Based on the analysis and summary the some leakage calculation methods characteristics and flow process on the straight through labyrinth seals,the re latively amount of kinetic energy being carried from throttling into the next wa s considered by use of the theory of two-dimensional(2-D) wall jet and compared with the Vermes method and numerical simulation.The result is that the jet flow in labyrinth cavities has the similar basic characteristics of two-dimensional wall jet flow such as the self-similar distribution of mainstream velocity;an em pirical formula developed based on the 2-D wall jet theory is better than that b ased on the free jet theory and little higher than numerical simulation.


Indonesian Old Bicycle Community or Komunitas Sepeda Tua Indonesia (KOSTI) of Surabaya is a subculture consisting of old bicycle lovers in Surabaya. This qualitative study aims to clarify and strengthen the idea of Internet as a resource and media for the development of subcultures, to investigate online and offline activities of KOSTI Surabaya, and to promote further research on the diversity of subcultures like KOSTI Surabaya following the development of generation 4.0 trend. The researchers collected data through in-depth interviews and observation to the community members. The result indicates that KOSTI Surabaya promotes and maintains the local and Indonesian culture through offline and online communication. This present study can support the conceptualization of subculture in the digital era. This community helps young generations to put Indonesian important values and norms into practice through their lifestyle, such as to build a good relationship, kinship, brotherhood, to create a good harmony in life. In addition, this community becomes a media to foster and maintain our local culture. KOSTI Surabaya is the resistance against the modern culture which makes this community as counter culture against foreign culture challenges. Not only the use of a means of transportation but also of the nature of individualist that starts to embrace most of Indonesian people in urban areas.


Attitudes to advertising are a key variable in the effectiveness of the advertising process. The purpose of this paper is to explore the interrelationships between different television genres and consumer attitudes towards advertising. The research draws on data from a survey carried out in Spain, and discloses that viewer preferences for entertainment programs correlate with a more positive attitude towards advertising on television.


Background: Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has piled enormous tension all over the world in recent times due to its divesting phenomenon. Recent estimates of more than four million infected HIV cases in India contribute largest number in the world. Sexual route is the most common mode of transmission of HIV. The present study constitutes Truck drivers Jail- inmates S.T.D. patients Police & PAC personnel. These are more likely indulged in unsafe sexual practices; due to the long stay out side their homes & families. Through this route it now spreads to the general population. Objectives: [(a)] To assess the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in groups of high risk behavior. [(b)] To study the Socio-economic and Demographic correlates of HIV/AIDS. Methods: The study included 803 subjects of different high risk groups (Truck drivers Jail-inmates S.T.D. patients Police and P.A.C. personnel). Variables studied were age educational level marital status socio-economic status and sexual behaviors. Serum sample were tested with a commercially available Solid Phase Enzyme Immune Assay suitable for detecting antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2. All ELISA reactive samples were subjected to second test using different antigen preparation. Results: Out of 803 subjects 7 (0.87%) were detected positive for HIV. All of these were of below 54 years of age. Bachelor status and lower educational level was found to be significantly associated with high seropositivity. Sex with commercial sex workers and irregular use of condom were also found to be associated with a higher seropositivity. Conclusion: Lower literacy level and unsafe sexual practices are often related to higher seropositivity. Thus to prevent the transmission of infection to the general population people must be aware about severity of the disease mode of transmission and more over safe sex behavior. (authors)


Macro encapsulation techniques have gained considerable attention in latent heat storage systems for solar energy applications in order to improve the overall energy conversion efficiency in solar thermal power plants. However the heat transfer mechanisms that govern the charging and discharging processes at high operating temperatures are still under development and represent an important aspect in the thermal energy storage design process. This study presents a numerical solution of the heat transfer and phase change that occurs during the solidification process of a phase change material (PCM) encapsulated in a spherical container. A transient two-dimensional axisymmetric mathematical model was solved using the control volume discretization approach along with the enthalpy-porosity method to track the melting front. A spherical shell of thickness t, under the gravitational field is completely filled with liquid PCM. For time t>0, a constant temperature boundary condition Tw, which is lower than the phase change temperature of the PCM, is imposed at the outer surface of the shell. A comprehensive analysis is presented in order to assess the role of the capsule size, buoyancy-driven flow in the liquid phase, and shell outer surface temperature on the thermal performance of the system. Results show that with the increase of Stefan number the solidification rate is enhanced. A reduction of 39.25% in total solidification time is predicted when the Stefan number changed from 0.095 to 0.143. Finally a generalized correlation for the solid mass fraction during solidification is obtained based on a combination of Fourier and Stefan numbers and a dimensionless material parameter.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


This paper describes the results from the first phase of the Superbus Project, which explores the input power trends and dependencies of the major accessories on a parallel hybrid urban transit bus. More specifically, this paper examines the elimination of both " accessory overdrive " , where more power is delivered to an accessory than is required by the function, and " parasitic loading " , where the accessory consumes power with no useful output. The bus was equipped with an array of sensors and a programmable data acquisition system (DAQ), and was driven on routes in Minneapolis during August and September, 2008. The accessories analyzed were the hydraulic pumps, the air compressor, the alternator, and the air conditioning system. Collection and processing methods are described, and the influence of accessory overdrive and parasitic loading are demonstrated. The average input power to the accessories was 11.0 kW when the air conditioning was off and 19.3 kW when the air conditioning was on. By removing the effects of accessory overdrive and parasitic loading, it is estimated that replacing mechanically driven accessories with their electrically driven counterparts would reduce the accessory power demand by 34% (no air conditioning) and 31% (with air conditioning). Under the somewhat conservative assumption that with the air conditioning on, 50% of the bus' fuel is consumed by its accessories, it is estimated that accessory electrification would result in a 13-15% improvement in overall fuel economy. Executive Summary In recent years, environmental concerns, fuel prices, and emissions regulations have pushed the public transit industry to invest in hybrid vehicles worth more than half a million dollars per unit. These state-of-the-industry hybrid buses have been designed to reduce fuel consumption by scavenging a portion of the energy spent on propulsion. As propulsion fuel consumption has decreased and demand for accessory loads such as air conditioning and electronic lighting/signs has increased, hybrid buses on urban routes in warm weather frequently spend more fuel on accessories than they do on locomotion. In other words, modern hybrid buses operated in warm weather have become more of a diesel-powered hotel on wheels than a vehicle with accessories. Despite their heavy " hotel " loads, the accessory powering scheme on today's parallel hybrid buses is primitive and poorly-controlled when compared to their hybridized drivetrains. The Superbus project takes a piecewise approach in the development of an advanced " big picture " strategy to improve …


ABSTRACT The agricultural sector is the second contributor to the worldwide emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), as it is responsible for 13.5% of GHG emissions. The main aim of this research is to track GHG emission from the agricultural sector in the EU-27 between 1990 and 2016 in order to determine trends and changes of emission on a country scale. To achieve the study goal, data were collected from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) website, followed by the application of the Simple Linear Regression Model (SLRM). The obtained results showed that most of the EU-27 countries witnessed a significant reduction of GHG emissions from the agricultural sector, except for Iceland and Spain. Interestingly, the highest reduction conducted by the United Kingdom was followed by Germany and France, where the reduction reached 385.27; 226.72 and 294.92 tons of CO2-equivalent per year, respectively. Thus, we can conclude that most EU countries significantly reduced GHG emissions to the atmosphere.


1. Prefatory note 2. Table of contents 3. Charts, figures and tables 4. Abbreviations 5. 1. Introduction: diachronic linguistics (by Lehmann, Winfred P.) 6. 2. Building on empirical foundations (by Labov, William) 7. 3. A semiotic model of diachronic process phonology (by Dressler, Wolfgang U.) 8. 4. Semantically-marked root morphemes in diachronic morphology (by Malkiel, Yakov) 9. 5. From propositional to textual and expressive meanings some semantic-pragmatic aspects of grammaticalization (by Traugott, Elizabeth Closs) 10. 6. Romance Etymology (by Dworkin, Steven N.) 11. 7. Indo-european etymology with special reference to grammatical category (by Justus, Carol F.) 12. Bibliography 13. Subject index 14. Author index


Crude extracts from coelenterates have been a source of neurotoxins that still possesses a great potential in the discovery of novel drugs. Studies about the effect of cnidarians venoms upon insulin release are not common, despite the coincidences in ionic mechanisms of glucose stimulated insulin secretion and neurotransmitter release. In the present work we tested the effect of a crude extract of Zoanthus sociatus on insulin secretion in isolated rat β‐cells and its toxic effects in vivo.


A green chemistry approach to nanoparticle synthesis is the exciting possibility opened up by the fungus Fusarium

oxysporum. The fungus, when exposed to aqueous AuCl 4 − ions, reduces the metal ions; this

leads to the extracellular formation of gold nanoparticles.


Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate support groups among divorced people. Eleven females and seven males participated in three groups. The participants were interviewed, and some themes were considered. Among these were what it had meant for the subjects to participate in a group, what were the most important functions of the group, and if the participants had benefited psychologically from participating in the group. Four therapeutic factors seemed to be of particular importance. First, meeting people with the same thoughts and feelings, and increased insight of themselves and others. Further, feeling accepted and supported, and expressing difficult feelings were important factors. Group participation increased the subjects' well-being, for example, they felt more normal and less depressed.


