The patient is back at the center of attention and should be the priority in medical decision-making. This is the recommendation of the recent guidelines on coronary revascularization from the ESC/EACTS (European Society of Cardiology/European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery) and the ACC/AHA (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association).1-3 Through compilation and synthesis of the best scientific evidence for decision-making relating to patients with coronary artery disease, these guidelines reinforce and specifically recommend adoption of a multidisciplinary approach in clinical decision-making, involving discussion between cardiologists, interventional cardiologists and the cardiac surgeons, in order to provide the best patient-oriented care. The decision-making process and provision of medical information to patients should be guided by the approach known as the "four principles" for health ethics: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and fairness.1 Establishment of a multidisciplinary team has the aim of enabling balanced clinical decision-making through evidence-based protocols that are designed in collaboration between cardiologists, interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons. The cases of all patients with stable coronary artery disease must be discussed by a multidisciplinary heart team before making decisions on the type of revascularization procedure to be indicated or deciding to keep the patients on medication treatment only. With the mounting complexity of cases and severity of patients' conditions, there is often a need to involve other experts, depending on the comorbidities that are observed, such as diabetes specialists, general practitioners, nephrologists, intensivists, referral physicians or anesthesiologists, such that their combined experience and expertise can decisively contribute towards the most appropriate decision. Therefore, it is essential for the heart team to review each patient's case before issuing a treatment recommendation relating to that patient's heart condition. Hospitals and healthcare institutions are encouraged to establish multidisciplinary teams so that procedures can be guided towards what is most appropriate and necessary for patients. One study in the United States has suggested that 50% of patients may not have received adequate treatment, in the way proposed through guidelines.4 Consequently, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) is implementing a program in which Medicare auditors will review all medical records and assess the adequacy of the procedures and devices used and the procedure applications or hospital admissions made, prior to paying those bills. The new program went into effect in January 2012.5 Correct indications for procedures not only result in benefits for patients but also result in reduced costs for public and private payers, which can serve to redirect resources to areas that are most in need. It has been suggested that standard institutional protocols compatible with the current guidelines can be used to avoid the need for systematic case-by-case review of all IMD, PhD. Associate Professor of Cardiovascular Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. IIMD, PhD. Emeritus Professor and Pro-Rector of Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto (Famerp); Full Professor at Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.


It has a filter element (28) which is arranged integrally with at least the wearer negative pressure respirator that covers the nose and mouth (20 '). This ventilator (20 ') is provided with exhalation valve (22), the exhalation valve and impactor element (50) which covers (22). Exhalation valve (22), and a diaphragm and the orifice opening with the pressure increase when the wearer exhales, allowing rapid elimination from the mask interior of exhalation. Impactor element (50) is disposed within the exhale flow stream to remove particles and other contaminants from the exhaled air. Exhalation valve and impactor element about 5 less than Z This ventilator (20 ') is warm, moist, and provide comfort to the wearer by rapidly be discharged carbon dioxide-rich air from the mask interior through the valve (22), also, wear who were protected from the fluid splash and contaminated air, simultaneously, is beneficial in that it protects from exposure to particles and other contaminants exhaled a wearer others and others.


Abstract This article provides a review of literature on the psychology of rest in athletes with the aim of advancing research and practice in this area. While the concept of rest represents an important component of several key topics in sport psychology, researchers and practitioners have paid relatively little attention to this concept and to psychological aspects of rest in particular. We review literature in three sport psychology topic areas within which the concept of rest in athletes has received theoretical or empirical attention, which are recovery, skill learning, and expertise development. For each area, we describe how rest has received little direct research attention within this literature, identify how this shortcoming limits current theory, research, and practice, and propose directions for future research and practice. We then describe a recent study that has attempted to address the paucity of research on this topic by prioritizing an understanding of the psychology of rest in athletes. We also explore reasons why rest has received little attention in sport psychology with the rationale that an increased awareness of these reasons will help advance research and practice in our field. We conclude by considering implications of our review for best practice.  Lay summary: Rest is critical to athlete performance and well-being, yet researchers and practitioners have paid little attention to psychological aspects of rest. We review the sport psychology literature to identify directions for research aimed at advancing our understanding of rest and practical guidelines to help athletes obtain the rest they require. Implications for Practice Practitioners should consider that recovery following training and competitions does not just involve recovering physically; it involves recovering psychologically Recovering psychologically depends in part on engagement in high-quality sleep and wakeful resting High-quality wakeful resting involves obtaining specific resting experiences such as not thinking about or "psychologically detaching from" one's sport.


An experimental study has been made of electrons in the energy range 40–80 eV, inelastically scattered and diffracted from a clean Al(111) surface. The surface is prepared by epitaxial vapor deposition on a Si(111) single-crystal surface in ultrahigh vacuum immediately preceding the measurements. The inelastic electron intensity at a given energy loss and angle is obtained as the energy derivative of the amplified electron current from a Faraday collector having a retarding field analyzer and limited angular acceptance. The energy derivative comes from the digitally computed average of a repeatedly measured difference in dc signal accompanying a fixed increment in retarding field. Using this method inelastic angular and loss profiles at 15° incidence have been obtained in the vicinity of a Bragg maximum of the 00 elastic beam. The profiles show structure related to the surface and volume plasmon momenta by a two-step model of inelastic diffraction. Dispersion data inferred by applying this model to the "l...


The present invention provides a method for driving the injection device, the injection means for injecting ultrasound into tissue (16), the ultrasonic wave having a predetermined thermal effect injection (T) in the tissue (16) and a predetermined mechanical effect (M), wherein the ultrasonic pulses (P) are continuously fed, each of the ultrasonic pulses (P) having a pulse width (T1), the duty cycle of the ultrasonic pulses (P), (T1 / T2) is set to the thermal effect of the ultrasonic waves and the function of the mechanical effect (T, M) is.


1. A fuel composition comprising or obtainable from a mixture comprising: (a) an isoprenoid compound having the formula: or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein Z is H, OR, O- or C (= O) R; and R is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl or aralkyl, wherein the quantity of isoprenoid compound is from about 1 wt% to about 99% by weight, based on the total weight of the fuel composition; and (b) a fuel component. 2. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the distillation temperature is from about 282 T90 ° C to about 338 ° C. 3. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of the isoprenoid compound is from about 5 wt% to about 90% by weight, based on the total weight of the fuel composition. 4. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of the isoprenoid compound is at least 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the fuel composition. 5. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of the isoprenoid compound is at least 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the fuel composition. 6. The fuel composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of the isoprenoid compound is at least 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the fuel composition.


Tangut is the dead Tibeto-Burman language of the Buddhist empire of Xīxià, which was destroyed in 1227 by the Golden Horde of the Mongol warlord Temuüjin, more commonly known as Genghis Khan (c. 1162–1227). The Tangut empire was established in 1032 and comprised the modern Chinese provinces of Gānsù, Shānxī and Níngxià, extending from the Yellow River in the east to Kökö Nōr (Chinese: Qīnghăi Hù) in the west. The northern frontier of the Xīxià empire skirted the city of Qumul (Chinese: Hāmì), the river Edzin Gol (Chinese: Ruò Shuĭ), the Hèlán hills and the Yellow River. In the south, the empire extended down into the present-day province of Sichuān. The Xīxià capital was situated in what is now the city of Yinchuān (formerly Níngxiàfŭ) on the left bank of the Yellow River.


teeth' would be for Lucr. v. 1069. And there are a few cases of downright misconstruing which gives a sentence the wrong sense or none: so iii. 10. 1 erroris est causa prima species, ' the reason for this misapprehension lies in their firstrate appearance'; iii. 12. 4 in alterant partem propensius, ' incline more in one direction or the other' (the last three words make nonsense); iii. 21. 8 est proprietas in surculis ut alii meridiano axe convalescant, alii septentrionem desiderent, ' it is a peculiarity inherent in young vines that some thrive under a southern sky, while others, e tc ' There is a glaring instance at iii. 2. 7: solae traduntur Amineae excepto caeli statu Aimis frigido ubicumque sint, etiam si degenerent, sibi comparatae,... praebere, ' the Aminean varieties alone, wherever they are compared, except where the climate is exceedingly cold, and even if they decline in quality, are said to provide, e t c ' ; Dr. Ash has failed to see that sibi comparatae goes with degenerent, and by his punctuation has done his best to keep the reader from seeing it. The notes are helpful, but one sometimes wishes that they had been more critical. On Amineae (p. 236) Dr. Ash quotes, without comment, Isidore's derivation quasi a mineo (i.e. minio), which the reader who does not know the quantity of the -emay be in danger of taking seriously; a reference to Macrob. iii. 20. 6 would have been more to the point. Again, on capreoli (p. 383) he quotes the simple-minded derivation from capio provided by Varro and gives no hint of the real origin of the term, in spite of the fact that cantherius has just preceded and mergus is to follow. This is a useful book, and it is to be hoped that the remaining volumes will not be long delayed. It may well turn out to be the first complete modern edition; for Lundstrom's has made slow progress. Forty years after the appearance of its first fascicle little more than half of it has been published, and now the editor's death leaves its future uncertain.


The main goal of this paper is to understand the extent to which adult civic awareness is fostered by New Oportunity Centres (NOC) i.e., prior learning recognition, validation and certification Portuguese centers and whether it can promote, among these adults, an active participation in civic and political issues. Despite living in a globalised and democratic society, Portugal still has a rather low level of literacy and qualification, which is still a reminiscence of its historical, educational and political past. In order to solve this qualification gap and the increase of unequal social opportunities, the sovalidate, and certificate key-competencies acquired by means of informal and nonformal learning. Departing from this non-formal education, our research aims to understand the transformations of the field of AET, as well as if there is a of explicit socialpolitical project of NOC and its personal impact on adult citizens. Results will focus two different conceptions about citizenship in EAT experts and adults visions so that participation of these adults into their local communities and in the wider society.


