The Great Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic have raised concerns about business cycles. In this paper, we examine the dynamics of past business cycles in CAEMC economies to infer the shapes of recessions and subsequent recoveries. We use annual GDP data covering the period 1960-2020 and non-parametric approach. The main results are fourfold. First, recessions are, on average, long with a positive duration dependence relationship and the strength of recoveries is independent of the duration and the depth of the associated recessions. Second, recessions and recoveries are not all alike, meaning that history cannot be used as a guide for forecasting issue. Third, nearly 45% of the recessions and subsequent recoveries are V-shaped, and the L, U and W patterns appear when governments are heavily indebted. Fourth, a regional cycle sometimes emerges. The results suggest a strengthening of the capacities of CAEMC states and a resilient supply chain management.


Helicobacter pylori infection occurs worldwide, though the burden differs greatly between countries and within populations. Studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori infection is higher in developing countries, including Nigeria and among populations of low socio-economic status. The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection amongst students of Bingham University, Karu, Nassarawa State, Nigeria. A total of 565 blood samples were collected from students with their consents after completing a self-administered questionnaire. Each blood sample was spun for 5 minutes at 1000 rpm to get the serum, which was used to determine the presence of H. pylori antibody using a Helicobacter pylori test cassette. Of the 565 students screened, 31 were found to be positive, giving a prevalence of 5.5% (95%CI=3.6-7.4). Prevalence among the female students was higher at 6.3% in contrast to the male 4.5%, though this difference was not statistically significant (chi-square=0.904, P-value=0.34). Students aged 26-30 years showed the highest prevalence of 8.8% above 4.2%, 5.6% of the age ranges 15-20 and 21-25 years, respectively. Seropositivity of H. pylori increased with students' year of study, with 100 Level having 9.3%, followed by 6.3% in 200 level. The 300 and 400 Levels had 5.8% and 2.5, respectively. Also, the students who were knowledgeable about the infection and those who were not had 15.7% and 3.2% seroprevalence, respectively. The low prevalence of the infection obtained in this study did not show sex or age differencesand could be as a result of the good sanitary living conditions or good feeding habits of the students. It is recommended that infected students should eat at regular intervals, obtain adequate treatment after stool analysis to confirm the infection, and also practice good sanitary habits. The school authority should keep on improving the living conditions of the students as this will enhance lower prevalence or total elimination of the infection.


A cadaveric study of lumbar spinal anatomy is described to determine the feasibility of a technique to increase the chances of spinal fusion by the analysis of the anatomical relationship of the structures surrounding the lumbar spinal area when the technique is carried out. Present techniques for uninstrumented spinal fusion result in bone graft migration away from the graft reception bed and possible destruction of the surrounding neurovasculature, which would in part explain why the spinal fusion rates are not high. Dissection of the cadaveric lumbar spine was used to identify the anatomical relationship of the structures around the facet joints and transverse processes. The technique, involving the formation of a "trapdoor" from part of the facet joint and transverse process was carried out; followed by an analysis of what structures were attached to the "trapdoor." This technique was found to maintain the neurovascular bundle and ligamentous components surrounding the lumbar facet joint, and prevent bone graft migration. It also exposes more cancellous bone and allows for the vascularization of inserted bone graft by the maintenance of attached neurovascular bundles around the lumbar facet joint. These factors could enhance the chances of lumbar spinal fusion occurring.


Generation of the unconsciousness associated with arousal during the initial stage of anesthesia by midazolam is critical for general anesthesia, however, the exact mechanism remains unknown. Here, firstly, we found that the destruction of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LCNE) could prolong the emergence time of midazolam-induced anesthesia. Secondly, the same results were found by activation of the noradrenergic pathway between the LC and the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) using optogenetics and chemogenetics approaches, respectively. Thirdly, this effect was mediated by α1 and β adrenergic receptors rather than α2 adrenergic receptors in the VLPO. Moreover, the noradrenergic pathway to modulate the arousal between the LC and VLPO was controlled by GABAA receptors in the LC and VLPO in our models. Our data demonstrate that activation of the NEergic pathway between the LC and VLPO can promote arousal to prevent delayed recovery from midazolam-induced anesthesia.


This paper presents a look-ahead constructive heuristic for solving the unrelated parallel machine problem with sequence dependent setup times, where the objective is to minimize the completion time of the last job, or makespan. This is an NP-hard problem. Although a variety of practical situations can be modeled using this problem, still a modest number of articles devoted to it can be found in literature. The constructive heuristic proposed in this paper has a look-ahead mechanism based on a saving criterion, which permits to improve the quality of solutions against another constructive heuristic rule already reported in literature.


Investigated the change of climate in the Carpathian region. The authors evaluated the impact of solar activity on indicators of climate change. Analysis based on data that were obtained from meteorological stations located within the Dniester river basin. Research period is 65 years. The author based on statistics made mathematical analysis of the impact of solar activity on the change of air temperature and amount of precipitation in the region. Mathematical dependence of these quantities, which allows making predictions of future changes in amount of precipitation, depending on the future activity of the sun.


Invited for the cover of this issue is Christopher Bejger and co-workers at UNC Charlotte, Columbia University, and Donghua University. The image depicts a pair of star clusters in the constellation Perseus as the structure of two metal clusters in the reported framework. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.20201215.


Monitoring groundwater aquifers for possible sources of contamination is an important aspect of water resource management. The design of monitoring networks has been one of the key concerns of researchers who deal with the management of groundwater quality. To control, prevent, and remediate groundwater contamination, large number of monitoring well locations is required in a 3-dimensional transient system. This is associated with significant installation, operational and implementation costs. Therefore, a method, which can identify an optimal number of monitoring wells, is useful in saving costs and for effective monitoring of the plume concentration and movement. A state of the art groundwater monitoring network design, which combines groundwater flow and transport results with a Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization procedure to identify optimal monitoring well location is presented in this study. The proposed sequential network design approach differs from other monitoring network designs by placing the emphasis on maximizing the probability of tracking a transient contamination plume by determining sequential monitoring locations. It also addresses the issue of enhancing modelling accuracy when the hydrogeologic and hydrochemical data such as contaminant concentration measurement data are sparse. The proposed methodology aims at tracking the pollutant plume movement by sequentially designing and then implementing an optimal monitoring network. Each design and its implementation are followed by a limited period of additional concentration measurements at the monitoring locations. This additional information is later used for a new design of the monitoring network.


Objective To explore the kinetic change of soluble HLA class I molecules (sHLA- 1) content during chronic hepatitis B treatment,and to evalute its significance.Methods The chronic hepatitis B patients were divided into two groups,interferon treatment group and transfer factor treat- ment group.Serum sHLA-1 was detected hy sandwich ELISA.Results Complete response group: The level of sHLA-1 rose markedly at week 8 (P0.05),decreased markedly at week 16,and kept a low level state;Non change group:The content of sHLA-1 didn't change markedly during the trent- ment period.Conclsion The change of serum sHLA-1 level may be used as an indicator of therapeutic efficacy of HBV infection.


Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere and is heavily affected by food insecurity (FI) and malaria. To find out if these two conditions are associated with each other we studied a convenience sample of 153 women with children under five in Camp Perrin, South Haiti. Household food insecurity was assessed with the 16‐item ELCSA scale previously validated in the target communities. ELCSA's reference time period was the three months preceding the survey and it was answered by the mother. Since no households were food secure, households were categorized as either mild/moderately FI (42.7%, ELCSA score range:1‐10) or severely FI (57.3%, ELCSA score range:11‐16). 34.0% of women reported that their children had malaria during the 2 months preceding the survey. Multivariate analyses showed that severe FI was a risk factor for malaria (OR: 5.4; 95% CI: 1.7‐17.2). Children who were not fed colostrum at birth were also at higher risk for malaria (4.9; 1.3‐18.9). Additional risk factors for malaria were: female headed household, trader/farmer (vs. wage worker), maternal education, poor child health (maternal self‐report), and a child BMI < 16. Funded by the AgroSalud Project (CIDA # 7034161).


As the main digestive products of protein,peptide's transport system is independent with the transport system of amino acids.Peptide transporter 1(PepT1)is an important peptide transporter.This paper reviewed the molecular characteristics,cDNA cloning and expression,transport mechanism of PepT1 in fishes.


