While scientist knowledge conception have occupied dominate position from modern age, instrumentalism knowledge conception, cultural knowledge conception and existential knowledge conception presented in the different history period, this reflected the multiplicity of knowledge conception and its evolvement.The substance of the evolvement and turning of knowledge conception is the evolvement of relation of knowledge and human and its living life .The evolvement of knowledge conception deeply enlightens teaching reformation: teaching should pay attention to the living world of students; attach importance to student individual knowledge, especially individual tacit knowledge; turn on cultural direction of teaching study and practice.


The aim of this study is to discuss the present situation, program implementation, effects and impacts of Taipei City's "Implementation plan of diverse education in capability development for junior high school students", to understand the obstacles to implementation, and, finally, to propose recommendations. Through document analysis, this study targeted the students of a junior high school to conduct an observation and in-depth interview. The survey-questionnaire was designed to interview the target personnel through semi-structural interview method. Based on the results of document and interview analysis, the educational concept of the school leader was to allow students obtaining more diverse learning opportunity. Besides, the curriculum design and teaching method are highly associated with students' willingness to involve in diverse education in capability development. The implementation plan can improve students' confidence and learning attitude, and prevent the at-risk students from dropping out of school as well. The effects of diverse education in capability development after implementation: (1) Improving self-image of the at-risk students, reducing conflicts between teachers and students, adding value to learning, and creating win-win situation for both school and students. (2) Due to limited human resources and facilities, the application and implementation of the plan have created extra workload and pressure for the administrative staffs at school. (3) The class-transferring teaching style allows more teachers to care about the at-risk students which can reduce homeroom teacher's burden on class management and student supervision. However, some teachers believed that they cannot know well enough about students' performance due to lack of interaction with students. (4) Because of the alternative learning experience, the students have more opportunities to demonstrate their capabilities and to understand themselves. This can lead the at-risk students to think positively. However, some students tend to avoid the homeroom's regulation by taking classes for diverse education in capability development. In addition, the limited number of classes approved by Ministry of Education, budget-constrain and lack of manpower have resulted in many implementation difficulties. Finally, this study has proposed recommendations to education authorities, schools, school personnel, students and for future study.


Maternal mortality remains high in the developing world. Giving birth in a health facility is associated with lower maternal mortality than giving birth at home. An important component of efforts to reduce health risks to mothers and children is increasing the proportion of babies that are delivered in health facilities. Giving birth in a medical institution under the care and supervision Abstract


Deep excavation and tunnelling works in city centres always bring some risks to surrounding structures, especially in the case of old town centres, where the technical condition and structural stiffness of historical buildings is rather doubtful. When the new desired excavation depth goes deeper than the foundation of the surrounding buildings or when tunnelling works are conducted directly under them, the existing objects are subject to stress, vibrations and displacements imposed at almost every stage of building the new construction. The presented paper outlines, on the basis of the authors' experience, the typical damages appearing during the supporting wall construction (sheet pile driving, piling and formation of diaphragm walls) and tunnelling works. Other damages appear due to soil mass unloading (caused by excavation stages) and horizontal loading during pre-stressing of struts or ground anchors. The selected case studies of steel sheet pile wall installation is given with regard to typical failures caused by an unplanned excavation and its impact on neighbouring structures.


A simple, sensitive, rapid and reproducible reversedphase HPLC method has been developed and validated for estimation of Olmesartan medoxomil and Hydrochlorothiazide simultaneously and also the comparative study of invitro data in tablet formulation. The assay involved an isocratic elution of these two component on Inertsil-phenyl column (25cm X 4.6mm, 5μm) using a mobile phase composition of Buffer: Acetonitirile (480:520) and pH adjusted to 3.0 with dilute orthophosphoric acid. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the analytes monitored at 257nm.Calibration curves were linear with coefficient correlation between 0.99 to 1.0 over a concentration range of 24 to 74 μg/mL of Olmesartan medoxomil and 15 to 47 μg/mL for Hydrochlorothiazide respectively. The invitro release of various test units was compared for their similarity using the f2 test which limits were found with in the acceptance criteria. All the validation parameters were with in the acceptance range according to ICH norms. The described method was successfully employed for quality control assay of both the component simultaneously and dissolution data helpful in generating the further information regarding invivo absorption rate in tablet dosage form.


BACKGROUND: In Ayurveda, medicinal plants have been organized into various categories based on several parameters. One such classification is based on actions, wherein the therapeutic agents have been categorized into 50 groups. Among these, Hridyadashemani is one that includes the fruits of Amra, Amrataka, Lakucha, Karamarda, Vrukshamla, Amlavetasa, Kuvala, Badara, Dadima, and Matulunga. The objective of this study was to identify and develop preliminary analytical standards for the ten herbs of Hridyadashemani. METHODS: The herbs were collected from their natural habitat and subjected to macroscopic and microscopic evaluation as per standard procedures. The analytical study that includes foreign matter (%w/w), total ash (%w/w), acid insoluble ash (%w/w), alcohol-soluble extractive (%w/w), and water-soluble extractive (% w/w) of the herbs were conducted as per standard pharmacopeial guidelines. Preliminary phytochemical evaluation and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the herbs for the presence of quercetin and gallic acid were carried out. RESULTS: The macroscopic and microscopic features of the fresh and dried fruits were documented and compared to published literature. The analytical standards were recorded and compared to pharmacopeial standards and published literature. The herbs were found to contain various quantities of quercetin and gallic acid. These phytochemicals may have a potential role in cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSION: The preliminary analytical findings include HPLC finger print profile which would serve as a monograph for Hridyadashemani. Further studies may be taken up to analyze the use of these herbs in various cardiovascular diseases.


The conclusion argues that the historic preparation of the clergy for public engagement diminished significantly with the realignment of theological education with the modern university. Shifting from a liberal arts paradigm to a university model of specialization (academically and professionally) had the effects of (1) narrowing engagement with the social arenas of culture building, (2) shifting the nature of religious charisma and authority, (3) circumscribing the place and function of public oratory, (4) reshaping theology in relation to a generalized ideal of science, (5) developing new theologies that begin to marginalize confessional and ritual traditions, and (6) leading to the growing divide in the curriculum between the "pure research" of the German model verses the vocational pragmatism of the American approach. The book concludes with "best practices" from earlier clergy education that have much to offer contemporary reforms.


Our fast moving, deadline-driven, lean and mean corporate economy seems to have greatly increased the presence of fatigue in our daily lives. Fatigue is admittedly a substantial contributor to traffic accidents. Time of day effects are equally significant. Yet, despite all the evidence of the effect of fatigue on traffic safety, there is seemingly little effort on the part of road authorities in most countries to warn the public - fatigue continues to remain the invisible hazard for most drivers. The chapter focus includes: measurement of fatigue; causes of fatigue; the extent of fatigue problem; fatigue and accidents. Reasons for fatigue identified include: long hours; time of day; inadequate sleep. Also discussed are some countermeasures to sleepiness.


The study explores higher medical education transformation during the COVID-19 pandemic in the world and Ukraine. It also highlights the current trends – coronavirus quarantine and digitalization of medical education. The article also aims to study international medical students' needs and perspectives on the eve of quarantine and their attitude to remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020. The research is based on surveys of first-year international medical students, chosen at random. It allowed students to provide feedback on their country of origin, satisfaction, ways of financing the study, and future career plans, as well as their attitude to remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The qualitative data analysis lets advocate that coronavirus has determined a deep transformation in higher medical education and affected international medical student population. First, coronavirus has changed the role of medical students and internship. Second, it has fastened transition from traditional to digitally-based education and brought distance learning and exams worldwide. On the eve of the quarantine, Ukraine is becoming a host country for international students primarily from Asia and Africa. Among the reasons for international students' choice of Ukraine as a place for study are their country preference, high-quality education, friends' advice and geographical location. The international medical students consider Ukraine not only as a high-quality medical education provider but as the perspective country for postgraduate employment. Besides, the majority of first-year international medical students find remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic supporting, effective but tiring. The research creates a paradigm for future studies of the international medical students' phenomenon.


A state-variable feedback controller for an offshore crane has been designed to control the load position using a hoist motor and the boom position using a luff motor. In addition, the solutions to a number of major operational problems of an off-shore crane such as load swing control, payload level control, and rope tension control are also incorporated. This nonlinear digital controller has been implemented successfully using a reduced-scale model of an off-shore crane.<<ETX>>


Objective
To analyze the association of elevated carotid intima-media thickness(CIMT)with low-grade albuminuria in a community-based population.

Methods
A total of 10 375 participants aged 40 years or older were recruited using cluster sampling from Jiading district, Shanghai. Standardized questionnaires were adopted to collect information on health status and lifestyles. Anthropometric measurements including weight, height, and blood pressure, and biochemical tests for blood and urine were performed. CIMT was detected by B-mode ultrasound examinations. 9 523 subjects were included for final analysis. All these subjects were divided into 4 groups according to sex-specific urinary albumin to creatinine ratio(UACR)quartiles. CIMT≥upper decile of the population was defined as elevated CIMT and low-grade albuminuria was defined as UACR≥sex-specific upper quartile. The relationship between UACR and CIMT was investigated by multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results
The prevalence of elevated CIMT in this population aged 40 years or older with albuminuria in normal range was 21.44%. Comparing to participants without elevated CIMT, those with elevated CIMT showed higher level of UACR(4.79 vs 4.51 mg/g, P<0.01). The metabolic status was deteriorated with the increment of UACR level. The prevalences of elevated CIMT were 18.99%, 19.24%, 20.20%, and 27.33% from the lowest to highest UACR quartile, respectively(Ptrend<0.01). After adjusting for some conventional cardiovascular risk factors, multiple logistic regression revealed that compared with the participants in the lowest quartile of UACR, those in the highest quartile had a 1.25-fold risk of elevated CIMT.

