH might herald DCI. The potential of MPO-DNA serum levels to serve as a biomarker of DCI requires further exploration.


A unique fossil assemblage has recently been discovered from Gehun and Lunu sections of Paleocene Barmer Hill Formation in Barmer area, Western Rajasthan, India. These fossil sites have been identified on the basis of previous studies and on the present work of our research group. Aim of the present paper is to conserve the unique and rare geological materials (Asthenopodichnium fossils) as the only fossil site of such type in India. Spectacular Gehun site is easily accessible as it is located within the Barmer city. In addition, this study will also propose an idea of setting up a national fossil park at Gehun in Barmer city similar to the famous Jurassic Fossil Park of Jaisalmer in Western Rajasthan, India. Geotourism is the best tool for their promotion and conservation with additional value as branding of Paleopark for sustainable socioeconomic development of the region. Recently, field work was conducted to observe the present scenario and to identify the threats to the fossil site. Rapid urbanization, developmental activities, fossil hunting and vandalism of fossils by visitors are the main threats to these sites. Aim of the present paper is also to make further efforts to conserve paleontological sites and to recognize such sites as the significant geoheritage resources of India. * Corresponding author Mathur SAURABH, SUDHANSHU, Singh SURAJ KUMAR, Mathur, S. C 204


Video is a booming industry: content is embedded on many Web sites, delivered over the Internet, and streamed to mobile devices. Content providers own vast quantities of studio-quality video (i.e., produced to the quality standards of a television studio), but legal contracts between actors, producers, and owners limit how and where others can use such video. As a result, finding and getting rights to use relevant video remains an obstacle to addressing relevant research problems. The Consumer Digital Video Library (CDVL) Web site (http//:www.cdvl.org) attempts to address this obstacle. The CDVL makes high-quality, uncompressed video clips available for free download. Content owners have granted permission for use, and a use agreement protects owners? rights. The clips are ideal for use by the education, research, and product development communities. Developing objective video quality models and testing emergency telemedicine systems are two applications enabled by CDVL content.


Introduction. Sulfur-containing amino acids provide vital processes of the cell, maintain the integrity of the redox potential, neutralize free radicals and toxic agents that provide remethylation cycle and transsulfuration processes. It is known that cysteine is formed in cells from homocysteine, and can be used, depending on the needs of the cell for the synthesis of protein, glutathione, in a desulfuration pathway with the formation of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). Regulation of the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids is carried out at different levels, including the endocrine system, in particular, thyroid hormones. Theaim of the study – to investigate experimentally the influence of thyroid gland functional state on the main enzymatic systems of the cysteine cycle in the tissues (liver, kidneys, brain, heart), concentration of cysteine and reduced glutathione and H 2 S in the blood. Research M ethods . 40 male rats weighing 150–180 g were used in the study. To model hyper- and hypothyroidism, animals were daily enterally administered with a solution of L-thyroxine (200 μg / day per 1 kg of weight) or mercazolil (10 mg / day per 1 kg) for the 14th and 21st days. In the brain of animals, the desulfurase activity of cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CGL) enzymes was determined, and cysteine, GC, and H2S content in the blood. Results and Discussion . The rats were administered with L-thyroxine and mercazolil to simulate the states of hyper- and hypothyroidism, which were confirmed by the content of fT 3 , fT 4 and TSH in the blood. In organs of animals with hypothyroidism, a decrease in the activity of CBS, CGL, and CAP was observed. At the same time, the introduction of L-thyroxin led to an increase in the activity of these enzymes in the kidney and brain. Hyperthyroidism was accompanied by a decrease, and hypothyroidism did not affect the concentration of glutathione in the blood and its content in the organs of animals. A significant decrease in the concentration of H 2 S in the blood with hypothyroidism was established. Conclusions . The disorder of the cardiovascular system in hypothyroidism may be a consequence of the disoders of desulfuration processes in organs and tissues, the administration of L-thyroxin leads to a decrease in the synthesis of glutathione in the serum and animal organs may be one of the causes of the resultformation of oxidative stress in patients with hyperthyroidism.


The invention discloses an industrialized preparation method of 1,8-diaminonaphthalene, which comprises the following steps: sequentially adding a catalyst, dinitronaphthalene and a solvent into a reaction kettle, stirring and heating materials in the reaction kettle to a temperature of 65-75 DEG C, slowly dripping hydrazine hydrate, then continuously heating materials in the reaction kettle to the temperature of 75-90 DEG C and keeping the temperature for 3-8 hours until the end of the reaction; cooling the materials after the reaction to the temperature of 40-45 DEG C for pressure filtration, washing and recovering the catalyst obtained through pressure filtration, and mixing the washing liquid and the filtering liquid to obtain a feed liquid; conducting decompression and desolvation on the feed liquid to recover the solvent; adding hot water with the temperature of 50-80 DEG C into the desolventized feed liquid for water washing stratification, wherein the upper layer is water phase and the lower layer is feed liquid phase; feeding the feed liquid phase obtained through stratification into a rectifying tower for rectification, and obtaining 1,8-diaminonaphthalene, wherein the purity of 1,8-diaminonaphthalene at the top of the rectifying tower is equal to or larger than 99.5%. The dinitronaphthalene raw materials comprise water and an organic solvent, wherein the organic solvent comprises an organic solvent used by a naphthaline-nitrified product in refining.