The excitation of symmetric and antisymmetric plasma waves by a beam layer that moves within a homogeneous plasma enclosed by a metallic wall was dealt with theoretically. Investigations were carried out for the magnetic field free case and for a magnetized electron beam. In the latter case, the beam electrons are assumed to be unable to move in the perpendicular direction. The theoretical model bases upon an extension of the well known single wave theory to a two-dimensional beam-plasma system. Special emphasis should be paid to the fact that the perpendicular wave profile of the excited waves was determined self-consistently. Energy and momentum balance equations are derived for this system. The theoretical method outlined in this paper which is based on a Green's-function technique can be extended easily to three-dimensional systems or to beam-plasma systems with other boundary conditions. The main features of the saturation process of the basic unstable wave types are discussed. Several interesting effects were found in the magnetic field free case: (i) numerical solutions describe an increasing steepening of the wave amplitudes in perpendicular direction near the center of the system for the symmetric potential wave; (ii) for the antisymmetric wave, a smoothing tendency was found in the development of the perpendicular wave potential profile; (iii) spatial separation of the slow and fast beam electrons was observed; (iv) it is shown for the antisymmetric potential wave type that, under certain conditions, a very efficient beam particle retardation mechanism occurs which is connected with a strong reduction of the formation of a fast particle group; (v) generally it was shown that the conversion of the kinetic energy of the beam electrons into the plasma wave energy may be more effective as compared with the case of the magnetized beam.


Stedman's Dermatology and Immunology Words, Third Edition has been updated to include a comprehensive list of terminology in dermatology, immunology, rheumatology, allergy, and transplantation. The appendix section has been expanded with images and relevant sample reports. Medical language specialists, including medical transcriptionists, medical coders, court reporters, and medical secretaries, will want to add this new edition to their Stedman's Word Book resources shelf.


Surfaces of stromatolites are covered with living mats, and our work focused on the microbial community of this actively growing layer as, at the microscale most relevant to bacteria, a vital factor that affects stromatolite formation is the presence of other organisms. Apart from physical factors such as wave action, stromatolite morphology will depend on the community present and will therefore be determined by it. The environment selects for biological diversity, which in turn is reflected in these biogenic structures. These stromatolites are still growing at a rate of about 0.4 mm year, and growth rates only slightly surpass erosion. Our study is the first to combine culture- dependent and culture-independent methods in a study of this environment. After obtaining samples of the intertidal stromatolite, they were crushed and used directly as the inoculums in a range of microbiological media using conditions


Time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements are one of the key metrics available to determine the minority‐carrier lifetime in the absorber layer of direct band gap photovoltaic devices. Direct measurement of the minority‐carrier lifetime is essential to understanding the impact of changes in deposition and processing on material quality. Unfortunately, the TRPL signal is determined by a complex convolution of multiple physical factors including bulk carrier lifetime, interface recombination velocity, electric field, doping density, photo‐excited carrier density, and carrier mobility. To gain clarity, we have used numerical simulations to analyze the carrier dynamics after a CdTe device is illuminated with a short light pulse. After the light pulse, the photo‐generated carriers undergo complex dynamics including drift, diffusion, interface, and bulk recombination. In this work, we develop a new formalism that enables much greater insight into which factors dominate the TRPL decay dynamics. By breaking down the carrier dynamics into drift, diffusion, and recombination terms, we have developed six‐factor, four‐factor, and two‐factor analyses that provide clear understanding of which physical factors dominate the decay dynamics under various conditions and at different times during the decay. We show that in a typical CdTe device under the typical experimental conditions used in our laboratories, the faster part of the decay is dominated by charge separation, whereas the slower part is dominated by carrier recombination. Therefore, under the conditions investigated in this study, the slower part of the decay is a better parameter to explain the defect density in the CdTe layer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Objective:To investigate the current situation of the application of electronic outpatient department appointment and registration system.To offer some evidences for the management of outpatient department.Methods: The characteristics of registered members and appointing status were explored between March 2003 and February 2007.Results: 17 633 patients had registered as members in the past 4 years,who came from over 30 districts.51.49% of registered members came from Xi'an,32.84% from other places in Shanxi,6.60% from Gansu,3.50% from Shanxi,2.11% from Henan.149 590 person-times had appointing registration,and 40.37% of them were bespoken by registered members.The registered members' rate of keeping bespeak was 89.90%,and was higher than non-registered members' rate 75.41%(X2=4 958.914,P0.01).Conclusions: The system provided patients with convenient and high quality appointing service,which improved the service level of outpatient department,and solved the problems of registering difficultly and queuing for too much time.


Editorials n this issue of the Journal, two studies draw attention to potential difficulties in protecting vulnerable people from influenza infection. In the first study, Wiley and colleagues report a 27% uptake of influenza vaccine by pregnant women in three hospitals in New South Wales in 2011, with differences in uptake attributable to how the vaccine was promoted and the ease of accessing it.1 Influenza vaccination of pregnant women is an important issue that was highlighted during the 2009 pandemic. In Australia, the risk of hospitalisation with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza for pregnant women compared with nonpregnant women aged 15–44 years was increased by about fivefold2 and the risk of admission to intensive care, by about sevenfold.3 The World Health Organization recently recommended influenza vaccination for pregnant women as the highest priority for countries considering initiation or expansion of programs for seasonal influenza vaccines.4 In the second study, Macesic and colleagues estimated that 4% of almost 600 cases of laboratory-proven influenza in sentinel Australian hospitals in 2010 and 2011 were acquired in hospital.5 Although the estimated risk was low, the outcome could be severe. One patient with end-stage respiratory disease died, and 23% of patients required intensive care. Hospitals should be safe places, and acquiring influenza as an inpatient is potentially preventable. Prevention involves five arms: cohorting or isolation of patients with suspected infection; studious attention to respiratory precautions and hand hygiene; preventing staff and visitors with respiratory symptoms from entering the facility; vaccination of everyone with patient contact, including health care workers, visitors and family members; and vaccination of patients. Influenza vaccination is recommended in the Australian immunisation handbook for patients at increased risk of an adverse outcome from influenza infection, and is funded for these patients.6 All the patients with hospital-acquired influenza in Macesic et al's study had comorbidities that rendered them eligible for free influenza vaccine, but only 36% had been vaccinated.5 To protect themselves and their patients, the Australian immunisation handbook also recommends that health care workers be vaccinated.6 Vaccination can help prevent influenza infection in pregnant women and hospital inpatients, but it is not a perfect intervention. For many years it has been suggested that trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine provided protection to 70%–90% of participants in randomised controlled trials (RCTs).4,6 However, a more recent estimate from a metaanalysis of vaccines licensed in the United States suggested that protection for adults under the age of 65 years, even in the controlled environment of the RCT, was around 59%.7 A large RCT conducted in Australia and New Zealand during the 2008 and 2009 influenza seasons estimated efficacy as 42% (95% CI, 30%–52%) against all strains of influenza, including the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus, while the point estimate for matched strains was 60%. The higher efficacy against vaccine strains matched to circulating strains is expected.8 Participants in RCTs are generally young and healthy, whereas influenza vaccines are funded in Australia for people who are older or have underlying medical conditions, for whom the vaccine may be less effective. How then do trial results compare with estimates from the field? Recent observational studies from Australia of influenza vaccine effectiveness in routine practice are broadly supportive of estimates from the trials.7,8 Over the period from 2007 to 2011, but excluding the pandemic year of 2009, influenza vaccine effectiveness among adults aged 20–64 years presenting to sentinel general practices in Victoria was estimated as 62% (95% CI, 43%–75%).9 In a study of sentinel Australian hospitals in 2010, vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation with confirmed pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza, the dominant circulating virus that year, was estimated as 49% (95% CI, 13%– 70%).10 Trial results can legitimately be compared with Australian observational studies because most of the vaccines used in the trials were trivalent inactivated vaccines, the only type of vaccine currently licensed in Australia, and the end points in all studies were laboratory-confirmed, medically attended influenza. There are no specific vaccine effectiveness estimates for pregnant women or health care workers in Australia, but it is not unreasonable to expect effectiveness for these two groups to be in the range for other adults. It is important to continue to promote influenza vaccination as a cornerstone of protection against infection and adverse outcomes, but it is also important not to overstate the effectiveness of current inactivated vaccines. Estimates that are not based on contemporary evidence have the potential to undermine confidence in the vaccine. Although not ideal, a vaccine that may protect around half of all recipients from an infection requiring medical attenEvidence-based policies for the control of influenza


The work presented in this paper deals with chaos synchronization of discrete-time switched systems for communication purposes. In a chaotic masking scheme, the main problem arising lies in the fact that the state-reconstruction-error equation involves a term depending on the embedded information which may prevent the convergence. To tackle such a situation, an input-independent global synchronization (IIGS) observer-based method is proposed. It differs from the standard unknown input observers framework, which cannot be applied for the class of systems considered in this paper. It is shown that IIGS may result from both a special partial-pole placement and the notion of polyquadratic stability. Two configurations are distinguished: a subsystem configuration and an observer one. The analysis in the subsystem configuration or the design in the observer configuration is performed by solving a tractable linear-matrix inequalities setting. Two illustrative examples are given.


Thcarticle deals With the problem of loneliness in the modern Russian society. Peculiarities of being lonely at the age ol teenagers, socialpsychological determinants of lonelinessare considered.


4-Aryl-hexahydroquinolines prepared by Hantzsch reaction from aromatic aldehydes obtained from lignin had been proved to be excellent antioxidant property. In view of polyhydroquinoline containing similarities in structure to the biologically important compound, 1,4-dihydropyridine, their antihypertensive activities were herein determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) during different time. The results show that those compounds possessing excellent antioxidant activity exhibit good antihypertensive property, and the compound containing syringyl moiety exhibit better antihypertensive activity than that containing guaiacyl moiety. This study suggests that those compounds may serve as promising agents for cure hypertension and free radical-related diseases.


