This paper studied on the type of food habit, the frophic leveland theorganic carbon contents of 52 species of fishes,7 species of shrimpses,4 species of crabs and 4 species of cephalopodium in Fujian coastal waters.The result showed that the frophic level of the fishes is the highest,for 2.10~3.70,averaging2.65,the cephalopods is the next,for 2.04~2.88, averaging 2.60,the crabs is thethird,for 2.38~2.73, averaging 2.58;and the shrimps is the lowest,for 1.64~2.21,averaging 1.96.The carbon rate of dry weight of fishes is the highest, for 33.0%~76.20%, averaging 46.20%(m/m), cephalopods is the next,for 27.80%~46.16%, averaging 40.24%(m/m), shrimps is the third,for 30.60%~38.40%, averaging 34.90%(m/m),and the nutritive level of crabs is the lowest,for 25.0%~30.78%, averaging 28.24%(m/m); The carbon rate of wet weight of the fishes is the highest,for4.80%~29.55% averaging 13.75%(m/m),the is crabs the next,for 8.90%~12.68%, averaging 10.74%(m/m), the shrimps is the third,for 6.97%~11.53%, averaging 955%(m/m),the cephalopods is the lowest, only for 7.38%~8.52%, averaging 7.95%(m/m)The carbon rates of dry weight and wet weight of the samples and in positive correlation with frophic level,but the correlation of the former is higher than the latter.


The overall efficiency of a marine electrical power system is reliant on its condition monitoring algorithm. A competitive system has quick fault detection functionalities and maintenance enabled. This paper examines existing method to develop an online approach for superior detection of eccentricity fault in surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors, in a marine propulsion setting. Detection of eccentricity fault is best carried out by monitoring vibration, air-gap flux density and induced emf. With the introduction of search coils, the proposed methodology aims to obtain the induced emf voltage in the air-gap. Search coil were found to decisively segregate fault symptoms appearing from other asymmetric interruptions such as load imbalance and input unbalanced voltage. Vibration in the motor was monitored by placing sensors on the stator yoke to detect vibration during various levels of eccentricity fault. In this research, eccentricity fault was simulated in 2D finite element analysis (FEA) platform using Ansys Maxwell and Ansys Mechanical. The simulated results shows a robust online based fault diagnosis method applicable for marine propulsion motors.


This short film was created in collaboration with the European Space Agency to celebrate their pioneer Rosetta mission to land a spacecraft on a comet for the first time in human history.


Frequency hopping techniques have become popular in military radio communication, mobile communication, modern radar and sonar echo location systems. The frequency slots used are chosen pseudorandomly by a code which is called an FH sequence. A method is presented for the construction of families of frequency hopping sequences based on pseudorandom sequences over GF(p) with period L=p/sup n/-1 and two-level autocorrelation. The relationship between the Hamming correlation of the family of FH sequences and the autocorrelation of pseudorandom sequence is also derived in this paper.


Geophysical data are sparse and by nature difficult to analyze. Usually domain experts use "mental models" to in-fer missing data according to the surrounding data and their own knowledge. The main goal of this work is to explore the best way to represent uncertainty in geophysical data. Given the sparse nature of the represented data, it is important to provide a 3D volumetric representation of the whole subsoil, based on a geostatistical process. We use kriging interpolation to generate a structured grid from the original sparse data. However, the analysis of such an interpolated representation must be careful, since the uncertainty varies significantly according to the distance to real measurements. We use different representations to emphasize data uncertainty during the analysis stage. The different visualization techniques implemented in our prototype, as well as methods used to simultaneously visualize resistivity and uncertainty information, are presented.


Background Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( PAI-1 ) is induced in airways by virus and may mediate asthmatic airway remodeling. We sought to evaluate if genetic variants and early life lower respiratory infections jointly affect asthma risk. We from We bronchiolitis / within the first years of life on asthma asthma exacerbations and lung function.


Although new product development and its importance for companies as a new approach is accompanied by risks, identification of competitive advantage factors can be helpful for managers in reduction of decision-making risks. The Toos Nirro technical firm is a leading company in meeting the demands of its industry in Iran as it is one of the most effective manufacturing centers in Iran, which is committed to complying with modern standards and taking advantage of the latest scientific achievements and transfer of technology. The statistical population included experts and top managers at the Toos Niroo technical firm. The present study was conducted to identify and rate competitive advantage factors in new product development in the Toos Niroo technical firm. In addition to identification of the factors, they were also rated to reveal which factor ranked the high in new product development. This was an applied research which was carried out by a descriptive survey methodology. Using the Cochran method, a sample of 50 people was adopted and data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software (p < 0.15). Hypotheses were tested with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and parametric tests. Results indicated that competitive advantage factors including quality, efficiency, innovation, and accountability were positively and significantly related to new product development.


I have made progress on webmention badges. In fact we can now issue webmention badges from https://indieweb.org the #IndieWeb wiki directly to someone's Badge page


Wafer-level performance prediction has been attracting attention to reduce measurement costs without compromising test quality in production tests. Although several efficient methods have been proposed, the site-to-site variation, which is often observed in multi-site testing for radio frequency circuits, has not yet been sufficiently addressed. In this paper, we propose a wafer-level performance prediction method for multi-site testing that can consider the site-to-site variation. The proposed method is based on the Gaussian process, which is widely used for wafer-level spatial correlation modeling, improving the prediction accuracy by extending hierarchical modeling to exploit the test site information provided by test engineers. In addition, we propose an active test-site sampling method to maximize measurement cost reduction. Through experiments using industrial production test data, we demonstrate that the proposed method can reduce the estimation error to 1/19 of that obtained using a conventional method. Moreover, we demonstrate that the proposed sampling method can reduce the number of the measurements by 97% while achieving sufficient estimation accuracy.


The utility model discloses an intelligent and energy-saving wireless household gateway system for a dwelling house, comprising at least one actuating mechanism for collecting the intelligent nodes of the household energy-saving information and executing the command of the nodes, the intelligent nodes are connected with the corresponding actuating mechanism, the actuating mechanism of the intelligent nodes is connected with an input terminal of a energy saving wireless household gateway, the output terminal of the intelligent and energy saving wireless household gateway is connected with the input terminal of a GPRS transmission module, and the output terminal of the GPRS transmission module is connected with a terminal user. According to the utility model, the remote control and monitoring can be realized, the self-adjusting of each intelligent node can be realized, the reliability, compatibility and expansion of the system can be guaranteed, at the same time, the system has friendly operation interface, humanized design, and simple operation.


An analysis of the observations of Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus in the Marche region, also regarding a recent recovery of an adult of the species, which appears to be the southernmost movement in Italy.


When using plenoptic camera for digital refocusing, angular undersampling can cause severe (angular) aliasing artifacts. Previous approaches have focused on avoiding aliasing by pre-processing the acquired light field via prefiltering, demosaicing, reparameterization, etc. In this paper, we present a different solution that first detects and then removes aliasing at the light field refocusing stage. Different from previous frequency domain aliasing analysis, we carry out a spatial domain analysis to reveal whether the aliasing would occur and uncover where in the image it would occur. The spatial analysis also facilitates easy separation of the aliasing vs. non-aliasing regions and aliasing removal. Experiments on both synthetic scene and real light field camera array data sets demonstrate that our approach has a number of advantages over the classical prefiltering and depth-dependent light field rendering techniques.


A subdynamics theory framework for describing multi coupled quantum computing systems is presented first. A general kinetic equation for the reduced system is given then, enabling a sufficient condition to be formulated for constructing a pure coherent quantum computing system. This reveals that using multi coupled systems to perform quantum computing in Rigged Liouville Space opens the door to controlling or eliminating the intrinsic de coherence of quantum computing systems.


The most important aspect of divine names and attributes is their semantics. Human beings' interpretation of this aspect will have a profound impact on the type of relationship they have with God as it is by these names and attributes that we know God and speak with him. This aspect of Divine Names and Attributes addresses the question that how can we talk about God's attributes and what is the relationship between these attributes and human attributes? This essay is a propositional analysis of Dionysius' approach, the most famous exponent of negative theology in Christianity, based on Quran and prophetic traditions. According to Quran and prophetic traditions the application of names and attributes as to God implies simultaneous denial of agnosticism and assimilation. Through the denial of agnosticism, we know God through creation (human soul, the order and genesis of phenomena) and God presents himself cordially and innately. He also describes himself through his acts and by negating his shortcomings. In the denial of assimilation, every description offered by human individuals fails to touch divine reality as it is. The findings of the essay show that in Dionysius approach, no ttention is paid to cordial– innate parameters and immediate knowledge in positive aspect while these are of paramount importance in Quran and prophetic traditions in Islam. Dionysius reiterates on the inconceivability of God while in Quran and prophetic traditions both aspects (inconceivability of God and the opposition between God and his creatures) are emphasized. Although these two approaches cannot meet each other in mystical discourse through the denial of positive and negative methods. References 1. Quran, trans. Muhammad Mahdi Fuladwand. 2. Nahju Al-Balaghah, trans. Muhammad Dashti. 3. Ashtyani, Jalaluddin (1365): A Commentary of Qeysari's Introduction to Fusus AlHikam, first impression, Daftari Tabliqati Islami. 4. Ibn Babuyah (1398), Al-Tawhid, Qom, Islamyah Publishing House.


: This article reveals the evolution of philosophical views on creative thinking. It demonstrates the improvement of development by increasing the number of professionals who meet modern requirements and can be creative in any field. Important ideas have been put forward on the formation of creative thinking among military personnel.


