The article considers the conceptual questions of formation and de velopment of regional studies as an objective process. On the one hand, the priorities of economic activity change across regions of the world that requires identification of patterns and factors of specialization. On the other hand, operate integration mechanisms of country (national) econ omies that are designed to ensure the integrity and guarantees conver gence of levels of development of individual territories. The author uses the concept of economic cycles for confirmation of transformation processes in the regional economies and also considers a number of modern ideas about the region, to synthesize the representa tion about it as about socio-environmental-economic system.


Background Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as a menstrual cramp that is painful without any obvious pelvic abnormality that caused it. Psychological problems such as anxiety, stress, depression increases as female experiences repeated monthly menstrual pain. Objective: To determine the efficacy of aerobic exercises as coping self efficacy strategy in primary dysmenorrhea. Materials and methods: A comparative controlled study was conducted on 60 female students aged 18 – 25 years with Primary dysmenorrhea .The participants were selected through convenience sampling technique and were randomly assigned to intervention group A (n=30) and control group B (n=30). Participants in intervention group participated in 45-minute per session, 4 times per week for 12 weeks aerobic exercise training program, while control group did not participate in the exercise Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X www.turkjphysiotherrehabil.org 29638 program. The pain intensity and menstrual severity was assessed with Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Verbal multidimensional scoring system (VMSS); coping self-efficacy was assessed with coping self-efficacy scale (CSES); and VO2 max for exercise intensity was assessed with 3-minute step test. These scales and questionnaires were used to assess both groups at initial assessment (0-week), after first menstrual cycle (4-week), after second cycle (8-week), and after third cycle (12-week). Data collected, analyzed, and level of significance was kept at 5%. Result: Pre and post-test results of both groups were analyzed by parametric tests; independent t test, and Non-parametric tests; Mann-Whitney U test to determine the study significance within between the groups. Comparison of group A and B was done at pre-test and post-tests. With independent t test, a significance difference was observed between Group A and B with changes in VO2 max from pretest to post-test 3 (t=13.1181, p=0.0001) as p<0.05. With Mann-Whitney U test, there was a significance difference in VAS improvement in GROUP A with respect to pre-test to post-test 3 (Z= 6.6530, p=0.0001) as p<0.05, and VMSS (Z=-5.8990, p=0.0001) as p<0.05. CSES scores showed significant higher improvement from pre-test to post-test 3 in GROUP A compared to GROUP B (t=23.3884, p=0.0001) as p<0.05. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise training programs are effective as it improve the coping self efficacy of females with primary dysmenorrhea in order to handle the disorder and life challenging situations.


Several methods have been applied to detect death cells in tissue, cell culture, and fluid samples. We aimed to compare the cytological and immunocytochemical methods for detecting apoptotic cells in cervicovaginal smears.


Immune rejection rapidly destroys cellular transplants, particularly xenografts. Encapsulation of xenografts with an artificial membrane has been proposed as a means of cell immunoprotection after transplantation. Currently, organic biocapsule materials are used in this context, and have presented significant problems that relate to capsule biodegradation and limited biocompatibility. In this review, we describe our alternative approach to immunoisolation using microfabricated biocapsules. Previous studies have shown the viability and functionality of various cell lines within our biocapsule microfabricated environment. This review describes general cell culture wafer and biocapsule fabrication protocols, as well as, in vitro studies on the viability and functionality of pancreatic islets of Langerhans in microfabricated culture wafers and biocapsules.


Generally, in China, indirect infringement of patent means that there is not direct relation between the behaviors and damage but the behaviors...


Many philosophical theories of causation are egalitarian, rejecting a distinction between causes and mere causal conditions. We sought to determine the extent to which people's causal judgments discriminate, selecting as causes counternormal events—those that violate norms of some kind—while rejecting non-violators. We found significant selectivity of this sort. Moreover, priming that encouraged more egalitarian judgments had little effect on subjects. We also found that omissions are as likely as actions to be judged as causes, and that counternormative selectivity appears to apply equally to actions and omissions.


Data mining techniques have been applied to educational research in various ways. Given a large sample of learning logs, it is common for sequential mining to return a large number of patterns, only a portion of which are educationally meaningful. In this paper, we proposed a constraint-based pattern filtering method to help researchers discover meaningful, interpretable, and relevant patterns by injecting research contexts and domain knowledge into the pattern filtering process. We discussed six different types of constraints researchers can use to further extract meaningful or relevant patterns for pedagogical decision-making and illustrated the viability and usefulness of such constraint-based pattern filtering mechanisms with nStudy logs.


The paper deals with the evaluation of a suitable model for power IGBTs targeted for use in power electronic modules. The main issue for the developed model is the possibility of creating a circuital based structure starting from the device physical equations. The model is implemented in a circuital simulation environment with the aim of evaluating the performance of high voltage, high current modules. In those a key factor is the possibility of having computation times fitting with the necessity of parasitic elements estimation. The implementation of the model is described together with the validation of it by comparison with experimental results.


Wehave implemented aparallel computer version ofa dynamic programming biological sequence comparison algorithm tostudy thepotential applicability ofusing parallel computers for genetic sequence comparisons. Ourparallel program isbuilt using C-Linda ®,amachine-independent parallel programming language, andcurrently runs onaSequent Symmetry ®parallel computer. C-Linda implements ashared associative memory model, "tuple space", through which multiple processes cancommunicate andcoordinate control. In ourmaster-worker (MW)parallel implementation, amaster process creates several worker processes, extracts atarget sequence andmultiple test sequences fromadatabase andstores themintuple space. Eachworker reads thetarget andthen repeatedly extracts test strings fromtuple space, performs pairwise sequence comparisons using alocal comparison algorithm togenerate asimilarity score, andreturns thesimilarity scores to tuple space. Themaster collects thescores fromtuple space and identifies thebest match over all test sequences. Theentire program isconstructed sothat alternative sequence comparison algorithms canbesubstituted quite easily. Comparisons ofthe total run-time, speedup, andefficiency weremadefortheMW parallel implementation andasequential version.


MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by pairing target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). As the abnormal expression of miRNAs has been implicated in various diseases, there has been many studies on regulating the expression level of miRNA, including "miRNA sponges." miRNA sponges, which are artificial miRNA decoys, contain complementary binding sites to a target miRNA and regulate the expression level of target miRNAs. As competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) have been found in a recent study, there have been many efforts to find natural miRNA sponges. However, there are no related studies about the computational approach using the pairwise interactions of numerous mRNA-miRNA pairs. In this study, a computational approach to find candidates of natural miRNA sponges is proposed. Whole miRNA binding sites with query miRNA and the secondary structures of reference mRNA are predicted, followed by calulating the adjusted minimum free energy (AMFE) as the total score. We can quantitatively compare the interactions between miRNAs and target mRNAs by using this proposed approach. Thirty viral miRNAs and about 300 of thousands of human mRNAs are used in this study. As a results, the top 20 natural miRNA sponge candidates are recorded. The results are expected to provide appropriate knowledge before in vivo experiments to validate the identification of miRNA sponges.


Over the past several years, the use of competition-based projects in engineering and engineering technology education has dramatically increased. These competitions take on many different forms. Many individual technical organizations sponsor a collegiate design competition. Additionally, many schools conduct their own internal competitions. These projects provide the benefit of the increased learning from student-focused experiences with the additional benefits of motivation and reward that stem from design competitions. Further, the recent popularity of reality-television provides the evidence of the entertainment value from a task-oriented competition. Like other institutions, the Engineering Technology programs at the University of Dayton have also introduced design competitions throughout the curriculum. Because the business environment is dynamic, we as educators are continuously seeking opportunities to improve our processes. Therefore, in an effort to increase student exposure to realistic business situations, we have extended these competitions and integrated a portion of them into our industry-sponsored senior project course. When using competitive teams, the client presents an open-ended project to multiple teams. The teams work in relative isolation to provide an optimal solution for the company. Student teams benefit from the design competition experience while the client gains multiple solutions to their problem. Advisors provide a healthy environment for the competition, stressing ethics and honorable business practices. This paper will discuss the rationale of this venture, methods, current models, administrative issues and the results of this effort.


This is development research towards the research competency assessment in research learning. The aim of this research was to determine the content validity and reliability of the research competency assessment tool. The instrument was made in the form of a non-test self-evaluation sheet. The V Aiken's coefficient was used to evaluate the content validity of the self-evaluation sheet. This research used the development method in line with the ADDIE approach. The research subjects were 48 preservice teachers of building engineering education in Surakarta. The Aiken's formula was used for the validity study. According to the research results, the research competence instrument was both valid and reliable. The research instrument was appropriate to be used as a guide in assessing the competence of prospective building engineering teachers.


The thesis shows that students gained skills required for entry to a career in IT, there was no direct involvement by the IT sector to link these skills to professional practice. This thesis suggests a holistic model for sector engagement, from secondary education through tertiary to graduate placement and employment.


High energy protons can be a powerful probe for standoff detection of Special Nuclear Materials (SNM). In particular, the use of protons of 500 MeV and up with modest beam currents, 10 to 100 μA, can be far more efficient in the production of fission neutrons than conventional bremsstrahlung based electron linacs. Such beams can provide both the range and, more importantly, the sensitivity to fissile materials required for remote detection at distances of hundreds of meters or more. The practical application of this technique has been limited by the requirements of producing such high energy protons using conventional proton accelerators—typically very large, fixed installations. The on‐going development at MIT of a new generation of very compact superconducting cyclotrons makes a compelling case for examining this approach for a practical standoff detection system where large numbers of neutrons can be produced using an accelerator with ∼1 GeV energy and modest beam currents in the 1 to 100 μA range. We ...


Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) is an important grain legume grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Narrow genetic base coupled with low levels of resistance against important biotic/abiotic stresses in cultivated pigeonpea is the major constraint affecting its production and productivity globally. Wild Cajanus species are the reservoir of many important genes including resistance/tolerance to diseases, insect-pests and drought, and good agronomic traits and can be utilized to improve the crop cultivars, enrich variability, and broaden the genetic base. Utilization of wild Cajanus species has contributed for the development of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems for pigeonpea improvement. Prebreeding populations involving promising wild Cajanus accessions belonging to secondary and tertiary gene pools as donors and popular pigeonpea cultivars as recipients were developed for enriching variability for pigeonpea improvement. Considerable variability was observed in these populations for morpho-agronomic traits and for biotic stresses. Two advanced backcross populations derived from wild Cajanus species are being genotyped to identify QTLs associated with agronomic traits for further deployment in pigeonpea improvement programs. Agronomically desirable and disease resistant introgression lines have been identified and shared with breeding programs for developing new high-yielding and climateresilient pigeonpea cultivars with a broad genetic base.


Wang Yang-ming's Ch'iu-shih-pien is a work which best shows the richness and uniqueness of his philosophical thought. For this reason, in the heritage passed on to Wang's students, Ch'uan-hsi-lu was a classic which received a lot of attention. Even the followers of Chu Hsi in the Ming period had to take it seriously.In the middle of the Ming, when Wang's influence was greatest, Feng K'e (1523-1601), of the Chu Hsi school, offered Ch'iu-shih-pien, written as a response to Ch'uan-hsi-lu. A historical retrospective or form analysis might indicate that Ch'iu-shih-pien seems to have been the first critical treatment of Ch'uan-hsi-lu. However, the aim of the present essay is to look at the work's content, in order to ask whether, when Feng K'e rebutted the major philosophical ideas of Yang-ming's Ch'uan-hsi-lu, he was able to maintain a fair dialogue, and was able to adduce stringent justification for his ideas. Therefore, besides explaining the basic ideas Feng K'e brought to the writing of Ch'iu-shih-pien, the present work pursues an examination of the following topics:(1) Who was right and wrong in the dispute between Chu Hsi and Lu Hsiang-shan;(2) Chu-tzu wan-nien ting-lun (The definitive views from Chu Hsi's later years);(3) The Heart/Mind (hsin) is Principle (li);(4) Conscience (liang-chih) as well as Knowledge and Action;(5) Examining Things (ke-wu), Extending Knowledge and Sincerity.First, we objectively analyze the various arguments and justifications Feng K'e adduced in the course of rebuttal of Ch'uan-hsi-lu. Then, using Yang-ming's philosophical thought as the major standard of judgement, we assess Feng K'e's arguments and justifications, pointing out:(1) The question of who was right and wrong in the dispute between Chu His and Lu Hsiang-shan is not the same question as the debate between Confucianism and Buddhism;(2) Chu-tzu wan-nien ting-lun (The definitive views from Chu Hsi's later years) does not involve the question of whether Chu Hsi came to regret his errors in his later years;(3) "The heart/mind (hsin) is one with principle (li)" is not the same as "The heart/mind is principle";(4) Conscience and "The unity of knowledge and action" are different domains, each with their own particular significances;(5) Examining things, extending knowledge and sincerity are in fact all the same set of affairs.Through detailed philosophical analysis and assessment, the author discovers that Feng K'e's interpretation of Yang-ming's thought contains more error than it does understanding; there seems to be no interaction between the two men's views. For this reason, the author concludes that: Feng K'e's Ch'iu-shih-pien should not be considered as the first book to treat Ch'uan-hsi-lu critically; rather it is the first "Anti- Ch'uan-hsi-lu" work, a work to negate Ch'uan-hsi-lu. The author also hopes that on the basis of this philosophical analysis, Ch'iu-shih-pien can be seen as an exhibit demonstrating the opposition and jostling of the Chu and Wang schools of philosophy; from here, we hope to further consider the theoretical difficulties encountered by Chu's thought in the Ming Dynasty, and the potential crisis of Wang's school.


In this paper, we present a formal quantification of epistemic uncertainty induced by numerical solutions of ordinary and partial differential equation models. Numerical solutions of differential equations contain inherent uncertainties due to the finite dimensional approximation of an unknown and implicitly defined function. When statistically analysing models based on differential equations describing physical, or other naturally occurring, phenomena, it is therefore important to explicitly account for the uncertainty introduced by the numerical method. This enables objective determination of its importance relative to other uncertainties, such as those caused by data contaminated with noise or model error induced by missing physical or inadequate descriptors. To this end we show that a wide variety of existing solvers can be randomised, inducing a probability measure over the solutions of such differential equations. These measures exhibit contraction to a Dirac measure around the true unknown solution, where the rates of convergence are consistent with the underlying deterministic numerical method. Ordinary differential equations and elliptic partial differential equations are used to illustrate the approach to quantifying uncertainty in both the statistical analysis of the forward and inverse problems.


Heterogeneous wireless mesh networks (WMN) provide an opportunity to secure higher network capacity, wider coverage and higher quality of service (QoS). However, heterogeneous systems are complex to configure because of the high diversity of associated devices and resources. This thesis introduces a novel cognitive network framework that allows the integration of WMNs with long-term evolution (LTE) networks so that none of the overlapped frequency bands are used. The framework consists of three novel systems: the QoS metrics management system, the heterogeneous network management system and the routing decision-making system. The novelty of the QoS metrics management system is that it introduces a new routing metric for multi-hop wireless networks by developing a new rate adaptation algorithm. This system directly addresses the interference between neighbouring nodes, which has not been addressed in previous research on rate adaptation for WMN. The results indicated that there was a significant improvement in the system throughput by as much as to 90%. The routing decision-making system introduces two novel methods to select the transmission technology in heterogeneous nodes: the cognitive heterogeneous routing (CHR) system and the semantic reasoning system. The CHR method is used to develop a novel reinforcement learning algorithm to optimise the selection of transmission technology on wireless heterogeneous nodes by learning from previous actions. The semantic reasoning method uses ontologies and fuzzy-based semantic reasoning to facilitate the dynamic addition of new network types to the heterogeneous network. The simulation results showed that the heterogeneous network outperformed the benchmark networks by up to 200% of the network throughput.


Boilers are closed vessel used for heating and steam generation, these are operated at high temperatures and pressures, safety is a major issue in boilers, these are subjected to corrosions and ware, boilers are porn to cracks and occurrences of a crack or existence of crack may lead to complete failure of malfunctioning of boiler  In present wok a boiler is modelled using existing blue prints in catia and is tested using ansys work bench. Different cases with varying location of crack are studied and compared for better understanding of effect caused by cracks, boiler mountings, internal and external tubing is neglected in this model for easy of work


This paper presents Lifting Scheme as a tool to compute the interpolated versions of an image for modeling Human Vision interpolation phenomenon at optimum computational load. Image can be zoomed in or zoomed out using various interpolation techniques. Here, Lifting Scheme is used as a tool to increase/decrease image size, even though image is not of size 2 x 2 where n is an integer. Zero padding technique is used for images those are not of size 2 x 2 dimensions. Any variable size reduction/magnification of an image can be computed using the proposed lifting scheme. For this, piecewise application of Lifting Scheme based DWT is presented along with the MSE & PSNR of reconstruction for gray and color images.


Abstract. This article argues that understanding how people classify physical geographic features is necessary for identifying fundamental, cross‐cultural geographic concepts that are required for successful communication of geographic knowledge. Academic geographers have not given sufficient attention to systems of local geographic knowledge, even though promising theoretical frameworks exist, particularly in the field of ethnoecology. However, the research approach that has characterized ethnoecology is insufficient to develop ethnogeography as a field of inquiry, because ethnoecologists have overemphasized limited aspects of local knowledge systems, such as soils, which has often led researchers to incompletely sample local knowledge systems. Using ethnographic methods, this article analyses the content and structure of physical geographic knowledge in the Maninka language as spoken in southwestern Mali, and compares Maninka knowledge to that of other cultural groups. The results suggest that broad physical geographic concepts may be shared pan‐environmentally, but that most physical geographic knowledge is contained in culturally specific classifications embedded within a broad cross‐cultural framework. Academic geographers should expect only broad correspondence between their categories of physical geographic variation and those of people who classify biophysical features according to local knowledge systems. Finally, this article also shows that ethnoecological research will be advanced if geographic theories of place are given more prominence in ethnoecological studies.