Conclusions
This study shows that low-grade albuminuria is positively associated with elevated CIMT, independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged and elderly adults. (Chin J Endocrinol Metab, 2016, 32: 572-578)

Key words:
Low-grade albuminuria; Carotid intima-media thickness; Cardiovascular risk factors


The robust-fault-tolerance is a property that a computational result becomes nearly equal to the correct one at the occurrence of a fault on the input and output of any gates. In this paper, a robust-faulttolerant parallel adder and a multiplier are proposed for highly safe digital system. Special numerical representation called distributed coding is introduced to satisfy robust-fault-tolerance, in which a numerical value is expressed by the number of 1's. The intermediate results of the arithmetic circuits is almost equal to the total number of 1's in the input data. This property makes linearly additive effect with small weight to the final result in the occurrence of both temporary and permanent faults.


Objective To study the role of endotoxin(ET),tumor necrosis factor(TNF),interleukin-6(IL-6),and oxygen free radicals(OFR)in rats with acute lung injury(ALI)induced by severe acute pancreatits(SAP).Methods 1.5% sodium deoxycholate was injected retrogradely into the common biliopancreatic duct in rats to produce the model of ALI during SAP.The rats were devided randomly into 2 groups:sham operation control group(n=10)and SAP model group(n=30).All rats were killed at 24 hours after operation and treatment.The level of ET,TNF,IL-6,MDA,SOD in serum and pulmonary homogenate were measured.Results The level of ET,TNF,IL-6,SOD,MDA in serum and pulmonary homogenate in SAP group were significantly higher than those in sham operation control group(P0.01).The indexes of blood gas analysis and the lung tissue showed obvious pathologic changes in SAP group.Conclusion ET,TNF,IL-6,and OFR play an important role in ALI caused by SAP.


The production technologies of the flat panel display in the size liquid crystal TVs have been developed remarkably. The importance of evaluation method of the display has been also increased. Using the new indexes for evaluations of the motion picture quality and the viewing angle characteristic of the liquid crystal TVs, we review the developments of the recent liquid crystal television technology.


This paper describes the impact of wind power plants production to Romanian Power System's operation. The main parts of the DFIG model are the following: turbine rotor, the drive train, the generator, the rotor-side converter, the grid-side converter with the DC-link, as well as the interface and power grid models. There are also presented the results of a dynamical simulation of a DFIG model in the Romanian Power System.


Destruction of lymphatic vessels by photodynamic therapy suppresses metastasis by eradicating both the in-transit tumor cells and their conduit to distant tissues. Shining a Light on Tumor Metastasis Tumor cells have several routes that enable them to move from the primary tumor to distant tissues, a process called metastasis. It is metastasis of the primary tumor that kills most cancer patients. One of the least studied routes of metastasis is the lymphatic system. Many tumors produce vascular endothelial growth factor–C (VEGF-C) or VEGF-D, factors that promote the formation of new lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis). The newly formed lymphatic vessels enable tumor cells to travel from the primary tumor to the regional lymph nodes from whence they can spread throughout the body. In a new study, Tammela and colleagues investigate whether eradicating tumor-associated lymphatic vessels and the tumor cells they contain using photodynamic therapy (PDT) with a light-activated cytotoxic compound could reduce or eliminate tumor metastasis. They selected the mouse ear as their model system because it is easy to image both the lymphatic vessels and the in-transit tumor cells. The mouse ear is also amenable to PDT because it is very thin, thus enabling sufficient tissue penetration by the infrared light that activates the cytotoxic compound (verteporfin). The authors implanted mouse melanoma cells or human lung tumor cells into the mouse ear tip and waited 2 weeks for the primary tumors to become established and to induce lymphangiogenesis. Using immunohistochemistry, they observed that the newly formed lymphatic vessels contained in-transit tumor cells as well as small tumor nodules. Using pathology sections taken from a patient with recurrent melanoma, they confirmed that the tumor-associated lymphatic vessels of cancer patients contain in-transit tumor cells and tumor nodules. But could PDT eliminate both tumor-associated lymphatic vessels and the tumor cells inside them? The authors injected verteporfin in a liposomal preparation intradermally into the mouse ear and showed that this cytotoxic dye accumulated specifically in the lymphatic vessels. When they illuminated the mouse ear with infrared laser light, the lymphatic vessels started to shrink and fragment, and became leaky. Could this treatment prevent relapse when combined with surgery? The authors implanted mouse melanoma cells into the flanks of mice and waited 2 weeks until the tumor cells had become established and had metastasized via the lymphatic vessels to the axillary lymph nodes. They then injected verteporfin into the primary tumor and surrounding tissue and illuminated the whole flank with infrared laser light before surgically removing the primary tumor and lymph nodes. They found that the mice receiving PDT and surgery had a much lower relapse rate than those that underwent surgery alone. But will PDT be useful for eradicating tumor-associated lymphatic vessels deep within the tissues of human cancer patients? Using a pig model, Tammela and colleagues demonstrated that this should be feasible. They injected verteporfin into pig hoofs and then used a special laser catheter inserted at the knee to activate the dye. They showed that the lymphatic system ceased to drain as the vessels fragmented and became clogged, indicating that PDT can target lymphatic vessels deep within the body. PDT using verteporfin is currently used clinically to destroy overgrown blood vessels in the retina of patients with macular degeneration. So it should certainly be feasible to use PDT to destroy tumor-associated lymphatic vessels in cancer patients undergoing surgery. Shining a light deep within the body should ensure that an oft-overlooked conduit for tumor metastasis will remain illuminated. The dissemination of tumor cells to sites far from the primary tumor (metastasis) is the principal cause of death in cancer patients. Tumor-associated lymphatic vessels are a key conduit for metastatic tumor cells, which typically first colonize the lymph nodes. Although the primary tumor and affected lymph nodes can be removed during surgery, tumor cells inside lymphatic vessels are left behind. Here, we show that in-transit tumor cells inside lymphatic vessels in mice bearing mouse melanomas or human lung tumors give rise to metastases. Using photodynamic therapy with the benzoporphyrin derivative verteporfin, we selectively destroyed lymphatic vessels in mice and pigs. Destruction of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels also eradicated intralymphatic tumor cells and prevented metastasis of mouse melanoma cells and subsequent relapse. Photodynamic therapy, when combined with anti-lymphangiogenic therapy, prevented further tumor invasion of lymphatic vessels. These findings highlight the potential of targeting in-transit tumor cells in patients.


This research aims to show the effect of learning outcomes on subject of creative product and entrepreneurship, family support to entrepreneurial interest in students of Fashion Management SMKN 6 Padang. This research used quantitative research method with a correlational approach. The population of this research was all students of class XII of the Fashion Management SMKN 6 Padang with total of 122 students with the sample was 92 students which was taken on proportional random sampling. Data collection technique used a research questionnaire. The questionnaire try out was tested on 30 students of the population who were not included in the sample, then conducted a validity and reliability test. Testing of the data analysis requirement and hypotheses with the normality test, linearity test, multicollinearity test and regression analysis. The result of the analysis obtained the learning outcomes of creative product and entrepreneurship (X1) had an effect on Entrepreneurial Interest (Y), with a significance value of 0.007<0.05, Fcalculate> Ftable (10.753>2.000) and an effect contribution of 53,1%. Family support (X2) had an effect on Entrepreneurial Interest (Y), with a significance value of 0,000<0.05, Fcalculate> Ftable (10.385> 2.000) and effect contribution of 64.5%. Learning Outcomes on Subject for Creative Product and Entrepreneurship (X1), Family Support (X2) had a positive and significant effect respectively on Entrepreneurial Interest (Y) students of the Fashion Management SMKN 6 Padang, with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05 and Fcalculate> Ftable (42,662 > 4.04) with an effect contribution of 62.7%.


A study of the time variation of sea surface slope by the distribution of light on a submerged screen from a small incident laser beam is summarized. Experiments performed in the Gulf of Mexico during the summer of 1966 and the sea surface slope apparatus used are described. Methods of analysis of the resulting high speed motion picture film data, including a flying spot scanner-digital film reader and computer programs, are summarized. Results of these experiments including sea surface slope parameters versus time and subsurface power probability curves are reported. Results are compared with previous theoretical predictions and experimental data.


The utility model discloses a drawer for a refrigerator and the refrigerator with the drawer. The drawer comprises a drawer main body and a drawer buckle handle, wherein the drawer main body is provided with a drawer panel, and the drawer buckle handle is detachably arranged on the drawer main body. According to the drawer for the refrigerator, disclosed by the embodiment of the utility model, independent designing, machining and manufacturing on the drawer buckle handle can be realized by arranging the detachable drawer buckle handle, for example, electroplating or spraying treatment can be carried out on the drawer buckle handle, thus the aesthetic degree and the product grade of the drawer can be increased, and the practicability is good.


The first part of this article briefly describes the related theories of the mixed operation and financial insurance fund. Then, this paper analyzes the development situation of financial insurance fund under the mixed operation; it means that the legislative situation under "finance law" promotes the financial insurance funds transform to the comprehensive legislation form. This paper also discusses that the measures of reasonable ensuring the: rights and interests of the investor and promoting the orderly market competition. From the perspective of diversification, the last part expounds the legislative means of the smooth and safe operation of financial insurance fund under the trend of mixed operation Keywords—mixed operation; finance and insurance; fund


The global pandemic produces rules that impose suffering on religions, which must reconsider their social role now. This entails the need to examine the rules of coexistence within societies, where Coronavirus phenomenon raises existential and religious questions. We need to look at the condition of the state of religious freedom – in the European context – referring to globalization in a climate of restriction of personal, social, and religious freedom. Complexity has undermined the role of states, the delimitation of competences regarding relations with religions. For them, building community and associations relations where religious freedom is expressed is fundamental. Believers are therefore bearers of specific interests. This particular situation calls for a new function for religions, focused on the value of the person who can lead to the common identity and guarantee «those values of social and community integration that seem particularly discovered today».