The article is devoted to analysis of interrelations of social adaptation characteristics of athletes during the period of finishing of their sport career. The indicators of athletes adaptation to living conditions are closely and positively interconnected inside blocks of adaptation as much as the indicators of adaptation to sports career, however between themselves the adaptation of the athletes, who are finishing their sports career, to sport and ordinary life are connected negatively. This article shows that in the process of psychological pedagogical follow-up of athletes at the final stage of their sports career scientist's efforts should be turned to stimulation of their professional adaptation.


Through the years the growth of Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAV) has gained increasing interest among engineers in the applications of military and civil domains. However obtaining accurate aerodynamic flying characteristics of MAV's was considered difficult due to their small size, the nature of their very low Reynolds's number as well as the lack of testing methods. To overcome these complexity, the MAV's can be tested by using a subsonic open circuit micro scaled wind tunnel. This paper presents the development of wind tunnels analyzed from research journals from the year 1937 to 2015 in order fabricate a micro scaled model of the tunnel to test the fundamental aerodynamics of a MAV flying at low speed and low Reynolds's number. The study clearly indicates that micro scaled wind tunnels are certainly bringing infinite possibilities to studying and understanding the in-flight characteristics of very small aircrafts flying at the low speeds and having low aspect ratio.


Frequency stabilization plays a very critical role in diverse applications such as long distanc fiber and free space optical communications, interferometric sensing, optical gyroscopes, squeezed states of light, atomic beam trapping, and gravity wave detection.


Phase transformations in solutions of syndiotactic polystyrene in cis-decalin has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, wide and small angle X-ray scattering, and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. The in-situ performed experiments enabled identification of the different modifications without solvent removal. Quenching a solution leads to formation of the helical ‰-phase. On heating, this phase transforms into the planar zigzag '-phase. The transformation of the helical phase (‰) into the planar zigzag (') during heating proceeds via a melting-recrystallization process.


Disclosed is a thermoplastic moulding material which contains a) 1 to 97.5 wt. % of at lest one aromatic polycarbonate, b) 1 to 97.5 wt. % of at least one graft polymer of b1) 40 to 80 wt. % of a graft basis of a rubber-elastic polymer, b2) 20 to 60 wt. % of a graft layer of b21) 60 to 95 wt. % styrene or alkyl-substituted styrenes and b22) 5 to 40 wt. % of at least one unsaturated nitrile, c) 1 to 97.5 wt. % of at least one thermoplastic copolymer of c1) 60 to 85 wt. % styrene or alkyl-substituted styrenes and c2) 15 to 40 wt. % of at least one unsaturated nitrile, d) 0.5 to 25 wt. % of a mixture consisting of d1) 5 to 95 wt. % of at least one particle-shaped mineral filler and d2) 5 to 95 wt. % fibrous fillers, whereby at least 50 wt. % of the fibrous fillers are provided with a length of at least 50 mu m, and optionally additional contents.


......................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION GENERAL INTRODUCTION............................................................ 1 LITERATURE CITED..................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2: SURVIVAL OF WHITE-TAILED DEER NEONATES IN THE


Most of the cervical cancer are caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), but risk associated with the various HPV types has not been adequately assessed. We searched literature from Pubmed, Embase and Medline with terms human papilloma virus, HPV, Cervical cancer, CIN and compiled data on seroepidemiological correlation of HPV in carcinoma cervix. There are 200 types of HPV viruses diagnosed by DNA sequencing. They are widely distributed through-out animal kingdom. It associates with various type of cervical lesion ranging from benign to malignant. The most common types observed among invasive cervical cancer cases were HPV 16 and HPV 18. This information is essential for planning prevention by HPV vaccines and for screening programs based on HPV testing.


Ten branched alpha,omega-alkanediamines with two primary amino groups have been synthesized and tested for their antiplatelet and anticoagulant effects. Seven of them inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by collagen at an IC50 ranging from 5-11 mumol/L. In concentrations up to 400 mumol/L the one stage thromboplastin time was only slightly prolonged (delta t less than 7s).


Left sides from seven Large White boars three of which were slaughtered at pork weight (120 lb. live weight), and four at bacon weight (200 lb. liveweight) and seven Large White castrated pigs of com parable weights were quantitatively evaluated for fat, moisture, protein, ash, skin and bone, and organoleptically evaluated for taint. The sides from the castrated animals were fatter than those from the boars, but contained less moisture and less bone. The sides from the bacon weight boars contained more skin than those from the castrated litter mates. On a fat-free basis there was no difference between boars and castrates except that there was more skin in the boar sides at bacon weight. The amount of "muscle" in the legs expressed as a percentage ofthe total "muscle" in the respective sides was greater by about one percent in those from the castrated sides than in those from the boar sides, The amount of bone (as a percentage of the total bone in the respective sides) in the shoulders of the boar sides was greater by about one percent than that in the shoulders of the castrates. Organoleptic evaluation of loin chops from the right sides did not reveal any evidence of a higher incidence of undesirable taint in boar carcases.


The ferroelectric, dielectric and piezoelectric13; properties of compositions Pb1x2013;xCex (Zr0.60Ti0.40)O3,13; (x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08) are studied. The13; above compositions are prepared from their constituent13; oxides, calcined at 900 C for 4 h and various phases13; present are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD)13; technique. The above powders are uniaxially pressed into13; circular compacts, sintered at 1,250 C for 2 h, electroded,13; poled at 2 kV/mm D.C. voltage and their electrical properties13; are measured. The XRD analysis shows the presence13; of rhombohedral phase up to 2 mol% ceria while tetragonal13; phase found at higher concentrations. It is observed that13; the ferroelectric, dielectric and piezoelectric properties13; increase with the addition of ceria with a maximum at13; 2 mol% and then decreases. The higher piezo properties13; associated with low ceria concentration are attributed to13; rhombohedral phase.


CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF‐R) superfamily, is expressed on the surface of B cells, where its engagement results in IL‐6 secretion. In this study, we characterize the specific molecular requirements for CD40‐mediated IL‐6 production. Engagement of CD40 on either a B cell line or normal mouse splenic B cells with a membrane‐bound form of CD154 (also known as CD40L or gp39) induced IL‐6 secretion as well as up‐regulation of IL‐6 mRNA, but cross‐linking CD40 with agonistic anti‐CD40 mAb did not, although these mAb induce many other CD40 activation events, including the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF‐κB. Using a mouse B cell line stably transfected with various human CD40 (hCD40) cytoplasmic truncation and point mutants, we show that the region from amino acids 202 to 225 in the cytoplasmic domain of CD40 is necessary for IL‐6 secretion. However, the carboxy‐terminal 32 amino acids are not, although these residues are required for CD40‐mediated NF‐κB activation. In addition, CD40 mutants previously shown to lack binding to TRAF2 and ‐3 are fully capable of inducing IL‐6 production. Thus, CD40‐mediated IL‐6 induction is independent of NF‐κB activation and the binding of TRAF2 and ‐3, but CD40 must be engaged by trimeric CD154 on cell membranes to activate production of IL‐6.


Objective
To evaluate the effect of multimodal analgesia with diclofenac sodium on cognitive function following radical resection for colon cancer in elderly patients.

Methods
Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of either sex, aged 65-80 yr, weighing 45-85 kg, scheduled for elective open sigmoidectomy under general anesthesia, were divided into control group and test group by a random number table method with 30 patients in each group.In test group, diclofenac sodium suppository was administrated rectally before surgery and placed at about 2 to 3 cm above the anal dentate line, diclofenac sodium suppository 50 mg was given at 2 h before surgery and 4 h after surgery, followed by administration once every 12 h until 2 days after surgery.Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia was performed after operation, dezocine 5 mg was intravenously injected when VAS score was more than 4 points within 48 h after surgery.The concentrations of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before surgery (T0) and at 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after surgery (T1-5). The postoperative requirement for rescue analgesia, postoperative analgesia satisfaction score, time of passing the first flatus and first postoperative off-bed time were recorded.Cognitive function was assessed at 1 day before surgery and 7 days after surgery, and the occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction was recorded.

Results
Compared with control group, the serum concentrations of IL-6 at T2-5, IL-8 at T1-5 and TNF-α at T2-4 were significantly decreased, the requirement for rescue analgesia and incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction were decreased, and the time of passing the first flatus and first postoperative off-bed time were shortened in test group (P<0.05).

Conclusion
Diclofenac sodium for multimodal analgesia can improve cognitive function following radical resection for colon cancer in elderly patients.

Key words:
Diclofenac; Analgesia; Cognition disorders; Colonic neoplasms; Aged


Background We aimed to clarify the sex differences in various cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular outcomes, and to investigate whether sex differences in outcomes are affected by age in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Methods A cohort of 835 patients with HCM initially evaluated during 2007–2019 were followed for a median of 6.4 years. Study outcomes were all-cause death, cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular death, sudden cardiac death (SCD)/SCD equivalent events, heart failure (HF) events, and the composite cardiovascular outcome including cardiovascular death, SCD/SCD equivalent events, admission for HF, and heart transplantation. Results Women were 5 years older (women 59.9±13.5 vs. men 54.9±11.4 years), had worse dyspnea, and greater left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction and obstructive physiology at presentation. Women compared to men had higher all-cause mortality and cardiovascular event rates, driven by more cardiovascular deaths and heart failure (HF) events. Conversely, non-cardiovascular mortality was not different between the sexes. Female sex was independently associated with all-cause death (HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.11–3.20) and composite cardiovascular events (HR 3.60, 95% CI 2.00–6.49), independent of age, body mass index, New York Heart Association class, SCD risk score, and LV ejection fraction. When stratified by the age of 60, sex differences were not significant at <60 years; however, at ≥60 years, women had worse LV diastolic function, greater obstructive physiology, as well as worse survival and composite cardiovascular outcomes. Sex differences in outcomes remained consistent after propensity score matching for age and other clinical characteristics. Conclusions Women with HCM have worse cardiovascular prognosis than men, driven by higher cardiovascular mortality and HF events. The negative impact of female sex on cardiac function and cardiovascular outcome became prominent at age ≥60 years, suggesting age-related sex differences in the prognosis of HCM.


