Breadfruit is a fruit originated from South Pacific, and afterwards, it was widespread in the rest of Oceania. In Colombia, it is known as "Fruta de pan" and in-home use, breadfruit has been consumed cooked, fried or roasted. The optimisation of water bath cooking could reduce the energy cost of these operations; therefore, this study aimed to determine the thermal diffusivity during the process of boiling baking cylinders of breadfruit. The process was carried out using a temperature controlled water bath designed for this purpose at 95 °C. The method used for the determination of diffusivity was based on the analytical solution of the heat transfer by conduction equation written in cylindrical coordinates. We found a thermal diffusivity value of 6.45 10 m/s, which was within the range of values reported by other authors, although not in the product studied, since there were no previous studies on this matter for the breadfruit.


Attosecond transient reflectivity is developed to observe the photoexcitation dynamics in germanium. Attosecond time-resolved measurements of the dielectric function reveal a few-femtosecond collective electronic response time, which renormalizes the Coulomb interaction between the excited carriers.


The article focuses on the importance of education. Education is presented as an educational service regardless of the type and method of receipt. The components of the educational service are indicated as a combination of the educational component, the managerial component and the financial and economic component of the educational institution. A scheme describing the complexity of decision making by the consumer of educational services is presented. It concerns the need to expand positions in the Internet space of the higher educational institution. The components are listed and a diagram is presented containing a list of the necessary components that make up the Internet portal of a higher education institution. The approaches to the evaluation are given, the choice of the apparatus of fuzzy sets is justified, which allows one to evaluate indicators of a different nature in one numerical scale. A system of indicators has been proposed, the value of which is most significant for the consumer of educational services, but cannot be independently assessed due to the complexity of the task. The approaches to assessing the quality indicators of the educational unit of the Internet portal of the educational organization, as a tool to enhance competitiveness in the market of educational services, are considered. The choice of the type of the membership function was determined and an approach was proposed for obtaining estimated values of indicators affecting the quality of the educational unit of the Internet portal of a different nature in a single numerical scale.


Electricity customers can achieve economic benefits from cost reduction and/or revenue increase using battery energy storage system (BESS). However, different conditions of each customer require different methods to determine the suitable size of BESS. Additionally, different operation strategies of BESS result in the different cost/benefit analysis. Thus, in this study, authors have identified and focused on the electricity customers with TOU rate, varying operation mode with the seasons, and charging scheme based on both energy consumption and the peak demand. The procedures to find the optimal power and energy capacities for the selected customer are formulated. The optimal operation strategy with priority, that is, peak shaving–DR–scheduling modes in summer/winter and DR–scheduling mode–peak shaving modes in spring/autumn, is also proposed. The proposed method is applied to a specific type of customer in Korea in the case study. The results showed that an optimal capacity can be found and the proposed operation strategy with priority is optimal. Moreover, it has been found out that, for this type of customer, the large energy capacity of BESS mostly leads to large economic benefit; in contrast, the small power capacity mostly leads to small economic benefit.


Stream data arrives dynamically when stream continues, which cannot be reflected by the traditional transaction-based sliding window, so the processing efficiency is low. We build a timestamp-based sliding window model and propose a frequent itemset mining algorithm named FIMS. In this algorithm, we use an enumeration tree to store the data synopsis, as a result, the computational pruning can be conducted. The experimental results over a dataset present that our algorithm is effective and efficient.


The present paper looks at the way in which political and scientific frameworks, as well as everyday life dynamics work to exclude people living with intellectual disability (ID) in Romania from political life and how these dynamics could be overcome through crafting communicative-dialogic pedagogical interventions geared at political inclusion. I argue that the political exclusion of people with ID is built into the formal political order, as well as doubled by a twofold infantilizing dynamic. On the one hand, the scientific and academic psycho-pedagogical discourse still operates with classifications that inscribe people with ID with chronological "normal" ages inferior to their biological age. Their subject position is thus "fixed" at an age below the voting limited. This move is seconded by the way in which (formerly) institutionalized people with ID are referred to as "children" (despite their fully adult ages) in a small (post)institutional town, as well as in other care settings that I have explored ethnographically. Finally, the paper explores the stepping stones of alternative interventions, built on a communicative-dialogic methodology for politically including people with ID that could work to overcome the infantilizing dynamics.


It improves the grip while ensuring the drainage can provide excellent wear resistance, a pneumatic tire for a motorcycle. The pneumatic tire for a motorcycle of the present invention, the tread surface, a plurality of types of grooves, converges toward the front side in the rotational direction of the tire formed by disposed, a tread pattern having a direction comprising, a plurality of types of grooves, in a developed plan view of the tread pattern, toward the tread end of the tire in the tire equator line e, extending in an orientation which is curved in a direction to deflect the equator line side three inclined lug grooves 2 a to 2 c and, Arufa~ganma the length of each inclined lug grooves 2 a to 2 c, the formula (I) β ≦ γ <α when the cross of line for meridian m of tires of the respective tilt lug grooves is n, formula (II) 1-β / α <0.1, the formula (III) n ≧ 4 (however, shall be present in 60% to 70% of the total circumference of the tire) and satisfies the.


Abstract : The purpose of this effort was to provide the Information Storage and Retrieval Section (RAWIP-2) with the capability to investigate under direct RADC supervision several problem areas in the field of Information Storage and Retrieval. Each effort investigated under this contract had a direct relation to a contractual or in-the-house effort conducted by the Information Storage and Retrieval Section. (Author)


Abstract. Several sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas experiments were conducted in a subway system to measure the possible pathways of toxic gas for subway tunnels and stations empirically. A new mobile integrated measuring and analysis system was used to achieve high sample rates and a long measurement time. Due to the mobility of the sensors, tracer gas experiments were also carried out inside running subway coaches. All experiments showed a common pattern: the pathways of tracer gas dispersion overlapped with some escape routes, which were contaminated within a few minutes. So in case of catastrophic circumstances like terrorist attacks or subway fires, some escape routes will become deathly traps, but the results also showed free escape routes. With the new sensor technique it will be possible to conduct safety assessments for escape routes in underground transportation facilities.


This research aims to know the impact of psychological contract to work ethic of oursourcing employees at University X . The hypothesis proposed in this research is there is an impact of psychological factor to work ethic of outsourcing employees at University X . This research employed quantitative research using linear regression technique to know the impact of psychological contract to work ethich of outsourcing employees at University X . There were 63 employees taken for the sample, consisted of driver, security guard, administration staff, laboratory assistant, technician, executive assistant, programmer, matron, instructure, and librarian. The data collection used were scale of work ethic and scale of psychological contract. The reliability of work ethic is 0.893 and reliability of psychological contract is 0.919. The results reveal that F obtained is 35.111 with p=0.000 (pl0.01), so the hypothesis is accepted. It means there is a significant impact between psychological factor and work ethic to outsourcing employees at University X and psychological contract contributes 42.9% to work ethic of outsourcing employees (R = square = 0,429). Keywords : Psychological Contract, Work Ethic, Outsourcing Employees


Five whale sharks Rhiniodon typus Smith, weie landed during April, 1988 at three centres on the southwest coast between St. Andrews in the Trivandrum district of Kerala and Colachel in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. The five specimens were landed within 14 days within a coastal stretch of about 70 km caught from less than 15 m depth.


Aiming at the safety of tunnel operation, based on the investigation and statistical analysis of a large number of operating tunnel diseases, comprehensively considering the interaction between the surrounding rock and the structure, this paper establishes the failure criteria for surrounding rocks and lining materials by using numerical limit analysis and theoretical analysis methods, analyzes the overall stability and instability failure mechanism on the shallow tunnel under unsymmetrical pressure during the operation period by using the strength reduction method in light of the operation safety of the tunnel, proposes the reasonable monitoring strategy, and also constructs monitoring index system. The analysis and research results show that the tunnel structure is affected by bias pressure due to the asymmetry of the terrain. The probability of disease in the bias pressure tunnel under asymmetric terrain conditions is significantly higher than that of the general terrain. The shallow tunnel under unsymmetrical pressure has experienced three development stages from shear failure to overall instability, including rock mass fracture and sliding, structural damage, and overall instability, which can be divided into eight processes. During operation, the key monitoring indicators of surface deformation are the subsidence and deformation of the slope top and the horizontal displacement of the slope itself, followed by the monitoring of the uplift and deformation at the bottom of the slope. Meanwhile, close attention should be paid to the structural stress states in the sliding direction and perpendicular to the sliding direction of the lining structure, which demonstrates that the principal compressive stress in the sliding direction is more sensitive than the principal tensile stress in perpendicular to the sliding direction and should be listed as the key monitoring and early warning indicators of the structural stress.


Preweaning performance was evaluated for calves out of first-cross and reciprocal back-cross cows maintained under two contrasting environments. All cows were bred to Limousin bulls and the calves were born between 1982 and 1986, inclusive, at Brandon, Manitoba (semi-intensive management) and Manyberries, Alberta (extensive range management). Dam cross comparisons revealed that calves out of Hereford × Angus dams were inferior to calves out of European continental × British dams for all preweaning traits at both locations. Comparisons between calves out of F1 dams and calves out of backcross (1/4 or 3/4 European continental) dams generally favored the calves out of F1 females. Specific and nonspecific comparisons between the reciprocal backcrosses demonstrated that calves out of dams with 3/4 European continental breeding were heavier and grew faster than calves out of dams with 1/4 European continental breeding. Male calves exceeded female calves for all preweaning traits and calves born at Manyberries w...


