This paper presents the design and development of a Continues Wave C-band Solid State driver module which can be used to drive high power SSPAs. This module has been designed & tested for various RF parameters like Intermodulation Distortion, Spectral regrowth, Error Vector Magnitude and AM to PM conversion. This module has two inbuilt digital attenuators, one for output power adjustment and another for Automatic Level Control (ALC). It has an analog attenuator at the input stage to adjust for input power variation. It has a digital phase shifter which can be used to phase-match two SSPA modules during power combining. It has an inbuilt over drive RF protection feature. The module is designed, fabricated & tested successfully and meets all the required specifications.


The paper discusses a research project using contaminated sediments to replace a portion of the raw feedstock materials in portland cement manufacture. Dredged materials inherently contain significant amounts of silica, alumina, calcium, and iron oxides, all of which are important to portland cement manufacture. Proposed is a technology that uses an existing facility to treat and manage the large amounts of dredged material produced, while reducing the demand on raw materials. The methods and preliminary results from a bench-scale manufacture and evaluation of portland cement clinker manufactured with dredged material are presented.


We encountered a rare case of postbulbar ulcer caused by adjuvant chemotherapy after gastrectomy. A 64 year-old woman, who received chemotherapy with CDDP-5-FU after gastrectomy, developed severe hematemesis. Endoscopic examination revealed a gigantic ulcer at the anal site of Vater's papilla. The ulcer was healed with PPI and soft diet.


There are various kinds of distortion of government action in the system of tax distribution. The problem originates in the fields of economy, politics and society. Some effective countermeasures must be taken, which include the optimizing government functions, perfecting the system of finance and tax, rectifying the order of finance and economics, advancing the progress of administering taxation by law,etc.


Abstract With the help of a generalized plane wave solution, we study a type of generalized plane delta-shock wave for the n -dimensional zero-pressure gas dynamics and refine its generalized Rankine–Hugoniot relation which is a system of ordinary equations. This relation describes accurately the character of the generalized plane delta-shock: location, propagation speed, and weight. Under a suitable entropy condition, four different explicit constructions of solutions for a kind of Riemann problem with Radon measure as initial data are established uniquely. The overtaking of two plane delta-shocks forming a new generalized plane delta-shock is also investigated. Finally, the 2-D Riemann problem with four pieces of initial data is solved in a simplified situation.


One of the most significant management challenges facing the Canadian fishing industry is meeting increasingly rigorous national and international standards. Balancing a broader suite of conservation, social and economic objectives in an ecosystem approach is a challenge faced by both harvesters and managers. This paper reviews and summarizes the foundations of an ecosystem approach for fisheries (EAF). It has consolidated and articulated the conservation, social and economic objectives that are required to be incorporated into fisheries management in order to be considered an EAF for Canadian fisheries. For the first time, a summary of what has been implemented in Canada was described and then compared to an EAF framework method being promoted by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Finally, an audit of an existing Canadian fisheries management plan was undertaken. This audit demonstrated that there have been positive steps made toward implementing an EAF for the Grand Manan Gillnet Fishery, however more work is required in order to meet the minimum requirements for an EAF as established in this work.


In pipeline planning, the systematic and reasonal management of topographical and spatial data are needed in order to omprove the availibilities for data analysis and the effective combinations of spatial informations. According to that fact, DBMS (Database Management System) and DSS(Decision making Support System) have to be developed for the planning of water supply system Also, the economic selection for harmonious delivery of water to target area, since the alternatives of pre-designed pipeline are influenced by hydraulic stability and geographic characteristics. In this study, GIS technique for water supply planning and management which stores graphic features and attributes as digital data sets is considered and engineering application programs are integrated for effective planning of water supply system. Decision making support system based on analyzing technical, Social and economical aspects is developed for the extension of water supply facilities and pipeline configurations. Especially, Hydraulic, land-use and economic influences are considered as important factors for the purpose of developing the system. Hydraulic analysis program(SAPID) for pipeline flow which is already developed in Water Resources Research Institute and economic analysis program(ECOVEL) are integrated with GIS for resonable decision making. Every possible aspects in pipeline planning for water supply is reviewed and the applicabilities of developed system into the field are evaluated


Relativity requires that a particle's momentum and energy are the same functions of the particle's velocity in all inertial frames. Using the fact that momentum and energy must transform linearly between reference frames, we present a novel derivation of the mass-energy equivalence, namely, the relation that the energy is proportional to the moving mass, with no postulate about the existence of light or its properties. We further prove the mass-velocity relation without relying on momentum and energy conservation or on the Lorentz transformation. It is demonstrated that neither conservation laws nor the Lorentz transformation are necessary to establish those relations, and that those relations have a wider scope of validity than that of the conservation laws and the invariance of the speed of light.


This report presents the results of a qualitative study of the perspectives and experiences of country Aboriginal patients (and some of their immediate family and carers) who received health care in Adelaide public hospitals. This study is part of a larger project that aims to add to existing knowledge of what works well and what needs improvement in the system of care for Aboriginal patients from rural and remote areas of South Australia.


As a popular research field in computer vision community, human action recognition in videos is a challenging task. In recent years, trajectory based methods have been proven effective for action recognition. However, because trajectory is generated around motion region, trajectory based methods often only pay attention to regions with high motion salience in video and ignore motionless but semantic objects. To compensate the shortage of trajectory based methods, video proposal is utilized for its ability to discover semantic object in this paper. In the proposed method, video proposal and trajectory are extracted simultaneously to capture motion information and object information. The proposed method can be divided into three steps: 1) trajectories and video proposals are extracted from video to capture motion information and object information respectively; 2) a trained Convolution Neural Network (CNN) model is employed to describe the extracted trajectories and video proposals; 3) the holistic representation of video is constructed by Fisher Vector model and then input to classifier to get the action label. The complementarity between trajectory and video proposal enables the discrimination power of the proposed method for kinds of actions. The proposed method is evaluated on UCF101 and HMDB51, on which the promising results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Suspended steel and concrete mixed structure is a kind of new structure system suitable to large bay and large space multistory residential buildings with duplex units. This paper introduces a pilot project of such building, the main structure of the building consists of frame with specially shaped columns and large bay reinforced concrete floor slabs on odd level and lightweight steel deck concrete composite floor slabs on even level. In order to increaes the height of headroom and to decrease the depth of steel beam section, tubular steel rods are hung from the main structure to support steel beams so as to form a new structure system known as the suspended steel and concrete mixed structure system. Further demonstration is needed to be accomplished for this new type of structure through structural tests, theoretical analysis and pilot projects. This subject is the key scientific and technical program issued from the Ministry of Construction.


Researchers have examined the relation between expected growth and analyst forecast bias and found mixed evidence, in that forecast bias differs significantly between high-growth and low-growth firms when the P/B ratio is used to measure expected growth, but not when the P/E ratio is used in this capacity. In this paper, I use P/B and P/E ratios jointly to more precisely investigate the relation of expected growth with forecast errors. I observe that the relation between P/E and forecast errors depends on the P/B level, explaining the low overall relation between P/E and forecast errors found in previous studies.


With the ceaseless usage of web and other online services, it has turned out that copying, sharing, and transmitting digital media over the Internet are amazingly simple. Since the text is one of the main available data sources and most widely used digital media on the Internet, the significant part of websites, books, articles, daily papers, and so on is just the plain text. Therefore, copyrights protection of plain texts is still a remaining issue that must be improved in order to provide proof of ownership and obtain the desired accuracy. During the last decade, digital watermarking and steganography techniques have been used as alternatives to prevent tampering, distortion, and media forgery and also to protect both copyright and authentication. This paper presents a comparative analysis of information hiding techniques, especially on those ones which are focused on modifying the structure and content of digital texts. Herein, various text watermarking and text steganography techniques characteristics are highlighted along with their applications. In addition, various types of attacks are described and their effects are analyzed in order to highlight the advantages and weaknesses of current techniques. Finally, some guidelines and directions are suggested for future works.


This article aims to analyze fashion research processes and trends in the development of collections in clothing in the Itajaí valley. A contextualization of the historical point of view regarding the emergence of new fashion trends is used, in addition to a survey through a questionnaire applied to stylists and fashion designers. It presents results that travel facilitates the process of researching trends and points out that many companies still do not carry out research trips, but there are other forms of efficient research, such as Pinterest mentioned in the article, which makes collections obtain results. positives.


This review covers literature published from 2003-2012 for natural products from the phylum Bryozoa. The focus is on new antitumour substances, together with details related to the organism sourced. It describes 19 promising bioactives, originating from 7 marine bryozoans. The chemical structures of all highlighted organic compounds are briefly discussed.


This study was undertaken with the primary purpose of determining whether there was any correlation between the level of strategic planning on marketing performance' technological performance and financial performance of bank of Baroda. To accomplish this task, data was collected from a sample of small number to present each of the bank's department and customers along with information from other Banks data base. The focus was on correlation between strategic planning and marketing performance, financial performance and technological performance. The research was carried out using a questionnaires, opinions and observations, based upon a purposive and simple sample of the bank in the target population. The data was analyzed using the package of social science of statistics and analysis of Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation as appropriate. The findings of this study revealed that there was correlation between the level of planning activities carried out by a financial institution and the performance of the bank as measured by the Return on Assets, the Return on Equity, and the Net Interest Margin, customer satisfaction, quality of services, product quality, brand, brand name, time frame, costs, efficiency and effectiveness. The findings also revealed that there was correlation between the level of planning carried out by the financial institution and the management characteristics measured. The findings also found correlation between the level of planning carried out and the size of the bank's departments within the target population. These results were consistent and reaffirmed several prior studies indicating that there was correlation between the level of impacts of strategic planning and performance of the bank output. The findings also found correlation between the level of planning carried out and the size of the bank's departments within the target population. On overall the researcher found out that there was a correlation between strategic planning and Marketing, Financial, Technological performance.