Image aesthetics assessment has been challenging due to its subjective nature. Inspired by the scientific advances in the human visual perception and neuroaesthetics, we design Brain-Inspired Deep Networks (BDN) for this task. BDN first learns attributes through the parallel supervised pathways, on a variety of selected feature dimensions. A high-level synthesis network is trained to associate and transform those attributes into the overall aesthetics rating. We then extend BDN to predicting the distribution of human ratings, since aesthetics ratings are often subjective. Another highlight is our first-of-its-kind study of label-preserving transformations in the context of aesthetics assessment, which leads to an effective data augmentation approach. Experimental results on the AVA dataset show that our biological inspired and task-specific BDN model gains significantly performance improvement, compared to other state-of-the-art models with the same or higher parameter capacity.


This article provides information to establish a basis for discussing the development of teaching software based on virtual environments, to be used by administrators and students of the technical area of manufacture in Chile. The main objective was to analyze the potentiality and the problems that the use of simulation software implies in our digital society. The real use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the present educational system is critically discussed and the problem of the use of virtual environments in teaching is analyzed. It is concluded that the use of ICT must consider that educational institutions in Chile must develop supporting strategies for the teachers so the use of ICT really represents a positive element in the formation process of the students.


We examine how NVTs converge around a shared sense of team passion, if at all, and test whether or not shared TEP has an impact on team reflexivity and team monitoring, and ultimately on team performance. Using a sample of 73 NVTs we find that not NVTs converge around a shared sense of team passion. Twelve of the 73 teams did not share consensus concerning the strength or focus of the team's passion. Of the 61 teams that did have consensus concerning the team's passion, 23 teams identified their passion as mono-focal, while 38 teams identified the team's passion as polyfocal. Our results indicate that TEP for inventing and developing are positively related to team performance, and both of these paths are mediated by team reflexivity. TEP for founding does not have a significant effect, nor are any of the paths mediated by team monitoring. In general, polyfocal TEP has a stronger relationship with team performance than mono-focal TEP.


The spectrum and outcomes of catheter ablation procedures performed in South Africa are unknown, and therefore, the feasibility of interventional electrophysiology in the South African public sector is undetermined.


The yeast nuclear gene PETI)I is required specifically for translation of the mitochondrion-coded mRNA for cytochrome c oxidase subunit II. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a 3-kilobase segment of DNA that carries PET))). The sequence contains a single long open reading frame that predicts a basic protein of 718 amino acids. The PETIHl gene product is a mitochondrial protein, since a hybrid protein which includes the amino-terminal 154 amino acids of PETlll fused to 0-galactosidase is specifically associated with mitochondria. PETll is translated from a 2.9-kilobase mRNA which, interestingly, has an extended 5'-leader sequence containing four short open reading frames upstream of the long open reading frame. These open reading frames exhibit an interesting pattern of overlap with each other and with the PET))) reading frame.


In order to improve particle properties, new processes combining granulation and crystallization are being developed. This present work deals with the spherical crystallization process by the quasi-emulsion mechanism applied to a pharmaceutical drug, ketoprofen. The dierent steps occurring in the process are ®rst the formation of an O/W emulsion, then the creation of the supersaturation of drug into the droplets by mass transfer and heat transfer, and ®nally the nucleation, growth and agglomeration of drug crystals inside the droplets. The mechanism of formation has been modelled in order to aid control of the size, shape and internal structure of grains as a function of the droplet size.


The term consumption of wood products has not yet become a significant consideration in regulating timber forest products in Indonesia. The result is that tree harvesting is not based on the size of its utilization. This situation will impact the piling up of harvested wood and reduce the price of wood and forested land's economic value. Otherwise, timber needs are not fulfilled to carry out illegal logging to meet their needs. Errors in using basic data will improve environmental damage like carbon storage. This problem must be seen as a system. For this reason, this study aims to recommend strategies for meeting the needs of trees and timber to maintain forest productivity. The method used is system dynamics analysis. The results showed that emissions from wood products' utility in households are 14 t in natural forests and only 2 t from plantation forests. The scenario of promoting the use of wood is carried out, the community will use solid wood and composite wood products more widely, and the use of wood in roof construction tends to be constant.


PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to organize the detailed review of economic growth, carbon emission and foreign capital inflows and its impact on the environment. Another objective of the study is to provide the comprehensive bibliography and to analyze the findings and results of the studies undertaken in review.Design/methodology/approachThis paper examined 111 research papers from a sample of thousands of papers, based on inclusion criteria, in this area of research. These 111 research papers are categorized on the basis of several factors to know the status of research on this topic.FindingsThis study is based on economic development and carbon emission and its impact on the environment. We tried to gather all the available facts based on this topic and found that the topic is gaining high relevance in the present scenario because of the growing pace of development in developing countries. Most of the studies supported the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis and we also found that significant amount of literature is available which supports cleaner FDI as a measure to mitigate the negative effects of economic growth on the ecological environment.Originality/valueBased on the literature review from various sources, this study provides the collection, classification and comprehensive bibliography on this topic, which may be helpful for stakeholders such as academicians, researchers and policymakers working particularly in this area of research.


The sour gas treating is the removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), and organo sulfides from gases. It is a common unit process used in refineries, and is also used in petrochemical plants, natural gas processing plants, and other industries. Currently, removal of carbon dioxide from thermal power plant flue gas seems to be a great challenge as well, which generically is different from natural gas and refinery off gas treating technology. Before chronicling the technologies and their changing spectrum in sour gas treating, the author would like to have a brief opportunity to discuss simply the plight of non-treating of sour gas. The CO2 enriched gas is having greenhouse effect and global warming potential, untreated hydrogen sulfide may corrode the pipelines in downstream processing, untreated gas incurs the reduction in fuel value of the gas. In LNG (liquefied natural gas) plants, CO2 should be removed to avoid freezing in the low temperature chillers. Moreover, in the manufacture of ammonia, it would poison the catalyst. The drastic change in climate has triggered an imbalance in ecology, socio-economic structure, energy security and sustainable development. CO2 emission, being one of the exponential components behind this changing climate and that has challenged the environmental poise. Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and sequestration or utilization (CCS/ CCU) has taken the centre stage globally due to the increasing adversaries of CO2 emissions.


The convergence of the many-body expansion for the interaction energy of helium is examined by performing matrix Hartree-Fock calculations on various geometrical arrangements of four helium atoms. Two-, three- and four-body interaction energies are determined. Basis set superposition effects are monitored by means of the site-site function counterpoise technique. The importance of four-body terms for certain geometries is demonstrated.


Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a treatment that focuses on psychological and behavioral factors. Although the CBT-I has proven efficacy, yet 32%-V89% of patients fail to consistently follow recommendations. The critical challenge of CBT-I is how to enhance the adherence of patients to therapy. In this study, we propose a persuasion method which integrates machine-generated persuasion and socially-generated persuasion for enhancing adherence, and we design a mobile application Win-Win ASleep (WWaS). We performed a 6-week study to evaluate the usability of WWaS on enhancing behavioral and recording adherence in comparison to a paper-based diary. Results show that machine-generated persuasion and socially-generated persuasion enhanced the adherence of patients in different manner, and WWaS assists users keeping a sleep diary accurate and complete. These higher quality records of sleep diary benefits the therapy. We also discuss strategies and provide recommendations for designing similar mobile applications to promote healthy behavior.


A design of environmental temperature and humidity monitoring system based on GPRS is presented in this paper.A data collection terminal with a high-accuracy temperature and humidity sensor is used for getting temperature and humidity parameters.These parameters will be sent to computers in monitoring center through a Wireless Module.TCP point-to-point connection is adopted in this system,mainly for the monitoring centers that have no network environment.Client is not required to apply for public IP address or APN,can realize remote data transmission by just connectting a receive module to the computer.The MCU of the data collection terminal is MSP 430.The system can meet different GPRS network access just by modifing software.So The system has a higher applicable value with good expansibility,low cost,high accuracy and good reliability.


Solar energy is the greatest source for production renewable energy carriers on the earth. Organic and inorganic dyes anchored to semiconductor nanoparticles, have been found important applications as photosensitizes for solar cells and other optoelectronic systems. In this study, the influence of hydroxyphenyl, methoxyphenyl and methylthiophenyl substitution on the (E)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) diazenesulfonate dye were investigated. Calculations were done using software Gaussian 98. Dye molecules were optimized by DFT/6-31G (d, p) method in gas phase. Dyes were optimized in Chloroform, Ethanol and THF solvents by using CPCM model and DFT/6-31G (d, p) method. Different functional groups effects were studied in the ability of diazensulfonate dye to absorption sunlight. According to the results of our computational, methoxyphenyl substitution in Ethanol solvent, red shift is caused.