The paper is devoted to the periodization of the ethnic and cultural history of population of the forest-steppe of Dnieper Left Bank area during the Scythian Age. The analysis of the whole set of data allows us to propose the following variant of reconstruction.
At the beginning of the Early Iron Age the great population movements took place at the territory of modern Ukraine resulting in a number transitions in the settlement pattern of both the steppe and forest-steppe regions. In the end of 9th century BC the peoples inhabited the Dnieper Left-bank region (Late Zrubna and Bondarikha cultures) left the area.
Before the invasion of «Zhabotyn» population from the Dnieper Right bank forest-steppe to the basin of the Middle Vorskla River in the last third of the 8th century BC here was extremely little population, probably represented by nomads of pre-Scythian period (the antiquities of Novocherkassk type). Except the Vorskla basin, only the barrows of nomadic people are known in the Dnieper-Donets forest-steppe.
During the first period (the mid-7th — first third of the 6th centuries BC) the stable agricultural population inhabited only the Middle Vorskla River basin. At that time semi-nomads occupied the territory of Psel and Vorskla basins. Farmers and semi-nomads created military and political union under the auspices of semi-nomads on this area.
During the transition period (military and political crisis in the mid-6th century BC) there was no desolation of North Pontic region. The change of the cultures has not been rapidly but it was gradually during the second — third quarters of the 6th century BC. The emergence of new group of nomads ca. mid-6th century BC in North Pontic region could provoke the wandering of the part of semi-nomads which dominated in this region in Early Scythian period. The appearance of new groups of nomads coincided with the settlement of the Forest-Steppe zone between Dnieper and Don rivers about the mid-6th century BC or it could be the reason for this process. It was accompanied by the building of new fortifications and the transformation of some settlements into hillforts. According to available data, the semi-nomadic aristocracy legalized the power of new rulers and joined them or was defeated in the Early Scythian period.
During the second period (third quarter of the 6th — first third of the 5th centuries BC) the ethnic and cultural history of the tribes of Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Left Bank region was close to the situation described by Herodotus (IV. 102, 118, 119). It was characterized by the independence of the local tribes from the steppe inhabitants. Bilsk settlement was founded exactly at that time. We have reason to believe that its construction was connected with the return from the West campaign of some part of the nomads (semi-nomads?) after their arriving from the Ciscaucasia (the Geloni, the Melanchaeni, etc.). Such reconstruction doesn`t exclude the assumption of some researchers (B. A. Shramko and others) that Bilsk settlement truly is the city of Gelonus mentioned by Herodotus. The tribal units of semi-nomads in the Eastern European Forest-Steppe (the Geloni, the Melanchaeni and others) which conquered the local agricultural population were still independent, significant force in the region after the settlement of North Pontic region by the Scythians at the last quarter of the 6th century BC. It's fully correlated with information of «The Father of History». The peak of the development of the settlement systems in the Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Left Bank and the exchange with the Hellenes is traced at the last quarter of 6th — the first third of 5th centuries BC. At this stage, the Steppes didn't have a critical influence on the local tribes yet which were independent. The development of the ethnic and cultural situation in the Forest-Steppe zone was based on the changes that were the result of previous migrations. This period ended with the destabilization at the end of the first third of the 5th century BC.
The third period can be characterized as the existence of local tribes on the periphery of North Pontic Scythia (the end of the first third of the 5th — the beginning of the last quarter of the 4th centuries BC). The period since the acceptance of the power of the Royal Scythians till the final of the history of local tribes consists of two main stages in the context of Classical Scythia: 1) incorporation (the end of the first — second quarters of the 5th century BC) and mutually benefit relations (the second half of the 5th century BC — the turn of the 5th—4th centuries BC); 2) the beginning of the negativity and the crisis during the penetration of Steppe people into the Forest-Steppe (the turn of the 5th—4th centuries BC — the beginning of the last quarter of the 4th century BC). It was completed by the final of Scythia and termination of the funerals on all necropolises of the Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Left Bank area.
During the fourth period the settled population still lived on some sites after the disappearance of the barrow of local aristocracy and after the final of Scythia (the late 4th — first third of the 3rd centuries BC). Basivka and Hlynsk settlements on Sula River still used by the local population which remained after the crisis of the end of the first third of the 3rd century BC.


Take a drive down the highway or a look into any parking lot and you will notice a plethora of yellow magnetic "Support Our Troops" ribbons decorating the backs of many cars. It is impossible to escape the fact that the American public has great support for, and interest in, the military. September 11, the war in Iraq, and the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina keep the military as a perpetual topic in the news and in the minds of Americans. One aspect of the military seems to be particularly intriguing to Americans—military justice. The number of news stories focusing on issues of military justice— ranging from the investigation of the prisoner abuse scandal at Abu Ghraib, to the legal challenges made on behalf of the Guantanamo Bay detainees, and the court-martial of Sgt. Hasan Akbar at Fort Bragg—serve to illustrate the popularity and intrigue of the issue. Fictionalization of military justice in TV shows such as E-Ring and JAG or in movies like A Few Good Men also attracts broad audiences and, in doing so, provides the public with insight into the military justice process in action. While neither the news stories nor the dramatic cinematic portrayals of the military justice system may be com-


Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of rifaximin capsula for acute infectious entercolitis. Methods:A total of 216 patients with acute infectious entercolitis entered a randomized controlled double-blind double dummy multicenter clinical trial. Patients were divided into two groups treated with rifaximin capsula(200 mg, per 6 h)+Oflxacin dummy capsula(2#,3 times per day) as a treated group and Oflaxaxin(200 mg, three times per day)+ rifaxicin dummy capsula(2#, per 6 h) as a control for three days, respectively. 109 patients were enrolled in rifaximin group and 107 patients were enrolled in control group. Results:The rate and time of diarrhea, the normalization rate of stool routine, the clearance of bacteria and the relieve rate of symptoms were similar in the two groups. The total efficacy rates were 95.41% and 95.33%in the treatment and controlled group, respectively. The incidence of adverse reaction was 3.64% and 2.75% in the two groups. There werer no significant differences between the two groups in total efficacy and incidence of adverse reaction. Conclision:Rifaximin is effective and safe in the treatment of acute infectious entercolitis.