Theoretical and experimental studies relating to the diamagnetism of the EBT electron rings have contributed to a better understanding of ring energy and geometry. The primary experimental effort during the past year was the taking of data using the UMR Hall Effect Diamagnetic Diagnostic instrument with the probes mounted along the horizontal midplane at the large major radius position of an EBT cavity. Analysis of this data has confirmed earlier indications of an electron ring component being present near the cavity wall.


Buchanan and Wagner pointed to an asymmetry in the political rewards of deficits and surpluses, with the former being preferable to the latter. They assigned the rise of this asymmetry to the popularization of Keynesian ideas. We test both claims by relying on the historical reputation surveys of US presidents since 1948. Historical reputations have long been something presidents have cared about, and they constitute a reliable way to assess whether their reputations suffer or gain from having run deficits. We find evidence that the size of deficits tends to be associated with greater presidential scores and that this effect is stronger in more recent surveys, when Keynesian ideas were more popular.


The stoichiometric reaction of [Re(CO)5Cl] with 2-(arylazo)phenyl benzyl thioethers [ArNNC6H4SCH2Ph: Ar = Ph, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl] (L1–L3) in a ratio of 1:1 in dry toluene under refluxing condition afforded the Re(I) complexes of general formula fac-[Re(L)(CO)3Cl] in excellent yields. The ligands used in this present work are 2-(phenylazo)phenyl benzyl thioether (L1), 2-(4-chlorophenylazo)phenyl benzyl thioether (L2) and 2-(4-nitrophenylazo)phenyl benzyl thioether (L3). The elemental analysis and ESI mass spectroscopic measurements ensure the formation of desired complexes. The crystal structure of the complexes [Re(L1)(CO)3Cl], 1 and [Re(L2)(CO)3Cl], 2 were determined by X-ray diffractometry study. The molecular structures observed in the solid state were retained in the solution (1H and 13C NMR spectra). The ground and excited-state geometries, NMR, absorption, and luminescent properties of three Re(I) complexes were examined by DFT and TDDFT methods. The introduction of an electron withdrawing group at the para position of the phenyl ring attached to the NN bond varies the frontier molecular orbital energies, compositions and optical properties of these molecules significantly. The lowest lying triplet excited is associated with an admixture of the 3MLCT and 3ILCT excited state having a cis conformation of the azoaryl moiety. The emission like transition having mixed 3MLCT and 3ILCT nature was characterized by natural transition orbital (NTO) and spin density difference map analysis. The presence of the electron withdrawing NO2 group leads to the low quantum yield through enhanced non-radiative deactivation. The cis orientation at the lowest lying triplet excited state (T1) may imply some kind of photoinduced isomerization in the ligand frame and as a result there may be more than one emitting species in the solution and hence bi-exponential decay nature was observed for all the complexes.


The article analyzes the current situation of the P E teachers in normal college and university, and elaborates on the four a speets of developing and managing the human resource of P E teachers in the knowledge economy situation. We should emancipate our mind and the old concept of idealogy of the management and the development of human resources; The human resources informantion should he further exchanged and cultivated between colleges and universities; We also ought to have competitive principles in personnel employment; We need to re-cultivate the teachers' resources in order to increase the resources in value.


Recently, Farrance and Aldons showed that 1 mmol of paracetamol (acetaminophen) per liter causes a 1.4 mmol/L increase in the apparent glucose concentration as determined by the Yellow Springs Instruments Model 23 AM glucose analyzer (1). Other reports have shown that 1 mmol of paracetamol per liter increased the apparent glucose concentration by approximately 3.5 to 5 mmol/L (2,3). A representative for the manufacturer of the glucose analyzer has suggested that this interference is due to "certain subtle variables in enzyme membrane materials" (4). We have found that 1 mmol of paracetamol per liter, either in blood or distilled water, caused apparent glucose concentration to increase by 2.8 to 4.6 mmol/L, depending on how long the two-layered enzyme membrane has been used. The higher value was observed with a new membrane, and declining concentrations were observed with increasing use of the membrane. Consistent with the observations of Farrance and Aldons, we have found that more "wash cycles" were required to return the reagent response to zero when paracetamol was present in a sample as compared with the number needed in its absence. We have also found that aqueous solutionscontaining 1 mmol of isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide), PAS (paminosalicylate), or salicylamide per liter also cause an increase in apparent glucose concentration of 4,0.4,and 4.3 mmollL, respectively. No response was obtained with up to 5 mmol of L-dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) per liter. None of these drugsinterfere with a chemical method for glucose based on glucose oxidase and peroxidase in the presence of phenol and 4-aminophenazone ("GOD-PAP"; Boehringer Mannheim). We tested the electrochemical reactivity of the interfering substances, using solutions containing 100 mol of the component per liter, dissolved in phosphate buffer with the same composition and pH as recommended for use with the YSI glucose analyzer. These solutions were pumped through an LC-4 electrochemical detector (Bioanalytical Systems, West Lafayette, IN) at a constant rate of 1 mL/min. The potential difference between the working and reference electrodes was maintained at + 0.7 V (as in the glucose analyzer). We found that all the compounds could be oxidized. Paracetamol was oxidized most easily, followed closely by isoniazid and salicylamide. L-Dopa and PAS were oxidized least readily. Although L-dopa is electrochemically very reactive, it is unstable at pH 7.3 and is therefore not detectedat low concentrations. None of the compounds interfere with the enzymic determination of glucose, so we can conclude that they do not affect the enzymes involved with the glucose analyzer. The detection system of the analyzer is potentiometric with a potential difference of +0.7 V between the electrodes. Hence, it is more likely that these compounds are oxidized and give an electrochemical response. Contrary to the claim made in the manual for the analyzer that the inner cellulose acetate membrane is impermeable to glucose, ascorbic acid, and most potentially interfering substances, our results show that there must be diffusion through the inner membrane. We obtained an apparent glucose concentration of 40 mmol/L with an aqueous solution containing 100 tmol of paracetamol per liter when we removed the two-layered enzyme membrane to gain direct access to the electrode system, as compared with 0.4 mmol/L in the presence of the membrane. This illustrates that less than 1% of paracetamol or any oxidizable agent needs to diffuse through the inner membrane to givea substantial false signal. We believe that the porosity of the inner membrane decreases with increasing use of the membrane, resultingin a high response that is observed with a new membrane and a decline in response as the membrane gets older. Presumably, the same phenomenon also affects the diffusion of hydrogen peroxide (which the electrode system is supposed to detect), because we find that the calibration of the analyzer has to be altered to compensate for a diminished enzyme membrane function. The fact that the analyzer requires more "wash cycles" after the analysis of a sample containing an oxidizable drug may depend on two factors. Firstly, the electrode system may be layered with the oxidation products and needs repeated cleaning to restore its function. Secondly, the outward diffusion of the drug may be slower than that for hydrogen peroxide, resulting in a prolonged electrochemical effect. To conclude, concentrations of the substances in blood vary a lot, depending on factors such as the dose administered, its metabolism, and rate of elimination. Knowledge of these factors may be important in assessing the validity of the glucose concentration of a sample analyzed with the YSI glucose analyzer. However, we feel that it is equally important to realize that the response from the analyzer to a given concentration of the drug can vary, depending on the functional status of the two-layered enzyme membrane.


Abstract One of the critical problems that hinder the sustainable development in Libya is the lack of renewable water resources. Rainfall in the country is scarce and infrequent. Over-exploitation of fossil groundwater resources mostly to meet irrigation demands has already affected the northern aquifers. This paper reviews the water resources in Libya and presents an assessment of its use in the municipal, industrial, and agricultural sectors. Both review and assessment are preceded by a short description of geographic location, climate, and populations. The available data have been developed for estimating the demands on water during a 25-year projection period. The estimates are given for two percentages of population growth, natural, and modified. The different estimates are finally compared to the available water resources in 1998 and the resources that can be made feasible during the projection period. Finally the total demand capacity is estimated in case serious measures to reduce the consumption are implemented.


Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a high incidence rate. Effective early diagnosis of PD is critical to prevent further deterioration of a patient's condition, where gait abnormalities are important factors for doctors to diagnose PD. Deep learning (DL)-based methods for PD detection using gait information recorded by non-invasive sensors have emerged to assist doctors in accurate and efficient disease diagnosis. However, most existing DL-based PD detection models neglect information in the frequency domain and do not adaptively model the correlation of signals among sensors. Moreover, different people have different gait patterns. Therefore, the generalization capabilities of PD detection models on diversities of individuals' gaits are essential. This work proposes a novel robust frequency-domain-based graph adaptive network (RFdGAD) for PD detection from gait information (i.e., vertical ground reaction force signals recorded by foot sensors). Specifically, the RFdGAD first learns the frequency-domain features of signals from each foot sensor by a frequency representation learning block. Then, the RFdGAD utilizes a graph adaptive network block taking frequency-domain features as input to adaptively learn and exploit the interconnection between different sensor signals for accurate PD detection. Moreover, the RFdGAD is trained by minimizing the proposed Jensen-Shannon divergence-based localized generalization error to improve the generalization performance of RFdGAD on unseen subjects. Experimental results show that the RFdGAD outperforms existing DL-based models for PD detection on three widely used datasets in terms of three metrics, including accuracy, F1-score, and geometric mean.