Sleep is an activity that involves the arrangement of the central nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular peripheral nervous, respiratory and Musculoskeletal, sleep disorders often occur in patients with end-stage renal failure. Problems with sleep disorders experienced by about 5080% of patients who undergo the therapy Hemodialisis. The average patient undergoing chronic renal failure Hemodialisis having problems on the quality of sleep. With increasing numbers semakian kejdian renal failure it will be growing patients undergoing therapy Hemodialisis. From the results of a survey conducted by researchers at the hospital tarakan terdapa chronic renal failure patient 90 undergoing Hemodialisis, this number is calculated from December 2013February 2014. Researchers want to know the relationship of companion ailments, psychological stress, environment and kelelahaan with the quality of sleep in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing Hemodialisis in Jakarta Tarakan hospital Hemodialisis. Methods used is descriptive with sample 40 respondents taking with total sampling techniques and observation guided by kuessioner as instruments. A research done in earn comorbidities such 79,3 %, psychological stress 92,3 %, environment 91,7 %, and fatigue 100 %. Disease penuerta, psychological stress, environment and fatigue very influential on quality sleep patient kidney failure chronicle underwent Hemodialisis. The high influence of companion ailments, psychological stress, the environment, and the fatigue of sleep quality chronic renal failure patients undergoing Hemodialisis, hence the need for a serious handling of the health care personnel to be able to minimize the faktor that can affect the quality of sleep is chronic renal failure patients undergoing Hemodialisis at Jakarta Tarakan hospital


Laryngoscope comprising: * a handle (M) repeated use having at one end a cavity (1), transverse fixed bar (2) in ST5 to cavity and a fixed abutment (3); and * a sheet (L) nonmetallic single use comprising a heel (4) for mounting the sheet in the cavity (1) formed at one end of the laryngoscope handle, wherein the heel (4) a part (4a ) hook to be engaged with the bar (2) present transversely in this cavity, wherein the heel (4) against and away from the hook an elastically flexible wall (4b) intended to tilt the part (4a) as hook to signal a locking heel (4) in said cavity (1) for maintaining the sheet (L) in a defined position relative to the handle (M) when the flexible wall is forced to tilt the part (4a ) hook under the effect of contact of the wall with the fixed stop (3) on the handle (M), said fixed stop (3) being a second bar positioned transversely in the cavity (1).


A controller design approach is proposed for large space structures (LSS) using an Annular Momentum Control Device (AMCD). The controller consists of a primary attitude controller and a secondary or modal damping enhancement controller. It is proved that the LSS/AMCD system using the proposed damping enhancement controller is stable in the sense of Lyapunov regardless of the number of modes in the model and without the necessity of precise knowledge of the modal frequencies and mode shapes. Numerical results obtained for the secondary controller design for a large thin flat plate indicate that the proposed method can yield satisfactory damping enhancement with small weight penalty.


Increasing acreage under perennial grasses with high protein content is constrained by shortages of seeds these crops. One solution to this problem is the issue of improving the quality of sowing for seeds with small rates (2-4 kg/ha). Application of mass-produced seeders for sowing of small seed of grasses cannot provide the required sowing rate, this resulting in over expenditure of expensive seeds and decreasing yield. To ensure these conditions on the basis of the sowing device universal seeder SUPM-8, which consists of two rivet interconnected disks of different thickness, and met them through holes, was developed a new pneumatic seed meter between the disks installed grid with mesh of the same size or larger than the sowing seeds. Setting the grid allowed in the process of seeding apparatus of small seed crops exclude flowing in the zone of seed filling in the vacuum chamber. To define parameters and modes of operation of the new sowing apparatus experimental studies on test bench were conducted. It was found that the number of seeds brought forth by a single mesh is directly related to the value of vacuum in all diameters of the holes. To get moderately dense sowing (1 m2 50-60 plants) according to the field germination quantity of plants should be 6-8. This amount of seeds was secured when using disk with the following parameters: thickness of 2.0 mm, diameter of holes 3 mm and the value of vacuum MPa. In the year 2015 experimental sample seeding sections were produced, and the field experience started. The conducted experiments showed the availability of pneumatic sewing machine, the full emergence of alfalfa was observed at the 12-day, the field germination rate was 78.8 %, the number of plants per 1 linear meter in average was 33 with an average quadratic deviation ±12 mm and 52.1 % coefficient of variation that fully complies with agricultural requirements. The application of modernized sowing sections with new pneumatic sowing apparatus allowed under performing widerow sowing to reduce sowing rate of expensive small seed by 2 times and operational costs by 15-20 %.


Report describes search for polyisocyanurate/polyurethane foam insulation with superior characteristics. Discusses chemistry of current formulations. Tests of formulations, of individual ingredients and or alternative new formulations described. Search revealed commercially available formulations exhibiting increased thermal stability at temperatures up to 600 degree C, pours readily before curing, presents good appearance after curing, and remains securely bonded to aluminum at cryogenic temperatures. Total of 42 different formulations investigated, 10 found to meet requirements.


The main aim of this article is to introduce a new class of sequence spaces using the concept of n-norm and to investigate these spaces for some linear topological structures as well as examine these spaces with respect to derived (n-1)-norm. We use an Orlicz function, a bounded sequence of positive real numbers and some difference operators to construct these spaces so that they become more generalized and some other spaces can be derived under special cases. These investigations will enhance the acceptability of the notion of n-norm by giving a way to construct different sequence spaces with elements in n-normed spaces.


Introduction: A child is defined as "any human being under the age of 18, unless majority is reached earlier due to the legislation applicable to them. In reality, initial care is also found in multipurpose or adult emergency departments. In France (Seine-Saint-Denis), out of 390 children rescued by the Emergency Medical Assistance Service (SAMU) in 2004, 77% of child deaths were medicalized by the Regional Emergency Medical Service (SMUR). all-rounders of the department. As a result, at the hospital in Mali, many children are referred to the emergency department, while there is no pediatrician in the SAU and the technical platform is not well suited to their care,hence the objective of this work.. Methods and Materials: We conducted a prospective, longitudinal study over a period of 12 months from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 at the emergency department of the hospital in Mali. The study involved patients aged zero (0) to fifteen (15) years The parameters studied were socio- demographic and clinical variables Results: During the study period, we collected 458 children aged 0 to 15 out of 6517 visits to the service, i.e. a frequency of 8.12%. The age group of 10 to 15 years was the most representative with 39% of cases. The male sex represented 58% of cases with a sex ratio of 1.36. The patients were uneducated in 10% of the cases, the workers represented 28.8% among the fathers and 54.8% of the mothers were housewives. Children belonging to families with more than three children accounted for 50.9% of cases and 39.5% of patients lived outside Bamako, the capital. Our study shows that 53.9% of patients were admitted between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m., 54.8% of patients came to the service by taxi, vehicle or motorbike and admissions by referral/evacuation represented 60.3% of case. AVP accounted for 48.7% of cases After the initial examination on admission, 36% of patients were classified as category three according to the Clinical Classification of Emergency Patients (CCMU3). Conclusion: The grounds for recourse of children from 0 to 15 years old to the general-purpose SAU of the Hospital of Mali are multiple. Accidents remain the most frequent reason for recourse in the service.


This paper is concerned with query-based modeling and control algorithms for vibration isolation of structures by using a semi-active MR damper in which its viscosity is controllable by input voltage. Although an MR damper has complex hysteresis dynamics, its damping force can be predicted precisely by a proposed query-based approach. Vibration control of structure with the installed MR damper can also be given by the query-based local control algorithm. The effectiveness of these query-based local modeling and control approaches is investigated in simulation and experimental studies


The content of large soil fractions in soils complicates the experimental part of the research, but, the modeling method makes it possible to determine the effect of soil filler on slope stability.
The article presents the results of experimental study of the strength of coarse-clastic soils with different percentages of large fractions of gravelly soil (up to 20 mm) and aggregate (up to 5 mm) in the study of slope stability. The studies were carried out on three types of experimental equipment, which confirms the reliability of the results obtained. Recommendations are given for applying the values of the strength characteristics of coarse-grained soils in calculating the stability of slopes.
The results of the tests are carried out in a tray and shear testing devices. Mixture of soil fractions from 2 mm to 50 mm. Purpose of the tests is to determine the actual parameters of soil strength j and C, taking into account the effect of impurities on the stability of slopes.
Reliability of the results confirmed the comparability of the results of previous tests. Tray allows for testing models of slopes composed of mixtures of sand fractions from 2 mm to 20 mm. Model sizes slopes are defined relative to the size tray. Tray dimensions ‑ length 1400 mm, width 500 mm, height 1000 mm.
The design of the shear device allows to investigate coarse soils of different factions. The diameter of the fractions were tested for shear device area of 100 sm2 is from 2 mm to 20 mm.
The diameter of the fractions were tested for shear device area of 1000 sm2 ‑ from 5 mm to 50 mm. The experiments were performed in the laboratory "Geotechnics in Construction" in KazGASA.


Abstract Research has established the historical underrepresentation of women in policing and the oppression these women have faced in terms of occupational opportunities and social encounters with male police peers. Theories attempting to explain this dynamic fail to posit a direct link between a hypermasculine social structure and the adverse experiences of female police officers. Using Schwartz and DeKeseredy's (1997) male peer support model, this analysis seeks to explain the ways in which the police subculture functions to oppress women in policing. This is accomplished by reviewing the literature on police subcultures and women in policing and situating these findings within Schwartz and DeKeseredy's (1997) theoretical framework. Limitations of the theory are discussed and future research questions are posed.


The routing topology optimization is one focus of overlay multicast research. To improve the routing scalability issue, this paper proposed an improved multicast routing protocol based on fuzzy clustering (FHRouting) to construct a hierarchical topology tree for the routing optimization in overlay network. The scheme firstly formulated the issue as a degree-restraint minimal latency optimization and utilized RTT of MSNs (multicast service node) as the metric for the topology hierarchical clustering. And then it selected a fuzzy clustering method to divide all the MSNs into several groups to optimize the clustering performance for the better construction in the multicast routing topology. Finally the scheme formed the hierarchical topology tree by applying a multicast SPT (MSPT) method to achieve the scalable routing topology. The experiments illustrated that the proposed scheme indicated better robust clustering performance and scalable routing performance compared with MSPT.