Scattering by snow and ice crystals are possible causes of depolarisation along satellite paths. It is believed that ice crystals aligned by atmospheric electrostatic fields are a prime but not exclusive cause of such depolarisation.


Several techniques of autograft bone harvesting have been described in the Orthopaedic literature. These include iliac crest bone graft which is considered to be the gold standard and the traditional technique carried out by many Orthopaedic surgeons. This is because autograft is osteoinductive, osteoconductive as well as osteogenic, and can be harvested from different sites in different forms and sizes. Other sources include fibula graft (vascularised and non-vascularised), rib, skull, femoral shafts, vascularised medial femoral condyle, calcaneus, osteophytes, proximal or distal tibia, distal radius, greater trochanter, and more recently reamed autogenous bone graft using the Reamer Irrigator Aspiration technique as well as the Poly Methyl Methacrylate membrane-induced technique and tissue engineered biomaterials. Imran Haruna Abdulkareem* and Jonathon Kitson Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, UK


Background: This study aimed to identify the effect of using the Immune Max dietary supplement on the histological composition of some organs in male albino mice. Methods: The study was conducted on the Swiss albino male mice which were divided into two groups: treated group with 0.162 mg/kg/day of Immune Max and second group as a control. Results: Histological examination was conducted for liver, kidney and spleen. The results showed some histological changes in these organs like loses of tissues, congestion, leukocytes infiltration and dead cells. Conclusion: The purpose of a conclusion that the use of the Immune Max nutritional supplement can cause damage to the tissues of a number of organs and this is likely to be due to the dose concentration and the duration of the treatment.


The proliferative response of T lymphocytes is a crucial step in cell‐mediated immunity. This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms leading to the impaired proliferative response of diabetic T lymphocytes. T cells that had been isolated from the spleen of normal rats and cultured in medium containing 20 mm glucose and no insulin displayed the same degree of proliferative impairment as cells isolated from diabetic rats. The rate of T‐cell proliferation, when induced with concanavalin A or anti‐CD3 and anti‐CD28 antibodies, was not affected by the inhibition of nucleoside transporters. T cells cultured at high glucose concentrations in the absence of insulin displayed decreased expression of adenosine kinase, and released measurable extracellular quantities of adenosine. Under resting conditions, the level of cAMP was 5·9‐fold higher in these cells compared to cells grown in low glucose and in the presence of insulin. Experiments with specific adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists showed that adenosine‐induced suppression of diabetic T cell proliferation was mediated by the A2A adenosine receptor, but not by the A2B receptor. Treatment of diabetic T cells with 10 μm H‐89, a specific protein kinase A inhibitor, restored T‐cell proliferation. These results show that suppressed proliferation of diabetic T lymphocytes is evoked by the decreased expression of adenosine kinase, leading to the outflow of adenosine from the cell. Extracellular adenosine then stimulates the A2A receptor and induces cAMP production, leading to the activation of protein kinase A, and suppression of T‐cell proliferation.


This article examines the concept of career exploration in adult populations. In contrast to the prevailing positive view of career exploration, the authors present a more complex and balanced perspective of this process, addressing some of the barriers to career exploration and the applicability of this concept to different populations. They examine differences between voluntary exploration and forced or chance exploration, discuss how relationships may be barriers to exploration, consider various outcomes of career explorations, and call for a more holistic view of the individual in career counseling. Traditionally, career exploration was most commonly associated with the school -to -work transition as a critical stage in an individuars career development (Savickas, 1997; Super, 1957). More recently, scholars and practitioners have started to embrace the idea of career exploration as a lifelong pursuit occurring across life roles and as a means to cope with a variety of career transitions (Blustein, 1997; Niles, Anderson, & Goodnough, 1998). With a focus more on developing an exploratory attitude to life and to the various roles people engage in, career exploration is now seen as an adaptive mechanism that helps individuals manage rapid changes in today's work environment (Blustein, 1997; Super & Knasel, 1981; Zikic & Klehe, 2006). Despite these developments aimed at broadening the role of career exploration across the life span, very little is known about the specific contextual and unplanned influences on the career exploration experiences of various populations. Likewise, little is known about the variety of outcomes of career exploration and how these outcomes may be managed in the counseling relationship. So far, studies on career exploration have tended to take a positive perspective, whereby planned career exploration efforts were seen as beneficial and likely to bring positive career outcomes. Without denying this view, in this article, we propose a more balanced and inclusive understanding of career exploration Blustein, 2001a) and its outcomes. As individuals mature and engage in various roles, any attempt at career exploration is embedded in and often highly constrained by various social and cultural influences (Hum & Kapian, 2006). Among other influences, career choices are affected by one's immediate environment, parents, and social and environmental context, as well as one's idiosyncratic characteristics such as age, gender, specific talents, interests, and values. Adding to this wide array of influences are also broader issues, such as geography and political and economic climate. Thus, the dynamic context in which people live may serve both as a trigger and as a barrier to lifelong career exploration. Noting the recent push toward a more inclusive and holistic study of human development, we propose moving away from seeing career exploration solely in terms of the static and positivist foundations typical of contemporary career theory and, instead, focusing on examining the process of career exploration as embedded in the current notions of complex, "chaotic" (Bright & Pryor, 2005, p. 292), nonlinear, and unplanned influences on an individual's career (Bright & Pryor, 2005; Krumboltz, 1998). Using this approach, a client is viewed as subject to a wide range of different influences, many if not all of which cannot be predicted by the individual and are continually changing at varied paces and to different degrees (Bright & Pryor, 2005). From Early Career Fxploratinn to Career Routines Career exploration is defined as a lifelong process that is triggered particularly during transitions in life (Blustein, 1997; Jordaan, 1963). It involves gathering career-related information and testing hypotheses about the self and the environment to reach career goals (Hall, 1986). The process of career exploration also involves a somewhat overlooked emotional component (Kidd, 1998). …


Summary form only given. This paper presents an adaptive thresholding technique in the wavelet-transform domain to remove multiplicative noise. Unlike other speckle reduction methods, this approach requires no a priori knowledge of the noise distribution. Hence, this proposed approach is applicable also for non-speckle noise, such as mixed noise. The proposed algorithm: (1) applies the wavelet transform on noisy images; (2) computes the wavelet coefficients' variances for detail sub-images; (3) identifies noisy wavelet coefficients via the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method; (4) denoises approximation coefficients via low pass filtering; and (5) reconstructs the denoised images via the inverse wavelet transform. Simulations verify this technique's efficacy in speckle and mixed-noise removal and demonstrates this technique's superiority over some other adaptive schemes.