The author, whose company has been a prime developer of stage post-tensioning, describes the mechanics and structural advantages of this new and powerful prestressing technique and discusses its application to several major high rise structures. Some of the structures include large girders (of minimum depth) over subways and supporting high rise buildings, girders in nuclear facilities, girder ties in buildings with sloping columns, and in the foundation of the world's tallest free-standing tower. It is concluded that stage post-tensioning will play an important role in the future growth of the prestressed concrete industry.


Information technology has strengthened the role of information, leading to the fact that modern society has reached a new stage of development – information. A fundamentally new way of communication and information broadcasting called the "screen culture" is emerging. The information society influences the society of people, their training and management processes. This influence is transforming our thinking, and therefore such concepts as "human-screen", "clip thinking" and "clip consciousness" appear more often in the academic literature. In connection with the informatization of education, there are risks of losing the creative culture-generating ability of entire generations. If the older generation still retains other forms of perceiving the information provided (comprehension, comparison, analysis, criticism, etc.), the younger generation, especially students, are rather inclined towards the dynamic and mosaic "clip", and receiving, processing and generating visual information, primarily educational.


Paper machine dryer sect ions create challenges in tuning due to gear backlash. This problem is amplified when older paper machines are upgraded with newer, higher-performance drive systems. The newer drive systems can achieve a much higher degree of control, which can fatigue the mechanical drivetrain. Most often, backlash is experienced during the speed regulator tune-up [1]. The speed regulator response is modified in an effort to improve stability while in backlash. However, there are other tune-up considerations that must be considered. A dryer section can be pulled from a downstream section, which can cause its applied torque to be near zero, resulting in speed instability. This article investigates the cause of this instability and presents a novel solution for preventing it.


The accuracy of computed tomography (CT) in predicting resectability of pancreatic malignancy has been questioned recently and alternative methods have been recommended.


Shaping Relational Category-Learning With Visuospatial Priming Katherine A. Livins & Michael J. Spivey (klivins; firstname.lastname@example.com) University of California at Merced, Department of Cognitive Science, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343 Leonidas A.A. Doumas (firstname.lastname@example.com) University of Edinburgh, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, Psychology Building, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ Abstract However, the extensive literature on these topics does not mean that research into relational reasoning is complete. For instance, an open debate is whether, and to what degree, relations can be primed. Two competing answers to this question have emerged. First, it has been argued that relational reasoning is nothing but priming, and so relational priming must be extremely common. Leech, Mereschal, and Cooper (2008) have championed this position by arguing that relations are learned as patterns, and that reasoning about relations is nothing more than exploiting those associations. For example, they have suggested that A:B::C:D problems may be solved with nothing more than associations between the given concepts. Thus, when one is told that puppy is to dog as kitten is to something, the concept "is the offspring of" is primed, which then biases one to respond cat. As a result, priming relations is simply a matter of priming a relevant context. However, Leech et al.'s position has been highly criticized. Most problematically, it seems unable to account for the types of behavior that are characteristic of adult performance. This problem is highlighted in the simple recurrent network that they built to instantiate their account. Doumas and Richland (2008) point out that the model is unable to integrate multiple relations during analogy-making because it functions based on associations alone; however, human adults perform this sort of integration regularly. Likewise, French (2008), and Holyoak and Hummel (2008) point out that far reaching analogies (that share few semantic characteristics) would also be beyond the model's capabilities, despite the fact that human adults regularly make these sorts of analogies. As a result, the model can only be successful on specific (carefully designed) relational problems and therefore cannot be thought of as a more generalized explanation of reasoning across contexts and content types. In light of these criticisms, it is unsurprising that a second position has been suggested. In short, it claims that relational reasoning is primable, but that it is rare. Spellman et al. (2001) demonstrated just how rare with an experiment that attempted to prime relational concepts on a lexical decision task. It was found that, While relational reasoning has been described as a process at the heart of human cognition, the degree to which relational representations can be primed remains an open debate. This paper will present a category-learning experiment that shows that the learning of spatial relations (above and below) can be primed using a subtle visuospatial stimulus that may capture exogenous attention to produce saccades. Keywords: relational reasoning, category learning, visuospatial priming, embodiment Relational representations specify how two things are related to each other based on the roles that they play, rather than on the features that they possess. For example, if you are told that "the monkey hangs from the chair", then you know that there is a hanging relationship such that the monkey is the actor (i.e., the hanger) and the chair is the patient (i.e., the hung-from thing). You might even infer new information about the elements engaged the relation by virtue of knowing something about the relation's roles. So, if you know that hung-from things are typically strong, then you may infer that this chair is strong too, despite the fact that strength is not an inherent feature of being a chair (e.g., folding chairs are notorious for collapsing). Thus, relations provide the opportunity for powerful inferences and generalizations. Relations are also pervasive. They not only provide the foundation for cognitive processes ranging from analogy-making (Gentner, 1983; Doumas & Hummel, 2005), to inductive generalization (Hummel & Holyoak, 2003), but they have even been related to a plethora of processes that, at first glance, may seem non-relational such as linguistic processing (Gentner & Namy, 2006), and even social cognition (Spellman & Holoyak, 1992). As a result, there has been a field-wide interest in how relations function. To date, the majority of this work has focused on providing accounts of the mechanisms that allow for structural alignment between relations based on shared roles, the transfer of information from one element to another based on those alignments, and the types of mental representations that may be necessary for this type of processing (e.g., Falkenhainer, & Gentner, 1986; Hummel & Holoyak, 2003; Doumas, Hummel, & Sandhofer, 2008).


Triangular-debt problem is the major problem in the economic front at the present time in China.This paper builts up a model 0f triangular-debt via graphic theory and proves that any debt network can be reduced to one of its minimum networks and thus simplify eliminate of triangular-debt.


The potential for economic policy modelling approaches under alternative theories of fisheries management are reviewed. Conceptual dynamic models are developed to illustrate the discussion. Results suggest that the class of multiobjective models known as multiattribute utility theory are consistent with a fisheries policy process characterized primarily by principles of scientific management. Conversely, multiobjective policy models based on generating techniques may be more appropriate when the policy process is driven by a pluralistic process. Conceptual and numerical models are used to demonstrate the potential for these approaches in incorporating environmental externalities. Dynamic and capitalized policy frontiers are generated for purposes of comparative analysis. The paper concludes by emphasizing the role that multiobjective methods can play in improving the efficiency of the fisheries policy process.


Taxpayer compliance becomes an important behavioral pattern in relation to improve the tax revenue sector. Taxpayer compliance can be influenced by various factors, one of them is the awareness of the taxpayer. This research is intended to determine the awareness of taxpayers on compliance in paying the tax on land and building tax in North Minahasa District. This research uses quantitative method with 100 respondents. The results of this study indicate that the awareness of taxpayers influences taxpayer compliance in paying the tax on the land and building tax in North Minahasa District. The research results show significance with a probability value of 0.000 smaller than 0.05, with the result that Ho is rejected. Thus there is significant with partial influence on taxpayer awareness of compliance in paying the tax on the land and building tax, then the Ha is accepted.Keywords : Awereness of Taxpayer, Taxpayer Compliance.


The object of soil-vehicle mechanics is defined and existing theories briefly described. Experiments have shown that these theories work quite well for frictionless clay soils and for lightly loaded vehicles in firm soils where sinkage is small. For other soft soils performance cannot be predicted and the theory does not agree with experimental evidence.It is proposed that an improved and unified theory can be based on equations developed using the methods of soil mechanics, making appropriate allowance for the effect of compressibility. A resulting new pressure sinkage equation is shown to give better agreement with experiment.The complexities of the soil stress pattern imposed by vehicles are described and it is shown that these cannot be neglected. The effect of superimposing horizontal and vertical loads is to cause slip sinkage and experimental measurements show this to be important in sand but not in clay. An analysis is made which explains why this is so and gives insight into the physical nature o...


Frequency stability is the main index of the stable operation of power system, frequency deviation too large or lasted long will resulted in electrical equipment abnormal operation or failure. Usually through primary frequency regulation and secondary frequency regulation make electricity power balance, eventually reached a stable frequency. With the popularity of electric vehicles, electric energy is also increasingly ignored it stores. Combined with its power supply characteristics, this paper proposes a fast frequency regulation method based on Swap-Charging Station, by building the frequency regulation model and simulation results based on this method, we can achieve a rapid frequency recovery and a smaller frequency fluctuation compared with traditional frequency regulation.


In this paper, the author analyzed temperature fissure of mass concrete, proposed some temperature control measures such as taking optimal mixture ratio, controlling warehousing temperature of concrete, optimizing construction plan to prevent and control temperature fissure and to improve the quality of concrete.


Abstract In 1995 the European Commission invited the educational research community to present proposals to its Targeted Socio‐Economic Research programme. Across Europe faxes, phones and the internet were busy as partnerships were formed, research ideas were translated into bulky proposals and numerous researchers got ready to cross the ditch into European collaborative research. In this article I try to scramble through the thorns at the top of the ditch by focusing on the structures and processes of power associated with Commission‐funded educational research and action for social justice. This exploratory, descriptive paper is based on several years' experience of submitting research proposals to the European Commission and on recent research into European‐funded training in the UK. Drawing on these sources I identify and consider some of the power relationships associated with European‐funded research and with European‐funded action for social justice.


Wang Chuanshan's educational philosophy of "double subjects" is from his teaching experience and is a deep probe into the educational essence and development law basing on his observation,testing and summarizing.This educational philosophy includes two aspects: one is that teacher is the subject of teaching and object of learning while student is the subject of learning and object of teaching;another is that there is mutual action and dialectic unification between subject and object.Wang Chuanshan's "double subjects" educational philosophy can cast a light on the modern higher education reform.