Hydridosilsesquioxanes SinO3n/2Hn, with n = 4−36, 48, 60, were studied with the semiempirical method MSINDO, a recently presented modification of SINDO1. Within this scheme we calculated the cage structures of these molecules with special focus on the higher homologues in order to present a growth mechanism of insertion reactions. For selected hydridosilsesquioxanes the relative stability of isomers was calculated. Our results allow to draw conclusions about stabilities of the preferred ring sizes as well as the preferred distributions of these rings on the cage surface. The results are discussed in the context of the recently discovered series of higher silsesquioxanes. A comparison is also made with fullerenes. Growth within the homologous hydridosilsesquioxane series by formal insertion of Si2O3H2 units is analyzed and is found to be equivalent to the insertion of even-numbered carbon chains in fullerenes.


Isobutane 2.5 (R 600a) and propane 2.5 (R290) appear particularly suitable for use as environmentally friendly refrigerants. However, low cost availability of the starting materials is offset by the high purity of 99.5 % specified for refrigerants by DIN 8960. It could nevertheless be demonstrated that commercial grade hydrocarbons of lower purity can be used without detrimental effects on machine wear or ageing of machine oils.


SUMMARY Wood can be chemically modified to reduce the moisture content of the cell wall and increases decay resistance. As the level of bonded chemical increases, the cell wall equilibrium moisture content decreases and the resistance to attack by white- and brown-rot fungi increases. There is a direct relationship between the decrease in cell wall moisture Content and resistance to fungal attack. INTRODUCTION After millions of years of evolution, wood is designed to perform in a wet environment, and nature is programmed to recycle it, in a timely way, back to the basic building blocks of carbon dioxide and water through biological, thermal, aqueous, photochemical, chemical, and mechanical degradation. The properties of wood are, for the most part, a result of the chemistry of its cell wall components. The polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicelluloses) are mainly responsible for moisture uptake and release in changing environments that results in changes in wood volume (dimensional instability) and in the recognition mechanisms for biological degradation (attack by fungi, termites, etc). The need to protect wood from decay has been an issue ever since humans first used wood. There are references in the Old Testament to the use of decay resistant wood and the Vikings charred the outside of their ships for preservation. When wood preservation was in its infancy, the approach for protection was focused only on toxicity. Salts of arsenic, chromium, copper and tin have been used along with toxic organic chemicals such as pentachlorophenol and creosote. The wood was treated with these chemicals at various loading levels using various solvents and most did provide long-term effectiveness against fungal attack. Unfortunately, these chemicals are broad spectra toxins that are so toxic to humans and other life forms. With a greater awareness of the persistence of some of these toxic wood preservative chemicals in nature and the concern for our ecosystem, less toxic or narrow spectra toxins have been explored and developed into commercial products. Less toxic and narrower toxicity also has resulted in less effectiveness.


Background: Higher total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels are associated with improved survival among patients with colorectal cancer, but the relationships between circulating vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), and bioavailable or free 25(OH)D, and colorectal cancer survival remain unknown. Methods: We examined the associations between prediagnostic plasma levels of vitamin D–related markers and survival among 603 White participants diagnosed with colorectal cancer from two prospective U.S. cohorts. Plasma VDBP and total 25(OH)D were directly measured, while bioavailable and free 25(OH)D was calculated using a validated formula on the basis of total 25(OH)D, VDBP, and albumin levels. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate HRs for overall and colorectal cancer–specific mortality, with adjustment for other prognostic markers and potential confounders. Results: Higher VDBP levels were associated with improved overall (Ptrend = 0.001) and colorectal cancer–specific survival (Ptrend = 0.02). Compared with patients in the lowest quartile, those in the highest quartile of VDBP had a multivariate HR of 0.58 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.41–0.80] for overall mortality and 0.58 (95% CI, 0.37–0.91) for colorectal cancer–specific mortality. The results remained similar after further adjustment for total 25(OH)D levels. In contrast, neither bioavailable nor free 25(OH)D levels were associated with overall or colorectal cancer–specific mortality (all Ptrend > 0.15). Conclusions: Prediagnostic circulating concentrations of VDBP were positively associated with survival among patients with colorectal cancer. Impact: The clinical utility of VDBP as a prognostic marker warrants further exploration, as well as research into underlying mechanisms of action.


The invention relates to a system for dispensing agents to agricultural or forestry products. Said system includes an adhesive layer (11) containing at least one agent (12). The adhesive layer (11) adheres to a surface (22). The adhesive layer (11) connects a covering layer (13) to the surface (23). The covering layer (13) has a plurality of openings (14) for dispensing the agent (12). The covering layer (13) also has bulges (15) which protrude by a certain height (17) from a plane (16) of the covering layer (13).


government's influence, unification of the land and unity among the political forces, and a measure of stability and prosperity in the life of the people. But soon after the 'great order' was achieved the dynastic cycle reached its apogee and the downward trend began. The ruling minority became complacent, indulged in the extravagant pleasures of the palace, and ignored the problems of the subject majority. Then disorder set in. Water works


The characteristics of zeolites with NES framework topology are introduced.Advances in zeolite NU-87、NU-85 and ERS-10 with the NES framework topology are reviewed.The synt-hetic methods and catalytic applications of zeolites are detailed.Finally the prospect for the research is presented.


Electrowetting is widely used in "lab on a chip" devices [1], adjustable lenses [2], display technology [3], mixers [4], fibre optics, and biotechnology-related microfluidic devices. It is its nodistinctive manipulating water droplet with the use of electric fields that electrowetting has huge potential in driving blood, substrate, and many kinds of expensive reagent. We will use this technology to manipulate microzyme cells in droplet formed from YPD substrate. Then we introduce the fabricating process with PDMS and Glass which are cheaper than materials of many other electrowetting devices. More important, these materials are bio-compatible, cheap, and controllable.


In this thesis we focus on the study of determinantal structures arising in semidefinite programming (SDP), the natural extension of linear programming to the cone of symetric positive semidefinite matrices. While the approximation of a solution of a semidefinite program can be computed efficiently by interior-point algorithms, neither efficient exact algorithms for SDP are available, nor a complete understanding of its theoretical complexity has been achieved. In order to contribute to this central question in convex optimization, we design an exact algorithm for deciding the feasibility of a linear matrix inequality (LMI) $A(x) \succeq 0$. When the spectrahedron $\spec = \{x \in \RR^n \mymid A(x) \succeq 0\}$ is not empty, the output of this algorithm is an algebraic representation of a finite set meeting $\spec$ in at least one point $x^*$: in this case, the point $x^*$ minimizes the rank of the pencil on the spectrahedron. The complexity is essentially quadratic in the degree of the output representation, which meets, experimentally, the algebraic degree of semidefinite programs associated to $A(x)$. This is a guarantee of optimality of this approach in the context of exact algorithms for LMI and SDP. Remarkably, the algorithm does not assume the presence of an interior point in the spectrahedron, and it takes advantage of the existence of low rank solutions of the LMI. In order to reach this main goal, we develop a systematic approach to determinantal varieties associated to linear matrices. Indeed, we prove that deciding the feasibility of a LMI can be performed by computing a sample set of real solutions of determinantal polynomial systems. We solve this problem by designing an exact algorithm for computing at least one point in each real connected component of the locus of rank defects of a pencil $A(x)$. This algorithm admits as input generic linear matrices but takes also advantage of additional structures, and its complexity improves the state of the art in computational real algebraic geometry. Finally, the algorithms developed in this thesis are implemented in a new Maple library called {Spectra}, and results of experiments highlighting the complexity gain are provided.


In this paper, we propose a large-update primal-dual interior point algorithm for convex quadratic semidefinite optimization (CQSDO) based on a new parametric kernel function. This kernel function is a parameterized version of the kernel function introduced by M.W. Zhang (Acta Mathematica Sinica. 28: 2313-2328, 2012) for CQSDO. The investigation according to it generating the best known iteration bound O( √ n logn log ε ) for large-update methods. Thus improves the iteration bound obtained by Zhang for large-update methods. Finally, we present few numerical results to show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.


A very general model with which many theories of oligopolistic behavior might be tested would be a useful tool for economists. In the first part of this paper a model is proposed for this role. The model is not developed in the fullest degree of generality, but is presented in the way most relevant to experiments of the type presented in the second part of the paper. The experiments employ a simple market model in which each subject takes the role of a business firm, each firm has only one decision variable under its control (its own price) and the number of firms in an industry is two, three and four.


Based on the well-known Darcy seepage theory of France H.Darcy engineer in 1856,the Paper reviewed the cavalcade: from Darcy to non-Darcy seepage,from Newtonian fluid to non-Newtonian fluid seepage and from continuum to discontinuous of seepage mechanics.Summarization induces the applied developing course in petroleum industry: reservoir of migration,gathering and formation in exploration activity;reservoir of recognition,exploitation and recreation in oil/gas field development;oil/gas house of geologic framework,water pollution,alkaline soil and 3rd production in oil/gas preservation and transportation.Prospects research the leading edge and challenge of multi-field coupling seepage,macro-microscopic seepage and multi-scale seepage on seepage mechanics binding traditional seepage theory and burgeoning science and technology called on the advanced methods of physics and mathematics.With the science and technology hasty development,more modernism and technology will prompt the theory of seepage mechanics more evaluative.