It has been shown that the optical selectivity of the light-adsorbing coating based on nickel-modified nanoporous alumina can be enhanced by electrochemical deposition onto nickel of non-stoichiometric molybdenum oxide from the molybdic acid. The capsulation of deposited partly-reduced molybden oxide by closing the pores in alumina ensures the long-term stability of the resultant light-adsorbing coating.


Patients who are undergoing treatment with bleomycin and develop prurigo or rash should be suspected of bleomycin‐induced flagellate erythema and treated early with antihistamines, topical, and oral corticosteroids.


The purpose of this scientific article was to compare the Composite Competitiveness Indicator (CI) in the Electoral Systems of Venezuela, Mexico and Chile. The research was documentary, which implied that the study data were obtained from bibliographic documents. The method used was the comparative one. As a result, the impact of political behavior, together with political conditions, the role of political parties, institutions, etc., in the change of the electoral system of each country is demonstrated. In conclusion, it was evidenced how the dynamics of the political and social contexts over the years determine the electoral system, varying from competitive to non-competitive, as was the case of the compared countries.


Raman microspectrometry is increasingly becoming recognized as a signi® cant method for mineralized tissues investigations. For bone studies, conventional Raman spectra are disturbed by ̄ uorescence problems.1,2 A hydrazine treatment of bone has been used ef® ciently to solve this problem,3 but this method is destructive in terms of the organic part of this tissue and reduces some of the phosphate band intensities on the Raman spectra.4 Since we know that some biological apatites (dentine and bone for example) exhibit a very similar spectrum with respect to mineral components, the nondestruction of the organic part appears to be an important condition for spectral investigations. The aim of this work is to ® nd a simple method to reduce the bone ̄ uorescence that allows the Raman spectral attribution of a bone sample without destruction of the organic part of the tissue.


Inelastic neutron scattering has been used to obtain a comprehensive description of the absolute dynamical spin susceptibilityx9(q,v) of the underdoped superconducting cuprate YBa 2Cu3O6.5 (Tc552 K! over a wide range of energies and temperatures ~2 meV <\v< 120 meV and 5 K<T<200 K!. Spin excitations of two distinct symmetries~even and odd under the exchange of two adjacent CuO 2 layers! are observed which exhibit two differentgaplike features~rather than a single ''spin pseudogap'' !. The excitations show dispersive behavior at high energies. @S0163-1829 ~97!51142-8#


8505 Background: CD19, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is expressed in most patients with B-cell NHL. SGN-CD19A is a novel antibody-drug conjugate composed of a humanized anti-CD19 mono...


Scholarship on the topic of adjudication sits on the fence between two intellectual cultures. On the one hand, an author cannot expect a positive reception unless a work makes an original contri bution; readers—scholars, practitioners, judges, tenure committees—are looking for something new and innovative. On the other hand, within the process of adjudication itself, the attitude towards truly original legal ideas is more nuanced. It would be odd for counsel to stand before a tri bunal ' and stress the originality of the party's posi tion. Unlike an inventor, who can patent an idea only if it is "novel," or an artist, who will fail if her work is labeled as "derivative," the legal advocate often seeks to draw a court towards an innovation by locating it within past jurisprudence and prac tice. Although precedent does not play the same role in international adjudication that it does in the common law system, the absence of precedent or existence of an adverse precedent within an institution can weigh against a tribunal's embrace of a particular doctrine or procedure. For lawyers trained in the fifty-state system of the United States, the absence of precedent or exis tence of unwelcome precedent might trigger an immediate impulse to look to the jurisprudence of a sister state. Within international adjudication, however, this sort of approach has not always met with favor. There has been the well-known asser-


In this work the back-extraction reaction and equilibrium parameter of organic phases containing Cd, Ni, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) are presented. Using sulphuric acid solution as stripping agent, this study is part of the analysis of the integral separation process of Cd and Ni acidic mixtures by means of non-dispersive solvent extraction. Discrimination of different back-extraction mechanisms was achieved from the comparison of kinetic results to simulated data with a previously-reported mathematical model. Finally, it was concluded that the formation of the organic complex species is responsible for the back-extraction of both metals with the equilibrium parameter


We examine the extent to which the health care services delivered by physicians and hospitals in public and private health plans are capitated, and how this changed from 1996 to 2000. The data are from the 1996 to 2000 years of the nationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Information on whether health care use was covered by capitated arrangements was obtained from billing offices of physicians and hospitals. We compare changes in the percentage of office-based physician visits, hospital outpatient department (OPD) visits, hospital emergency department (ED) visits, and hospital inpatient stays that are covered by capitation arrangements. We also compare differences by health insurance coverage and socio-demographic characteristics. We use standard two-tail tests of significance, accounting for the complex survey design of the MEPS. We find that only 15 percent of visits to office-based physicians were capitated in 1996, declining to 13 percent in 2000. Even among HMO enrollees, visits covered by a provider capitation arrangement represented a minority of all office visits, declining to 25 percent for Private HMO enrollees and 15 percent for Medicaid HMO enrollees in 2000. Even smaller proportions of hospital services were capitated. Conclusions: Capitation remains relatively rare even among public and private HMO enrollees.


In this paper, an SICL-based diplexer operated at 7.2 GHz and 10.8 GHz is proposed. It has a simple structure, high isolation, and low insertion loss. And then, a dual-frequency antenna is designed with the proposed diplexer. The elements of SICL-based slot antenna and monopole antenna are used in the design of the antenna. The -10-dB impedance bandwidths are 7.10-7.26 GHz and 9.78-11.48 GHz, and the peak gains corresponding to the center frequency of 7.2 and 10.8 GHz are 5.1 and 6.0 dBi, respectively. The simulated results demonstrate the advantages of SICL technology in the design of low insertion loss and high isolation diplexer.


The philosophical thought of John Locke, a physician by profession, was colored by Locke's medical outlook to a much greater degree than had ever been suspected. Patrick Romanell, in "John Locke and Medicine", examines Locke's relatively unknown medical writings and asks how Locke's own distinctive conception of human knowledge, traditionally classified under British empiricism, developed. He finds that, of all of Locke's interests, it is medicine that accounts most directly and effectively for his practical ideal of life and for his constant appeal to 'profitable knowledge'. In his masterpiece "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)", Locke attempted, as he stated it, 'to describe to others, more particularly than had been done before, what it is their minds do, when they perform that action, which they call knowing'. Locke was intent on describing 'the natural history of knowledge' and he required an appropriate method of inquiry. Romanell shows that it was Locke's medical thought and his background as a physician that provided the paradigm for his famed 'historical, plain method' of inquiry that he applied to his philosophical analysis of human understanding. In addition to the light this sheds on Locke's philosophy, this new information causes us to reconsider several other significant issues: the nature of the debate between the competing schools of Continental Rationalism and British Empiricism; the position of Sydenham the physician in Locke's intellectual development; and, the subtle differences of temper within the long tradition of British Empiricism itself. "John Locke and Medicine" is the first book to discuss the hitherto neglected relationship between Locke the physician and Locke the philosopher. A major contribution to the study of John Locke, it is also a fascinating account of one of the many instances of the meeting of medicine and philosophy in the history of ideas.


The purpose of this paper is to understand the intricacies (why and how) of service innovation processes and to validate factors influencing innovation processes in capital-intensive industries. A case study was performed in the Norwegian oil and gas industry to map motivation, mechanisms and challenges in innovation processes in service receiver and service provider organisations. Innovation process influencing factors were identified and validated. The findings indicate that for the service receivers the main motivational factor to innovate was to find solutions to existing and future operational needs, whilst for the service provider was to become more competitive and to improve market position. Resources, routines and control mechanisms for innovation process varied in different scenarios. The findings are based on a case study with companies from the oil and gas industry in Norway. This paper is limited to knowledge and technology-based services required to support operation, maintenance and support processes of advanced and complex production facilities.


In MANET, it is important to efficiently manage object and traffic to improve network throughput and response time. This paper proposes a connection-degree based data search and replication scheme in mobile unstructured peer-to-peer networks. In the method, information about the path of object providers is stored at the cache of super peer at which lots of queries arrive, so that, to reduce the load of super peer, replications can be created at its neighboring nodes. It proposes an algorithm picking up a super peer among mobile nodes and making it possible to search for and utilize adaptive and up-to-date information in MANET. The method is expected to be effective since it enables access to object in spite of broken links among mobile nodes with an enhancement in network response time of searching and a decrease in communication costs. We'll verify via a simulation how this system works efficiently.