Background: Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm, and intervention with elective repair, can reduce the incidence of aneurysmal rupture by a half. If a screening programme is implemented, it is essential to determine appropriate follow up intervals for rescreening. This paper estimates probabilities of progression growth of aortic diameter to provide evidence for this. Methods: Data were taken from 2342 men aged 65–80 screened in the Chichester randomised control trial, who have been followed up for an average of 11 years. Aortic diameter was modelled as a Markov process with four categories: <30 mm (normal), 30–44 mm, 45–54 mm, and ≥55 mm. Estimates of the probabilities of progressing to each higher category were obtained. Results: The probabilities of progression increased with greater initial aortic diameter. The estimated rates/year were 0.018 (95% confidence interval 0.014 to 0.023), 0.16 (0.12 to 0.20), and 0.49 (0.35 to 0.70) respectively for moving up one category. The probabilities of moving from <30 mm to ≥55 mm were estimated as 1% in 5 years and 12% in 15 years, while the corresponding figures for moving from 45–54 mm to ≥55 mm were 91% and 99%. There were differences in rates of progression according to age, with men over 70 years having rates about three times those of men under 70. Conclusions: It seems unnecessary to follow up men with normal aortic diameter as they experience a low probability of reaching criteria for surgery even within 15 years. However, follow up intervals should be progressively shorter for those with greater aortic diameter, especially in those aged over 70. Active follow up, for example every 3 months, is appropriate for men with an aortic diameter of 45–54 mm.


This introductory tutorial provides an overview of business process simulation, describes the modeling and analysis considerations, and lists typical model input, simulation and output requirements. A classification of simulation software products is provided to aid the user in understanding the business process simulation tools. Finally, a simulation exercise is presented to illustrate the power and suitability of simulation for analyzing a business process.


This report assesses both the mandatory requirements and the actual practices of the accounting and auditing professions in Jamaica, using the International Accounting Standards (IAS) and the International Standards of Auditing (ISA) as benchmarks. The assessment was conducted using a diagnostic tool developed by the World Bank under a joint initiative of World Bank and International Monetary Fund on the Reports on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC). The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Jamaica (ICAJ) initially carried out a self-assessment with the assistance of an international consultant, to prepare the ground for obtaining financial assistance under the Multilateral Investment Fund program of the Inter-American Development Bank.


Integration for seasonal time series can take the form of seasonal periodic or nonperiodic integration. When seasonal time series are periodically integrated, we show that any cointegration is either full periodic cointegration or full nonperiodic cointegration, with no possibility of cointegration applying for only some seasons. In contrast, seasonally integrated series can be seasonally, periodically or nonperiodically cointegrated, with the possibility of cointegration applying for a subset of seasons. Cointegration tests are analyzed for periodically integrated series. A residual-based test is examined, and its asymptotic distribution is derived under the null hypothesis of no cointegration. A Monte Carlo analysis shows good performance in terms of size and power. The role of deterministic terms in the cointegrating test regression is also investigated. Further, we show that the asymptotic distribution of the error-correction test for periodic cointegration derived by Boswijk and Franses (1995, Review of Economics and Statistics 77, 436–454) does not apply for periodically integrated processes.The authors gratefully acknowledge the comments of participants at the conference on Unit Root and Cointegration Testing, University of the Algave, September–October 2005, and they particularly thank two anonymous referees and Helmut Lütkepohl (co-editor of this issue of Econometric Theory) for their constructive comments, which have substantially improved the generality of the results in the paper. Tomás del Barrio Castro acknowledges financial support from Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia SEJ2005-07781/ECON.


A telephone survey of all of the surviving families of people killed in farm accidents in New York between 1985 and 1987 (52 of 87 families interviewed, 60% response rate) found the average total annual present value of expected income foregone because of fatal farm accidents in New York is over $8.6 million (in 1987 dollars). Less than five years after the accidents, 67% of the families who operated the farms where the accidents occurred no longer operate them and 44% no longer live on the farms.


During the last generation, the federal government became a major source of financial asssistance to colleges and universities. At the same time, in pursuit of its goals in areas such as affirmative action, collective bargaining, and expenditures control, it became a regulator of campus action to the point where many educators feel it is threatening the autonomy and integrity of institutions of higher education. There is a fear on many campuses that the increased scope and nature of federal activity is causing a fundamental change in the governance of American higher education. We need a major effort to find ways of ameliorating societal problems impacting on the campus within a framework of overall respect for the autonomy of institutions of higher education if the integrity of America's colleges and universities is to be preserved.


Cariogenic processes and peri-implant and gingival infections can occur as a consequence of the biofilm formation. In order to prevent these processes, prophylactic products like sodium fluoride (F), clhorhexidine (C) and xylitol (X) are used. The aim of this work was to study the effect of commercially available mouth rinses containing F + X and C + X on oral biofilms formed on orthodontic appliances. A consortium of streptococci was used in the in vitro experiments and Agar Mitis Salivarious and its modified composition for liquid cultures. Stainless steel and elastic bands were immersed in the inoculated culture media for seven days and the growth of biofilms was followed in real time through optical microscopy made in situ. The sessile bacteria attached on the bands were also observed using epifluorescence microscopy after staining the sample with acridine orange. Subsequent to the preset periods the biofilmed bands were removed from the culture medium and were transferred to three different flasks with: i) a phosphate buffer, ii) a mouth rinse containing F (0.05 %) + X (10 %) iii) a mouth rinse containing X (10 %) + C (0.12 %). Results demonstrated that it is difficult to predict the efficacy of an AA against oral biofilms based on experiments performed with planktonic cells. The assayed AA were able to diffuse into the biofilm, change the microstructural characteristics of the biofilm which becomes more compact, slow down the growth of the sessile bacteria and promote the detachment of cells. However, re-growth of the biofilm could occur under better environmental conditions when the treatment finishes.


The present invention relates to a static spray mixer for performing mixing and spraying at least two components having fluidity, the spray mixer longitudinal axis to a distal end 21 having an outlet 22 for the component a tubular mixer housing 2 extending in the direction of a, the mixer is an arrangement in the housing 2, and at least one mixing element 3 is used for mixing the components together, of the mixer housing 2 comprising the atomization collet 4 having an inner surface surrounding the end region. Spray the collet 4 has an inlet channel 41 of the pressurized atomizing medium. A plurality of grooves 5 which extend respectively to the distal end 21 is provided. In the inner surface of the mixer housing 2 of the outer or atomizing collet 4, the grooves 5 form a flow channel 51 separated between the atomizing collet 4 and the mixer housing 2, through therein, atomizing medium There may flow from the inlet channel 41 of the atomizing collet 4 to the distal end 21 of the mixer housing 2. Inlet channel 41 is arranged constituted asymmetrically with respect to the longitudinal axis A.


Despite long and expensive inquiries, thousands of eye witnesses, and conclusive video, sound and picture evidence, more than five years after the attacks, sceptics continue to challenge every part of the official story of what happened on 11 September 2001. The 9/11 Commission have produced a report that explains the events in full and the National Institute of Standards and Technology have also produced evidence as to how and why the World Trade Center buildings collapsed the way they did.


A detailed description is given of the somatic chromosomes of two specimens of Pithecia pithecia pithecia. An indiogram, constructed on the basis of metrical chromosome data, is presented and compared with those of two other members of the Pitheciinae. The possible karyological relationship with the Pitheciinae, and the cytotaxonomic position of this group within the Platyrrhini are briefly discussed.


Active remote sensing by Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) offers the possibility to monitor the concentration of atmospheric trace gases such as carbon dioxide with unprecedented accuracy. Comprehensive modelling activities in the framework of ESA's A-SCOPE Mission assessment have shown that a Lidar instrument embarked on a polar orbiting satellite could dramatically enhance our capability in CO 2 flux estimation with uncertainties less than 0.02 Pg C yr-1 at the scale of 1000 km x 1000 km. Such a high accuracy in CO2 flux estimation using satellite observations in combination with inverse modelling cannot be provided by passive measurement techniques because of their strong limitations on accuracy as well as spatial and temporal coverage due to cloud cover, aerosol interference, and the lack of sunlight. A Lidar instrument will have its own light source emitting pulsed narrow-line radiation, not relying on the sunlight. The CO 2 values will be provided with no bias due to particle-scattering in the light path, which can have a strong regional variability. The use of range-gated receiver for detection of the Lidar echoes from clouds or the Earth surface enables to distinguish surface from cloud or aerosol backscatter. This permits high-precision retrievals of CO 2 in the presence of particle layers with small/moderate optical depth, such as thin cirrus or aerosol layers. The Lidar beam can also reach the surface when gaps between clouds occur, due to the small footprint and the possibility of near-nadir-view which is also advantageous for high-precision soundings over the ocean due to the strong signals resulting from specular reflection over water. A further advantage of the Lidar technique is the possibility to choose appropriate sounding wavelengths matching temperature-insensitive CO 2 absorption lines to guarantee a minimum error contribution from unknowns in the temperature and humidity profiles. Soundings in the line wing enable a proper weighting function for high-sensitive measurements near the surface. In this presentation we will give a brief overview on the measurement principle, the expected performance from simulation runs, and the result from an airborne campaign which was dedicated to investigate the measurement performance over complex terrain and water surfaces. The next step is development of an airborne A-SCOPE demonstrator.


The design, synthesis, and DNA binding studies of a series of bis(netropsin)s linked by homologous polyether tethers has been undertaken. DNA affinity cleaving experiments show that one compound, bis(netropsin)-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxahepta-decanediamine-EDTA:Fe(II) (1b:Fe(II)) is positively activated for specific DNA binding in the presence of Sr^(2+) or Ba^(2+) ions. The effects of linker structure, metal ion concentration, and DNA sequence on the metalloregulated binding are reported.


Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is a rare, debilitating disease affecting skin and nails, manifesting as palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) with painful blisters, nail dystrophy, and subungual hyperkeratosis. Up to 30% of cases occur due to sporadic mutations.[1] A 15‐year‐old boy, born of non‐consanguineous marriage, presented with painful nodulopustules of the scalp with alopecia and inflammatory acne for a year and painful blistering of soles and progressive nail dystrophy since birth. His siblings were unaffected. He was treated repeatedly with systemic doxycycline and isotretinoin, topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment, topical keratolytics, and topical tazarotene for varying intervals of time, with varying improvement, but not to complete satisfaction. Examination revealed erythematous papules, pustules, broken hairs, and soft, non‐tender nodules in the occipital area with surrounding non‐scarring alopecia [Figure 1a]. Comedones, pustules, erythematous nodules, cysts, and a few pitted scars on the face and neck [Figure 1b and c], discrete keratotic papules and pitted, atrophic scars on extensors of arms [Figure 1d] and dorsa of hands were present. A hyperkeratotic plaque was seen on the right sole. Hoof‐like nails with onycholysis and profuse keratotic debris were present [Figure 2a, b and c]. Lips, teeth, and oral mucosae were normal. Skin biopsy was refused by the parents. The patient was advised care Pachyonychia Congenita: Sporadic Onset with Mutation Analysis Letter to the Editor


Because of the particularity of geological risk, the risk-sharing problem of PPP projects in underground pipe gallery is crucial for the distribution of interests between the two parties. Through literature analysis, the risk of geological conditions is defined and classified. Based on the three principles of risk-sharing proposed by Xinping Liu and Shouqing Wang, which are highly recognized by academic community, this thesis discusses the sharing schemes of different types of geological conditions risks between public and private parties.


The modern information technology applied in university literature teaching, which has the incomparable advantage than traditional teaching method. The profound changes of the teaching method, teaching subject and teaching content are produced by the integrated process of information technology resources and the university literature teaching.


The factors affecting studied on mineralization rate include solution pH value, initial concentration of methyl orange, dose of TiO_2. The investigation is based on measuring ions of sulfate which is the end product of the degradation. It is showed that mineralization rate is lower than that of decolorization of methyl orange.


In its Release 6, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is defining a new service known as Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast (MBMS) that enables a number of new applications. Due to its nature, no feedback link from the receiver to the sender exists in MBMS. Hence no retransmission techniques can be employed to cope with the underlying erroneous wireless channel. Instead, 3GPP is adopting a channel coding technique based on a Forward Error Correction (FEC) scheme at the application layer. In this work, we are trying to find a good balance of source and channel coding to achieve the best video quality under MBMS conditions. We use a simulation environment that closely represents the channel behaviour of the 3GPP wireless link and compare cases with different FEC overheads at different error rates. Experiments show that careful selection of FEC overhead yields to significantly better video quality.


The major reason for the unsatisfactory teaching effects in ideological and political courses is the overlapping of the teaching contents. In order to solve this problem, we should do a good job in the positioning of the teaching function of these courses, condensing teaching content and improving the coordination of new theory and new spirit in class so as to promote combined teaching.


This thesis aims to explain when the land surveying system(結負制) enforced first time and what was it's social function in Silla Dynasty. The differentiation of social strata was made an active progress from the 4th century to 6th century, then the Silla State made a supreme effort to attain an increase in populat0on that was the basis of the collection of tax. The Silla State supplied with a piece of land to the poor peasants who wandered to manage to live, and demanded forcibly them to cultivate the soil. At this time the Silla State propelled a operation of land surveying and confirming of landowner in the state level in order to supply with a piece of land. The result of this operation was the basic data of a rule of Jeon-sa (佃舍法), which legislated all matters in regard of land about the year of A.D. 520. Before or after about this time, the Silla State fixed Bu (負) and Sok (束). which was utilized as a unit to measure the area of land on the basis of yield of crop, into definite the area of land, therefore indicated the area of land by a measure of length(Bo, 步). And the Silla State provided that 100Bu (負) is equal to lGyeol (結) on the basis of the indicating the area of land by a measure of length (Bo). The Silla State grasped in detail the landowners of each piece of land in order to effectively restrain overamass of land by the rich and the noble. and managed the area of land by the unit of Gyeol-Bu-Sok(結-負-束) in order to confirm the change on the realations of landownership.


This study investigates possible alternative modeling of Naira-Dollar exchange rate volatility in Nigeria. This paper compares the performance of the new model specification (QMACH) with the ARCHGARCH that are already in existence in volatility modeling literature. The paper makes use of the monthly data on Naira-Dollar exchange rates from 1991 to 2016 which was sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. In order to realize the aim of this study, anewly proposed Quadratic Moving Average Conditional Heteroscedasticity (QMACH) model was employed to investigate the volatility of Naira-Dollar exchange rate. The ADF unit root test reveals that the Naira-Dollar exchange rate return isstationary and this permits the usage of Quadratic Moving Average Conditional Heteroscedasticity (QMACH) methodology. The empirical analysis indicates that Naira-Dollar exchange rate volatility indeed follows the QMACH movement just like it follows both ARCH and GARCH movement. In comparison with ARCH and GARCH modeling, QMACH outperforms both as shownthrough the loglikelihood statistics and the information criteria.


There is a move towards a future in which consumers of technology are untethered from the devices and technology recedes to the subconscious. One way of achieving this vision is with context-aware technologies, which smartphones exemplify. Key figures in the creation of modern technologies suggest that consumers are fully informed of the implications of the use of these technologies. Typically, privacy policy documents are used both to inform, and gain consent from users of these technologies, on how their personal data will be used. This paper examines opinions of African-based users of smartphones. There is also an examination of the privacy policy statement of a popular app, using Critical Discourse Analysis. The analysis reveals concerns of consumers regarding absence of choice, a lack of knowledge and information privacy erosion are not unfounded.


The spectral response of photoconductivity of 50 mol.% CdO-50 mol. % P2O5 glass has been measured under different applied fields in the photon energy range l·5–6·2eV at temperatures ranging from 192 K to 310 K. A numerical technique has been employed to analyse the data. The band gap obtained has been found to be independent of the applied field and the field average of the band gap shows a slow decrease with the increase in temperature.


De Boer et. al. have found an asymptotic equivalence between the Hamilton-Jacobi equations for supergravity in (d+1)-dimensional asymptotic anti-de Sitter space, and the Callan-Symanzik equations for the dual d-dimensional perturbed conformal field theory. We discuss this correspondence in Lorentzian signature. We construct a gravitational dual of the generating function of correlation functions between initial and final states, in accordance with the construction of Marolf, and find a class of states for which the result has a classical supergravity limit. We show how the data specifying the full set of solutions to the second-order supergravity equations of motion are described in the field theory, despite the first-order nature of the renormalization group equations for the running couplings: one must specify both the couplings and the states, and the latter affects the solutions to the Callan-Symanzik equations.


Effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), citrate, ascorbate, succinate, and sorbitol on the absorption and postabsorptive distribution of Fe59Cl3 in the rat were studied, using an isolated lo...


The invention concerns a cereal plant extract based on polar lipids comprising a mixture of phytosphingolipids and phyto-glycoglycerolipids in a weight ratio ranging between 0.5 and 2. Said plant extract has remarkable anti-collagenase and anti-elastase properties. The invention also a cosmetic composition comprising said plant extract, in particular in the form of an autoemulsive cosmetic composition. The invention further concerns the preparation of vegetable oils obtained from the extraction and purification method for use in cosmetic and dietetic formulations.


Foreword.-It is a great honor for the Atomic Beam Laboratory of the University of California to have been invited to present a review of its progress as the first Ernest 0. Lawrence Memorial Lecture of the National Academy of Sciences. The larger part of this research was performed under the auspices of the Radiation Laboratory and at the specific invitation of Professor Lawrence. As most of you know, the sheer enjoyment that we in the Radiation Laboratory experience in our work derived from the spirit of infectious enthusiasm which was perhaps one of his greatest characteristics. It was irresistible-that and his keen and driving interest in basic physical research. Our group always felt this stimulus and was clearly aware of its source and was thankful for it. I am especially grateful for the privilege of having been asked to deliver this lecture. It enables me to acknowledge publicly the great personal debt I owe to Ernest Lawrence. As Director of the Radiation Laboratory, as a senior professor, and as a neighbor on Tamalpais Road, his warm interest in my career and friendly advice were always available and greatly treasured. Introduction.-The study of the structure of the nucleus has been greatly advanced by the measurement of the angular momentum of some of the stable nuclei. This magnitude is quantized and, when expressed in units of Planck's constant divided by 27r, the maximum value of its projection along an arbitrary axis, I, is an integer or half-integer and is called the nuclear spin. The quantum mechanics of space quantization allows precisely 2I + 1 states of orientation of this angular momentum, and the schematic situation is illustrated in the first slide (Fig. 1). This is called the degeneracy of the spin states. It is one of the constants of motion of the ensemble of particles that constitute the nucleus and as such is a fundamental nuclear quantity, and its value can be used as a test against any special nuclear model or theory. In fact, one of the great successes of the shell theory proposed by Maria Mayer, and Haxel, Jensen, and Suess, was just this ability to predict ground state spins of nuclei. The natural nuclei scatter along the so-called stable