Retranslocation from leaves was investigated as a means of retaining nutrients in stands of Quercusprinus L. on two sites in southern Illinois, where wind rapidly moves litter downslope. Foliage samples were collected from late summer until leaf fall to describe the trends of leaf dry weight and nutrient concentration (N, K, P, Ca) changes. Free-falling rain and throughfall were collected to estimate foliar leaching. Foliar concentrations of N, K, and P decreased markedly during senescence while Ca concentrations increased. The pattern of concentration change was unique for each element, and the change in N concentration was closely correlated with change in leaf color. For the study sites as a whole, leaf dry weight decreased to 70% of the original value. Of 84.2 kg N/ha in green foliage, only 22.6% was returned to the site as litter. The canopy gained 0.3 kg N/ha (0.4%) from rainfall. The 78.5% N unaccounted for is attributed to retranslocation. Similarly, from 51.4 kg K/ha; 8.2, P; and 47.8, Ca in gree...


Wastewater reclamation in the petroleum industries in Northern China is important because of the shortage of water resource. Conventional treatment technology used in treating petroleum-based wastewater, namely the 3-phase biological process, typically removes COD, BOD, grease, volatile hydrobenzenes, cyanides, sulfides and suspended solids. However, the process is often ineffective in ammonia-nitrogen removal, and thus the treated effluent quantity can't meet the required standards for reuse. This paper investigated a novel ozone immobilized biological activated carbon (O_3-IBAC) process for ammonia nitrogen removal from petroleum-based wastewater. Operated at a HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) of 15 minutes in IBAC1 and 27 minutes in IBAC2, the O_3-IBAC process achieved ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency of 91%. In addition, the removal efficiencies of COD, volatile hydrobenzenes, suspended solids, turbidity and petroleum-based micro-pollutants were all above 90%. Competition between the autotrophs and heterotrophs was observed, which was indicated by an increase of ammonia nitrogen removal with a decrease of COD removal, and vise versa. Nitrite accumulation in IBAC1 followed by erobic shortcut denitrification in IBAC2 led to 28% of the Total Nitrogen removal efficiency. Pollutant reduction in the IBAC process was achieved by a rapid physical adsorption and biodegradation on the activated carbon, which effectively retained the pollutants in the system despite the short hydraulic retention time.


Instrumented pick installed on cutting drum of coal shearer for longwall mining measures cutting force with strain-gage-bridge load cell. Force signal transmitted to remote recorder. Transmitter located in base of pick assembly. Antenna located in shadow of rotating pick. Changes in characteristics of force signals from pick used to determine whether pick is cutting coal or rock.


Protein electrophoresis and mtDNA RFLP were adopted to discover the genetic diversity of 7 native pig breeds and wild pig in Zhejiang Our preliminary results indicate that out of the 30 protein loci examined in the present experiment , their genotypes and gene frequencies were almost similar among 99 native pigs, only the ADA, AK, MDH, PEPB, 6PGD, PHI showed polymorphism The discovered polymorphism of AK and MDH had never been found in domestic pigs and wild pigs The percentage of polymorphical loci and mean herterozygosity are P =0 200 and H =0 043 respectively UPGMA dendrogram of native breeds(strains) was constructed by genetic distance From the phenogram, it is clear that the relationships among the native breeds are close On mtDNA RFLP, among the 27 native pigs and 3 wild pigs, 30 restriction morphs were discovered using 25 restriction endonucleases, which could be grouped into 3 haplotypes The average genetic distance ( ) was 0 005, and the value of average nucleotide diversity ( ) in pig population (including native pigs and wild pigs) was 0 000 8 The results suggest that the genetic diversity of pigs is remarkably scarce and the Jinhua strain Ⅲ pigs may have two female origins, and the Zhejiang native breeds may originate from a common ancester of wild pigs


The optical response of rubrene crystals is described by providing the full UV-VIS dielectric tensor. Consistently with the molecular and crystal symmetries, the lowest crystal transition originates from an ${A}_{u}$ molecular transition, it is polarized along the $c$ axis (normal to the larger crystal face), and it is the origin of the emission, which is self-guided towards the edge where the corresponding polarization and intensity angular distribution are detected. By contrast, the ${B}_{u}$ molecular transitions give rise to Davydov states described by the other two components of the diagonal dielectric tensor.


A device for chopping feed material (1) of any kind, in particular consisting of plastic, preferably of PE, with a feeding device (2) and a comminuting device (6), wherein the feeding means (2), a trough (3) for receiving the feed material (1) and conveying means (4) for conveying the feed material (1) for comminuting device (6) or to the crushing device (6) into it, and wherein the comminuting device (6) comprises on its active side with tools (10), in particular with cutting tools includes stocked planar tool carrier (9), characterized in that the tool carrier (9) relative to the feed (1) exerts an oscillating movement.


The Product Rule: If an experiment has N1 outcomes for the first stage, N2 outcomes for the second stage, . . . , and Nm outcomes for the m stage, then the total number of outcomes of the experiment is N1 ×N2 · · · · ·Nm = ∏m i=1Ni. Permutation: The number of orderings of N distinct objects is N ! = N · (N − 1) · (N − 2) · . . . 3 · 2 · 1. Complementary Counting: Let U be a (finite) universal set, and S a subset of interest. Then, | S |=| U | − | U \ S |. 1.2 More Counting


The potential to identify individual Black-throated Divers (Gavia arctica) on the basis of breeding plumage features was explored using 278 photos, including two paired birds followed during the years 2007–2015 at a specific breeding location. Observations were focused on: 1) white lines on the sides of neck, 2) mantle having rows of sharply contrasting white squares, and 3) small white spots on lesser and median coverts. In photos, the number of white lines on the sides of neck varied from four to seven (mean = 5.0, n = 278), and the second line from the head was the highest in 92.1% of the photos. The number of "white square" rows on the mantle varied from 11 to 14 and the small white spots on coverts from 27 to 67. Identification of individual Black-throated Divers was potentially easiest if the plumage had some special patterns (19.4% of birds, n = 278). Plumage remained the same in the followed pair between years, as was also shown by the discriminant analysis, since the followed pair was correctly classified by sex but not by sides showing that sides are similar. To estimate whether it is possible to separate these two birds from other birds, a second discriminant analysis was accomplished. Thus, 125 other birds were added to analysis as a third group together with the followed pair (female and male, nine years and n = 18 per sex). The linear discriminant analysis yielded a classification rate of 70.8% in original analysis and 69.6% based on the leave-one-out analysis (n = 161). These analyses were based on the relative height of the neck lines, their average relative height and standard deviation. When the number of white spots were added to this discriminant analysis, a correct classification rate of 77.4% in original analysis and 75.7% in the leave-one-out analysis was obtained (n = 115). These analyses suggest that the plumage can be used in identification, especially when following nesting pairs during their breeding seasons in different years. Presumed female and male Black-throated Diver could be distinguished based on the shape of the forehead.


Despite its low crime rate, Hong Kong has a higher imprisonment rate compared with the rest of Asia and the West, and the highest known proportion of female prisoners in the world. At the heart of this prison crisis is the routine use of imprisonment as a mechanism of migration control, to keep out and immobilize those whom Bauman has termed vagabonds in an increasingly stratified global order. This article examines the use of imprisonment and zero tolerance-style policing against mainland Chinese women, and argues that the current prison crisis has to be understood within the context of the twin processes of othering of migrant sex workers and liberalization of internal border controls in Hong Kong.


Consider the series and let The series is not necessarily convergent. Suppose that its Poisson sum exists. This we denote by The expression when existent will be said to be the sum (, p) of the series (1).


Abstract : Due to their unique chemical structures and versatile functionalities associated with their structural characteristics many research groups are studying the materials science aspects of natural and synthetic DNA. In particular, interest in nanoscience and nanotechnology is accelerating the exploration of DNA for various properties such as electrical conductivity electron or hole transport and optical properties. In contrast, study on the magnetic properties of DNA is still in the infant stage. Recently, we reported for the first time that natural dsDNA in dry state (A-DNA) showed an extremely broad electron magnetic resonance (EMR) signal as well as an S-shaped magnetization-magnetic field (M-H) curve in SQUID measurements. The broad EMR signal was interpreted as a cyclotron resonance (CR), which is possible only when the double helical structure of each dsDNA coherently couples throughout the elementary fibrils resulting in the formation of lateral loop currents responsible for the S-shaped M-H curves in SQUID measurements. Both the EMR signals and the S-shaped magnetizations are found to be strongly correlated to each other. Assuming that the fibrillar dsDNA are in a morphologically heterogeneous structure, formation of such loop currents by the external field must be much more favored in ordered regions than in amorphous ones. In other word, the dsDNA can not only be a molecular solenoid in the single molecular level, but also can be a ferromagnetic in the well ordered regions due to coherently coupled bundles of DNA molecular solenoids. Therefore, if one introduces a magnetic dipole into the DNA molecular solenoid, a strong enhancement of DNA susceptibility is expected to occur as in an electrical solenoid with a magnetic bar. In this respect, we tried to insert various stable radicals into the dsDNA and succeeded in observing strong enhancements in their magnetic susceptibilities.


Abstract Soil organic matter is a relevant carbon reservoir and CO2 sink in temperate grassland ecosystems and increased carbon uptake may mitigate climate change. Relatively little is known about the relationship between ecosystem function and soil fungal biodiversity in grasslands. However, this relationship is important because the saprotrophic microorganisms within the decomposer chain may, given their important role in the decomposition processes of litter and dead roots, control soil carbon storage. In this study, we provide the first empirical evidence of natural patterns of soil fungal biodiversity and soil carbon storage in Mediterranean grasslands at different elevations. We observed an asymptotic relationship between morphological and functional trait richness and fungal biodiversity. This relationship is consistent with the redundancy hypothesis of species diversity and ecosystem function. A limited number of fungal species is sufficient to attain morphological and functional variability in the soil fungal assemblages in these grasslands. We found that increasing fungal biodiversity and biochemical specialization were related to higher soil carbon storage (at a higher altitudes and lower slope position), even in fenced-off grasslands. We discuss the main ecological mechanisms controlling soil carbon storage in grasslands within the framework of a conceptual model.


