The vortex turbine is a moving turbine using artificial whirlpools that will then be converted into alternate energy turbines on the axis. The purpose of this study is to find out how high the Angle of skeleton tilt and dissipation of water affects the electricity and efficiency generated by vortex's water turbines. This study is using experimental methods. The study involves a few steps by preparing water turbines, sets up tools, data retrieval, and data analysis. The research free variable is a variant of the Angle of the skeletal tilt at 0, 5, 10 and a discharge of water at 6.34 l/s, 7.41 l/s, and 8.29 l/s. The bound variables of research are vortex's type of electric power and electricity efficiency. The research control variable is vortex turbine blade and vortex water turbine. The research instrument used is multimeter-based arduino, flowmeter-based arduino, tachometer, bow and digital balance. Data analysis techniques using quantitative descriptive analysis. The test conducted based on variations of water discharge at 6.34 l/s, 7.41 l/s, and 8.29 l/s and skeletal variant turbine gradient at 0, 5, and 10 of the power and efficiency of the turbines generated. Research shows that the maximum data of electrical calculation is obtained on water-discharge at 8.29 l/s with a tilted point 10 which was 10.3 watts, while the maximum efficiency data is obtained on water-diacharge at 8.29 l/s with a tilted point 10 which was 42.9%.


Abstract This supplementary issue of the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs marks not only what is hoped to be an ongoing series of SARC proceedings but also the first step in the evolutionary process of developing a new substance abuse policy journal. Starting with the production of the SARC biannual proceedings, this new journal will evolve into a quarterly print publication. The traditional print format will later be supported by an on-line backup component that will include not only the SARC proceedings but pertinent materials aimed at providing background material for the development of substance abuse policy.


The Motion Base Shuttle Mission Simulator (MBSMS) Strain System is an innovative engineering tool used to monitor the stresses applied to the MBSMS motion platform tilt pivot frames during motion simulations in real time. The Strain System comprises hardware and software produced by several different companies. The system utilizes a series of strain gages, accelerometers, orientation sensor, rotational meter, scanners, computer, and software packages working in unison. By monitoring and recording the inputs applied to the simulator, data can be analyzed if weld cracks or other problems are found during routine simulator inspections. This will help engineers diagnose problems as well as aid in repair solutions for both current as well as potential problems.


Purpose:  To compare the incidence and severity of development of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) following implantation of square‐edged polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) following paediatric cataract surgery.


The Canadian Medical Protective Association warned last spring that some physicians in Ontario faced huge increases in their malpractice insurance fees (see CMAJ 2000;163[2]:201). It wasn't lying. When the CMPA set its 2001 fees late last month, Ontario obstetricians learned that their fees will


The paper proposes a new ultra wideband (UWB) line-of-sight path loss formula based on the narrowband two-path (direct and ground reflected waves) model, taking into account the bandwidth of signals. The following results were derived from numerical calculations: (1) UWB signals suffer less interference fading than narrowband signals; (2) UWB path loss exponents change approximately to 2 to 4 around the breakpoint; (3) the breakpoint distance depends on the transmitting and receiving antenna heights, the lowest frequency, and the bandwidth of the signal. Indoor experimental results verified the validity of this new formula.


Sea Test Base / Celadon is a non-profit organization, which offers testing facilities mainly based on a coastal non-cabled observatory, dedicated for designing, testing and qualifying marine sensors and marine instruments in real conditions. This platform can be considered as an experimental laboratory at sea, available 24/7/365 from the Internet. In a first step, we describe, analyse and compare the differences in terms of architecture and services between conventional marine cabled, non-cabled observatories and Sea Test Base facilities. In a second step, we present the results obtained with this platform to design, improve and qualify the hardware and the algorithms for a Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO) modem for underwater acoustic communication. In conclusion, we present the upcoming extension of Sea Test Base, which consists of a shared open platform based on a mesh network including buoys and a pontoon, dedicated to underwater acoustic experiments at sea.


In our energy diagnostic department we noticed more and more cases with irrational stimulus-reaction-patterns and with a chaotic regulation state of the autonomous systems. We found an explanation by the 'Switching phenomenon'. However, in addition to earlier results a new cause came up, it is the electrosmog exposure. We used three criteria to clarify the findings: A) a negative reaction on a pulsating magnetic field, B) a positive reaction on a brain synchronization procedure, and C) the frequency distribution analysis of skin resistance values approximated by a lognormal (order) or by a bell curve (chaos). A retrospective evaluation over 4 years (435 patients) was performed. Results: 1) a positive correlation between the criterium A) and a chaotic tendency in C), and 2) a significant difference between reactions before and after the synchronization procedure B). The hypothesis of an electrosmog-induced chaotization of autonomous systems becomes likely.


This paper presents a new adaptive pushover procedure to account for the effect of higher modes in order to estimate the seismic response of bridges more accurate. The suitability and robustness of the proposed method is demonstrated by a parametric study for regular and irregular configuration of integral bridges which includes 9 bridge configurations having 4 spans with the varying length of spans and height of piers. In each step of the nonlinear analysis, the updated displacement capacity of the structure, obtained by the proposed method, is compared with the updated displacement demand, determined from the response spectrum of the scaled earthquake excitation. The procedure is conducted step by step until the performance point of the structure is found. Numerical results indicate that in most cases studied in this research, the proposed method is capable of predicting displacements as well as internal forces with desirable accuracy. The response of the proposed procedure is in good agreement with the response of inelastic time-history analysis and is believed to be quite satisfactory in comparison with the current pushover procedures. This method is therefore recommended to be applied to the seismic performance evaluation of integral bridges for engineering applications.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of taping-tape with or without using spiral taping on vertical jump. The subjects for this study were about 20 years old healthy male college students without muscloskeletal diseases. Data for EMG activity and Ground Reaction Force(GRF) were estimated at three knee angles(i.e., 45, 90 & full degree). As a result, there was no statistical significance in max GRF at 90 and full degree regardless of spiral taping-tape. On the other hand, statistical significance was found when vertically jumping at 45 degree knee angle(p<.05). All the data for EMG activity at the three knee angles were not statistically significant, but there was a trend for a decrease in average EMG activity in elector spinae & Medial gastrocnemius at 90 degree knee angle. Based on these data, initial flexor action of knee was stabilized with spiral taping-tape when vertically jumping, resulting in improved muscular activity in Medial gastrocnemius. In conclusion, taping technique for jumping ability associated muscles like quadriceps is also required to develop.


A novel distributed cooperative formation control method inspired by the aggregate behaviors of fish groups is proposed for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) formation. Firstly, a hierarchical control architecture is established for formation keeping with fuel consumption (FC) optimization simultaneously. The top layer is to generate a leader with the optimal performance based on the nonlinear model predictive control (MPC) technique. A fish swarm optimization (FSO) algorithm is proposed to solve the nonlinear MPC problem by imitating the predation behaviors of the fish swarm. The middle layer is a decentralized intelligent cruise control (ICC) for follower vehicles to track their leader imitated the behaviors of fish swarm, and some design criteria are presented based on the Lyapunov stability theory. The under layer is to achieve a satisfying performance for the hybrid powertrain systems of followers. Finally, the bio-inspired method applied for PHEV formation is verified with a satisfying robustness, fuel economy, car-following and also real-time processing performances. According to the results, the PHEV formation using the proposed method represents a better car-following performance compared with the normal adaptive cruise control (ACC) method and a 21.26% improvement of FC compared with the rule-based energy management strategy (EMS). The computational burden is also reduced by the bio-inspired method.


The kinetics of diffusion processes occurring during the formation of polycrystalline Si1-xGex nanostructures (x=0.20, 0.35) by spark plasma sintering in the temperature range 20-1200oC was studied for the first time. A mechanism for the formation of a SiGe solid solution is proposed as a result of a comprehensive study of the microstructure and phase composition of samples with particle sizes from 150 nm to 100 μm, together with the analysis of experimental sintering maps. It is based on the phenomenon of mutual diffusion of Si and Ge atoms that occurs during the entire sintering process. For the selected sintering modes, the grain size of the formed SiGe corresponds to the size of the initial powder particles. Keywords: spark plasma sintering, solid solution SiGe, thermoelectric characteristics, figure of merit ZT.


. Prestige of military service is directly connected with the trust of citizens to this institution, willingly pass military service, and, as a result, stand up for the defense of their homeland. The article summarizes the results of a sociological study of the attitude of young Kostroma to the Russian army, presents data from expert interviews in the Belgorod region. In the course of interpreting the obtained research results, the ratio of different target audiences (boys and girls) to military service in the Russian army was revealed. 13.22% rated "excellent" the modern Russian army, 46.38% "good", 33.67% rated "satisfactory", and only 6.73% - "not satisfactory". 38.4% would have evaded military service, if they had such an opportunity, and would have spent that time on work or study. Two-thirds of the respondents (66.83%) called the main reason for evading military service in the Russian army "hazing", and 70% of those surveyed have surrounded by people who evade military service. The emerging posi tive dynamics in the public opinion of young people about the service in the army is extremely unstable, it is too early to talk about changing the image of military service. The opinion of the experts confirmed the findings, highlighting the existence of a sub ject-object approach to conscripts, the reluctance to proceed to a systematic resolution of the problem of the image of the Russian army.