The study has discussed the key ideas of Freud's theory of dream work and psychoanalysis on the fairy tale Rapunzel written by Grimm brothers. The character of husband, wife and witch shows the Freud's theory of id, ego and super-ego. Rapunzel reflects the psychosexual development theory of Freud, as Rapunzel is a girl who spend her life in a tower, which has no door, and windows in it. She does not touch ground or green grass in her lifetime. She lacks relationships all her life. When she met a prince, she was terrified at first because she never met any human in her life except her mother, but she drawn towards him because of her basic needs. The careful examination of the linguistic and visual text of the data indicates that Rapunzel is perfect example of the Freud's psychosexual development in all his theoretical concepts. The investigative framework adopted for this study was case based exploratory research in which data was collected analysed and interpreted qualitatively. The sampling strategy drawn for this study was typical and critical case sampling technique.


Cu-substituted MnCu x Al 2 - x O 4 , (x = 0-1) spinels synthesized by the solution combustion method catalyse the oxidation of CO, NH 3 and hydrocarbons and the reduction of NO. The catalytic activity varies with the composition and the oxide with x = 0.75 exhibits the highest catalytic activity. However, the catalyst with x = 0.5 shows the highest N 2 -selectivity of 80% up to 700°C for ammonia oxidation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH 3 in the presence of excess O 2 over x = 0.75 catalyst shows over 70% N 2 -selectivity above 300°C. Spinel structure of the catalyst is retained after the reactions. Hydrogen uptake studies show that at 300°C oxygen storage capacity is over 110 ml/g, which corresponds to about 20% of the lattice oxygen. High catalytic activity is attributed to the occurrence of both Cu 2 + -Cu 0 and Mn 2 + -Mn 3 + redox couples created due to unique substitution of Cu 2 + ion in Al 3 + sites of this new material.


From a series of 22 typical 18Cr8Ni stainless steel 40 kg ingots, with copper variable concentrations from 0.6 to 3.0 weight %, δ-ferrite is measured with a ferrite-meter device, calculating a nickel equivalent of 0.27 for copper. Some differences between the 8-ferrite and that on calculated by DeLong -excluding the copper γ-gene action- have been found because of different solidification and cooling regimes in ingot and weld cases.


There is an increased pulsed power demand in the domain of advanced robotic manipulators for both mechanical and electrical pulsed power requirements. The pulsed power levels necessary for the frequent transient regimes of acceleration and deceleration is well above 10 to 20 times of the "steady state" level of power for the electric actuators and their power supplies, as well. The metadynes, electrical machines operating at constant current and variable voltage, have extremely good prospects to fulfill the needs for pulsed power for robotic manipulators. The recent developments in solid state power electronics technology can be used to efficiently replace the feedforward and feedback electromechanical loops in the metadynes, and by controlling the winding flexibility and the level of anisotropy of discrete cycles of the machine to optimally adapt the semiconductor power electronics devices-assisted metadynes to the function of actuators (metadyne motors) and their pulsed power supplies (metadyne pulsed generators) for flexible robotic manipulators. This paper, the first in a series, describes the incompatibility of today's design of pulsed electrical machines used in robotics with the requirements of the constant current operation constraint and devises new original systems in order to satisfy such requirements.


The latest advancements in science and technology have observed large quantity of complicated structures and schema less data such as proteins, circuits, images, Web, and XML documents which can be modeled into various types of which one of the most dominant now a days are graphs. This has caused Graph Mining, one of the budding areas of research happening throughout. In this paper, we investigate the various algorithms for Graph Indexing which makes use of Frequent Sub graph as a key term for indexing, of which one the most dominant is FG-index algorithm. This algorithm is tested with AIDS dataset and an improved algorithm is proposed for effective indexing. KeywordsGraph, Graph Mining, Graph Indexing, Frequent Sub Graph


N80 waterproof casing is a kind of important equipment in petroleum drilling. In order to analyze the mechanical features of the N80 casing, we used pendulum impact testing machine to test the shock resistance of N80 casing. And we have analyzed and eliminated the errors which may affect the result of the impact test to ensure the reliability. At the same time, it summed up the causes of errors and the methods to avoid and reduce the errors during the pendulum impact test, and analyzed the sample selection method, the chosen of impact surface, the structure as well as the temperature influence, shape and other factors which influenced the measurement results.


tional reform. ince the 1970s, legislative activity of the European Union (EU) has expanded greatly in both scale and scope.' The number of legislative acts adopted by the EU per year increased from less than 300 in the mid-1970s to more than 500 in the mid-1980s. At the same time, the EU gradually extended its competencies to issue areas not explicitly covered by the Treaties of Rome, such as consumer protection, research and development, and the environment. This continuous expansion of EU legislative activity has been accompanied by periodic changes of the EU's institutional framework. The Single European Act (1987) introduced qualified majority voting for a number of policy areas and provided the European Parliament with the ability to influence legislative outcomes. The Treaty on European Union (1993) extended the use of qualified majority voting and strengthened the role of the Parliament in the legislative process. In this article, we analyze whether institutional reform has enabled the EU to deal efficiently with an expanding legislative agenda. A common theme in the literature is that the efficiency of the EU decision-making process has deteriorated considerably as EU legislative activity has increased over the past two decades. A number of studies suggest that the Council is unable to cope with the Commission's legislative output (Scharpf 1988; Sbragia 1993; Dehousse 1995). Other studies point to a dilution in the substantive content of EU legislation (Van den Bos 1994; Heritier 1996; Scharpf 1997). The most common suggestion is that the EU decisionmaking process has become inordinately slow, suffering from an excessive


: Identifying hidden pollutant emissions sources is crucial for surface water quality management. The numerical inversion method, based on a pollutant transport model, is an effective approach for pollution source identification (PSI). Nevertheless, existing research tends to concentrate on the algorithm rather than its real-world application. For instance, many proposed methodologies rely on fixed water quality sensors deployed in key monitoring sections for data collection. In order to obtain reliable PSI results, complete pollutant Breakthrough Curve (BTC) were usually used as inputs to numerical PSI models. In some watersheds, this sampling process may last for more than ten hours, which clearly violates the requirement of timeliness. Scientific problems arise accordingly. How much data should be accumulated for reliable PSI? How long does it take to obtain this data under different data collection conditions and river hydrodynamic conditions? How can the emergency monitoring process be improved in the context of the environmental Internet of Things? Understanding the above problems will help design the emergency monitoring process and ultimately improve the application performance of numerical source identification methods. To this end, the study adopts the Adaptive Metropolis-Markov Chain Monte Carlo (AM-MCMC) Bayesian Inference method as the benchmark PSI framework. Subsequently, a one-dimensional instantaneous point source emission pollutant transport model was established based on the Advection-Diffusion-Reaction equation (ADR), and the model was calibrated using dye tracer test data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) on the Truckee River for hypothetical case data generation. Based on the numerical experiments of hypothetical cases, the source inversion error level and uncertainty under different sampling cumulative time were evaluated. It was found that there is a critical moment of low error level and uncertainty convergence, after which the error slowly decreases and remains in a convergence state. Then, the basic characteristics of critical time were discussed through numerical experiments: increasing the number of monitoring sections will shorten the critical time; To a certain extent, the monitoring frequency and monitoring error level has little effect on the critical time. Furthermore, numerical experiments were carried out on the variation law of critical time under different river hydrodynamic conditions. The above results were proved based on the information entropy theory, and the universal equation of Peclet number (representing hydrodynamic conditions) and relative critical time (Λ) , namely the critical time profile, was fitted based on the information entropy analysis expression. Finally, based on the critical time profile, a quantitative design method of emergency monitoring network was proposed, and the practical technical route of emergency PSI was discussed, which provides reference for the layout of monitoring section and the formulation of process in actual source identification operation, particularly for the watershed management in the era of Internet of Things.


DURING RECENT YEARS external sources have played an increasingly important role in the creation of equity capital. In 1947 common share offerings totaled $779 million, in 1952 $1.4 billion; last year they were $2.5 billion. Their size in absolute terms has tripled and their proportionate position in corporate financing doubled in the past decade. It appears likely that this sharply rising trend will further accelerate. The New York Stock Exchange estimates the equity financing requirements of American corporations over the next seven years at $7 billion annually, more than two and a half times recent levels. Such a figure is a goal, not a forecast, but it does indicate an expected dynamic upward trend. Techniques of equity finance have a vital impact upon the moral and legal rights of shareholders, the relative attractiveness of the issue concerned, and upon its costs. Until recently little tabular information about these factors was available. In December 1957 the Industrial Securities Committee of the Investment Bankers Association of America issued a comprehensive report on equity financing which analyzes all public common share issues in excess of $5 million during the period January 1, 1956, to November 8, 1957. The data it contains make possible a statistical approach to a problem of growing importance to corporate executives, investment bankers, shareholders, and all others concerned with the effective functioning of our free enterprise economy.