Quantitative use of multibeam sonar requires calibration. Protocols for calibrating multibeam sonar in an absolute sense by means of a standard target are being developed. These protocols are illustrated for the Simrad SM2000 Multibeam Echo Sounder, with 90-kHz operating frequency and 300 beams over a 90-deg sector (/spl plusmn/45 deg), each of nominal beamwidth 1.5/spl times/1.5 deg. In a sea well on Iselin Dock at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, directional characteristics of the sonar were measured at the farfield range of 23 m in a sea well. At the large freshwater indoor tank at the University of New Hampshire, similar characteristics of directivity were measured at the nearfield range of 11.7 m. Beamforming was accomplished by digital signal processing. Beam patterns are presented and compared at both ranges. In addition, measurements of the on-axis response were made for each available time-varied-gain function, enabling linearity and dynamic range to be assessed.


: Mining activity in Italy has been one of the main productive activities for millennia, particularly in the Tuscany region which has a great mining tradition, unfortunately characterized in the past by a management little interest to environmental problems. The area under study is the disused mine Niccioleta, in Val d'Aspra, located about 6 km NE of Massa Marittima in the province of Grosseto. The area is characterized by the presence of four major landfills, in which prevail quantitatively fine-grained materials resulting from the treatment by flotation of pyrite. The study of satellite images offers a new approach to the study of environmental problems. The results obtained from the RapidEye images showed the presence of pyrite and chalcopyrite followed from arsenopyrite, as confirmed by the analysis of diffractometer of the samples and by bibliographic data. RapidEye images lend themselves very to be used to monitor areas of disused mining deposits of ores with primary mineralization predominantly sulphides and subject to oxidized characterized by processes of oxidation/dissolution of pyrite sulphide most common and abundant. In fact, the results of this study have highlighted the potential of remote sensing applied to the study of mining areas, noting the possible benefits, both time and cost, which could be obtained by using these techniques.


This paper is concerned with stochastic delay evolution equations driven by tempered fractional Brownian motion (tfBm) <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ B_Q^{\sigma, \lambda}(t) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> with time fractional operator of order <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">\begin{document}$ \alpha\in (1/2+\sigma, 1) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><tex-math id="M3">\begin{document}$ \sigma\in (-1/2, 0) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math id="M4">\begin{document}$ \lambda>0 $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. First, we establish the global existence and uniqueness of mild solutions by using the new established estimation of stochastic integrals with respect to tfBm. Moreover, based on the relations between the stochastic integrals with respect to tfBm and fBm, we show the continuity of mild solutions for stochastic delay evolution equations when tempered fractional noise is reduced to fractional noise. Finally, we analyze the stability with general decay rate (including exponential, polynomial and logarithmic stability) of mild solutions for stochastic delay evolution equations with tfBm and time tempered fractional operator.


Background: This study aimed to investigate the raltitrexed loading method, compatible stability with contrast agent, release profiles, and morphological properties of CalliSpheres, DC Bead, and HepaSphere. Materials and Methods: The amounts of raltitrexed added, loading medium, loading condition, and drug concentrations were investigated as factors influencing drug loading efficiency. Compatible stability with iopamidol was tested. Release profiles were accessed by a flowthrough apparatus system. Morphological properties were evaluated by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Diameters were measured by a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Results: With the optimized method, the amount of raltitrexed loading to a marketed drug-eluting beads (DEBs) package was 2.67 mg for CalliSpheres, 2.34 mg for DC Bead, and 3.19 mg for HepaSphere. For all three DEBs, the drug leak rate was >50% within 2 h after mixing with iopamidol, and the time to reach 75% of the release plateau was within 10 min. Diameters increased after drug loading. Drug crystals were observed on the surface of DEBs in SEM. Conclusions: The amount of drug loading could meet clinical requirements by the optimized method. All three raltitrexed-loaded DEBs showed poor compatible stability with iopamidol, as well as rapid drug release performance, which should be noticed in clinical practice.


Thailand is located in the tropical zone dominated by monsoons for more than six months in a year. These climatic conditions illustrate elevated relative humidity and temperature that contributes to Potential Induced Degradation (PID). Humidity has been reported to be potential cause of degradation in the systems with high voltages. Moisture helps leakage currents in passing through laminate permeation and back sheet from cell to ground frame. The PID occure in PV systems when connected in series using DC voltages of high orders. This research shows comparisons of both PV systems, with negative grounding and floating grounding with a system voltage about 800 Vdc. Investigations of insulation resistance (MΩ) in PV strings and modules after two years operation has been done. It was found that the decrement in average insulation resistance (MΩ) of PV string using negative grounding, floating grounding was 14.5 MΩ, 11.0 MΩ and average leakage current per string was 68.9 µA, 90.9 µA respectively. Moreover, the wet leakage current per module showed the decrement in average insulation resistance (MΩ.m2) was 174 MΩ.m2, 133 MΩ.m2 and average leakage current per module was 5.75 µA, 7.51 µA respectively.


Karkovska The essence of the model of the civil servant's competence cycle. Scientific and methodical article. Ensuring the human security of the civil service is the result of the coordinated work of many services, especially security services and human resources services. Every candidate for public office, every civil servant can be considered as a source of risk of a potential threat. The article deals with the actual problem of increasing the efficiency of civil servants' activity on the basis of competence cycle modeling. Also, the study of the competency cycle of a civil servant can be based on loss prevention and loss, as a result of the reliable organization of the personnel security system, it can be based. In order to investigate the impact of the civil servant's competence cycle on the civil service's personnel security mechanism, the features of the stages of the competence cycle are examined. The concept of life cycle is investigated. The structure of distribution of managers and employees by length of service to the total number of civil servants is analyzed. the stages of the civil servant's competence cycle are distinguished. The presented generalized model of the competency cycle of employees, unlike the existing ones, provides for distinguishing the nature of the work performed and the result, accompanied by comments at each stage. This makes it possible to understand the essence of the work put in and done. This scheme does not provide for differentiation of levels by the usual "age" names of birth, growth, etc. Abstract The article deals with the actual problem of increasing the efficiency of civil servants' activity on the basis of competence cycle modeling. Also, the study of the competency cycle of a civil servant can be based on loss prevention and loss, as a result of the reliable organization of the personnel security system, it can be based. In order to investigate the impact of the civil servant's competence cycle on the civil service's personnel security mechanism, the features of the stages of the competence cycle are examined. The concept of life cycle is investigated. The structure of distribution of managers and employees by length of service to the total number of civil servants is analyzed. the stages of the civil servant's competence cycle are distinguished. On this basis, it is advisable to carry out a study on the competency cycle of a civil servant in the context of acquiring competencies during each of the stages of service. The purpose of the further study is to analyze the influence of the employee's competence cycle on the civil service personnel security, the task of the research is to form the matrix of the civil service competence cycle. There are different approaches in the field of specialist training, such as development through various training programs, vocational training courses, development of staff development plans, etc. And there are equally important corporate events, which are also relevant to the elements of development and cohesion of the team, and sometimes united. The presented generalized model of the competency cycle of employees, unlike the existing ones, provides for distinguishing the nature of the work performed and the result, accompanied by comments at each stage. This makes it possible to understand the essence of the work put in and done. This scheme does not provide for differentiation of levels by the usual "age" names of birth, growth, etc. There is little that illustrates and understands the competency cycles of employees, if we do not associate the competencies of the employee with his outcome. Therefore, the main goal is to focus on the key skills and competencies that will help the employee to increase performance in the current tasks.


Acute myelopathies frequently cause sensory and mo tor symptoms along with sphincter impairment; however, they may result in either motor or sensory involvement in isolation, and sphincter involvement may not be present. A sensory level on the trunk is helpful in making a diag nosis of acute or subacute myelopathy, but it may be sub tle or absent. Crossed findings (e.g., contralateral spinotha lamic sensory loss) are also strong indicators of myelopathy when present. Other disorders that mimic acute myelopa thy include inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies, parasagittal brain lesions that affect both lower extremities, and degenerative or metabolic brain disorders associated with weakness and spasticity.


Melt blending method were used for preparing polypropylene / glass fiber blends. Four kinds of modifiers such as silane coupling agent KH-550 and KH-580, aluminate coupling agent and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene(MAPP) were used to modify the surface of glass fiber. The best modifier and its optimum dosage were obtained by testing the mechanical properties. The effect of different surface treatment on the fractured surfaces morphologies of polypropylene / glass fiber composites was observed by scanning electron microscope. The results show that the surface treatment of glass fiber improves the mechanical strength properties of polypropylene / glass fiber composites. Scanning electron microscopy photos reveal that the interfacial interaction of glass fiber and polypropylene is closely related with the final mechanical properties of polypropylene / glass fiber composites. In addition, the mechanical properties of the composites indicate that when 8% MAPP is used as compatibilizer, the reinforcing effect on polypropylene matrix is best, followed by the silane coupling agent and the aluminate coupling agent.


The advantages of FCM algorithm are that it is mainly applied in point data cluster and can't directly process relational data, for which the paper proposes a clustering algorithm in data mining based on web log . Firstly, the paper improves FCM algorithm which makes it can process relational data, and makes robustness improvement on the algorithm. Then, the traditional FCM algorithm needs to determine in advance on the basis without prior knowledge, for which the paper introduces competition agglomerative algorithm and makes it combine with FCM algorithm, which generates CA-FCM algorithm making it can automatically determine category number of the best classification. The experiments show that mining results of CA-FCM algorithm is close to the mining results of FCM algorithm, and the performance of CA-FCM algorithm is better than that of FCM algorithm when the amount of users access to session is not too much.