Fluvial-fan and fluvial siliciclastic strata, developed during the rifting that generated the Cameros Basin (North Spain), record important provenance changes that reveal source areas compositions and locations, paleodrainage evolution and rift patterns. The Tera Group represents the first rifting stage in the Cameros Basin, containing fluvial-fan sediments at the lower part of the sedimentary fill that evolve to fluvial and lacustrine systems in the upper part of the record. Our quantitative sandstone petrographic analysis evidences the presence of three main petrofacies related closely to the rift basin evolution. At the base of the sedimentary succession, Petrofacies 1 (quartzolithic) indicates that the fluvial-fans source areas included Juras¬sic marine carbonates and older siliciclastic Mesozoic units, as well as metamorphic supplies from the West Asturian Leonese Zone (WALZ). Variscan basement sources of this metamorphic area (WALZ) were more abundant in the upper fluvial record (Petrofacies 2, quartzofeldspathic). Further, the influence of plutonic source areas with a mixed potassic and calcium-sodium composition is also recorded, probably related to the Central Iberian Zone (CIZ). In addition, a local sedimentary input was active during the fluvial and lacustrine stages (Petrofacies 2 and 3, both quartzofeldspathic), as a function of the palaeogeographical position of the Jurassic marine rocks and the level of erosion reached. Plutonic rock fragments have not been observed in the Tera Group sandstones of the western part of the basin. Thus, deeper erosion of the basement in the eastern Cameros Basin is suggested. The provenance evolution from quartzolithic to quartzofeldspathic petrofacies registered in Tera Group siliciclastic deposits is due to the higher influence of transversal supplies during the fluvial-fan stage (quartzolithic) to more important axial inputs during the fluvial stage (quartzofeldspathic). This provenance change represents the evolution from an undissected rift shoulder stage to more advanced stages of rifting (dissected rift shoulder) and during the beginning of a provenance cycle in a rifted basin.


Abstract The Historic Houses Trust of NSW manages 13 properties, most of which are historic buildings. Unlike many museums where the bulk of the collection is in storage and only a small percentage is on display, often in display cases, the trusts collections are mainly on open display—less than 10% is in storage. The objects are therefore exposed to the internal environment of the building and offer an attractive source of food to insects. Materials used in and methods of building construction, plants close to the buildings, historic fence posts, and open windows and doors also encourages the presence of a range of museum pests, making treatment an ongoing necessity. Conventional pest treatments that have been developed for modern buildings are not always appropriate for historic structures. Even treatment options like low oxygen and nitrogen can be quite a trial when applied to large objects in situ, especially where they are located in small, furnished rooms. This paper looks at a range of options proposed and trialed by the Historic Houses Trust of NSW for the treatment of museum pests and describes what does (and what doesn't) work for us.


Loosening mechanism of bolted joint was examined experimentally and numerically. The loosening tests were carried out using Junker's type loosening machine. In the Junker's tests, transverse repeated displacements were applied to the bolted joint with a hexagon bolt and nut, and then a reduction in the axial bolt force was measured.In the FEM calculations, the loosening behavior of the bolted joint was examined for the model of type loosening machine. In addition, the effects of the flatness and the surface roughness at the bearing surfaces in the clamped part on the reduction in the axial bolt force were examined in the FEM calculations. As the results, the loosening mechanism was elucidated and it was shown that the effect of the nut rotation was important as well as the elastic torsion of the bolt. The amount of the reduction in the axial bolt force was estimated in the FEM calculation taking account of the flatness and the surface roughness. The numerical results were in a fairly good agreement with the measured results. Discussion was made on the loosening mechanism in bolted joints under transverse repeated displacement.


Some equalities and inequalities on expectations,variances,covariances,absolute variance and independence of matrices in a given density matrix are established.The following results are proved:(ⅰ) Two matrices A and B are ρ-independent if and only if Covρ(A,B)=0 if and only if Expρ(AB)=Expρ(A)Expρ(B);(ⅱ) If the numerical ranges W(A) and W(B) of A and B are contained in disks with radius R and S,respectively,then |Expρ(AB)-Expρ(A)Expρ(B)|≤4RS and |Covρ(A,B)|≤4ω(A)ω(B),where ω(A),ω(B) are the numerical radius of A,B,respectively.


Bernard Juillerat's argument about the way, in interpretations of Melanesian material, the gift has often been tied to reciprocity embeds the gift in a psychoanalytically informed universe. The power of his argument is acknowledged. Stepping outside such a universe, this article accords a different kind of power to his observations. It shows how they prompt some anthropologically interesting questions about practices of organ and tissue donation in North America. For where Juillerat would detach the gift from reciprocity, some of those engaged in debates over the ethics of donation would like to see reciprocity attached to the gift. What Euro-American paradigm underlies these arguments?


Galactosaemia is a rare, life-threatening inborn error. It is treated by life-long galactose restriction. People with galactose intolerance cannot consume milk and milk products. The aim of this work was to produce fermented milk products with low galactose content. Lactose hydrolysed milk and two types of mixture of lactose hydrolysed milk supplemented with galactose free nutriments (Pregomin and Nutrilon) were fermented in a 2:1 ratio. For fermentation traditional kefir culture (Lactococcus lactis sp. lactis + Lactococcus lactis sp. cremoris + Lactobacillus casei + Lactobacillus kefir + Candida kefir) was used. Number of viable cells, pH and galactose level were measured. Data were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance and t-test. Level of galactose reduction was measured by UV spectrometry for the determination of lactose and D-galactose in foodstuffs (Boehringer Mannheim enzyme test). Galactose content was below 200 mg/100 cm3 in the mixtures of lactose hydrolysed milk and galactose free nutriment...


System and method for wireless ad hoc networks distributed overlay multi-channel MAC is described. In one embodiment, the system and method divides the channel frequency that is defined by a wireless network protocol, a single home channel, to a plurality of guest channels orthogonal to the home channel. Each network node in the ad-hoc network, over the individual variable and overlap amount of time with each other, operates to hold the network connectivity with other respective network node in the home channel. Further, each network node, in order to increase one or more corresponding data throughput on the communication link with the other network nodes in the ad hoc network, over a variable amount of time, the home whether or not to switch from the channel to a particular guest channel of the guest channel, and determines when to switch. .FIELD 6


Neural networks can be used to compute the amplitude of small sinusoidal vibrations measured with the Michelson interferometer. By simulations, the feasibility of the method is proven and the noise behavior is examined. The results are of practical interest: they show that the method is applicable to practical, noisy signals, and the precision can be very good.


There is Neijiang fracture from satellite photograph explaination,drill holl data,geophysical field characteristics and so on.The property,active age of this fracture,the relation between the fracture and earthquake activity was discussed in this paper.The relation of NW and EW frecture with the earthquake activity is more closely,expecially the area of earthquake gap should be payed more affention to.


Background. Staff morale is critical to the effectiveness and viability of teams and the models of care that they are implementing. Aims. To update the findings on burnout, job satisfaction and sources of high or low morale in teams since the national survey of community mental health teams published by the Journal of Mental Health in 1997. Method. The literature on job satisfaction, stress and burnout in community mental health teams published between 1997 and 2010 is reviewed. Results. Though beset with contradictory findings and inconsistent methodologies it is possible to conclude that although many studies report high levels of emotional exhaustion, there is no evidence for a decline in morale. Morale tends to vary across discipline and site location. Lack of resources and workload pressures remain the most consistent source of concern among staff. Conclusion. The literature on morale in teams is beset by inconsistent findings and methodologies that are inadequate to providing a generalisable perspective on the highly complex and inter-related factors affecting morale. Effective team working and good leadership, management, support and supervision appear to be protective factors that need further enhancement informed by evidence.


Background. No reference is currently available to differentiate fresh and dry bone fractures, caused intentionally or not, for the cranial skeleton. The authors therefore extrapolated characteristics already validated on infra-cranial bones to the skull bones. Methods. We studied four osteological series which had undergone prior interdisciplinary study to determine the etiology of the fractures. Results. This analysis allows comparisons to be made between fresh and dry skull bone fractures and enables us to discuss and validate the characteristics traditionally used for the intra-cranial skeleton: fracture angle, cortical delamination, roughness, fracture outline, presence of bone flakes. Conclusions. Fracture angle, cortical delamination, roughness and fracture outline can be used effectively on osteological series, not on an isolated sample or when taken out of context. We determined that, for an isolated piece of bone, only a large cortical delamination (greater than 10.5 mm) suggests a fresh bone fracture. Key W ords: fracture, trauma, perimortem, postmortem, skull.


ABSTRACT

HONOURING LOSS: USING MEMENTOS AS TRANSITIONAL OBJECTS TO EXPLORE AMBIGUOUS LOSS

A HEURISTIC ART-BASED INQUIRY

CHRISTINA THOMPSON (CHRISTY)

To investigate the question, "What is the experience of using mementos as transitional objects to explore ambiguous loss in art therapy?", I undertook Moustakas' Six Phases of Heuristic Inquiry (Moustakas, 1990). Exploring my own ambiguous loss, I worked with mementos, personally significant objects I kept as a reminder of my brother who disappeared in a landslide in 1995. I searched for both personal insights and a professional understanding of the potential benefits of using mementos as transitional objects to support grieving clients in art therapy. Documenting my art-based inquiry over a three-month period, I undertook a slow methodical process of creative transformation. Engaging with the materiality of my mementos, knitted clothing once belonging to my brother, I unraveled the garments and wove the repurposed yarn into a burial shroud, creating a meaningful ritual that symbolically represented my brother's missing body and supported the development of a new narrative and deeper understanding of my loss and ongoing relationship with my brother (Gilles & Neimeyer, 2006). Through this creative process, I discovered and integrated current bereavement paradigms which underline the importance of meaning reconstruction from loss and continuous bonds with the deceased for healthy coping and loss integration (Neimeyer, 2001, Field, Gao & Paderna, 2005).