Power quality is an important issue for developed nations under deregulated power industry where the quality and reliability of power supply is utmost important in daily life. Poor quality is attributed to the various power line disturbances like voltage sag, swell, impulsive and oscillatory transients, multiple notches, momentary interruptions, harmonic and voltage flicker, etc. In order to improve the quality of electrical power it is customary to continuously record the disturbance waveforms using power-monitoring instruments. Unfortunately, most of these recorders rely on visual inspection of data record creating an unprecedented volume of data to be inspected by engineers.


For malignant cells cultured from a human astrocytoma, electrophysiological characteristics of the plasma membrane included specific resistivity of 446.82 ± 279.5 ohm·cm2, specific capacitance of 0.758 ± 0.52 microfarads/cm2, time constant 0.318± 0.10 msec. The resting membrane potential averaged‐14.07 ± 7.4 mV; the mean input resistance 8.1 ± 4.0 megohms. The average cell area was 1638 ± 585 ±2 for contactual and 1919 ± 989 ±2 for noncontactual cells. Changes in input resistance and resting membrane potential were observed with increasing time in culture, possibly reflecting cell cycling. There did not appear to be electrical coupling in this cell line.


The utility model discloses a tail gas treatment system of a fuel cracking furnace. The fuel cracking furnace comprises a boiler and a horizontal cracking furnace for waste plastics and tires. The fuel includes solid fuels and gas or liquid fuels. The tail gas treatment system comprises a carbon dust particle filter system, a gas-solid separation system, a smoke exhaust system and a circulating water cooling system, wherein the carbon dust particle filter system is connected with the cracking furnace, the gas-solid separation system is connected with the carbon dust particle filter system, and the smoke exhaust system is connected with the gas-solid separation system. Compared with the prior art, the tail gas treatment system of the fuel cracking furnace is environment-friendly and economical, and is capable of reducing or eliminating carbon dust particles in tail gas, long in service life and convenient and fast in mounting and dismounting, and the exhaust temperature of the tail gas treatment system is equal to the atmosphere temperature approximately.


The current GSI control system is based on VME single board computers with M680x0 CPUs at front-end level and OpenVMS at operating and configuration level. Communication is done by a proprietary in-house networking protocol. A renovation project started to migrate to more actual components. Commercially available PowerPC boards replace the M680x0 boards which had been specially manufactured for GSI. The core software is build newly, implementing a new object oriented device model. It allows, however, to re-use the code of the existing device implementation which contains the specifics to handle the GSI accelerators. Rather than integrating our in-house networking protocol in the newly build system, communication will be based on CORBA in the future.


The author describes printing-plant operation as "the industry of alibis," and he asserts that it is easy to designate duties and to prepare specifications and instructions so that responsibility may be placed where it belongs and mistakes may be properly traced and their repetition prevented. He summarizes the principles of successful management and operation under eight heads.


In recent times, visible light communication is an emerging technology that supports high speed data communication for wireless communication systems. However, the performance of the visible light communication system is impaired by inter symbol interference, the time dispersive nature of the channel, and nonlinear features of the light emitting diode that significantly reduces the bit error rate performance. To address these problems, many environments offer a rich infrastructure of light sources for end-to-end communication. In this research paper, an effective routing protocol named the modified grasshopper optimization algorithm is proposed to reduce communication interruptions, and to provide alternative routes in the network without the need of previous topology knowledge. In this research paper, the proposed routing protocol is implemented and analyzed using the MATLAB environment. The experimental result showed that the proposed routing protocol adapts to dynamic changes in the communication networks, like obstacles and shadows. Hence, the proposed protocol achieved better performance in data transmission in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and routing overhead. In addition, the performance is analyzed by varying the number of nodes like 50, 100, 250, and 500. From the experimental analysis, the proposed routing protocol achieved maximum of 16.69% and minimum of 2.20% improvement in packet delivery ratio, and minimized 0.80 milliseconds of end-to-end delay compared to the existing optimization algorithms.


49 Chromium (VI) is one of the hazardous contaminant of the water and soil environment [1]. Human activity has caused the widespread distribution of chromium compounds in natural and man-made ecosystems [1–3]. Chromium is widely applied in the chemical and metallurgic industry, including production of refractory materials, electroplating, stainless steel formation, tanning agents and pigments production [4]. The environmental pollution by toxic chromium compounds is steadily increasing due to the accumulation of huge volumes of chromium-containing industrial sewage. For example, sewage from electroplating facilities contains toxic forms of hexavalent chromium — chromate and dichromate [5]. Ingestion of toxic sewage to natural ecosystems causes death of living organisms and drastic effects on human health [1, 6]. Chromium(VI) compounds have been found in different industrial sewage. The concentration of chromium(VI) in sewage ranges from 0.2 to 0.65 ppm [7]. The Cr(VI) concentrations were in the range of 0.00190 ± 0.0020 and 0.0010 ± 0.0006 ppm in the influent and effluent sewage samples respectively collected from Nacogdoches UDC 571.27: 581.6 https://doi.org/10.15407/biotech13.04.049


With the rapid development of digital publication,it is relatively backward for the journals of colleges in Guangxi,because they have only implemented office automation,computer typesetting,and propagated electronic publication on internet through commercial database.There are various difficulties when carrying out digital publication.To develop it,thus,the following problems should be solved:to adhere to the principle of content first;to construct a digital publishing consortium;and to construct it by stages.


Bitmap indexing is a diffuse approach for processing efficiently complex queries in decision support activities. Besides this common use of bitmap structures, the use of bitmap indices to represent analytical views of user's data is presented here. In this approach, bitmaps can be created and utilized not only to index different domain attribute values, but also to pre-compute legal relational algebra query expressions useful for the analytic purposes. According to this approach, problems of data integrations and conceptual correlations of analytical data can be efficiently solved.


Allāh has revealed a comprehensive religion, which covers all aspects of life for humanity, and adequate for them for all ages. Therefore, Allāh has created to every disease a suitable remedy, which tackles it. However, the unawareness of the cures of maladies in the Qur'ān has led to the negligence of the implementation of these rules in coping with such diseases. Further, the Contemporary medicine has had the lion's share in dealing with the maladies, which resulted in a defective cure. Therefore, this study aims to shed light on how to cure the maladies from a Qurʾānic perspective. Besides, it will pave the path to eradicate all diseases, which can contaminate the body, the soul as well for a sole individual and the entire society. By employing the inductive and deductive method, the study concluded that natural medicine, Qurʾānic medicine, and prophetic medicine, especially the recitation of Sūrat al-Fātiḥah, al-Baqarah, Āl ʻImrān, al-Kahf, al-Isrā', al-Mulk, al-kāfirīn, al-Ikhlāṣ, al-Falaq, al-Nās, Āyat al-Kursī, ends of Sūrat al-Baqarah, al Ruqyah al-Sharʻīyah, seeking of refuge, and the authentic prophetic supplications; guard the muslim against all kinds of harm, with the permission of God Almighty, except death and old age, but not as necessary, so whoever was afflicted by illness while maintaining these various medicines, that is the decree of God Almighty, and he has great wisdom in his command and destiny.


Background
GPhC standards for the initial education and training of pharmacists state that students should receive practical experience as part of their training, potentially including off-site placements(1). Placements had previously been structured using pre-determined student tasks. An evaluation of these tasks found that they provided a focus to placements but were also sometimes detrimental to learning (2). It was decided to explore a system using an electronic personal portfolio (ePortfolio) and a competency framework as an alternative method for the delivery and assessment of placements.

Description of work
The aim was to develop an experiential learning programme which uses an ePortfolio and competency framework. To do this, a working group was convened between October 2014 and June 2015 composed of academics, placement providers and MPharm students. Communication was through a combination of face-to-face meetings and email feedback. The group considered:
• Scope of the experiential learning programme
• Competencies on which the programme would be based
• How the programme would be assessed
• Support required for students
• Support required for placement providers
• Support required for academics

It was decided that the scope for the programme should include off-site placements, IPL sessions and patient experience opportunities. A bespoke set of 'Experiential Standards' was developed for the programme.

Support resources were created for students, placement providers and academics.

Proposed evaluation
A mixed method evaluation is planned. Focus groups (FGs) will be used to allow qualitative exploration of student perceptions. Focus groups will be facilitated using a topic guide which draws from the peer reviewed literature around experiential learning.

FGs will be audio recorded and transcribed verbatim before undergoing thematic content analysis. The findings will be used to design a questionnaire which can be used for a larger scale quantitative evaluation which can identify trends and further areas for improvement.

References
1. General Pharmaceutical Council. GPhC Standards for the initial education and training of pharmacists [Internet]. General Pharmaceutical Council; 2011 [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.pharmacyregulation.org/sites/default/files/GPhC_Future_Pharmacists.pdf
2. Moffitt K, Davison K. Do community pharmacy placements support the new integrated approach to pharmacy education? Stakeholder and student perspectives. [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2016 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.npa.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/HEF-Pharmacy-Placements.pdf


The use of simple, aperture‐collimated cameras in x‐ray diffraction studies at small angles is of value in investigating the molecularly large structural features of colloidal systems, particularly when pinhole collimation is required. To make effective use of available x‐radiation one must (1) consider the initial limitations imposed on a camera by the purpose for which it is to be employed, and (2) choose remaining camera dimensions so that the registering film may receive as much radiation as possible.The initial conditions are three in number, involving the desired pattern magnification, the necessary angular or large‐spacing resolution, and the requisite guarding against beam spill‐over, which together essentially limit the specimen‐to‐film distance, the beam diameter at the film, and the diffraction area permitted to be unguarded but covered by a beam stop. Other camera dimensions are chosen so that the film center is as close to, while viewing as much of, the radiation source as possible. In accomp...