Purpose: There is a paucity of dependable clinical data in most countries performing heart surgery in sub-Saharan Africa, making it difficult therefore to adequately identify and address challenges that may contribute to poor outcomes. The article aims at creating awareness and advocating for collaborative efforts for developing database for measuring cardiovascular surgical activities in Africa. Developing an African cardiothoracic surgery database with pooled datasets similar to the practice in other continents may help mitigate against these challenges and improve clinical outcomes. Methods: Through concerted efforts by electronic communication the authors working in six sub-regions of Africa have supported this initiative by providing their data on surgery of congenital and rheumatic heart diseases for evaluation. Results: 213 heart centres from 27 countries of Africa (6 sub-regions: North Africa (including the Maghreb- Algeria, Morocco and Tunesia), East Africa, The Horn, Central Africa, West Africa and Southern Africa) were identified. Of these 75 heart centres including 35 congenital and paediatric cardiac units in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) excluding South Africa were performing heart procedures independently or with support from visiting charity heart missions. Six selected countries of SSA (population of 147,8 million) with six paediatric cardiac units performed 660 open heart surgeries (OHS) for congenital and rheumatic heart diseases in 2019 which project a ratio of 4.5 OHS/per million. In comparison to reported PASCaTS data from 2014, valve repair has increased from 10-30% and the rate of valve replacement has decreased from 90% to 70%. Conclusion: The AfriCaTS database initiative is a wake-up call for joint efforts to develop the most needed south-south cooperation for sharing cardiovascular surgical data and outcomes. A continuing educational program (online or on-site) for the personnel engaged in this project at the African centres will be necessary to achieve efficiency and sustainability. The project will positively impact on patient care, outcomes, capacity building programs, inspire reskilling in complex procedures and research. Membership to the AfroCaTS database working group is open to all heart centres in Africa.


Spray applications in arable crops often lead to off-target spray deposits downwind from the treated field. Throughout several decades, many experiments have been carried out by different researchers to quantify the downwind spray deposits. Relations between downwind spray deposits and parameters like sprayer settings, field conditions and environmental conditions were investigated. Still, there is a large variance in the observed data that cannot be explained satisfactorily by the experimental and environmental conditions. Sprayer boom movements and local fluctuations in driving speed, wind speed and wind direction are the most likely factors affecting variance in downwind spray deposits.


Dear sir, Recently Thalhammer et al. compared the pharmacokinetics of continuous infusion with intermittent administration of meropenem. However, no data about the pharmacodynamic efficacy of meropenem were included. In a pilot study we have investigated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meropenem after intermittent administration. Eight male intensive care patients, diagnosed with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), were included in this study: age 55 8 years (mean S.D.), weight 73 11 kg, creatinine clearence 85 (26) mL/min. A 1 g meropenem dose (7 min infusion in 20 mL NaCl 0.9%) was given every 8 h for 3–12 days. Plasma samples were taken daily just before administration (trough) and half an hour after administration (peak). On the second day, samples were taken just before and 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40 min, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 h after meropenem administration. Plasma concentrations were measured with a validated HPLC assay. Semiquantitative cultures of tracheal aspirate were performed daily. The susceptibility of all isolates was tested by determining MICs of meropenem. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-linear regression analysis using a weighted least-square simplex algorithm (MW/Pharm 3.15E; Mediware, Groningen, The Netherlands). The mean ( S.D.) pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were as follows: clearance (Cl), 11.0 4.3 L/h; volume of distribution at steady state (VSS), 34.4 15.9 L; volume of the central compartment (V1), 6.4 2.9 L; half-life of the , and phase 0.049 0.025, 0.374 0.124 and 3.08 1.7 h, respectively; area under the concentration–time curve at steady state (AUCSS0–8) 102.7 42.9 mg/L·h; ratio of total AUC to MIC (AUCSS0–24/MIC), 154.1 64.3 h; area under the inhibitory curve (AUICSS), 152.5 66 h; time during which plasma concentrations remain above MIC (t MIC), 90.8 13.4%. For all patients a better 'fit' of the data was observed with a threecompartment than a two-compartment model; in five of the eight patients this better fit reached statistical significance (P 0.05). A three-compartment model has not been reported in the literature. As could be expected with critically ill patients, Cl was lower and VSS higher than with healthy volunteers. Cl was equal and VSS even higher (34.4 L compared with 26.6 L) than found by Thalhammer et al. Mean peak and trough concentrations were 32.9 11.3 mg/L, and 3.3 3.5 mg/L, respectively (n 8). For four of the five patients treated for 12 days, there was a decline of peak and trough plasma concentrations: 29.5/3.8 mg/L (day 2) and 25.8/0.7 mg/L (day 12). The following isolates were cultured as the causative agents of VAP: five isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two of Haemophilus influenzae and one of Escherichia coli. The MIC for all initial isolates was 2 mg/L. In subsequent isolates cultured during therapy, elevated MICs of meropenem were found in three of five patients with Pseudomonas VAP: the MIC was 4 mg/L in isolates from patient 2, 16 mg/L in isolates from patients 1 and 3. Pharmacodynamic data and peak/trough concentrations for these three patients are shown in the Table. An AUCSS/MIC of 100 is associated with develop-


Aim: Early intervention programmes are expected to result in the reduction of illness severity in patients with schizophrenia, and contain health‐care costs by reducing hospital admissions and improving the social functioning of patients. This study aimed to investigate the cost‐effectiveness of treatment in an early intervention programme in comparison to standard care.


Sulfanilamide and phenobarbital were found to reduce the degree of experimental hyperthyroidism produced by thyrotropic hormone or thyroxin in guinea pigs, by a general depressant action. Chloral acted similarly, but was quite toxic. Testosterone, testosterone plus colchicine, and calcium gluconate, in tolerable doses, did not demonstrably affect the degree of hyperthyroidism from thyrotropic hormone.


Background: Historically, diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTIs) has been divided into 3 categories based on symptoms and urine culture results: not UTI, asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB), or UTI. However, some populations (eg, older adults, catheterized patients) may not present with signs or symptoms referrable to the urinary tract or have chronic lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), making the diagnosis of UTI challenging. We sought to understand the clinical presentation of patients who receive urine tests in a cohort of diverse hospitals. Methods: This retrospective descriptive cohort study included all adult noncatheterized inpatient and ED encounters with paired urinalysis and urine cultures (24 hours apart) from 5 community and academic hospitals in 3 states (NC, VA, GA) between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2019. Trained abstractors collected clinical and demographic data using a 60-question REDCap survey. The study group met with multidisciplinary experts (ID, geriatrics, urology) to define the "continuum of UTI" (Table 1), which includes 2 new categories: (1) LUTS to capture patients with chronic lower urinary tract symptoms and (2) bacteriuria of unclear significance (BUS) to capture patients who do not clinically meet criteria for ASB or UTI (eg, older adults who present with delirium and bacteriuria). The newly defined categories were compared to current guideline-based categories. We further compared ASB, BUS, and UTI categories using a lower bacterial threshold of 1,000 colony-forming units. Results: In total, 220,531 encounters met study criteria. After using a random number generator and removing duplicates, 3,392 encounters were included. Based on current IDSA guidelines, the prevalence of ASB was 32.1% (n = 975), and prevalence of patients with "not UTI" was 1,614 (53%). Applying the expert panel's new "continuum of UTI" definitions, the prevalence of "not UTI" patients decreased to 1,147 (37.7%), due to reassignment of 467 patients (15.3%)to LUTS. The prevalence of ASB decreased by 24% due to reassignment to BUS. Lowering the bacterial threshold had a slight impact on the number of definitive UTIs (14.9 vs 15.9%) (Table 1). Conclusions: Our rigorous review of laboratory and symptom data from a diverse population dataset revealed that diagnostic uncertainty exists when assessing patients with suspicion for UTI. We propose moving away from dichotomous approach of ASB versus UTI and using the "continuum of UTI" for stewardship conversations. This approach will allow us to develop nuanced deprescribing interventions for patients with LUTS or BUS (eg, watchful waiting, shorter course therapy) that account for the unique characteristics of these populations. Disclosures: None


Through the analysis on the ideal crystal fused curve,it draws a condusion that the fundamental cause about the failure of the crystal fusedexpriment is the process of systematical fuse seriously deviates that of the quasi static state.system absorbs hot source outside,that is unsteady.To get better result on the experiment,we should make relaxation time as short as possible,and hot discharge with which hot source provides system should be a proper constant.So the author puts forward a improvemental schemes.


This essay offers a reading of President Bill Clinton's address on August 28, 1998 in which he commemorates the 35th anniversary of the March on Washington. Specifically, Clinton's August 28th address reveals how the presidency has become a hermeneutic site for the formation of collective memory and political nostalgia. This analysis discusses the uses of political nostalgia for the purposes of political image (re)construction as evidenced by Clinton's exploitation of the civil rights movement to explain and excuse his personal failings and his relationship with Monica Lewinsky. We also present a divergent version of Clinton's rhetoric, giving specific attention to how his particular use of nostalgia in this address works to articulate and confront many of the powerful dichotomies (masculine/feminine; war/peace; black/white; private/public) that define his presidency, his public persona, and the larger political culture in postmodern America.