This study on the removal of cobalt ions from aqueous solutions by Acacia nilotica was conducted in batch and column method. The operating variables studied were contact time, initial solution pH, initial metal concentration, temperature and adsorbent dosage. Kinetics and isotherm models were validated to understand the mechanism of adsorption of Co(II) ion by Acacia nilotica. Thermodynamic properties such as ΔG ̊, ΔH ̊ and ΔS ̊ were determined for the cobalt adsorption. Further, the adsorption of cobalt ion was confirmed through instrumental analyses such as SEM. In column studies, the decrease of the flow rate resulted in the increase of the removal efficiency. The desorption and recyling ability of adsorbent was found to be good. We conclude that such modified Acacia nilotica can be used for the efficient removal of Co (II) ions from aqueous and industrial wastewater.


In this paper it is intended to propose energy efficient routing protocol for WSNs. The WSN comprises of countless sensor nodes. Commonly the sensor nodes are put in a far-off region to satisfy the necessities of observing or exploration. All the sensor nodes are battery-worked. The existence of a node relies on the battery. As well as sending the node's own information it likewise assumes a part of a halfway node by getting and sending the other nodes' information towards the base station or sink.Various effective events have as of now been made to accomplish this objective, yet at the same time there is a need to chip away at this space for additional upgrades. Network and information connect layers in a sensor node assume an indispensable part in the WSN correspondence. The network layer is utilized for way assurance and the MAC sub-layer of information connect layer controls the channel access and advance or get the information to/from neighbor node or sink. Routing and MAC protocols are utilized for information correspondence in WSNs.


Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are a promising new method for high throughput neuronal assays. These arrays permit non-invasive, detailed optical and multichannel electrophysiological interrogation of functional neuronal networks for drug development or neurotoxicity assessment. There has also been an effort by a number of groups to develop in vitro analogues of in vivo brain circuitry or physiological systems to serve as well defined models of in vivo tissue. However, a key hurdle in these efforts has been the ability to define and constrain the directionality of  pathways within these systems. This issue is particularly relevant during the recreation of in vivo brain architectures that communicate through defined pathways, often with specific directionality. In this paper, we demonstrate a line/ gap topology that promotes the growth of axonal directionally between neurons that have been engineered into a living analogue of a feed-forward neural architecture. The effective connectivity of this architecture was estimated from neural activity measured by a multichannel microelectrode array and quantified using conditional Granger causality analysis. Plasticity was then induced to determine whether 1) LTP/LTD was supported in this novel architecture and 2) whether plasticity differed from random network controls. We show that this method promotes unidirectional feed-forward relative to opposing feedback pathways in spontaneously active networks. This study also represents the first attempt to use the Granger causality metric for the assessment of the activity of a biological neuronal network in which connectivity is highly defined.


In the Information era, optimization of processes for Information Retrieval, Text Summarization, Text and Data Analytic systems becomes utmost important. Therefore in order to achieve accuracy, extraction of redundant words with low or no semantic meaning must be filtered out. Such words are known as stopwords. Stopwords list has been developed for languages like English, Chinese, Arabic, Hindi, etc. Stopword list is also available for Sanskrit language. Stop-word removal is an important preprocessing techniques used in Natural Language processing applications so as to improve the performance of the Information Retrieval System, Text Analytics & Processing System, Text Summarization, Question-Answering system, stemming etc. In this paper, a simple approach is used to design stop-word removal algorithm and its implementation for Sanskrit language. The algorithm and its implementation uses dictionary based approach. In dictionary based approach predefined list of stopwords is compared to the target text on which removal is required.


The inception of the "Harmonious World" theory is in conformance with the historical trend in the era of globalization.As a global governance theory of China,it has undergone a developing course from a conception to a theory.Judging by their theoretical positions,both "Harmonious World" theory and Global Governance are normative theories.They both take the world as a sphere of explanation and emphasize the role of authority.With regard to the composing elements of a theory,the "Harmonious World" theory and Global Governance are quite consistent,but also with some discrepancy,in the aspects of value,rules,subject,object and performance.


Infection-related atrial fibrillation (AF) has been associated with similar risk of thromboembolic events as AF without a concurrent infection. However, it is unknown whether the increased thromboembolic risk in this patient group is primarily associated with AF or with the infection.

 We compared type of infection and 1-year outcomes in patients with AF during an infection and in patients with infection without AF.

 By crosslinking data from Danish nationwide registries, AF naïve patients admitted with an infection from 1996–2016 were identified. Patients with infection-related AF (defined as patients who developed AF during their hospital admission with infection) were matched 1:3 on age, calendar year, sex, and type of infection (gastrointestinal infection, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, sepsis, and other infections) with those who had infection without AF. Cumulative incidences of thromboembolic events were calculated using the Aalen Johansen estimator and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of thromboembolic events and hospital contacts with AF were assessed by multivariable Cox regression analysis comparing those with infection-related AF with those with infection without AF.

 The study population comprised 30,711 patients with infection-related AF and 92,133 patients with infection without AF (median age 79 years [interquartile range 71–86] and 47.6% males in both groups). In general, patients with infection-related AF had more concurrent diseases than patients with infection without AF. During the first week after the hospital admission, 9.8% of the patients with infection-related AF and 0.1% of the patients with infection without AF initiated oral anticoagulation therapy.
 During the first year after the infection, 7.6% of patients with infection-related AF and 4.4% of patients with infection without AF had a thromboembolic event, while 36.1% and 1.8% had a new hospital-contact with AF. Cumulative incidences of thromboembolic events are depicted in the Figure. In the multivariable models, infection-related AF was associated with an increased 1-year risk of thromboembolic events and new hospital contacts with AF compared with infection without AF (HR 2.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.94–2.17 for thromboembolic events and HR 26.06, 95% CI 24.72–27.48 for new AF episodes, respectively).

 More than one third of patients with infection-related AF had a new hospital contact with AF during the first year after their infection. Further, infection-related AF was associated with a significantly increased 1-year risk of thromboembolic events compared with infection without AF. Consequently, this study suggests that AF begets AF, even if it presents during an infection.

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In the production of ethanol from agroindustrial crop residues, one of the critical stages in the process is the conversion of lignocellulosic material to simple sugars, which can be done chemically or enzymatically. In this research, the enzymatic activities of commercial enzymes were evaluated for their influence on the degradation of lignocellulosic materials from sugar cane harvest residues (leaves and top cane). Eight substrates were pretreated with different delignification methods. Likewise, five enzymatic preparations were configured. An analysis of the enzyme-substrate interactions was conducted through fuzzy system analysis. The results showed regions of maximum enzymatic activity for residues of the sugarcane harvest, between 20-30 Filter Paper Units (FPU) /mL values lower than 500 pNPG (p-Nitrofenol-α-D-Glucopyranoside) U / mL of activity beta-glucosidase and hemicellulase activity between 50 and 70 IU / mL, confirming that the use of large amounts of cellulolytic enzymes is not necessary.


Beamforming technology plays an essential role in the promising millimeter wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) communications for fifth generation (5G) new radio system. Specifically, hybrid analog beamforming and digital precoding scheme can be employed to reduce the excessive radio frequency (RF) chains and data converters in the massive MIMO transceiver while still maintaining optimal spectral efficiency. However, traditional hybrid precoding architecture cannot be configured to support different system specifications, such as the number of bit streams or transmit antennas, leading to the limitation to hardware flexibility and efficiency. This article presents a configurable and low-complexity hybrid precoder based on the parallel data-stream processing in respect of system, algorithm, and architecture. The proposed algorithm was designed to avoid signal dependence between data streams so as to realize configurable precoding architecture. The performance and complexity of the proposed algorithm were also simulated and analyzed in detail in this article. Moreover, the hybrid precoding processor chip was designed and implemented based on the proposed algorithm. A novel data-processing flow was designed in the precoder so as to increase the hardware efficiency and configurability. The designed hybrid precoding chip can be configured to support one to four data streams for $16\times 16$ mmWave MIMO systems. The designed precoder was implemented by using TSMC 40-nm CMOS technology. The normalized throughput achieved 11.1 M channel-matrices per second at a maximum clock frequency of 300 MHz. The area complexity is 263.5 kGE, and power consumption is 119.1 mW.


Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is considered to be the common cause of mortality and morbidity. Early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis will help to reduce the neonatal death. Microbial culture is the specific method for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis but these reports are usually available after 48-72 hours. Hence there is need for new biochemical marker for early detection of septic infants. One such marker is C-reactive protein (CRP) which rises rapidly in acute disease and cleared once the stimulus is aborted.
Aim: To assess role of CRP in diagnosis of neonatal sepsis and its prognostic value and also to study the co-relation of CRP with clinical findings.
Materials and Methods: Present cross sectional, prospective study was conducted on newborns suspected of sepsis in Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology. Study was conducted over a period of 2 years. Study group comprised of 200 neonates admitted in NICU who fulfilled criteria of neonatal sepsis as per guidelines of National Neonatology Forum. CRP estimation was done by Latex agglutination slide test, value of more than 0.6mg/dl was taken positive in our study. Out of 200 cases, 76 were both culture positive and CRP positive which were taken as proven sepsis, and 102 cases had only CRP positive (culture negative) so they were taken as probable sepsis and remaining 22 cases were both culture and CRP negative. In cases with CRP positive reports CRP was repeated on day 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 for its prognostic value.
Result: CRP was positive in 89% of babies with suspected sepsis and 100% in culture proven cases. Sensitivity of CRP in diagnosis of neonatal sepsis in our study was 100%, with specificity of 17.7% and positive predictive value of 42.7% with 100% negative predictive value. CRP was observed to be negative in neonates who responded to therapy. P=


This study investigates in detail conventional and advanced shading devices. Thermal and visual aspects are considered as well as advanced control strategies. The systems are compared regarding energy balances, daylight provision and visual comfort aspects (glare, view contact). Outside mounted systems offer in all investigated cases best solar protection. A combination of external shading and internal glare protection can reduce the overall energy demand by more than 25% compared to a solar control glazing and/or only internal mounted shadings. High reflective internal mounted shadings cannot reach the performance of external shadings. They can improve the cooling demand compared to a standard internal mounted blind system, but only if high quality sufaces are used.