BACKGROUND
Several stressful environmental factors are associated with short-term breast-feeding. A high concentration of sodium in colostrum has predicted early failure.

AIM OF THE STUDY
We studied the association of growth factors in colostrum and the length of breast-feeding (BF).

METHODS
We measured concentrations of TGF-beta1 and -beta2; epidermal growth factor, total protein, and sodium and compared their concentrations in colostral samples from mothers who either breast-fed their infants exclusively less than 0.5 months (n = 109) or longer than 3.5 months (n = 119).

RESULTS
In the short BF group more mothers smoked and were primiparous more frequently and had less often a university education. They also provided the colostral samples significantly later than did those with long BF. Geometric mean concentration for TGF-beta1 was 1.9 times as high in the samples from short BF mothers as in those with long BF; significant difference remained in comparisons of samples taken equally long postpartum. Samples from the short BF group showed higher levels for sodium, TGF-beta2 and total protein, whereas concentrations of epidermal growth factor were similar between groups.

CONCLUSIONS
We thus infer that concentrations of factors in breast milk with an effect on the development and involution of the mammary gland, like TGF-beta1 in milk, may be one of many biological factors having an impact on the successful initiation of breast-feeding.


A finite element approach to analyze electromagnetic devices in three dimensions is presented in this work. The approach is based on electric and magnetic vector potentials with edge elements and also based on the scalar electric potential with nodal elements. A voltage fed technique is employed. Using this technique the well known problem of continuity of the imposed current with edge elements is overcome. To present an example of the proposed approach, a claw-pole alternator is simulated. Comparison between simulated and experimental results shows good agreement.


Nowadays it's canera that the subjectivity is roaring sharply.The influence comes from two parts:one is some new factors from market economy,the other is the eroding of traditional culture.So,the problem that how to deal with the relation between man and society felicitously is worthy to be thought.In the system of the curriculum of China,the curriculum of ideology and politics,in which there are many important information of how to face and tackle the relation between man and society is a main way to conduct moral education.This thesis,which relies on the perspective of "social responsibility",tries to interpret the curriculum of ideology and politics in the period of high school,so as to define the meaning and basic tactics of the social responsibility educating.


ABSTRACT In the aftermath of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, a new Internet freak culture emerged in South Korea in response to the rapid development of the Internet as well as the country's neoliberal reforms. At this time, images of losers, freaks, and other surplus populations circulated online. This article examines the gender politics of Internet freaks through an analysis of one online fan forum, the Lee Joon Gi gallery of DCinside.com. Lee's fan forum acquired a reputation through sexually charged posts from its female-user base in the late 2000s and is still active today. By appropriating attributes of online male culture and forms of communication, such as absurd statements, rudeness, and aggressive sexual expression, the users of this fan community created a carnivalesque space for themselves and subverted rigid Korean gender ideologies. Such parodies have transformed the fear of misogyny and sexism in the offline world into laughter online and become fertile ground for changes in gender politics in online spaces.


Carbon allocation and partitioning were investigated in the first internode of light-grown Sinapis alba L. seedlings exposed to white light (WL) with or without supplementary far-red light (FR). In the internode, supplementary FR increased the rates of extension-growth and the accumulation of radiolabeled carbon (fed through the leaves), reducing sugars (even per unit volume), starch, hemicellulose and cellulose, but had no effect on the levels of sucrose and ammonium oxalate-solubilised cell wall carbohydrates, on invertase activity or on the use of additional sucrose fed through the leaves. In source leaves, supplementary FR had no effect on photosynthesis rates and reduced the accumulation of radiolabeled carbon. Mechanical reduction of stem extension-growth responses to supplementary FR did not affect internode carbohydrate or carbon accumulation responses. Supplementary FR provided only to one leaf had no effect on internode extension growth but increased carbon accumulation in the internode, provided that supplementary FR and radiolabeled carbon were both given to the same leaf. Phytochrome-mediated effects on carbon partitioning are not the mere consequence of internode extension-growth responses. Some additional control point(s) (e.g. leaf-source strength) must be under the direct influence of phytochrome.


This building has nine storeys, which contain 32 flats in all, each of which has two main rooms.
Every possible advantage has been taken of the qualities of the building materials in planning the external aspect of the building, as well as in designing the structure.


This article is interested in questions formation in Musey, a chadic language spoken in Chad and Cameroon. It comes within the competence of generative grammar. Kayne's (1994) Antisymmetry and Rizzi's (1997, 2001b) Split-CP are used for analyzing the Musey data. Musey is made up of arguments (nge (who) and mege (what)), referential adjuncts (saba (when), aige (where)) and non-referential adjuncts (an mege (how); kai mege (why)). They are focalized à la clause final comp and à la clause initial comp. Since the focus marker ni precedes focused arguments and adjuncts, they are hosted by Spec-FocP. In yes/no questions, the question marker su ends the structures and is hosted by IntP. In embedded questions, the lexical complementizer ana (that) is hosted by ForceP. This study leads to the following projections hierarchy: Int > Cleft > Foc > Force > Agr.


Toxocctrosis in actual conditions is the most common parasitosis in many regions of the world. Toxocarct determines the variability of clinical manifestations, determing a negative impact on the development ofpost-vaccination immunity due to various immune adverse reactions. The purpose of the study is to assess the indices ofThl and Th2 immune response in pulmonan> tuberculosis associated with toxocctrosis. The study included 99 patients of different age and sex, which were divided into 3 groups: 1st group with the association of pulmonary tuberculosis and toxocctrosis (n=33 patients): 2nd group pulmonary tuberculosis (n=33 patients), 3rd group toxocctrosis (n=33 patients). Immune indices were compared with ct reference group of 100 healthy individual (laboraton> sample). The study showed that for pulmonary tuberculosis is more characteristic Thl cellular response, in patients with toxocctrosis is more characteristic Th2 cellular response, and in associated diseases both types of immune response were involved.


ARTICLE AID TRAINING micturition (22) has the form of a pad (50) producing a clearly perceivable sensation during urination. In different configurations, the pad (50) PROVIDING THE FEELING YOU CAN CHANGE TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, SIZE OR CHANGE ANY combination thereof, TO INDICATE THAT IS PRODUCING micturition. YOU CAN JOIN THIS ARTICLE TO PLEDGE THAT YOU WANT, WHAT ALLOWS YOU TO SELECT THE TYPE OF GARMENT AND THE MOST SUITABLE FOR TRAINING particular time.


Teaching English as a foreign language to mentally retarded persons is much more complicated than normal EFL learners, and it requires specific techniques and methods. Giving affection by the teacher is assumed to be an effective way to overcome limitations caused by intellectual disability. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of teaching with affection on English learning of children with intellectual disability. The participants in this study are 18 males and females with mild retardation between 6 to 14 years old. Before the random division of the two groups and conducting the pre-test, the Goodenough Psychological Test was conducted to evaluate the mental age of the participants. Also the standard Test of Language Development (TOLD) was used for assessing their native language development. The results of these two tests showed that all of them were mildly disabled and their native language development was the same, then they were randomly divided in two groups. After the pretest and checking the homogeneity of the control and the experimental groups, there was a treatment. The treatment comprised in teaching a list of 13 English imperative forms. The words in the target sentences were chosen based on the TPR method of language teaching, however only the experimental group were exposed to affection. After analyzing the data it was proved that giving affection to mentally retarded learners of English language in the age of Childhood (up to 14 years) triples the outcome of the instruction. This indicates not only the feasibility of learning a foreign language to them, but also the importance of teacher?s positive behavior during the instruction.


The purpose of this dissertation is to construct and empirically examine a model for an internal auditor's commitment to independence (IACTI) with individual and organizational factors. At the individual level, the relationship between role ambiguity, role conflict and IACTI is examined. At the organizational level, this study examines the relationship between the quality of the external auditor's engagement, the quality of the audit committee composition and IACTI. A hypothesized moderating effect of quality of external auditor's engagement on the relationship between role ambiguity and role conflict was also tested. Data obtained from 101 in-house internal auditors of publiclisted companies in Malaysia were used to test the hypotheses. The model was assessed using hierarchical linear regression and moderated regression analysis. Overall, the results provided significant relationships between role ambiguity, role conflict and quality of audit committee composition on IACTI. Nevertheless, no significant relationship was found between quality of external auditor's engagement and IACTI. In addition, the results did not seem to indicate any support for the moderating effect of the quality of external auditor's engagement in the relationship between role ambiguity and IACTI. In contrast, the moderating effect of the quality of external auditor's engagement was found to be significant in the relationship between role conflict and internal auditor's commitment to independence (IACTI). This study makes several contributions to the literature on internal auditing, management and corporate governance.


Aiming at problem that the flooding time synchronization protocol(FTSP) is likely under the attack of sending time,propose a security algorithm which is designed and implemented by adding abnormal drift rate detector and malicious node ID number filter,at the same time,to further improve synchronization precision of FTSP,by weighting to reduce effect of time synchronization of FTSP after malicious attacks and improve formula of time clock drift rate computation in flooding time synchronization protocol. The results of simulation indicate that the security algorithm effectively defends against the hostile attacks of sending time,reduces cost of calculation and the influence caused by malicious attacks,and enhances the robustness. The security algorithm in this paper achieves the goal of improving the synchronization accuracy and stability of flooding time in wireless sensor network.