In this study, we propose a reliable algorithm to develop an analytical solution for the problem of laminar steady magnetohydrodymanics (MHD) nanofluid flow in a semi-permeable channel using the differential transformation method (DTM). The working fluid is water with copper nanoparticles. The effects of Hartmann number and Reynolds number on velocity profiles have been also considered for various numerical cases. The effective thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid are calculated by the Maxwell and Brinkman models, respectively. A close agreement between the obtained solution and some well-known results has been established.


Abstract Bisexual women are more vulnerable to intimate partner violence (IPV) than lesbian or heterosexual women; however, they are under-represented in IPV literature. This study used a systematic review approach, combining a content analyis and a literature review to examine the state of knowledge on bisexual women's experiences of IPV. A literature search uncovered 36 articles published between 2000 and 2016 that explicitly included bisexual women. The authors conducted a content analysis to assess study characteristics. Findings from the analysis indicated most research was conducted using quantitative methodology. Studies tended to use White, adult samples with little bisexual representation. Themes uncovered in the content analyses guided the literature review. Emergent reviewed themes included prevalence rates of IPV and tactics, risk factors for perpetration and victimization, and help seeking and leaving processes. Findings were used to outline an agenda for future research, including the recognition of multiple marginalization among bisexual women.


textabstractThe complex regional pain syndrome is poorly elucidated. In line with this its diagnosis
and clinical management have remained suboptimal. The multifaceted nature makes it a
fascinating study topic for scientists with varying interests, but unraveling the etiology
has been proven a laborious mission.
The first notification of what could have been (what is currently named) complex regional
pain syndrome (CRPS) stems from 1634, when the surgeon Ambroise Pare described
that King Charles IX suffered from persistent pain and contractures of his arm following
a bloodletting procedure.1 The next remarks came from the military physician Scott
Mitchell and date from the American Civil War: "…Long after the trace of the effect
of a wound has gone neuralgic symptoms are apt to linger, and too many carry with
them throughout long years this final reminder of the battle field...".2 The first scientific
publication on CRPS was issued in 1900 from a German surgeon named Paul Sudeck.3
His name became tied to the syndrome for long (Sudecks' dystrophy).


Nanoparticles are becoming integral components in every sector considering their unmatched properties with their counter bulk material. However, in the last couple of decades, several reports suggested metal nanoparticles are toxic to biological systems either directly or indirectly. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) possess excellent optical, electrical, food packaging properties, etc. Although, the use of chemically toxic reducing agents for the synthesis of ZnO NPs induces toxicity. Therefore, biogenic synthesis of ZnO NPs has been exploited using different sources such as plant leaves, stems, fungi algae, etc NPs synthesised via these methods are biodegradable, biocompatible, low toxic, and highly effective in different applications. Algae being widely available and easy to harvest becomes a suitable candidate for ZnO NPs synthesis. Algae mediated/phycosynthesis is a technique where algae accumulate zinc oxides and reduce them to zinc ions to form ZnO NPs. The ease of synthesis of ZnO NPs using this method produces NPs in abundant quantity and of variable sizes. Intracellular and extracellular syntheses are two mechanisms of phycosynthesis of ZnO NPs. These ZnO NPs have several beneficial properties like antimicrobial, anti-cancerous, antioxidant, larvicidal, antidiabetic, etc. Additionally, it has low scale-up cost, and low energy input. This article provides detailed information about the routes of phycosynthesis of ZnO NPs using different algal strains, properties, and their potential application in the biomedical field and environmental remediation.


How should advertising be scheduled? Should an advertising schedule be concentrated in an intensive "burst," or should it be spread out over a longer period? For the same expenditure a relatively small number of consumers can be exposed to advertising many times, or a larger number can be exposed a smaller number of times. This unique study demonstrates how answers to these kinds of questions can be obtained.


This paper presents the implementation of education reform model namely outcome-based education (OBE) in terms of course delivery, assessment, evaluation and continuous quality improvement (CQI) at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP). It was formalized based on the quality management system principle which is formulated its philosophy on OBE as well as on teaching and learning to facilitate the implementation. Board of External Examiner (BEE), Board of Industry Advisor (BIA) and Board of Stakeholders (BOS) are engaged for the third party review on the faculty vision, mission, curriculum, and assessment. The aspects of delivery, assessment and evaluation are discussed.


It is more acceptable to believe that natural remedies are safer than synthetic subjects that with fewer side effects. The global market demand was increasing due to fusion of herbs. Standardization parameters and evaluation of herbal formulation is essential in order to assess the quality of drug of therapeutic value. This study was carried out in order to determine the bioactive compounds present in the marketed herbal formulation pykure capsule by using the GC–MS instrument. The extract was prepared by using 20 capsules by removing the capsule shell with ethanol solvent by simple maceration method. Capsule extract was analyzed by using Agilent 6890 GC with 59739N MSD and GC -MS equipped with Elite–I fused with silica capillary column (Cpsil 8cb:30mm×25mm×0.25mm). The result of GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of 74 compounds.
Keywords: Pykure capsule, Ethanolic extract, GC-MS analysis.


automatic preparation unit (1) for espresso-type of coffee from coffee pods prepacked loading of one or two pods, and includes a single detecting means of the presence of each pod into place. It comprises a movable slide (5) between an extraction position, a loading position and a discharge position of the pods and an injection unit (6) closing the support of the preparation unit (1) in its front part above the drawer (5) in its mobile and extraction position as a whole by approximation of the drawer through the cams (29) of a camshaft (7) driven by a single motor (8), the return away from the injection unit (6) is made automatically by a rappel.Cette invention force interested manufacturers of in professional coffee machines.


We agree that there are many improvements in diagnosis and therapy during the years that this study covered and mentioned specifically in the discussion: "The notably improved survival rates we have observed may be due to several factors. One may be a generally better understanding of the disease and complications of therapy. Another may be the recent use of newer antibiotics." We do not believe we were diagnosing additional lupus cases because of the use of the antinuclear antibody, C3, or anti-DNA antibodies since all patients in both groups met the American Rheumatism Association's (ARA) Preliminary Criteria for the Diagnosis of SLE, which does not include any of these laboratory tests. Indeed, the lupus erythematosus cell test, which is included in the criteria, was positive in a higher percentage of the New York patients because this test was performed at every clinic visit in New York and was


ABSTRACT This work analyzed floral visitors of Turnera subulata Sm. (Turneraceae) within an anthropized area in Bahia (UEFS Campus), focusing on potential pollinators, fruit and seed production and the influence of climatic factors on this interaction. The study was carried during six months in 2018 and 2019. Aspects of floral biology and visitor behavior were observed. Turnera subulata flowers lasted approximately six hours and during this period they were exposed to visitors at different intervals to assess the peak time of fruit formation. The most frequent visitors were the bees Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758, Trigona sp., Augochlora sp. and Protomeliturga turnerae (Ducke, 1907). The foraging peak occurred in the morning, coinciding with the time of greatest formation of fruits and seeds, and with the time of greatest number of open flowers. Both exotic and native bees acted as potential pollinators, being considered complementary in the flower pollination process.


The article discusses the concept and characteristics of the editors' alienation of cultural consciousness starting with the alienation phenomenon of scientific editors' cultural consciousness and then analyzes the reason for this phenomenon.It puts forward the ways to eliminate the editors' alienation of cultural consciousness.


An electric socket terminal has an elongated, resilient socket comprising two axially spaced split tubes joined by a circumferential array of juxtaposed spring strips and means for retaining the electric socket terminal in a cavity of an insulator block. The retaining means is beside the elongated, resilient socket and includes a U-shaped guard and a resilient latch tang. The U-shaped guard has axially spaced legs which are integrally attached to the respective split tubes and the resilient latch tang is integrally attached at one end to one of the legs of the U-shaped guard and extends generally axially of the elongated, resilient socket.


Typical Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to memory impairment and medial temporal lobe atrophy. However, different patterns of cognitive decline in individuals with AD have been described in the literature (e.g., Murray et al., 2011; Lam et al., 2013; Scheltens et al., 2015). The variability of AD is also observed throughout the life span, as aging processes develop (Ferreira et al., 2017), which highlights the importance of investigating changes over time and establishing possible stages and therapeutic windows.


This study applies the methodology of a recent study that ranks economics departments at national universities in the U.S. South to economics faculties at regional universities in the same geographic location. Ranking results from a "core†(i.e., the top five faculty researchers) of each institution's economics faculty reveals that Appalachian State University, James Madison University, Southeastern Louisiana University, Trinity University and Loyola University – New Orleans currently maintain the top five economics faculties, respectively, among the approximately 200 regional universities in the U.S. South.


Integration in primary community care networks (PCCNs): examination of governance, clinical, Title: marketing, financial, and information infrastructures in a national demonstration project in Taiwan rewritten based on the two reviewers' comments, including adding the short background introduction in Taiwan health care industry, clarifying the theoretical concepts and measurements,


This paper presents the basis for the development of an intelligent and autonomous energy management strategy for Hybrid Power System(HPS). This strategy is designed by applying on-line Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy logic principles. As a result the fuzzy control system gets rid of the limits of the HPS, which has the imprecision, uncertainty, strong coupling and nonlinearity, to achieve its tractability, robustness and low solution cost. Under the operation constraints related to each type of sources, the simulation results show that the load demand are satisfied for all time, the energy storage system is managed in an optimal way and the fuel use is optimal.