It has been shown by Tutte [7] that an equilateral triangle cannot be dissected into n equilateral triangles of pairwise different sizes, n ∈ {2, 3, . . .}. A dissection into equilateral triangles of that kind is even impossible for arbitrary convex polygons (see [2, 8]). Is there a tiling of the Euclidean plane by equilateral triangles all of different sizes? The answer to this question posed in [4, Exercise 2.4.10] and [3, Section C11] depends on what one means by a tiling: Scherer [6] proves that the plane cannot be dissected into incongruent equilateral triangles such that one of them is of minimal size. Tuza [8] notes that countably many equilateral triangles of different sizes can be packed into a given equilateral triangle such that only a remainder of measure zero is left uncovered. In the same way one can tile the whole plane except for a set of measure zero. Klaaßen [5]


Internalization of the concept of Ummatan Wasathan with a cultural da'wah approach is a study of how to popularize the values of wasathiyah through a propaganda approach that is culturally crossed. This paper discusses the theory of internalization, the concept of cultural da'wah, the concept of ummatan wasathan in an interdisciplinary manner to enrich insights about the concepts in a comprehensive manner. This paper produces a finding that the internalization of the concept of ummatan wasathan with a cultural da'wah approach has relevance as a study that puts forward the values of persuasion in its application. This paper combines two discussions that have a conceptual closeness as a scientific study to enrich the depth of the discussion.


The invention relates to a method for determining the tightness of a test object (02). Here, a device under test (02) is first placed in a test chamber (03). The test object (02) is filled with a tracer gas with excess pressure relative to the test chamber (03). Subsequently, the circulation of in the test chamber (03) gas volume located and measuring a quantitative characteristic of the tracer gas with a sensor (14) which is located in the circulating gas volume flow takes place. The invention also relates to a device (01) for determining the tightness of a test object (02) with which said method can be performed.


The present invention provides a hydrogen generation device and a system using the energy of the hydrogen generating apparatus. Hydrogen generation means supplying the electrolytic solution of the present invention is provided with the through hole of the housing, the electrolyte solution discharge hole, a first flow hole and a second hydrogen-dihydro-flow hole, is provided at the hydrogen generating unit, the electrolytic solution supply hole electrolyte is arranged on the vertical side of the discharge hole, a first hydrogen flow hole than the electrolytic water supply holes arranged on the vertical side, a second hydrogen flow hole electrolyte is arranged on the vertical side of the discharge hole. With the present configuration, can significantly reduce the number of pipe lengths and the manifold associated with electrolyte and hydrogen, can be easily and properly connected to each other hydrogen generation unit.


This research paper aims to explore the Indonesian Baha'is community and its conceptual discourse on resilience and social solidarity in religious actions during the global pandemic of covid-19. Although the Baha'i faith is not registered as an official religion in Indonesia like Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, etc., the Baha'is community and its religious, as well as social movement during covid-19, is interesting to analyze. As a new world religion promoting the principle and the moral value of unity in diversity, the Baha'is community in Indonesia started to organize digital activism to build solidarity among interfaith and religious minority groups like penghayat kepercayaan. Religion and solidarity in this context refer to a German sociologist, Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), on his functionalism perspective stating that religion must have social function and solidarity. Durkheim demonstrated the function of religion can be understood as collective action as a moral value in our society. Religion not only has a meaning but also a function which is collectively built by society based on the collective consciousness. By digital ethnographic approach, this research paper tries to examine how the Baha'is community and other minority groups in Indonesia cope with the global pandemic of covid-19 while activities have moved to virtual and digital space. It is also interesting to perceive how the resilience of the Baha'is community in existing religious dakwah throughout digital activism.


552 Background: Reports of randomized trials evaluating adjuvant ovarian suppression or ablation with and without tamoxifen are limited in number, useful comparative data and long-term follow-up. Methods: From 1993–99 we recruited 709 Vietnamese and Chinese premenopausal women with clinical stage II-III operable breast cancer to a multi-site randomized prospective clinical trial of immediate pre-mastectomy adjuvant surgical oophorectomy followed by tamoxifen for 5 years (n=356) or mastectomy alone with the same combined hormonal therapy on recurrence of disease (n=353).The primary study endpoints were disease-free and overall survival.This report provides analyses for an extended follow-up period after 5 years. Results: With a median follow up of 7 years, disease-free and overall survival were significantly better with adjuvant therapy (log-rank p-values of 0.0003 and 0.0002). Ten year DFS probabilities of 62% and 51% (95%CI 4–22%), and OS probabilities of 70% and 52% (95% CI 6–34%) between adjuvant and o...


This is a story about being unhinged...

A highly paid civil servant decided to doodle this cock onto a poster which was affixed to the toilet


We establish a blow up criterion for the two-dimensional $k$-$\varepsilon$ model
 equations for turbulent flows in a bounded smooth domain $\Omega$. It is shown
 that for the initial-boundary value problem of the 2D $k$-$\varepsilon$ model
 equations in a bounded smooth domain, if
 $\|\nabla u\|_{L^{1}(0, T; L^{\infty})}+\|\nabla\rho\|_{L^{2}(0, T; L^{\infty})}
 +\|\varepsilon\|_{L^{2}(0, T; L^{\infty})}$ $<\infty$, then the strong solution
 $(\rho, u, h,k, \varepsilon)$ can be extended
 beyond $T$.


Purpose
This paper aims to analyze the performance determinants of listed companies in the Iberian Peninsula, focusing on the analysis of the effect of gender diversity and the structure of the board of directors.

Design/methodology/approach
To achieve this aim, the authors analyzed 97 listed companies, of which 23 are Portuguese and 74 are Spanish, between 2015 and 2019. The authors use Arellano and Bond's (1991) generalized method of moments system model to test the hypotheses.

Findings
The results show an important impact of corporate governance variables on corporate performance. Specifically, board size, average director age and board academic qualifications are crucial to explaining profitability and market value. Moreover, the authors identified a nonlinear relationship between gender diversity and profitability and market value levels due to critical mass theory and quotas that enhance more social justice. The authors concluded that the corporate performance determinants differ depending on the performance measures.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to analyze the nonlinear effect of gender diversity and board structure (size, educational qualifications and average director age) on the performance of Iberian listed companies as a single market.


This research aims to determine online buying and selling transactions at the HB Store and to find out the implications of buying and selling at the HB Store after implementing this online system. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative method, a type of field research. With data collection techniques from interviews, observations, documentation. Furthermore, from the results of the study, that buying and selling online is permissible because it has the same context and method as buying and selling greetings. Transactions at the HB Store include ordering, shipping payments. As for the implications of buying and selling at the HB Store, after using the online system, marketing for buying and selling is easier by simply uploading an image. with online marketing these goods will reach various regions. Buying and selling activities can also be carried out at home without taking a long time. Income from online business has slowly increased.


Background. Family planning services in hospitals have been held since 1970 by the functional implementing unit led by obstetric and gynecologist specialists. Situational changes following decentralization in the 1990s caused policymakers and family planning practitioners' lack of attention to family planning services at province, district, and city levels. Data from 2002-2007 showed a decrease in family planning services from 6.2% to 4.9% in government hospitals and from 3.4% to 2.2% in private hospitals. The decrease in contraception use was affected by family planning users and providers. This study aims to analyze the factors contributing to family planning services in Mohammad Hoesin Hospital.
Methods. This was a descriptive-analytic study with a cross-sectional design. The author used primary and secondary data with quantitative and qualitative approaches through the study of documents, observation, questionnaire, in-depth interview, and focused group discussion.
Results. We identified various factors that play a role in the implementation of family planning services in almost all aspects, such as policy system, incomplete infrastructures; competence and the number of health workers; standard service procedure; sources and mechanism of the contraceptive tools; financial problems; recording and reporting system; quality control services; monitoring and evaluation; development services; also knowledge and behavior of the health workers.
Conclusion. Family planning services need support and more serious attention from the directors to improve and overcome the problems and obstacles. In addition, the board of directors requires better coordination effort and cooperation on the internal level (between divisions or departments within the hospital) and with the relevant instance.


Abstract : This report describes the design rationale and resulting performance seen in a single server (non-clustered) database with an extremely large table containing in excess of 11 billion records. The original research and testing had been performed on a much smaller scale into the tens of millions of records around fall 2001, with an expectation that it would be near to the projected maximum number of records. In summer 2003, after those initial results were used to design a table still in use in production today, a similar table with a much larger data set was needed and the basic research was applied again to the new table. Initially, it was expected the number of records would peak close to half a billion; however, due to continuous and unexpected growth, the table now contains more than 11 billion records and is expected to grow more as the storage capacity is increased on the database server.


Common coupling is an important factor that needs to be considered in software design. It affects software dependency via the definition-use relationship of global variables. Common coupling can arise in all types of software; here we focus on issues specific to kernel-based software. In a previous paper, we described a categorization of common coupling and used it to study the maintainability of the Linux operating system. In this paper, we present a detailed description of this categorization, prove its completeness, and suggest further applications. We hope that, by this approach, we can make it easier for others to use our categorization to measure the maintainability of other kernel-based software.