The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE)-3 is an international randomized trial conducted in 21 countries; China, India, Colombia, Argentina, and Canada contributed the most participants. The trial included 12,705 people (age, ≥65 for women, and ≥55 for men) without known cardiovascular (CV) disease who were considered to be at intermediate risk by virtue of meeting at least one inclusion criterion: Elevated waist–hip ratio, HDL cholesterol level <39 mg/dL (men) or <50 mg/dL (women), current or recent smoking, prediabetes or diet-controlled diabetes, premature coronary disease in first-degree relatives, or early renal dysfunction. Most participants had at least two risk factors.

In a 2×2 factorial design, each participant received daily rosuvastatin (10 mg) or placebo, plus …


Infection with Salmonella typhi bacteria during the COVID-19 era has the potential to worsen malnutrition in children in low- and middle-income nations, particularly around the coast. Recent studies have demonstrated that one of the best strategies for preventing malnutrition is consuming local food sources from the sea, which are easy to acquire, inexpensive, and high in nutrients. In this study, 15 male mice were used as the test subjects. They were split into two groups: the intervention group and the control group, both before and after intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella typhi. The intervention group was given dosages of cookies containing Diadema setosum gonad (0.40 mg/kg of body weight), whereas the control group received only a natural diet. The blood samples were then analyzed to measure their hemoglobin levels using the Sahli haemometer method, and serum albumin concentrations were determined using the bromocresol green method. The results show that the treatment with Diadema setosum gonad cookies had a significant effect on the levels of albumin and hemoglobin (Hb), as well as the body weights of the intervened mice, with a statistically significant increase (p<0.05). Conversely, BALB/c mice in the control group demonstrated a decrease in their initial food intakes, resulting in a significant reduction in body weight, albumin, and hemoglobin (Hb). This finding implies that the cookie formula with Diadema setosum gonad as the principal ingredient has potential benefits in lowering the incidence of malnutrition for children.


A convenient way to file KBr Pellets is to cut thin-walled polyethylene tubing into 2" lengths, staple each in the middle to make two compartments, and close filled compartment with a staple (or paper clip, temporarily). Small pieces of card with file numbers are attached with scotch tape to outside. Contents are visible. The flat pellet files are stored in a desiccator to keep in a dry atmosphere. File information is easily kept on 3" × 5" cards, 10 to a card.


The preparation of polypropylene/clay nanocomposite fibers is interesting from the point of dyeability. This paper investigated the kinetics and the thermodynamic parameters of polypropylene/nanoclay dyeing with three disperse dyes as common dyestuffs for non-polar polymer (C.I. Disperse Blue 60, C.I. Disperse Red 324, and C.I. Disperse Yellow 211). The physicochemical parameters of dyeing are calculated in terms of sorption isotherm, standard affinity, enthalpy and entropy changes, and diffusion coefficient as well as activation energy of the diffusion. The sorption of disperse dye on polypropylene/nanoclay composite shows the linear isotherm. The value of dyeing rate constant and diffusion coefficient of dye molecules increases with the dyeing temperature. The standard affinity of Disperse Red 324 to polypropylene/nanoclay fiber is higher than the two other dyes due its higher partially polarity.


Deep neural networks (DNN) based recommender models often require numerous parameters to achieve remarkable performance. However, this inevitably brings redundant neurons, a phenomenon referred to as over-parameterization. In this paper, we plan to exploit such redundancy phenomena for recommender systems (RS), and propose a top-N item recommendation framework called PCRec that leverages collaborative training of two recommender models of the same network structure, termed peer collaboration. We first introduce two criteria to identify the importance of parameters of a given recommender model. Then, we rejuvenate the unimportant parameters by copying parameters from its peer network. After such an operation and retraining, the original recommender model is endowed with more representation capacity by possessing more functional model parameters. To show its generality, we instantiate PCRec by using three well-known recommender models. We conduct extensive experiments on two real-world datasets, and show that PCRec yields significantly better performance than its counterpart with the same model (parameter) size.


Clear second harmonic generation (SHG) was observed from xPbO(100x)SiO2 glasses after electrical pol ing. PbO can be considered to be responsible for the SHG center since no SHG was detected from electrically poled PbO-free SiO2 glass. SHG was seen from the glasses poled above 100, and the intensity increased as the poling temperature increased. The minimum dc voltage necessary for SHG was 1kV. SHG intensity in creased first and then decreased with the increase of PbO content, showing a maximum at 34.8 mol% PbO. This dependence of SHG seems to relate the microstructure associated with Pb2+, probably Si-O-Pb2+ units. [Received June 5, 1997, Accepted November 14, 1997]


The strategic directions of development of agriculture of the city, need of fixing of positive tendencies of development of economy of agrarian and industrial complex at the expense of improvement of reproduction of land resources, equipment of agricultural producers by equipment, the equipment and fixed assets, and also carrying out policy of support of small forms of managing are considered. In the city the course on development of large commodity production taking into account the capacity of suburban farms and nearby areas will proceed. Important competitive advantages of the city is existence in the territory of the fertile soils increasing productivity of the agricultural enterprises, providing the enterprises food and processing industry qualitative raw materials that as a whole increases competitiveness of made production. Also introduction of an innovative agrarian and production cluster of GO "City of Yakutsk".


In Germany, the optimization of water supply systems has gained more and more attention due to a growing cost pressure for German municipal utilities. In this work, a model is presented which optimizes the usage of water tanks. On the one hand locations of new tanks are identified, and on the other hand the size of existing tanks is optimized, subject to satisfying the demand of clients and providing the necessary amount of fire water during all time periods. The main difficulty is the consideration of the head loss equation which is required to model the hydraulic properties of a water supply system. As this equation is non-convex and quadratic the optimization model becomes a non-convex Mixed Integer Quadratically Constrained Program (MIQCP). To solve this MIQCP different solution methods are applied.


In this study, by analyzing structural change and degradation of material properties which are induced by the cross-linking and moisture absorption, hygrothermal effects on epoxy materials are investigated through molecular dynamics simulation. To verify the effect of cross-linking ratio and particle size on hygrothermal degradation, three different cross-linked states are considered in epoxy matrix and silica nanoparticles of various sizes are contained in nanocomposites. To verify the mechanism of hygrothermal degradation, structural changes such as change of volume, density, and free volume, and diffusion of water molecules are analyzed.


Charles Burrus, a millimeter-wave diode expert, and three dozen other millimeter-waveguide investigators, sat expectantly in the Bell Laboratories' conference room at the Crawford Hill Laboratory in Holmdel, N.J. It was mid-1963. Microwave division leader Stewart E. Miller stood up and announced that the research group would be redirecting its efforts from millimeter-wave guides to guided-wave optical communications, and that people should finish all pending projects and then set about re-equipping the laboratory. "We went into optics by fiat," Burrus recalled.


Issue: Sep-Oct 2020
In Service of the Republic: The Art and Science of Economic Policy Making,  by Vijay Kelkar and Ajay Shah, is a book largely in the Public Choice tradition and yet, wants the government to correct its path. This is an important contribution and a necessary reading not only to those involved in serious policy making but also a general citizen who is at the receiving end.  It is hoped that the policy makers listen to what the authors have to say and general readers get sensitised on wrong policy interventions.


Orientalist art occupies a complicated and often contradictory position in the twenty-first century. Having observed that recent exhibitions suggest significant differences between how this art is theorised and how it is presented to and received by the public, it is timely to interrogate anew the interpretation of Orientalist art, and to examine and bring together new academic work currently being undertaken on the topic. This special issue provides a platform for authors to survey and take up the field in multiple new directions. This introduction briefly presents the genesis of the 'Challenging Orientalism' project and comments on the six select studies of the issue. They all contribute to expanding the traditional borders of this field with a variety of materials, geographies and contexts, and offer novel studies of Orientalist art from the nineteenth century to the modern day, notably providing insights into its contemporary display and reception.


AIM: To observe the effect of naloxone on preventing central stress ulcer (Cushing's ulcer). METHODS: A total one hundred and one patients with central nervous system (CNS) damage were randomly divided into three groups. Thirty-seven patients in naloxone group were treated with naloxone 0.02 mg·kg -1, iv, q 12 h ×2 wk; thirty-five patients in omeperazole group were treated with omeprazole 40 mg iv, qd ×2 wk, which were given by proton pump to depress gastric acid secretion; twenty-nine patients in sucralfate group were treated with sucralfate 1.0 g, po, qid×2wk. The incident rate of Cushing's ulcer's hemorrhage and the death rate were observed. RESULTS: The rate of Cushing ulcer's hemorrhage and the death rate of the naloxone group were much lower than those of the sucralfate group(5 %,3 % vs 31 %, 14 %, P 0.01 or P0.05), the rate of hemorrhage and the death rate of the omeprazole group much lower than those of the sucralfate group (6 %,3 % vs 31 %,14 %, P 0.05). There was no significant difference of the rate of hemorrhage and death between the naloxone group and the omeprazole group (5 %,3 % vs 6 %, 3 %, P 0.05). CONCLUSION :Naloxone can effectively decrease the incident rate of central stress ulcer hemorrhage.