Three years past since the ASONAM conference was held in Asia for the first time. ASONAM is organized in Beijing this year as part of the trend to rotate the location between North America, Europe and Asia. Many developments and great achievements have been witnessed during the past three years. The size of the conference has grown more than double its size in Taiwan three years ago. In addition to the workshops which have been organized with ASONAM since it started in 2009 in Athens, Greece, the conference has expanded to include tutorials, demos, industrial track and a panel. Also two symposiums very related to the scope of ASONAM are now constantly organized in conjunction with ASONAM and rapidly growing. The symposium on the Foundations of Open Source Intelligence and Security Informatics (FOSINT-SI) is serving mostly researchers and practitioners interested in terror and criminal data analysis. On the other hand, the symposium on Network Enabled Health Informatics, Biomedicine and Bioinformatics (HI-BI-BI) covers the network applications in the health domain from the wet-lab to the clinic. Further, ASONAM is returning to Asia as a financially sponsored venue jointly by the two leading computing organizations, namely IEEE Computer Society and ACM. More important is maintaining the high quality of the papers presented in three parallel sessions for three full days. The acceptance rate has been always kept below 20% and this year it is almost 18%. Indeed, the number of quality submissions is rapidly increasing every year demonstrating the visibility of the conference and making it harder to select the papers to accommodate in the program. Also, the quality of workshops co-located with ASONAM has been considerably improved this year. I know that some researchers hesitate to submit to ASONAM due to this lower acceptance rate. I strongly encourage researchers to continue to submit their high quality papers to ASONAM for several reasons. ASONAM is characterized by consistent and sustainable success. It is the flagship and premier venue where distinguished researcher and practitioners get together to discuss latest developments as well as the vision for future developments and research directions in the area of social networks analysis and mining. Presenting a paper at ASONAM is a privilege because we try our best to keep the review and decision processes based merely on the quality of the submissions and only best papers are selected for inclusion in the program. Presenting at ASONAM will allow researchers to meet, discuss their research, and receive feedback from internationally recognized researchers in the field. Every year, authors of all the papers presented at ASONAM are invited to submit expanded versions of their manuscripts to the prestigious SNAM journal or the LNSN series which are characterized by their high visibility and fast processing of the submissions.


Objective To investigate the growth in the same place at the same in different host plants on the Taxillus sutchuenensis affect the composition and content of volatile constituents. Method collecting growing in the same place,the same ranking. 10 different host plant group on its host plant samples,extracting volatile components of the sample water vapor distillation method,using gas chromatography- mass spectrometry( GC- MS) analysis and identification of its chemical composition,combined with compound computer retrieval technique on the separation structures were identified the relative percentage,calculated for each application component chromatographic peak area normalization method,comparing the differences between. Results composed of various samples have the obvious difference between the volatile components of the. among those samples with different content of volatile constituents. Conclusion there are obviously influence the composition and content of volatile components of the host plant.


To describe filtration processes in complex dendritic-porous media, a number of fractional-differential mathematical models of diffusion type have been proposed.A nonlinear equation containing fractional Riemann-Liouville derivatives with respect to time is described, which can be used to correctly describe the single-phase filtration of a non-Newtonian fluid in a porous medium.


Study Design. Case report. Objectives. To report a case of spinal canal stenosis associated with progressive degenerative changes of the lumbar spine. Summary of Background Data. As far as the authors are aware, there has been no similar case reported. Methods. The clinical features of the case are reported, and the pathology is discussed. Results. In a 40‐year‐old man, spinal canal stenosis developed, associated with progressive degenerative changes of the lumbar spine. The man underwent posterior decompression and fusion using pedicle screws. The surgical results were satisfactory at the time of writing this report. Conclusions. This case presented a peculiar clinical course, which could not be categorized under previously reported disorders. It may be a new disease entity of spinal canal stenosis. The surgical outcome was satisfactory 2 years, 6 months after surgery.


This paper summarizes the background theory of the likewise entitled research project. The project aims to give a contribution to software programming quality improving "Human-tech" competencies in Computer Engineering students as a means to prevent, or at least avoid in a great extend, the rate of unsuccessful software implementation projects. We are specially interested in researching what Human Factors competencies must be profiled in Computing Curricula outcomes that may contribute to better prepare students as "Human-tech" experts. We will apply Problem Based Learning educational method for delivering those competencies to students. We believe it is possible to do better than what has been done, to have a better degree of adequacy between the Human user and the software used for his/her activity. All background theory that support the axiomatic principles of this research project are explained in the first section. Then the project is briefly outlined as well as its plan, expected outcomes and contribution, in the following sections.


This research reports on an evaluation of conceptions of the environment held by a group of students at the University of Cape Town. This group of students were all registered for the degree of Bachelor of Education, and included in their curricula the elective in Environmental Education. The research attempts to describe the constructivist approach as implemented in the course in Environmental Education over a prescribed period, and to explore the impact of such an approach on student conceptions. The research was conducted primarily through the use of two questionnaires together with unstructured interviews. The results of the questionnaires and interviews were used to assess both qualitatively and quantitatively the development of student conceptions of the environment. The first questionnaire was administered early on in the course, while the second was administered towards the end of the course. In this way it was possible to make a comparative study of the responses. The results indicate that the course contributed to some shift in student conceptions of the environment, and that it contributed also towards the development of environmental attitudes, values and behaviour. The work concludes with suggestions for developing aspects of the course design, in the light of insights gained by this research.


Abstract Food establishments are on the rise in the United Kingdom, producing a widevariety of cuisine to cater for a variety of tastes in a global market. However, asignificant proportion of the population will experience a foodborne illness atsome point in their lives, and in 2018 alone there were estimated to be 2.4million food borne illness related cases in the UK [1]with a resulting 180 deathsper year. Whilst Local Authorities monitor and inspect these establishmentsperiodically, the importance of those who work within food business cannot beunderestimated. As such the aim of this research study was to explore foodhandlers' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour towards food safety and foodhandling practices in restaurants within Liverpool. Using both convenience andsnowball sampling, the research employed a quantitative online questionnaire togather data from the target population of food handlers. The responses from 52participants were then analysed using a combination of Microsoft Excel andSPSS version 28. The results of the study reveal that food handlers in Liverpoolfood businesses have a generally satisfactory level of food safety knowledge;their attitudes expressed demonstrated a strong positive approach and theyengage in safe behaviour. However, the results show some areas of concern:knowledge surrounding harmful pathogens was lacking; behaviour in relation tothe use of mobile phones in the kitchen and attitudes towards attending workwhilst unwell. Therefore whilst the overall knowledge, attitude and behaviours offood handlers appears acceptable that does not mean they do not pose risk tocustomers. Whilst all participants had received training, this did not alwaystranslate into improved food handling knowledge, attitudes or behaviours.Training, therefore, must be tailored to reflect the needs to the individual withthe understanding that knowledge, attitudes and behaviours are linked.


The application of ultrasonic to thc expcrimcnts on brcaking pollen cell wall is pres- ented.Research results made it clcar that thcrc are morc protcin contents determined by Kjeldahl' method than those of blank samplc and tracc elements which have increased ob- viously.Ultrasonic techniquc may mcct tcchnological requirerncnts in production.


We report unusual gatecurrent variations withgate bias andtimeinaccumulation regime. Measurements andsimulations showthe importance ofthetime-dependent floating body potential inbothpartially andfully depleted SOI MOSFETs.Thesevariations during front-gate voltage scanandtheresulting transient gate current arediscussed asacombination ofseveral mechanisms suchascapacitive coupling, SRH generation, band-to-band tunneling andimpact ionization. Thegate current behavior isimportant forEEPROMs anddepends on thedevice geometry andoperating conditions.


Numerical simulations for the water entry of a two dimensional symmetric wedge with deadrise angle of 10 degrees have been performed to find the most dominant parameter that makes the problem hard to be solved. The water entry problem with constant velocity is simplified as the stationary wedge in the way of the upcoming water surface. The calculated impact loads showed that the effect of the viscosity was not so important in this problem. For a given grid system a suitable time step size can be found. The most sensitive parameter was found to be the grid size. It was not possible to find a suitable grid size within this study.


Campaign planning plays an important role in the batch production of varieties of products from the same assembly line in manufacturing industries. Its goal is to plan activities in a way so as to reduce unnecessary production overheads, such as changeover time, inventory, etc., while at the same time improving demand satisfaction. Master production schedule (MPS) is one of the main components in the master planning process in manufacturing. It prepares a detailed plan for individual products produced in each period. For some process industries that manufacture their products on production lines, MPS needs to consider campaign planning as it impacts key performance indicators. We propose a mathematical formulation for MPS that takes into account campaign planning constraints. We apply this model to a tire industry and compare it to an existing heuristic.


A pseudospectral algorithm has been employed to study the mechanisms of mixing and reaction in a non-premixed, three-dimensional, homogeneous turbulent flow. The evolution of the species field in an isothermal, one-step, stoichimetric reaction of the type A + B equilibrium. Products was the subject of investigations in our numerical experiments. The results are used to examine the applicability of Toor's hypothesis, and also to determine the range of validity of various coalexcence/dispersion (C/D) turbulence models that have been used previously to model the effects of turbulent mixing in such flows. Calculations were performed for zero-rate, infinitely fast-rate, and intermediate moderate finite-rates chemical reactions to assess the influence of chemistry on the transport of the scalar variables. The results indicate that the probability density function (PDF) of a conserved Shvab-Zeldovich scalar quantity, characterizing the mixing process, evolves from an initial double-delta distribution to an asymptotic shape that can be approximated by a Gaussian distribution.