A simple approach for measuring high surface resistivity of insulating materials using standard laboratory equipments is proposed. The developed system consists of a DC power transformer, a concentric ring probe assembly and a digital multi-meter. The DC power transformer can provide either 500V or 250V DC signal. The probe assembly is constructed according to Danish Standard (DS/EN 1149-1:2006). The multi-meter (Agilent 3440 1A 6) is used to measure the micro voltage over a known resistor which is serially connected with electrodes in the probe assembly. In order to obtain reliable measurements, two testing approaches, named on-off power sequence approach and alternating polarity sequence approach, are proposed and tested. The sample's surface resistivity is then calculated based on averaged measurements. The developed system and proposed methods have been extensively tested for different materials, source voltages, and serially connected resistors. The testing results showed that the developed system and methods can provide a reasonably accurate measurement of surface resistivity of insulating materials in a robust and economic manner.


Background: The ε4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is a major genetic risk determinant of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its protein product APOE4 has been demonstrated to coffers deleterious effects for various neurodegenerative disorders related to cognitive impairment, including AD. A line of evidence implied that APOE4 affects these diseases partly through its synaptic damage. However, the mechanisms underlying this have not been fully interpreted.Methods: Proteomics analysis, Co-immunoprecipitation assay (Co-IP), Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC), and Proximity ligation assay (PLA) assays were used to screen and verify the interactome of APOE, which in an APOE4-priority manner. The molecular docking and molecular dynamic analysis were conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that APOE3 differs from APOE4 in the binding ability of VAMP2. Adeno-associated virus expressing APOE3 and APOE4 was stereotaxically injected into the Hippocampus of Apoe-/- mice, and in vitro recombinant proteins experiments were conducted to verify the AOPE on soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex assemble. FM4-64 fluorescent dye labeling assay was explored in hippocampus from APOE3-TR and APOE4-TR mice to study the APOE genotype effect on synaptic vesicle release.Results:Using proteomics analysis, we screened interactomes of APOE3 and APOE4 in neurons, respectively. Then, VAMP2 protein was selected for further analysis through related bioinformatics analysis. Via Co-IP, BIFC, and PLA assays,we demonstrated that APOE directly interacts with VAMP2 in an E4 > E3 manner in vitro and in vivo. The molecular docking and molecular dynamic analysis suggested that the APOE4-VAMP2 complex was more stable and had higher affinity than APOE3-VAMP2, may due to the increased contribution of hydrogen bonding, hamper VAMP2 to form the SNARE complex. The further in vitro and in vivo results suggest that APOE4 blocks the SNARE complex assembly, negatively regulating synaptic vesicle release, finally contributing to the synaptic damage and cognitive impairment.Conclusions:Our findings identify SNARE protein as an APOE interactor, and APOE4 isoform effects on SNARE complex formation, mediates APOE4-induced synaptic dysfunction. Our results provide insights into APOE4-mediated synapse toxicity, and suggested new avenues for specifically targeting early presynaptic dysfunction in AD.


Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a phenomenon of increasing relevance, with high prevalence rates in adolescents and young adults. NSSI is one of the main risk factors for future. The method of virtual ethnography was carried out in a self-injury community on Facebook in order to broaden the understanding of the symbolic aspects related to the practice. In February 2021, 133 publications were collected and divided into three categories of analysis: self-injury, suffering and religion. Self-injury was understood as a compulsive behavior through which practitioners seek an experience of transcendence at the expense of pain. It resembles an addict behavior. The suffering described refers to depressive processes and is characterized by loneliness, difficulty in expressing feelings and the need to maintain a functional persona in everyday life. Therefore, the group emerges as a means of expressing aspects relegated to the shadows in the offline world.


An automatic alarming and monitoring device for traffic-lights nonobservance of a pedestrian comprises an infrared curtain detector, an industrial computer and a camera. The infrared curtain detector is connected with the industrial computer; the camera is connected with the industrial computer; a portrait recognition program and a peccancy distinguishing program are arranged in the industrial computer; and the industrial computer judges whether the pedestrian disobeys traffic-lights according to signals fed back from the infrared curtain detector by utilizing the peccancy distinguishing program, then performs picture identification on the pedestrian by utilizing the portrait recognition program, and stores an image. The infrared curtain detector comprises a first infrared detector and a second infrared detector; detecting infrared rays of the first infrared detector are projected to one region in a crosswalk; and detecting infrared rays of the second infrared detector are projected to an adjacent region in the crosswalk. The automatic alarming and monitoring device automatically distinguishes the phenomenon of traffic-lights nonobservance of the pedestrian, sends an alarm, and records image information of a violator by utilizing infra-red detection technology and portrait recognition technology.


To apply evolutionary biology and sociobiology to politics, behaviors such as origins and functions of altruism, nepotism, coercion, and warfare must be looked at in new ways. This involves truly demanding interdisciplinary study and reevaluation of age-old premises usually taken for granted in the social sciences. Goldstein fails to rise to this challenge. His commentary is astonishingly naive and unscholarly. Kitcher offers well reasoned points but the major thrust of his argument collapses because he misinterprets the use of inclusive fitness as employed in our model.


The term \bias" is widely used|and with diierent meanings|in the elds of machine learning and statistics. This paper clariies the uses of this term and shows how to measure and visualize the statistical bias and variance of learning algorithms. Statistical bias and variance can be applied to diagnose problems with machine learning bias, and the paper shows four examples of this. Finally, the paper discusses methods of reducing bias and variance. Methods based on voting can reduce variance, and the paper compares Breiman's bagging method and our own tree randomization method for voting decision trees. Both methods uniformly improve performance on data sets from the Irvine repository. Tree randomization yields perfect performance on the Letter Recognition task. A weighted nearest neighbor algorithm based on the innnite bootstrap is also introduced. In general, decision tree algorithms have moderate-to-high variance, so an important implication of this work is that variance|rather than appropriate or inappropriate machine learning bias|is an important cause of poor performance for decision tree algorithms.


There are multiple areas in the vicinity of Belgrade that are inhabited by wild boars. The aim of the current study was to the investigation of biodiversity and prevalence of intestinal and pulmonary helminths of wild swine in the broader Belgrade area. The study was carried out on 47 wild boars (14 males and 33 females), shot by authorized hunters, and collected during the hunting period between 01.12.2018. and 31.01.2020. During the examination, we occurred Metastrongylus elongatus (56.25%), Hyostrongylus rubidus (21.87%), Physocephalus sexalatus (18.75%), Globocephalus urosubulatus (15.62%), Macracanthorhynchus hиrudиnaceus (12.50%), Ascaris suum (9.37%) and Trichuris suis (6.25%).


Table no Particulars Page no 2.1 Amount of capital size, fixed capital per employee 27 2.2 Contributions of MSMEs 30 2.3 Growth of MSME sector 31 4.1 SaaS revenue within enterprise sizing 70 6.1 Scale of industrial units 106 6.2 Location of industrial units 106 6.3 ERP software implemented by firms 108 6.4 Source of ERP software 110 6.5 Modules of ERP implemented 112 6.6 Duration of ERP software implementation 113 6.7 Upgradation expenditure after ERP implementation 115


We propose to bring together two conceptually complementary ideas: (1) selfcon…rming equilibrium (SCE): at rest points of learning dynamics in a game played recurrently, agents best respond to con…rmed beliefs, i.e., beliefs consistent with the evidence they accumulated, and (2) ambiguity aversion: agents, other things being equal, prefer to bet on events with known rather than unknown probabilities and, more generally, distinguish objective from subjective uncertainty, a behavioral trait captured by their ambiguity attitudes. Using as a workhorse the "smooth ambiguity" model of Klibano¤, Marinacci and Mukerji (2005), we provide a de…nition of "Smooth SCE"which generalizes the traditional concept of Fudenberg and Levine (1993a,b), here called Bayesian SCE, and admits Waldean (maxmin) SCE as a limit case. We show that the set of equilibria expands as ambiguity aversion increases. The intuition is simple: by playing the same strategy in


AbstractHayden (1986) has summarized the Bordes-Binford discussion concerning the measurement and interpretation of inter-assemblage variability of lithic artifacts and has suggested ways in which this variability can lead to interpretations of prehistoric subsistence strategies. These considerations are important for, as he (1986:82) observes, "Understanding assemblage differences is the very heart of archaeological interpretation…" However, both the prescription for measuring inter-assemblage variability and the interpretations derived from these measures are too restricted. His discussion of inter-assemblage variability measurement does not give sufficient consideration to the variety of factors contributing to variability. Furthermore, the model linking inter-assemblage variability to subsistence does not adequately consider the variables which affect hunter-gatherer mobility stratgegies. These concerns are examined in more detail here.I agree with Conaty's main concerns, however, most of his comments...


Quality evaluation and hazard management of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) which was prepared within the harvesting seasons were analyzed. Eatable weight was highest in the summer (953.40 g)>spring (912.27 g)>fall (895.28 g) lettuce, but sugar content showed the highest concentration in the spring. Total color of summer lettuce was the brightest in comparison with other seasons. Fall lettuce's color increased in yellowness more than greenness. Minerals of lettuce were abundant in the following order of K>Ca>Na>Mg>Fe in all seasons. Chlorophyll content, showing the similar trend to vitamin C, was the lowest in summer. Among the 48 different pesticides tested, only chlorthalonil was detected in a minute content from fall lettuce. In conclusion, summer lettuce was inferior to spring and fall in quality because of hot weather.


This article carries on the analysis of college freshmen's mindset deviation in the social transforming time,emphases the value and strengthens the college freshmen education and guides imperative,at the same time proposes the viable solution to college freshmen's self-contradict mindset.It is aimed for bring about aggressive function to the education and the development college freshmen good psychological quality.


Optical absorption spectra of TlIn(S0.98Se0.02)2 single crystals under hydrostatic
pressure were investigated in the temperature range of 160–340 K. Founded, that the
absorption edge is increasing exponentially, it were explained using Urbach rule.
Values and behavior of characteristic Urbach's parameters in the regions of phase
transitions paraelectric-incommensurate-ferroelectric were obtained.
Key words: ferroelectrics, phase transitions, incommensurate phase, absorption
spectra.