We make a theoretical study of the J/Ψ decays into ωππ, φππ, ωKK̄ and φKK̄ using the techniques of the chiral unitary approach stressing the important role of the scalar resonances dynamically generated through the final state interaction of the two pseudoscalar mesons. We also discuss the importance of new mechanisms with intermediate exchange of vector and axial-vector mesons and the role played by the OZI rule in the J/Ψφππ vertex, quantifying its effects. The results nicely reproduce the experimental data for the invariant mass distributions in all the channels considered. The J/Ψ decay into a pseudoscalar meson pair and a vector meson has been claimed to be one of the most suited reactions to study the long controversial nature of the scalar mesons, on which the interpretation as qq̄ mesons or as meson-meson molecules has mainly centered the discussion. In the last years, a chiral unitary coupled channel approach [1] has proved to be successful in describing meson-meson interactions in all channels up to energies ∼ 1.2 GeV, far beyond the natural limit of applicability of the standard Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT), which is ∼ 500 MeV where the pole of the lightest resonance, the σ meson, appears. In this approach the scalar mesons rise up naturally as dynamically generated resonances, in the sense that, without being included as explicit degrees of freedom, they appear as poles in the s-wave meson-meson scattering amplitudes. The aim of the present work 1 is to make a consistent and comprehensive description of the J/Ψ → V PP decays, including all the mechanisms able to influence the region of pseudoscalar pair invariant masses up to ∼ 1.1 GeV, addressing the role played by the scalar mesons and the OZI rule. Following the framework of the chiral unitary approach, we will implement the final meson-meson state interaction in order to generate dynamically the scalar resonances involved. The first mechanisms considered are those involving a direct coupling of the J/Ψ to the two pseudoscalars and the vector, implementing the final state interaction of the pseudoscalars pair, as is depicted in Fig. 1 for the J/Ψ → ωππ channel. The thick dot in Fig. 1 means that one is considering the full ππ(KK̄) → ππ t-matrix, involving the loop resummation of the BetheSalpeter equation and no just the lowest order ππ(KK̄) → ππ amplitude. Actually this loop resummation is what dynamically generates the scalar resonances. The J/ΨV PP vertex can be constructed using SU(3) arguments to relate the different isospin channels and parameterizing the amplitudes in a way which clearly manifest the role played by the OZI rule in this direct vertex, accounted for by means of a parameter λφ such that, if the OZI rule would be exact, then λφ would be zero. In analogy with the approach in Ref. [3] (and in some sense to [4]), we consider next the mechanisms involving the sequential exchange of a vector or axial-vector meson as depicted in All the details of the model can be found in [2], on which the present contribution is based


Dollars For Genes: Revenue Generation by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Richard Gilbert * June 2006 I. Introduction Human embryonic stem cell research promises potential breakthrough therapies for diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, spinal cord injuries, cancer, HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, heart disease and mental health disorders. 1 In November 2004 California voters passed Proposition 71, the initiative that created the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) and authorized the state to issue up to $3 billion in general obligation bonds to fund human embryonic stem cell research and provide overhead for the Institute. 2 In addition to the potential for stem cell research to improve lives, some supporters of Proposition 71 also promised large royalty income from the licensing of new technologies that would result from CIRM-funded research. 3 A study prepared by Laurence Baker, Professor of Health Research and Policy at Stanford University, and Bruce Deal of Analysis Group ("Baker-Deal report") predicted that the State would earn from $537 million to $1.1 billion in royalties from research funded by Proposition 71. 4 This paper derives a much lower estimate of likely licensing income from CIRM-funded R&D. My methodology refines the approach in the Baker-Deal study and also forecasts Professor of Economics, University of California at Berkeley. See Proposition 71, p.1., available at http://www.cirm.ca.gov/prop71/pdf/prop71.pdf, accessed on June 14, 2006 and Alliance for Stem Cell Research, available at http://www.allianceforstemcellresearch.org/page.php?id=126, accessed on June 14, 2006. The bond authorization is subject to a $350 million annual limit. See Proposition 71, available at http://www.ss.ca.gov/elections/bp_nov04/prop_71_entire.pdf, accessed on June 14, 2006. "By making California a leader in stem cell research and giving our State an opportunity to share in royalties from the research, [Proposition] 71 will generate thousands of new jobs and millions in new state revenues.", Steve Westly and Phil Angelides Argument in Favor of Proposition 71, available at http://www.ss.ca.gov/elections/bp_nov04/prop_71_entire.pdf, accessed June 19, 2006. Laurence Baker and Bruce Deal, Economic Impact Analysis: Proposition 71, California Stem Cell Research and Cures Initiative, Analysis Group, September 14, 2004.


The basic principle of presureless infiltration of aluminum matrix composites used by particle reinforcement is introduced in the paper.Many kinds of process properties of aluminum matrix composites employed by presureless infiltration are discussed.The present problems of process and their possiblc treatment technologies are analysed.\;


Porous polymeric membranes are used for ion exchange membranes, membrane filter and separators of batteries owing to its micro-porous structure. Extension method is one of the inexpensive processes of such membrane. However, any suitable stability condition of the process has not yet been clarified. In this study, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) observations in production process are carried out and the simulation technology for production is developed for improvement in productivity. In this simulation model, the evolution equation of microscopic damage, constitutive equation depending on microscopic damage and the homogenization method are used for representation of evolution of micro-porous structure of crystalline polymer. It is indicated that numerical results obtained here are in good agreement with the SEM observations.


The aim of the paper is to present the dynamics in the banking supervision of Bulgaria. The international trend to extend the scope of banking supervision is reflected in the national policy for development of banking system. The recommendations in the European directives create an environment for the restructuring of banking supervision in individual Member States to scope extension to non-financial information and good corporate governance practices. The results of the paper reach a new wave, which is aimed at modernizing and restructuring both the banking system, as well as the banking supervision. The dynamics of adapting banking supervision to the new reality differs for home and host countries. For the banking system of Bulgaria, which is predominantly represented by subsidiaries of European banking groups, the supervision authority is restructured towards non-financial information, including good practices of corporate governance.


Fock studied the hydrogen atom problem in momentum space by projecting the space into a 4-dimensional hyperspherical space. He found that as a consequence of the symmetry of the problem in this space the eigenfunctions are the R4 spherical harmonics and that the eigenvalues are determined only by the principal quantum number n. In this paper we note that if his method is applied to the 2-dimensional Kepler problem in momentum space, the eigenfunctions are R3 spherical harmonics, Ylm, and the eigenvalues are determined only by the quantum number l. These facts enable one to give a visualizable geometrical discussion of the dynamical degeneracy.


This work is part of a syndetic approach to the evaluation of the usability of interaction devices that takes into account the cognitive resources needed to use a device to perform particular tasks. In the syndetic approach both a cognitive model and a model of system behaviour are speci ed and brought together within a single framework in order to investigate their relations. The ICS model is such a cognitive model of human information processing. In this model the human information processing is depicted as a number of independent cognitive processes that cooperate by means of exchanging mental representations of the observed environment. The style in which the model is described is close to a data ow style, which is also one of the formal approaches used within Computer Science for the speci cation of systems behaviour. In this paper we present a data ow oriented representation of a simpli ed version of the ICS model in which we study the synchronisation and delay of the streams of representations owing through the model. The data ow approach is shown to give particularly interesting possibilities to investigate the consequences of a relative di erence in speed between the information processing of the human and the change of the environment in which (s)he is working.


Model predictive control (MPC) is a frequently used control technique. An extension of MPC is distributed MPC (DMPC) that can be used to meet restrictions in computation time and make flexible system reconfiguration possible. This contribution presents a DMPC algorithm, which uses sensitivities that contain information about the influence of a control action on neighboring agents. Three different ways of calculation are presented. The algorithm itself performs local optimization and exchanges sensitivities on agent level until a convergence criterion is met. The method is applied to several examples to demonstrate its performance, including trajectories and time analysis. In particular, it is shown that the computation time on agent level is almost constant for an increasing system size.


ABSTRACTJordan has excellent potential for solar energy with 2080 kWh/m2 global radiation and more than 300 sunny days a year. An integrated Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermal (PV/T) solar collector system was constructed and operated at Mutah University in Jordan. The performance of the integrated Hybrid Photovoltaic-solar collector system was evaluated analytically and experimentally. The total sun insolation and various inlet, outlet and tank temperatures were recorded instantaneously every hour of the day for several months in 2010. The discretized temperature distribution of the integrated system and the stratification of the tank were solved numerically. The integrated system was discretized using forward finite difference. The Runge-Kutta fourth order method was used to solve the discretized nodes. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations were used to predict and to evaluate the inlet velocity, temperature, operating pressure of the integrated Hybrid PV/T solar collector system. Good agreement was ...


The present work developed in the Forestries Faculty of the Amazonia Peruana's University Nacional, He evaluated 2 plantation there is of 16- years sea current of once was installed with handling ends sustained with different separations. The parameters evaluados went : individuals's number with and without stipes, total and partial height, inclination and orientation angle of turning of the leaves, alive leaves, heavy loss of life and survival number and also the ground where the plantation grows was examined. The statistical design was the one with blocks unrestrictedly at random with 2 repetitions, whose aftermaths submitted to the ANVA; Them as they indicate to exist you tell apart significant enter total and partial, the presence of stipe, the heights the survival and the separations; In like manner due to the little plants number with flowers observed after 16 years of having established the plantation, it is not possible establishing relations among the inclination angle and the turning orientation of the leaves with plant's sex. He found a 6- green- leaves average for plant and a high survival rate in the neighborhood of the 82. this plantation's grounds come from in the main clayey texture and with 4,98's average pH that is lightly acid.


Abstract
Background
Acute stent thrombosis is a frequent cause of myocardial infarct (MI) after stent placement. Total atrioventricular (AV) block is frequently become the conductive disturbance complication of acute reinfarct. Inferior MI has Low long-term mortality and greater reversibility than anterior MI which has higher in-hospital and long-term mortality.

Case Illustration
            44 years man, came to emergency department Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita with altered mental status since 12 hours ago. PPCI stenting at proximal LAD of his acute anterior MI 2 days ago. Patient had acute stent thrombosis then underwent urgent PCI at referring hospital. Patient present with blood pressure 57/30, heart rate 20 -30 with TAVB rhythm. Laboratory showed increased serum lactate level 5.2. Patient was diagnosed with Total AV block caused by MI. Patient was planned for emergency temporary pacemaker (TPM) implantation. After 24 hours close monitoring, the patient intrinsic rhythm resolved with spontaneous recovery. Patient was hemodynamically stable until discharge.