Healthcare is the second-most energy-intensive commercial sector in the United States. Clinical laboratories make up a large portion of that energy use and contribute significantly to waste production (7, 8, 9, 10). We aimed to estimate the environmental impact of urine cultures and suggest inappropriate culturing as a target for diagnostic stewardship and waste mitigation.

 The total number of urine cultures performed by our facility's microbiology laboratory was gathered. The plastic components, including bacterial culture plates, urine sample collection cups, and biohazard bags, were weighed.

 Between 3/07-03/13/21, 533 urine cultures were processed by our facility. Since the number of bacterial culture plates varies between samples, we calculated a range from 2 cell-culture plates (clean catch sample) to 4 cell-culture plates (in-and-out catheterization sample), with an additional 1-2 plates per isolate for susceptibility testing. This yielded a range of 3-6 total plates (30g for bacterial culture plates, 120g for susceptibility plates) used per processed urine culture. Each sample also requires a collection cup (27.2g or 19.1g) and a biohazard bag (4.1g) yielding a range of 95 - 192kg of plastic waste over the study period. Assuming this week represents an average week, our projected annual waste is between 6.5 to 12 tons for urine culture collection and testing.

 In this single-center pilot study, urine cultures produced an estimated 6.5 to 12 tons of plastic waste annually. Prior studies suggest that 58%-68% of urine cultures are not clinically indicated (2, 3). This includes up to 35% of emergency department urine cultures being done in the context of a negative urinalysis, 20% of urine cultures sent without a urinalysis, and a urine culture contamination rate of at least 5% (4). While the effects of inappropriate urine cultures on length of hospital stay, antibiotic stewardship, and healthcare costs have been investigated, the subsequent impact on the environment has not been well studied (5). Although this study was limited by its reliance on estimated numbers, the sizable impact on healthcare's net waste production suggests that further quantifying inappropriate culturing and how to alleviate it is an important area for further investigation.

 All Authors: No reported disclosures.


The 2020-2021 Coronavirus pandemic has had a significant impact on teaching worldwide, prompting a mass conversion to online instruction. Universities have been greatly impacted by this. While the conversion of classic in-person, presence-based teaching formats, such as lectures and seminars, to online teaching went relatively smoothly, written exams still represent a particular challenge. Due to the nature of online instruction, it would be helpful to have online exams that can be taken from any location. The goal of the QLU-eQuiz-Project is to use standard software to create a testing environment in which university examinees can take online exams. This is not just a technical stopgap solution to the current, pressing problems of conducting examinations online during the pandemic; the project also aims to address future development toward hybrid forms, focusing on exams for social science courses – specifically, here, courses in Logistics and Business Administration. Furthermore, the project seeks to identify problems that can occur in the context of online exams and to discuss proposed solutions. For this, a series of mock and "real" online exams were conducted as QLU-eQuiz exams, both with smaller and larger groups. Part of the project compares grades on online exams with previous in-person exams.


Emotions are a register of awareness. Some emotions give us an awareness of the mystery of being and for this reason great importance is attached to them by the religious man. This essay considers in particular the significance of Sehnsucht or longing, the numinous awareness and dread.


It is unilateral that styles of sexual ethics emerged in human history intepret sexual actions,and normalize sexual actions either from human natural nature or from human social nature. principles on human sexual ethics must be confirmed and established from human essence.Only thus can principles on human sexual embody a kind of humanistic care.So human sexual actions neither do harm to society and other people,nor inhibit personality.


Network management is not a simple operation,it is a very complex project,which not only managed a network of communications equipment in the normal operation of the network and the rational allocation of resources,Network Performance,the safe operation of System and the quality of netwark service with related control operation.It is the long term development of network planning and control network costs of the important role.


This article focuses on a new type of hydraulic support for filling mining,which designed to achieve self-sealing function,it can be form a sealed space in case of no other equipment,thus simplifying filling process of preparing,reduce filling of mined course of preparation time,reduce equipment investment,improve efficiency of fill mining,have a clever advantage compared with traditional filling hydraulic support.


Empathy is an important ability that must be developed and developed in students representing youth, as human beings who experience a transition of empathy need students to be able to improve what other people think and think that might happen quarrels, fights, bullying, and other actions, the lives of students more calm and peaceful. Today there has been an erosion of empathy in students this is caused by dependence on gadgets, instrumental learning, competition, differences, depression, alcohol, and other. The purpose of this study is to increase students' empathy using group guidance with role playing techniques. This research is a quasi-experimental study using quantitative methods and the non-equivalent control group design. The subject of this study were students of class VIII MT S N 1 Payakumbuh. The research instrument used an empathy scale that met the requirements of the research instrument, then analyzed using the Faired sample t test and the independent sample t test. This research cannot be applied to everyone, it needs further development. The findings of this study indicate group guidance with effective play techniques to improve students. These findings will be discussed further.


We study some properties of cosine processes containing random phase under haar wavelet by using wavelet alternation of stochastic processes.


Nurses teach patients, families, and other healthcare providers. All of us teach our neighbors and communities. Choosing strategies for teaching essential content is the challenge we face every day. This article describes some innovative ways to share knowledge using creativity and imagination.


During the past several years, the authors have made considerable progress in modeling carcinogenesis in general, and in modeling radiation carcinogenesis, in particular. They present an overview of their progress in developing stochastic carcinogenesis models and applying them to experimental and epidemiologic data sets. Traditionally, cancer models have been used for the analysis of incidence (or prevalence) data in epidemiology and time to tumor data in experimental studies. The relevant quantities for the analysis of these data are the hazard function and the probability of tumor. The derivation of these quantities is briefly described here. More recently, the authors began to use these models for the analysis of data on intermediate lesions on the pathway to cancer. Such data are available in experimental carcinogenesis studies, in particular in initiation and promotion studies on the mouse skin and the rat liver. If however, quantitative information on intermediate lesions on the pathway to lung cancer were to be come available at some future date, the methods that they have developed for the analysis of initiation-promotion experiments could easily be applied to the analysis of these lesions. The mathematical derivations here are couched in terms of a particular two-mutation model of carcinogenesis. Extensionmore » to models postulating more than two mutations is not always straightforward.« less


We examined to what extent viewing the Korean dance performance by Beyond The Scene (BTS) at the 2018 Melon Music Awards influenced global viewers' purchase of Korean cultural products and tourism behaviour intention. We surveyed 230 prospective tourists from the USA (black adult females = 50%; mean age = 34.9, SD = 1.116) in terms of their preference for Korean cultural products and intention to visit Korea. We conducted structural equation modelling to map the paths among cultural product preferences and tourism intentions. We found that viewing the Korean dance performance by BTS not only increased the purchase of Korean cultural products among participants, but also their tourism behaviour intention. We also found that the purchase of Korean cultural products by participants was associated with increased Korea tourism behaviour intention. We conclude from these data that viewing cultural performances by would-be tourists and their purchase preferences are important for promoting tourism through cultural industries.


The IEC 61427 Ed.2 applies to all lead-acid and nickel-cadmium cells and batteries for photovoltaic energy systems (PVES). This standard gives general information relating to the requirements of the secondary batteries used in PVES and to the typical methods of test used for the verification of batteries performances. The objective is to assist the specifier in the understanding of the purpose of each test and provide guidance on a suitable requirement that will result in the battery meeting the needs of a particular application and operation condition


Abstract Cai, Li, and Park (Journal of Econometrics, 2009) and Xiao (Journal of Econometrics, 2009) developed asymptotic theories for estimators of semiparametric varying coefficient models when regressors are integrated processes but the smooth coefficients are functionals of stationary processes. Using a recent result from Phillips (Econometric Theory, 2009), we extend this line of research by allowing for both the regressors and the covariates entering the smooth functionals to be integrated variables. We derive the asymptotic distribution for the proposed semiparametric estimator. An empirical application is presented to examine the purchasing power parity hypothesis between U.S. and Canadian dollars.


Aiming at the problems of fast-moving speed, easy occlusion, and complex background of pedestrians in traffic scenes, a fast pedestrian detection algorithm based on improved YOLOv3 is proposed. First, choose the efficient lightweight network ShuffleNetv2 to replace the original backbone network Darknet-53 to reduce the model complexity and improve the detection speed. Second, a reverse residual structure is introduced in the detection network layer to enhance the expressiveness of features. Third, a coordinate attention mechanism is introduced to suppress useless information and enhance the network's ability to focus on key features. Fourth, the spatial pyramid pooling structure is introduced to realize multi-scale feature fusion of the network and improve the detection accuracy of small objects. The experimental results show that compared with YOLOv3, the improved YOLOv3 proposed in this paper can improve the detection accuracy and detection speed by 0.7% and 53.8% respectively, which is more conducive to the rapid detection of pedestrians.


The micro-perforated panel structure has good sound absorption performance in medium and high frequencies, and the labyrinth metamaterial structure has good low-frequency sound absorption performance. Both the two structures are relatively simple, and can be obtained by simple processing with resin material, which is convenient for batch production. In order to enhance sound absorption ability for the sound absorption structure within low frequency, this research work has put forward one coupled structure via the micro-perforated panel and three second-order maze metamaterials structure, resulting in a coupled structure with a low-frequency sound absorption performance. Combination of equivalent circuit method calculates acoustic resistance and absorption coefficient for the sound absorption structure, and genetic algorithm has been employed to optimize the parameters of this sound absorption structure. Finally, the theoretical calculations analysis results have been verified by finite element simulation, which shows the trend of the curve of sound absorption coefficient of the two structures was basically consistent. And the sound absorption coefficient of the three peaks is all above 0.7, and the mean value of the sound absorption coefficient is above 0.6 at the acoustic frequency of 0–1500[Formula: see text]Hz, indicating that the coupled structure has a good performance of absorbing medium- and low-frequency sound waves.