With the urbanization level advancing in cities, increasingly significant urban ecological environment problems must be solved. The construction of a smart city with the overall development of information technology also regards environmental friendliness as the primary goal. The "smart" idea of urban environment innovation and governance has become a new model. In this paper, we first expound on the development process of low-carbon cities, eco-cities, and smart cities in Japan and China. Then, we analyze the coordinated development of intelligent environmental protection measures in government policies, transportation, energy utilization, resource recovery, and community management. Finally, we compare Japan and China's smart city development characteristics. We discuss the improvement measures for energy utilization, urban transportation, and urban operation, including developing renewable energy systems, efficient energy use, and citizen participation policy. These experiences can provide feasible measures for constructing Asian smart cities and have great significance for the city's sustainable applications and practice.


The function of GTP-binding regulatory proteins(G-proteins) is important in the signal transduction and regulation.As a distinguished participant-proteins directly and/or indirectly regulate some physiological processes.There are two types of G-proteins:"Big G-proteins"which contain three different subunits and "small G-proteins"that have only one subunit.Recent research shows that β-arrestin: another chemical substance taking part in the G-process:.


® Epic ® System technology is a novel high-throughputlabel-free de- tection technology developed for both biochemical and cell-based assays in drug discovery. The study presented here highlights the applications of this technol- ogy for the detection of antibody-antigen and antibody-antibody binding assays in complex biological samples. Two model detection systems are discussed here: 1) streptavidin and antibody interaction; 2) F(ab')2 and antibody interaction. Re- sults demonstrate the feasibility of detecting streptavidin by an anti-streptavidin antibody immobilized on the Epic ® 384-well biosensor. Such a detection system can also be 'flip-flopped' by immobilizing streptavidin on the Epic ® biosensor, thus providing an alternative assay mechanism that otherwise is limited by conventional label-dependent technologies. We also report the detection of a target antibody by sensor-immobilized F(ab')2. Detection of protein binding targets or partners in bovine serum was successful. These results demonstrate the Epic ® system as a high-throughput label-free platform suitable for affinity based detection of pro - tein-protein interaction. Abstract Corning ®


Does there exist a world whose existence depends upon a perceiving subject? Can one recognize it? Under which conditions? To what extent? These questions are of central relevance to journalists, whose task it is to communicate reality. This article aims to develop a theoretical model of the ontological and epistemological status of both social reality, as an object of journalistic production, and the reality of the media, as a journalistic product. The basis for this model is provided by Karl Popper's Three World conjecture and John Searle's social ontology.


In the light of cognitive theory,this paper gives an all-round elaboration on the current developing situation,the cause of the discipline formation and the theoretical framework of forensic linguistics.It also demonstrates their main-body framework,cognitive features and functional values of society embodied by the procedural structure of legislative language,judicial language and law-enforced language.The research shows strengthening social function of forensic linguistics is the key in law practice in the future.


This article discusses the benefits and applicability of domestic automation, also known as Domotics. According to Domotics Integration Project (DIP), Domotics or smart house technology is the integration of services and technologies applied to homes, flats, apartments, houses and small buildings with the purpose of automating them and obtaining and increasing safety and security, comfort, communication and technical management. This papper also presents a summary of the elements which may be part of a "smart home", the advantages given by its integration and, illustrations of various systems and technologies applied to domestic automation that have achieved both national and international commercial relevance.


Background: Proteus mirabilis is a prevalent profiteer pathogen that causes the Spartan human ailment. It has been identified as a urinary tract infection (UTI) etiological agent that adheres to uroepithelial cells and the catheter surface. The most important efflux system in P. mirabilis, acrAB-to1C, is elaborated not merely in antimicrobial conflict but also in ferocity. Objectives: The current research conducted to look into the antibiotic sensitivity profile and acrAB-to1C efflux pump genes occurrence among P. mirabilis isolated from UTI patients. Materials and Methods: 515 urine cases were gathered from UTI patients, who visited urology consultancy clinics of three main hospitals and private clinic labs in Hilla City, Iraq. All mid-stream urine samples were cultured on diagnostic agars for P. mirabilis primary recognition and finally confirmed by16S rRNA gene PCR-sequencing. Antibiotic sensitivity was performed according to CLSI (2021), and then PCR detection of acrAB-to1C efflux pumps genes was observed. Results: The occurrence of P. mirabilis in the studied cases was 10.5% with 100% swarming isolates. The recovered isolates were extremely resistant to cefotaxime (100%), doxycycline (88.6%), minocycline (75.7%), and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (67.1%). In contrast, the isolates showed nonresistance to pipracillin-tazabactam (0%), meropeneme (0%) and tinier resistance to amikacine (1.4%), imipeneme (2.9%), levofloxacine (4.2), and ofloxacin (5.7%), MDR rate was 96%. Molecular investigation using PCR, revealed acrA, acrB, and tolC genes with a prevalence of 51.4%, 61.4%, and 51.4%, respectively. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the significant title role of acrAB-to1C efflux impel in increasing antibiotic tolerance in P. mirabilis with a high incidence of MDR, so the future insights may need to focus on efflux pumps inhibitor-antibiotic combination treatment as a preventive device.


Abstract Transmission error quantifies the rotation delay between driving and driven gear, caused by the disturbances of inevitable factors such as elastic deformation, manufacturing error, and mesh misalignment in assembly. A major consequence of high transmission error is the distinguishable whining noise, which indicates wear and efficiency loss. The transmission error (TE) becomes a further serious concern in case of electric vehicles where there is no background noise of internal combustion engine to diminish the gear noise and thus, gears trains become a major, if not only, source of noise in electric vehicles. Hence minimizing TE is a major concern for modern powertrain systems. This research work puts forth a novel approach for finding the optimal mutually independent microgeometry parameters which contribute to minimal transmission error. A neural network learns from the model specific generated data and gives out an approximating function which is then fed to a genetic algorithm which finds the global minima of the output function and therefore the values of the corresponding microgeometry parameters. The neural network and genetic algorithm were programmed from scratch in Python 3.7. The genetic algorithm was further tested with uniform mutation rates and variable mutation rates to find the degree of possibility of premature convergence. The former was found more vulnerable to premature convergence.


The small collection of lepidoptera made by Dr. Abbott in the islands lying' west and north of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean contains but little that is apparently new to science, but possesses interest as illustratingthe geograj)hical distribution of genera and species. Thus far almost nothing has been written u])()n the lepidopterous fauna of the Seychelles, and, in fact, with the exception of the Hora, the natural treasures of these islands have been apparently almost overlooked by students. ^Yhile a constant trade relationship with them has been maintained for more than a century by Europeans, they have been but infrequently visited by naturalists, and those who have made collections there, have apparently done but very little more than to collect the counuoner and most conspicuous si^ecies. I can discover only half a dozen references to the insects of the Seychelles in the whole compass ofeiitomological literature. In Kirby's " Catalogue.of Diurnal Lei)idoptera" only one species is credited to these islands, nnd that with doubt. The following list will serve to show that the fauna possesses uffinities at once with that of Africa and of Asia, and tliat many of the species are almost cosmopolitan in their range. HyjwIinDui^! misippHS and llattia octo are common both to the Old World and the New. Some of tlie species range into Europe. This character of the fauna suggests its adveutitioujs nature, and I suspect that it will be found to possess


Blockchain technology claims to provide unparalleled security and data privacy, yet some vulnerabilities have recently been identified. In this article, we showcase the key advantages of blockchain technology and look at recent security breaches, critically analyzing its benefits while highlighting some resulting financial mishaps.


I present a way of reconciling gauge coupling unification in minimal supersymmetry with small $\alpha_s(m_Z) \approx 0.11$ and discuss the ensuing consequences.


......................................................................................................................................... iii Capstone Design Statement ........................................................................................................... iv Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... vi Scope of Work ............................................................................................................................ vi Phase Change Materials and Hot Mix Asphalt .......................................................................... vi Methodology ............................................................................................................................. vii Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. viii Table of


Hydration represents the main unit operation in the industrial thermal process of dry dates. In this work, Tunisian Deglet Nour dates were hydrated experimentally at a laboratory scale by using saturated air as it is commonly undertaken in industry. This study focuses on the modeling of this unit operation in order to control the moisture uptake phenomenon during processing. A physic-based simplified numerical model describing moisture transfer during hydration was implemented in COMSOL®Multiphysics software. The model considers the real geometry of dates instead of approaching the fruits by simplified shapes. Moisture diffusivities of two types of Deglet Nour dry dates characterized by different maturation stages were estimated. Results showed a good agreement between experimental and numerically computed values of average moisture content. Moisture profile in dates flesh was computed numerically using estimated moisture diffusivities. The numerical model proposed in this work could be therefore employed as a predictive tool to simulate and optimize the hydration operation of dates.


Slave narratives are known as the Black people's personal accounts of the terrible conditions of enslavement in the American Continent. Great part of these narratives was written in the form of autobiographies by African and Afr0icanAmerican slaves. Through these written accounts the ex-slaves were able to condemn the enslavers and the system that legitimated their enslavement. Each ex-slave who wrote his or her story was also writing as a representative of those who were still captive and were not allowed to speak for themselves. These narratives were written within the institution of slavery. Slavery was to be shown as a perverted system that corrupted everyone who approached it or lived under it. In depicting the horrors of slavery, the narrators worked with the effects of the slave system both on the master's and on the slave's behavior. The portrayal of black women in these narratives, to a great extent, influenced American literature that was to come. As women, they had to face discrimination from the White and domestic oppression from the Afro-American men. In these narratives, those miseries have been depicted and they have been commonly defined in sexual terms either in literary or social grounds.