Based on the current knowledge, a plasma–liquid interface looks and behaves very differently from its counterpart at a solid surface. Local processes characteristic to most liquids include a stronger evaporation, surface deformations, droplet ejection, possibly distinct mechanisms behind secondary electron emission, the formation of an electric double layer, and an ion drift-mediated liquid resistivity. All of them can strongly influence the interfacial charge distribution. Accordingly, the plasma sheath at a liquid surface is most likely unique in its own way, both with respect to its structure and behavior. However, insights into these properties are still rather scarce or uncertain, and more studies are required to further disclose them. In this Perspective, we argue why more research on the plasma sheath is not only recommended but also crucial to an accurate understanding of the plasma–liquid interaction. First, we analyze how the sheath regulates various elementary processes at the plasma–liquid interface, in terms of the electrical coupling, the bidirectional mass transport, and the chemistry between plasma and liquid phase. Next, these three regulatory functions of the sheath are illustrated for concrete applications. Regarding the electrical coupling, a great deal of attention is paid to the penetration of fields into biological systems due to their relevance for plasma medicine, plasma agriculture, and food processing. Furthermore, we illuminate the role of the sheath in nuclear fusion, nanomaterial synthesis, and chemical applications. As such, we hope to motivate the plasma community for more fundamental research on plasma sheaths at liquid surfaces.


Knowledge is the essence to run IT projects. Managing knowledge in the project context can be contradicting with the limited resources and time span in the projects. Increased empirical research is made to explore the crucial factors influence knowledge management in projects. Even though the research domain is substantial on the subject, there is still limited amount of research of focusing relationship between managerial activities and knowledge management initiatives. This study is a further contribution to the area. We studied theoretical background of knowledge management and managerial activities in project context, where we build a research framework. The framework was used for guiding our research through our interviews, which was conducted with four project managers in three organizations.
The findings show that the types of knowledge and project managers' objectives affect the implementation of KM initiatives, which has direct impact on the managerial activities. It is found that there is a need to consider objectives that the KM initiatives are designed to achieve before get the complete picture on how the impact on managerial activities. The objectives are project compliance and competency development. The study also shows that the managerial activities are impacted by knowledge management initiatives in variety of ways.


In this paper, for a class of essentially normal operator, its closure of (U+K ) orbit, (U+K)(T) , was studied. In particular, if T is a tri angular operator of normal plus compact, its essential spectrum is perfect, the upper part of its triangular representation is compact, we determine that if A∈L(H) then A ∈ (U+K)(T) if and only if: (i) A∈Nor(H )+K(H) ;(ii) σ (A)σ(T),σ 0(A)σ 0(T),σ e(A)=σ e(T) ;(iii) ind(λ-A)=ind(λ-T),λ∈ρ s-F (A)=ρ F (A );(iv) nul(λ-A)≥nul( λ-T),λ∈ ρ s-F (A ); (v) if λ∈σ 0(A) ,then rank E(λ;A ) =rank E(λ;T ). Moreover, we determine that if T is a bitriangular essent ially normal operator whose spectrum σ(T)=σ e(T)=σ is a perfect subset of C, then A∈ (U+K)(T) if and only if A satisfy (i) A∈Nor(H)+K(H) ;(ii) σ(A)σ(T) is perfect; (iii) σ e(A)= σ e(T) , and for all λ∈ ρ s-F (A ),ind (λ-A )=0.


we all know that presently in 21st century one of the most emerging problem is Data Security. There is no guarantee that the data we have sent may be hacked by any Hacker or the data we have sent may reach correctly to the receiver or not. So many data security techniques have been emerged from past 2 to 3 years. But still we need a best technique to protect the data from third parties. Cryptography is an art of scrambling the data in order to provide security and confidentiality. Cryptography is being used in order for the securely transmission of the data. This paper provides a new idea for Data encryption and decryption in order to provide security for data.


The digital pulse interval modulation(DPIM) is indtroduced into energy-detection based ultra-wideband(UWB) communication systems and the performance of DPIM is studied.The modulation scheme suitable for impulse radio UWB channel is presented.DPIM transmission capacity based on the definition is analyzed and is compared with on-off keying(OOK) and pulse position modulation(PPM).Expressions of slot error probability and packet error probability are derived for DPIM.Numerical results of different modulations in one of IEEE 802.15.3a models show that,for certain modulation orders(e.g.,4-DPIM vs 2-PPM),DPIM is superior to PPM in both error performance and transmission capacity.Furthermore,compared with OOK,DPIM,with a high modulation order,achieves a better error performance at the cost of certain transmission capacity.


With the widespread use of electric machines in renewable energy generation and electrical vehicles, the mission profiles of the electric machines are getting complicated, which leads to the urgent need to characterize the reliability of the electric machine drive system. Thus, the power-electronics-based electric machine emulator is introduced, where the terminal voltage of the driving converter is sensed for current reference generation of the emulator. However, in this conventional control structure, the stability and accuracy of the machine emulator is compromised due to the low-pass filter during the voltage sensing process. In this paper, the low-pass filter during the voltage sensing process is removed. The terminal voltage of the driving converter is reconstructed by the sampled current, and the current reference for the emulator is reconstructed by the modulation signal of the emulating converter, achieving better performance and stability. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the proposed idea.


A three‐dimensional structural model of the dichloromethane dehalogenase (DCMD) from Methylophilus sp. DM11 is constructed based on sequence similarities to the glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs). To maximize sequence identity and minimize gaps in the alignment, a hybrid approach is used that takes advantage of the increased homology found between DM11 and domain I of the sheep blowfly θ class GST (residues 1–79) and domain II of the human α class GST (residues 81–222). The resulting structure has Cα root mean square deviations of 1.16 Å in domain I and 1.83 Å in domain II from the template GSTs, which compare well to those seen in other GST interclass comparisons. The model is further applied to explore the structural basis for substrate binding and catalysis. A conserved network of hydrogen bonds is described that binds glutathione to the G site, placing the thiol group in a suitable location for nucleophilic attack of dichloromethane. A mechanism is proposed that involves activation through a hydrogen bond interaction between Ser12 and glutathione, similar to that found in the θ‐GSTs. The model also demonstrates how aromatic residues in the hydrophobic site (H site) could play a role in promoting catalysis: His116 and Trp117 are ideally situated to accept a growing negative charge on a chlorine of dichloromethane, stabilizing displacement. This scheme is consistent with experimental results of single‐point mutations and comparisons with other GST structures and mechanisms. Proteins 28:217–226, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss Inc.


To avoid mutual interferences and detection confusion, orthogonal waveforms are usually employed for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar. In this paper, we apply chaos to design orthogonal waveforms for MIMO radar. Chaotic phase coded waveforms are generated, which are further optimised for obtaining good correlation performance of low sidelobe level. A sidelobe suppression method with complementary transmitting is introduced. The clonal selection algorithm is imposed to obtain the corresponding complementary coding waveforms. Correlation performance are compared with transmitting single chaotic phase coded signals and shown to be superior. Simulations based on biphase coded signals verify this method. (4 pages)


A paper presented before the section of oceanography of the Geophysical Union at its meeting last year gave a brief description of the International Ice Patrol, a humanitarian service that is supported financially by the principal maritime nations of the world in order that life and property on the North Atlantic may be properly safe-guarded. Some phases of the scientific work that is being carried on by the Ice Patrol were described, especially certain investigations in physical oceanography of the ice regions south of Newfoundland where Arctic and Tropical waters meet. The Patrol, in the course of its fourteen years of ocean service, has come to recognize the great value inherent to scientific observations from which practical, useful information may be drawn.


A rapid and reproducible method is described for the isolation and characterization of leukocytes from the peripheral blood of an American buffalo (bison). Centrifugation of the buffy coat cells on a Percoll gradient (1.079 g/mL) at 650 x g for 20 min resulted in the separation and high yields of pure viable leukocytes. The sheep erythrocyte-rosetting technique (ER) showed that 59% of the cells were ER+ (T lymphocytes). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated peanut agglutinin and FITC-conjugated concanavalin A revealed 77% and 89% positive cells, respectively. The isolated leukocytes contained adherent accessory cells and functionally active T and B lymphocytes which proliferated in response to both T and B cell mitogens and to exogenous recombinant bovine interleukin-2 in the absence and/or presence of the thiol compound 2-mercaptoethanol.


A method is presented by which instantaneous torque can be detected from a ferromagnetic shaft using magnetic-head-type pickups. The method assumes linearity of the torque sensor. The output of the torque sensor is sampled per 2 pi /N radian, from which the corresponding zero level is subtracted, and then multiplied by a coefficient to correct sensitivity fluctuation. The coefficients for N sampling points are inversely proportional to the sensitivity at each sampling point. The coefficients are estimated from the sensitivities measured at M points (M >


The eagle acquired the lion share in terms of Al-Jahilee (pre-Islam era) man's attention, and was the most tied to his misgivings. That man binded the bird with the thoughts of nobleness, which elevated it out of the circle of bestiality to a point of near holiness. The research tries to unravel the reasons for making the eagle enjoy such a sanctity and the secrets behind linking it with the eternity in the mind of Al-Jahilia man. The research endeavors to find out the grounds for making it such a myth in terms of its strength, its connection with the death, its elevation and highness, its fertility and ties to life. The study takes Luqman's story, whose landmarks fainted, and became a narrative, as an attestation for making the bird a legend, and its linkup to the imperishability.


The resulted results of computer design of contact tensions and deformations of billow of turbo-compressor are for the estimation of his wearproofness. The set possibility of estimation of influence of features of construction of bearing knot and his terms of work is on motion of processes of wear.


Magnetic susceptibilities of sodium—ammonia solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.36 to 3.85 mole/liter have been measured at room temperature using Gouy's force method. At the low concentration end, atomic susceptibilities of sodium derived from the measurements fit Hutchison and Pastor's data which were measured at lower molarities. The general trend of the atomic susceptibility as a function of concentration indicates a transition in the electronic structure at a critical interatomic distance dm of 15 A. This transition is discussed in relation to the transition from the nonmetallic to the metallic state which has been predicted by Mott for crystalline arrays of hydrogen‐like atoms. At concentrations c above 2.0 mole/liter, the atomic susceptibility exhibits a c−2/3 dependence as expected for Pauli's paramagnetism of a degenerate electron gas. Observed deviations of metal—ammonia solutions from Curie's law can be accounted for by a temperature dependence of dm.