To resolve the problem that the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm commonly used in knee joint replacement surgery registration had low registration accuracy and was easy to fall into local optimal solutions. An improved registration method based on feature point clouds was proposed. First, the Harris-3D algorithm was used to extract the feature point cloud of the three-dimensional model of the knee joint. Optical tracking system (OTS) was used to collect the point cloud of the corresponding area of the sawbone. Then, the Sample Consensus Initial Alignment (SAC-IA) algorithm was used to perform coarse registration on two point clouds. The ICP algorithm was used to make the registration matrix converge to an optimal solution. The k-d tree was used to find neighboring points to accelerate the iterative process. Finally, the simulation of the registration method was taken to prove the feasibility of the method. The accuracy of the knee joint surgery navigation registration experiment was carried out with the knee joint femur model as the object. Result shows that the error of the proposed registration algorithm is 2.12mm, while the error of the ICP algorithm is 6.30mm, which verifies the effectiveness of this method.


Fields of intensities similar to those in our galaxy are also observed in high redshift galaxies, where a mean field dynamo would not have had time to produce them. Therefore, a primordial origin is indicated. It has been suggested that magnetic fields were created at various primordial eras: during inflation, the electroweak phase transition, the quark-hadron phase transition (QHPT), during the formation of the first objects, and during reionization. We suggest here that the large scale fields ∼ μG, observed in galaxies at both high and low redshifts by Faraday Rotation Measurements (FRMs), have their origin in the electromagnetic fluctuations that naturally occurred in the dense hot plasma that existed just after the QHPT. We evolve the predicted fields to the present time. The size of the region containing a coherent magnetic field increased due to the fusion (polymerization) of smaller regions. Magnetic fields (MFs) ∼ 10μG over a comoving ∼ 1 pc region are predicted at redshift z ∼ 10. These fields are orders of magnitude greater than those predicted in previous scenarios for creating primordial magnetic fields. Line-of-sight average magnetic fields (MFs) ∼ 10 μG, valid for FRMs, are obtained over a 1 Mpc comoving region at the redshift z ∼ 10. In the collapse to a galaxy (comoving size ∼ 30 kpc) at z ∼ 10, the fields are amplified to ∼ 10μG. This indicates that the MFs created immediately after the QHPT, predicted by the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem, could be the origin of the ∼ μG fields observed by FRMs in galaxies at both high and low redshifts. Our predicted MFs are shown to be consistent with present observations. We discuss the possibility that the predicted MFs could cause non-negligible deflections of ultra-high energy cosmic rays and help create the observed isotropic distribution of their incoming directions. We also discuss the importance of the volume average magnetic field predicted by our model in producing the first stars and in reionizing the Universe. Subject headings: Cosmology: Early Universe, Magnetic Fields, Plasmas E-mails: email@example.com, email@example.com


The article presents the results of a study based on the news surrounding COVID-19 in electronic media sites, print media and online media in Bulgaria through the prism of three notions: Intertextuality, hypertextuality and multimodality The survey period covers three months: February - April 2020 (the beginning of wider dissemination of information about COVID-19 in the media until the establishment of a peak of patients, hospitalized and carriers of the virus) A discursive, media and communicative analysis of a corpus has been conducted and then divided into four sub-corpora, which include online publications, videos, memes, photos, infographics and more The analysis focuses on online publications in order to pinpoint the manifestations of intertextuality, mainly on a verbal level;the external and internal hyper textuality and the role of hyperlinks are investigated too The establishment of multimodality in official media information and memes reflecting situations related to the coronavirus crisis (COVID-19) are examined in part three Linguistic and communication features are also presented in terms of metadiscourse and intervisuality, which are carried out in the events of institutional public relations The article also presents groups of terms and expressions used in expert and statemen's statements in media sites, online media and social networks to present the information about overcoming the coronavirus crisis and preventing the spread of fake news and fake content © 2020 South-West University Publishing House, Faculty of Philology All rights reserved


Laminated rubber bearings are the key components of base isolated structures. It is important to effectively monitor the axial pressure and shear deformation in rubber bearings. In previous studies, the axial pressure and shear deformation of rubber bearings have been monitored separately using wavelet‐packet‐based method. However, when the axial pressure and deformation of rubber bearings change at the same time, the prediction error of the above method is large. Therefore, this paper proposed a new deep neural network architecture, named P&D‐NET to monitor the axial pressure and shear deformation simultaneously. The P&D‐NET combines wavelet packet decomposition method and fully connected neural network. In this study, the coupling effects of axial pressure and shear deformation monitoring are studied by full‐scale experiments. The details of P&D‐NET are also introduced. Three full‐scale smart rubber bearings (SRB) were tested under different axial pressure and shear deformation to form a real measured dataset. The influence of feature extraction methods, network structures, and weighting coefficient in loss function was investigated to optimize the network. By using the optimal hyperparameters, the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of axial pressure prediction and shear deformation prediction in the test set is 1.41 MPa and 17.6%, which has reduced the error by up to 68.8% compared to the previous wavelet‐packet‐based method.


Separation of luminance and chromatic infoimationby Hebb-Stent rulesWilliam McllhaggaMcGill Vision Research Unit,687 Pine Ave.West, H4-14 Montreal, Canada H3A-IA1Graeme ColeDept of Mathematics and Physical Sciences,Murdoch University, Western Australia.ABSTRACI'The P cell pathway in primates is involved in both luminance and chromatic perception. This correlates wellwith P cell receptive fields, which are both spatially and chromatically opponent. Since, however, theluminance and chromatic channels found in psychophysics are independent, the mixed luminance andchromatic information in P cell signals must be demultiplexed in cortex.We have examined the ability of an unsupervised neural network to demultiplex P cell signals, usingrealistic visual inputs. Digitised images, corrected to be statistically similar to retinal images, were sampledby a simulated retinal mosaic, and filtered by difference-of-gaussians P cell receptive fields. The simulatedP cell signals were used as inputs to a network designed to maximise unit responses while minimising thecorrelation between units. After a period of training, we evaluated the receptive fields formed in thenetwork. The neurons clearly fell into two categories. The first were those sensitive to changes in intensityin the retinal image; that is, luminance selective units. The second were those sensitive to a colourdifference in the retinal image; that is, chromatically selective units.1. INTRODUCTIONLight that falls on the retina is absorbed by a mosaic of photoreceptors. These are of three types (called L,Mand S cones), sensitive to different regions of the spectrum. Our colour sensations do not depend directlyon the cone responses; instead, they result from combinations of cone responses. The simplest and mostwidely accepted model says that human colour vision is mediated by three channels: a "luminance" channel,which is a sum of L and M cone responses; a "red/green" channel, which is a difference of L and M coneresponses; and a "blue/yellow" channel, which compares the response of S cones with that of L and Mcones1'2 wig. la). The luminance channel is spatially bandpass, preferring medium spatial frequencies (2-5


I paused for a moment. Everyone seems interested in value in health care: insurance executives, hospital administrators, and now a customs official. "Well, I hope it will make me a better doctor and teacher. But I don't know how to give it a monetary value. Priceless, I guess." I smiled. Since he waved me through, I guess my answer was sufficient. But I kept thinking about the value of the key themes of the meeting as I prepared to fly home. How could I apply my new knowledge about assessment, particularly workplace assessment, across the continuum of medical education? Would the idea of reflection resonate for practicing physicians, residents, and medical students in the same way? How can we participate in planning for workforce needs without knowing what kind of delivery system will exist in the future, how long people will practice, and the roles of advanced practice nurses and physician assistants? And finally, what do we mean by a continuum of medical education? Who is responsible for defining it? In the rest of this editorial, I reflect mainly upon these last two questions.


Neurocognitive enhancement(also known as neuroenhancement) is a pharmacological attempt to increase or improve cognition.These kinds of cognitive-enhancing drugs could be used to treat cognitive deficients induced by various diseases,such as Alzheimer's disease,attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy.However,in the past two decades,demands have been growing for such drugs among some healthy adults engaged in the military environment,or doing shift-work or suffering from sleep disorder.In this review we summarize and discuss previously published clinical researches on some well-known cognitive-enhancing drugs and introduce some novel targets and drugs for neuroenhancement which are in the preclinical stage.


Let $(X,\check{X})$ be a mirror pair of a complex torus $X$ and its mirror partner $\check{X}$. This mirror pair is described as the trivial special Lagrangian torus fibrations $X\rightarrow B$ and $\check{X}\rightarrow B$ on the same base space $B$ by SYZ construction. Then, we can associate a holomorphic line bundle $E(s,\mathcal{L})\rightarrow X$ to a pair $(s,\mathcal{L})$ of a Lagrangian section $s$ of $\check{X}\rightarrow B$ and a unitary local system $\mathcal{L}$ along it. In this paper, we first construct the deformation $X_{\mathcal{G}}$ of $X$ by a certain flat gerbe $\mathcal{G}$ and its mirror partner $\check{X}_{\mathcal{G}}$ from the mirror pair $(X,\check{X})$, and discuss deformations of objects $E(s,\mathcal{L})$ and $(s,\mathcal{L})$ over the deformed mirror pair $(X_{\mathcal{G}},\check{X}_{\mathcal{G}})$.