A telecommunication system to make a request for local number portability, comprising points (110) transfer signals, a plurality of points (100) service switching, each being connected to said points (100) switching service at least one of said points (110) signal transfer, said points (110) signal transfer communication with at least one point (120) of service control, a first point of said points being connected ( 310) service switching to a given of said points (330) signal transfer point, being selectively forwarded corresponding to a call message addresses (IAM1) from said first point (310) service switching to said given point (330) signal transfer, a given of said points (340) of service control to said given point (330) signal transfer point is connected; said given point (330) being configured to transfer signals to forward the request for local number portability to said given point (340) of service control and being configured to receive a response from that point (340) of service control, said telecommunications system being characterized in that: said given point (330) signal transfer is configured to modify said message (IAM1) address, based on the result of said request for local number portability to include routing information about a second point of said points (320) service switching, said system being arranged for establishing said call connection taking over a physical channel (T1) between said first point (310) and said second point (320) service switching, said second point being configured (320) switching to seize at least one physical channel between said first p daub (310) and said second point (320) service switching; and said second point (320) service switching being configured to forward the modified address (IAM2) to said given point (330) transfer signal for routing said modified address (IAM2) to a third point (360) switching service and said system being configured to establish said call connection taking over a physical channel (T1) between said second point (320) service switching and said third point (360) service switching if said call does not end in said second point (320) service switching.


To physically interact with a rich variety of environments and situation-oriented requirements, humans continuously adapt both the stiffness and the force of their limbs through antagonistic muscle coactivation. Reflecting this behaviour in prostheses may promote control naturalness and intuitiveness and, consequently, their acceptance in everyday life. We propose a method capable of a simultaneous and proportional decoding of position and stiffness intentions from two surface electro-myographic sensors placed over a pair of antagonistic muscles. First, the algorithm is validated and compared to existing control modalities. Then, the algorithm is implemented in a soft under-actuated prosthetic hand (SoftHand Pro). We investigated the feasibility of our approach in a preliminary study involving one prosthetic user. Our future goal is to evaluate the usability of the proposed approach executing a variety of tasks including physical social interaction with other subjects (see Figure 1). Our hypothesis is that variable stiffness could be a compromise between firm control and safe interaction.


Multipliers of Fourier transform of L_1∩L_P(P1) are discussed. A series of necessary and sufficient conditions for a complex-valued function being a multiplier of L_1∩L_P(P1) function (classes) and related (classes) on a real line are obtained.


Electronic publishing has enabled the publisher of scholarly journals to offer an enhanced high quality product, but one that comes bundled with unsatisfactory conditions: high prices, inflexible terms and copyright obstacles that severely restrict the optimal flow and use of information. Dissatisfied with the terms and limitations of traditional journals, individuals, groups and organisations have opted to advance a different model of journal. The open access movement may be seen as part of a critical trend that seeks to break the stranglehold of commercial expropriation of information. Open access journals are freely available for reading, copying, and disseminating. With growing support from many different quarters, the challenger to the $3.5 billion publishing industry packs a potentially destabilising punch. This paper will cover the rise of open access journals and examine the economics of the 'author pays' business model. Notwithstanding the appreciable benefits to readers, the impetus to overturn deeply entrenched traditions must also overcome significant barriers. These include the practice of the academic reward system, funding issues, perceptions about quality and integrity, as well as the fundamental problem of the digital divide. While the open access model also presents a serious threat to scholarly society publications, all initiatives to promote visibility of African journals should be explored. Resume L'edition electronique a permis a l'editeur de revues savantes d'offrir un produit de haute qualite, mais dans des conditions peu satisfaisantes: les prix eleves, les conditions rigides et les obstacles lies au droit d'auteur qui restreignent fortement le flux et l'utilisation optimaux de l'information. Insatisfaits des termes et des limites des revues traditionnelles, les individus, les groupes et les organisations


In the rapidly growing field of additive manufacturing (AM), the focus in recent years has shifted from prototyping to manufacturing fully functional, ultralight, ultrastiff end-use parts. This research investigates the mechanical behavior of octahedral- and octet-truss lattice structured polyacrylate fabricated using Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP) technology based on 3D printing and additive manufacturing processes. Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP) is a breakthrough technology that grows parts instead of printing them layer by layer. CLIP is a chemical process that carefully balances UV light and oxygen to eliminate additional mechanical steps for part delamination and resin refill. UV light triggers photopolymerization and oxygen inhibits it. By carefully balancing the interaction of light and oxygen, CLIP grows objects from a pool of resin. Lattice structures such as the octahedral- and octet-truss lattice have recently attracted a lot of attention since they are often structurally more efficient than foams of a similar density made from the same material, and the ease with which these structures can now be produced using 3D printing and additive manufacturing. This research investigates the mechanical response under compression of octahedral- and octet-truss lattice structured polyacrylate fabricated using CLIP technology. It was found that the elastic modulus and strength of the octahedral-truss structured materials are proportional to each other over a relative density range of 0.07 to 0.35. Finally, even though the octet-truss lattice structure is a stretch-dominated unit cell structure, it was found to have a lower stiffness and strength as compared to an octahedral-truss structure of the same relative density. This can be attributed to the smaller diameter and therefore larger l/d of individual struts.


A 140 m span arch bridge was launched across a watercourse in Taiwan using a special hydraulic crawler system. Temporary structural and geotechnical facilities included four launching tracks and th...


Over the past decades, researchers have been pushing the limits of deep reinforcement learning (DRL). Although DRL has attracted substantial interest from practitioners, many are blocked by having to search through a plethora of available methodologies that are seemingly alike, whereas others are still building RL agents from scratch based on classical theories. To address the aforementioned gaps in adopting the latest DRL methods, the author is particularly interested in testing out whether any of the recent technology developed by the leads in the field can be readily applied to a class of optimal trading problems. Unsurprisingly, many prominent breakthroughs in DRL are investigated and tested on strategic games—from AlphaGo to AlphaStar and, at about the same time, OpenAI Five. Thus, in this article, the author shows precisely how to use a DRL library that is initially built for games in a commonly used trading strategy—mean reversion. And by introducing a framework that incorporates economically motivated function properties, they also demonstrate, through the library, a highly performant and convergent DRL solution to decision-making financial problems in general.


Predeposit autologous boood transfusion was performed in 40 patients with renal cell carcinoma who underwent radical nephrectomy between January 1989 and June 1994. No homologous blood was transfused in 31 cases (77.5%) of which 27 cases (81.8%) prepared for predeposit autologus bloos ≥600ml. The prognosis of 20 patients with the autologous blood transfusion until December 1991 was compared with that of 25 patients with homologous blood transfusion during the same period. Recurrence-free rate of autologous blood transfused patients was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of homologous blood transfused cases. There was no significant difference of survival rate among autologous and homologous blood transfused cases. Patients transfused with homologous whole blood had significantly (p<0.05) poorer survival than autologous blood transfused cases, in addition to significantly (p<0.01) higher tumor recurrence.These results suggested that autologous blood tranfusion had a potential to improve the prognosis of renal cell carcinoma.


This paper aims to use a Taylor Rule to characterise the monetary policy applied by the ECB and to test whether there are significant differences compared to the monetary policy applied in the previous years by the central banks of the 12 countries currently forming part of the EMU. We see that the Taylor rule estimated to characterise the 1991-1998 period does not correctly reflect the behaviour of the ECB and a Chow test confirms the existence of a structural change from that date on. This change supposes a reduction in the neutral real interest rate and a change in the rule's coefficients, with an increase in the output gap coefficient and an important decrease in the response to inflation deviations. Another result derived from our estimates is that interest rates are associated to a high level of inertia. However, the introduction of other variables into the rule, such as the Federal Reserve interest rate, variation in the real euro-dollar exchange rate or deviation of the M3 growth rate from the reference value established by the ECB, is of little significance when explaining interest rate variations.


This paper considers the accountability frameworks that are intended to determine the quality of teachers graduating from training programmes and considers how these frameworks may need to take more account of evidence for enabling and assistive technologies if they are to enable new teachers to make effective use of this technology for inclusion.


Although the fly-by-wire flight control system is very common in contemporary aircrafts, the emergency mechanical backup is still necessary to provide basic manual flight control in case of fly-by-wire flight control failure. The transient of mode switching is uncontrollable and unexpectable, which always causes disaster if the switch failed. The transient analysis is necessary in both the design stage and ground test stage. Based on the platform of AMESim8.0b, the hydraulic parts and mechanical parts of redundant actuation system with mechanical backup could be modeled in details. In this way, the paper simulated the switching moments when the system lost power sources one by one and degraded to mechanical backup. The simulation result shows us the reverse movement when the power is lost and uncontrollable behavior when the mechanical linkage is poorly balanced, all of which could not be expected in advance. Besides, this article also provides a good example to simulate the complicated system with hydraulic and mechanical components together.