Trim optimization is a particularly easy and cheap way of improving ship performance, reducing fuel oil consumption and lowering emission. The purpose of trim optimization is to obtain the optimal trim to minimize the ship total resistance at the specified draft and speed. The usual approach is to establish a surrogate model to estimate the ship resistance based on some sample points. However, for most of present practices of trim optimization, a large number of sample points are uniformly distributed in the design space composed of draft, trim and speed. As a result, a high computing cost can be expected. In this paper, the design of experiments (DOE) is introduced to reduce the number of sample points. Each sample point contains the ship resistance at a specified draft, trim and speed. Then ordinary kriging interpolation is utilized to construct the surrogate model. The ship resistances at the conditions of the sample points are achieved by Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations and the KCS ship model is selected in the present research. The accuracy of the surrogate model is verified by other RANS simulations. Results indicate that DOE and ordinary kriging interpolation can reduce considerable calls for the CFD solver and remain the accuracy of the surrogate model approximately. This paper presents our first try of combining DOE and ordinary kriging interpolation in ship trim optimization. The DOE is used to obtain the sample points to explore the design space composed of draft, trim and ship speed. RANS simulations are performed to calculate the resistance of KCS model under conditions of these sample points. Ordinary kriging interpolation helps establish the surrogate model to predict ship resistance of other interested points in the design space. The minimum total resistance and its corresponding draft, trim and speed are searched by the genetic algorithm. Additional RANS simulations are carried out to verify the accuracy of the surrogate model. Several conclusions are drawn according to the present results:


By comparison of S1 gene nucleotide sequences among avian infectious bronchitis viruses(IBV),genotype relationship between IBV tl/CH/LDT3/03 strain and the other IBV isolates in China was analyzed.With morbidity,mortality,antibody level and virus re-isolation in different tissues of SPF chickens as indexes,the protection of chickens immunized with 5 IBV strains representing 3 genotypes against high virulent IBV tl/CH/LDT3/03 strain was evaluated.The result showed that the attenuated homologous strains were superior to the heterogeneous strains in protection of chickens against the IBV strain tl/CH/LDT3/03.


New information and communication technologies are altering writing practices in important ways. As Relles and Tierney (2013) put it, "the integration of communication technologies with academic culture suggests that the writing habits of tomorrow's students will be navigational across myriad discourse situations that do and will yet exist" (501). Students in fourth grade, for example, while still working on writing sentences, may be routinely asked to go beyond traditional writing tasks to put together PowerPoint slides, collages, or contribute text to blogs. High school students, while drafting persuasive essays, may be tasked with writing Facebook or Twitter posts. College students continue to write lab reports but also need to construct multimodal compositions that include both text and visuals. Successful business people must be able to write communications to be disseminated through a variety of social media. In this context, all teachers, schools, and colleges are challenged to respond to the changing nature of writing (Herrington and Moran 2009). Fortunately, the same wave of technologies affecting writing practices provides a wealth of tools for the teaching of second or foreign language writing. Such tools have been adopted by business and education to improve the teaching and learning of writing. In this chapter, we describe technologies developed to aid in the writing process, which are also used for teaching. Following the description, we provide a critical analysis of the empirical research on the effectiveness of software and web‐based technologies in teaching L2 writing. We conclude the chapter with a look at future research and development of technologies and pedagogies for L2 writing.


Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)%%%%Nursing schools are facing demands to admit and graduate increasing numbers of students to meet the needs of the future healthcare system. Nursing schools must therefore admit, retain and graduate qualified applicants, able to provide care in complex healthcare environments. Educators are challenged to identify the best educational practices to retain and engage learners in the learning process. Research has indicated that student engagement contributes to student success in college. Learning environments may influence student engagement through the use of active learning strategies in the classroom. The purpose of this descriptive study was to explore the extent of engagement reported by nursing students in classrooms and determine relationships among student engagement, demographic and academic variables and learning environments. Astin's (1985) Input-Environments-Output model provided the framework for this study, linking student characteristics, and student engagement in learning with outcomes of learning.
 A sample of 347 undergraduate baccalaureate nursing students from 5 mid-western schools of nursing completed the Adapted Engaged Learning Index (AELI) and the Active Learning Environments Scale (ALES), measuring their level of engagement and perceived degree of active learning in the classroom, respectively. Subjects also provided demographic data including age, academic level, type and number of hours worked off campus, and prior learning experience. T-test and ANOVA analyses were conducted to compare group differences on demographic, learning environments (active, passive and mixed) and levels of engagement.
 Results indicated a significant (p≤.001) difference in the level of student engagement related to the perceived active learning occurring in the classroom. Students in active and mixed learning environments reported higher engagement levels than those in passive learning environments. Students over 25 years (p=.003), students with higher GPA's (p≤ .05) and junior students (p≤ .001) reported significantly higher engagement scores than their counterparts. Findings from this study indicate that student engagement in the learning process may be positively influenced by an active learning environment in the classroom.


Selective leaching processes for copper, gold, nickel, and cobalt have been investigated because there is an advantage of ammoniacal hydrometallurgy that metal such as copper could be selectively extracted restricting the dissolution of iron or calcium. In the present article, the studies for selective ammoniacal leaching of copper from motor scraps and waste printed circuit boards (PCBs), for ammoniacal leaching of gold to decrease the amount of cyanide used or to substitute cyanide by thiosulfate, and for ammoniacal leaching to recover nickel and cobalt from nickel oxide ore and intermidiate obtained from manganese nodule treatment process were summarized and further studies were proposed for domestic technology development for ammoniacal hydrometallurgy processes.


Abstract : Although Bentley Systems, Inc. (BSI) CAD, a computer-aided design program used in many U.S. Army Corps of Engineers offices, can produce the detailed documents necessary for planning, review, construction, and management of a facility, such software requires extensive training. Allocating the time and resources to learn such computer-based technology is a pressing productivity concern in both government and commercial settings. The U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (USACERL) has studied the use of Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) to train architects and engineers to use many types of automated systems. Development of the Mentor hypertext Electronic Performance Support System can help meet this need for cost-effective CAD training done within the context of current working projects, by incorporating embedded online instruction into MicroStation CAD software. This study enhanced the Mentor CAI system for use with MicroStation software and tested the system with users representing a range of disciplines and CAD expertise. At the end of the test period, a survey was administered to determine their use of the system, attitudes, learning preferences, and reactions to the program.


The pulse beetles, Callosobruchus maculatus is a principal field-to store pest of cowpea in the tropics and at present synthetic insecticides constitute a major means of control. The insecticidal effect of ethanolic extracts and powders of Momordica charantia leaf against the cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. were carried out in the laboratory. The efficacy of powder and ethanolic extract of M. charantia leaf as toxicants against C. maculatus were investigated using contact toxicity and oviposition deterrence. The powders and extracts were applied at various dosages of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g and 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 ml per 20 g of cowpea seeds. Beetle mortality was monitored for 96 h. The mortality of the insect increased with increase in dosage and period of exposure. Within 24 h post treatment, 0.8 g dosage of the plant powder recorded the highest beetle mortality of 35% but its effect was not significantly (p>0.05) different from that of 0.4 and 0.6 ml. At 96 h of post-treatment, all the dosages of the plant powders recorded above 75% insect mortality with 0.8 g of the powder achieving the highest insect mortality of 85% and its effect was not significantly (p<0.05) different from 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g. At 96 h post treatment, 0.8 ml of the extract achieved the highest mortality of 95% which was not significantly (p<0.05) different from that of 0.6 ml. All dosages of the extract recorded up to 80% bruchid mortality within 96 h post treatment. At all treatment levels, insect mortality was significantly (p<0.05) different from the control. It was observed that oviposition was reduced in both powder and extract treatments when compared to the control. The results show that both powder and extract of M. charantia were effective in controlling C. maculatus and could serve as alternative to over-dependence on synthetic insecticide for preservation of stored cowpea seeds against C. maculatus


The reform of the state budget, the formation of non-profit organisations and the unfavourable economic situation of local governments and their institutions raise many problems which have not been so sharp before, this way evading the attention of the experts. The purpose of the study is to show, with the help of empirical researches, the problems which are generally typical of the most important institutions of local governments. A medium sized and a small town with a small population, also four villages with varying numbers of population were examined, with respect to the expenditure and everyday operation of their local governments and institutions. According to our findings, most of the problems can be seen in the financing and utilisation of small regional institutions and the ownership interests of the local governments concerned. This phenomenon shows that in small regional provision, the agreement of the local governments and a more efficient division of labour should be achieved by central financing techniques and regulation.


Methods for the detection and investigation of waterborne outbreaks have been described, but are still not widely used as resources and funds are critically lacking even in industrialized countries. What surveillance systems and outbreak investigation provide are indications on the causes and sources of contamination and means of preventing future occurrences.


Many secure multiparty computation (SMC) protocols use Shamir's Secret Sharing (SSS) scheme as a building block. A weakness of SSS is the possibility of collusion attacks among parties. Despite the shortcoming, SSS requires no data expansion and achieves information-theoretic security compared to other cryptographic SMC techniques such as garbled circuits. Moreover, it is much faster than other SMC techniques. In this paper, we propose an evolutionary game-theoretic (EGT) approach to deter collusion in SSS-based protocols. We consider the possibility of detecting the leakage of secret data via collusion and devise an explicit retaliation mechanism. We show that the evolutionary stable strategy of such a game is not to collude if the technology to detect the leakage of secret is readily available. Second, we consider the case of "undetectable" leakage where data-owners are unaware of the leakage and thereby unable to retaliate. Such behaviors are deterred by injecting occasional fake collusion requests, and detected by a censorship scheme that checks for subliminal communication. We demonstrate our proposed solution in a population simulation in the EGT context.