This article assesses the effect of factors, such as the number of sidings, the number of station holds, and the occurrence of transit traffic on the volume of freight transport on railway lines in Poland. The volume of freight transport on a railway line was expressed by the operational work done by freight trains running on this line and the transported freight mass by them. Most often the effect of factors affecting on the volume of transport is assessed by a team of experts. In this analysis, calculations of partial correlation coefficients were performed. The calculations showed that there is a clear relationship between the volume of freight transport and the number of sidings on the line and the occurrence of transit traffic. Based on the obtained partial correlation coefficients, weights corresponding to the effects of individual factors on the volume of freight transport were calculated. The use of these weights for further analysis will avoid the subjective expert assessments that have been used in this type of analysis so far.


The aim of this workshop is to engage in co-design of personas to explore the interplay of autonomous technologies with user experience and engagement. Automating a process that is embedded into people's everyday lives and activities will surely impact their experience. In a time where there is strong push towards more and more automation in our daily life, the workshop will explore the value of co-design in bringing to the fore the opportunities and issues of such trend on users' experiences and engagements in multiple contexts such as work, health, entertainment and learning. Through the co-design of personas in future scenarios of automation the workshop will concretely identify valuable automation design goals for user experience and engagement drawing on participants' knowledge from industry projects and academic research. Tree concrete outcomes from the workshop are the following:


We study coupled random walks in the plane such that, at each step, the walks change direction by a uniform random angle plus an extra deterministic angle $\theta$ . We compute the Hausdorff dimension of the $\theta$ for which the walk has an unusual behavior . This model is related to a study of the spectral measure of some random matrices. The same techniques allow to study the boundary behavior of some Gaussian analytic functions.


This Bachelor thesis deals with the meaningfulness and usefulness of work done by social service workers providing care to people afflicted by the Alzheimer disease that brings a range of difficulties to the ill people alone as well as their care takers. They are often exposed to a high stress, a tension, they should be immune against, they should offer unbounded patience and should be familiarized with possible critical situations that may arise while working with such ill people. Otherwise, an onset of a burnout may be noticeable in some people already in a few months or after a few years. This work deals with the description, symptoms, pevention possibilities and solutions for the burnout.


Insects secrete antimicrobial peptides as part of the innate immunity response. These peptides are often cationic, low molecular peptides with diverse structures. Most antimicrobial peptides from insects have antibacterial but not antifungal activity. We have characterized a newly identified peptide, antifungal peptide‐1 (AFP1) from hemolymph of a lepidopteran insect, Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm). AFP1 was isolated by size exclusion chromatography from hemolymph plasma of larvae. Fractions containing activity against the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae were analyzed my SDA‐PAGE and MALDI‐TOF MS/MS and found to contain a 41 residue peptide that was encoded by sequences identified in M. sexta transcriptome and genome data bases. AFP1 is a member of the diapausin family of peptides, which includes members known to have antifungal activity. The M. sexta genome contains 14 genes with high similarity to AFP1, each with 6 conserved Cys residues. A cDNA for AFP1 was cloned from cDNA prepared from fat body RNA. AFP1 was produced as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. Purified natural and recombinant AFP1 were active against S. cerevisiae, with IC50 of 15 micromolar, but they had no detectable activity against bacteria. Experiments to investigate activity of AFP1 against other fungi are ongoing. AFP1 mRNA level strongly increased after larvae were injected with yeast or with Micrococcus luteus. Our results indicate that synthesis of AFP1 is part of the innate immune response to infection in M. sexta.


The expression of expanded CUG-repeat RNAs in myotonic dystrophy type 1 patients is associated with cardiac electrophysiological defects and an elevated risk of sudden cardiac death. Tylock et al. reveal that expression of these RNAs in the murine heart results in prolonged QRS and corrected QT-intervals due to alterations in sodium and potassium channel activity.


Before 18th century,the criminal laws of European countries are very cruel and bloody."On Crimes and Punishments by Beccaria" abounds with humanism thinking,and it is the dawn of European countries' criminal law,and has far-reaching influence on the coming days.It is the first masterpiece which systematically studies the theory of criminal law,and it is regarded as the classics on the theory of criminal law,being broadly spred throughout the world.In this article,the author explains this great work in a humanistic prospective.