Key terms: art therapy, weaving, transitional objects, mementos, ambiguous loss, grief, bereavement, continuous bonds, transformation, meaning making, active grieving


and public opinion that a set of South Slav peasants could be combined into a single Yugoslavia. Two final chapters address the 1920s and the 1930s. We see the settlement with the Irish Free State in 1922 turning British opinion inward, feeding public indifference to Yugoslavia. The high hopes that Seton Watson and The New Europe journal held for supporting the new state went unnoticed. Foster notes renewed rural nostalgia to relieve British urban crowding and poverty with village resettlement but cites no interest in a Yugoslav model (121). The British public was caught up instead in the "spread of consumerism as standard social practice" (126). Opinion on Yugoslavia was left to a Foreign Office that initially approved of King Aleksandar's royal dictatorship in 1929 as ending parliamentary chaos. The last chapter pays little attention to rising criticism of the dictatorship from Seton Watson and others, noting Aleksandar's assassination in 1934 only in passing. Foster focuses instead on the rise of large middle-class tourism to the Dalmatian coast. From their upscale hotels, they often toured the inland villages, receiving images of past peasant traditions only as consumers already settled in the suburban sprawl surrounding London and other British cities. Foster places Rebecca West's pro-Serbian travels, recorded from the late 1930s in her popular 1941 book, Black Lamb and Grey Falcon, in the same condescending category of peasant tourism. Foregrounding the peasantry in the British imagination of Yugoslavia, his dismissal of Seton Watson and West aside, remains a valuable addition to our understanding of how cultural perceptions change over time.


This paper, concentrated on Chae Man-sik's Boy Grows, pays attention to war refugees' cultural shock and examines what the substantial of the fearful strangeness they were faced with is. To straightforwardly conclude, it was the absence of democracy. Chae Man-sik deplored the fact that he could not find any chance to see the realization of democracy in the motherland. Prior to analyzing the novel, this paper explores what the writer's concerns are, in terms of Chae's novels right after the Liberation. His concerns include the resolution of pro-Japanese residues, self-criticism, and the independence and foundation of the nation. After the Liberation, Chae addressed problems with the national foundation, and his main interest is in the 'sovereignty' among other characteristics of the modern state. He deplored his motherland's conditions in which she was not able to recover and exert her sovereignty undergoing the U.S. military administration even though she had been independent of Japan. Creating Boy Growsin 1949, Chae Man-sik hoped a promising future of this land after the Liberation in terms of a boy who had no experience in the Japanese colonial age. Though it is sorry that this work was not completed, with his main concerns, he criticized the conditions of democracy right after the Liberation, and was interested in the recovery of democracy. The returnees'routes in the work include 4 areas, i.e., Manchu, the journey from Manchu to Seoul, Seoul, and the trip from Seoul to Iri. Especially, the thresholds connecting spaces made themselves standards not only for the moving subjects'identity but also for the clarification of the particularity of the reality where they existed. One of the most fundamental motivations of Joseon farmers'depart from Manchu for their motherland lied in their fantasy about democracy, which they believed would provide equality of opportunity. As they arrived at Seoul, they experienced unhomeliness, which was due to the totally undemocratic conditions of their motherland. Not able to bear the unhomeliness, they set out for farmland in Jeolla-do. The young brother and sister began a new life without their parents in Iri, Jeollado. As they led a life on their own, they were wakened to the reality. What the young boy found out was the reality in which democracy was taken advantage of for each individual's benefit. As democracy was lost and was misunderstood due to each party at stake's interest, mammonism and egoism (shadows of capitalism) were in full swing. Though his will in the novel was praiseworthy, the boy's grow was quite incomplete. His incomplete grow suggests the incompleteness of the establishment of democracy.


Annual evaporation losses from irrigation storage dams and channels are significant and are estimated to be between 1.32GL/yr and 2.88GL/yr from the 2,000,000 farm dams across Australia. Nationally, consideration is currently being given to investment in evaporation mitigation technologies. Floating and suspended covers are proven but involve high capital cost: in contrast, monomolecular chemical films (monolayers) offer potentially cost-effective evaporation mitigation but are as yet unproven.

Five years of research funded by the CRC Irrigation Futures and others has enabled significant progress in evaporation mitigation research, and in particular the future use of monolayers. In this paper, developments are reported in six areas: the development of standardised methods for evaporation and seepage monitoring in storages, including Internet-based calculation tools; fundamental understanding of the reasons for seemingly highly-variable performance of monolayers; and from this the formulation of a Universal Design Framework for both (i) monolayer economic feasibility assessment, material selection and application design optimisation for a given storage, and (ii) for the optimal real-time management of monolayer deployment on an hour-by-hour basis; fundamental understanding of interactions between artificial monolayers, natural water-surface microlayers and water quality; the non-laboratory evaluation of alternative monolayer materials; the engineering of monolayer application, monitoring and control systems, including patented prototype designs; and the development of on-storage evaporation reduction measurement systems for monolayer detection.


Sorting students into hierarchically ordered tracks or streams on the basis of their academic performance (i.e., tracking) is ubiquitous in educational systems, and oftentimes based on teachers' track recommendations. International surveys indicate that tracking is associated with educational inequalities. To determine if inequalities in tracking may be due to teacher recommendations being biased against students from disadvantaged socio-economic and/or ethnic backgrounds, we conducted a systematic review of 26 recent articles on tracking recommendations and students' socio-economic or ethnic background. We find that teacher recommendations are biased against students from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds, yet evidence with respect to ethnic biases is more mixed. We also conducted an integrative review to examine which factors may account for social and ethnic inequalities in teacher tracking recommendations. We conclude that students', parents' and teachers' attitudes and behaviours play a role in tracking recommendations but cannot fully account for the inequality in these recommendations. We discuss promising areas for future study, and argue that research may want to focus on finding institutional moderators in order to combat biases in educational institutions.


We consider optical signal switching based on Bragg reflectors, recorded in a GaAs waveguide. In order to achieve maximal switching contrast and high operating speed the optimisation of the basic parameters of such elements has been carried out. The proposed elements with optimised structure make it possible to switch optical channels with frequency up to 200 GHz and contrast 30 dB. At that the switching energy is reasonable for many applications.


The Foreign Evidence Act 1994 deals with evidentiary matters involving overseas jurisdictions. Part 5 of the Act contains provisions in relation to the admission of foreign public documents, honoring Australia's obligations under the Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legislation for Foreign Public Documents.


Tel.: +009647812342470 In this paper, we examined the use of chelation therapy for treating metal intoxication in humans. Chelation therapy is the use of chelating agents (complexing agents) to detoxify poisonous metals such as Nickel, Cobalt, and Lead by converting them to chemically inert form that can be excreted without further interactions with the body. The UV-Vis measurements were carried out in the water as the best media for this work. The electronic spectrum of free chelate in water solution was characterized by a single band for pyridoxine (Vitamin B6), with a single band as λ max nm. Adding Ni (II) and Co (II) ions to the chelate solution showed an increase in absorbance with Vitamin B6 with a little shift in λ max. This change caused the formation of the complexes. The stoichiometry of the formed complexes was investigated by the method of continuous variation, and they were found in a ratio of (1:1). The stability constants were calculated at four temperatures at the range of (298, 303, 308, 313 and 318) oK. Thermodynamic parameters like ΔHo, ΔGo, and ΔSo were determined at five different temperatures. Chemical kinetics showed that this effect was subjected to the pseudofirst-order chelation with Ni and Co ions.


Nanometer composite S2O2-8/SnO2-TiO2,a novel solid superacid,was prepared by sol-gel method and its structure was characterized by XRD,TEM,FT-IR and BET surface area measurement.The composite S2O2-8/SnO2-TiO2 had a narrow particle size distribution with an average diameter of about 15~20 nm.S2O2-8 was attached on the surface of SnO2-TiO2 so that its strong acid sites were formed.The surface area of the catalyst was obviously increased after the incorporation of SnO2.Nanometer composite S2O2-8/SnO2-TiO2 was used as a catalyst in α-pinene isomerization.The experimental results showed that the catalyst had better catalytic activity and selectivity.The main product of the isomerization reaction was camphene,and the by-products were limonene,terpinolene and tricyclene etc.Compared with ordinary S2O2-8/TiO2,the composite catalyst can lower the reaction temperature by 20~30 ℃ for the isomerization.Under suitable conditions,the conversion of α-pinene reached 98% and the selectivity of camphene reached 63%.


...................................................................................................................................
  xiii Chapter
  1
  Introduction
  ..........................................................................................................
  1 Background
  .........................................................................................................................................
  1 Curacin
  A
  ..............................................................................................................................................
  1 Biosynthesis
  of
  natural
  products
  .................................................................................................
  3 Biosynthesis
  of
  curacin
  A
  .............................................................................................................................
  5 Terminal
  double
  bond
  offloading
  .............................................................................................................
  5 Canonical
  sulfotransferases
  and
  thioesterases
  ......................................................................
  7 Other
  instances
  of
  ACP-‐ST-‐TE
  tridomains
  ................................................................................
  8 Chemistry
  related
  to
  ST-‐TE
  olefin
  production
  .....................................................................
  13 ST-‐TE
  olefin
  offloading
  as
  a
  chemical
  tool
  .............................................................................
  14 The
  lost
  haloalkane
  dehalogenase
  CurN/DmmA
  ................................................................
  15 Thesis
  overview
  ..............................................................................................................................
  15 Chapter
  2
  Terminal
  Alkene
  Formation
  by
  the
  Thioesterase
  of
  Curacin
  A Biosynthesis:
  Structure
  of
  a
  Decarboxylating
  Thioesterase
  ..................................
  17 Summary
  ...........................................................................................................................................
  17 Introduction
  .....................................................................................................................................
  18 Experimental
  Procedures
  ...........................................................................................................
  21 Crystallization.
  ...............................................................................................................................................
  22 Results
  ...............................................................................................................................................
  26 Discussion
  .........................................................................................................................................
  39 Conclusion.
  ......................................................................................................................................................
  42


Carpenter Technology Corp. of Bridgeport, Connecticut will spend $425,000 to install a No. 6 fuel oil system that will hardly be used after efforts to obtain self-help gas were frustrated. The company wants to qualify its specialty metals plant for a lower gas rate available to dual-fuel users. The inability to obtain self-help gas forced it and other companies to make poor investments in alternate fuels. Pipelines decided against offering contract carriage after the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission issued Order 423. Citing savings available to another plant which is able to obtain self-help gas, the company's energy manager urged Congress to require pipelines to participate in the transportation program.