Male infertility is one important factor among the multifactorial causes of couple infertility, being oxidative stress one of the main related sources. Sperm is a specialized cell extremely susceptible to stress. To understand and mitigate this event, many studies have used different antioxidants, orally or in vitro supplementation, trying to improve sperm quality and function. Considering the extensive available literature regarding approaches and attempts to solve male fertility issues, the aim of this review is evaluating the effects of antioxidant supplementation on sperm, in both humans and experimental models with animals. This review selected original data from PubMed. The keywords used were: antioxidant, sperm, male fertility, antioxidant supplementation, male infertility; and the term "rodents" was added to the descriptors "antioxidant" and "male fertility". Only studies published in indexed journals, in English, between 2015 and 2019 were included. This review involves i) human sperm and ii) rodent sperm. For the human approach, the search retrieved 496 articles and 80 were included, among which 28 studies were of in vitro antioxidant supplementation, 19 involved oral antioxidant supplementation and the remaining 33 concerned quantification of oxidants and antioxidants already present in the seminal samples. For the rodent approach, 152 articles were retrieved and 52 were included: 3 of varicocele, 11 of diabetes, 10 of therapeutic drugs, 3 of physical exercise, 10 of environmental exposure and 3 of heat stress. The remaining studies involved oxidative stress status in experimental models. Antioxidants use for reproductive purposes is increasing in an attempt to achieve better gametes and embryos. Vitamins C, B and E, selenium and zinc are the most commonly used antioxidants, with remarkable evidences in improving pathophysiological seminal conditions.


Abstract Using 3D TCAD simulator, the hot carrier effects (HCEs) in terms of impact ionization rate and horizontal electric field are reported for Ferro-FinFET taking temperature, work function of gate (ɸM), and ferroelectric thickness (tFE) as parameters. It is observed, these parameters have significant impact on the HCEs of Ferro-FinFET. It is perceived from analysis that temperature, ɸM, and tFE have observable impact on DC characteristics and a hysteresis loop is formed between forward and reverse sweep. We have shown the impact of temperature, ɸM, and tFE on the subthreshold swing (SS) and the ION/IOFF of Ferro-FinFET.


We examined the effect of ovule position within the pod on the probability of seed maturation and on seed weight in two woody legumes, Ulex europaeus and Ulex gallii. Results showed that ovule position had a significant effect on the probability of seed maturation in both species. Ovules in a central position were found to have a higher probability of maturation in U. europaeus, whereas those in a stylar position were favored in U. gallii. Ulex europaeus showed no effect of position on seed weight. The smallest seed within the pod was more frequently at stylar positions in U. gallii. These results might be explained by several non-exclusive hypotheses: time of fertilization, constraints on seed development (e.g., fruit shape and access to maternal resources), and genetic quality. The effects of seed weight on progeny performance estimated as probability of germination and seedling weight were tested in a laboratory experiment. Neither U. europaeus nor U. gallii exhibited any effect of seed weight on the probability of germination. However, seedling weight was dependent on seed weight in both species.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Shared Storybook Readings and Take Home Literacy Bags utilizing Dialogic Questioning Techniques on the oral language skills and vocabulary knowledge of preschool-aged English Language Learners. The final paper was presented as a master's research paper at the University of Northern Iowa. Eleven preschool students identified as English Language Learners in a suburban school district took part in the six-week intervention. Each week students were exposed to three readaloud experiences utilizing Dialogic Reading Techniques and Questioning and a Take Home Literacy Bag for further reading experiences with their families. Student growth was assessed weekly using three tools: Teaching Strategies GOLD observations, a Teacher-Created Vocabulary Assessment, and the Individual Growth and Development Indicators Screening Tool. Results of the study support prior research by showing growth in participants' oral language skills and vocabulary knowledge. On the basis of this research it can be concluded that preschool students who are ELL benefit from Dialogic Reading Techniques and Questioning as a strategy to increase English vocabulary knowledge and oral language skills.


An up/downstream shared optical beam forming network based on wavelength-swept for remote phased array antenna is presented and experimentally demonstrated. A shared optical true time delay (TTD) network minimizes the size and cost, which is made by 16 paths of variable lengths of dispersion compensation fibers splicing with single-mode fiber, and then corporate with optical circulators. The experimental results show that the proposed system provides wide bandwidth from 12 GHz to 17GHz. The main lobe is oriented from −49.3° to 45.9° and the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of 104.58 dB·Hz2/3 is achieved in this system. Besides, the optical beam forming network is not affected by external temperature interference. This structure could have applications in remote phased array antenna.


The high order harmonic generation process due to the interaction of a multi-well quantum system with an intense laser field is examined. A plateau extension up to a photon energy of Ip + 8Up and the generation of attosecond pulses are evidenced. The influence of the intermediate ions on the conversion efficiency and on the plateau extension is studied.


Background: In women, changes in estrogen levels may increase the incidence and/or symptomatology of de-pression and affect the response to antidepressant treatments. Estrogen therapy in females may provide some mood benefits as a single treatment or might augment clinical response to antidepressants that inhibit serotonin reuptake. Objective: We analyzed the mechanisms of estradiol action involved in the regulation of gene expression that modulates sero-tonin neurotransmission implicated in depression. Method: Publications were identified by a literature search on PubMed. Results: The participation of estradiol in depression may include regulation of the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase-2, monoamine oxidase A and B, serotonin transporter and serotonin-1A receptor. This effect is mediated by estradiol binding to intracellular estrogen receptor that interacts with estrogen response elements in the promoter sequences of tryptophan hy-droxylase-2, serotonin transporter and monoamine oxidase-B. In addition to directly binding deoxyribonucleic acid, estrogen receptor can tether to other transcription factors, including activator protein 1, specificity protein 1, CCAAT/enhancer bind-ing protein β and nuclear factor kappa B to regulate gene promoters that lack estrogen response elements, such as monoamine oxidase-A and serotonin 1A receptor. Conclusion: Estradiol increases tryptophan hydroxylase-2 and serotonin transporter expression and decreases the expres-sion of serotonin 1A receptor and monoamine oxidase A and B through the interaction with its intracellular receptors. The understanding of molecular mechanisms of estradiol regulation on the protein expression that modulates serotonin neuro-transmission will be helpful for the development of new and more effective treatment for women with depression.


J1004+4112 is a lensed quasar for which the first broad emission line profile deformations due to microlensing were identified. Detailed interpretations of these features have nevertheless remained controversial. Based on 15 spectra obtained from 2003 to 2018, we revisit the microlensing effect that distorts the CIV broad emission line profile. We show that the microlensing-induced line profile distortions in image A, although variable, are remarkably similar over a period of 15 years. They are characterized by a strong magnification of the blue part of the line profile, a strong demagnification of the red part of the line profile, and a small-to-negligible demagnification of the line core. We used the microlensing effect to constrain the broad emission-line region (BLR) size, geometry, and kinematics. For this purpose, we modeled the deformation of the emission lines considering three simple, representative BLR models: a Keplerian disk, an equatorial wind, and a biconical polar wind, with various inclinations with respect to the line of sight. We find that the observed magnification profile of the CIV emission line can be reproduced with the simple BLR models we considered, without the need for more complex BLR features. The magnification appears dominated by the position of the BLR with respect to the caustic network -- and not by the velocity-dependent size of the BLR. The favored models for the CIV BLR are either the Keplerian disk or the equatorial wind, depending on the orientation of the BLR axis with respect to the caustic network. We also find that the polar wind model can be discarded. We measured the CIV BLR half-light radius as $r_{1/2} = 2.8^{+2.0}_{-1.7}$ light-days. This value is smaller than the BLR radius expected from the radius-luminosity relation derived from reverberation mapping, but it is still in reasonable agreement given the large uncertainties.


Possible fields of library research are indicated through a survey of relations and conflict areas between librarians and researchers in a university library, with examples taken from the history of Lund University Library.


The present invention uses polyacid and metal carbonate or nitrate as raw materials to prepare acidic catalyst by double decomposition reaction. Minute amount of isobutane in butane paction can be eliminated by treatment with said catalyst. Loss of butane-1 is negligible.


To enable an assembly to be operated in CAD, it is necessary to create a valid and appropriate data structure of an assembly model. By disassembling an assembly, an assembly data structure model represented by binary tree is constructed. An assembly sequence can be automatically generated by implementing the postorder traversal to this model.