This paper addresses the issue of introducing geometrical constraints into segmentation processes in image analysis. This question has emerged from the analysis of classical tools: indeed, usual methods such as deformable models, fast marching prove to be fruitless when image data are missing or of poor quality or when the image owns homogeneous-textured regions. To cope with these hindrances, the idea developed hereafter consists of integrating geometrical constraints in the modelling to make the segmentation process easier to handle. We have devised a geodesic active contour-based model, in which we are trying to determine a curve that best approaches the given points (geometrical data) while detecting the object under consideration (see also Apparato et al., Segmentation of medical image sequence under constraints: application to non-invasive assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, Int. J. Comput. Math. 5(2004), pp. 527–536 and Gout and Vieira-Testé C. Gout and S. Vieira-Testé, An algorithm for segmentation under interpolation conditions using deformable models, Int. J. Comput. Math. 80(1) (2003), pp. 47–54 where other approaches are given for this kind of problems). In this paper the main results concern the study of the existence and uniqueness of the viscosity solution of this problem (following three different approaches). We also give numerical examples on real data sets.


The goal of the paper is to study the tonal features of the Quốc Oai variant (former H Ty, H Nội nowaday). By use of instrumental phonetics, phonological description and comparative methods, the study presents the following results: (1) A description of tonal features of Quốc Oai using synchronic data; (2) A comparison of Quốc Oai with Thạch Thất tones and the urban H Nội tones to provide a broader view of H Ty tones; (3) A comparison of Quốc Oai tones with the tones of some neighboring Mường dialects in synchronous and chronological aspects, which help to establish a few details explaining the interesting nature of this dialect; (4) Finally, we also provide some interdisciplinary evidences to support the linguistic data. All kinds of data point to the idea that xứ Đoi, Ba V (including Quốc Oai in the past and present) is a mixed space of Việt-Mường culture. In this mixed space one may find similar features of all elements of culture, including linguistic similarities, especially in tones.


Two hundred ninety-nine female adolescent patients ages 11-22 at three Los Angeles area clinics were studied to determine the relationship between knowledge of their bodies, gynecological history, self-esteem and attitude toward the pelvic exam. The population was 75% black, 16% hispanic, 7% white. Patients came from medical, family planning or teen prenatal clinics. The Texas Social Behavior Inventory was used as a measure of self-esteem. A positive attitude toward pelvic exams was associated with higher levels of both knowledge (p = .0003) and self-esteem (p = .039). However, a small group emerged with high self-esteem and good knowledge who nevertheless had a poor attitude toward pelvic exams. The origin of this paradox is unclear. Physician and parent explanations about the pelvic exam produced significantly better knowledge scores (paired T-test p < .05) than explanations by other health professionals or friends. High knowledge scores were significantly associated with tampon use, contraceptive usage or receipt of health education.


The current flow and the flux pinning properties on struts of superconducting YBa <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_2$</tex-math></inline-formula> Cu <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_3$</tex-math></inline-formula> O <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_x$</tex-math></inline-formula> foams are analyzed in detail in the temperature range 60 K <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\leq T \leq T_c$</tex-math></inline-formula>. For this purpose, magnetization loops were measured on foam struts taken from various positions of a 5 × 2 × 2 cm <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^3$</tex-math></inline-formula> large foam sample prepared at RWTH Aachen. From these data, the critical current densities, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$j_c$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and the flux pinning forces, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$F_p = j_c \times B$</tex-math></inline-formula>, were calculated and pinning force scaling diagrams <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$F_p/F_{p,{\max}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> versus <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$h = H_a/H_{\rm irr}$</tex-math></inline-formula> were established. The scaling in the temperature range 60 K <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$< T < $</tex-math></inline-formula> 90 K was found to be well developed for all samples with peak positions, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$h_0$</tex-math></inline-formula>, above 0.4, which is an indication of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\delta T_c$</tex-math></inline-formula>-pinning. The shape of the pinning functions is found to be completely different from all other high-<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_c$</tex-math></inline-formula> materials and varies only slightly with position. This specific dome shape cannot be described by an addition of several pinning functions, and the parameters <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q$</tex-math></inline-formula> do not fit to the description of Dew–Hughes. Therefore, we employ Kramer plots to obtain more information on the flux pinning mechanism.


In this paper, we study Renyi and von-Neumann entanglement entropy of excited states created by local operators in large N (or large central charge) CFTs. First we point that a naive large N expansion can break down for the von-Neumann entanglement entropy, while it does not for the Renyi entanglement entropy. This happens even for the excited states in free Yang-Mills theories. Next, we analyze strongly coupled large N CFTs from both field theoretic and holographic viewpoints. We find that the Renyi entanglement entropy of the excited state produced by a local operator, grows logarithmically under its time evolution and its coefficient is proportional to the conformal dimension of the local operator. email: {pawel.caputa, mnozaki, takayana} AT yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp


More and more persons concern about the guaranteeing and realizing of college students' right to education. Currently the cause of problems in guaranteeing and realizing the students' right to education lies mainly in the lack of cognition, the incomplete system of law. And the conditions and quality of education should be further improved. To solve the problems, it is necessary to change the traditional education notion, strengthen the cognition of guaranteeing the students' right to education, establish the system of hearing and giving evidence, improve teaching conditions, raise the quality of education, amplify laws and regulations of education, enhance the education of legal system and realize the teaching according to laws.


Given partially ordered sets (posets) $(P, \leq_P)$ and $(P', \leq_{P'})$, we say that $P'$ contains a copy of $P$ if for some injective function $f\colon P\rightarrow P'$ and for any $A, B\in P$, $A\leq _P B$ if and only if $f(A)\leq_{P'} f(B)$. For any posets $P$ and $Q$, the poset Ramsey number $R(P,Q)$ is the least positive integer $N$ such that no matter how the elements of an $N$-dimensional Boolean lattice are colored in blue and red, there is either a copy of $P$ with all blue elements or a copy of $Q$ with all red elements. We focus on the poset Ramsey number $R(P, Q_n)$ for a fixed poset $P$ and an $n$-dimensional Boolean lattice $Q_n$, as $n$ grows large. It is known that $n+c_1(P) \leq R(P,Q_n) \leq c_2(P) n$, for positive constants $c_1$ and $c_2$. However, there is no poset $P$ known, for which $R(P, Q_n)>(1+\epsilon)n$, for $\epsilon>0$. This paper is devoted to a new method for finding upper bounds on $R(P, Q_n)$ using a duality between copies of $Q_n$ and sets of elements that cover them, referred to as blockers. We prove several properties of blockers and their direct relation to the Ramsey numbers. Using these properties we show that $R(\mathcal{N},Q_n)=n+\Theta(n/\log n)$, for a poset $\mathcal{N}$ with four elements $A, B, C, $ and $D$, such that $A


The term cosmological black hole (CBH) is used to describe a collapsing structure within an otherwise expanding universe. This is different from the term astrophysical black holes (ABH) coined to use for the applications of static, stationary or asymptotically flat black holes in astrophysics (see for example recent papers [1, 2]. In this draft we intend to discuss the hawking radiation from CBH which is more general than ABH.


In recent years, how to accurately identify targets from measured synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images according to electromagnetic synthetic SAR images is attracting more and more research interest. Most existing algorithms only focus on decreasing the domain differences in visual representations, while the special characteristics of SAR images are not explored enough. Besides, these algorithms tend to align only the overall distribution of synthetic and measured images, while domain shifts between subclasses are ignored. To solve these problems, a novel unsupervised domain adaptation framework named visual and scattering topological feature fusion and alignment network (VSFA) is proposed in this article. First, considering that visual features are crucial for recognition, image reconstruction is introduced to enhance the generalization of visual features. Second, by analyzing the imaging mechanism of SAR, we explore the differences in scattering topologies between synthetic and measured images for the first time. To measure the differences quantitatively, we model the non-Euclidean scattering topology of the target as graph data and introduce graph neural networks (GNNs) to extract scattering topological features. Moreover, in order to describe the scattering topology of the target more comprehensively, we introduce two different but complementary scattering topological point extraction algorithms and achieve their fusion at the feature level by GNN for the first time. Finally, a simple but effective two-stage domain adaptation loss is proposed to constrain the network to align the distribution of synthetic and measured images class by class. Benefiting from the simultaneous reduction of distribution differences in visual space and scattering topological space, the proposed method achieves 99.15% and 98.18% recognition accuracies in two typical experiment scenarios of the Synthetic and Measured Paired Labeled Experiment (SAMPLE) dataset, demonstrating its effectiveness.


The following officers have been appointed as Assistant Inspectors of Hygiene in the Directorate of Inspection, Department of Food, Division III, with effect from the date shown against each :? Major P. R. Dutt. Dated 22nd November, 1944 (forenoon). Major C. V. Ramchandani. Dated 28th November, 1944 (forenoon). Major P. Chandra. Dated 1st December, 1944. Major A. I. Lakshminarayanan. Dated 2nd December, 1944 (forenoon). Major K. L. Malhotra. Dated 4th December, 1944 (forenoon). .


The use of modeling and statistics for the design and development of pricing strategy is prevalent in academia as well as the industry. One of the more commonly used tools by researchers and managers alike for the estimation of linear demand models is the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. Unfortunately, a majority of data sets to which such models are applied suffer from nonstationarity ‐ that is, the dependence of a variable on its prior values ‐ thereby violating the assumptions of a basic (naive) regression model. Estimates of variables under these conditions are known commonly to be inflated and inaccurate. While this problem is well‐known and can be corrected for among statisticians and econometricians, a simple and effective tool has not yet been designed for managers ‐ the actual users of such models. Studies some of the problems encountered when using a naive model and proposes a simple method to check for nonstationarity and redesign the model to account for the same. Using scanner data on soup, shows that the redesigned model predicts better, fits better and offers more meaningful results. Finally, looks at the implications of estimating such models for pricing strategies and issues. Surface response analysis shows how a manager can use such models for conducting insightful studies on price sensitivity.