We have identified a noncollagenous protein, Col3alt, encoded by an alternative transcript of the chick type III collagen gene; its amino acid sequence is out of frame with the collagen coding sequence. This 178-amino-acid protein is unique and has no recognizable motifs other than a hydrophobic domain. Col3alt is found in embryonic cartilage, muscle and bone and in the proliferative and prehypertrophic zones of juvenile chicken growth plates. The protein is intracellular in immature chondrocytes and myoblasts, but is extracellular in well-differentiated cartilage, muscle and bone, despite the lack of a conventional signal peptide. These results demonstrate an unexpected economy of genome utilization in which a single gene, using alternative promoters, gives rise to two unrelated proteins, type III collagen and Col3alt. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.


There are many factors that lower the level of accessibility in our environment, especially for citizens with special needs, examples are incorrect designs of public buildings or the lack of tools that show and generate the information in an accessible and user friendly way. These factors translate into physical and technological barriers both to citizens with disabilities and to the professionals responsible for providing solutions to these limitations. This study presents an approach on the development of collaborative tools for supporting professionals responsible for making accessibility plans. The aim is to provide support for their work on the improvement of accessibility in public spaces. Using the tool IMA (Integral Management of Accessibility) the completion and publication of the comprehensive plans of accessibility is greatly accelerated, thereby shortening the time needed to achieve more accessible towns and environments.


Objective To study the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2(ALDH2)in protecting middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)rats against cerebral injury.Methods A rat cerebral ischemia model was established by MCAO.The rats were divided into control group,excitant(Alda1) group,blocking agent(Cya)group,LV-ALDH2group,and sh-ALDH2group.Their ALDH2activity,cerebral ischemic size and neurological function were recorded.Results The ALDH2activity was significantly higher,the cerebral ischemic stroke size was significantly smaller,and the neurological function score was significantly lower in Alda1group and LV-ALDH2group than in control group(P0.05,P0.01).The ALDH2activity was significantly lower,the cerebral ischemic stroke size was significantly larger,and the neurological function score was significantly higher in Cyagroup and sh-ALDH2group than in control group(P0.05).Conclusion Activation of ALDH2can protect MCAO rats against ischemic stroke by decreasing their ischemic stroke size and improving their neurobehavioral function.


Inuit models of nutrition constitute an integral part of Inuit cultural identity and influence diet selection. Interviews were conducted among five elders, the adults of three extended families (illagiit), and two other individuals to develop a model of food ingestion and health. The focus of the model is the special relationship between seals and Inuit. The cultural model has four linked components which provide an explanation of why Inuit select the foods they do. Inuit nutritional knowledge, as expressed in the cultural model, complements current scientific nutritional knowledge and can be shown to influence individual behavior under certain circumstances. Cultural models are shown to be useful for articulating the relationship between culture and individual health behaviors, such as diet selection.


Experimental vibration analysis to determine the dynamic behavior of the vibration system is observed from the response of the system to the stimulus acting on it. In this case the relationship between the stimulus at a certain location and direction is specifically related to the response at a certain location and direction. The relationship between stimulus and response is called the Frequency Response Function (FRF) or better known as the transfer function. In measuring the transfer function, the stimulus to the structure is given in the form of excitation force while the vibration response measurement depends on the type of sensor (transducer) used. Departing from the above problems, vibration testing is carried out on a structural model. This test uses an Aluminum beam as a specimen by using an excitation signal from the exciter and impact hammer. The response signal comes from the accelerometer, while the excitation force signal comes from two different type transducers.


This paper presents a design of a housekeeping robot that can automatically navigate in a room while both vacuum cleaning floors and picking up garbage. First, the background and history of housekeeping robots are summarized. Then, current housekeeping robot products and research are presented. Next, the mechanical structure and components design of the robot is discussed. The feasibility of expected functions is verified through mathematical calculation. The software and control system of the robot is described in terms of environment sensing, objecting identification, and motion control.


Summary form only given. The molecular fluorine lasers (F/sub 2/ lasers) are expected to be applied to optical lithography at design rule below 100 nm for future 4 Gbit dynamic random access memory. One of the most important F, laser requirements for the steppers/scanners is a stable operation at a high repetition rate of multi-kilohertz. In order to avoid damages of optical materials and coatings due to high photon energy of 7.9 eV of F/sub 2/ laser and to provide a sufficient radiation power to wafers, higher repetition rate is required to increase the laser average power instead of increasing the laser one-pulse energy.


Advances in multiagent simulation techniques have made possible the study of realistic highway traf®c patterns and have allowed theories based on driver behaviour to be tested. Such simulations display various empirical features of traf®c ̄ows, and are used to design traf®c controls that maximize the throughput of vehicles on busy highways. In addition to its intrinsic economic value, vehicular traf®c is of interest because it may be relevant to social phenomena in which diverse individuals compete with each other under certain constraints. Here we report simulations of heterogeneous traf®c which demonstrate that cooperative, coherent states can arise from competitive interactions between vehicles. As the density of vehicles increases, their interactions cause a transition into a highly correlated state in which all vehicles move with approximately the same speed, analogous to the motion of a solid block. This state is safer because it has a reduced lane-changing rate, and the traf®c ̄ow is high and stable. The coherent state disappears when the vehicle density exceeds a critical value. We observe the effect also in real Dutch traf®c data. In many social situations, decisions made by individuals lead to external effects that may be very regular, even without a global coordinator. In traf®c, these decisions concern when to accelerate or brake, to overtake or to enter a busy multi-lane road, while trying to get ahead as fast as possible, but safely, under the constraints imposed by physical limitations and traf®c rules. At times these behaviours give rise to very regular traf®c patterns, as exempli®ed by the universal characteristics of moving traf®c-jam fronts or synchronized congested traf®c. These phenomena are in contrast with usual social dilemmas, where cooperation in order to achieve a desirable collective behaviour hinges on having small groups or long time horizons. Here we describe a type of collective behaviour that we discovered when studying the dynamics of a diverse set of vehicles, such as cars and lorries, travelling along a two-lane highway with different velocities. As the density of vehicles in the road increases, there is a transition into a highly coherent state characterized by all vehicles having the same average velocity and a very small dispersion around this value. The transition to this behaviour becomes apparent when looking at the travel-time distributions of cars and lorries, comprising the overall dynamics on a stretch of highway (Fig. 1). These travel times were obtained by running computer simulations using a discretized follow-the-leader algorithm, which distinguishes two neighbouring lanes i of a unidirectional highway. Both are subdivided into sites z [ {1; 2; 1⁄4; L} of equal length Dx ˆ 2:5 m. Each site is either empty or occupied, the latter case representing the back of a vehicle of type a (for example, a car or lorry) with velocity v ˆ uDx=Dt. Here u [ {0; 1; 1⁄4; u a } is the number of sites that the vehicle moves per update step Dt ˆ 1 s. Cars and lorries are characterized by different `optimal' or `desired' (that is, maximally safe) velocities Ua(d+) with which the vehicles would like to drive at a distance d+ to the vehicle in front (see symbols in Fig. 2). Their lengths la correspond to the maximum distances satisfying Ua…la† ˆ 0. At times T [ {1; 2; 1⁄4}, that is, every time step Dt, the positions z(T), velocities u(T) and lanes i(T) of all vehicles are updated in parallel. We have ruled out synchronization artefacts by this update method, which is appropriate for ̄ow simulations. Denoting the position, velocity and distance of the respective leading vehicle (+) or following vehicle (-) on lane i(T) by z6, u6 and d6 ˆ jz6 2 zj, in the adjacent lane by z96, u96 and d9 6 ˆ jz96 2 zj, the successive update steps are: 1. Determine the potential velocities u…T ‡ 1† and u9…T ‡ 1† on the present and the adjacent lane according to the acceleration law u9…T ‡ 1† ˆ blUa…d9 ‡ …T†† ‡ …1 2 l†u…T†c where the ̄oor function bxc is de®ned by the largest integer l < x. This describes the typical follow-the-leader behaviour of driver± vehicle units. Delayed by the reaction time Dt, they tend to move with their desired velocity Ua, but the adaptation takes a certain time t ˆ lDt because of the vehicle's inertia. 2. Change lane in accordance with, for simplicity, symmetrical ( Àmerican') rules, if the following incentive and safety criteria are ful®lled: check if the distance d9-(T) to the following vehicle in the neighbouring lane is greater than the distance u92 …T ‡ 1† that this vehicle is expected to move within the reaction time Dt (safety criterion 1). If so, the difference D ˆ d92 …T†2 u92 …T ‡ 1† . 0 de®nes the backward surplus gap. Next, look if you could go faster in the adjacent lane (incentive criterion). Finally, make sure that the relative velocity ‰u92 …T ‡ 1†2 u9…T ‡ 1†Š would not be letters to nature


gynodioecious coexist individuals. In chestnuts, a form of late-acting self-incompatibility, male-fertile trees produce large amounts of pollen when female flowers are receptive, resulting in abundant self-pollination. Here we study whether male-sterile chestnut trees have an increased fruit set compared to male-fertile trees because they escape from the negative consequences of self-pollination on ovules, a case of self-interference. of male-fertile male-sterile years. To test experimentally the hypothesis of negative interference of self- pollen on ovules as the origin of the female advantage of male-sterile trees, we emasculated male-fertile trees and compared their fruit set with that of control male-fertile trees. We performed the same experiment on male-sterile trees by removing the sterile but rewarding male catkins as a natural control to test for the effect of decreased insect attractiveness on set.