Nucleate boiling regime is the most efficient regime that gives the maximum heat flux at the wall superheat range of 5 °C to 30 °C. In this current study, the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer performance of SiO2/water nanofluid are studied numerically. The effect of volume fraction (0.01 – 0.06 vol. %) of nanofluid on heat transfer coefficient and wall superheat are investigated. The variation in heat transfer coefficient (HTC) & wall superheat with different heat flux are investigated. Eulerian multiphase approach with RPI boiling model is used to carry out the simulation. The pool boiling heat transfer performance increased with rise in volume concentration of nanofluid up to an optimum concentration of 0.05 % and then it starts to decrease. A reduction in wall superheat of 6.7 %, 8.43 %, 11.27 % and 9.3 % are obtained for SiO2/water nanofluid with volumetric concentration of 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.06 vol. % respectively as compared to base fluid. Heat transfer coefficient enhanced by 3.55 %, 7.2 %, 23.87 % and 19.67 % for SiO2/water nanofluid with volumetric concentration of 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.06 vol. % respectively as compared to base fluid.


Electron microscopic immunocytochemical approaches were used to analyze LHRH-containing elements in the subfornical organ of the opossum, a species in which this input to the subfornical organ is prominent. Not only were LHRH synaptic specializations easily demonstrated in the subfornical organ, forming axo-dendritic and axo-axonal contacts, but also LHRH-immunoreactive fibers contacted astrocytic end-feet on fenestrated capillaries and were found in the subependymal layer. LHRH-carrying elements in the subfornical organ may be important for relating reproductive functions to body fluid balance.


A system and method combine mobile computing device ( 0100 ), wireless communication interface ( 0105 ), and an application program ( 0108 ) to provide the mobile computing device user to schedule and execute jobs based on the proximity to other wireless communication interface ( 0105 ). The scheduler schedules jobs and chooses a proximity relation of presences of one or more identifier of MAC sublayer or data link layer of wireless communication interfaces as trigger condition. When the trigger condition of a job is true, scheduler executes the job.


'Humanities,' as a discipline, has always been appreciated by the intellectual society, on the one hand, and has been castigated by the rulers and 'self-referential conceptualisers', on the other since the era of early harbingers of 'critical thinking' like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, among others. So, the humanities has not only been confined to the area of academic, but it also deals with common life in the public sphere. The ignorance of humanities as a subject/discipline, nowadays, questions the critical engagement of the same. Therefore, the academic 'crunch' of humanities as a discipline is now a matter of critical inquiry that needs to be addressed by scholars, especially those who are young. Victor Davis Hanson, in his article 'Death of Humanities,' observes that 'The humanities are in their latest periodic crisis. Though the causes of the ongoing decline may be debated'.1 Terry Eagleton, too, triggers the debate similarly,


• Norfloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic related to nalidixic acid, was evaluated as a topical agent for clinical efficacy in bacterial eye infections. This study reports on the comparative in vitro activity of norfloxacin and ten topical antibiotics (nalidixic acid, polymyxin B, colistin, bacitracin, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin) against 203 pathogenic eye isolates of 17 genera (37 species). In general, norfloxacin had the greatest potency and broadest spectrum of activity of the agents tested. It was active againstStaphylococcus aureus(minimal inhibitory concentration against 90% [MIC90], ≤ 1.0 μg/mL), coagulase-negative staphylococci (MIC90, ≤1.0 μg/mL),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(MIC90, ≤1.0 μg/mL), andHaemophilusorganisms (MIC90, ≤1.0 μg/mL).


Some years ago Professor Ursula Vogel's husband was given a coin of Pontius
Pilate at a congress in Israel. Although a specimen of a well-known type, it may be
of interest to publish it here.


Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, an outstanding surgeon, world-famous scientist, founder and classic of military field surgery, was born on November 13 (25), 1810 in Moscow in the family of Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov, treasurer of the Moscow food depot. At the age of 14, on the recommendation of the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow University, one of the founders of Russian traumatology, Professor E.O. Mukhin was admitted to the medical faculty of the university. At the age of 17, he graduated from the university course as a doctor of the 1st department. Patron NI. Pirogova E.O. Mukhin recommended him as the most capable student as a candidate for the students of the "Professor's Institute" of the University of Dorpat. Having passed the entrance exam at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, Nikolai Ivanovich in 1828 went to work at the University of Dorpat. From the first days, in addition to working in the clinic, he devotes a lot of time to anatomy and animal experiments. A year later, he was awarded a gold medal for a competitive work on the topic What is observed when large arteries are ligated during surgery?.


The changing economic and social situation in the regions leads to the changing understanding of the potential which exists in the countryside. This research is based on the idea that farmers operate in close neighbourhood with the local communities and therefore they may hold a potential to start innovation processes in rural regions as agents of change. This may happen individually or together with the local community. Farmers are active in acquiring new knowledge and experience through collaboration with advanced innovation centres in research laboratories and universities, and sharing with the local community, thus making these innovations open. The success of innovators comes in line with the collaboration and therefore the defined three key factors of 'innovating together' in this research are: first, the shift from technical to organizational innovations; second, the shift from sectorial to territorial rural development strategies; third, the size of farms and rural enterprises due to the limited number of employees. Theoretical findings are followed by empirical investigations from representative data collected in Lithuanian farms in 2017, supported with relevant statistical analysis. Research results show that the potential for 'innovating together' in Lithuanian farms is rather weak when taking into account all three factors. However, there are reasons behind this which give insights for future developments in the field.


Introduction. Processing agricultural waste into plant biodegradable plastics is a promising way for its recycling. This work featured the main physical-and-mechanical properties of plant plastics without adhesive substances obtained from millet husk and wheat husk and wood plastic obtained from sawdust, as well as their biodegradation potential. Study objects and methods. Objects of the study were plastics without adhesives based on wood sawdust, millet husk, and wheat husk. Results and discussion. We analyzed of the physical-and-mechanical parameters of the plant plastic based on millet husk, wheat husk, as well as wood plastic based on sawdust. The analysis showed that, in general, the strength characteristics of the wood plastics were higher than those of the plastics based on millet husk, especially flexural strength. Thus, the average value of the density of the wood plastic exceeded that of the plant plastic from millet husk by 10%, hardness by 40%, compression elasticity modulus by 50%, and flexural modulus by 3.9 times. It was found that wood and plant plastics obtained from sawdust, millet husk, and wheat husk without adhesives had a high biodegradation potential. Conclusion. The plastics obtained can be used as an insulating, building, and decorative material in the steppe regions experiencing a shortage of wood and wood powder.


The distribution of restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs) among isolates of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei was used to test hypotheses about the structure of the pathogen population. There was a large diversity in the lengths of DNA restriction fragments homologous to E9, a chromosomal fragment of unknown function. It was shown that a large group of isolates, which shared identical or very similar virulence phenotypes, including virulence on the barley cv. Triumph, were members of a single clone. Several other clones were identified, including a second group of identical isolates which were virulent on cv. Triumph but were highly distinct from the more common clone of Triumph-virulent isolates. Isolates which shared the same level of resistance to the triazole fungicide triadimenol were genetically diverse. Such diversity is consistent with triadimenol resistance being under oligogenic, rather than polygenic, control. Conclusions obtained from analysis of the most easily identifiable subset of fragment lengths were very similar to those obtained from analysis of the complete set.


Every summer, the Metropolitan District of Quito (MDQ) is subject to the recurrence of forest fires with different consequences in terms of loss of protected areas of great biodiversity, affectation of public and private spaces of different use and impact on the population well-being. The management of municipal authorities of this type of risks is still limited, since there is no decisional tool that can improve the preventive planning and the response to the annual presence of these events. For this reason, the generation of a study on potential fores fires represents the first step towards the comprehension and the reduction of risks. The present article presents the result of this study, the mechanisms and the efforts of the municipal technicians that made possible the achievement of these tools in the frame of the Risk Reduction Program of the Metropolitan District of Quito. The obtained results allowed the implementation of prevention actions in areas with very valuable ecosystems services but fragile in the same time, as well as the improvement of the fire emergency plans in order to optimize resources and reinforce local capacities.


The capability of the digital signal processor ADSP21535 and the design of IF generator based on ADSP21535 are introdued,the scheme realization of software in the wave production in the intermediate frequency generator is put forward in a brief.The radar improvement factor test based on the DDS technique and up-conversion technique,the practical application of ADSP21535 in the test of radar improvement factor are discussed too.The hardware of system,the realization of software programming and the real-time control of system based on the virtual technique are introduced comprehensively.The test shows that the application of DDS technique in the test system of the radar improvement factor has many characteristis in the signal produce,real-time control and dynamic test such as convenience shortcut and nicety.


The first detailed measurements of ion-impurity dynamics for NBI-heated ELMy H-modes at the edge of the JT-60U tokamak are reported. We investigated the ability of external momentum/power input to modify and control the radial electric field, Er, and pedestal structures. The relationship between Er and pedestal structures of ion-impurity density, ni, and temperature, Ti, during the ELMing H-mode phase for various momentum input directions (i.e. co-, balanced- and counter-NBI) and input powers from perpendicular NBI are compared with the ELM-free phase. The observed trend is that the edge Er-well width increases in the co-NBI discharge, while the Er value at the base of the Er-well becomes more negative in the counter-NBI discharge. The scale length for both ni and Ti in the pedestal is ∼2 cm and values are ∼1 for both ELM-free and ELMing phases with different magnitudes of Er (and/or Er shear). Characteristics of the turbulent density fluctuation, in addition to a uniform toroidal MHD oscillation (i.e. n = 0), during both ELM-free and ELMing phases are also reported.