The purpose of this research is to examine the factors affecting the internet financial reporting (IFR) application in manufacturing companies. Independent variables used are firm size measured by total assets, leverage measured by debt to equity ratio (DER) and profitability measured by return on asset (ROA). The dependent variable used is IFR. This research uses secondary data obtained from IDX and company's website. The results indicate that firm size significantly affect IFR application. Leverage and profitability have no significant effect on IFR application.


There are two traditions, we might argue, in the history of literature: the fairy-tale tradition (as I call it) and its opposite. The fairy-tale tradition sees the world as making sense, as leading to the happy fulfillment of expectations. Boy meets girl, boy courts girl, wins girl, marries girl – in simple or complicated arrangements. The fairy-tale tradition hinges on a linear storyline which inevitably leads to a definite denouement. The modernist movement is the first attempt at opposing the fairy tale tradition, at proving that life is not a system ('a series of gig lamps symmetrically arranged' – Virginia Woolf,The Common Reader), but chaos ('a luminous halo surrounding us from the beginning of consciousness to the end' – Woolf again).


Soft-tissue reconstruction in the knee area requires thin, pliable, and tough skin. To resurface the wound, many flaps are used, including free flaps, musculocutaneous flaps, axillary flaps, local flaps, and sometimes distant flaps. However, each flap has disadvantages. In this report, we present 2 cases of soft-tissue defects on the surface of the patella reconstructed with a pedicled soleus perforator flap, resulting in a successful outcome. Pedicled soleus perforator flaps enable the reconstruction of local soft-tissue defects of the patella without microvascular anastomoses and with minimal donor-site morbidity. We conclude that the pedicled soleus perforator flap is a favorable option for defect coverage around the knee, because of its fast and easy harvesting and very good esthetic results.


In relation to the social studies learning process, the author has carried out the social studies learning process with the material to improve student learning outcomes by using a project work learning model on social studies subjects in grade IV SD Negeri 13 Koto Besar. Social work by using the project work method can give students enthusiasm in learning and avoid the monotonous teaching and learning process. The percentage of mastery learning applied in learning outcomes to the subject matter discussed in the pre-cycle is only 50%, and in the first cycle the value of the new child is 65%, and in the second cycle 95%. Thus it is considered successful because of an increase in student learning outcomes by 45%.


Title: The Determination of a Set of Terrain Units fro Durham County, Ontario, Using Aerial Photographs, Author: Jane Law, Location: Thode


Field-induced variations of the microwave surface resistance, Rs(H), have been investigated in high-density ceramic MgB2. At low temperatures, several peculiarities of the Rs(H) curves cannot be justified in the framework of models reported in the literature. We suggest that they are ascribable to the unconventional vortex structure in MgB2, related to the presence of two gaps. On the contrary, the results near Tc can be accounted for by the Coffey and Clem model, with fluxons moving in the flux-flow regime, provided that the anisotropy of the upper critical field is taken into due account.


Abstract This paper highlights the importance of integrating culture in the teaching of foreign languages to military students. The first section of the paper offers some basic definitions of culture and key terms associated with it. The next part of the paper brings into discussion the relationship between culture and language acquisition. There is an intimate connection between language and culture; not only language is comprised in the definition of culture, but it also reflects culture, thus we cannot separate language teaching from culture. The final part of the paper focuses on the military students as future leaders that need to develop cross-cultural communication skills and be aware of the cultural differences in order to avoid potential failures during communication with soldiers from foreign militaries in theatres of operation or on other international missions that they are assigned.


A new, computationally fast, two‐dimensional vector hyteresis model has been developed. While the model is similar in spirit to those which compute the local magnetization as the sum of the magnetizations of a collection noninteracting Stoner–Wohlfarth particles, it ultimately, after several features to provide computational speed and flexibility are introduced, has nothing in common with the latter except the ability to treat correctly the physics of hysteresis.


The analysis of a variety of geologic and geophysical data indicates that significant lateral variations in crustal structure exist across the large aperture seismic array (LASA). This structural complexity is inferred from observation of Rayleigh-wave dispersion, body-wave spectral ratios, P-wave amplitude and travel-time anomalies, seismic refraction profiles, and gravity and magnetic anomalies. To explain these results, we divide LASA into an eastern and a western sector. An attempt is then made to explain the observations in each sector in terms of crustal models consisting of three to five distinct layers. The observations show that the maximum lateral change in structure across LASA takes place in a NE-SW direction.


In 1966, Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy published Monopoly Capital, a book which was extremely influential in introducing a Marxian perspective to a new generation of critics of aspects of capitalism. The very concept of a monopoly stage of capitalism, it has been argued, is incompatible with Marxs theory. Rather than Marxism, according to the critics, the Baran- Sweezy theory of monopoly-capital is idealist, bourgeois and leads logically to reformism. The proposition that the competitive form of capital has a tendency to give way to a monopoly form had a long lineage for Marx. For capital to become One i.e., for the entire social capital of a given society to be united in the hands of a single capitalist or a single capitalist company, three separate (though related) processes are required: horizontal integration, vertical integration and conglomerate integration.Keywords: competitive economy; conglomerate integration; Marxian analysis of capitalism; monopoly-capital; Paul Baran; Paul Sweezy; theory of capitalist development


Effective interpersonal communication is of key importance in the professional environment, but above all in private life. People with hearing problems find it difficult to communicate their thoughts and feelings to the outside world. To enable them to communicate, sign language was created, to be a bridge between the world of deaf people and the world of people without hearing impairment. Every day it is difficult to find people who are not deaf, and who can use sign language. In this paper, the authors describe the methods used for communication between people hard of hearing and people with normal audible range. The article presents the solutions that use vision systems available at the world market as well as descriptions of gloves enabling the mentioned communication. Additionally, the authors describe a self-made glove that is used to translate letters from sign language into text or speech. For this purpose, as detectors of the degree of finger bending, the sensors built based on textile substrates with thin metallic layers, changing their resistance depending on the degree of finger bending are used. The effectiveness of repeating hand gestures in the proposed solution is 86.5%, with 520 hand gestures symbolizing the letters of the Polish alphabet.


In this paper, marine brown algal diversity between coasts of four seas in Turkey is studied. Sampling was made from four different localities [Iskenderun Bay (Mediterranean coast), Ayvalik (Aegean coast), Dardanelles (Sea of Marmara), and Sinop (Black Sea coast)] of Turkey in the years from 2009 to 2014. In total, 127 brown algal taxa at specific and infraspecific levels were reported, and Ayvalik had the highest number of taxa (106 taxa), followed by Dardanelles (82 taxa), Iskenderun Bay (58 taxa) and Sinop (42 taxa), respectively. Choristocarpus tenellus Zanardini and Cladosiphon lubricus (Sauvageau) Kylin are reported for the first time from Turkey. Ten brown algae are classified as alien species in Turkey.


The Optimization of Cloud Seeding by Advanced Remote Sensing and Land Cover Modification (OCAL) experiment aims to detect convergence zones and convection initiation in the UAE. Convergence zones are possible zones of convection initiation. However, convection initiation is expressed by a variety of processes interacting on different spatial and time scale which may finally lead to deep convection. The investigation of such case over mountaneous terrain is presented in this paper. Data from the Doppler cloud radar are analyzed to determine convergence zones and convection initiation. EUMESAT 8, rain guage precipitation, weather radar and radiosonde data are also used to support the Doppler cloud radar data. The Doppler wind velocity and the Radar reflectivity inside the cloud are evaluated. A cummulonimbus cloud due to deep convection and causing convective precipitation is observed. Convergence lines and zones before precipitation are clearly observed some of which lead to ascent giving rise to cloud formation. During the summer, no precipitation reached the ground because of very low moisture content of the advecting air. During the winter, precipitation took place in some days.


We describe a mechanism for using discrete symmetries to solve the doublet-triplet splitting problem of four-dimensional supersymmetric GUT's. We present two versions of the mechanism, one via ``deconstruction,'' and one in terms of M-theory compactification to four dimensions on a manifold of G_2 holonomy.


The tail-recursion modulo cons transformation can rewrite functions that are not quite tail-recursive into a tail-recursive form that can be executed efficiently. In this article we generalize tail recursion modulo cons (TRMc) to modulo contexts (TRMC), and calculate a general TRMC algorithm from its specification. We can instantiate our general algorithm by providing an implementation of application and composition on abstract contexts, and showing that our context laws_ hold. We provide some known instantiations of TRMC, namely modulo evaluation contexts (CPS), and associative operations, and further instantiantions not so commonly associated with TRMC, such as defunctionalized evaluation contexts, monoids, semirings, exponents, and cons products. We study the modulo cons instantiation in particular and prove that an instantiation using Minamide's hole calculus is sound. We also calculate a second instantiation in terms of the Perceus heap semantics to precisely reason about the soundness of in-place update. While all previous approaches to TRMc fail in the presence of non-linear control (for example induced by call/cc, shift/reset or algebraic effect handlers), we can elegantly extend the heap semantics to a hybrid approach which dynamically adapts to non-linear control flow. We have a full implementation of hybrid TRMc in the Koka language and our benchmark shows the TRMc transformed functions are always as fast or faster than using manual alternatives.