Discussion
Stent thrombosis of proximal stent of LAD will cause TAVB because of the source of the distal portion of the AV node is originating from septal branch of LAD. It is caused by extensive necrosis with higher in-hospital and long-term mortality, often culminated in permanent pacemaker. However, spontaneous recovery of TAVB into sinus rhythm take place. This could be caused by transient reversible ischemia of infra nodal region of AV node which supplied by septal perforator branch

Conclusion
This case reporting a complete atrioventricular block during the course of acute anterior reinfarct and had spontaneous resolution of the AV block. Mechanisms of spontaneous resolution of complete AV block in the setting of acute MI is associated transient ischemia after occlusion of proximal LAD.

Keyword: Reinfarct, Stent Thrombosis, Total AV Block


The article is devoted to the theoretical and methodological substantiation of tactics in modern Olympic martial arts. The urgency of the work is due to the needs of the training system of athletes and the mandatory practice of organizing and conducting specialized activities to achieve results in specific conflict situations, taking into account current trends in Olympic martial arts. The purpose of the research is theoretical and methodological substantiation of tactics in modern Olympic martial arts. Methods: theoretical analysis and generalization, study of documentary materials, sociological survey methods (expert assessment), ascertaining pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. Tactics in modern Olympic martial arts should be considered as a system that covers the theory and practice of organizing and conducting special activities of the subjects of the personalized subsystem of the training system, the main purpose of which is to achieve sports results by using various schemes and tools according to certain rules. specific sport, and current environmental conditions. The springboard, or the most important starting position, which dictates the nature of special activities (tactics) are the current trends in the development of Olympic martial arts. At each of the seven levels, tactics are implemented in the following areas: perception of the environment and search for information needed to understand the situation, analysis of information and its comparison with previous experience and purpose, selection and decision-making, implementation of decisions and evaluation. Conclusions. The concept of tactics in modern Olympic martial arts is a system of views on it as a multilevel and multidimensional phenomenon that exists in several areas - competitive and non-competitive activities. The levels of implementation of tactics are as follows: tactical interaction (during the technical reception); duel; team meeting; tournament and its stages; competition systems - during the season, the Olympic cycle and their totality. At each of the seven levels, tactics are implemented in the following areas: perception of the environment and search for information needed to understand the situation, analysis of information and its comparison with previous experience and purpose, selection and decision-making, implementation of decisions and evaluation


Modelling of macroscopic behaviour of materials, consisting of several layers or components, whose microscopic (at least stochastic) analysis is available, as well as (more general) simulation of non‐local phenomena, complicated coupled processes, etc., requires both deeper understanding of physical principles and development of mathematical theories and software algorithms. Starting from the (relatively simple) example of phase transformation in substitutional alloys, this paper sketches the general formulation of a nonlinear system of partial differential equations of evolution for the heat and mass transfer (useful in mechanical and civil engineering, etc.), corresponding to conservation principles of thermodynamics, both at the micro‐ and at the macroscopic level, and suggests an algorithm for scale‐bridging, based on the robust finite element techniques. Some existence and convergence questions, namely those based on the construction of sequences of Rothe and on the mathematical theory of two‐scale convergence, are discussed together with references to useful generalizations, required by new technologies.


The isostatic transfer function for the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge was computed from 25 profiles of gravity and topography normal to the ridge trend. As follows from the comparison with previous studies, the transfer function for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is insensitive to the tectonic setting of profiles used. The experimental transfer function was employed to remove all coherent short-wavelength features in the gravity and topography from 17 long profiles across the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The profiles were then recomputed as a function of t, age of the lithosphere, and averaged over equal ages. The observed regional topography, regional gravity anomaly, and altimeter geoid anomaly agree well with conductive cooling models of the spreading lithosphere. An observed slope of the topography versus t1/2 and of the geoid versus t can be explained with a single set of model parameters. Comparison with the estimates by Haxby for the northern Mid-Atlantic and Reykjanes Ridges suggests a systematic decrease in the temperature of the mantle from 1500°–1600°C near Iceland to 1000°–1100°C at the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The theoretical gravity anomaly deduced by the analytical method of Haxby and Turcotte is sensitive to the thermal parameters only in the age range 0–20 m.y. The fit of the theoretical to the observed gravity anomaly is good outside the axial strip 0–3 m.y. The poor fit at the axis is attributed to inadequacy in the boundary condition of the model.


Standardized Work, Heijunka and Kaizen are the basis of the Toyota Production System (TPS) model and provide stability to its pillars. As many tools adapted to Lean Construction, the Standardized Work can also be applied in AEC Industry to increase productivity, reduce waste and define a standardized procedure for the activity. Recently, the high variability in execution, cost and team member's productivity have caught the attention of the company's construction managers. There is also a high difference between workforce budgeted cost and actual cost, related to a lack of knowledge of the daily routine. The Standardized Work's goal is to identify the roots of these differences, reduce the variability of the main construction work packages, and know the work packages of the Last Planner. The purpose of this article is to present the results of these studies and the improvements identified, such as the increase of the productive time of the teams, the increase of productivity, the reduction of waste, and characterization and standardization of the activities. This paper contributes to the understanding of Standardized Work and show the application on a construction site. In addition to showing the main results of each work package, the main goal is to exemplify the collection and tabulation of data.


the problem of functional annotation of regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms is considered. Previously we have identified 1476 human regulatory SNPs through an integrated epigenome and transcriptome analysis. Here we employed the analysis of differentially expressed genes in order to explore the extensive impact of these regulatory variants on the phenotypic landscape.


Abstract Viscum album L., (Common Mistletoe), is a hemiparasitic shrub that lives on a wide range of woody plant species, known since Neolithic period for its ritual and for pharmacological properties. Up to now, no investigation has been reported on the chemical composition of the essential oils of V. album aerial parts in relation with the diverse host trees. Consequently, the essential oils compositions of three Sicilian accession of V. album, growing on Quercus suber L., Crataegus monogyna Jacq. and Olea europaea L. var. europaea cv. 'Santagatese', respectively, were evaluated by GC-MS. The three populations showed quite different profiles indicating that the nature of the host considerably influences the chemical composition of the guest plant, V. album. Graphical Abstract


Experimental results on the dc conduction characteristics of highly imperfect Ta2O5 films are presented. Two regions with distinct conduction mechanisms have been identified. In the high‐field region the conduction mechanism is bulk limited. In the low‐voltage region the conduction mechanism is electrode limited and obeys a modified field‐emission equation. Quantitative comparison between theory and experiment is possible. As a result, the nature of the Ta2O5‐metal interface is identified. Based on reasonable estimates of the donor density and the effective mass of conduction electrons, the energy diagram of Ta2O5 can be deduced. There is also some experimental evidence which appears to be contradictory to the present interpretation. Plausible explanations for these discrepancies are discussed.


In this paper, the advanced process has been presented to remove the WSix peeling which was brought in sub-100 nm DRAM SRCAT(sphere-shaped-recess-channel-array transistor). The source of WSix peeling was proved to be the groove of gate poly film. We have completely solved the problems to adopt the gate-poly CMP (chemical mechanical polishing) process.


Ternary AlGaN alloys with a band gap of 3.4 to 6.2 eV are very promising for photodetectors in the UV wavelength range. Using the COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS software based on AlGaN, a p-i-n photodiode model was developed, including its I–V characteristic, spectral sensitivity of the received radiation, absorption coefficient as a function of the aluminum fraction and the depletion layer thickness. To calculate the process of interaction of a semiconductor with EM radiation, we used a model based on the use of an element of the transition matrix through the carrier lifetime during spontaneous recombination. In this case, the peak sensitivity of the photodiode is from 0.08 to 0.18 A/W at wavelengths of 0.2–0.33 µm. This is in line with experimental results taken from the relevant literature.


Advances in mobile computing, wireless communications, mobile positioning, and sensor technologies have given rise to a new class of context-aware mobile and ubiquitous applications. Context-Aware Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing for Enhanced Usability: Adaptive Technologies and Applications provides thorough insights and significant research developments on mobile technologies and services. This significant reference book explains how users of such applications access intelligent and adaptable information services, maximizing convenience and minimizing intrusion.


A generalized hyperbolic tetrahedra is a polyhedron (possibly non-compact) with finite volume in hyperbolic space, obtained from a tetrahedron by the polar truncation at the vertices lying outside the space. In this paper it is proved that a volume formula for ordinary hyperbolic tetrahedra devised by J. Murakami and M. Yano can be applied to such ones. There are two key tools for the proof; one is so-called Schl¨afli's dif-ferential formula for hyperbolic polyhedra, and the other is a necessary and sufficient condition for given numbers to be the dihedral angles of a generalized hyperbolic simplex with respect to their dihedral angles. as we saw in Theorem 4.2, and the angle arccos(1 / 3) corresponds to the Euclidean regular tetrahedron, corresponding to infinitesimally small hyperbolic regular tetrahedra. The dihedral angle of the regular ideal tetrahedron is π/ 3.


Coherence in the image plane of an optical system depends on the conditions of illumination and the impulse response of the optical components. The propagation of the mutual intensity function from object to image plane is evaluated for various conditions. Experimental measurements verify an increase of coherence under conditions where the mutual intensity function in the object plane is not resolved. These considerations demonstrate the requirement for quality in condenser optical components and care when imaging components are cascaded.


Abstract Tripogon cope Newmaster S. G., V. Balalasubramaniam, M. Murugesan, & S. Ragupathy a new species from South India, is described and illustrated. A key for the identification of all Indian Tripogon species is included. A detrended correspondence analysis identified 21 groups of taxa including the sp. novum from the 48 samples, analyzing 36 morphological characters. A discriminant function analysis was used to rigorously test the classification of specimens provided in the cluster analysis. This study provides preliminary evidence of morphometric variation within and among species of Tripogon, which allows further development of hypothesis concerning species boundaries. Discussions concerning ecological data and distribution are presented in the context of conservation initiatives of rare and endemic Tripogon taxa within India.