We study black hole solutions in the Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity with the dilaton and a negative "cosmological constant". We derive the field equations for the static spherically symmetric (k = 1) and hyperbolically symmetric (k = −1) spacetime in general D dimensions. The system has some scaling symmetries which are used in our analysis of the solutions. Nontrivial asymptotically AdS solutions are obtained numerically in D =4 –6 and 10 dimensional spacetimes. For spherically symmetric solutions, there is the minimum horizon radius below which no solution exists in D = 4 – 6. However in D = 10, there is not such lower bound but the solution continues to exist to zero horizon size. For hyperbolically symmetric solution, there is the minimum horizon radius in all dimensions. Our solutions can be used for investigations of the boundary theory through AdS/CFT correspondence. We also discuss the possible fate of these black hole solutions. Subject Index: 121, 122, 454


1.2 Researchers commonly place a study within their intellectual history, but practical detail like this is quite rare. It is as necessary, she suggests, to be reflexive about an encounter with secondary materials as it is about the actual encounter with respondents in real time. She explains clearly why this topic and method were chosen, in personal and practical terms – that is, notably the need to obtain first-hand experience of the use of Qualidata data sets, to better advise both depositors and users. Any researcher will emphathise with her detailed accounts of her approaches to her material, and the phases of her research the "meandering but not atypical path" to reassess what data were relevant. She concludes, convincingly, that the processes of doing primary and secondary research are more alike than not.


Biś [2] introduced the notion of entropy-like invariants as an extension of the concept of pointwise preimage entropy. This paper follows Biś concept and extends the behaviour of preimage entropy to the case of a fixed sequence of maps. Therefore, some results are obtained, and we also show that for any continuous maps S and T from a compact metric space onto itself, the maps S ◦ T and T ◦ S have the same pointwise preimage entropy.


ABSTRACT Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome whose cardinal symptoms are dyspnea and fatigue leading to a progressive decrease in exercise capacity. Drugs currently used include angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), diuretics, alone or in combination, and in the cases where indicated, digoxin. Sacubitril/valsartan represents a new approach to treatment since the drug complex is made up of moieties of sacubitril, a neprilysin inhibitor and valsartan, an ARB. Since sacubitril and valsartan, inhibit neprilysin and block the angiotensin receptor, respectively, the drug molecule can be considered to play a central role by causing a dual inhibition of both the pathways that play an important role in the pathogenesis of HF. It was approved in July 2015 by the US Food and Drug Administration to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for HF in patients with chronic HF (NYHA Class II-IV) and reduced ejection fraction. Symptomatic hypotension and angioedema were the major side effects reported from clinical trials. The trials are currently being done to study its effects in HF preserved ejection fraction, chronic kidney disease, and aortic stiffness; the results of which are awaited. Keywords: Sacubitril/valsartan, Neprilysin inhibitor, Dual neutral endopeptidaseneprilysin renin-angiotensin system Inhibition.


Several automated on-line carbonate reaction devices coupled with isotope ratio mass spectrometers (IRMS) have been frequently used to determine the isotopic compositions of the carbon and oxygen in carbonates because of their high efficiency and small sample size. However, although the δ13C and δ18O values were measured with good precision with each device, whether the measured data remains consistent between these different analysis methods remains unknown. We report a systematic comparison for the δ13C and δ18O values in geological samples with complicated matrices measured using a Kiel IV and a GasBench II, as well as with dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry (DI-IRMS). Large variations were observed between the measured δ13C and δ18O values for some loess and lake sediments, with maximum differences of −0.4‰ to +0.3‰ for δ13C and −0.5‰ to +0.6‰ for δ18O relative to the mean values of the three methods. Furthermore, the δ13C values obtained using the Kiel IV IRMS method are generally lower than those obtained using the other two methods, whereas the δ18O values measured by the Kiel IV IRMS method are obviously higher than those obtained using DI-IRMS. These results might have been because of the different effects of the organic matter in the samples analyzed using different methods. However, vacuum roasting did not eliminate this effect and instead increased the variability of the δ13C and δ18O values in some samples. The usefulness of the Kiel IV was limited to the analysis of samples containing small amounts of carbonate because of this pronounced effect. In contrast, the GasBench II might produce data more reliably for these types of samples. Consequently, caution must be exercised when selecting a method for analyzing samples with complicated matrices to minimize any potential error.


This tutorial describes many of GPSS/H's powerful additions to, and extensions of, traditional GPSS, and shows how modelers can take advantage of them to build simulations that are more sophisticated in their gathering of statistics, more modeler-or user-friendly, and significantly easier to build, modify and debug. The use of language features is illustrated by the examples in Appendices A and B.


An intercultural comparison of attitudes toward children reproductive behavior child care and sex roles is modeled for natives of West Germany and migrants from Turkey. The impact of cultural background living conditions educational status and intergenerational familial relationships is analyzed. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE) (ANNOTATION)


Here the Hellenistic influence can be seen very clearly, The Corinthian acanthus leaves are now more stylised and simplified, and they shelter a little effigy of the Buddha, This capital was probably mounted on a column or pilaster decorating a Buddhist building, Musee Guimet,


We examine the strategic issues facing Logistics Service Providers (LSP) and the Information Technology (IT) options open to them. We conclude that "supply chain integration" and deploying EDI are, at best, short-term competitive advantages and will soon become competitive necessities. To identifjl opportunities for long-term competitive advantage, we then examine the emerging management issues in logistics and identt> the characteristics of a "TrulyProductive Organization (TPO). " We argue that building a TPO is a potential source of advantage, because it is based on people skills which are dt&x.dt and expensive to duplicate. A key element in building a TPO is to influence the ways in which people work, by adopting Patterns of thinking and acting which reinforce desired objectives. Information Technology can support achieving a Pattern-based organization. To show this, we ident and discuss a number of emerging technologies such as Groupware and Workflow Management Systems, and new types of PM's, and show how theyJit together into an integrated information architecture for supporting a Pattern-based TPO. We argue that this is an architecture which can support achieving a people-based competitive advantage.


In this paper, a unique micro Pirani gauge is investigated for multi-function sensing. The microgauge, implemented in a silicon-on-insulator technology, was designed as a suspended microbridge. In order to be able to sense both temperature and pressure with a single implemented device, a special design consideration was taken. Moreover, concerning the pressure measurement, instead of exploiting the Pirani gauge principle in its steady state as done in a conventional way, the transient response of the gauge is exploited. As a result, the pressure sensitive range is remarkably extended beyond the atmosphere. The design of the device, the setup of experiments, and the measured results are given.


Sports is an activity carried out by humans to need to be healthy and fresh, because nowadays there are many developing companies nowadays, growth of service companies engaged in sports such as fitness centers. To develop the service company, it is necessary to conduct external activities in providing the best service to its customers. And build a good corporate image in the community. The purpose of this study was to study whether the quality of service and image of the company opposed the satisfaction of members D 'Clasik Okigen Fitness City of Padang, the sample taken was 110 members of D' Okigen Clasik Fitness City of Padang using Slovin method. The research method used is a quantitative research type. The results of the study showed that the service quality and company image towards member satisfaction. Persial Company image is not significantly affected member satisfaction, while service quality emphasizes significance to member satisfaction. The company must improve the quality of services provided to members so that members continue to survive to carry out sports activities in the Clasik Fitnes Documents of the City of Padang, and also improve the company's image through marketing communications and appropriate advertising strategies to improve the company's image to the members. Keyword: Service Quality, Image, Custumer satisfaction


In this paper, we propose a multi-scale model of energy demand that is consistent with observations at a macro scale, in our use-case standard load profiles for (residential) electric loads. We employ the model to study incentives to assume the risk of volatile market prices for intelligent energy cooperatives at different aggregation scales of energy consumption. Next to scale, we investigate the benefits of demand response, more precisely intelligent scheduling of time-shiftable electric processes, and virtual storage intraday and between days. Results show that the increasing electrification and introduction of flexibilities (electric vehicles, thermal applications, storage, etc.) is going to make market participation viable for smaller groups of consumers. Retailers may thus introduce innovative tariffs for intelligent energy cooperatives to share the risk of volatility in wholesale markets for electricity.


Deprotected compounds 1 and 9 were allowed to react with 4,4′- dimethoxytrityl chloride in pyridine to give 5′-O-DMT nucleosides 2 and 10. The 3′-phosphoramidites 4 and 11 were incorporated into oligodeoxynucleosides (ODNs). The hybridization properties of the modified ODNs with their complementary DNA strands were studied. Interesting results were obtained when 11 was inserted as a bulged nucleoside into TWAs, duplexes, and triplexes.


During june 10–17, 2000 the Ultraviolet Coronograph Spectrometer (UVCS) aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory observed a streamer complex. Data were acquired at the time of a SOHO–Sun–Ulysses quadrature. We identify two streamers for which we derive electron densities, temperatures and elemental abundances and we point out differences and analogies between the two structures. We also derive the coronal Fe/O, which we consider a proxy for the FIP effect and we compare it with Fe/O values measured in situ by SWICS.