This publication presents 52 rare books, dating from 1508 to 1961. They are part of the increasing rare-book-collection of the Wissenschaftliche Stadtbibliothek Mainz. The selection points out the close relationship between the history of libraries and their historical collections.


Background & Aims : To clarify whether aspirin-dialminate administration suppresses the serum phosphorus (P) level in hemodialysis patients. Methods : The subjects were 13 hemodialysis patients who required antiplatelet therapy with aspirin-dialminate. Serum P and calcium (Ca) levels and the Ca-P product were measured after aspirin-dialminate administration, and they were compared with the levels before treatment. Results : Serum P level decreased from 5.66±1.45 to 4.72 ± 0.92 mg/dL, and the Ca-P product decreased from 53.4± 16.0 to 44.3 ± 10.3 after one month of aspirin-dialminate intake (p < 0.05), however, these effects were not maintained after 2 and 3 months. Serum Ca levels showed no change through the period of the present study. Conclusions : Aspirin-dialminate has an intermittent and limited effect on suppressing the serum P level and the Ca-P product in hemodialysis patients.


We describe California's current budget deficit, the Governor's proposed solution, the underlying causes of the deficit, and actions the federal government might consider to aid the states in this time of history—making deficits. Included in the discussion are details of the California General Fund, state revenues and expenditures, as well as the role capital gains income played in the current budget crisis. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the California Franchise Tax Board or the State of California.


Processing paramater of two kinds of Twisting resistant plates on rotor spinning was analysed and tested in the paper.And a result of increasing twistiny efficiency and making better spun yarn was achieved by using modern smaller diameter of twisting resistant plate.


For optical filters, TiO2 and SiO2 films are better choices due to their large refractive index contrast. In spite of the various available techniques, the sol-gel spin coating method is one of the easiest and inexpensive technique. Here, we report the experimental studies of (TiO2/SiO2)2.5 bilayer-based structures prepared with two distinct precursor concentrations. FTIR analysis showed the characteristic vibration peaks of the Ti-O-Ti and Si-O-Si bonds. XRD measurements of both the samples based on the low and high-precursor concentrations, revealed the dominant peaks of TiO2-anatase phase. FESEM study endorsed the increased thicknesses of the individual layers due to enhanced precursor concentrations. Both samples evidenced for the reflection/stop bands with 100% reflectivity. Furthermore, multilayer structure of (TiO2/SiO2)2.5 bilayers showed the corresponding shift of the reflection band from the visible-infrared wavelength region in accordance with the low-high precursor concentration. This shifting of the reflection band is attributed to the increased thicknesses of the films which is due to the enhanced grains size as confirmed by the AFM studies.


A portable calibrator to check the trip setting of direct current (dc)circuit breakers within an accuracy of ±5% has been developed and tested under Bureau of Mines Contract HO 122058. A prototype unit operates from a 300 Vdc trolley wire to provide controlled current pulses of 120 msec duration and continuously adjustable from 1,400 to 3,600 A. These current pulses enable a breaker dc trip current to be determined and subject the contacts to full current rating. The equipment is simple to use and weighs 93 lb. Connections are made with protected, clamp-on leads, which weigh about 21 lb. An accurate calibration procedure takes less than 5 minutes to complete.


It has been estimated recently that half of deaths among the patients with acute myocardial infarction occur before they ever reach the hospital for definitive medical care. One of the major reasons for the high incidence of death was attributed to delays in reaching medical care, involving patients themselves, physicians, transportation, and receiving areas of the hospital. In order to reduce this high mortality substantially we should focus our attention on the prehospital care of this disease, which may include several major approaches.A. To shorten the delay in securing medical care:1. Public education, with emphasis on the early warning symptoms and signs of acute myocardial infarction, and the need and importance of seeking early medical care, with special attention directed toward the high-risk coronary patients.2. Professional education.3. Mechanisms to direct and/or bring patients with suspected or proven acute myocardial infarction promptly to the system of medical care with special emphasis on the utilization of a telephone information center and provision of rapid transportation.B. Establishment of emergency life-support stations for screening, monitoring, and early stabilization of cardiac arrhythmias:1. Fixed.a. Emergency department of hospitals, preferably with an attached precoronary care area.b. Areas where many employees are working on weekdays.c. Areas where many people move in and out from day to day.d. Areas where there is periodic concentration of mass population.2. Mobile.a. Mobile coronary care unit.b. Mobile intensive care unit.C. Prevention of sudden death:1. Study of mechanism and clinical environment of sudden death.2. Development of techniques for early diagnosis and management of acute myocardial infarction prior to inception of symptoms.3. Identification of individuals prone to sudden death.4. Preventive measures directed toward the individuals prone to sudden death.a. Effective control of risk factors.b. Intermittent or periodic electrocardiographic monitoring in these individuals.c. Long-term antiarrhythmic therapy for these individuals.d. Possibility of implanting an automatic defibrillator in patients with previous myocardial infarction or in those recovered from ventricular fibrillation.5. Early administration of antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with suspected or proven acute myocardial infarction.


Sir, To correlate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns with tissue destruction is interesting, but to correlate MR patterns with ongoing inflammation to predict the fate of a lesion is of great importance in clinical practice of Multiple sclerosis (MS). The paper of Nessler et al. (2007) reporting early and predictive MRI changes in a mouse model of MS is therefore of great interest. The paper …


Platelets are key participants in innate immune responses to pathogens. As a decrease in circulating platelet count is one of the initial hematologic indicators of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we sought to determine whether decline in platelet number during acute infection results from decreased production, increased antibody-mediated destruction, or increased platelet activation in a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque model. During acute SIV infection, circulating platelets were activated with increased surface expression of P-selection, CD40L and major histocompatibility complex class I. Platelet production was maintained and platelet autoantibodies were not detected during acute infection. Concurrent with a decrease in platelet numbers and an increase in circulating monocytes, platelets were found sequestered in platelet-monocyte aggregates, thereby contributing to the decline in platelet counts. Because the majority of circulating CD16(+) monocytes formed complexes with platelets during acute SIV infection, a decreased platelet count may represent platelet participation in the innate immune response to HIV.


The focus of this study is to establish the relationship between motivation and high productivity among workers, and to determine how incentives influence workers approach to work and their performance. The rationale for this study was predicated on recent assessment and evaluation of COREN, indicated that Step Development Ltd (SDL) has highly sophisticated machines (physical resources) and human resources (if the potential are properly harnessed) for becoming a leading construction company in Nigeria and beyond. The specific objective of the study are; to examine whether there is significant relationship between rewards and productivity, to determine the nexus of monetary incentives on worker's performance, identify the degree of relationship between work equipment and worker's performance and whether there is significant relationship between job attraction and level of satisfaction. The population for this study comprises of employees of Step Development Limited, Nigeria. A representative random sampling was used to select 140 respondents in the study area. The study made use of the questionnaire which was designed around Factors Affecting Worker's Productivity (FAWP) to source data from employees about various types of welfare packages on offer. Hypotheses were tested using Cramer's V and Gamma. The result of the finding reveals that there is a strong relationship between motivation and productivity as well as high relationship between level of satisfaction and job attractions.


According to the situation of the using,management and repair of building in the university,combining with the working expe-rience,the importance of the building management during the life-cycle was discussed,and some particular methods were put forward.


Aim: The aim of this study was to compare and assess bone density changes around immediate functionally and nonfunctionally loaded implants. Settings and design: In vivo comparative study Materials and Methods: Sixty participants selected based on the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria received single tooth implants in mandible under two implant loading protocols: Immediate functionally loaded (IFL) and immediate nonfunctionally loaded (INFL). Randomization was done by computer-aided simple randomization procedure. Self-tapering, aggressive SLA implants were placed in the single tooth edentulous sites of mandible in both the groups. Three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (3D CBCT) was taken at baseline, 3 and 6 months postimplant placement. Quantitative analysis of the bone density was performed using 3D CBCT in three areas around the implants at crestal, middle, and apical regions of implants. Statistical Analysis Used: Quantitative data were summarized as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software version 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) by unpaired t-test. Results: Bone density changes after implant placement in IFL group from baseline to 3 months were; crestal region (314.18 ± 71.69), middle (278.23 ± 70.17), apical (274.70 ± 59.79) and changes from 3 to 6 months were; crestal (−105.55 ± 39.60), middle (−114.80 ± 41.46), apical (−141.88 ± 69.58). Bone density changes after implant placement in INFL group from baseline to 3 months were crestal region (199.42 ± 47.97), middle (56.91 ± 10.39), apical (200.98 ± 67.43) and changes from 3 to 6 months were; crestal (−194.38 ± 75.30), middle (−204.40 ± 63.75), apical (−191.28 ± 62.33). Conclusions: It was concluded that INFL implant group showed better bone density when compared to IFL implant group.