The necessity of preloading for drive gear bearing of screw pump on surface drive is described.Its analysis and calculation are shown as well.An adjustment method of preloading is summarized based on the calculation result,which has a practical importance to ensure normal operation of surface drive and to prolong its working life.


Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins produced by certain types of fungi that contaminate food and feed, posing serious health risks to human and livestock. Photosensitization is a light-based technique, which has emerged as a novel and promising green technology to control microbial growth in food and feed. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of solvent medium including ethanol (EtOH), 50% (v/v) propylene glycol (PG), 20 % (v/v) tween 20 (TW-20), and 20 % (v/v) tween 80 (TW-80), on curcumin-mediated photosensitization to inactivate Aspergillus flavus spores in vitro and on the surface of yellow and white maize kernel and flour. Results showed a reduction in the phototoxic activity of curcumin in TW-20 and TW-80. However, curcumin-based photosensitization using EtOH and PG as solvents led to a significant decrease in the colony forming ability of A. flavus spores in vitro, up to 2.04 and 3.33 log colony-forming unit (CFU), respectively. Interestingly, fungal growth was delayed in photosensitized maize kernel and flour for 14 and 7 days, respectively, which were stored at 25 °C. Consequently, no Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was detected in maize kernels after 20 days of storage at 25 °C, whereas accumulation of the toxin was reduced by 91% in photosensitized flour. Thus, photosensitization showed to be a potential alternative to reduce A. flavus contamination on maize kernel and flour, giving rise to low concentrations of AFB1. This technique has the potential for use in feed applications resulting in the reduction of postharvest losses in maize.


It has previously been shown that, when the process of dynamical mixing of diffuse and dense material is included, the predictions of chemical models are in much better agreement with observations of organic species and of the C/CO ratio in dark interstellar clouds. However, in these calculations, the effects of adsorption on to grains and of possible reactions on grain surfaces were neglected. In the present study, these processes have been incorporated in a dynamical mixing model, together with photoejection as the complementary desorption mechanisms


This article considers the social and economic situation of the Aktobe region as well as discusses the prospect of industrialization growth. The paper presents a SWOT-analysis that determines strengths and weaknesses of the development of the Aktobe agglomeration. The results can be used by school teachers in teaching a special course in local history, in the activities of architecture department, in the akimat for planning the economic development of the city. In the course of the study, a differentiated assessment of social and economic factors of the Aktobe city was provided.


Optical methods in biomedicine have experienced an outstanding development in recent decades and are currently successfully translated from research laboratories to medical practice. Some of them, such as optical coherence tomography and photodynamic therapy, have become a common tool for clinicians while others, such as optical diffuse tomography or laser-driven acceleration for radiation therapy, are on their way from optical bench to medical instrumentation. This Special Issue presents a collection of papers based on reports delivered at the 3 biannual International Symposium "Topical Problems of Biophotonics – 2011". The issue includes both review and research papers covering a wide range of topics varying from microscopic studies at subcellular scale to diagnostics and treatment in clinical practice. The cellular and intracellular studies are presented by four papers discussing perspective medical nanotools such as quantum dots (Loginova, p. 848, Balalaeva, p. 860) and nanodiamonds (Lin, p. 838) for imaging applications, hybrid nanocomposite films (Matteini, p. 868) aimed for treatment procedures and a paper revealing novel potential of nonlinear microscopy technique (Medyukhina, p. 878). The section on advanced laser techniques in biomedicine co-jointed with workshop on clinical biophotonics contributes four papers ranging from optical techniques in ophthalmology (Koinzer, p. 889) and mammology (Poellinger, p. 815) to laser therapy of brain injury (Huang, p. 827) and novel laser-driven sources for hadron therapy (Hofmann, p. 903). The Symposium held in July 2011 was organized by the Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Nizhny Novgorod Medical Academy and the University of Nizhny Novgorod in collaboration with Gycom Ltd., Kvantron-NN Ltd., and the Government of Nizhny Novgorod Region. 227 participants from 22 countries took part in the Symposium, including scientists from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Kingdom, and the USA. The symposium program included four parallel topical conferences "Optical Bioimaging", "Nanobiophotonics", "Neuroimaging and Neurodynamics" and "Advanced Lasers in Biomedicine", and the German-Russian workshop "Clinical Biophotonics", thus covering a broad spectrum of topics in biophotonics. The German-Russian Workshop "Clinical Biophotonics" provided the platform for cooperation between researchers and clinicians. It was organised in cooperation with project "German-Russian Network Biotechnology" sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and LIFE-Center,


Aim  Plants in islands have often evolved through adaptive radiation, providing the classical model of evolution of closely related species each with strikingly different morphological and ecological features and with low levels of genetic divergence. We emphasize the importance of an alternative (anagenetic) model of evolution, whereby a single island endemic evolves from a progenitor and slowly builds up genetic variation through time.


Millimeter-wave (MMW) imaging has a wide prospect in application of concealed weapons detection. We propose a circular-arc multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array scheme with uniformly spaced transmit and receive antennas along the horizontal-arc direction, while scanning along the vertical direction. The antenna beams of the circular-arc MIMO array can provide more uniform coverage of the imaging scene than those of the linear or planar MIMO arrays. Further, a near-field three-dimensional (3-D) imaging algorithm, based on the spatial frequency domain processing, is presented with analysis of sampling criteria and resolutions. Numerical simulations, as well as comparisons with the back-projection (BP) algorithm, are provided to show the efficacy of the proposed approach.


We introduce the concept of a graded bundle which is a natural generalization of the concept of a vector bundle and whose standard examples are higher tangent bundles T^nQ playing a fundamental role in higher order Lagrangian formalisms. Graded bundles are graded manifolds in the sense that we can choose an atlas whose local coordinates are homogeneous functions of degrees 0,1,...,n. We prove that graded bundles have a convenient equivalent description as homogeneity structures, i.e. manifolds with a smooth action of the multiplicative monoid of non-negative reals. The main result states that each homogeneity structure admits an atlas whose local coordinates are homogeneous. Considering a natural compatibility condition of homogeneity structures we formulate, in turn, the concept of a double (r-tuple, in general) graded bundle - a broad generalization of the concept of a double (r-tuple) vector bundle. Double graded bundles are proven to be locally trivial in the sense that we can find local coordinates which are simultaneously homogeneous with respect to both homogeneity structures.


Experimental study was conducted on the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of several typical woods,Betula platyphylla,Picea Koraiensis Nakai,Quercus mongolica,Popalus davidiana,Pinus Sylvestris var,under different radiant heating fluxes using the experimental device designed specially.The smoke of the wood at the heating fluxes from 20 to 60 kW/m~2 was measured,and the releasing characterization of smoke at different radiant heating fluxes was obtained.The influence of heating flux and density of sample on the process of smoke releasing was studied,and the intrinsic relationship between the mass loss rate,surface temperature and smoke fraction was discussed.


Background:  Pemphigoides gestationis (PG) is a blistering disorder of pregnancy caused by antibodies against basement membrane proteins. They are directed against the 180 kD bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPAg2), towards the epitopes within the NC 16A domain. There are many similarities between pemphigoid gestationis and bullous pemphigoid (BP), but the literature so far indicated different immunofluorescence results in regards with C3 and IgG, and IgG subclasses (IgG4 vs. IgG1).


This article discusses the protection of avalanche danger in mountainous countries, and suggests possible solutions to this problem using the commissioning of innovative developments.


The paper presents an efficient technique to evaluate the noise of bipolar or monopolar devices by means of the Impedance Field Method, implemented through a two-carrier drift-diffusion (DD) multidimensional numerical model. The approach, based on Branin's method for the noise analysis of networks, extends the adjoint approach already proposed for monopolar noise analysis. Preliminary results are presented on the analysis of pn junction diodes and FET's.


In this paper we describe numerical methods for solution integral-algebraic equations wiht weakly singular kernels. Methods are based on explicit Adam's methods, product integration methods for the integral part and on extrapolation formulas for the main part of the equation are proposed. We got weights of quadrature formulas. Presented results of numerical experiments.


The question of the relation between history and ideology - and their respective "cinematization" - are key concerns of both Fredic Jameson, the critical theorist of postmodernism, and Augusto Roa Bastos, the Paraguayan author of Yo el Supremo (1974). For Jameson, the concern is centred on the analysis of the "warning of historicity" in the postmodern age of the simulacrum (the comodity as image). Roa Bastos, meanwhile, focuses on historiographical and narrative form from the point of view of a critique of state-centred historiography and subalternity. This article suggests that in Yo el Supremo Roa Bastos provides an answer to both the questions of the "warning of historiocity" and 'historiographical subalternization' with a form of negative montage. Thus the novel become, paradoxically, an exemplary history book.


The hazards of electric arcs in Bulgarian norms, as the Regulations on Health and Safety at work in electrical installations of electrical and thermal power stations and electric power lines and Ordinance №9 on the technical operation of power stations and electric power lines mainly govern the safety at work with high-voltage equipment, are not subject to a special section. NFPA 70E Standards for electrical safety in the Workplace requires to assess whether there are arc-dangers; to calculate the energy released by the arc; to define the permissible arc protection boundaries; to provide adequate personal protective equipment and to label the equipment. The aim of the paper is to summarize the Bulgarian requirements connected somehow with the flash hazard, to compares similarities can be found in approaches to ensuring electrical safety with those of international standards.