A method and system for generating a Snapshot of one or more logical disks storing file-system data associated with a file system are disclosed. In one embodiment, the file system is quiesced upon a receipt of a command to generate the Snapshot of the logical disks, where the Snapshot is a copy of the logical disks at a point in time. Then, a disk usage of the logical disks at the point in time is determined. Further, a sharing bitmap associated with the Snapshot is generated based on the disk usage, where the sharing bitmap is config ured to indicate sharing of the file-system data with the logical disks and a predecessor Snapshot immediately preceding the Snapshot. Moreover, the file system is unquiesced.


The excellent performance of electronic and optoelectronic devices based on two-dimensional materials, including graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as MoS2 and WSe2, has inspired enthusiastic research on their potential applications in many fields. Numerous studies have been done on van der Waals heterojunctions, but a full understanding of the relationship between the contact barrier and the rectification ratio in these structures is still uncertain. In this work, we investigate the electrical properties of a lateral P–N junction based on an MoS2 and WSe2 heterojunction and extract the Schottky barrier heights in the contact areas. The barrier heights extracted from the device for MoS2-metal, WSe2-metal and P–N junction, are 71.6 meV, 232.7 meV, and 30.9 meV respectively. The result indicates that the rectification ratio of a lateral P–N junction mainly comes from the Schottky barrier between WSe2 and metal, which is distinct from traditional P–N junctions based on silicon. Our work quantitatively analyzes the effect of the contact barrier and the P–N junction on the electrical characteristics of the rectification ratio, which provides a deep understanding of the electronic transport characteristics of P–N heterojunctions and paves the way for the construction of novel electronic devices based on van der Waals heterojunctions in the future.


both the one or two sessions of a cognitive approach and with medication; others are people with long-standing problems in which the cognitive behavioural intervention is combined with a whole variety of rehabilitative and social approaches, and in one or two others we see the application of a cognitive approach as the main element in an otherwise drug-resistant psychosis. The approach seems to be acceptable to the patients and given the emphasis on helping the patients make sense of their experience, the total service certainly seems improved by this work. However, in this context, the specific benefits of the cognitive behavioural therapy cannot be determined and Kingdon and Turkington are careful to note in their concluding comments that while it is a promising approach, it now needs to be subjected to rigorous controlled treatment evaluation. It would be hard for the reader to use this book as a treatment manual. The style is anecdotal rather than systematic and detail is lacking on the precise elements of therapy. Assessment and formulation are scantily described. Tucked away at the very end of the therapy section is a framework outlining the stages of therapy. This might usefully have been elaborated and been presented as an organizing framework for describing the process of therapy. Despite this rather piecemeal approach, however, there are many useful ideas and comments which will stimulate the interests of clinicians in this area. Much of the work described would improve the quality of relationships with patients, even if systematic cognitive behavioural therapy is not attempted. For that reason I would recommend this book very highly to all professionals working with people with psychosis. On a final note, while recommending this book highly, I could not agree with the decision of the authors to use the masculine pronoun throughout the book when referring to a patient in general terms. The explanation given for this was that, in their group of patients, women were outnumbered by men in a ratio of more than 2 to 1. In my work, I noted a very low referral rate of women in our first study of cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis, despite the fact that approximately equal numbers of men and women carry a diagnosis of schizophrenia. It would be unfortunate if books such as these, by their linguistic choices, further fuelled the myth held by many professionals that schizophrenia is much more common or considerably more distressing for men. PHILIPPA GARETY


The advent of new technologies and the Internet has opened-up a whole new range of opportunities for enhancing learning. The integrati on of ICT into education and training (elearning) has been recognized as a powerful tool fo r improving learning at the highest political level. Many schools, universities and training coll eges are rising to this challenge, integrating ICT, transforming their processes and implementing organizational change. The Institute of Computer Science is continuously improving and developing its instructional delivery through carrying out and integrating IT tools. The study focused primarily on the design and devel opment of the e-learning courseware that serves as a supplementary tool in learning Computer Programming 2. The design and development processes were supported by instructional design using the ADDIE model which has five (5) phases namely analysis, design, develo pment, implementation, and evaluation. I carefully analyzed and incorporated the instruction al goals, learning objectives, assessment modules and course content using variety of learnin g style presentations to keep the learners engaged, to enrich the learning experience and to m aximize the course's impact. The elearning is designed with features of a variety of learning presentation elements that cater to the needs of visual, kinesthetic, and auditory lear ners.


In order to do their work, service organizations need an lnventory of spare parts. A subset of those parts is recoverable. Recoverable parts are waiting for repair, under repair, waiting for use or in use. In the older literature recoverable parts stocking is seen as an ordinary inventory control problem which can be solved with traditional inventory control systems. However, such control systems cannot tackle extreme uncertainty, which is an important feature of a repair environment. Subsequently, in later years recoverable parts stocking is seen not only as an invt!:nlo¥y COIIl1'Ol pmb1em, but as a JIIOIIIu:doII COIIl1'Ol ptobIem as well. In this paper, literature on recoverable parts stocking is presented and analyzed. Relatively little attention has been directed to the following fields of Interest: (I) decomposition of the control problem; (ii) short-term capacity planning; and (iii) integration of the maintenance policy. A comprehensive research of the subjects I and ii is proposed. TUE/BDKlKBS!91-12, october 1991.


Testicular and paratesticular neoplasms from 50 patients 60 years of age or older were assessed with respect to histologic type, clinical findings and outcome. Neoplasms of germ cell origin comprised 24% of the series; there were ten seminomas and two teratocarcinomas. The seminomas were palpable many months before diagnosis and were larger than the other neoplasms. Only two deaths could be attributed to their dissemination. Both teratocarcinomas metastasized and caused death. There were five gonadal stromal neoplasms (10%), one Sertoli cell tumor, three interstitial cell tumors and one undifferentiated stromal tumor. None of the neoplasms recurred or metastasized. Eleven neoplasms (22%) were of supportive tissue or paratesticular origin and six of these arose from muscle—one leiomyoma, two leiomyosarcomas and three rhabdomyo‐sarcomas. The other tumors were two malignant mesotheliomas, one fibroma, one fibrosarcoma and one carcinoma of the epididymis. The lymphoreticular neoplasms were the most common lesion in this series and presented as primary testicular tumors in 22 patients (44%). In five patients asynchronous tumors appeared in the other testes. All but two neoplasms were reticulum cell sarcomas. All patients for whom survival information was available died with disseminated disease.


Displacements and strains during the recent 80 years in Hokkaido are investigated by the analysis of triangulation or trilateration data. According to the distribution of displacements and strains, Hokkaido can be separated into three blocks, eastern, middle and southwestern Hokkaido. In eastern Hokkaido, northwestward displacements and NW-SE contractions are dominant before the 1973 Nemuro-Oki earthquake, while seaward displacements and EW extensions are detected after the event. Summing up them, westward displacements are left, which suggests westward sliding of the outer Kurile arc along the volcanic front and colliding at the Obihiro Tectonic Line [TADA and KIMURA (1987)]. The Ishikari Low Land, which is considered to be a relic trench, may be the boundary between middle and southwestern Hokkaido along which E-W contractions are prevailing. This observation suggests that northern Honshu would not belong to the North American or the Okhotsk plate. Displacements associated with four major earthquakes which occurred during the period between the first and the last surveys are computed. Results show that the 1940 Shakotan-Oki earthquake may not give much influence on Hokkaido. Theoretical displacements computed by models for the 1952 Tokachi-Oki (M8.1) and 1968 Tokachi-Oki (M7.9) earthquakes are inconsistent with the observation, which may require re-analyses of data. The model for the 1973 Nemuro-Oki earthquake can predict the observed displacements qualitatively. The observed displacements are greater than the computed ones by a factor of two or three, which means that old triangulation surveys might suffer from scale errors.


We have read with great interest the article by Chakera et al. (1) describing two cases of gestational diabetes mellitus due to a mutation in the glucokinase ( GCK ) gene. As a result of antenatal genetic testing, the fetuses had inherited the GCK mutation. Neither fetuses nor mothers received insulin treatment for established maternal hyperglycemia in the third trimester, and the children had a normal birth weight and no metabolic complications. The data of Chakera et al. seemed to confirm our published theory; therefore, a nonmutated GCK child from a maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY2+) mother may have the same complications as a diabetic mother's son and, in this …


All over the world, motorcycles represent an important share of motorized vehicles helping to meet daily urban transport needs, thus, particularly in urban contexts, two-wheelers impact to air pollution is significant. In a previous experimental investigation, emissions of regulated pollutants were measured in the exhaust of a four-stroke motorcycle belonging to the Euro-3 legislative category. Since exhaust emissions and fuel consumption are very sensitive to variations in vehicles instantaneous speed and acceleration, such experimental results are used in this research to recognize the kinematic parameters that cause higher CO and HC emissions. The hybrid electric propulsion is then proposed to reduce exhaust emissions in particular driving conditions which include high levels of acceleration with resultant sudden steep increase in engine speed. In such phases, in fact, an enrichment of the air/fuel mixture is needed which affects the catalyst conversion efficiency. Subsequently, the power requirements and the grade of electrical assistance in such driving situations are estimated by a procedure based on both the measured exhaust emissions and the kinematic parameters that characterize the driving dynamics collected during the experimental tests. Finally, the share of CO and HC emissions that could be saved utilizing a hybrid motorcycle instead of a conventional thermal motorcycle is calculated through an environmental analysis.