Three different topologies for low voltage regulator modules are compared in this paper. A Push-Pull converter (PPC) equipped with a novel hybrid gating scheme, which supports synchronous and external driving is proposed and compared to a Two-Transistor Forward Converter (2TFC) with a simple enhanced gating circuit of the MOSFET based rectification. Finally, an asymmetrical driven Half Bridge converter (AHBC) with integrated magnetic components and synchronous rectifier (SR) supplements the comparison. This topology was discussed only recently with respect to the low voltage topic. Prototypes for three topologies were developed, operated at 48 V input voltage and deliver 1.7 V at 18 A output current.


The transformed integral projection method for image alignment of second order radially distorted images is proposed. It is shown that the proposed approach provides a better translation estimation accuracy than the integral projection method and phase correlation methods, especially for noisy distorted images.


Housing development projects Simplified Leases (Rental Flat Housing) Elegant Pine II, built on a land area of 1025 m and 1025 m total building area consisting of six floors. Project value of Rp. 23,092,518,918 with lumpsum fixed price type contract. Rental Flat Housing development implementation Elegant Pine II consists of the phase of the internal structure of the foundation work that uses square pile foundation consisting of 104 points. Work on the structure consists of columns jobs, job logs and job slab / slab. Work on the structure of Pinus Elok II Rental Flat Housing project is using precast concrete (precast). The execution of the structure with precast concrete system must go through various processes including the production process, the implementation of concrete work, the treatment (curing), transportation, storage (stockings) and installation / removal (handling).


As fish survival is dependent upon energy expended to avoid predation so are the strategies of small to mid-size enterprises (SMEs) directed toward avoiding the "big-fish" takeover. Transitioning natural science environmental decision-making to models for business organizational operations utilizing swarm intelligence may lead to improving sustainability of SMEs.


Consciousness has been proposed to be supported by electrophysiological patterns poised at criticality, a dynamical regime which exhibits adaptive computational properties, maximally complex patterns and divergent sensitivity to perturbation. Here, we investigated dynamical properties of the resting-state electroencephalogram of healthy subjects undergoing general anesthesia with propofol, xenon or ketamine. We then studied the relation of these dynamic properties with the perturbational complexity index (PCI), which has shown remarkably high sensitivity in detecting consciousness independent of behavior. All participants were unresponsive under anesthesia, while consciousness was retained only during ketamine anesthesia (in the form of vivid dreams)., enabling an experimental dissociation between unresponsiveness and unconsciousness. We estimated (i) avalanche criticality, (ii) chaoticity, and (iii) criticality-related measures, and found that states of unconsciousness were characterized by a distancing from both the edge of activity propagation and the edge of chaos. We were then able to predict individual subjects' PCI (i.e., PCImax) with a mean absolute error below 7%. Our results establish a firm link between the PCI and criticality and provide further evidence for the role of criticality in the emergence of consciousness. 2 Significance Statement Complexity has long been of interest in consciousness science and had a fundamental impact on many of today's theories of consciousness. The perturbational complexity index (PCI) uses the complexity of the brain's response to cortical perturbations to quantify the presence of consciousness. We propose criticality as a unifying framework underlying maximal complexity and sensitivity to perturbation in the conscious brain. We demonstrate that criticality measures derived from resting-state electroencephalography can distinguish conscious from unconscious states, using propofol, xenon and ketamine anesthesia, and from these measures we were able to predict the PCI with a mean error below 7%. Our results support the hypothesis that critical brain dynamics are implicated in the emergence of consciousness and may provide new directions for the assessment of consciousness.


Ascidians, like most encrusting organisms, present polymorphisms in shape and color that are frequently attributed to the environmental conditions in which the adults live. In southeastern Brazil, the ascidian Trididemnum orbiculatum presents 2 morphotypes that occur along different parts of the rocky shoreline. Between the intertidal and subtidal zones, the morphotypes differ in numerous characters, such as the pigmentation of zooids, growth pattern of the colony and abundance of spicules. We assessed the differentiation between the morphotypes using morphological and allozyme data. Characters traditionally used in ascidian taxonomy did not separate the morphotypes into distinct species, but the intertidal morphotype presented consistently smaller zooids, larvae and colony thickness, possibly caused by the harsh conditions of this zone. Although most of this divergence could be caused by phenotypic plasticity, clear genetic structure was observed between morphotypes. We propose that the morphotype from the subtidal zone constitutes a different species from that in the intertidal zone. In addition, morphological and genetic data suggest that colonies from the intertidal zone constitute more than one genetic entity.


Objective To investigate the role of neutrophil-mediated inflammation in the production of free radicals in hyperoixia-exposed neonatal rats.Methods An animal model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia was established by the exposure of the neonatal rats to 600 mL/L oxygen.The expression of neutrophil specific chemokine cytokine-induced neutrophil chemottractant(CINC-1)was detected by immunohistochemistry;white blood cell(WBC)and pulmonary neutrophil influx were counted in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid;Hydroxyl radical formation(2,3-DHBA and 2,5-DHBA)was assessed by GC/MS.8-isoprostane was quantitated by enzyme immunoassay.Results The expression of CINC-1 was obviously upregulated in multiple cell types in lungs of newborn rats after exposure to 600 mL/L oxygen.Total WBC and neutrophil counts were significantly elevated in pups after both 7 and 14 days exposure to 600 mL/L O2 compared with air exposed animals(Pa0.01).The elevations were completely reduced after SB265610 injections(P0.01).The contents of hydroxyl radical in the hyperoxia-exposed lungs were dramatically reduced by SB26510(P0.01).The level of 8-isoprostane in the lungs of 600 mL/L O2-exposed newborn rats was significantly raised by the exposure of hyperoxia and lowered down by SB265610 treatment(P0.01).Conclusion The blockade of neutrophil influx may reduce the formation of free radicals in hyperoxia-exposed newborn rats.


For physically challenged, deaf and dumb peoples there are no such devices are available to pass their needs and emergency intimations in hospitals, homes and many public places. Sometimes they have to use only sign language which may be difficult for common peoples. The method shown in this paper is used to generate a voice from deaf unit to a wireless location and also generates a message to mobile unit in case of needs and emergencies using MEMS sensor it's possible to generate the required signal send the signal depends on movements of the sensor the signal generated from MEMS unit which is interfaced to transmitter and microcontroller unit.


414 rural impoverished undergraduates were tested with Perceived Social Support Scale,Self- esteem Scale and UCLA Loneliness Scale( Third Edition) to explore the relationship between social support,self-esteem and loneliness of the rural impoverished undergraduates. The research finding indicates that the perceived social support,self- esteem were negatively related with loneliness of the rural impoverished undergraduates; social support and self- esteem both negatively predict loneliness of the rural impoverished undergraduates; self- esteem have a partial mediating effect on the relationship between social support and loneliness of the rural impoverished undergraduates. From above,it can be concluded that perceived social support and self- esteem can reduce the rural impoverished undergraduates.


It is now more than three years since the Municipal Regulation on Minimum Competency Levels of 15 June 2007 was promulgated. Most municipalities have made significant progress while others have made little or no progress at all. It has also been established that those who attended the CPMD programme and have completed all the modules, are still faced with the challenge to "top up" the missing unit standards as this programme did not cover all the unit standards as per regulation.


Method selective stereo industrial synthesis of derivatives of formula I: HO-C-CH-NH-CH-C-OR2 or R1 is lower straight or branched alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms R 2 is lower straight or branched alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, using raw materials inexpensive and obtaining optimum yields. Application the synthesis of carboxyalkyl dipeptides.


In this paper, we analyze a reaction–diffusion (R–D) system with a double negative feedback loop and find cases where self diffusion alone cannot lead to Turing pattern formation but cross diffusion can. Specifically, we first derive a set of sufficient conditions for Turing instability by performing linear stability analysis, then plot two bifurcation diagrams that specifically identify Turing regions in the parameter phase plane, and finally numerically demonstrate representative Turing patterns according to the theoretical predictions. Our analysis combined with previous studies actually implies an interesting fact that Turing patterns can be generated not only in a class of monostable R–D systems where cross diffusion is not necessary but also in a class of bistable R–D systems where cross diffusion is necessary. In addition, our model would be a good candidate for experimentally testing Turing pattern formation from the viewpoint of synthetic biology.


Endophytic fungi are one of the untapped resources of therapeutic compounds for various diseases. The present study focused on the antimicrobial as well as larvicidal activity of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi isolated from Tragia involucrata . The ethyl acetate extract of Penicillium citrinum CGJ-C1 (GenBankNo.KT780618), Penicillium citrinum CGJ-C2 (KP739821), Cladosporium sp. (KP739822), and Cryptendoxyla hypophloia CGJ-D2 (KT780619) was subjected to antimicrobial activity against a panel of microorganisms by disc diffusion method, larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus . All the extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against the tested organisms ranging from 8±0.32 to 13±2.11mm (zone of inhibition). The extent of activity was comparable to the standard drugs. The larvicidal potential of the endophytes was superior to T. involucrata extract. The larvicidal activity was found to be dose and time dependent with LC 50 value ranging from 4.25- 158.06 ppm after 24hrs of treatment. This is the first report on the bioactivity of the endophytes isolated from T. involucrata. Further studies on the bio-guided isolation of lead compound will benefit the people suffering from microbial diseases.