The current Coronavirus Disease-19 pandemic represents a global challenge for citizens, health systems, local, and national governments Since no previous experience has prepared the scientific and medical community to face such as widespread and rapid clinical emergency, local experiences can be of help in defining management strategies In this commentary, we briefly represent our approach to prevent and mitigate the risk of COVID-19 in hemodialysis pediatric patients, that we implemented at our Dialysis center, located in Baghdad, Iraq


Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the prognostic accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) and computed tomography coronary angiography (CTA) in patients with undergoing intermediate to high risk noncardiac surgery. Methods: Between July 2014 and April 2016, 220 patients with more than one clinical risk factor for perioperative cardiovascular events were enrolled prospectively. After exclusions, 208 patients performed both DSE and CTA before intermediate to high risk noncardiac surgery. The estimating perioperative clinical risk was classified according to revised cardiac risk index (RCRI), DSE results were categorized as abnormal response (inducible ischemia, nonviable infarction, or drop in systolic BP ≥20 mmHg during test) or not, and CTA results were assessed using the severity of stenosis (significant stenosis: ≥50% maximal stenosis). Perioperative cardiovascular events were defined as cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery, pulmonary edema, fatal arrhythmias, and prophylactic revascularization. Results: Twenty-six patients (12%) had perioperative cardiac events. RCRI-adjusted regression analyses showed that both abnormal response on DSE, (hazard ratio [HR]: 5.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.29 to 14.25; p ) and presence of significant stenosis (HR: 18.8, 95% CI: 5.27 to 67.42; p ) on CTA were independently predictive of perioperative cardiovascular events. When comparing ROC curves of the combination models, although both DSE (C-statistic: 0.787) and CTA (C-statistic: 0.891) improved risk stratification beyond clinical risk factors (C-statistic: 0.719), DSE in addition to CTA (C-statistic: 0.918) did not provide better discrimination than CTA alone. Conclusions: In the perioperative risk stratification of patients who were undergoing intermediate to high risk noncardiac surgeries, CTA may have a higher prognostic value compared with DSE.


Quantitative relationships between the carbonyl stretching frequency and the Taft σ* and Es parameters have been found for the s-cis- and s-trans-conformers of alkyl styryl ketones; estimates of the contribution by the steric parameter to these relationships have been made.


The leader-following consensus of fractional nonlinear multiagent systems is investigated over an undirected
fixed interaction graph. Mittag-Leffler stability and the fractional Lyapunov direct method are firstly introduced into the fractional multiagent systems. The sufficient conditions are given to guarantee that the leader-following consensus can be achieved in the systems with both single-integrator dynamics and double-integrator dynamics. Finally, the numerical simulations are given to verify the correctness of the presented theory.


Abstract In this paper a class of input-parametrized bilinear positive systems is considered. This class is characterized by the fact that the input variables affect only the diagonal entries of the dynamical matrix. The class of systems considered is relevant to a variety of dynamical models arising in system biology and compartmental systems. Given a final time t f , it is proven that the any component of the state vector at t f is a convex functional of the input variables. If a linear cost of the final state is considered this result has the important consequence that any Pontryagin solution of the associated optimal control problem is optimal and can be numerically computed by using standard gradient-type algorithms. A few extensions are given and an example is provided to illustrate the theory.


The obligation of an investor and a contractor to pay remuneration to the subcontractor is set forth by Art. 6471 of the Polish Civil Code. The provision was amended by 'The Act of 7 April 2017 on revising selected acts to facilitate collection of receivables', which came into force on 1 June 2017. The purpose of this article is to present the enacted amendments and compare them to the previous regulations. Apart from outlining the concepts behind the discussed obligation, the article also aims to instigate further analysis of the issue with a view to pointing out the insufficiency of the existing regulations.


proportion of the total variability in the set of all th" variables and the remaining ones accounted ior progressively lesser and lesser amount uf variation. The failure of principal factor analy,is wilhout rotation to draw useful conclUSions prompted to go for analysis with rotation. F,lCtor loadings of different variables obtained through varimax rotations dre present in table, 2 'md figure 2.AII the nille variables showed high loadings on different PCs and none of them was left after rotation of the factor axes. It clearly grouped the similar type of variables by loading them together on a common Pc. The first PC showed high loading for root size, core Size, core volume and gross markt-'tdblp root yield, the second PC showed high loadings for number of unmarketable roots (%) and number of marketable roots (%), fourth for total plant length and average seedl ing weight just after emergence and fifth for top area. Similar findings have been reported by (Hussain et al., 2006) in carrot.


One of the successful transformations within the field of organocatalysis, the organocatalytic asymmetric addition of nitromethane to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, has been studied by quantum chemical modeling. The level of accuracy of the hybrid density functional theory method B3LYP/6-31G(d) was compared to a high level ab initio benchmark for this reaction. It is concluded that B3LYP/6-31G(d) performs very well for this reaction type, giving good estimates of critical energies. The reaction between acrolein and nitromethane was studied in detail. The reaction mechanism revealed an intermediate oxazolidin structure, which is currently unknown. Alkyl substitution in various positions on the amine catalyst or α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound influences the reactivity in a predictive fashion. The iminium ion, prop-2-en-iminium, is less activated towards nucleophilic attack compared to protonated acrolein. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The micro-crack on surface of coniferous wood direct influence its surface integrity, that results in destruction of appearance or component failure during usage could have impact on service life and safety. It's found one of main cause of such micro-crack is result from thermal stress. This paper demonstrate laser ablation effect on the microcosmic surface by numerical simulation which set up model of coniferous wood's surface by applying ABAQUS, to analyze the heat flux temperature field distribution of surface which was ablated by laser, acquire the ablation state of wood surface by means of the unique model, which define attribution, create analysis step, define interaction and load. Furthermore study on ablation effect in microcosmic surface by adjusting laser power and size of beam. Finally, verify the simulation results by means of existing lab working equipment.


The year 1986 gave us Madonna's True Blue, Geraldo Rivera opening Al Capone's vaults, and a new taxonomy of anoles (Guyer and Savage, 1986). Each of these greatly anticipated events began with considerable promise but ended up adding nothing of depth to the culture of the time. Madonna's best work was behind her, Capone's vaults were a letdown, and the proposed anole taxonomy was unsupported and poorly executed (Cannatella and de Queiroz, 1989; Williams, 1989), but was mostly done in by the paucity of data available at the time. In the ensuing years, Madonna showed some staying power and Geraldo reinvented himself, but the erection of a handful of nonmonophyletic genera was not enough to achieve the apparent goal of preserving Savage's (1973) genus Norops as a valid name for anole lizards with transverse processes on their posterior caudal vertebrae (Etheridge, 1959). The genera Dactyloa, Ctenonotus, et al. lived on in Savage's (2002) excellent Costa Rica guide but were mostly ignored by those not working in Costa Rica. In 2012 we have Lady Gaga continuing Madonna's tramp-diva legacy, TMZ filling Geraldo's gossip-news niche, and an ostensibly new taxonomy of anoles from Nicholson et al. (2012). But just as Lady Gaga recycles Madonna and TMZ unnecessarily claims Geraldo's old job, the anole taxonomy of 2012 doesn't offer much that is new, and doesn't improve much on something that was misguided and unfortunate in 1986. Below I argue why it would be scientifically irresponsible to adopt the Nicholson et al. (2012) taxonomy for anoles. Nicholson et al. (2012) selectively adopted results of their own flawed, unstable, and conflicting analyses, selectively incorporated pertinent published data and results, and changed names for over 100 species that have never been included in a phylogenetic analysis. The proposed taxonomy is unnecessary and unwarranted according to standard taxonomic practice. It should not be adopted by the scientific or nonacademic communities. Below I focus on taxonomic issues. Other problems with Nicholson et al. (2012) will be addressed elsewhere. I use 'Nicholson et al.' to refer to the 2012 paper, and list species names without generic designations.


Scientists of the Kola Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1988 KSC RAS) greatly contributed to the study and processing of PGE deposits of the Fedorova-Pana tundras in the central part of the Kola Peninsula. PGE objects are connected with the Early Proterozoic layered basic-ultrabasic intrusion. Prospecting for rich Cu-Ni ores that saw the dawn in early 1930-s and ended up in 1980-s had no results. The change of focuses and prospecting for PGE mineralization started in the late XX century resulted in three deposits of PGE group being put on the State balance (2007-2009) and a number of ore occurrences and mineralization pits being discovered.


The aims of research is to find out the analysis of student learning result and interpersonal intelligence through talking chips learning model. The methods of this research is using experiment. The sample used was XI IPA 1 class and XI IPA 2 at SMA N 2 Kudus with sampling technique based on the consideration of the teacher concerned. The data taking is done using validation sheets, cognitive test instruments, observation sheets, student response questionnaires and documentation. The cognitive analysis results of the experimental class 1 pre-test score was 70 and the post-test was 100 while the experimental class 2 the pre-test score was 70 and the post-test was 95. The results of the affective analysis is the highest aspect of the experimental class 1 were aspects of cooperation while for the experimental class 2 is the aspect of curiosity. The indicators of empathetic processing, team building and listening to other owned by the experimental class students are very good, but the indicators for giving feedback and inquiry and questioning are still not enough and need to be improved. It can be concluded that talking chips learning can improve student learning result and interpersonal intelligence and make students more interested and active during the learning process.