The priciple test technology in site of ultrasonic transmission method for detecting integrity of large-diameter cast in place piles are introduced.and combining the engineering case,the qualityof pile body concrete and the possible positions of pile defects are detected by ultrasonic curve;and used the PSD criteria as aidedanalysis,the nature and range of pile defects are estimated.he result indicated:The cross hole transmission method judgment foundation pile integrity,its examination process is simple,result direct-viewing reliable.Thus,it is an effective inspection method for the quality of pile body concrete.


THE SUMERIAN NUMERALS HAVE MORE THAN ONCE since Samuel Noah Kramer's undergraduate days been the object of discussion, but still there is much that is puzzling about them. Unfortunately, the recent, comprehensive treatment of the subject by M. Powell became accessible to me only when this paper was practically finished.2 My study was induced by D. 0. Edzard's recent paper, where he treats the Sumerian numerals as listed in a school tablet from Ebla, and supplies much material upon which to reflect.3 Apparently, all that can be gleaned from the Sumerian material itself has by now been weighed and summed up, and since Sumerian has no known related languages, comparative historical research is impossible. Therefore I shall try to put the data in a typological context, comparing Sumerian numerals to numerals in other archaic languages. In order to escape subjectivity in using the latter term, I shall define as 'archaic' any language which, on the lexical level, has no or only poorly developed means of expressing abstract ideas, and on the grammatical level, is based on the opposition 'action vs. state' (or 'transitive action' vs. 'Intransitive action and state'). Such an opposition implies (a) that the subject of action (or of transitive action) is expressed by a specific oblique (ergative) case, while the subject of state, including the state resulting from an action, is expressed by the direct or absolute (usually zero) case, and (b) that a grammatical category of the direct object as distinct from the subject of a state does not exist in the syntax, nor that of the accusative case in the morphology.4 In an archaic language there are no adequate means, either lexical or grammatical, to express such abstract ideas as 'time', space', 'subject', 'object', 'cause', 'beauty', 'liberty', 'invention', 'multiplication', 'division' and many others, some of which appear to us elemental, as, e.g., the distinction between 'darkness', 'calamity', 'illness', and 'pain', etc., or between 'good', 'enjoyable', 'kind', 'happy', 'useful', 'lucky', etc. However, human thought is impossible without inductive thinking, i.e., thought which proceeds from particular facts to a generalization. In the absence of means to express general ideas, one resorts to generalization by tropes (metaphors and metonymies). All myths are actually generalizations of the empirical facts of life through tropes, and, like all tropes, they are pregnant with man's emotional attitudes to the facts. The development of lexical and grammatical means to express general ideas opens the way, on the one hand, for scientific thought, which has as its goal a nonemotional cognition of objects, and on the other, for specifically artistic thought, whose goal is the emotional cognition of man's attitude toward and relation to objects.


Abstract Relevant research literature and theoretical bases on the effects of message congruence among multiple stimulus modalities are reviewed to demonstrate the importance of modality congruence to the subject of comparisons between TV and radio broadcast media, in part in response to a comment article by Smith and Buchholz (1991). Refinements and extensions to Multiple Resource Theory are offered and suggestions for research provided.


Neural networks for source code processing have proven to be effective for solving multiple tasks, such as locating bugs or detecting vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose an evolutionary approach for probing the behaviour of a deep neural source code classifier by generating instances that sample its input space. First, we apply a grammar-based genetic algorithm for evolving Python functions that minimise or maximise the probability of a function to be in a certain class, and we also produce programs that yield an output near to the classification threshold, namely for which the network does not express a clear classification preference. We then use such sets of evolved programs as initial popu-lations for an evolution strategy approach in which we apply, by following different policies, constrained small mutations to the individuals, so to both explore the decision boundary of the network and to identify the features that most contribute to a particular prediction. We furtherly point out how our approach can be effectively used for several tasks in the scope of the interpretable machine learning, such as for producing adversarial examples able to deceive a network, for identifying the most salient features, and further for characterising the abstract concepts learned by a neural model.


The alternative press, which contributed so much to the struggle against apartheid in the 1980s; found itseljunpreparedfor a new role in the freer media environment after the lifting of the State of Emergency in February 1990. P Eric Louw and Keyan Tomaselli report on the financial, organisational and political difficulties now threatening the existence of the alternative press in South Africa.


With the development of space exploration, synthetic microwave remote sensor is playing more and more important role in the field of microwave remote sensing. A synthetic microwave remote sensor, also can be named multi-mode micowave remote sensor(MRS), is composed of several single-mode remote sensing subsystems which can work together fluently and share as many resources as possible, which key component is the control and communication system. In this paper, a control and communication system of such remote sensor is introduced in detail.


cised his right of free movement (even if this in reality has nothing to do with the construction of the internal market), whilst other third country nationals whose EU spouse has remained in his State of origin have no right of residence under EU law but are left in the mercy of (the often stricter) national laws? Thus, although the Carpenter judgment seems to point towards the abolition of reverse discrimination, it may in fact enhance it. There will always be a (perhaps small) group of individuals who cannot show any link with EC law and thus fall outside the scope of EC law whilst at the same time other individuals will be able to take advantage of it only by reason of the fact that they have moved to another Member State (irrespective of whether this contributes to the construction of the internal market). However, reverse discrimination, being unjustified discrimination, comes into direct conflict with the fundamental human rights protected in the EU context. Accordingly, Mary Carpenter seems to be a contradictory judgment. On the one hand it declares that the protection of human rights is equally important in the EC context as the protection of the four economic freedoms, but on the other the decision has the effect of enhancing reverse discrimination. It seems that the time has come for the Luxembourg Court to take the big step of abolishing the requirement of a connecting factor altogether thus ending the existence of reverse discrimination in the EU. Such a move would make a real contribution to the protection of human rights within Europe. ALINA TRYFONIDOU*


HIGHWAY NEEDS STUDIES INCLUDE AN ANALYSIS OF THE PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF HIGHWAY SYSTEMS OVER A PERIOD OF YEARS AND PROVIDES: (1) BASIS FOR DETERMINING THE REVENUE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE HIGHWAY NET- WORK, METHODS OF FINANCING INCLUDING TAXING AND EQUITY DETERMINATIONS, AND METHODS FOR ALLOCATING FUNDS BETWEEN THE VARIOUS GOVERNMENTAL UNITS AND THE VARIOUS ROAD AND STREET SYSTEMS, (2) FOR A SPECIFIC PLANNING PURPOSE THE PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE ROAD AND STREET PLANT, BOTH IN TERMS OF CONSTRUCTION AND OF MAINTENANCE NEEDED TO PROVIDE THE DESIRED LEVEL OF TRAFFIC SERVICE OVER A PERIOD OF YEARS, (3) A FACTUAL BASIS FOR THE SCHEDULING OF WORKS SO THAT PROJECTS CAN BE UNDERTAKEN TO MEET PRIMARY NEEDS FIRST AND TO PERMIT ORDERLY LONG-RANGE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM, AND (4) AN ALMOST INEXHAUSTABLE SOURCE OF DATA FOR RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS IN AREAS SUCH AS INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS, FINANCE POLICY, COST-BENEFIT STUDIES, AND SYSTEMATIC PROGRAMMING. SIX CLASSES OF COSTS ENTER DIRECTLY INTO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING NEEDS ESTIMATES: (1) COSTS FOR CONSTRUCTING THE NECESSARY IMPROVEMENTS, INCLUDING RIGHT-OF-WAY AT IDENTIFIABLE LOCATIONS AND TO SPECIFIC STANDARDS, (2) FUTURE REPLACEMENT REQUIREMENTS MUST BE ESTIMATED TO DERIVE THE LONG TERM TOTAL NEEDS, (3) TEMPORARY CAPITAL EXPENDITURES DESIGNED TO HOLD THE EXISTING FACILITY IN SERVICE UNTIL THE PROPER TYPE OF IMPROVEMENT CAN BE CONSTRUCTED MUST BE INCORPORATED INTO THE TOTAL COSTS, (4) MAINTENANCE NEEDS, (5) ENGINEERING COSTS, AND (6) ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. IN ALL HIGHWAY COST ELEMENTS, BOTH DIRECT AND INDIRECT, THE GENERAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART. FOR ENGINEERING STUDIES, CURRENT LEVELS ARE GENERALLY USED PERMITTING DIRECT ADJUSTMENT OF DIRECT COSTS AS THE FUTURE UNFOLDS. A SAFEGUARD IN THE ESTIMATING PROCESS IS A SYSTEM OF CHECKS AGAINST VARIOUS INDICES RELATING COSTS TO TRAVEL, POPULATION, AND A COMPARISON OF THE AVERAGE COSTS WITH THE CLASSIFIED HISTORICAL DATA. CONTINUED RESEARCH IS VITAL TO THE MANY PROBLEMS OF REFINEMENT OF ESTIMATES, TO MEANS OF TESTING THEIR VALIDITY, TO STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES WHICH ARE ESSENTIAL TO ESTABLISHMENT OF STANDARDS OF MAINTENANCE, LOCATION AND DESIGN. THE DISCUSSERS DISCUSS MEANS OF OBTAINING MAINTENANCE COSTS. COSTS THAT ARE USED FOR A NEEDS STUDY COULD REQUIRE THE INTEREST TO BE INCLUDED ON A JUSTIFICATION BASIS. HOWEVER, IN COST ALLOCATION STUDIES INTEREST CAN NOT BE INCLUDED AS SOMETHING TO BE RECOVERED FROM THE INVESTORS BECAUSE TAXPAYERS ARE ACTUALLY THE INVESTORS WHO FOREGO THE INTEREST. A BENEFIT-COST RATIO OF 1 OR LESS THAN 1 IS RECOMMENDED.


This article summarized the effect mechanism of special inhibitor CFTR and its application studies on diarrhea treatment,and looked forward its research direction and application prospects in the future.