Objective: This study explores the influence of vasodilators on the apoptotic activity related to endothelial damage caused by mechanical distension of the saphenous vein. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two patients without varicose veins undergoing coronary artery bypass graft operations were divided into four equal groups. Group I (control) Normal Saline, group II Papaverine group III Verapamil and group IV Nitroglycerine solutions. Percentange of immunohistochemical reactivity, pro-apoptotic bax and kaspaz-9 and anti-apoptotic bcl-2 were measured in the samples. Results: The percentage of cells which were positive for Bax (+) In Group I (Control) was 85.00 ± 6.89, Group II (Papaverine) 64.63 ± 8.73, Group III (Verapamil) 23.75 ± 4.20 and Group IV (Nitroglycerine) 22.00 ± 7.69. While there was no statistical difference between verepamil and nitroglycerin groups, they both had significantly decreased percentage of cells with proapoptotic Bax (+) compared to the control and the papaverine groups (p


Rosa chinensis is being widely investigated because of its extremely high ornamental value and commercial value. Scientists have entered the molecules for its researching level. Extraction of high quality RNA is a primary and key step towards undertaking molecular biology experiments, which is often affected by contaminants, such as pigments, polyphenols, proteins, plant secondary metabolites, and genomic DNA from plant tissues. Here the authors build a new protocol suitable for isolating high-quality RNA from the petals of Rosa chinensis. Based on a CTAB method, the quality of RNA is very pure with little contaminants and makes a figure in gel electrophoresis. After RT-PCR, the 860 bp sequence of chalcone synthase (CHS) gene was obtained to identify the quality of total RNA from Rosa chinensis. In these experiments, The RNA isolated by the improved CTAB method is quite excellent.


Electrical conductivity mapping is a prerequisite tool for hydrogeological or environmental studies. Its interpretation still remains qualitative but advantages can be expected from a quantitative approach. However a full 3D interpretation is too laborious a task in comparison with the limited cost and time which are involved in the majority of such field studies. It is then of value to define the situations where lateral variations are sufficiently smooth for a 1D model to describe correctly the underlying features.

For slingram conductivity measurements, criteria allowing an approximate 1D inversion are defined: these mainly consist of a limited rate of variation over three times the intercoil spacing.

In geological contexts where the weathering has generated a conductive intermediate layer between the underlying sound rock and the soil, this processing can be applied to determine the thickness of the conductive layer from the apparent resistivity map when the other geoelectrical parameters are known. The examples presented illustrate this application.


This chapter addresses West Nile virus, the cause of a formerly unknown disease whose path through America was a trail of dead birds and dead people. West Nile virus is currently the most common and severe form of mosquito-borne encephalitis in North America. At present, West Nile virus has been isolated from over 300 species of birds. The infected birds fall into two major groups: those that carry the virus and are asymptomatic and those that develop an often fatal neurologic disease. Crows, jays, magpies, and house finches, upon infection, develop high virus loads and rapidly infect the mosquitoes that prey on them. House sparrows are also reservoirs for high titers of West Nile virus and play a role in the virus' transmission in city areas. Humans are incidental/accidental hosts in the natural mosquito–bird cycle of this viral infection. Most humans who become infected have received bites from mosquitoes carrying the West Nile virus. The viruses then replicate at the bite site and likely spread to specialized cells, dendritic cells, which act as processors of foreign antigens. Viruses may also travel directly from the bite site into and through the blood.


This paper solves the control algorithms for step-up boost converter (for purpose to minimize influence of voltage drop to electric drive with indirect frequency converter with voltage sourced inverter and induction motor).


A 600 t rotary floating crane was investigated.ADAMS was used to create its rigid-flexible multiply model.By simulating the luffing conditions,the data of stress,load and speed of the crane were obtained.It provides a reference for the rotary floating crane design.


In the past three decades, incarceration has become an increasingly powerful force for reproducing and reinforcing social inequalities. A new wave of sociological research details the contemporary experiment with mass incarceration in the United States and its attendant effects on social stratification. This review first describes the scope of imprisonment and the process of selection into prison. It then considers the implications of the prison boom for understanding inequalities in the labor market, educational attainment, health, families, and the intergenerational transmission of inequality. Social researchers have long understood selection into prison as a reflection of existing stratification processes. Today, research attention has shifted to the role of punishment in generating these inequalities.


Abstract. 300 patients, 18–43 years of age, with CIN I‐III were treated between 1979 and 1983 with laser vaporization. The follow‐up for 12–60 months has been analysed. The healing rate after one treatment session was 91%. Residual disease was discovered without delay using colposcopy and vaginal cytology and retreatment could easily be arranged.


In this paper, we theoretically investigate a new technique for simultaneous information and power transfer (SWIPT) in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) point-to-point with radio frequency energy harvesting capabilities. The proposed technique exploits the spatial decomposition of the MIMO channel and uses the eigenchannels either to convey information or to transfer energy. In order to generalize our study, we consider channel estimation error in the decomposition process and the interference between the eigenchannels. An optimization problem that minimizes the total transmitted power subject to maximum power per eigenchannel, information and energy constraints is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear program and solved to optimality using mixed-integer second-order cone programming. A near-optimal mixed-integer linear programming solution is also developed with robust computational performance. A polynomial complexity algorithm is further proposed for the optimal solution of the problem when no maximum power per eigenchannel constraints are imposed. In addition, a low polynomial complexity algorithm is developed for the power allocation problem with a given eigenchannel assignment, as well as a low-complexity heuristic for solving the eigenchannel assignment problem.


The expansion of local agriculture in the New England region is putting increased pressure on farmers to expand their arable land base. While clear-cutting is a traditional method of converting forested land to agriculture, it is known for having adverse ecological impacts. To minimize these impacts, farmers can create a silvopasture which incorporates a portion of the original forest canopy into pastures or crop fields. This study evaluates the impact of land-use changes for agriculture on soil nitrogen (N) retention. In particular, this study investigates the differences in soil N turnover, gaseous loss, and aqueous loss among an established forest, established pasture, clear-cut converted pasture, and converted silvopasture systems over a 30day incubation period. We found significant differences in N mineralization, immobilization, and denitrification among treatments, with evidence that a forest-to-silvopasture conversion can successfully support soil N retention within the first two years of implementation. This may have been due to the presence of coarse woody debris inputs from forest cutting and its effect on the soil carbon (C) to N ratio. Nitrogen retention in silvopastures may also result from partial preservation of the forest canopy. Our results suggest that farmers looking to expand their agricultural land base through forest clearing may be able to use silvopastures for as a way of retaining soil nutrients while at the same time putting land into production.


The impact model of rocket projectile's movement in direction pipe was established and bearing load when moving in the pipe of rocket projectile was analyzed.Based on previous work,the simulation model and calculation of impact movement process about rocket projectile in direction pipe were studied,then movement principles were got.Mass eccentricity,thrust eccentricity and windage are main factors affecting impact action and initial disturbance parameter values of rocket projectile in the direction pipe.Thus simulation calculation of impact movement about rocket projectile was done considering above factors,then some useful conclusions were drawn.The simulation study sets base for launching dynamics analysis and better shot accuracy of some rocket launcher,and provides references for optimized structure design and manufacture of rocket projectile and direction pipe.


This paper presents the approach for seismic evaluation and guidelines for seismic retrofit of the Canadian Highway Bridge Design code. A number of common seismic deficiencies found in bridge structures are discussed. The reversed cyclic loading behavior of columns with lap splices at their bases, outrigger beam-column connections, and columns with hinges at their bases are discussed. Methods suitable for retrofit of a number of these deficiencies are described. The responses of these elements after these retrofit strategies were carried out are also presented.


Chapter 1: Meaning, Representation and Power Chapter 2: The Industrial Production of Meaning Chapter 3: Power and Media Production Chapter 4: The Global Information Economy Chapter 5: Media and Communication Professionals Chapter 6: Making News Chapter 7: Politics and Communication Strategists Chapter 8: Producing and Negotiating Identities Chapter 9: Consumer Culture, Branding and Advertising Chapter 10: Popular Culture Chapter 11: Social Media, Interactivity and Participation Chapter 12: Mobile Media, Urban Space and Everyday Life Chapter 13: Constructing and Managing Audiences Chapter 14: Managing Participation


Some simple theoretical concepts and models are outlined that describe how colonization affects population genetic structure. Particular attention is given to the effects of stochastic processes on different classes of genetic variation. Because of an overall paucity of empirical data on colonization most data originate from studies on ephemeral plants. Following a discussion of evidence for evolutionary changes in breeding systems that can accompany colonization, genetic studies are suggested that could be conducted on colonizing species.


General-equilibrium models based on increasing returns, product differentiation and monopolistic competition have attained a prominent position in trade theory and, more recently, in economic geography. This paper surveys empirical studies on issues raised by the new wave of theoretical thinking. There is a growing literature documenting spatial distributions of industries at country and regional levels, which focuses predominantly on the United States and the European Union. This body of work has produced robust findings as well as puzzles. Particular ambiguity appears in studies of location trends in the European Union. In addition, empirical researchers have devised methods to separate and test alternative theoretical paradigms. Analytical work confirms the complementarity and relevance of both neo-classical and "new" models. Existing results, however, do not permit firm conclusions about the relative explanatory power of the main theoretical approaches for location patterns overall and in particular industries.