David Chappell's book, A Stone of Hope, is a welcome addition to the literature of the civil rights movement, American intellectual history, and American religious history. He has justly received advance praise for this book. Chappell's book is impressive and quite persuasive at times. His analysis of the divided house of white southerners is noteworthy. Additionally, placing the civil rights movement squarely in the trajectory of American intellectual debate is also commendable. According to Chappell the civil rights movement, which fully bloomed between the years 1955 and 1965, was rooted in a conservative Protestant Christianity that stood in striking contrast to the then prevalent American intellectual discourse rooted in the cultural and political liberalism of the 1930s and 1940s. Chappell sets the stage for his study by dissecting the thought of John Dewey. Chappell argues that liberal thinkers such as Dewey were in search of a civic faith that would guide the nation. Dewey desired the positive attributes of religious faith such as self-giving, altruism, self-sacrifice, and discipline (which the Harvard sociologist Daniel Bell would later imitate in the late 1970s in his book, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism)— without the problematic of real religion: religious faith. Dewey's scientific naturalism left him clinging to uncertainty. Uncertainty could never be as totalizing and all encompassing as the irrational forces of religion. According to Chappell, "it is hardly surprising that Dewey never worked out the problem of securing the blessings of faith to his secular program" (18).


has here, that black women craved and carved out their own feminist space. I applaud her, and their, work to restore agency to black women activists who charted their own path rather than simply responding to and following behind white women's feminism. Her chapters on Bread and Roses and the Combahee River Collective are impeccably clear—they could even stand alone as classroom readings for the clarity and complexity they offer. Breines charts new territory in the assertion that white women were not racist—this simply is not something scholars report when talking about the women's movement. I find this conclusion compelling, and I agree that it is not enough simply to charge white feminists with racism. But I have to wonder if white women who had worked in Mississippi in the various Freedom Summer campaigns had witnessed how central race was, and is, to lived experience, and having seen the perils of racism so closely could have been so race-blind in the context of feminism. My query here certainly is not to suggest that white feminists are to blame for racism or to challenge her conclusions on why black women did not join white feminists, but rather to address a lingering question about her leap from interracial activism in SNCC and Freedom Summer to racially segregated feminist activism in Boston. There is little attention to other, very real factors that shaped women's activism, including different organizational and movement goals between SNCC and Bread and Roses, and geographical location (opportunities in Mississippi are different from those available in Boston). This book also prompted me to question if we might see similar patterns of feminist organizing in places outside of Boston, or how our histories of feminism change when we consider feminism among women who are neither white nor black. Scholars of social movement activism will be well served to read Winifred Breines's The Trouble between Us. It is important and ambitious scholarship that talks openly about race, racism, and radical feminism. (I hope she is archiving her own personal papers, which provide a substantial foundation for her work.) Her treatment of the rifts that separated feminists in the past may well serve as a guide for us as activists in the present and future as it challenges us to think about the potentials of an inclusive feminist movement.


o the editor: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a malignant kidney tumor that originates from renal tubular epithelial system, and 30% of patients with RCC have metastasis at the time of initial diagnosis. Frequent sites of RCC metastases include lung, regional lymphatic nodes, liver, bone, and brain, while vaginal metastasis of RCC was extremely rare and mostly occurred in the left kidney. We reported a rare case of a patient with metastatic RCC to vagina and investigated the symptoms, diagnosis, therapies, and possible metastatic mechanisms.


We have investigated the effect of the number of ethylene oxide (EO) units inside poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) on the ionic conductivity of its gelled polymer electrolyte, whose content ranges from 50 to 80 wt%. PEGDMA gelled polymer electrolytes, a crosslinked structure, were prepared using simple photo-induced radical polymerization by ultraviolet light. The effect of the number of EO on the ionic conductivity was clearly shown in samples of lower liquid electrolyte content. We have concluded that the ionic conductivity increased in proportion to both the number of EO units and the plasticizer content. We have also studied the electrochemical properties of 13PEGDMA (number of EO units is 13) gelled polymer electrolyte.


A method of intelligent steering control of unmanned vehicle wheel using Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is proposed. The steering system of unmanned vehicles is composed of active disturbance rejection controller, angle sensor, motor driver and steering bridge mechanism. When ADRC of front wheels is realized by active disturbance rejection controller, the dynamic equation of the vehicle needs to be normalized first to ensure the dynamic equation of vehicle degree of freedom that can accurately reflect the lateral dynamic characteristics of the vehicle and then the accurately control the tracking of the ideal yaw rate of the vehicle by second-order ADRC. The unmanned vehicle controlled by the proposed method did not overshoot. At the initial stage of yaw disturbance, the response speed of the front wheel's angle controlled by the proposed method is faster than that of the PID control and the present time is about 0.02s. The vehicle path deviation controlled by the proposed control method is only 60% of the vehicle path deviation controlled by the PID control method. The proposed method makes the vehicle to have stronger anti-yaw disturbance ability and further enhances the vehicle's path-keeping ability.


Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2(Lp-PLA2) is secreted mainly by macrophages and lymphocytes.The enzyme is predominantly bound to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol particles in humans,its activity produces lysophosphatidylcholine and non-esterified fatty acids that promote inflammatory processes present at every stage of atherogenesis.Lp-PLA2 is an independent risk predictor of coronary heart disease.


Based on the viewpoints of behavioral geography and the relative literature review at home and abroad,the behavior process of the rural labour's employment transference was analyzed and it was considered that the employment decision-making behavior was the intention of employment transference based on specific motivation through environment cognition's filtering.And the rural labour's environment cognition referred to the exterior perception,the comprehensive understanding and integrated interpretation of rural labour's varied working place and its environment.According to geographic cognitive theories,this paper presented a research system about the rural labour's environment cognition in the employment transference's process.Firstly,based on the aim and the process of employment transference in the environment cognition's research,it discussed the influence of the motivation and goals on the environment cognition and how this environment study relied on the process of employment transference.Secondly,on the basis of individual characteristics and the group cultural factors,it focused on the analysis of differences between the individual and the group rural labour's environment cognitive process,especially from the angles of household,gender and young generation.Thirdly it conducted studies on environment cognition's levels,namely the environment feature's perception,the environment object's cognition,the environment pattern's cognition and the relationship among them.The methods of the environment cognition research were also discussed in this paper.Based on questionnaires and major groups,the data mainly rely on the micro individual experience.Through the factor analysis,structure equation,spatial decision model and so on,the relationship among the environment cognitive factors and the relationship among environment cognition,motivation and decision-making was discussed.Moreover,the reasons were explored through the ethnography method in combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses.Through the research of micro environment cognition and space path,we can establish ties with social macro space behavior research.It was predicted that the research of the rural labour's environment cognition would promote the development of the mixed research ways.