Over the years, researchers have investigated the chemical dependence of x-ray emission or x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. However, progress has suffered from a lack of reliable, predictive capability and has been limited to empirical rules. We have shown that application of the FEFF8.1 x-ray spectroscopy code [1] to x-ray emission spectra can overcome those difficulties. We used FEFF8.1 to calculate the phosphorus K-M2,3 line. This line exhibits an energy shift between phosphorus oxide and phosphorus sulfate, as well as a satellite line whose intensity and relative position depends on the chemical bond.


Background.Approximately 2.5 million Americans are admitted to the hospital after traumatic physical injury each year. Few investigations have elicited patients' perspectives regarding posttraumatic outcomes. Objective.To identify and categorize physically injured trauma survivors' posttraumatic concerns. Research Design.Prospective longitudinal investigation; trauma survivors were interviewed during the post-injury hospitalization and again 1, 4, and 12 months after the trauma. Subjects.Ninety-seven, randomly selected, English speaking, hospitalized survivors of motor vehicle-crashes or assaults. Measures.At the end of each interview patients were asked, "Of all the things that have happened to you since you were injured, what concerns you the most?" Using an iterative process and working by consensus, investigators categorized patient concerns in content domains. Concern domains were then compared with established measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and limitations in physical functioning. Results.Seven categories of posttraumatic concerns were identified. During the course of the year, 73% of patients e-pressed physical health concerns, 58% psychological concerns, 53% work and finance concerns, 40% social concerns, 10% legal concerns, 10% medical concerns, and 20% uncodable concerns. Rater agreement on concern categorization was substantial (&kgr; = 0.72). The mean number of concerns e-pressed per patient gradually decreased over time (1 month mean = 1.51; 12 month mean = 1.26) and resembled the trajectories of PTSD symptoms and functional limitations. Conclusions.The concerns of physically injured trauma survivors are readily elicited and followed up during the course of the year after injury. Open-ended inquiry regarding posttraumatic concerns may complement standardized outcome assessments by identifying and contextualizing the outcomes of greatest importance to patients.


Tracheostomy is one of the oldest and most commonly performed procedures among critically ill patients. The advantages of an elective tracheostomy in pediatric intensive care unit are improved patient comfort, lesser need for sedative drugs, early weaning from mechanical ventilation support eventually leading to reduced cost of care.

 This study describes the frequency, indications, complications, and outcome of elective pediatric tracheostomies in critically ill children from a single pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care center.

 This is a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing tracheostomy.

 This is a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a tertiary-care hospital.

 All patients underwent tracheostomy in our PICU over the ten-year period.

 A total of 48 children underwent a tracheostomy, corresponding to a 1.5% of the total PICU admissions during the study period. 34/48 (71%) patients were male. A 25% of our patients undergoing a tracheostomy had an underlying CNS condition, followed closely by a respiratory problem (11/48 patients).The main indication for tracheostomy in children was prolonged mechanical ventilation secondary to respiratory 35/48 (73%), that included upper airway obstruction, foreign body aspiration or pneumonia and neurological or neuromuscular illness (6.3%) including traumatic brain injury, meningitis/encephalitis, Gullain Barre' syndrome, and neurodegenerative disorders. Two patients died from tracheostomy-related complications, making it an overall mortality rate of 4%.

 Tracheostomy in children is a relatively frequent procedure at our hospital. The commonest indication was prolonged mechanical ventilation. Early tracheostomy is associated with better patient outcomes in terms of morbidity and length of stay.


The invention discloses a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) organic polymer thin film capacitor which is characterized by comprising a substrate, a metal bottom electrode, a dielectric insulation layer, an organic polymer thin film, a metal upper electrode and a wrapping electrode, wherein the metal bottom electrode grows on the substrate, the dielectric insulation layer is in a hole shape and wraps part of the metal bottom electrode, the organic polymer thin film grows at an opening of the dielectric insulation layer and has the area slightly larger than that of the opening, the metal upper electrode grows on the organic polymer thin film, and the wrapping electrode grows on the metal upper electrode and wraps the organic polymer thin film and the metal upper electrode. The organic polymer thin film capacitor isolates the upper electrode from the bottom electrode by using the dielectric layer, photoetches a mask by using the upper electrode as a PVDF thin film, protects the side of the PVDF thin organic polymer film finally by using the wrapping electrode, is convenient for the implementation of the subsequent traditional process, and enables the capacitor to be integrally prepared with other elements without being limited by the traditional process.


We examined 192 patients in 18 72 years with persistent bronchial asthma (BA). The patients were divided into two groups: 1st group mild severe BA (n=103) and the 2nd group was severe BA (n=89). The most frequent factors of disease decline were viral infection, stress, late referral to a doctor. The control rate in the real clinical practice still low: not control disease course was registered in 89.3% patients in 1th group and in all patients in 2nd group. The main reason of not control disease course was absence or not adequate basic anti inflammation therapy. We can get objective result, that similar interpret in all patients to estimate the control rate of BA and the efficiency of anti asthmatic therapy by ACT test.


This paper presents a novel approach that employs coordinated robot swarms to create a spatial map for parameters of underwater acoustic communication channels. Understanding spatial variations of acoustic channel parameters is crucial to underwater networking with mixed static and mobile communication nodes. We envision using multiple marine robots maintained in a formation to collect simultaneous measurements of communication signals transmitted by a sound source. The data collected is processed by a cooperative filtering algorithm to generate a local map of a class of channel parameters. The motion of the robots will then be planned by an explorability based method to facilitate map construction under the influence from uncertainty in channel parameters. Our work integrates robotic mapping methods with underwater acoustic communication channel modeling and identification algorithms. We have also combined simulation tools from robotic map making and acoustic channel simulations, which may be valuable for future field experiments.


Introduction The first Er antigen, called Er a , was described by Daniels et al . in 1982 [1]. Six years later, Hamilton et al . [2] described an antithetical antigen, Er b , that was detected in the serum of an Er(a+b–) woman who had no common red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies and had given birth to a child with a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT). The RBCs of this child, as well as RBCs from one of their siblings, their father and their paternal grandmother, reacted with an antibody in the mother's serum. Additionally, RBCs from nine of 10 unrelated Er(a–) individuals and five of six Er(a+) children born to Er(a–) mothers, reacted with the woman's serum. The failure of this woman's serum to react with one sample of Er(a–) RBCs and one sample of Er(a+) RBCs from an individual with an Er(a–b+) mother suggested the existence of a silent allele, Er [2]. The estimated incidence of Er(a–) and Er(b+) in white people has been reported to be one in 100 000 and one in 151, respectively [3]. In the present report, we describe a second example of the Er(a–b–) phenotype. The antibody present in the serum shows characteristics of an Er-related antibody. We suggest that this antibody may be directed against a new antigen of the Er collection, as this patient's antibody defines an antigen that is sensitive to acid treatment, reacts with the only other known example of Er(a–b–) RBCs, but the patient's RBCs do not react with the antibody from this Er(a–b–) individual. Case report


Cause-related marketing (CRM) has become a controversial promotional tactic which impacts charitable organizations, business establishments, and individual consumers as potential donors. Proponents see CRM as creating a win-win situation for sponsoring firms and participating charities; critics caution against real and potential abuses.


In this paper,the service network for urban public transport is constructed;besides,the concepts of total capacity,total effective capacity,potential capacity and noneffective capacity of the service network for urban public transport are also proposed.In addition,the key factors to the service network capacity for urban public transport are analyzed.The model for the total effective capacity of the service network for urban public transport is formulated according to the key factors to the service network capacity for urban public transport.The computational approach based on the genetic algorithm is provided and the efficiency of the solution is improved by the genetic algorithm to large sizes of mixed integer programming.The feasibility and effectiveness of the model and the algorithm were testified by the experimental example,and it showed that the practicability of the algorithm to mixed integer programming has set a foundation for further research of the service network capacity for urban public transport.


This study aims to explore the relationship between dispositional optimism from left-at-home rural children( those rural children left at home by their parents seeking employment in cities),their coping styles and life satisfaction,by using relevant scales and questionnaires to survey 381 left-at-home children and 105 children who are not left-at-home children. The results show the following: The two groups of children show no significant difference in the scores in dispositional optimism; the left-at-home rural children's tendency of optimism has a direct effect on their life satisfaction,and their positive coping styles play a partially intermediary role in the effect of their optimism on their life satisfaction; the tendency of their pessimism has no significant effect on their life satisfaction,but their negative coping styles play a completely intermediary role in the effect of their pessimism on their life satisfaction. The study concludes that the interventions in those left-at-home rural children with a tendency of pessimism focus on the change of their negative coping styles.