Many hospitality enterprises nowadays seek to engage their customers in the process of value creation. This study investigated the concept of co-creation of the dining experience and its outcomes. It aimed to: (1) examine the direct effects of co-creation of dining experience on perceived personalization, brand love, customer satiation, and switching behavior, (2) test the direct effects of both perceived personalization and brand love on customer satiation and switching behavior, and (3) assess the mediation effects of both perceived personalization and brand love on the linkage between co-creation and customer satiation as well as between co-creation and switching behavior. A quantitative approach was adopted in this study using a questionnaire survey for primary data collection. The sample included a total of 615 domestic customers of restaurants in Egypt. Structural equation modeling using Smart-PLS 3.2 was performed to test the hypothesized conceptual model. The results revealed that the impact of dining experience co-creation on perceived personalization and brand love was positive, while it was negative on customer satiation and nonsignificant on switching behavior. The findings also confirmed the mediation effects of both perceived personalization and brand love. This study addresses a gap in the hospitality literature and provides some valuable managerial implications.


We studied the control technique of resistance wire heater in metal-organic chemical vapor deposition reactor,and reported the operation principle and the regulating method of the circuit using the Auto-Current-Limit technique in this paper.This technique is effective to control and safeguard the heater of high resistance coefficient depending on temperature.It has been used with good result to control the super-high temperature of the susceptor in MOCVD reactor,and the lifetime of the heater is prolonged.


Understanding transport and energy use in nanoscale devices is essential for the design of low-power electronics and efficient thermoelectrics. This chapter examines transport physics and the electron-phonon interaction in the context of Monte Carlo simulations, which treat electrons and phonons with comparable attention to detail. The Monte Carlo method is described in depth, including scattering physics, electron energy band and phonon dispersions, Poisson solution, and contacts within realistic devices. This approach uncovers, for instance, that Joule heating in silicon devices is distributed between the (slow) optical and (fast) acoustic phonon modes by a ratio of two to one. In nanoscale transistors, nonequilibrium transport affects heat generation near strongly peaked electric fields, and Joule heating occurs almost entirely in the drain of short, quasi-ballistic devices. Evidence is also uncovered for thermionic cooling at the source terminal of transistors, and the physics of this phenomenon are described. Although the discussion is often with respect to silicon for specificity, key methods can be broadly applied to many semiconductor devices and structures. Such aspects are only expected to increase in importance as nanoscale devices are reduced to dimensions comparable to or smaller than the electron and phonon mean free paths (10–100 nm).


1. CT technique for detection of pancreatic NETs Optimal technique is essential for accurate detection of pancreatic NETs. The patient should be fasted to ensure that the stomach and duodenum are emptied of their contents. The stomach is distended with water, and intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) hyoscine butylbromide or another anti-peristaltic agent is administered. An initial precontrast scan is performed to identify the level of the pancreas. Following IV administration of 150 ml of contrast medium at a rate of 3–5 ml/second, biphasic scanning is recommended. Late arterial-phase imaging of the pancreas should be obtained with a section thickness of 3–5 mm. In patients unlikely to have metastases (e.g. most insulinomas), the liver is not required to be included in the arterial phase, but if metastases are likely, it can be included. Portal venous phase imaging should include the entire liver and pancreas, down to the iliac crests. The section thickness should not exceed 5 mm. The images are then reconstructed to 1–2 mm in slice thickness, and coronal or sagittal reformats may be made. Images should also be viewed on narrow window settings in order to augment the difference between the enhancing tumour and the pancreas.[1]


Malaysia, a developing country, has a continuing need to provide increasing numbers of low-income housing to accommodate families who migrate from rural to urban areas in search of work. The houses should ideally be built from sustainable materials and incorporate technologies that work with the climate to provide thermal comfort for the occupants. They should also be affordable and suit the social and cultural customs of the people. The paper investigates the current situation on the provision of thermal comfort in a typical low-income house built in Malaysia. The investigation was carried out by measuring airflow rates, temperatures, relative humidity and mean radiant temperature at specific points in the house. Results are presented and analysed using the Corrected Effective Temperature (CET) Index and show that the typical low-income house often failed to provide thermal comfort. A series of technical design improvements are then recommended to improve the thermal comfort inside the house. These are evaluated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the CET Index. The results show that thermal comfort in a house can be improved by incorporating construction details, which improve the airflow through the house, without increasing the cost.


This paper describes an approach to a more systematic and goal directed way of handling knowledge in educational Engineering Design projects. The following questions and problems are addressed in this paper: How do you and your students access the right knowledge at the right time? How can individual resources of knowledge be delivered and held accessible to a project team? How can information be exchanged effectively and easier? How can the organisation of knowledge be integrated into the organisation of a problem-based course or project? This contribution is based on experiences in problem-based teaching in Engineering Design projects at the Technical University of Berlin as well as on experiences in implementing knowledge management into industrial practice.


Electric motor with high degree of protection against penetration of foreign bodies and moisture, in particular a DC motor of outer rotor electronically commutated with a stator (1), a rotor (2) and an electronic unit (6) arranged so transverse to the motor (3) axis and holds inside (4) a printed circuit board (5) with control electronics, control and switching, the base (6b) of the electronics housing (6) holes connection (6c) through which pass connecting elements (7), which connect the stator (1) and the printed circuit board (5), and a seal (8, 8a, 8c, 8e, 11, 12, 18, 24) sealing at least the connection openings (6c) in the base (6b) of the electronics housing (6) through which the connection elements (7), characterized in that gasket (8, 8a, 8c, 8e, 11, 12, 18, 24) comprises a partition wall (8) shaped plate disposed on the base (6c) of electronic box (6), on the one hand, seals the interior (4) of the electronics housing (6) and, secondly, seals a gap between the electronics housing (6) and a motor unit (MB) formed by the stator (1) and the rotor (2).


In this search; Bayesian analysis of the two parameter Lomax distribution reliability has been considered, and the estimation has been obtained under logarithm loss function for three different prior distributions (Quasi distribution, Exponential distribution and Gamma distribution). they has been made under complete data analyses. The simulation study has been conducted to compare by mean squared error criteria for the performance of the three different estimators of reliability function by 6 assuming experiments for different values of distributions parameters and small, moderate, and big sample sizes. The recorded results showed that the best performance was for the Exponential prior distribution with logarithm loss function.


Aberrant adrenal expression of LH receptor in patients with PA has been reported, however, its physiolog-ical role on the development of PA is still unknown. Herein, we report two unique cases of PA in patients with untreated Klinefelter's syndrome, characterized as increased serum LH, suggesting a possible contribution of the syndrome to PA development. Clinical Cases: Case 1 was a 39-year-old man with obesity and hypertension since his 20s. His plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and renin activity (PRA) were 220 pg/mL and 0.4 ng/mL/h, respectively. He was diagnosed as having bilateral PA by confirmatory tests and adrenal venous sampling (AVS). Klinefelter's syndrome was suspected as he showed gynecomastia and small testes, and it was confirmed on the basis of a low serum total testosterone level (57.3 ng/dL), high serum LH level (50.9 mIU/mL), and chromosome analysis. Case 2 was a 28-year-old man who had untreated Klinefelter's syndrome diagnosed in his childhood and a two-year history of hypertension and hypokalemia. PAC and PRA were 247 pg/mL and 0.3 ng/mL/h, respectively. He was diagnosed as having a 10 mm-sized aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) by AVS. In the APA, immunohistochemical analysis showed co-expression of LH receptor and CYP11B2. Conclusion: Our cases of untreated Klinefelter's syndrome complicated with PA suggest that increased serum LH levels and adi-pose tissues, caused by primary hypogonadism, could con-tribute to PA development. The possible complication of PA in hypertensive patients with Klinefelter's syndrome should be carefully considered. AbstractIntroduction:Osteoporosis is defined as decreased bone strength due to reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and/or abnormal bone architecture leading to bone fragility and increased risk of pathologic fractures. Typically a disease of post-menopausal females, osteoporosis is uncommon in the young. We present a case of a 34-year-old woman, who was diagnosed with severe osteoporosis Abstract:Objective: Saline suppression testing (SST) and captopril challenge test (CCT) are commonly used confirmatory tests for primary aldosteronism (PA). Seated SST (SSST) is re-ported to be superior to recumbent SST (RSST). Whether SSST is better than CCT remains unclear. Therefore we conducted a prospective study to compare the diagnostic ac-curacy of SSST and CCT. Methods: Hypertensive patients with high risk of PA were consecutively included. Patients with aldosterone-renin ratio≥1.0 ng•dl-1/μIU•ml-1 were asked to complete SSST, CCT and fludrocortisone suppression test


Multiple paraneoplastic syndromes are a rare clinical manifestation. We describe the case of an 82-year-old woman who presented with neurological (rapidly progressive cerebellar syndrome and combined sensory-motor neuronopathy) and rheumatological (palmar fasciitis and polyarthritis syndrome) paraneoplastic syndromes associated with two onconeural antibodies (anti-Yo and Zic4), that revealed an ovarian cancer. The involvement of multiple organ systems should be a clue to take into consideration a paraneoplastic etiology that could permit early detection of cancer. However, despite the existence of treatments, the prognosis of these conditions remains poor.


Even though studies on innovation in agriculture are relatively new, they form part of a longer history of approaches to technical progress and transformations of the agricultural sector. This chapter explores the history of the uses of the notion of innovation in agriculture and reviews the studies in this field, focusing in particular on the contributions of economics and sociology. This history can be divided into three distinct periods: until the Second World War, the notion of innovation did not appear in the literature, even though the subject of technical progress, not included by economists in their analyses, was very present in the agricultural sciences; over the next 40 years, diffusionist approaches to innovation were applied to all sectors, including agriculture, whose modernization was supported by sociologists and economists; finally, starting in the 1980s, criticism started growing of this previous agricultural development model and was accompanied by a new way of thinking about innovation, opening up new perspectives for research on innovation in agriculture and related domains.