Introduction. The conceptual framework of librarianship and information science has developed rapidly over the past decade with the prospect of application in other fields. However, transfer of concepts across branches within the field remains problematic and severely limits ability to address important information problems. Requirements. A conceptual framework is needed that will integrate the diverse areas of interest. Imperatives. An integrated framework requires sustained attention to a problem area; the application of the evolving framework to the area; the development of projects that are of relevance to more than one interest group in the field; and evolving the findings of research into the implementation of systems and services. Conclusion. The challenge facing librarianship and information science today is to bring together the allied areas of the field into an overarching conceptual framework that represents the unified whole. This paper suggests a strategy to accomplish this. Introduction: a developing framework for library and information science For many years researchers in library and information science have borrowed theory from other fields to provide insight into our research findings. We are moving from this borrowed theory approach to creating a conceptual framework that has been tested, refined and adapted specifically for application in our field. Towards collaboration between information seeking and information retrieval http://www.informationr.net/ir/10-2/paper225.html[11/12/2015 4:28:09 PM] The conceptual framework has developed rapidly during the past ten years with early signs of application in other fields. An important contribution of the research reported at the ISIC conferences is the development of the user-centred approach. This research offers understanding of information seeking and use within the various contexts of people's lives. Important meta-theories, such as Dervin's sense-making (1983) and models, such as Wilson's model of information seeking (1999) and the Information Search Process model (Kuhlthau 1991) have been developed in this research area. New ways of looking at information seeking have emerged, such as Savolainen's (1995) work on Everyday Life Information Seeking. These have substantially contributed to the conceptual framework of the field and form the basis for extensive research in user studies. However, transfer of concepts across branches within the field of library and information science remains problematic. Scholars in different areas of library and information science do not usually talk to each other, attend each other's conferences, read each other's journals or even read each other's articles in the same journal. Ellis et al. (1999)found that even within the concentration of information science, scholars do not cite across the three overlapping areas of information systems, user studies and information retrieval. This unfortunate situation severely limits our ability to solve users' information problems. There is a critical need for a broad view of library and information science incorporating concepts of each branch of the field into a unified whole. Four imperatives for building the conceptual framework The expansive field of library and information science incorporates the great traditions of librarianship, the insights of user studies, and the innovations of information retrieval and information systems. The time is right for a major initiative of collaboration across the branches of the field. I propose four imperatives for fostering collaboration and for continuing to build the conceptual framework of the field. 1. Stay with a problem long enough to verify findings and draw concepts from the findings. 2. Apply the broad conceptual framework of library and information science to inform the findings of our studies. 3. Develop research projects that incorporate concepts of interest to more than one area of the field. 4. Design application of the concepts for implementation into systems and services. Stay with a problem to develop concepts The first imperative is to stay with a problem long enough to test and verify the findings of an initial study in order to draw concepts from the findings. Sustained research is essential for developing concepts. Sustained research involves not only seeing an initial investigation through to completion but staying with a problem to verify findings and to expand understanding of that problem beyond the narrow confines of a single study. Once we are on to something we need to Towards collaboration between information seeking and information retrieval http://www.informationr.net/ir/10-2/paper225.html[11/12/2015 4:28:09 PM] follow up with further investigation applying a variety of methods to exploit the full implications of our research for the field. When we study information seeking in context it is easy to concentrate on the results specific to that context and to lose sight of underlying concepts that more generally informs physical and intellectual access to information and ideas. Here is an example from my own research on the information search process. In my first study of secondary school students I found that forming a focus in the process of information seeking was the main task rather than merely gathering information related to a topic (Kuhlthau 2004). A student who did not form a focused perspective described great difficulty writing and presenting her work. Here is how she described her dilemma. I had a general idea not a specific focus, but an idea. As I was writing, I didn't know what my focus was. When I was finished, I didn't know what my focus was. My teacher says she doesn't know what my focus was. I don't think I ever acquired a focus. It was an impossible paper to write. I would just sit there and say, 'I'm stuck'. If I learned anything from that paper it is, you have to have a focus. You have to have something to center on. You can't just have a topic. You should have an idea when you start. I had a topic but I didn't know what I wanted to do with it. I figured that when I did my research it would focus in. But I didn't let it. I kept saying, 'this is interesting and this is interesting and I'll just smush it altogether'. It didn't work out. (Kuhlthau 2004: 40). Other students talked about forming a point of view and gaining a personal perspective of the topic. From this study I drew the concept of formulation within the constructive process of information seeking. Later, in longitudinal case studies of information seeking in the workplace, I found further evidence to support the concept (Kuhlthau 2004). The securities analyst talked about finding an angle to present to his clients and the lawyers sought a strategy for presenting a case. The securities analyst explained the main problem many novice analysts had in gathering and gathering information but not being able to write the report or as he said 'get out the product'. Over and over the concept of the constructive process of forming a focus provided the insight for explaining the findings of my users' studies. Without these extensive studies the work would be interesting but not very useful for contributing to the conceptual framework of the field. Sustained, longitudinal research supports collaboration across branches of library and information science by providing confirmed findings that lead to concepts that can apply in more than one context and that more than one area of the field can use for further study and application. Apply the conceptual framework of the field The second imperative is to use the concepts developed across the field of library and information science to inform and illuminate the findings of our research Towards collaboration between information seeking and information retrieval http://www.informationr.net/ir/10-2/paper225.html[11/12/2015 4:28:09 PM] studies. Once a concept is discovered in one context it is important to study that concept in other contexts with different users. Major concepts in library and information science such as relevance, anomalous state of knowledge, and uncertainty as well as models of information seeking behavior and theoretical frameworks such as sensemaking have been examined in a variety of contexts with different types of users to ground the concept for more general application. The studies on relevance that build on Saracevic's (1975, 1996) work are an excellent example. Taylor's (1991) levels of information need and information use environments are another. These concentrations of research not only verify but also extend and develop the concepts for increased understanding and insight that make important contributions to the conceptual framework of library and information science. The concept of task complexity, developed by Bystrom and the Tampere team (Bystrom and Jarvelin 1995, Bystrom 2000, Vakkari 2001) has provided insight in my own research. I am often asked if I think that people always experience the stages of the ISP in every information seeking task. Clearly they do not. But how to differentiate between tasks was a problem for me. In my recent studies I introduced the concept of task complexity and found that workers could easily distinguish between different types of information use in complex tasks and in routine tasks. These studies revealed simple straight-forward information seeking in routine work tasks and a process of construction and formulation in those tasks identified by the user as complex (Kuhlthau 2004). One person explained that complex tasks involve a dynamic change in thinking referring to these tasks as, 'the really good ones that you lose sleep over'. These projects were found to take an extended period of time. A participant explained, 'Those are the ones that are really time consuming because you are changing your entire thinking on an industry'. And went on to explain the uncertainty in connection with complex tasks in this way, 'You feel anx


Preface: in search of the north-west passage / Part I - SPACINGS / 1. Spatial anthropology / 2. Of spaces in-between / Part 2 - SOUNDINGS / 3. Castaway / 4. Stalker / Part 3 - GHOSTINGS / 5. Heterotopolis / 6. Songlines / 7. Necrogeography / Part 4 - EARTHINGS / 8. Reclamation / 9. Utopos / Afterword: killing space | giving life to space


On December 17, 2019, the French Competition Authority imposed on the four historical issuers of restaurant securities and their joint body, the Centrale de Reglement des Titres (CRT), the largest…


By utilization of the good stability and unifondty of air membrane, this paper described theoretically the operational principle of correcting the belt going aside for a belt conveyor.


On the basis of summary of knowledge acquirements,this paper presented various kinds of knowledge representation method commonly used in intelligent system,and utilized a hybrid intelligent model for the textile process planning.The advantages of knowledge reuse were demonstrated by an applied case.


A field experiment was conducted on the departmental experimental plot in the
University of Agriculture, Abeokuta during the 2010 cropping season to evaluate the
growth performance of white yam(Dioscorea rotundata .L.Poir) in white yam/sweet
potato intercrop. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block
Design(RCBD) and replicated four times in a 3 x 2 x 4 factorial arrangement. Three
local varieties of white yam (Danacha, Ogoja, Amula) were intercropped with sweet
potato(density 10,000plant/ha and 20,000plant/ha) and at four replicates. Organic
Fertilizer was applied at 5.0 tonnes/ha at two months after planting. Data was
collected at two weeks interval on number of vine branches, vine length and number
of leaves. The result indicated that' Amula' had significantly high numbers of vines
branches (p<0.05) (75%), number of leaves, (79.2%) for 2-12 weeks after fertilizer
application (WAF) as compared to other two varieties (Danacha and Ogoja). Ogoja
had significantly (p<0.05) higher vines length (62.6%) compared to other yam
varieties at 2-8WAF, while Amula had higher vine length at 10 -12 WAF. As regards
the effect of sweet potato on the performance of white yam varieties, sole yam plants
without sweet potato intercrop had significantly(p<0.05) higher number of vines
branches(88.7%), and vines length(68.26%) and the least vine branches (19.5%) and
vine length (26.32%) were observed in yam plant intercropped with sweet potato at
20,000 plant/ha There was significant interactions between yam varieties and
yam/sweetpotato intercrop in all the parameters taken.


Abstract The utility of macroporous cation-exchange resins for the separation of uranium from thorium (relevant to the final purification of the product uranium after reprocessing of the thorium breeder fuel) was examined. Two such cation-exchange resins were studied and compared with a previously used gel-type resin. Batch experiments and column experiments were performed to generate equilibrium data and to optimize the procedure for the separation of U from Th under process conditions. Recovery and purity of the final product were the same while loading and washing rates were much higher (120 mL/h) than those used for gel-type resins (40 mL/h). Much higher throughput was achieved without losing product quality when macroporous resins were used instead of the gel-type resin.


Intelligent mine is the major weapon in the future naval blockade.Based on the evaluation system of intelli-gent mine,this paper determines the evaluation index weights by employing the improved weight analysis,and estab-lishes an evaluation model with the improved gray theory.Taking intelligent mine as an example,the operational effec-tiveness is evaluated quantitatively with this model.The results show that the model can make full use of the judgement information from commanders to reflect the actual operational effectiveness correctly.This model may be beneficial to the application of intelligent mine in the future naval blockade.