This paper introduces elliptical patch antenna with three feeding ports A previous design was introduced two port elliptical patch loaded with defected ground structure which acts as two independent antennas [1]. The proposed design is a modified version of the previously proposed one by adding a third rectangular strip in the ground plane. This strip has two optimized slots with different dimensions. The modifications proposed in this paper enable the antenna to operate at three bands instead of two as in the previous design while maintaining the compactness of the antenna The proposed antenna has a small size with overall dimensions 30 × 30 mm2, and operates over the frequency ranges, 3.67–3.95 GHz, 5.3–5.5 GHz, and 5.7–5.9 GHz Thus, the proposed configuration acts as triple resonator and decoupling circuit embedded within the antenna structure with no additional cost. In addition, the simulation results have been shown that VSWR of the designed antenna is less than 1.5 at the resonant frequencies of the three ports. The presented multiport elliptical antenna structure has been analyzed, investigated and optimized using Finite Integral Technique (FIT) numerical method Good port isolation has been achieved. The proposed antenna structure is suitable for wireless communication applications.


A curious connection exists between the theory of branching processes and optimal stopping for independent random variables. For the branching process Zn with offspring distribution Y , there exists a random variable X such that the probability P (Zn = 0) of extinction of the n generation in the branching process equals the value obtained by optimally stopping the independent sequence X1, . . . , Xn with distribution X. The correspondence can be generalized to the inhomogeneous and infinite horizon cases, and sometimes furnishes simple 'stopping rule' methods for computing various characteristics of branching processes, such as rates of convergence of the n generation's extinction probability to the eventual extinction probability. It also provides a method for computing bounds on branching extinction probabilities by applying prophet inequalities and suboptimal rules in the corresponding stopping problem. This curious correspondence may also be used in the other direction, to inform the theory of optimal stopping using results from branching. We have no probabilistic explanation for the correspondence. Two Choice Stopping: How much is an extra chance worth? David Assaf, Larry Goldstein and Ester Samuel-Cahn Abstract A statistician sequentially observes the values in the independent, identically distributed sequence Xn, . . . , X1 with known distribution F , and is given two chances to choose as small a value as possible using stopping rules. Let V 2 n equal the expectation of the smaller of the two values chosen when proceeding optimally. Then for a large class of F 's belonging to the domain of attraction (for the minimum) of D(G), where G(x) = [1− exp(−x)]I(x ≥ 0),A statistician sequentially observes the values in the independent, identically distributed sequence Xn, . . . , X1 with known distribution F , and is given two chances to choose as small a value as possible using stopping rules. Let V 2 n equal the expectation of the smaller of the two values chosen when proceeding optimally. Then for a large class of F 's belonging to the domain of attraction (for the minimum) of D(G), where G(x) = [1− exp(−x)]I(x ≥ 0), lim n→∞ nF (V 2 n ) = h (dα) where dα > 0 is the unique solution d to ∫ d 0 h(y)dy + (1/α− d)h(d) = 0, and h(y) is the function h(y) = ( y 1 + αy/(α + 1) )1/α for y ≥ 0. For 'most' α, having two choices is a substantial improvment over having one as measured by asymptotic distance to the "prophet" sequence E(min{Xn, . . . , X1}). Berry Esseen Bounds for Local Extremes and Combinatorial Central Limit Theorems, using Size and Zero Biasing


Doctors are to be balloted on whether to take industrial action over proposed changes to the NHS pension scheme, although strike action has been ruled out.

At an emergency meeting on Saturday 25 February the BMA Council voted to ballot its members for the first time in 40 years after talks with the government on NHS pensions collapsed.

The BMA says that the NHS pension scheme is in good financial shape and currently provides £2bn (€2.4bn; $3.2bn) to the Treasury every year. In addition, radical changes to the scheme less than four years ago have already seen the pension age rise to 65 and contributions for doctors rise steeply.

England's health secretary, Andrew Lansley, said that there was no justification for industrial …


The announcing in advance registration system is the counterpart of origin registration,which is established for compensating for the lack of public confidence of real estate.The present system has many short comings.In order to protect the lawtul right of commercial honsing buyer,our country shonld use the experiewces of foreign countries aswell as the Taiwnn Strait Region,and choose the system design suitable for our countrg's conditions so as to establish pertect commercial housing announcing in advance registration system.


The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of firm size, leverage, profitability, net working capital, and growth opportunities towards cash holding of manufacturing companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2017-2019. The dependent variable used in this research is cash holding. The independent variables used in this research are firm size, leverage, profitability, net working capital, and growth opportunities. The research used 72 manufacturing companies as sample that were selected using purposive sampling method. Data processing techniques using multiple regression analysis with Eviews 11. The result of this research shows that firm size, leverage, and profitability has non-significant effect on cash holding and net working capital and growth opportunities has a significant negative effect on cash holding. The implication of this study is companies still need to pay attention to the amount of cash they have for the continuity of their company.


Information and communication technologies (ICTs) continue to give us increased flexibility about when and where we choose to work and the freedom to deal with home tasks whilst at work. However more use of ICT for work during non-work time has been linked with negative outcomes including lower work and life satisfaction and increased stress. Previous work has suggested that in order to reduce some of these negative effects, people should adopt technology use strategies that aid separation of their home and work lives. In this paper we report the results of a questionnaire study investigating work-life balance boundary behaviours and technology use. We find that people use multiple devices as a way of creating boundaries between home and work, and the extent to which they do this relates to their boundary behaviour style. These findings have particular relevance given the increasing trend for Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policies.


Most materials microstructural evolution processes progress with multiple processes occurring simultaneously. In this work, we have concentrated on the processes that are active in nuclear materials, in particular, nuclear fuels. These processes are coarsening, nucleation, differential diffusion, phase transformation, radiation-induced defect formation and swelling, often with temperature gradients present. All these couple and contribute to evolution that is unique to nuclear fuels and materials. Hybrid model that combines elements from the Potts Monte Carlo, phase-field models and others have been developed to address these multiple physical processes. These models are described and applied to several processes in this report. An important feature of the models developed are that they are coded as applications within SPPARKS, a Sandiadeveloped framework for simulation at the mesoscale of microstructural evolution processes by kinetic Monte Carlo methods. This makes these codes readily accessible and adaptable for future applications.


This paper deals with a real-time flux, torque and a speed estimator using voltage-based model. Our proposed method is based on a voltage model for flux estimation and the mathematical expression is modeled in graphical programming environment (LabView). The operating principle of the proposed system is presented in detail. Air gap flux is also modeled using the voltage and current input from the terminal. Hardware implementation is done and real-time results are shown.


Demonstratives, broadly defined as a subclass of deictic expressions used for exophoric reference, do not develop through direct grammaticalization (Diessel 1999: 150). The renewal of demonstratives, and the mechanisms and motivations underlying such processes, have not received as much attention as the related negative cycle. Greenberg's (1978) observation that demonstratives are often replaced by reinforced forms might shed light on this diachronic process, and this study aims to explore this phenomenon further, as well as its connection with grammaticalization. Reinforcement of demonstratives can lead to the development of new demonstratives, which may catalyze the grammaticalization of old ones through paradigmatic competition (niche competition). The analysis presented here sees reinforcement as a possible driving force behind grammaticalization, and not vice versa, as suggested in Diessel (2006: 474) and van Gelderen (2011: 210), among others.


(57) ABSTRACT (21) Appl. No.: 09/770,380 Polymerization of C.-bro momethyl-C.-methyl-B(22) Filed: Jan. 29, 2001 propiolactone (BMMPL) or C-chloromethyl-O-methyl-f(51) Int. Cl." C08G 63/91 propiolactone (CMMPL) yielded thermoplastic homopoly (55 U.S.C. .525,415,528,359. 149/19.5 mers that upon azidation led to a novel energetic -rr. s n. thermoplastic polyester: poly(C.-azidomethyl-O-methyl-f(58) Field of Search ......................... 525/415; 3. propiolactone) (PAMMPL). An energetic copolyether-ester thermoplastic elastomer was prepared by using glycidyl azide polymer, a dihydroxyl terminated energetic polymer, (56) References Cited as a macroinitiator for the polymerization of BMMPL or U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS CMMPL. The azidation of the resulting copolyether-ester 2.853.474. A 9/1958 Reynolds et all 260/78.3 yielded an energetic thermoplastic elastomer that melted at 2Y-2 eynolds et al. .......... d d 2.977,373 A 3/1961 Reynolds et al. ........ E., between 80 C, and 85 C. Polymerization of 4,806,613 A 2/1989 Wardle ........................ 3.36 C-dibromomethyl-3-propiolactone (DBMPL) resulted in a 4.919,737 A * 4/1990 Biddle ....... ... 149/19.5 polymer which upon azidation yielded a new energetic 4,952,644 A 8/1990 Wardle ....................... 525/410 polymer that can be used as a binder or into an energetic thermoplastic elastomer Synthesis. FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS


Although the small market limits the number of competitors and the intensity of competition within most Indian industries, the textile industry remains an exception. It was, perhaps, more competitive 30 years ago, when a large number of mills produced undifferentiated yarn or grey cloth and sold it at prices over which they had little control. Today, there is greater product differentiation, but the number of competitors is greater and among them are groups (e.g .. powerlooms) between which collusion is possible. The intensity of competition is not reflected in the speed of adoption of innovations or their diffusion. New technology, embodied in equipment. has been imported from abroad after considerable lags, although the lags have been shorter when the rate of investment has been high. The range of technologies in use at any point in time has also been great, largely because new investment has tended to go into new enterprises and old enterprises have been sheltered from competition by low depreciation costs. In general. a number of new elements were introduced during the postwar period. (I) With the separation of Pakistan, India lost some prime cotton-growing areas, a shortage of foreign exchange limited cotton imports, and the size and quality of domestic cotton output began to influence the growth of the textile industry, which has only recently been modified by the supply of man-made fibres. (2) Quantitative import restrictions led to the growth of a diversified textile machinery industry, which made equipment more widely and easily available than was the case prior to the 1950s. (3) The government discriminated against various segments of the industry both by fiscal means and through its control of productive capacity. The