Simyak (審藥) was a government officer to lowest, but it was appointed and dispatched directly by officials from the central government. Simyak played a role in mediating between the provincial and central health care. Therefore, understanding Simyak is necessarily required in the researches on the local health care in Joseon dynasty. Preceding researches of Simyak only have contained superficial information causing many errors. The purpose of this paper is to understand Simyak correctly through the historical literature review. The author found the following facts in this study. First, Simyak was succeeded to the government officer of Uihakgyoyou (醫學敎諭) in the previous period. Second, through the change of the name of Simyak, it can be presumed that the main task of Simyak was changed from the role in local medical education to the officer sending the herbs to the central government. Third, in the later Joseon dynasty Simyak was monopolized by some families just like any other medical officials. Fourth, Yangdowollyengui (兩都月令醫) and Tongyeongguryogwan (統營救療官) can also be put in the category of Simyak.


The European Court of Human Rights has played a significant role in the protection of human rights in Europe. Over the years it has demonstrated a willingness to develop the Convention in a way intended to make rights both practical and effective. While it has not always succeeded in this task, and has shown caution in some areas, it has made an important contribution by developing a rich human rights jurisprudence. The Court's dynamic approach has helped to give the Convention the public profile that it now has across Europe. Those struggling to protect human rights are more likely to make use of the Convention if it is seen to work. In the United Kingdom (UK) the rise of "Strasbourg-style" judicial reasoning may be one practical impact of the Human Rights Act 1998. As is consistently stated, judicial decision-making in the human rights sphere is not an end in itself. The ultimate objective is more effective human rights protection for those individuals and groups which require it. The aim of this article is to explore the contribution which the Court has made in protecting the rights of immigrants, asylum seekers and prisoners.


The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing rapidly in developing countries that are adopting a Western lifestyle (1). While associations between environmental risk factors and Type 2 DM are well-documented in Western populations, limited data are available from developing countries.

We estimated the prevalence and risk factors of glycosuria, an indicator of pre-diabetes and/or undetected Type 2 DM in urban, middle-aged Chinese men, using cross-sectional data from the Shanghai Men's Health Study (SMHS), a population-based cohort study based in Shanghai, China (response rate 74.1%).

From the initial number of 61 582 participants, a total of 35 458 had no prior history of Type 2 DM, hypertension or cardiovascular disease and had donated a urine sample. A cutoff point greater than trace for urine glucose was used to define glycosuria. An in-person interview was conducted to collect information on demographic characteristics, disease history and current and past smoking and drinking habits (including usual amount of consumption of rice wine, grape wine, beer or liquor separately). Participants that had given up drinking were excluded from the analysis. Dietary intake and physical activity were assessed using validated questionnaires (2;3). Participants were measured for weight and waist and hip circumferences according to a standard protocol. The Chinese Food Composition Tables (4) were used to estimate energy intake (kcals/day). Physical activity energy expenditure was estimated using standard metabolic equivalent values (MET) (5) and total non-occupational physical activity was calculated by combining all types of physical activities. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake and glycosuria. All analyses were performed using SAS (version 9.1), and all tests of statistical significance were based on two-sided probability. Analyses were adjusted for age, kcal/day, education, income, occupation and family history of diabetes.

We identified 817 (2.30%) participants with glucose in their urine. Glycosuria prevalence was associated with higher WHR (ORs across quintiles were 1.00, 1.41, 1.98, 2.53 and 4.01; Ptrend 20-39 and >39 cigarettes/day were 1.00, 1.12, 1.12, 1.12, 1.49 and 1.64, respectively, in analyses adjusted for age, kcal/day, physical activity, alcohol intake, income, occupation, education and family history of diabetes. After adjustment for BMI and WHR, smoking more than 40 cigarettes per day was related to prevalence of glycosuria (OR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.01-2.16). Drinking one drink per day or more was associated with a higher risk of glycosuria, Table 1. Beer and wine but not liquor were associated with higher glycosuria prevalence (data not shown in table). Occasional/light drinking was not associated with glycosuria prevalence.

Table 1

Logistic regression analysis* with glycosuria as the dependent variable and physical activity as the independent variable

Although the specificity of the glycosuria test is good, its sensitivity is not ideal (6), and it is possible that we did not detect all undiagnosed cases of Type 2 DM.

In summary, central obesity and components of an adverse lifestyle were associated with a higher prevalence of glycosuria among middle-aged Chinese men. Diabetes has become a major public health problem in China, as a consequence of a rapid decline in physical activity levels that has occurred in parallel with an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (7). Smoking, a common exposure in this population (65.27%), may play a causal role in the development of Type 2 DM, and thus, the promotion of an active lifestyle and smoking cessation should receive the highest public health priority.


Multicell joint decoding has been proven to greatly enhance the capacity of cellular systems in a range of regimes. However, the complexity of such a joint receiver makes it impossible to implement in practice using current computational capabilities. In this direction, this paper investigates the capacity performance of reduced-complexity communication schemes in order to evaluate their performance with respect to the optimal multicell joint decoding scheme. More specifically, two sub-optimal schemes are considered: 1) intra-cell user orthogonalization combined with optimal multicell joint decoding and 2) intra-cell user orthogonalization combined with linear MMSE filtering and single-user decoding. The employed cellular multiple-access channel model incorporates flat fading, path loss, distributed users and multiple antennas at the Base Station, while both peak and average transmit power constraints are taken into account. In this context, it is shown that linear MMSE filtering combined with multiple BS antennas and intra-cell orthogonalization can still provide a considerable capacity enhancement. Furthermore, FDMA is shown to be more efficient than TDMA as an intra-cell orthogonalization technique.