The percentage of irrigated land in the total cultivated area in Bangladesh increased from 7 percent (1,433 thousand acres) in 1960/61 to 26 percent (5,483 thousand acres) in 1984/85 [Hossain 1989: 27]. This was attained mainly by application of irrigation to Boro rice 1) and wheat.2) The growth of irrigated farming has been a notable major change in Bangladesh agriculture. Modern irrigation methods including low-lift pumps (LLP) and tubewells (TW) have contributed much to the expansion of irrigated area,


Aim. Assessment of characteristics of non-syndromic hypodontia (NSH) in permanent teeth (PT) in a group of Romanian children and adolescents. Material and method. Descriptive retrospective observational study on dental files and orthopantomograms of 138 patients (59 boys) aged between 5-17 years (mean age = 11.96±3.13 years) from Pedodontics Clinic Bucharest and from 3 private clinics. The topography of hypodontia, number of missing teeth and their distribution according to age and sex were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 (p < 0.05). Results. The most cases were diagnosed at the age of 9-12 years (44.92%). 42.76% of the missing teeth were in boys and 57.24% in girls, with boys:girls ratio = 1:1.32. 44.2% of patients had hypodontia in the mandible, 36.2% – in maxilla and 19.6% – in both arches simultaneosly; 50% in lateral area, 41.3% in front area and 8.7% in both areas. 75.30% of patients had 1-2 missing teeth, with mean value of 2.02 missing teeth/patient (1.98/boys and 2.05/ girls, NS, p > 0.05). The most frequent teeth affected by NSH were second lower premolars (37.27%), followed by upper lateral incisors (29.75%) and upper second premolars (16.48%). Conclusions. In the study sample reduced unilateral lower hypodontia was most frequent. Early diagnose of NSH is important in order to apply specific treatments as quickly as possible, ensuring the harmonious growth and development of the dento-maxillary apparatus.


One of the greatest threats to the capital reproduction globalization is the significant increasing of unemployment. Outsourcing creates workplaces outside the framework of TNCs, but in frames of the national economy. From our point of view this is a way to maximize the financial result. Unemployment, even technical, increases social spending. At the same time, the idea of basic income should change the priorities in the system of distribution of the reproduction result. The key beneficiary of sharing-economy approach is a consumer, who can save something on intermediaries or transaction costs. The development of sharing economy rather indicates that TNCs are not planning to lower their rate of return. However, the growing technological unemployment simultaneously with the stimulation of demand found a solution. The solution is the joint consumption of goods produced by the sharing economy. Historical examples of solution to the problem of distribution clearly demonstrate the importance of transforming the reproductive cycle's financial architecture. The models operating on the basis of fair distribution have not only prospects of development, but also are capable to change society attitude to the concept and approaches to consumption.


The Atlantic ocean water (salty water) has been used to mix three soil types and its physical properties, compaction characteristics and unconfined compressive strength compared with the properties of the three soil types mixed with tap water. Results of laboratory investigation are presented to show that plasticity index decreased from 13 using tap water to 5 using salty water for the clay, from 10 using tap water to 4 using salty water for the clayey sand and from 6 using tap to 1 using salty water for the base course. The maximum dry unit weight were in the order of 20.9, 22.5 and 19.5kN/m 3 for the clay, clayey sand and base course respectively when mixed with tap water. Using salty water, decreased the maximum dry unit weight for the clay from 20.9kN/m 3 to 17.5kN/m 3 , but increased that of clayey sand and base course from 19.1kN/m 3 to 20.4kN/m 3 and from 22.5kN/m 3 to 23.2kN/m 3 respectively. The unconfined compressive strength increased from 30kN/m 2 to 57kN/m 2 , 83kN/m 2 to 130kN/m 2 and 40kN/m 2 to 63kN/m 2 respectively, for the clay, base course and clayey sand when mixed with salty water, in comparison with when mixed with tap water. It is therefore concluded that the Atlantic ocean salty water could be a good stabilizing agent, particularly when construction work is close to the Atlantic shore.


The size and structure of the wheat genome makes it one of the most complex crop species for genetic analysis. The development of molecular techniques for genetic analysis, in particular the use of molecular markers to monitor DNA sequence variation between varieties, landraces, and wild relatives of wheat and related grass species, has led to a dramatic expansion in our understanding of wheat genetics and the structure and behaviour of the wheat genome. This review provides an overview of these developments, examines some of the special issues that have arisen in applying molecular techniques to genetic studies in wheat, and looks at the applications of these technologies to wheat breeding and to improving our understanding of the genetic basis of traits such as disease resistance and processing quality. The review also attempts to foreshadow some of the key molecular issues and developments that may occur in wheat genetics and breeding over the next few years.


Aurivillius-phase ferroelectrics can be turned into multiferroic materials by incorporating magnetic ions. The four-layer Aurivillius-type system Bi5FeTi3O15 is well-known to show a strong magnetoelectric effect; however, much controversy exists on its magnetic state and the possible multiferroicity at room temperature. In this paper, we report a detailed investigation on the interconnections between crystal chemistry and magnetic properties of Bi5FeTi3O15 ceramics chemically modified by the A-site gadolinium substitution. The structural studies showed that all Bi5–xGdxFeTi3O15 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) samples adopt the polar orthorhombic space group symmetry A21am at room temperature. The unit cell volume and the orthorhombic distortion decrease alongside the reduction of octahedral tilts by increasing the amount of Gd added. The decrease in tilting distortion of the [Ti/Fe]O6 octahedra was further evidenced by the suppression of the Raman A1[111] tilt mode at 233 cm–1. By using superconducting quantum interference a...


The article outlines an integrated theoretical framework identifying the causal processes underlying formation, growth, and adaptive change in marketing systems. Beginning with the co-evolution of behaviors, beliefs, and social practices that initiate innovative change in marketing systems, it integrates three theoretical frameworks drawn from analytical sociology, organization and social movement theory, and from macromarketing to show how and why economic exchange in and between human communities leads to formation, growth, and adaptive change in marketing systems. The theory of social mechanisms identifies the means whereby actions taken by individuals and entities participating in a marketing system will regularly produce over time the collective outcomes that characterize a marketing system. The theory of strategic action fields explains how these actions, engendered by competition between participants for material and status rewards in the social action field associated with a marketing system, lead to internal and external change in a marketing system. The theory of marketing systems identifies the tangible and intangible elements of structure and function in marketing systems that emerge from the interaction of social mechanisms and action fields over time and that are found in every human community. As marketing systems form, grow, and change they become part of the immediate environment in turn influencing the actions of individuals, groups and entities, as well as adjacent marketing systems, shaping on-going co-evolution, the operation of social mechanisms, and the strategic choices made by actors in action fields. The Mechanism, Action, Structure (MAS) framework of theory is dynamic, explores causation, links micro choices and macro structures, focusses on processes rather than variables, and links macromarketing with cognate social sciences in an understanding of economic exchange in human communities.


Conversion of isobutene on a high silica zeolite catalyst in the temperature interval (473-773 K) has been studied. The formation of liquid reaction products is observed at the temperature 473 K, whereas gaseous products form after 523K. Maximum yield of liquid products is observed at the temperature 573 K and makes up 67 %. With increase of contact time the yield of liquid reaction products shifts towards high temperatures. Formation of aromatic hydrocarbons is observed at the reaction temperature higher than 573 K. At the temperature 673 K the main mass of liquid products consists of aromatic hydrocarbons. The activity of H-form of HSZ (HHSZ) in the process of conversion of isobutene in the formation of liquid reaction products occurs only when 6-8% of seal products accumulate on its surface. By the method of ammonia adsorption on the initial and coked catalyst their acidic properties have been studied. It was shown that at the beginning of the process decrease in acidic properties of the catalyst occurs due to accumulation of seal products on it.

Key words: catalyst, activity, isobutene, zeolite, seal products, temperature, heterogen, chromatography, spectroscopy.


Employer Branding and Corporate Branding are two components of the same strategic tool – which is to attract and retain talents in a competitive environment. Within the City of Gothenburg this strategy is implemented under the name "Attractive Employer". The aim for this study has been to portray what made employees, with a technical background within the private sector, choose to seek employment within the city of Gothenburg. The study focused on the employee's experiences before, and after, they became employees within the city. On the basis of the employee's experiences, the ambition has been to raise a constructive discussion with a focus to support the City of Gothenburg in its continuing work with Employer- and Corporate Branding. The study is qualitative and the data was collected through six semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted among employees from four municipal departments within the city. The interview data was transcribed and analyzed by a thematic analysis. The result showed that three out of the six interviewees had made an active choice to seek employment in the public sector. Furthermore the result indicated a discrepancy among the employees regarding the external image of a public employer – and what the employees now were experiencing from within the organization. The employees also experienced some key differences in values when working in the public sector compared to the private sector. Festinger's (1957) dissonance theory was used as a way to further discuss the employee´s choice to seek employment within the public sector.


Understandings about genre govern nearly all of the choices writers make. They make choices about form, persuasive moves, conventions, and even ideas through a sense, whether articulated or tacit, of the social situation from which a piece of writing is arising. In a semester-long high school writing course, the authors engaged students in a series of activities designed to help them develop genre awareness. The goal was to support students in becoming more independent and flexible writers who possess genre analysis skills they can apply anywhere. Through whole-class genre studies, self-selected genre studies, and collaborative analyses of state test materials, students built deeper understandings about genre. Their sense of what is "OK" in a piece of writing shifted from successful evaluation by a teacher to successful navigation of the demands of a given rhetorical situation.