A hybrid supercharger (10) is equipped with: a first power conversion unit (12) having a function for converting direct-current power to alternating-current power and outputting the alternating-current power to a generator motor (30); a smoothing capacitor (18) provided between direct-current buses; and a control unit (40) that controls the first power conversion unit (12) such that the actual rotational frequency conforms to a rotational frequency command that has been input to the generator motor (30) from an upper-level control device during powered operation of the generator motor (30). During the powered operation of the generator motor (30), when the rotational frequency command for the generator motor (30) is less than the actual rotational frequency and the direct-current bus voltage is equal to or greater than a prescribed first threshold value, the control unit (40) changes the rotational frequency command to a value that is equal to or greater than the actual rotational frequency. Thus, it is possible to suppress an increase in the direct-current bus voltage during powered operation of the generator motor.


We present here the first comprehensive assessment of the carbon (C) footprint associated with the creation of a boreal hydroelectric reservoir (Eastmain‐1 in northern Québec, Canada). This is the result of a large‐scale, interdisciplinary study that spanned over a 7‐years period (2003–2009), where we quantified the major C gas (CO2 and CH4) sources and sinks of the terrestrial and aquatic components of the pre‐flood landscape, and also for the reservoir following the impoundment in 2006. The pre‐flood landscape was roughly neutral in terms of C, and the balance between pre‐ and post‐flood C sources/sinks indicates that the reservoir was initially (first year post‐flood in 2006) a large net source of CO2 (2270 mg C m−2 d−1) but a much smaller source of CH4 (0.2 mg C m−2 d−1). While net CO2 emissions declined steeply in subsequent years (down to 835 mg C m−2 d−1 in 2009), net CH4 emissions remained constant or increased slightly relative to pre‐flood emissions. Our results also suggest that the reservoir will continue to emit carbon gas over the long‐term at rates exceeding the carbon footprint of the pre‐flood landscape, although the sources of C supporting these emissions have yet to be determined. Extrapolation of these empirical trends over the projected life span (100 years) of the reservoir yields integrated long‐term net C emissions per energy generation well below the range of the natural‐gas combined‐cycle, which is considered the current industry standard.


The statistical distribution of fluctuations on various scales is analyzed in terms of the counts in cells of smoothed density fields, using volume-limited samples of galaxy redshift catalogs. It is shown that the distribution on large scales, with volume average of the two-point correlation function of the smoothed field less than about 0.05, is consistent with Gaussian. Statistics are shown to agree remarkably well with the negative binomial distribution, which has hierarchial correlations and a Gaussian behavior at large scales. If these observed properties correspond to the matter distribution, they suggest that our universe started with Gaussian fluctuations and evolved keeping hierarchial form.


It has recently been suggested that near-field terahertz ionic contrast microscopy can be employed to image subtle changes in ionic concentrations arising from neuronal activity. To do so, however, requires that solvated ions exhibit significant absorbance at terahertz frequencies. The authors have investigated this issue and find that, at room temperature, the molar extinctions of both sodium chloride and guanidine hydrochloride are approximately two orders of magnitude below some previous measurements and are, therefore, too low to support the proposed imaging application.


Bottom and top emission white and monochrome PIN OLED structures with efficient outcoupling method based on vacuum-processable materials are reported. In combination with external microlens array film, a power efficiency of 60 lm/W at 1000 cd/m2 with colour coordinates of 0.47/0.43 and CRI of 87 has been demonstrated.


Intersubband absorption in GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells (MQW) is measured using a novel integrated detector‐waveguide structure. The responsivity spectra of MQW infrared photodetectors is demonstrated to follow exactly the intersubband absorption spectra at various temperatures and bias. The blue shift of the bound‐to‐continuum state intersubband absorption peak with lowering of temperature is observed to track the change of the conduction‐band offset. The absorption peak showed only a slight Stark shift since the field in the wells is small in these narrow‐well/thick‐barrier structures and partly screened by the high doping.


Head dental nurse Johanna Horvath talks to Eloise Meldrum about the positive effects of being a yoga instructor on her mental health and general wellbeing


The massive corporate failure in the United States of America (U.S.) in the 1990s and early 2000s as epitomized by the fall of Enron, Worldcom among others resulted in myriad lawsuits and erosion of shareholders wealth. The governance of public companies was brought to question. The politicians were under pressure to provide leadership to the mess that is corporate failure. The house and U.S. senate passed into law new legislation that set the pace for new corporate governance in the U.S. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (Pub.L. 107-204, 116 Stat. 745, enacted July 30, 2002), also known as the 'Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act' (in the Senate) and 'Corporate and Auditing Accountability and Responsibility Act' (in the House), or by 'SOX' generally, established new requirements for public company corporate boards, officers, and auditors. This Act included criminal penalties and directed the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to oversee its implementation. John Nugent (n.d) observes: 'Subsequent to the enactment of SOX, we have witnessed the financial implosion of the 2007 to 2010 period where firms such as Lehman Brothers, Bear Sterns, AIG and others have been involved in one way or another in the collapse of the mortgage markets through acts deemed improper and/or imprudent. So the mere passage of a statute does not appear to serve as a remedy for bad human behavior.' This observation brings to fore an important question: Did the enactment of the Sarbanes Oxley Act in the Unites States in 2002 improve corporate finance or good governance behavior? In an attempt to answer this question, the paper reviews literature and empirical evidence on this subject matter. A section of the literature faults the enactment of SOX for not improving good governance behavior. We have witnessed in the post SOX era, the collapse of financial institutions such as Lehman Brothers and others through acts that are considered improper. Romano (2004) criticizes the process of enacting SOX. She believes it was done in haste without backing of empirical research. She also questions the requirement by SOX calling for a completely independent audit committee; she reckons that this should optional since it is sub-optimal. Cohen et al. believe that because of the liability requirements associated with Section 304 of SOX, executives now bear risk formerly born by investors. This may impact negatively on the value of the company since the executives will act risk averse and as such unable to invest. On the other hand, there was some evidence supporting SOX in its quest to improve governance behavior. Agrawal and Chadha (2005) findings support one of the principal requirements of SOX, which is the inclusion of an independent financial expert on public company audit committees. Increasingly, companies are taking congnisance of the governance rating and are striving to achieve high scores. Uzen et al. (2004) find that enhanced corporate governance, increased board independence, and independent financial expertise on the board increases the effectiveness of board monitoring as reflected by fewer shocks; accounting restatements and instances of fraud. The evidence from literature is inconclusive and therefore further research should be done in order to gain sufficient evidence to answer the question whether SOX has led to improved corporate governance.


In light of the well-documented structural and professional obstacles to developing articulated curricula in collegiate foreign language (FL) departments, in this chapter the author presents a procedural approach for overcoming these obstacles and implementing an integrated four-year undergraduate curriculum. Specifically, the approach consists of the following steps: the formulation of shared departmental goals, the establishment of a close linkage between language and content at all levels of instruction, a clear principle for organizing and sequencing the content, a consistent pedagogy for engaging the content, and a systematic approach for assessing the degree to which the curriculum meets its stated goals at all levels of instruction. To demonstrate the practical application of this approach, the author discusses the implementation of an articulated program for developing collegiate FL learners' writing abilities within a recently revised and integrated undergraduate curriculum. Following a genre-based literacy orientation, the curriculum is able to establish a context for developing learners'writing abilities across all four years of instruction. In addition, the implications of an articulated curriculum for the language program director are discussed.


Since the end of the Cold War, we have been witnessing the restructuring and redefinition of spatiality and consequently of spatial borders, spatial imagination, collective identities and geographic coordinates. Nowhere is this truer than in Northern Europe, rightly defined by Joenniemi and Lehti as 'a veritable laboratory of spatial politics' (Joenniemi and Lehti, p. 128). These new spatial dynamics have inevitably sparked an important debate, including among Nordic academics. Two recent collective books represent fine examples: Encountering the North: Cultural Geography, International Relations and Northern Landscapes and Post-Cold War Identity Politics: Northern and Baltic Experiences. After contributing to a better understanding of post-Cold War security, Nordic academics once again set a challenging agenda to the study of post-Cold War International Relations, this time to the study of spatiality. At first sight, both works seem to share little. They focus on different, although contiguous, geographical areas. While Encountering the North generally deals with the area above the Northern polar circle, Post-Cold War Identity Politics is about 'the new Northern Europe' (i.e. the Baltic Sea area). Furthermore, both books are inspired by different approaches and slightly different subjects. Drawing upon recent IR theories, such as Social Constructivism, the Lehti and Smith book analyses the post-Cold War region-building and identity politics of Northern and Baltic Europe. Möller and Pehkonen's work, on the other hand, is based on theories of both Cultural Geography and IR, and analyses the spatial imaginations of the North from the geographic, political and especially cultural points of view. Despite these differences, both books deal with a common subject: the construction and expression of North European spatiality and their impact


The present work is investigated the in-situ monitoring of local corrosion process of scratched epoxy coated carbon steel in saturated Ca(OH)2 with and without 3% NaCl using SECM and correlated with EIS. The results obtained from EIS analysis showed that the corrosion resistance of scratched epoxy coated carbon steel decreases in Cl- containing solution as the increase in wet/ dry corrosion cycles. This was indicated by decrease in film resistance (Rf) and charge transfer resistance (Rct), while the coated steel maintain the resistance values in saturated Ca(OH)2, most of which recovered after drying. The corrosion process was monitored using SECM by setting the tip potential at -0.70 V vs Ag/AgCl, where the consumption of dissolved oxygen occurred at the surface of test sample. The consumption of dissolved oxygen current (I'oxy-c) values was increased during the immersion in a solution with 3% NaCl. However, in wet/dry corrosion cycles, I'oxy-c was decreased due to the coverage of hydroxides/oxides at scratch area which suppressed the consumption of dissolved O2. It was found that the continuous decrease in corrosion was mainly attributed to continuous formation of corrosion products at anodic spots.