Current treatments for patients with BRAF mutated melanoma show limited success utilizing the drug vemurafenib by only temporarily stopping cancer cell growth. Eventually BRAF mutated cells come back completely resistant to vemurafenib. The mechanisms behind emerging resistance are not well understood, yet studies suggest that actin polymerization through Rho small family GTPase signaling have an important role. In an attempt to address this working hypothesis we created an in vitro model using the A375 cell line and treated the cells with vemurafenib combined with RNAi knockdowns of Rho or using a drug named fasudil, which inhibits ROCK kinase a downstream target of Rho. Our data showed that through either direct or indirect Rho pathway inhibition there was a promotion of acquired resistance in the A375 cell line. Additionally we see an up regulation of transcription factors Yap/Taz and increased protein expression of pPaxillin Y31, pMEK S217, and pMEK S298. All of these proteins have been associated with Rac1 activity or BRAF activity within the cell. The increase in Rac1 activity may help give us a better explanation of what cellular pathways BRAF mutated cells utilize to promote resistance. Introduction Identification of a major mutation, BRAFV600E, in cutaneous melanoma patients was a major breakthrough in the search for effective clinical treatments for this deadly disease. This non-conservative mutation of valine to glutamic acid at the 600 position of the BRAF protein is present in approximately 50% of all skin melanomas. Current treatments for BRAF mutant melanoma utilize the drug vemurafenib, which acts as a BRAF kinase inhibitor. Vemurafenib treatment significantly prolongs survival times in patients with the BRAFV600E mutation; however, resistant cells eventually emerge in patients and tumors typically come back within ~6 months. 5-7 There is evidence that Rho family small GTPases may play significant roles in acquired resistance to vemurafenib. When Rho is in it's active, GTP-bound form it signals to a downstream effector called ROCK kinase. ROCK kinase acts as a key regulator for actin polymerization in the cell and plays a role in cell migration. Previously published research suggests that inhibition of actin remodeling can potentially suppress acquired resistance to vemurafenib. In preliminary experiments we developed an vitro model of acquired resistance using BRAFV600E mutant A375 melanoma cells. In A375 cells, Rho GTPase signaling was then either directly inhibited through RNAi knockdowns of RhoA/C or indirectly inhibited through ROCK kinase utilizing the drug fasudil. Resulting data illustrated that vemurafenib and inhibition of Rho signaling caused acquired resistance to emerge in a shorter time than vemurafenib-only treated cells. This recently obtained data suggests that suppressing RhoA/C signaling promotes acquired resistance, possibly by up regulating the activity of other Rho family small GTPases. Exploring other small GTPases such as Rac1 could reveal a possible explanation. Rac1 also plays a role in actin polymerization and signals to a downstream effector PAK1 that plays a similar role to ROCK kinase, acting as a key regulator of actin polymerization. Further investigation of which Rho family GTPases may be the major contributors to acquired resistance could potentially fill the gap in previous knowledge towards what causes the emerging resistance in vemurafenib treated cells. Methods Cell Culture A375 cells were thawed from liquid nitrogen then passaged in standard DMEM growth medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% non-essential amino acids, 1% glutamine, 1% pen strep. Cells were then incubated at 37°C for propagation. In vitro growth assays RhoA/RhoCsh1 and RhoA/RhoCsh2 knockdown assay RhoAsh1, RhoCsh1, RhoAsh2, and RhoCsh2 were treated with DMSO or 3 mM vemurafenib. A standard DMEM growth medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% non-essential amino acids, 1% glutamine, 1% pen strep was added to make volume 2 ml total. The cells were re-fed with their respective drug concentrations and reseeded to 40,000 every four days. The cells were harvested, counted, and recorded accordingly at every four-day time point as well. The cells were left growing until 60 days. A375 fasudil assay A total of 40,000 A375 cells per well were plated in a six well plate and were treated with DMSO, 3 mM vemurafenib, 10 mM fasudil, or 3 mM vemurafenib and 10 mM fasudil. A standard DMEM growth medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% nonessential amino acids, 1% glutamine, 1% pen strep was added to make volume 2 ml total. The cells were re-fed with their respective drug concentrations and re-seeded to 40,000 every four days. The cells were harvested, counted, and recorded accordingly at every four-day time point as well. The cells were left growing until 65 days. A375 fasudil assay lysate setup A375 cells from a 100% confluent T75 ml flask were harvested with 10% being placed into a 60mm dish with DMSO or 10 mM fasudil and 40% being placed into a 60mm dish with 3 mM vemurafenib or 3 mM vemurafenib + 10 mM fasudil. Two extra 60mm dishes were made for vemurafenib and vemurafenib + fasudil conditions. A standard DMEM growth medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% non-essential amino acids, 1% glutamine, 1% pen strep was added to make volume 4 ml total. Cells were refeed every four days and cells were lysed at 4 days, 14 days, or 30 days to be immunoblotted. Immunobloting Cells were rinsed with 20 mm HEPES, pH 7.5, 150 mm NaCl, 5 mm MgCl2 (HBSM) and lysed in 1X SDS laemmli buffer. The lysates were scraped, boiled, and sheared using 27G1/2 needle. The protein concentration was evaluated using Red 660 Protein Assay (G Biosciences #786-676). Normalized protein lysates were resolved in SDS-PAGE and transferred to Nitrocellulose membrane. Blots were blocked using AquaBlock buffer (EastCoast Bio #PP82) and probed with the primary antibodies in blocking buffer + 0.1% Tween-20. Additional antibodies binding to Paxillin, pPaxillin Y31, Tubulin, Yap/Taz, Fak, pFak, Akt, pAkt, pErk, c-Met, pc-Met, Rac1, PAK, phospho-PAK, phosphor-MEK, and MEK were also utilized. Blots were developed by using Alexa Fluor 680 (Invitrogen A21058) and Alexa Fluor 790 (Invitrogen A11369) diluted in 1:20000 blocking buffer + 0.1 % Tween 20. Blots were observed using a LI-COR Odyssey blot imager (LI-COR Biosciences). The licor blot imager quantified each blot and differences in the relative expression level specific signaling proteins were tested for significance using ANOVA. Results Loss of Rho signaling in the A375 cell line promotes resistant colony formation when treated with vemurafenib. To understand the effective role of Rho signaling with vemurafenib we utilized A375 cells that were RNAi knockdowns of RhoAsh1 and RhoCsh2 and we compared their growth rate to NT control cells. At 60 days there is significant difference in population doubling between RhoA/RhoC Sh1&Sh2 group and NT groups, every Rho knockdown A375 line has at least double the NT group population (Fig.1A). A dose response growth inhibition assay was utilized in order to find a concentration of fasudil to use for the experimental process that would not outright destroy A375 from a lethal dosage. 10μM was our selected concentration of choice (Fig.1B). Treating cells with fasudil yields very similar results where we see emerging resistant colonies emerging faster than our only vemurafenib treated cells (Fig. 1C). At 18 days we can see that the vemurafenib + fasudil treated cells are already growing back while the vemurafenib only treated cells start growing back around the 33 day mark. Additionally there is a major difference at the 65 day mark, where the vemurafenib + fasudil treated cells have more than two times the population doubling than the vemurafenib alone treated cells (Fig 1C.). Interestingly we can see that the direct inhibition of Rho kinase or inhibition of downstream target such as ROCK kinase hastens the emergence of resistant cells compared to cells treated with vemurafenib alone. Figure 1: Loss of Rho signaling in A375 cell line promotes a decreasing resistant colony formation time when treated with vemurafenib. A, Population doubling versus time. a, RhoA sh1 knockdown A375 cell line. b, RhoA sh2 knockdown cell line. c, RhoC sh1 cell line d, RhoC sh2 cell line e, NT cell line. All five line's were grown in 3μM of vemurafenib. The cell populations were terminated at 60 days. B, IC50 showing tumor cell number versus fasudil concentration C, Population doubling versus time. a, DMSO and Fasudil treated condition's * they are stacked directly on top of each other. b, Vemurafenib + Fasudil treated conditions. c, Vemurafenib treated only condition. The cell populations were terminated at


We introduce the generalized covering salesman problem in which given a set of vertices including the depot, facility and customer vertices, the goal is to construct a minimum length cycle over a subset of facilities while covering a given number of customers. Essentially, a customer is covered when it is located within a pre-specified distance of a visited facility on the tour. The proposed problem has potential applications in humanitarian relief transportation and telecommunication networks. We propose a mathematical model and a variable neighborhood search for solving the problem. Computational tests on a set of randomly generated instances indicate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Keywords— Traveling salesman problem; Covering salesman problem; Humanitarian relief transportation; Variable neighborhood search


Based on the fractal theory, the geometric structure inside an open cell polyurethane foam, which is widely used as adiabatic material, is illustrated. A simplified cell fractal model is created. In the model, the method of calculating the equivalent thermal conductivity of the porous foam is described and the fractal dimension is calculated. The mathematical formulas for the fractal equivalent thermal conductivity combined with gas and solid phase, for heat radiation equivalent thermal conductivity and for the total thermal conductivity, are deduced. However, the total effective heat flux is the summation of the heat conduction by the solid phase and the gas in pores, the radiation, and the convection between gas and solid phase. Fractal mathematical equation of effective thermal conductivity is derived with fractal dimension and vacancy porosity in the cell body. The calculated results have good agreement with the experimental data, and the difference is less than 5%. The main influencing factors are summarized. The research work is useful for the enhancement of adiabatic performance of foam materials and development of new materials.


PURPOSE: A multi application management device of a portable terminal for efficiently selecting an application through a thumbnail file is provided to classify the application through the thumbnail file by capturing the screen of the application. CONSTITUTION: A thumbnail generating unit(110) captures the last screen of applications. The thumbnail generating unit mixes the execution information of each application and each capture image. A screen management unit(120) displays a plurality of thumbnail files on a screen. If one is selected of a plurality of thumbnail files, an application control unit(140) activates the application corresponding to the selected thumbnail file.


Ten new ortho, meta, and para substituted derivatives of 2-benzylthio-1-benzyl-6-aminouracils have been prepared. Electron impact (EI) induced mass spectral fragmentation of these compounds was investigated. Fragmentation pathways are proposed on the basis of accurate mass and metastable transitions measurements. The correlation between the intensities of the M +. and the selected fragment ions of these compounds is discussed. The data obtained create the basis for distinguishing isomers. The 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra of these compounds were assigned unambiguously using a two-dimensional 13 C, 1 H-Long Range correlation (HMBC) spectra. The data derived from these spectra can be used to differentiate the isomers.