Exploring the causes and effects of a hazardous event such as traffic accidents have been of vital importance to society. Statistical analyses have been widely implemented to understand and deduce inferences on the cause-effect analysis, and to anticipate the occurrences of accidents in the future. One of the issues that has not been solved through conventional statistical modelling is the existence of interrelationships between variables in the data set. However, with the advent of technology and the wide application of machine learning algorithm, this problem can be solved through the application of Bayesian network analysis, which is a directed acyclic probabilistic graphical model. By using Hill Climb (HC) and Tabu algorithms, the structure of the data was studied and the relationship was estimated through conditional probability, that is based on the Bayes' theorem. The results suggests that weather plays a major role in the increase of traffic accidents, and occurs by disrupting lighting conditions which then disrupts the traffic systems. Furthermore, the results indicate that fatal accidents have a higher likelihood to occur in head-on, turn over and out of control accidents. The use of the Bayesian network creates probability estimates to enable the identification of the risk and the necessary precaution needed to be implemented.


This study analyses the need, role, and evaluation methods of tourist itinerary in the Republic of Moldova. Technical terms will be explained upon first use. A clear flow of objective and concise information is provided. Hedging is used where necessary to convey positions on subjects without bias. Conclusions are drawn from the analysis of European experiences and itineraries created in the country over the past 20 years. The work includes commonly expected academic sections in structuring and formatting. Grammatical accuracy and precise word choice are maintained throughout. The authors outline the unique aspects present at each point of route assessment using the cash flow discounting approach and draw attention to instances where its implementation is infeasible.


A new approach in the design of discrete-time variable structure control is presented based on the reaching law approach. First, a discrete reaching law, which is stable at the origin and can eliminate the chattering caused by conventional discrete reaching law parameters, is proposed. Subsequently, an algorithm for uncertainty estimation is developed. The estimator has perfect performances, especially for slowly changing disturbances or parameter perturbations. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


"Shankhapushpi" is an important drug of indigenous system of medicine. According to Ayurveda, Shankhpushpi is bitter, pungent, alexiteric, alternative, tonic, anti-helmintic, brightens intellect, improves complex, increase appetite, useful in bronchitis, biliousness, epilepsy, leucoderma and teething troubles of infants etc. It contributes considerably to the improvement of the memory power and intellect (Charaka, 1941; Nadkarni, 1954). The whole plant is medicinal. It is astringent, hot, aphrodisiac and rejuvenating (Sharma et al., 1965; Chaturvedi et al., 1997; Mudgal et al., 1975; Singh and Mehta, 1977; Shukla, 1981). Investigators have reported barbiturate hypnosis potentiation effect in this drug. It improves strength, digestive power, and complexion. The herb is reported to be useful in fever and bronchitis (Kirtikar and Basu, 1918). The drug also supposedly cures diseases due to evil spirits (Chuneker et al., 1969), the morbidity of tridosis and is useful in epilepsy insanity, insomnia, heart diseases and haemetemesis (Chuneker, 1982). Many formulations containing Shankhpushpi as a single drug or in combination with other drugs are available in Indian market. Shankhpushpi is routinely advertised for memory enhancement. The important Ayurvedic formulations using the drug are "Abhrak bhasma", "Brahmi ghrita", "Brahmi vati", "Brahm rasayan", "Manasmrita gutika", Manjisthadi Kasayam, "Mukta vati", Memorex tablets, Stress guard capsules, "Medhya kashaya", and "Shankhapushpi panaka", Dimagheen (Dawakhana Tibiya College, Aligarh), Shankhpushpi syrup (Unjha), Shankhavali Churna (Narnaryan Pharmacy), BR-16A (Himalaya Drug. Co. Ltd.) etc.


At the moment there are 53 native dragonfly species of nine families ascertained in Latvia, as well as one immigrated dragonfly species. There are data on six further species in the literature that may be ascertained in Latvia. Included is also Sympetrum pedemontanum (Allioni, 1766) - Banded Darter. In the year 2001 one male of this species was caught also in Latvia. Banded Darter S. pedemontanum is a new species for Latvian fauna.


The general global leadership literature has had little to say about African models of leadership. Despite this, the continent of Africa has deep and rich traditions of relational leadership that have been practiced over centuries to honor individuality, broker difference, and foster unity. This chapter shares a number of these practices and illustrates how they have been used to nurture community at the African Leadership Academy and the African Leadership University. We conclude with our perspective on the relevance of these practices to building community in the wider world.


This research exploited seventy years of daily precipitation data from Bukoba, Tanzania to understand precipitation variability and change important for water resource management. Morlet Wavelet Transform was applied to discriminate the distinct time-frequency rainfall variability in the 92 days long MAM ((March and May)) and OND (October to December) primary rainfall seasons for intraseasonal characteristics over the periods 1931-1960, 1961-1990 and 1971-2000. The time-frequency analysis yielded wavelets outlining the intraseasonal nature of sporadic wet and dry spells in each epoch. The characters of the spells designate changing distribution, intensity and frequency of occurrence across the three epochs. The profile of the erratic wet and dry spells speculates shift change and fading of high frequency, quasi biweekly and low frequency oscillations. The oscillations which act together across atmosphere, oceans and land surfaces through convective processes are likely to influence seasonal precipitation anomalies at intraseasonal scale. The variability of the observed daily precipitation is thus hypothesized to be linked to the fading oscillations in the later two epochs particularly during the main MAM season and thus the declining precipitation in the study domain. Global increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration could catalyze this process.


The Hecke algebras of type A " admit faithful representations by symmetrization operators acting on polynomial rings. These operators are related to the geometry of flag manifolds and in particular to a generalized Euler-Poincare characteristic denned by Hirzebruch. They provide g-idempotents, togetherwith a simple way to describe the irreducible representations of the Hecke algebra. The link with Kazhdan-Lusztig representations is discussed. We specially detail the case of hook representations, and as an application, we investigate the hamiltonian of a quantum spin chain with C/g(su(l/l)) symmetry.


This study aims to provide an overview of the development of tax avoidance research in Indonesia from 12 accredited national journals ranking 1 & 2. The study sample included 27 articles that researched tax avoidance in Indonesia over the 2012 – 2018 observation period. Mapping was done by classifying articles based on research topics (antecedents and consequences), population and research samples, tax avoidance proxies, and citation analysis ( Hesford, Lee, Stede, & Young, 2007) . The mapping results show that the publication of the most tax avoidance research in Jurnal Akuntansi (22%). The antecedents topic dominates tax avoidance research and there are 28 antecedent variables from 23 articles. The most widely studied antecedent variable is corporate governance. The consequence topics are 4 articles with 5 variables. The dominating research sample was manufacturing companies (41%) and 63% of articles used a number of samples above 100. The most widely used tax avoidance proxies were ETR, Current ETR, and ETR Cash. The tax avoidance research citation rate reached 163 in the observation period and 67% of the articles received citations. The most cited topics are antecedents of corporate governance, company size, liquidity, leverage, and earnings management. Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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My doctoral thesis1 investigates as a central topic the racist societalization from the eighteenth to the twentieth century in Australia (Affeldt 2014). It looks, in particular, at the processes of everyday 'production' and 'reproduction' of "race" as a social relation. This regards not only the so-called White Australia policy but also a comprehensive white culture that stimulated participation of broad sections of the mainstream population. My study examines an issue that was literally in everyone's mouth at the beginning of the twentieth century: – sugar; to be precise white cane sugar, cultivated and produced in Queensland. It was white not only regarding its visible purity. Much more importantly, after some arduous demographic and social transformations, Queensland sugar attained a double whiteness – chemically and, most notably, ideologically. The title of this essay is taken from a newspaper article in The Worker, one of the mouthpieces of the labour movement and the most vociferous, at least as far as White Sugar was concerned. "Making Black White. The Sugar Transformation in Australia" (The Worker 1909: 7) was published at a watershed moment in the history of White Sugar in Australia. The sugar industry was considered racially white, i.e., the deportation of the South Sea Islanders had paved the way to the recruitment of European, preferably British, workers. It was, however, not yet a "white man's industry" (Chataway 1921: 140), in the sense that the working and living conditions in the cane sugar districts were not deemed suitable for European standards and thus white workers' willingness to engage in the sugar industry remained low. The newspaper article further emphasizes the importance of White Sugar for White Australia by stating


Several letters to the editor are presented in response to an article by Tsedal Neeley and Robert Steven Kaplan in the September 2014 issue regarding multilingualism in global organizations and on creating a language strategy


The two mixed halides of barium, barium chloroiodide and barium bromoiodide, were synthesized via a solid-state reaction route. In this article, their powder XRD data are reported. A careful analysis of the X-ray data shows that both BaClI and BaBrI crystallize in the orthorhombic structure. The lattice parameters obtained are a=17.841±0.003 Å, b=8.441±0.001 Å and c=5.642±0.001 Å for BaClI (SG. Pbam, No. 55) and a=13.667±0.002 Å, b=12.012±0.001 Å and c=10.871±0.002 Å for BaBrI (SG. P2221 No. 17).


Several major developments have occurred in the chemotherapy of schistoso miasis since Archer & Yarinsky reviewed the subject in 1972 (1). Perhaps the outstanding discovery has been the broad-spectrum, well-tolerated drug prazi quantel, which is rapidly becoming the drug of choice in the treatment of schistosomiasis. Two other new broad-spectrum, clinically effective drugs that have made their appearance in recent years are oltipraz and amoscanate. We have also made some progress in understanding the mode of action of some of the older antischistosomal drugs such as hycanthone, oxamniquine, niridazole, and metrifonate, but little is known about the mechanism of action of the newer drugs. In order to focus attention on this problem, the Steering Committee of the Scientific Working Group on Schistosomiasis sponsored a symposium in Geneva January 30-February 1, 1984 (2) that was devoted exclusively to the biochemistry and chemotherapy of this disease. Wherever possible, this chap ter devotes particular attention to the mode of action of clinically active agents and some of their relevant analogues.