Geometric fitting is one of the most fundamental problems of computer vision. In [8], the author derived a theoretical accuracy bound (KCR lower bound) for geometric fitting in general and proved that maximum likelihood (ML) estimation is statistically optimal. Recently, Chernov and Lesort [3] proved a similar result, using a weaker assumption. In this paper, we compare their formulation with the author's and describe the background of the problem. We also review recent topics including semiparametric models and discuss remaining issues.


A telephone communications system Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN) platform provides a voice activated call dialing functionality through speaker independent phoneme speech recognition having a minimum volume of storage without requiring user template training. Speaker independent phoneme recognition identifies phoneme strings of caller spoken utterances which are then compared to phoneme string representations that previously have been stored in respective caller processing records (CPRs) for those subscribers listed in the ISCP database, or stored in an equivalent peripheral database with which the ISCP can communicate. Each stored phoneme string representation is associated in the CPR with a destination telephone number that may then be extracted to route a call.


In vitro synthesis ofRNA Yeast RNA polymerase II and plasmid DNAs were obtained as previously reported (Lescure et al., 1981a). As estimated by gel electrophoresis the yeast RNA polymerase II used in this work was at least 95%o pure. Plasmid DNAs with various superhelical density have been obtained and characterized as reported by Singleton and Wells (1982). Standard reaction mixture (25 1I) for RNA synthesis contained: 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 2.5 mM (NH)2SO4, 1.5 mM MnCl2, 10 -2 mM NTP ([32P]UTP, 0.1 Ci/pmol), I Ag of DNA and 0.5 jg of yeast RNA polymerase II. Incubations were carried out for 15 min at 23°C. The reaction was stopped by adding I Al of 0.5 M EDTA. For the electrophoretic analysis, the samples were ethanol precipitated, resuspended in 5 Al of a buffer containing 8007o formamide, I mM EDTA then loaded on a 6%o polyacrylamide gel containing 7 M urea, 50 mM Tris/borate pH 8.2, 1 mM EDTA.


We use five years of Geotail and AMPTE/IRM measurements in the near-Earth magnetotail to compute angles between vectors of fast earthward plasma flow and the local magnetic field. In the low-β parts of the magnetotail, fast flows were found to be nearly field-aligned with an average angle of ∼20°. In the high-β plasma sheet the average angle was larger than 45°. The existence of a substantial convective component in the plasma sheet confirms the importance of the bursty bulk flow phenomenon for the magnetotail convection process.


Abstract In the present study, A384 alloy composites filled with titanium dioxide (TiO2) were fabricated by the stir casting technique by varying the filler percentages from 0 to 8 wt.-% at an interval of 2 wt.-%, respectively. This study focused on the physical, mechanical, and fracture behavior of unfilled and particulate-filled alloy composites. Void content (%) and hardness were found to increase from 2.22% to 3.02% and from 35.5 to 62.5 Hv, respectively, with the increased filler contents (0 to 8 wt.-%) for the micro-TiO2-filled A384 metal alloy composite. However, mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, and flexural strength showed a decreasing trend for experimental and finite element simulated results. An X-ray diffraction technique was used to study the constituent material present in the composites. The stress intensity factors of the fabricated composites were studied both experimentally and by the finite element method technique. The highest value of stress intensity factor was observed to be 40 MPa.vm for 4 wt.-% micro-TiO2-filled alloy composite at 9-mm crack length. A three-dimensional simulation of the fabricated composite using the unit cell model was developed in ANSYS using appropriate boundary conditions for tensile and flexural strength.


Today's scientific and business applications generate massive data sets that need to be transferred to remote sites for sharing, processing, and long term storage. Because of increasing data volumes and enhancement in current network technology that provide on-demand high-speed data access between collaborating institutions, data handling and scheduling problems have reached a new scale. In this paper, we present a new data scheduling model with advance resource provisioning, in which data movement operations are defined with earliest start and latest completion times. We analyze time-dependent resource assignment problem, and propose a new methodology to improve the current systems by allowing researchers and higher-level meta-schedulers to use data-placement as-a-service, so they can plan ahead and submit transfer requests in advance. In general, scheduling with time and resource conflicts is NP-hard. We introduce an efficient algorithm to organize multiple requests on the fly, while satisfying users' time and resource constraints. We successfully tested our algorithm in a simple benchmark simulator that we have developed, and demonstrated its performance with initial test results.


The physiological role of peroxidase in the plant is not clear, but the increased peroxidase activity of dwarf plants (Kamerbeek, 1956) and slowly growing tissues (Galston and Dalberg, 1954; Konishi, 1956) suggests that peroxidase may be a growth-inhibiting factor in the plant. Peroxidase in vitro mediates the oxidation of the growth hormone indoleacetic acid (IAA) as discussed by Galston et al., 1953 and by Ray, 1960; the formation of lignin or ligninlike substances from coniferyl alcohol or eugenol (Higuchi, 1957; Siegel, 1956) ; and the oxidation of oxalate, oxalacetate (Kentenand Mann, 1953), TPNH, DPNH (Azakawa and Conn, 1958), dihydroxyfumarate (Chance, 1952), and many other compounds (Burris, 1960). The oxidation in vivo of cytochrome C by peroxidase in yeast has also been shown (Chance, 1954). Thus peroxidase could limit growth by limiting the amount of IAA present, by the formation of a rigid lignin matrix in cell walls, or by affecting respiration in the plant. Since the occurrence of multiple peroxidases in plants has been shown by zone electrophoresis (Galston and McCune, 1961 ; Garay and Farag6, 1959; Jermyn and Thomas, 1954; Markert and Mgller, 1959), by ion exchange chromatography (Paul, 1958) ; and by various fractionation procedures (Hosoya, 1960~; Kondo and Morita, 1952), the physiological role of peroxidase and the significance of multiple forms of enzymes have become closely related problems. To obtain greater understanding of these problems the substrate specificities of the individual peroxidases of the corn leaf sheath and the changes in the peroxidase complement of this tissue occurring with growth, dwarfism, and the application of gibberellic acid were studied.


As the major vocational school English curriculum English listening and speaking to students of academic and future employment has played a very important role.To help students learn to solve this problem as soon as possible,I have conducted in-depth research,from material selection,teaching techniques and teaching point of view such an atmosphere,and explore their teaching methods suitable to form this article hopes to give himself and Professor with some help subject teachers to enhance student's English listening and speaking ability,to achieve the desired benefits.


In Henry V, Shakespeare seems particularly fascinated with the various connotations of the word "brother" and with the varying sense of closeness and distance implied in fraternal relationships. This essay argues that he used this word and other fraternal terms in a related lexical web in order to express a conflicted position in relation to an emerging English nationalism that generated fears of racial, national, and spiritual others.


In this article, the authors propose an efficient numerical homogenization method, the so‐called cluster based nonuniform transformation field analysis (NTFA), for inelastic heterogeneous material. The method enables to predict the effective properties directly from the local constitutive relations for microstructural phases of heterogeneous material, thus no requiring preliminary assumptions and any derivations for the effective constitutive relation as in the conventional NTFA. Evolution of plastic strain field is expressed by combination of nonuniform plastic strain modes evaluated from the nonlinear finite element analysis for training directions previously given and snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition. Eventually, microscopic stress and strain field are represented by scalar reduced variables and plastic strain modes. A simple maximization of minimum distance is proposed in order to choose uniformly distributed training directions on a unit sphere in the load space. Also, scalar reduced variables are directly determined from the integration of local constitutive relation, where material points are compressed into a number of clusters by clustering scheme. Thus, evolution of reduced variables is evaluated by the integration of local constitutive relation only in clusters. Numerical examples that consider material models followed J2 plasticity and pressure‐dependent non‐associated flow rule show that the current approach may predict the effective properties of inelastic heterogeneous material accurately and efficiently. It should be noted that the current approach can be available for material followed not only associated flow rule but also non‐associated flow one.


A handbook on mountains bikes. Only minimally technical, it provides simple explanations for first-time users of all ages. It covers topics such as how to select the most suitable bike, components and clothing, and the tricks of off-road cycling, trail biking and uphill/downhill techniques.


The extraction from nitric acid of Am, Eu, Ce, Cm(III) tracers by 15-crown-5 (15C5), 18-crown-6 (18C6), dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DCH18C6) as well as mixtures of crown ethers and chlorinated cobalt dicarbollide (ChCoD) in nitrobenzene solutions has been investigated. It was revealed that 18C6 is selective for Ce, Am and Cm compared with Eu. The addition of 18C6 to a solution of ChCoD allows Am and Cm to be separated from lanthanides by using this extractant more efficiently. The separation factors of Ce, Am, Cm and Eu are increased as a function of the ionic strength of the aqueous phase for extraction by mixtures of 18C6 and ChCoD and of DCH18C6 and ChCoD.


Based on using the river flux and actual meteorological data of three inland rivers(Shule,Hei and Shiyang) in Hexi corridor from 1955 to 2005 and application of several numerical methods,the annual and quarter variations of runoff in recent 51 years in the drainage basins was systematically analyzed,and the runoff variation of the rivers' outlet from mountains was estimated.The results showed that the runoff distribution in the corridor varies dramatically in a year,and the flood season's peak current capacity of the three rivers appears in an identical period.The amount of runoff from west to east occupies 74.75%,75.04% and 80.94% of the year's total amount,respectively;for the annual variation,normal years are the most and their runoff occupies 38.56% of general sequence,while abundant and the lopsided year only differs 7.84%;the analysis with the methods of accumulative filter and Kendall order correlation indicates that the annual runoff variation tendency overall descends slowly,and the accumulatively mean curves of the three rivers' runoff tend to be a superposition in 2005;Morlet analysis of the flow rate can predict that it will be relatively dry in the future.