The present study aims to evaluate the sexual synchronization of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) breeding herds under different distributions and days. This study was carried out during, a period of 21 experimental days. It was conducted in a randomized block design (DBC), in a factorial scheme 2 × 2 × 3, (male and female, with and without hormone induction, and three times blocks of 7, 14 and 21 days). A total of 324 fish were used, 180 females and 144 males, previously microchipped with approximately 250 ± 12.25 g of body weight.. Each tank contained 36 animals, with every three tanks comprising a block of which were repeated in time. Each of the tanks was composed of only males, another with 12 males and 24 females separated by a glass and a screen on the bottom and the third tank with only females. In each treatment, half of the animals (male and female) were applied the hCG hormone, in a single dose at a concentration of 5 IU / gram fish live weight. The animals were evaluated at 7, 14, and 21 days. After 667 hours-degree after application of the hormone was made extrusion and spermatozoa by celomatic massage. It was observed females that showed ease of extrusion of gametes. For the females, spawning index, absolute and relative fecundity, oocyte weight per 1 g, diameters, and germinal vesicle peripheral position were evaluated; the sperm concentration, volume (ml), motility (%), duration of sperm motility (min) and integrity were evaluated in males. The data were submitted to analysis of variance at the 5% level of significance. For females at 14 days there was greater ease of extrusion when separated from males, with hormone application . The distribution influenced the spawning weight, the larger diameter, and for the diameters smaller the days and induction presented interference. In males, the days interfered in the increase in volume and duration of semen motility independent of induction and environment, and finally, the environment interfered significantly in semen concentration.


A new capacitor array structure which is both energy and area efficient is presented for a 4 bit successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The proposed circuit consumes zero energy in the second and third comparison cycles. Significant lowering of energy in the different charge redistribution steps is ensured by applying different voltages in the switching scheme of the various comparison cycles. Besides energy saving to the extent of 98%, a 75% reduction in capacitance is achieved compared to the conventional method.


Bernstein's work is stimulating insofar as it illustrates one way of thinking about how speech communication re flects and reforms culture. However, by concentrating solely on speech, he may be jumping to conclusions about the self concepts and world views of people within particular social setttings that would not be warranted if one were were to give the same consideration to other symbolic forms of communication those people use.


Sensitivity analysis is an important component of any probabilistic risk assessment that provides the foundation for a risk-informed, performance-based approach for protecting public health or making an engineering decision. Results from sensitivity analysis are typically used to derive the risk significance of various aspects of the system being modeled (i.e., parameters, conceptual models, and assumptions). An implicit assumption for conducting sensitivity analysis is that the model and the associated parameters representing the system is realistic (i.e., neither overly pessimistic nor optimistic). However, making conservative assumptions on the values of the parameters (model conservatism) is unavoidable when modeling large and complex systems, such as a high-level radioactive waste disposal system, when the systems have a significant level of uncertainty. This paper presents a systematic investigation of the effects of model using conservative values on the identification and ranking of influential parameters when using sensitivity analysis. The three simple, nonlinear stochastic example problems in this paper clearly illustrate how the ranking of influential parameters changes with the level of assumed conservatism. Such changes could lead to erroneous conclusions that other parameters in the system model are more influential than the ones that are assumed to be conservative. INTRODUCTION Risk-informed, performance-based approach is increasingly being adopted by nuclear and non-nuclear industries (e.g., waste disposal, facility decommissioning, chemical process plant safety, and food safety) for safety evaluation and licensing. Quantitative risk assessment, which permits systematic investigation, quantification, and explanation of system safety, is essential to implementing the risk-informed, performance-based approach. A vital component of quantitative risk assessment is obtaining risk insights. Risks insights help (i) focus efforts on risk-significant events, processes, components, designs, and model limitations to identify areas for improvement, prioritize resource allocation, and develop action plans; (ii) reduce unnecessary regulatory burden on licensees; and (iii) drive development of a common understanding in multi-disciplinary environments. Sensitivity analysis is an important tool for identifying risk significant factors (e.g., conceptual models, parameters, and assumptions) from which risk insights are derived. An implicit assumption for sensitivity analysis is that the model on which sensitivity analysis is carried out is realistic (i.e., neither overly pessimistic nor optimistic). However, conservative assumptions are common in models for quantitative risk assessment. That model conservatism could affect sensitivity is not new. But literature survey reveals no efforts to systematically examine how model conservatism affects sensitivity analysis. The objective of this paper is to explore, through simple example calculations, the effects of conservatism on sensitivity analysis and the information derived from it. The paper provides a brief background on model conservatism and sensitivity analysis and then presents three examples to demonstrate the effects of conservatism on sensitivity analysis results. Model Conservatism In many situations, analysts are forced to make simplifying assumptions because of (i) paucity of data, (ii) complexity of the processes to be modeled, (iii) poorly developed understanding of the system during the early stage of modeling (e.g., screening-level calculations), and (iv) limited resources and time available to realistically model the system. For complex problems, the mathematical models are often simplified or idealized intentionally for simplification or to allow solution. When assessing large and complex systems such as a high-level radioactive waste disposal system, simplifying assumptions are unavoidable because the system has a significant level of uncertainty, primarily associated with the long performance period. Probabilistic assessment is needed to treat uncertainty, which puts demands on computational resources that, in turn, force the use of simplified models. In such problems, particularly those addressing protection of health and safety, simplifying assumptions are deliberately biased toward conservatism. Conservatism, in this context, implies underestimation of the performance of the system. Conservative choices, in risk/safety assessments that have regulatory compliance as one of the objectives, allow the use of limited resources to provide a solution in a reasonable time. Thus, there is a tradeoff between model realism and model conservatism, and the difference between the two is a function of model complexity, model uncertainty, available resources, and time to solve the problem. Quantifying this difference is important so that the safety margin in the system can be demonstrated more clearly to stakeholders. However, the need remains to address the effect of model conservatism on the calculation of quantitative risk and sensitivity analysis. System models used in risk/safety assessments are typically multi-disciplinary. Subject matter experts from the various disciplines develop process-level detailed and abstracted conceptual and mathematical models and provide parameter ranges to represent uncertainty. The abstracted models are integrated to develop the system model. Although the level of conservatism should be ideally uniform across the abstracted process models, this is difficult to achieve (at least during the initial phase of a system model development) because the assessment of conservatism can vary among experts. Moreover, there can be discipline-specific or institutional bias in the degree of conservatism depending on whether the model is developed by an implementor, a regulator, or a stakeholder. As a result, the system model may have different degrees of conservatism in its components, and the effects of the conservative assumptions on sensitivity analyses may be significant. If all model components are equally conservative or optimistic, sensitivity analysis can give meaningful results. For unbalanced models, meaning that the influence of one or more components is amplified or attenuated relative to other components because of a mixture of conservative and optimistic assumptions, the results may be more unreliable. Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity analysis identifies the factors in a system model that contribute most importantly to the system behavior. The model parameters responsible for the largest relative changes in model response are the most important or influential. Sensitivity analysis, generally, identifies where a small input perturbation has significant effect on system response. System response can be quantified as a sensitivity coefficient, which is the ratio of the fractional change in the model response caused by a change in the value of a particular input parameter (defined in the next section). However, if the system model is stochastic, sensitivity analysis has a slightly different connotation. For stochastic modelling, sensitivity analysis also provides the response of the model to uncertainty in the input parameters. This is usually referred to as uncertainty importance. Uncertainty importance is the relative contribution of uncertainty in model input parameters to the overall model output uncertainty. The uncertainty importance of a parameter depends on (i) the sensitivity of the model output variable to the input parameter value and (ii) the actual uncertainty in the parameter value. Using this definition, the influence of a parameter is the greatest when the value of the parameter is relatively uncertain and the model output is sensitive to the parameter. Conversely, the importance of a parameter is low when either the model results are insensitive to the parameter value or the parameter has less uncertainty [1]. Therefore, the importance of parameters in this approach is not based on a single value for each parameter, but rather on an entire distribution that embodies all moments (e.g., mean, variance). In this case, the sensitivity coefficient is determined using the statistical characteristics of the distribution. For the purposes of this paper, no distinction is made between 'sensitivity analysis' and 'uncertainty importance analysis.' The next section presents the sensitivity analysis formalism used to investigate the effects of model conservatism on parameter ranking. COMPUTING SENSITIVITY Let the performance function (transfer or objective function) for risk/safety assessment be defined as [2] (1) y f (x ,x ,... , x ;a ,a ,...a ) 1 2 1 1 2 m = where y, the model output variable, is a function of parameters and model assumptions . The model parameters xi m a represent the quantitative properties of the system (e.g., initial condition, time-invariant coefficients). In many risk assessment problems, may be a vector (i.e., many output variables of interest), and f may be a set of differential y equations with an implicit input-output relationship. For the purpose of this paper, the model output is considered to be a simple variable. The first order local sensitivity of y to can be defined as , which is also called absolute sensitivity. i x i y x ∂ ∂ Because parameters in the model have different units, the first order local sensitivity is normalized in the following manner. (2) S (y,x) x y y x i


Sc 2 O 3 films were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) from a new precursor scandium tris(N,N'-diisopropylacetamidinate) and water. The precursor is thermally stable (>350°C), volatile, with good reactivity to HF-last silicon. A growth rate of 0.3 A/cycle was obtained at 290°C. The films were pure (C,N < 0.5 atom %) and had a refractive index of 1.8. Reactive ion etching tests on ALD scandia showed an etch rate 18 times slower than ALD hafnia. Electrical measurements showed a high permittivity of ∼17, and a leakage current density of <3 × 10 -3 A/cm 2 for an equivalent oxide thickness of 1.8 nm at 1.0 V.