The present business plan is about the creation of a limited company, named "SUGAR BEET", whose activity is to produce and commercialize organic beet sugar in the city of Quito, in order to provide product whose function is to sweeten foods and beverages in a healthy and friendly environment. "SUGAR BEET" will be a company oriented to replace fundamental raw material for the collection of sugar, such as sugar cane. Beet is the raw material that will serve for the production of sugar, which in turn generates to the consumer benefits for their health and organism, as beet sugar is fortifying immunological processes and the creation of enzyme does not accumulate greatly within circulatory tract but with its components makes sucrose levels and other substances to remain in our body so it can works well. In our country, there is no sugar production of this kind, so its introduction in the market will be great; it was taken into account that there is regular normal sugar consumption, but through research, the percentage of consumption of organic products in the country has a growth trend. The segment will lead the product consists of the population whose socioeconomic level is medium, medium high. People who care about their health, and about the consumption of organic products. People who eat sugar in foods and beverages, and want this to be beneficial to their health. "SUGAR BEET" is a product that allows consumers to have better quality of life, because with regular use, your body will be healthy, and in turn, the price at which it is offer to the consumer, taking into account the added value is less even than all "light products", or which claim to have similar characteristics. "SUGAR BEET" shall be certified by meeting standards that are required to be classified as organic production; and also, will be certified as Fair Trade. The financial analysis that was conducted indicated that the business plan is viable, because with a probability of 90.08% the project will have positive NPV. "SUGAR BEET" in the normal scenario remained leveraged $ $80.794 NPV and IRR of 19,92%. And in the normal scenario des leveraged are: NPV USD 57900 and an IRR of 17.25%.


Urban change detection is an important field of remote sensing applications.This study presents a method for detecting urban change from remotely sensed data.We proposed the differential image anomaly detection method to improve the moving window method using the Landsat TM data.Changsha urban area was chosen as an example to illustrate the method.The results show that the differential image anomaly detection method has higher detection accuracy;157out of 178(88.2%)randomly selected pixels were correctly detected.In Changsha urban area,116 101(5.41%)pixels which was natural landscape turned into urban landscape during 2004—2009.Economic development of industrial areas became the main driving force of the urban change in the study area.


In this paper, we present a simple dual-band patch antenna that radiates at 920MHz and 2.4GHz effectively. The patch antenna is designed with meander slot and shorting probe to increase the current path and reduce the resonant frequency. In addition, a high efficiency, dual-band rectifier is also proposed here. The rectifier is designed by a four-stage voltage doubler topology with lump inductors added, and the resonant frequency can be tuned independently. At an input power level of 15dBm, the experimental result shows a RF-to-DC conversion efficiency up to 78% at dual-band can be achieved. The corresponding DC output voltage is 7.26V and 6.82V respectively with a 9.1kOhm load.


By using canonical transformation,the quantization of a general mesoscopic sole-loop active RLC circuit is studied.And the state function of the system in the vacuum state is obtained by the method of time-interval segmentation.


"Sukero S.A.S." is a company which will export cane sugar to the United States and Germany, initially, created with the purpose of giving to Latin-Americans that live in a foreign country the opportunity to buy overseas a product from their country of origin at an affordable price and with the certainty of getting a 100% natural product with the best quality.


The accessibility of suppressed thoughts was compared with the accessibility of thoughts on which Ss were consciously trying to concentrate. In Experiment 1, Ss made associations to word prompts as they tried to suppress thinking about a target word (e.g., house) or tried to concentrate on that word. Under the cognitive load imposed by time pressure, they gave the target word in response to target-related prompts (e.g., home) more often during suppression than during concentration


After verifing the presence of the cupuliform organ on the seedlings from 105 species of Eucalyptus (ACCORSI, 1955-56), the author concluded that it is a morphological characteristic of the genus, which is peculiar to the plants only in first stages of their life. In this paper, the author resumes his study carried out on 20 species of Myrtaceae, distributed among 13 genus and he could certify, until now, that, in relation to the cupuliform organ, they may divided in three groups: 1.° Group - Without cupuliform organ 1. Campomanesia aurea Berg 2. Eugenia campestris DC. 3. Eugenia tomentosa Camb. 4. Eugenia uniflora L. 5. Myrciaria edulis Berg 6. Myrciaria trunciflora Berg 7. Pitangueira-gigante - As it was difficulty to identify this species, I use its common name. 2.° Group - With rudiment of cupuli orm organ 1. Eugenia uvalha Camb. 2. Jambosa vulgaris DC. 3. Myrciaria cauliflora Berg 3.° Group - With full cupuliform organ 1. Amomyrtus luma (Mol) Legr. et Kaus. 2. Blepharocalyx angustifolius Berg 3. Britoa acida Berg 4. Callistemon speciosus DC. o. Callistemon viminalis Cheel. 6. Feijoa sellowiana Berg 7. Myrceugenia glaucescens (Camb.) Legrand 8. Myrrhinium rubriflorum Berg 9. Psidium guayava Raddi 10. Psidium littorale Raddi During his observations, he could identify also in many, seeds an "operculum", further observations about it will be published opportunely.


Power system transient stability assessment studies the ability of the system to maintain synchronism under disturbances. The continuous effort on integrating renewable energy sources to the grid has created the need for stability assessment techniques that reflect the growing uncertainties. Reachability analysis has been recently proposed to address the issue with the uncertain initial operating condition by solving the relaxed linear optimization problem. Unlike conventional single-point simulation, reachability analysis performs a time domain simulation of a set described by a polytope. The polytope trajectory contains all possible simulation trajectories, and the convergence of the polytope towards the equilibrium is a sufficient condition for robust stability against the bounded uncertain initial condition. In this paper, we present the result on a second order swing equation model to explore the convergence condition of reachability analysis. We examine the relaxation gap introduced by the relaxation and relate the convergence to the contraction analysis.


This article examines the process of distribution of individual parcels of land to peasants labouring on large expropriated estates in the period of the agrarian reform before 1973. This land distribution took place in the second half of the seventies, under the regime of the military dictatorship. The challenge faced by the new small-scale landowners in seeking to keep their parcels of land is discussed, with special focus on what happened in southern Chile. Based on documents obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture, the Agricultural Reform Corporation (CORA), notary public archives, interviews and laws, this study also examines the procedure used to divide the land into parcels, and how the selection of beneficiaries was carried out. The number and percentage of plots sold by the beneficiaries in the provinces of Valdivia and Osorno and their motivation to sell are outlined in detail. The new agrarian reform implemented by the military dictatorship had the purpose of redefining the foundations of capitalist accumulation, and the distribution of individual plots of land is an example of this. The new small-scale landowners had few tools to cope with the new neo-liberal scenario; yet they were left to fend for themselves as the state had no interest in supporting them.


The surface properties of the OSW and NLS are measured with the dynamic contact-angle technique. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the OSW reveals that the OSW possesses various reactive functional groups namely hydroxyl groups (OH). Hybrid filler from NLS and OSW were incorporated into carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) to produce XNBR hybrid composites. The reaction of OH groups from the OSW with COOH of the XNBR is checked by attenuated total reflectance spectra (ATR-IR) of the composites. The degree of curing ΔM (maximum torque-minimum torque) as a function of hybrid filler as derived from moving die rheometer (MDR) is reported. The stress-strain behavior of the hybrid composites as well as the dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) is studied. Bonding quality and dispersion of the hybrid filler with and in XNBR are examined using scanning-transmission electron microscopy (STEM in SEM).


This paper first discuses the importance of NVCL( Networked Virtual Chemistry Laboratory) which brings the opportunity to the reform of experiment education, describes the networked configuration, design conception and of NVCL, then analyses and compares the popular methods of modeling 3D virtual scene. Basing on making a thorough research in some representative NVCL systems, we particularize some systems which having great value for reference, then discuses the design features and key technologies of them. Finally, we summarize the present situation about NVCL and point out articulate logical plans for future work.


Purpose.The aim of the present study is to explore the relation between perceived physical competence, body mass index and physical appearance esteem in early adolescence. Methods.A cross-sectional design, comprising 253 early adolescents from 11 to 13 years old (mean age = 12.32, SD = .57) was implemented. Hierarchical multiple regressions were used in order to identify direct and interaction effects. Results.Significant gender differences were found in both physical appearance esteem and contributive factors. The beneficial effect of perceived physical competence on physical appearance esteem is higher for girls compared to boys.


The current study sought to identify the simultaneous engineering technology activities as an integrated model that helps reduce costs and develop the current product design model according to the customers requirements through the sum of the relative weights. The importance of each component depends on the relationship between the customers requirements and the components functionality. This research aims to show the knowledge foundations of concurrent engineering technology and its importance in achieving competitive advantage and reducing costs.


This is the first generation in which air travel occurs on a mass scale. Before the Second World War and indeed up to the late 1950s or even subsequently, air travel was by and large only for the affluent, those involved in military affairs or big business and those working .for the mass media. Nowadays, virtually everyone can afford to travel by air and frequently does. Tens of millions of tourists flit around the globe every year. Exotic and previously inaccessible places become more accessible and by the same token less exotic. The less developed countries are more recipients than senders of tourists but even they resort in their millions to air travel to work in richer countries in Europe, the Middle East and elsewhere. All in all, the world has become more of a global community than ever before in history. This modern phenomenon of mass air travel presents both problems and opportunities to the providers of Health Care. We shall discuss some of the most important aspects.


A current-mode circuit to extract the feature of the target objects is proposed in this letter . From a color image with complex background, the proposed circuit can realize the feature extraction by using fuzzy scheme. Applying the fuzzy processing to RGB components of a color image , the proposed circuit can realize l ow sensitivity to changes of amount of light as well as noise of the background . Furthermore, thanks to the circuit design by using current-mode techniques , the proposed circuit can achieve low sensitivity to both temperature variations and supply voltage variations . The validity of the proposed algorithm and the circuit design is confirmed by computer simulations. The proposed pattern recognition circuit is integrable by a standard CMOS technology.