We analyze the flat behavior of the rotational curves in some galaxies in the framework of a dilatonic, current-carrying string. We determine the expression of the tangential velocity of test objects following a stable circular equatorial orbit in this space–time.


In this paper, we discussed several methods and tools for detecting code replication in different dimensions. This survey provided an in-depth study of the clone detection methods and tools. From clone perceptions, the classification of clones and a general variety of selected methods and tools are discussed. This review paper covers the total worldview of clone identification and presents open research procedures in the recognition of code clones.


Water is detrimental to electronic devices because it easily causes short circuits. The use of sealing to prevent water permeation is considered as the current conventional solution; however, the t...


In this paper, we present secondary research on recommended cybersecurity practices for social media users from the user's point of view. Through following a structured methodological approach of the systematic literature review presented, aspects related to cyber threats, cyber awareness, and cyber behavior in internet and social media use are considered in the study. The study presented finds that there are many cyber threats existing within the social media platform, such as loss of productivity, cyber bullying, cyber stalking, identity theft, social information overload, inconsistent personal branding, personal reputation damage, data breach, malicious software, service interruptions, hacks, and unauthorized access to social media accounts. Among other findings, the study also reveals that demographic factors, for example age, gender, and education level, may not necessarily be influential factors affecting the cyber awareness of the internet users.


. With the upsurge of magnetic levitation construction and research in China, in order to improve the running speed of mid-low-speed maglev train, the 13th Five-Year Science and Technology Major Proposal put forward a medium speed maglev solution with long stator synchronous traction. According to this new plan, the magnetic levitation subsystem, including the control system, needs re-co-ordination design, and the car network system must be changed accordingly. In this paper, based on the original scheme, a new magnetic levitation vehicle network system is designed to meet the needs of localization. In this paper, colored Petri nets are used to model and analyze the original scheme and the improved scheme. It proves theoretically that the improvement scheme is superior to the original scheme in failure rate and can meet the actual project requirements.


The invention relates to a method for producing a steel molding using a sintered iron-based powder, which contains at least one non-ferrous metal which is selected from a group consisting of Mn, Cr, Si, Mo, Co, V, B, Be, Ni and Al, and balance Fe forms with the inevitable manufacturing impurities, comprising the steps of providing the sintering powder, densification of the sintered powder to a green body in a mold sintering the green compact under a reducing atmosphere followed by cooling and hardening. The total content of non-ferrous metals the sintering powder is selected from a range with a lower limit of 1 wt .-% and an upper limit of 60 wt .-%, and the sintered powder is at least approximately completely sintered to a austenitic microstructure and curing takes place by mechanical stress the steel molding under at least partial conversion of the austenitic structure into a martensitic.


Modern society grows increasingly dependent on large information systems, such as the Internet and computational clouds, which consist of millions of components whose interactions lead to global dynamic patterns that cannot be predicted by analyzing the behavior of individual components. Such global patterns can include cascading failures, phase transitions and oscillations that drive systems from normal operating ranges to degenerate regimes that entail substantial cost. For example, one study [1] found that a 10-day Internet outage cost individual companies between $22M and $405M depending on the specific industry. When such outages affect major service providers [2], aggregate costs escalate quickly across affected companies to billions of dollars per hour. System operators possess tools and procedures to mitigate degenerate behavioral regimes, but lack the ability to predict their onset. A recent Nature article [3] reports that "...certain generic symptoms may occur in a wide class of systems (e.g., physical, biological, geological and financial) as they approach a critical point." The generic symptoms relate to a systemic slowing down, which implies systems become increasingly slow in responding to small perturbations. The Nature article and others [4-6] describe a number of mathematical, statistical and computational techniques (e.g., eigenanalysis, autocorrelation and variance analysis, analysis of skewness and flickering) that might be applied to time series measurements to identify an approaching critical point. The articles also discuss selected patterns (e.g., scale-invariant powerlaw structures) that may appear spatially as systems approach criticality. We propose to create algorithms combining mathematical, statistical and computational techniques that signal incipient changes in natural systems, and to evaluate those algorithms as a measurement basis to predict onset of phase transitions in large information systems. From previous research [7-9], we possess simulations of such information systems, which can be used to generate failure cascades, phase transitions and oscillations. We will evaluate the effectiveness of our algorithms at signaling phase changes in simulated spatiotemporal patterns. Subsequently, we will evaluate the most effective of our algorithms against data generated in real time with laboratory systems, such as the Emulab facility [10] installed within an ITL laboratory, and against data archived from real systems, such as the Internet [11-18] and other large distributed systems [19-20]. If we establish effective algorithms that can be deployed practically in real systems, then we will seek industrial collaborators to test the algorithms in operational systems or industrial test beds. Finally, if successful, we will advocate with designers and operators of large information systems to implement appropriate measurement methods to predict onset of degenerate regimes, which will reduce the frequency and scope of outages and save the U.S. economy billions of dollars per year. These savings may be amplified if applied to other critical infrastructures, such as the electric grid [21-22]. In addition, our research and findings will add to knowledge about detecting critical transitions in complex systems.


Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a decrease in activity of the hepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase involved in the cholesterol metabolism and excretion. Consequently, lipid (cholesterol/cholestanol) deposition is observed in different regions of the body, especially tendons, central nervous system and eye lens. The present report describes the cases of two sisters affected by this disease, highlighting the main imaging findings.


In order to reduce the computational complexity of macroblock(MB) mode decision for B frame in AVS(Audio Video Coding Standard),a fast strategy for B frame MB mode decision based on RDO(Rate-Distortion Optimization) technique is proposed.According to the characteristics of eyes which are sensitive to edge,a visual threshold mode is proposed. Edge information of an MB is extracted by sobel operator,which is then applied to visual threshold mode to get the edge modes of an MB.Edge mode is chosen based on the analysis of the grain complexity of one MB from both the horizontal and vertical directions,in order to get fast strategy of MB partition mode decision.And the intra mode decision algorithm is proposed based on the temporal and spatial correlation.Experimental results show that the new algorithm reduces computational time by 40%,with slight increment of bit-rate and little loss of peak signal-to-noise ratio.


The invention provides a Kyropoulos method for quickly growing a large-size sapphire single crystal. Processes of charging, vacuumizing, heating for melting, auxiliary temperature field adjustment, crystal leading, shoulder extending, shoulder contracting, equal-diameter growth, pull-off, cooling annealing and discharging are finished in a growth furnace of the large-size sapphire single crystal. The Kyropoulos method for quickly growing the large-size sapphire single crystal is greatly improved on the basis of the conventional Kyropoulos method, and has the advantages of shorter growth period, larger size and higher quality of the grown crystal, higher yield of the crystal, lower unit production cost and the like.


IN A RECENT ISSUE of this Journal,' Professor Luckett put forward an interesting hypothesis to explain why commercial banks would choose to increase loan volume by disposing of long-term securities (5 years and over). Luckett suggested that banks prefer to take the larger capital loss on long-terms, as opposed to disposing of shortterm securities (1 year and under), out of considerations of liquidity and capital adequacy. The purpose of this comment is to show that (a) the capital adequacy argument neglects the accumulation of capital by banks; (b) the rationalization of banks' lack of concern for capital losses contains two flaws; (c) the reduction of commercial banks' holdings of long-term securities can be explained by other factors; and (d) the implications of the hypothesis for the effectiveness of monetary policy are not so optimistic as Luckett would infer. a) To illustrate the alternative implications for banks' capital adequacy of sales of shortand long-term securities, Luckett employs a formula based on the "Form for Analyzing Bank Capital."2 However, implicit in the illustration is the assumption that the bank in question has only a bare sufficiency o-f capital for its asset portfolio before the loan, and the treatment seems to ignore the fact that the capital funds of banks are increasing over time. Insured commercial banks have increased their capital substantially since December, 1952. Between December, 1952, and each of five other dates arbitrarily selected as 'turning points from the chart showing the ratio of seasonally adjusted loans to demand deposits for all commercial banks,8 banks' capital accounts have increased by more than the 161 per cent of increased loan volume required by an expansion of


We point out that the putative Skyrme soliton in a simple chiral model of pions (without the Skyrme term) can be stabilized against collapse by quantum fluctuations. This leads to a reasonable ''zeroth order'' description of the nucleon in terms of the single (pion decay) constant F/sub ..pi../.


C8H12N2O8Z1), monoclinic, P\2\ln\ (no. 14), a = 7.188(1) A, b = 11.331(2) A, c = 7.237(2) A, 0 = 91.38(2)°, V= 589.3 A, Z= 2, Rgt(F) = 0.034, wRrerfF) = 0.091, 7 = 293 K. Source of material Single crystals suitable for X-ray analysis have been obtained by mixing 5 ml of 0.2 M zinc(II) sulfate solution with 5 ml sodium metasilicate solution (1.06 g/ml, pH = 4.7). After two days the gelling process is finished and a second 10 ml gel layer, containing 0.1 M pyrazine, was placed on it. Two days later, when the second gelling process was completed a concluding solution, including 0.1 M sodium squarate, was placed over the gel. Within one week well developed colourless crystals were formed on the gel-solution interface. Experimental details During structure refinement, H atoms belonging to the coordinated water molecules 03 and 04, were located directly from the difference Fourier synthesis. The remaining H atoms (pyrazine) were geometrically positioned as idealized aromatic C-H groups using a riding model. Discussion In tetraaqua-pyrazine-zinc(II) squarate the coordination polyhedron of zinc can be described as a distorted octahedron. Each zinc atom is trans-connected to two molecules of pyrazine (</(Zn 1 —N1)=2.204 A) and four molecules of water (<f(Zn 1 —03)= 2.096 A, ¿(Znl—04) = 2.092 A). The crystal structure is based on polymeric [«2-(pyrazine)-zinc(II)]-strands running parallel to the a axis. Like in case of the isotypic copper [1] and nickel [2] compounds the squarate anions are placed between the chains in contrast to the recently published diaqua-bis(pyridine)-squarato(l,3)-zinc(II) [3], where the squarate anions are the bridging parts between the metal atoms. The separate polymeric strands are fixed together by hydrogen bonds, placed between the squarate oxygen and the aqua hydrogen atoms. There are four different hydrogen bonds in this structure: 01-H3b-03, 01-H4b-04, 02—H3a-03 and 02-H4a-04. One squarate molecule is involved in eight of these hydrogen bonds, two of each kind, to four neighbouring chains. Table 1. Data collection and handling.