Generalized planning problems capture planning problems with uncertainties in object quantities and properties. While the generalized planning problem is incomputable in general, this thesis presents a new formalization of the problem, a study of the limits of computability of generalized plans and algorithms for solving a broad class of generalized planning problems.


Only by recognizing the consequences of state-sanctioned violence on the life of Black communities can teachers create learning conditions for students to engage in an education for humanization. Humanization disrupts dehumanization by teaching students' knowledge and love of self, solidarity, and self-determination. In this chapter, I examine the impact of an education for humanization on students' critical literacy and voice from the perspective of a teacher-researcher and educational activist in an urban classroom serving the needs of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC). I offer a concrete example of praxis that positioned Black students to examine anti-Black oppression and radically imagine the possibilities of pro-Black social resistance in society and schools. I conclude the chapter with pedagogical implications for participating in the fight for Black life as teachers and humanizing the learning experiences of BIPOC students as a result.


Moisture regain of textile fibers has been dis cussed by many authors (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Moisture content of various textile fibers has been desig nated by many different terms; the equilibrium moisture regain at standard condition, official regain and so on. Usually, official regain (Com mercial moisture regain in U.S.A.) has been formal ly accepted as the regain to be used in calculating commercial and regal weight of specific textile materials in shipments or deliveries. However, scientific basis for determining the values of official regain has not yet been clarified. It is known that the equilibrium moisture regain at standard conditions (65% RH and 20•Ž) differs from the official regain. In the case of cellulose, there has been reported many different amounts of bound water (6, 7, 8). We reported (9, 10) that free or bound water sorbed on hydrophilic polymers such as cellulose, lignin and polyhydroxystyrene derivatives can be distinguished quantitatively by the measurement of phase transition of sorbed water using a differ ential scanning calorimeter (DSC). It is•@elucidated that, considering degree of crystallinity of cellulose, bound water of each cellulose sample is attached to three hydroxyl groups in the amorphous region of cellulose molecules (10). We report in this note the relation between bound water content and official regain of differ ent celluloses. Cellulose samples used in this experiment are shown in Table I. A Perkin Elmer differential scanning calorimeter DSC-IB equipped with cooling cells was used to measure the phase transition of water sorbed on cellulose samples. Cooling rate is 8K/min. Bound water content is calculated by the method reported previously (9, 10). Regain at standard conditions of 65% RH and 20•Ž was measured by the weight differences before and after moisture sorption of the samples. When a sample containing sorbed water is cooled from room temperature to 200K, two crystalliza tion peaks of sorbed water on the cellulose samples were observed in a DSC curve. One was a sharp peak (Peak I=free water) observed at about 255K; the other was a small broad peak (Peak II = bound water) observed at about 230K in a DSC curve. Judging from the amount of water calculated from the enthalpies of Peak I and Peak II, it can be recognized that nonfreezing water


OBJECTIVE:
To determine:
1. Whether amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with raised creatine kinase (CK) differ from ALS patients with normal CK?
2. The implications of raised CK on disease outcome or prognosis?
3. Whether the magnitude of muscle enzyme release be used to predict the magnitude of muscle functional impairment?
BACKGROUND:
CK is commonly observed to be mild to moderately elevated in the patients with ALS. The precise cause of elevated CK in only a proportion of ALS cases and its behaviour with disease progression is unknown.
DESIGN/METHODS:
This is a prospective observational cohort study, using the clinical data base of Olesoxime (TRO19622) investigational medicinal product trial.
RESULTS:
Baseline CK was raised in 52[percnt] of the participants: mean CK 257 ± SD of 239 IU/L. Mean CK in male participants was significantly higher than in females (p<0.001). Mean CK was significantly higher amongst participants with limb onset ALS compared to participants with bulbar onset ALS (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in CK levels between upper limb and lower limb onset disease (p=0.746). There was a very weak positive relationship between CK and muscle scores which was more pronounced in the later stages of the disease. A higher CK level was associated with significantly better survival, even when adjusted for prognostic co-variants (p=0.002).
CONCLUSIONS:
CK level is a prognostic factor for survival in ALS, independent of the fact that limb onset disease is associated with a higher CK and better prognosis. This finding suggests that CK may be involved as a defence mechanism in the face of the metabolic stress of ALS. CK levels cannot be used to predict the disease severity or manual muscle scores at any time point.
Study Supported by:
The Motor Neurone Disease Association (UK) and TROPHOS. Disclosure: Dr. Rafiq has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lee has nothing to disclose. Dr. McDermott has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shaw has received personal compensation for activities with Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc.


Wealth is a measure of current economic security and a means for future economic mobility. Yet, wealth is highly unequally distributed. Prior research has often focused on wealth inequality by race. Yet, little research exists on wealth disparities between and among Asian Americans. Asian Americans represent a very economically, socially and culturally diverse population. The wealth data in this paper reflects some of this diversity. Wealth inequality among Asian Americans is greater than among whites. Many lower-income Asian Americans in particular have a lot less wealth than lower-income whites. The data also show substantial differences between Asian Americans and whites, especially since homeownership rates are much lower among Asian Americans than among whites.


The purpose of this study is to examine the consumer-side effects of "under new management" (UNM) signs. The authors integrate cue-utilization theory and relevance theory to guide hypotheses about the conditions under which these signs are and are not beneficial.,Two consumer-based experiments were used to examine the quality and reputation effects of restaurants signaling a management change on potential and existing customers.,The results suggest that positive and negative effects are possible. The direction of these effects is contingent upon consumers' prior experience, type of service (i.e. search/experience) and the relevance of the signal.,The study is limited to one industry (i.e. restaurants) and examines the effects of market signals on perceived quality and reputation. In addition, this research brought forth the notion of "signal relevance" and suggested that it may be explicitly tied to attributions. However, this assertion must examine multiple signals (relevant/irrelevant) and their contingent effects on consumer perceptions.,The findings advise businesses to use caution when using signals such as an "UNM" sign, as they appear to have different effects depending on the experience of the consumer with the service and the relevance of the signal.,This research contributes to the literature on cue utilization theory to understand the effects of marketplace cues on consumer perceptions. It contributes to marketing theory and practice by proposing a model of cue effects based on prior customer experience, type of service and cue relevance.


Green aphids, named green bugs, were at record levels in 1949 in North Dakota farm crops. The areas of the most infestation, damages and losses and the preliminary control experiments and observations are presented. The early treatment of this was highly recommended to reduce potential losses due to green bugs. Insecticide application by airplane was recommended for most effective coverage.


Woody plant seedlings in Keteleeria evelyniana community,Keteleeria evelyniana-Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides community,and C.glaucoides community in Xishan National Forest Park,Kunming,were surveyed and analyzed to determine their regeneration characteristics including species composition,density,regeneration mode,and etc.In all the 144 plots(5 m×5 m each),49 woody plants seedling belonging to 45 genera,32 families are recorded.The total density of seedling showed a unimodal change in response to the forest succession progress,with the highest density in the K.evelyniana-C.glaucoides community(80 stems·25 m-2).Seedling regeneration and sprouting regeneration coexisted in communities at different succession stages;single regeneration mode may increase the risk of unsuccessful regeneration of communities.However,seedling re-sprouting regeneration,which had been formed during the long-term interaction between seedlings and their environment,seems to be an effective strategy as it combined the advantages of both modes.


The 40 Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR), an oscillatory brain response to periodically modulated auditory stimuli, is a promising, non-invasive physiological biomarker for schizophrenia and related disorders. Because the 40Hz oscillation is injected into the brain by means of the sensory input, ASSR responses measured in the cortex may, in principle, just result from the passive propagation of stimulus oscillations across the auditory pathways, without any intracortical generation or amplification. Alternatively, the ASSR responses may involve cortical circuit interactions that amplify the stimulus-evoked oscillation, which would imply it as mechanistic signature of cortical circuit dysfunctions. Here, we tested whether the 40 Hz ASSR in human auditory cortex depends on two key synaptic components of neuronal interactions within cortical circuits: excitation via N-methyl-aspartate glutamate (NMDA) receptors and inhibition via gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) receptors. We combined magnetoencephalography MEG recordings with placebo-controlled, low-dose pharmacological interventions in the same healthy human participants. All participants exhibited a robust 40 Hz ASSR in auditory cortices (stronger on the right) under placebo. The GABAA receptor-agonist lorazepam increased the amplitude of this ASSR, while no effect was detectable under the NMDA-blocker memantine. Our findings indicate that the 40 Hz ASSR in auditory cortex involves synaptic (and likely intracortical) inhibition via the GABA-A receptor, thus highlighting its utility as a mechanistic signature of cortical circuit dysfunctions involving GABAergic inhibition.


This study investigates the differences in the recognition of the brand factors of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) between the internal and external public. This study considers KIGAM's brand strategy among the various institutions contributing to the country's development. Through the analysis, this study provides strategic implications about science-related institutions as well as KIGAM. According to the results of the brand factors in various dimensions, differences in the recognition between the internal and external public were found to be evident. The results reveal that the internal public shows more positive attitude than the external public on the variables that affect KIGAM's branding strategies.