"We see an intensified competition in the sector, as the digital printing process evolves and the search for suppliers of finer raw materials becomes a clearer need for our customers," third generation [Fidel Garcia-Guzman] told IM.

"In the 90s it made sense, as Spain was entering into the economic community in Europe and all of the entry barriers, some of the duties, many of the custom issues, were going to be freed up so we thought that multinationals would want to come into the country to either buy a distribution network or to make a JV,which is what happened. We created several JV's in the 90s and 00s," he told IM.

"We will keep on progressing in our internationalisation process, mainly via presence in other countries for the plastics business, while for the mineral business it's mainly through exports and gaining market share in other countries," Garcia-Guzman said.


cartsbAt: Due to the dramatic increases in total hip replacement (THR) rate, it is important to provide patients with nursing instructions for improving patients' functional status and reducing the risk of developing post THR surgery complications. Objective: was to evaluate the effect of nursing instructions on functional status and the occurrence of postoperative local complications among patients undergoing total hip replacement. Design: A quasiexperimental (time series) design was utilized. Setting: The study was conducted at an orthopedic department in one of the teaching hospitals of Cairo University. Sample: A convenient sample of 60 adult male and female patients undergoing total hip replacement was recruited for this study from the selected orthopedic department. Tools: Three tools were utilized to collect data pertinent to the study; 1. Demographic and medical background information form.2. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). 3. Post total hip replacement local complications' observational checklist. Results: Results supported the stated research hypotheses. As regards total mean scores of functional impairment status, there were statistically significant differences between the study and control groups after implementing nursing instructions at two weeks (ttest=3.573, p-value=0.001), one month (t-test=4.520, p-value=0.000), and two months of discharge (t-test=3.331, pvalue=0.002), while there was no statistically significant difference between the study and control groups during the preoperative period. Concerning occurrence of post total hip replacement surgery complications, there were statistically significant differences between the study and control groups postoperatively at 2 weeks (X2=7.68, pvalue= 0.010), 1 month (X2=7.92, p-value= 0.005), and 2 months of discharge (X2=10.58, p-value= 0.001). Conclusion: The provision of pre and post nursing instructions for patients undergoing THR may be of great value in improving patients' functional status and reducing the occurrence of postoperative complications. Recondition: Endorse the nursing instructions in the earlier course of disease for such patients to ensure maximum benefit


Purpose – To provide an excellent numerical method to simulate an important industrial process – wet chemical etching problem.Design/methodology/approach – A mathematical model describing the wet chemical etching process is formulated in terms of a parabolic variational inequality and a non‐overlapping domain decomposition (DD) method is proposed in the etching region, where a partial differential equation is treated in one sub‐domain, while a variational inequality is considered in the second sub‐domain. A Robin boundary condition with a parameter whose optimal value is to be found is enforced on the common boundary between these two sub‐domains. Finite difference technique with projection and the Crank‐Nicholson scheme for the time discretization are the major numerical tools utilized in this paper.Findings – The proposed numerical method has achieved the best numerical performance for the famous wet chemical etching process among all the numerical schemes applied to this problem. It also shows the grea...


New edge diagnostics and detailed analysis of the magnetic topology have significantly improved the comprehension of the processes developing at the boundary of the Reversed Field Pinch (RFP) plasma in RFXmod (a=0.46m, R=2m). An upper critical density nC ≈ 0.4nG (nG Greenwald density) is found to limit the operational space for the improved Quasi Single Helical (QSH) regime: magnetic topology reconstructions and diagnostic observations suggest that this limit is due to a helical plasma wall interaction (PWI) which determines toroidally and poloidally localized edge density accumulation and cooling. The experimental evidence is provided by a variety of diagnostics: the magnetic boundary as reconstructed from equilibrium codes reveal a helical deformation, which is well correlated with the modulation of edge pressure profile as reconstructed from the Thermal Helium Beam diagnostic and with edge density as estimated from the microwave reflectometer. Correlations with the helical deformation are also observed on the space and time resolved pattern of the floating potential measured at the wall, and with the toroidal plasma flow in the edge obtained from different diagnostics: Gas Puffing Imaging (GPI) system, Gundestrup probe and Internal System of Sensor (ISIS). All of these observations suggest that the QSH persistence is limited by processes originating in the plasma boundary.


Spinal canal tumors occur relatively rarely in comparison with intracranial mass lesions. Because of their unspecific clin− ical symptoms the imaging methods play fundamental role in diagnosis of these tumors. New imaging methods – com− puted tomography (CT) and especially magnetic resonance (MR) – the imaging procedure of choice in diagnosis of spi− nal canal tumors – markedly reduced the significance of the older ones, like plain X−ray films, myelography and angio− graphy, which are used nowadays occasionally. MR should be performed as soon as possible in any patient in whom a spinal canal neoplastic pathology is clinically suspected. Very good results in evaluation of staging of neoplastic pro− cesses are obtained with positron emission tomography (PET). Biopsy of the tumor, which can be performed under CT guidance or in open MR units, makes possible the definitive diagnosis. According to the space of origin spinal canal tumors are divided into extradural, intradural extramedullary and intramedullary. The most frequent neoplasmatic le− sions in the spinal canal, which can localize in each of the spaces mentioned above are metastases. The most uncom− mon are intramedullary tumors. Some lesions occupy two of neighbouring spaces, most often neurinomas, which as "dumbbell" tumors, involve extradural and intradural extramedullary spaces (Adv Clin Exp Med 2006, 15, 4, 711–722).


A contrast enhancement method based on the Poisson reconstruction was developed to enhance multiple targets in polarimetric synthetic aperture radar(SAR) images.Each kind of target is enhanced relative to its corresponding clutter by using the generalized optimization of polarimetric contrast enhancement (GOPCE).The obtained optimal polarization states and characteristic coefficients define the optimal local contrast for each pixel.A discrete Poisson equation is then constructed using least squares minimization,which is solved using fast Fourier transforms.Tests with polarimetric SAR data demonstrated that the method produces an enhanced image with a more uniform histogram while keeping its peaks.Satisfactory results can be obtained when enhancing multiple targets with various types of clutter for subsequent applications such as target detection.


The development of biogas technology in Denmark has been widely encouraged by the government over the last 15 years. The overall reasons for the government concern has been the increasing awareness that centralised biogas plants make a significant contribution to solve a range of problems in the fields of energy, agriculture and environment. This has been documented through related monitoring and R & D activities. To achieve a satisfactory evaluation of centralised biogas plants, a thorough socio – economic analysis is required. Such investigation has been accomplished, and the results are presented in this summary.


We present observations of field and plasma fluctuations of duration of a few hours or less of spacecraft time frame as observed by Helios 2 in the inner heliosphere. Two distinct turbulent plasma regimes are found. In the regions between high-speed streams, small-amplitude density fluctuations show an excellent correlation with plasma frame Mach number (M), and they are often anticorrelated with small-scale proton temperature fluctuations. In high-speed flows, however, density fluctuations have several scales, both M and M2, and density and temperature fluctuations are more positively correlated. Our observations cast in a new light the distinctly different nature of high-speed flows from coronal holes and flows from other equatorial regions. They provide a characterization of small-scale fluctuations in the inner heliosphere, and we interpret the results in terms of the nearly incompressible fluid description of the solar wind (Zank and Matthaeus, 1990). Additionally, we compare our results with Voyager observations in the outer heliosphere (Matthaeus et al., 1991).


Given the importance of government advertising regulation, there has been limited research exploring the common ground between government regulations in different countries. This paper begins by proposing a theoretical framework for comparing government regulations, and then uses the framework to analyze the similarities and differences between advertising regulations in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. It concludes that harmonization of regional advertising regulation in Greater China is an attainable goal.


Since the Cold War ended, a new feature of the postwar world has gained primacy for people in industrialized countries: the threats posed by international trade and the integration of industrialized economies. National and subnational interests are now formulated, and preeminence and decline now measured, in terms of economic well-being. A cartography adapted to chart this new terrain of world politics would be required to show more than the relative military power of states. It might even reverse its perspective and depict geoeconomics, once the background to military security, as the foreground. This new political-economic geography, in which national security is assured through economic diplomacy, competitiveness, and trade wars, began to emerge in the mid-1970s with the end of the postwar economic boom. But its origins were institutionalized at Bretton Woods in 1944 and in Brussels a decade later. In


The Upper Silurian Bertie Formation (Group ofD.W. Fisher, 1960; Ciurca, 1973) of New York State and Ontario, Canada, is world renowned for its spectacular eurypterids. One of these, Eurypterus remipes Dekay, 1825, holds the distinction of being the first eurypterid in the world to be described. This species is also the state fossil of New York, as signed into law by Mario Cuomo on 27 June 1984. Another species, the second one in the world to be described, Euryptenls /acustris Harlan, 1834, has been figured on a postage stamp of Canada (as Eurypterus remipes).


In this paper, we present a method for updating robotic state belief through contact with uncertain surfaces and apply this update to a Kalman filter for more accurate state estimation. Examining how guard surface uncertainty affects the time spent in each mode, we derive a novel guard saltation matrix- which maps perturbations prior to hybrid events to perturbations after - accounting for additional variation in the resulting state. Additionally, we propose the use of parame-terized reset functions - capturing how unknown parameters change how states are mapped from one mode to the next - the Jacobian of which accounts for additional uncertainty in the resulting state. The accuracy of these mappings is shown by simulating sampled distributions through uncertain transition events and comparing the resulting covariances. Finally, we integrate these additional terms into the "uncertainty aware Salted Kalman Filter", uaSKF, and show a peak reduction in average estimation error by 24–60% on a variety of test conditions and systems.