Measurements. The thermal conductivity was measured as a function of temperature and film thickness using the structure shown in Fig. 26. Joule heating in the doped silicon bridge establishes a temperature distribution that decays with coordinate x and is probed using metal bridges as electrical-resistance thermometers. The device layer thermal conductivity is extracted by analyzing heat conduction in the layer and underlying oxide. Figures 3 and 4 show data for the dependence of the thermal conductivity on the layer thickness at room temperature and below for layers fabricated using the BESOI technique7. For layers of thickness 500 nm, the thermal conductivity is reduced from the bulk value by about 35 percent near 300 K. Phonon-boundary scattering is more important at low temperatures, where the conductivity is reduced by more than an order of magnitude. Modeling. The predictions in Figs. 3 and 4 use the phonon thermal conductivity model of Holland8 with a relaxation time reduced to account for phonon-boundary scattering according to a solution to the Boltzmann equations. The predictions are consistent with the data and indicate that for ultra-thinfilm SO1 (I 100 nm) the device-layer conductivity is reduced by more than 50 percent compared to the bulk value. This severe reduction may explain the underprediction of the measured steady-state temperature rise in SO1 nMOSFETs with device-layer thicknesses from 54 to 177 nm3.4. A more approximate analysis5 considers boundary scattering and phonon dispersion from 300 to 1000 K and yields a closed-form result that is very useful for high-temperature simulations: exp (1951T) F = 1.13~ 1013


To evaluate the antimutagenic activity of the specialty rices, a giant embryonic rice and a pigmented rice, we measured the inhibitory effect on the chemically induced mutagenesis in E. coli and V79 cultured cell system, as well as on DNA strand scission induced by oxidative damages in vitro. When the inhibitory activity to mitomycin C-induced mutagenesis using SOS chromotest in E. coli cell was measured, the activities decreased in the following order: germinated pigmented rice (40.4%) > germinated giant embryonic rice (37.1%) > pigmented rice (35.5%) > germinated brown rice (15.7%) > giant embryonic rice (14.0%) > brown rice (0.8%). The activities for inhibiting mitomycin C-induced DNA strand scission decreased in the order of pigmented rice > giant embryonic rice > germinated pigmented rice > germinated brown rice > brown rice > germinated giant embryonic rice. We also determined antimutagenic activities of the specialty rices using the suppressing effect on 6-TG resistant colony formation by 4-NQO in V79 cells as a mutagenicity index. The order of antimutagenicity was germinated giant embryonic rice (53.2%) > pigmented rice (40.0%) > brown rice (21.2%) > germinated brown rice (14.4%) > giant embryonic rice (0.23%); in contrast, germinated pigmented rice showed promoting effect on 4-NQO-induced mutagenesis.


In previous study HSQ air-tip high density array with sub-20 nm radius of curvature were obtained by stripping ZEP520A after thermal reflow of ultra-thin HSQ (hydrogen silsesquioxane) gap-filled ZEP520A contact holes (C/H). And, the mechanical strength of HSQ spacer to resist shrinkage and thermal reflow of ZEP520A was found to play a dual role on the deformation of HSQ-coated C/H and thus the formation of HSQ air-tip. In this paper, effects of HSQ spacer width and thermal reflow of ZEP520A for HSQ air-tip formation are further studied for optimal process window. The effects of pattern and process parameters on the HSQ spacer width and shrink rate of thermal reflow are also evaluated. In short, thicker HSQ spacer is obtained for smaller C/H array size, looser pattern density, larger C/H CD, lower HSQ dilution ratio and thinner resist thickness. Dependence of HSQ spacer width on HSQ dilution ratio is stronger for thicker ZEP520A which implies that HSQ is deficient to fill the sidewall for deeper C/H. Lower shrink rate of diluted HSQ-coated ZEP520A under reflow is obtained for smaller C/H array size, looser pattern density, larger C/H CD, lower HSQ dilution ratio and thinner resist thickness. All of these relationships reflect the dependence of thermal reflow on the resistant effect of HSQ spacer width. Optimal process and pattern conditions for determining critical HSQ spacer width to form HSQ air-tip without bending or HSQ air-rod without shrunk of hole are described in detail.


Abstract This study applied Edmodo as a supplementary environment for additional language practice in a semi-technical English course in an EFL context, with a quasi-experimental between-subjects (control versus experimental group) design. In addition to conventional classroom instruction and practice, the experimental group practiced additional language exercises using Edmodo application while the control group participants worked on similar exercises during extended classroom meetings. The results of paired and independent sample t-tests conducted on both groups' using 48-item, multiple-choice (vocabulary, grammar, and reading comprehension) pre and posttests revealed that while both groups demonstrated a statistically significant performance in the achievement posttest which was administered at the end of the course, the performance of the experimental group was significantly better than the control. The findings suggest that Edmodo is a valuable and cost-effective tool for language learning/practice beyond the physical and temporal confinements of conventional language classrooms.


Daniel Mills is professor of veterinary behavioural medicine at the University of Lincoln, where he leads the Masters course in clinical animal behaviour and an international research group examining companion animal behaviour and welfare.


The technology advancement poses the challenge to the cybercriminals for doing various online criminal acts, such as identity theft, extortion of money or simply, viruses and worms spreading. The common aim of the online criminals is to attract visitors to the Web site, which can be easily accessed by clicking on the URL. Blacklisting seems not to be the successful way of marking Web sites with the "bad" content, considering that many malicious Web sites are not blacklisted. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the ability of C4.5 decision tree classifier in detecting malicious Web sites, based on the features that characterize URLs. The classifier is evaluated through several performance evaluation criteria, namely accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and area under the ROC curve. C4.5 decision tree classifier achieved significant success in malicious Web sites detection, considering all four criteria (accuracy 96.5, sensitivity 96.4, specificity 96.5 and area under the curve 0.958).


This article reads the educational implications of 'intellectual property' that are found in the double meaning of property, as the word refers to an economic right and a quality of being. It briefly visits the seventeenth-century origins of this double concept of intellectual property (IP), with particular attention paid to John Locke (who provides the basis of IP as a personal possession as well as furthering the idea of a 'common-wealth of learning') and the emergence of 'open science'. The argument proceeds on two levels, educational and public, as it draws parallels between the way that students are taught to regard learning and the way in which a knowledge-based global economy treats learning. On the first level, that of the personal, the article puts forward a critique of the common educational tendency to treat learning as a private good, in terms of personal asset management, which ultimately undermines the common-wealth of learning and the idea of knowledge as a public good. On the second level, that of the public sphere, the article turns to the increasing privatization and capitalization of knowledge that is making inroads into the common-wealth of learning, particularly around publicly funded research and scholarship. The article considers the prospects, finally, of 'open' responses (e.g. open access, open source, etc.) to reassert the vital role of the common-wealth, through new technologies of knowledge sharing, and it considers the educational policy implications of preparing a new generation of students who, as they are prepared to participate in knowledge-based economies, should also understand the implications of sustaining the common-wealth of learning.


Address for Correspondence: Prof. Dr. Pradeep Kumar H Murudkar, Professor and Head, Dept. of Anatomy, Khaja Banda Nawaz Institute of Medical Sciences, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India. E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com *1 Professor and Head, 2 Tutor. Department of Anatomy, K B N Institute of Medical Sciences, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India. Knowledge of the vascular anatomy of the kidney is important not only for Anatomist but also to the surgeons to avoid surgical accidental injuries during partial nephrectomy, renal transplantation, interventional radiological procedures, laparoscopic renal surgeries and donor nephrectomies, urological and renal vascular operations more safely and efficiently. During the routine dissection in the department of Anatomy, Khaja Bandanawaz Institute of Medical Sciences, Gulbarga. We observed an unusual variation in the vascular supply to the kidney on the left side of a 49 years male cadaver. We observed accessory renal artery to supply apical segment and posterior segment is directly coming from abdominal aorta.


Pre-school children grow and develop rapidly with age and their changing capabilities are reflected in the ways in which they are injured. Using coded and textual descriptions of transport-related injuries in children under five years of age from the Queensland Injury Surveillance Unit (QISU) this paper profiles the modes of such injuries by single year of age. The QISU collects information on all injury presentations to emergency department in hospitals throughout Queensland using both coded information and textual description. Almost all transport-related injuries in children under one year are due to motor vehicle crashes but these become proportionately less common thereafter, while injuries while cycling become proportionately more common with age. Slow-speed vehicle runovers peak at age one year but occur at all ages in the range. Bicyclerelated fatalities are rare in this age group. If bicycle-related injuries are excluded, the profiles of fatal and non-fatal injuries are broadly similar. Comparison with a Queensland hospital series suggests that these results are broadly representative. KEYWORDS: Injuries, Hospitalisation, Pre-school children, Transportrelated injuries Language: en