In this paper, we are interested in the finite volume approximation of a system describing miscible displacement in porous media. This system is made of two coupled equations: an anisotropic diffusion equation on the pressure and a convection-diffusion-dispersion equation on the concentration of invading fluid. The anisotropic diffusion operators in both equations require a special care while discretizing by a finite volume method. We focus here on the numerical approximation by some Discrete Duality Finite Volume methods. After the presentation of the scheme, we establish some a priori estimates satisfied by the numerical solution and prove existence and uniqueness of the solution to the scheme. We show the efficiency of the schemes through numerical experiments.


Haldane (1957) under the title "The Cost of Natural Selection" investigated the replacement of a gene by a more favorable allele, in terms of the total number of deaths required to eliminate the less advantageous allele from the population. This he found to be relatively independent of the intensity of selection, with the number of generations required for the change varying inversely with the number of deaths per generation. He estimated the total number of deaths, where selection was moderate (not more than one-third of the adversely affected genotypes being eliminated) to be 10-20 times the number of individuals living at any one time. This figure was based on the assumption that the favored phenotype had a frequency of only 0.0001 at the beginning of the process. He pointed out that this initial frequency is the most important factor influencing the total number of deaths, since a lower frequency serves to protract the initial period during which the viability of the population is at a minimum. On the basis of the apparent burden of excess deaths involved in the process, he hypothecated a limit on the rate at which gene substitutions could take place in a natural species. Kimura (1960) referred to Haldane's work in a discussion of genetic load, which he divided into three types: (1) mutational (the type classically discussed by Muller, 1950), (2) segregational, or due to the loss of homozygotes in a balanced polymorphism (first so called by Crow, 1958), and (3) substitutional or evolutional. In reference to the latter he states "The process of substituting one allele for another through natural selection involves lowering of population fitness and thus creates a genetic load." The concept was referred to again by Mayr (1963) under the heading "The Cost of Evolution." In order to clarify these concepts, it is necessary to review some of the conventions customarily used in setting up a mathematical model for selection. It is convenient in such problems to take the viability of the most favored known genotypes as a standard, and measure all others relative to it, so that a conspicuous parameter in the calculations is commonly one of the form (1 x) denoting the viability of a genotype that suffers a net loss of x per generation as compared with an "optimum" genotype. Another convention is to adjust the population size in some manner so that it appears to be constant from generation to generation. These mathematical devices, while necessary to produce a neat model of the selective process, may ignore certain realities. For instance, no account is generally taken of whether one, both, or neither of the viabilities designated by 1 and. (1 x) are adequate to maintain the existence of the population at a constant level. If a population has only one genotype, that genotype will be classed as "optimum" and there can be no "inferior" genotypes. Thus the mathematical model will show no mortality at all, even though, as in the case of some egg-laying organisms, the actual average of individual survival is somewhere in the vicinity of one per million. Even worse, a one-genotype population may appear to be doing very well in the mathematical model, even though in reality it is rapidly becoming extinct because its one genotype is inadequate under current conditions^. On the other hand, a population with a variety of genotypes will always show some selective losses in the model because some of its genotypes have to be rated less than 1, although it may, in fact, be increasing in numbers quite rapidly. The paradox becomes clearer if we imagine a situation in which there occurs within a population a new mutation with favorable effects on viability. In order to incorporate this into the scheme, it is necessary to de-


Cladophora glomerata(L.) Kz. was grown in Jaworski's algal culture medium and exposed to a fluctuating electromagnetic field which induced development of dark colouration, increased density and brittleness. After 4 weeks exposure, algae were unable to grow when transferred to unexposed culture medium. In addition, algal growth in culture medium exposed to a fluctuating magnetic field before the algae were introduced, was inhibited significantly compared with an appropriate control after 4 days, indicating a transfer of effect from the brief exposure to a magnetic field of less than 1 second to the 4-day period when growth was active.


Flow around a rotating circular cylinder in a uniform flow was numerically simulated using a finite volume method based on standard k-epsilon turbulent model in the static condition and LES model under a specified speed rotating and rotating oscillation conditions. This paper emphasize the research of the characteristics of vortex shedding and drag force reduction influenced by the oscillation motion of the circular cylinder. When a circular cylinder oscillates rotationally in a uniform stream, on the premise of specific vorticity(C s ) of the separation point around the cylinder, there will be various forms of vortex shedding patterns. That will be shown the differences with the patterns of flowing behind a stationary and constant speed of rotating cylinder. Every time as the max vorticity is greater than the specific vorticity value(?C max ?≥ C s ) the cylinder will be changed to rotate reversely in the opposite direction. Also there are two forms of the variable motion of rotational cylinder with speed changed abruptly or gradually. Find the effective method of reducing drag by comparing the drag coefficient data.


The risk of depression among college students in China is prominent, but there are still many deficiencies in the current mental health education in colleges and universities. The Mandala Painting Assisted Therapy System is designed based on Virtual Reality (VR) technology, in which individuals express themselves by painting in a specific virtual scene to effectively alleviate depression and assess the level of mental health. Combined with the characteristics of mandala painting, the paper introduced the mandala painting-assisted therapy system from four viewpoints, namely, design idea, core module construction, intervention process and effect, and core highlights and development prospects. The system was expected to effectively alleviate individuals' depressive moods and improve college students' mental health. The paper aimed to provide reference experience for improving and developing China's college and university mental health education and facilitating the practical application of VR.