This paper proposes the security infrastructure for user-controlled Virtual Workspace Service (VWSS-UC) that comprises of three layers: trusted computing platform, secure virtualised workspace, and user aplication. The suggestions on the technology selection are provided for the first two layers: industry adopted Trusted Computing (TCG) platform, and Virtual Workspace Service (VWSS) developed in the framework of the Globus Toolkit. Solutions and implementation are proposed and discussed for the application authorisation session security context management. The paper is based on experiences gained from major Grid based projects such as EGEE, Globus Toolkit, and Phosphorus.


AbstractBecause of the influence of the stochastic nature of structural properties and field measurements, the identification result of damage extent is, in essence, uncertain, causing possible deviations and affecting the reliability of the identification result. To give a probabilistic measure on the identification result of damage extent, a reliability-based damage identification method based on dynamic signatures is proposed in this study. The Monte Carlo simulation in conjunction with the response surface method is used to perform the reliability analysis of damage identification with given accuracy, and a trial-and-error procedure is proposed for conducting damage identification with acceptable reliability. The influence of both structural uncertainties and measurement noises on damage identification can be taken into account in the present approach. Meanwhile, the proposed method is capable of assessing the robustness of different types of dynamic signatures against noise and the sensitivity of var...


BS>Two methylation reactions of propionamide by the C/sup 14/-hot atom, and of methyl radical from Co/sup 60/ gamma -ray irradiation and methylation reaction of propionic acid by methyl radical from thermal decomposition of acetyl peroxide were carried out, and the reactivities of these species were studied. The methyl radical prcduced by Co/sup 60/ gamma irradiation of propionamide gave the 3: 2 mixture of butyr- and isobutyramide. This ratio agrees with the activity distribution of butyrand isobutyramide in the neutron irradiation of propionamide. On the other hand the methyl radical produced by the thermal decomposition of acetyl peroxide in propionic acid gave a 1: 2 mixture of butyric and isobutyric acid. From these results, the reactions in the neutron and in the gamma irradiation are considered to be high energy reactions, whereas the methylation reaction of acetyl peroxide in propionic acid is considered to be a free radical reaction. (auth)


Vehicle detection is an important area in Transport and Artificial Intelligence. Through vehicle detection techniques, vehicles can be located across different images. Some of these models are robust enough to identify parts of a vehicles in images where the vehicle might be partially occluded. Recent advances in detection methods gave rise to a range of different techniques that can be used for recognition and detection of vehicles. Although each technique has its merits, it is not always the case that the adopted model works well for scenarios involving IP Cameras. The motivation for this study is to compare a number of state of the art techniques including deep learning models and computer vision approaches. A set of experiments are developed in order to test these models on a number of low quality IP camera footages set in the transport domain in order to measure detection and recognition accuracy. The final evaluation compares detection accuracy using mean average precision, the semantics of the recognised vehicle as well as recognition robustness when applied to a dataset that contains images with different light conditions. The study also looks at persistence in recognition across frames in video data and a detailed description of the dataset used to train the evaluated models. Finally, the paper also goes through a number of scenarios that applies the results obtained in this study to ITS systems that use ip camera feeds. c © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of TIS ROMA 2019.


During the first excavation in 2003 on the Poggio del Telegrafo site (the acropolis of Populonia) a part of the ancient etruscan town was discovered. A structure with stone basis and wattle wall, was preceded by a stone paved area with post holes. The materials found indicate for these structures a 7 th century BC chronology.


We study the set of solutions of random k-satisfiability formulas through the cavity method. It is known that, for an interval of the clause-to-variables ratio, this decomposes into an exponential number of pure states (clusters). We refine substantially this picture by: (i) determining the precise location of the clustering transition; (ii) uncovering a second 'condensation' phase transition in the structure of the solution set for k≥4. These results both follow from computing the large deviation rate of the internal entropy of pure states. From a technical point of view our main contributions are a simplified version of the cavity formalism for special values of the Parisi replica symmetry breaking parameter m (in particular for m = 1 via a correspondence with the tree reconstruction problem) and new large-k expansions.


Emerging technologies, such as self-driving cars and 5G communications, are raising new mobility and transportation possibilities in smart and sustainable cities, bringing to a new echo-system often referred to as Internet of Vehicles (IoV). In order to efficiently operate, an IoV system should take into account more stringent requirements with respect to traditional IoT systems, e.g., ultra-broadband connections, high-speed mobility, high-energy efficiency and requires efficient real-time algorithms. This paper proposes an energy and communication driven model for IoV scenarios, where roadside units (RSUs) need to be frequently assigned and re-assigned to the operating vehicles. The problem has been formulated as an Uncapacitated Facility Location Problem (UFLP) for jointly solving the RSU-to-vehicle allocation problem while managing the RSUs switch-on and -off processes. Differently from traditional UFLP approaches, based on static solutions, we propose here a fast-heuristic approach, based on a dynamic multi-period time scale mapping: the proposed algorithm is able to efficiently manage in real-time the RSUs, selecting at each period those to be activated and those to be switched off. The resulting methodology is tested against a set of benchmark instances, which allows us to illustrate its potential. Results, in terms of overall cost –mapping both energy consumption and transmission delays–, number of active RSUs, and convergence speed, are compared with static approaches, showing the effectiveness of the proposed dynamic solution. It is noticeable a gain of up to 11% in terms of overall cost with respect to the static approaches, with a moderate additional delay for finding the solution, around 0.8 s, while the overall number of RSUs to be switched on is sensibly reduced up to a fraction of 15% of the overall number of deployed RSUs, in the most convenient scenario.


In this paper, new strategy options are developed for the adaptive jSO algorithm. The proposed variant of jSO is based on the competition of a binomial and exponential crossover. Moreover, an Eigen transformation approach is employed in the selected crossover with a given probability. The proposed variant of jSO is applied to the CEC 2022 benchmark set, which contains 12 functions with dimensionality $D=10$, 20. The proposed algorithm found the optima values in seven problems out of 24. When comparing the new variant of jSO with the original jSO algorithm, nine functions were improved, where two of them significantly.


ABSTRACT In Finland, based on the Land Use and Building Act, the city has a monopoly in urban planning and design. Through the planning monopoly, the city manages the urban planning process and thus consciously develops the urban structure. Based on the Act, the number of parking spaces stipulated for the property in the local detailed plan and building permit must be provided in connection with the construction work. The obligation of providing a number of parking spaces stipulated in local detailed plans affects the society in many ways. The provision of parking spaces is a key economic factor in construction costs. Car parking is also linked to changes in people's mobility habits and car ownership. Occupancy rates for obligation parking spaces and other parking spaces vary over time and location. Car parking also impacts urban flood management. Rainwater volumes in condense urban structure can be significant and require heavy technical stormwater management solutions. Urban design is a key action of a city's competence in terms of preparing for future changes. The number of parking spaces and stormwater management are key tools in urban planning that can be used to define resilience in the northern context of urban planning.


The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), published annually by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, contains a rich collection of data about hazardous chemical emissions of American industrial facilities. Mandated by the Emergency Planning and Community Right‐to‐Know Act of 1986, the TRI is a novel attempt at stimulating pollution control through self‐reported disclosure of environmental degradation activities. TRI data are collected and reported at the level of the emitting plant. For each reporting location, information is given by chemical type. This study attempts to determine whether mandated TRI disclosures are carried over to financial reports and other publicly available sources of information about the firm's performance. We examined disclosures of the 200 highest‐volume emitters of toxic chemical wastes for 2002 and found no correlation between the level of such releases—as reported in the TRI—and extensiveness of company reporting in non‐TRI sources. Separately, we tested for a relationship bet...


The effects of a range of neuropeptides were investigated on the membrane potential of the Schwann cells of the giant nerve fibre of the tropical squid. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) produced a dose‐dependent, long‐lasting hyperpolarization of the Schwann‐cell membrane potential. Among peptides structurally related to VIP, similar effects were produced by peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) but not by secretin and glucagon. Substance P and somatostatin also hyperpolarized the Schwann‐cell membrane potential but via receptor systems distinct from those activated by VIP. Methionine enkephalin ([Met]‐enkephalin) blocked the actions of all the above peptides as well as the effects of DL‐octopamine and carbachol. The actions of [Met]‐enkephalin upon the VIP responses were antagonized by naloxone. VIP produces its effects on the Schwann‐cell membrane potential via a receptor system that is independent from those described previously which mediate the effects of carbachol and DL‐octopamine. However, VIP can potentiate the effects of the latter systems. The actions of VIP on the Schwann cell are unlikely to be mediated via changes in adenosine 3',5'‐cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels and are insensitive to changes in the level of extracellular calcium in the superfusate. The actions of VIP are, however, potentiated in the presence of low concentrations of lithium ions suggesting that the VIP receptor may mediate its effects by inducing the hydrolysis of polyphosphatidylinositols in the Schwann‐cell membrane. Evidence is presented for the existence of an endogenous VIP‐like component in the normal hyperpolarizing action of giant‐axon activity on the membrane potential of the Schwann cell.


costs; and an unrealistic treatment of productivity considerations by higher budget review authorities. A valid data base is important. However, the economics of auditing work counts and man-hours precludes minute controls. Therefore, varying degrees of probable validity exist in the data element counts. Machine counts or documents provide the most reliable source of count and are considered controlled counts. Lower-level counts consist of those for which a reasonable relationship to controlled counts can be established and tracked.