The α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals with a size of about 60 nm were prepared by using FeCl3 and NaOH as precursors through a facile and green three-step hydrothermal reaction process. Then, using the resulting α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals as basic materials, the α-Fe2O3 Rubik's nanostructures were fabricated by a self-assembly method under ultrasonic condition, due to the platelet-shaped structure and magnetic property of the α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals. Interestingly, the resulting Rubik's nanostructures with a diameter of 300–600 nm exhibit typical room-temperature ferromagnetism, and could serve as an adsorbent to quickly remove the trace-level (50 mg L−1) Pb2+ from water. It provides options for developing new preparation technology of Fe2O3-based nanomaterials for many applications.


The 49,000-km2 Badain Jaran Desert lies in the centre of Alxa Plateau in the western Inner Mongolian Region [1;2]. The southern part of this desert is characterised by the unique association of lakes with the tallest megadunes of Earth (general height varying between 150 and 350 m). The mean precipitation rate of this region is below 100 mm yr-1 and the evapotranspiration one is ~2600 mm yr-1. Around 140 lakes have been reported, mainly located in the interdunal region and they represent a mean surface of ~23 km2. In order to protect the water resource of this desert, scientific research such as the sources of groundwater and groundwater recharge has been carried out. One of the most interesting resulting hypotheses is the existence of a convective circulation of the groundwater [3;4;1;5]. Indeed, the ascending current of groundwater can 1) supply the lakes and 2) may play role in the cementation of the megadunes, process that is considered as the starting point for their development. Interestingly, at the surface of the megadunes, a dry layer is present and its depth varies between 20 and 50 cm. But below this dry layer, the sand is moistened [6].

Space-based thermal images from MODIS of this region display at first approximation a correlation between the topography and the surface temperature evolution. In order to understand the relationship between the surface temperature, topography and soil moisture, a fully coupled hydro-thermal method was adopted to simulate the interaction between the atmosphere and the first metre below the surface. The analysis process includes the determination of material parameters, initial and boundary conditions, the calculations of net solar radiation, actual evaporation and sensible heat. Our methodology relies on the measured temperature distribution by MODIS and the calculation shows the temperature evolution along with the elevation. The factors including sunshine direction (i.e. sunny or shadowed slope) and evaporation on the surface temperature distribution at Badain Jaran will be discussed.

[1] Dong et al. (2004), Geomorphology, doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.023; [2] Dong et al. (2009), Geomorphology, doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.10.015; [3] Chen et al. (2004), Nature, doi: 10.1038/432459a; [4] Chen et al. (2012), Geochemistry International, doi: 10.1134/s0016702912030044 ; [5] Gates et al. (2008), Applied Geochemistry, doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.07.019; [6]  Chen et al. (2006), Chinese Science Bulletin, doi; 10.1007/s11434-006-2196-8


ABSTRACT This article examines the challenges that citizen silence raises for the design and reform of electoral and representative institutions. Much of the recent work on democratic institutional design has sought to address citizen silence by making political systems more deliberative, inclusive, and participatory. But to the extent that silence is also a right in a democratic system, its presence is both inevitable and an opportunity for misrepresentation and abuse. I argue that these dangers are especially acute among already marginalized and vulnerable groups. I develop a set of design requirements that any institution would have to meet in order for silence to be safeguarded as a form of political expression. I then propose a series of mechanisms – including compulsory voting in elections, minimum turnout thresholds for underrepresented demographics, and iterative voting in legislatures – that could clarify when silence is being chosen with intent, while still respecting people's right to refuse vocal participation. Understanding silence as a basic element of democratic institutions, I conclude, can open up new possibilities for reform, providing a necessary supplement to ongoing efforts to strengthen democratic governance.


From results secured from experiments with trained subjects in a psychological laboratory the authors conclude that speed of reaction is probably the most important factor in individual differences which appear in acts which involve "intelligence." There is a high correlation between score in an intelligence test, speed in an intelligence test, and speed in a simple reaction. There is a lower correlation if the time limits for the standard tests are greatly extended. In such cases the slower subjects overtake the faster ones since the latter have no opportunity to utilize their additional time. But in any case where time is at all important the "slow but accurate" subject has no advantage over his more rapid rival. If speed of reaction should turn out to be the primary differentia in intelligent acts, one might consider "intelligence" as analogous to "power" in mechanics--i.e., amount of work done against time. A uniform relationship between speed of reaction and score on intelligence tests would also make it possible to test economically a fundamental and socially important individual difference. It would be important scientifically to know whether the locus of the individual differences in speed is not perhaps to be sought in the rate of conduction of the nervous impulse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)


The influence of temperature on the in vitro formation of radial-segmented (RS) nuclei in lymphocytes and monocytes from peripheral blood was studied quantitatively. The RS nuclei were found to be most abundant after incubation at room temperature, independent of the anticoagulant used. The smallest yield of RS nuclei was found after incubation at refrigerator temperature, a somewhat higher yield after incubation at 37° C. These findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the formation of RS nuclei is due to a contraction of fibrous structures radiating from the centrosomal region, presumably interphasic remnants of the mitotic spindle.


This contribution tries to show how the Spanish National Museum of
Science and Technology both participates and helps in the study and preservation
of collections of scientifc instruments in institutions not devoted to museology.


Abstract Inference about multivariate means is investigated for the case in which the covariance matrix is assumed to follow an antedependence model, which is a general first-order autoregressive model. We present two test statistics that offer alternatives to Hotelling's T 2 test for testing whether a vector mean is equal to some specified value. These antedependence statistics have simple representations in terms of Hotelling's T 2 statistics computed for certain bivariate and univariate variables. Extensions to the multivariate linear model provide easy-to-compute antedependence analogs to the usual Wilk's lambda, Lawley-Hotelling trace, and Pillai's trace statistics.


Within the scope of a research project the Institute of Textile Research and Chemical Engineering Denkendorf (ITV) tested different gripper and isolating systems that are on the market. The paper reports in brief form the research findings which also represent the level of technology.<<ETX>>