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Local funds, and their potential to allow donor agencies to support community development and poverty reduction in urban areas: Workshop report
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1 Local funds, and their potential to allow donor agencies to support community development and poverty reduction in urban areas: Workshop report David Satterthwaite David Satterthwaite is with the Human Settlements Programme of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and is also editor of Environment&Urbanization. This paper reports on the presentations and discussions at an international workshop Reducing Urban Poverty Through Innovative Local Funds: Sharing Donor Experiences, that was sponsored by the UK government s Department for International Development and the Swiss Agency for Cooperation and Development, and organized by IIED s Human Settlements Programme and the London School of Economics in London, February 28-March 1, The paper benefited much from review by Diana Mitlin and Sheridan Bartlett, however there was not enough time to circulate it to the workshop participants for their reviews and comments and still be able to publish it in this issue of Environment&Urbanization. We hope to include more details of the discussions among donors on local funds in the next issue of the journal. Address: IIED, 3 Endsleigh Street, London WC1H ODD, UK; SUMMARY: This paper describes the growing number of local funds or local institutions through which international agencies or national governments channel resources to support community initiatives. It discusses the advantages that these can have over more conventional projects in reducing urban poverty (including their flexibility, fast response time, demand-driven nature and local accountability). It discusses how they differ from social funds, and points to their strategic value in changing official perceptions of the poor, in strengthening the capacity of urban poor organizations and in enhancing partnerships between community organizations and municipal governments. The paper ends with a discussion of the challenges that these local funds pose, both for the local institutions who manage them and for donors who fund them. I. INTRODUCTION ONE DIFFICULTY FACING all international agencies is how to support the civil society side of good governance; or, more specifically, community-based initiatives, especially those that require little money and are distant from these agencies central offices. Most international agencies recognize the need to support community-based initiatives, especially where local government structures are weak, ineffective or corrupt. Many recognize how cost-effective community-based initiatives can be in meeting basic needs and in reducing poverty. After all, in most cities in low- and middle-income nations, a significant proportion of all homes and neighbourhoods, and the infrastructure and services they contain, are organized, built and managed by low-income groups and their community organizations. But how can international donors develop funding mechanisms to support this? It implies supporting far more projects with far lower average costs. Ask any staff member from an official bilateral agency or the World Bank to manage fifty times the number of projects with an average cost of one-fiftieth of their current project portfolio, and they would resign. Any international agency would face an impossible administrative burden and far higher staff costs if its central offices had to support a multiplicity of (often) low-cost, diverse, distant initiatives, especially if each proposal had to be reviewed on the ground and monitored and evaluated to ensure compliance with its initial objectives. Setting up funds in each city in low- and middle-income nations, or channelling funds through some local institution, can be an attractive way Environment&Urbanization Vol 14 No 1 April
2 of solving this problem. It shifts the decision-making process and most of the administrative burden and transaction costs to the place where the proposals originate. From there, it is much easier, quicker and cheaper to check on proposals and monitor their implementation, using a network of people with local knowledge in the location. It can minimize the need for expensive expatriate staff; all international agencies who have expanded their offices in low- or middle-income nations with international staff face difficulties with staff costs. But it is a big step for any international donor to entrust the funding it manages (and for which it has to be accountable) to local institutions or local funds. II. LOCAL FUNDS THERE ARE MANY examples from which international donors can learn about local funds or local institutions which support community initiatives and to which community organizations can apply for funding or other forms of support. These include local funds to support community and municipal initiatives in Zambia and Uganda, funded by the UK Department for International Development; a range of local institutions in Central America that manage funding from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida); the ten-year experience of the Thai government s Urban Community Development Office; (1) and the 30- year experience of the Carvajal Foundation in Cali (Colombia). These all recognize the need to make funding available through institutions located in each city, that can respond rapidly, can fund community organizations directly and can fund a large and diverse range of initiatives, including those requiring very small grants or credits. Most of these local funds have sought to strengthen community-local government partnerships. Some have also sought to set new standards of transparency and accountability to city populations. There are also community development funds in operation in Pakistan, South Africa, Cambodia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, the Philippines and Lao PDR. (2) Many of these have concentrated on offering subsidized and non-subsidized loans to support community activities; others have preferred to work through small grant finance, stressing counterpart contributions in order to ensure high levels of local ownership. Some have combined both of these. An international workshop in February/March 2002 exposed international donors to a range of examples of local funds. (3) At this workshop, case studies showed how these could draw funding from a range of sources, including international donors, national governments and local governments. There were also case studies of local foundations and of local institutions through which international donor funding was channelled. Most of the case study presenters were people who had been involved in setting up and running these local funds (there is a list of the case studies at the end of this report, with details of how these can be obtained). What became clear from the different presentations was the very considerable range and diversity of experiences from which donor agencies can draw. The key question for the workshop was what role can such local funds or local institutions have in more effective poverty reduction in urban areas? Urban areas were the focus, in part because of the recognition that the scale and depth of urban poverty has been underestimated, in part because of the proven capacity of community-based organization and 1. Recently, this was integrated into a new institute with responsibility for funding communitybased initiatives in rural and urban areas, the Community Organizations Development Institute (CODI). 2. See the special issue of Housing by People in Asia published by the Asian Coalition for Housing Rights on Community Funds available from ACHR, 73 Soi Sonthiwattana 4, Ladprao 110, Bangkok 10310, Thailand; web site: 3. The workshop had 65 participants and included representatives from the following international agencies: Action Aid, CARE, Cida, Cities Alliance, Danida, DFID, Homeless International, ILO, MISEREOR, OXFAM, SDC, Sida, UNDP, UN- Habitat, UNICEF, Urban Management Programme, US AID, WaterAid and World Bank. 180 Environment&Urbanization Vol 14 No 1 April 2002
3 4. See the October 2001 issue of Environment& Urbanization on Civil society in action; transforming opportunities for the urban poor. 5. For instance, most urban poor groups are more dependent on labour markets for access to income and have a greater reliance on cash income for food, fuel, water, housing (or land on which it can be built), building materials, transport and waste disposal especially in the larger or more economically successful cities. Lowincome urban populations are often more vulnerable to price rises or falls in income (as more necessities have to be paid for) and have less potential for subsistence production or foraging to compensate. Many urban groups face greater health risks if provision for infrastructure, services and waste management is absent because of higher concentrations of people, enterprises, vehicles and their wastes. Many urban groups break laws and official regulations in their livelihoods and in their settlements (often with land sites illegally occupied and homes illegally built) which makes them vulnerable to eviction, harassment, imprisonment and corruption. The differences between rural and urban areas are never absolute but there are important contextual differences which, in turn, influence the most effective ways of reducing poverty. 6. See reference 2. action to reduce urban poverty, (4) in part because urban contexts require different types and mixes of initiatives from rural areas. (5) III. THE POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES OF LOCAL FUNDS LOCAL FUNDS SHOULD have the following advantages over conventional processes through which donor agencies fund projects: Reduce the time and the cost for community organizations accessing resources. When community-based groups or local NGOs apply for funding to international agencies in Europe or North America, it often takes many months before a decision is reached. With a locally-based fund, the time between the request and the decision can be reduced to a small fraction of this i.e. one or two weeks for most requests (with provision for even more rapid responses in the case of emergencies). Locally-based institutions can also make application procedures easier and less costly for community organizations and even allow them to apply in their own language. Be really demand-driven and create effective systems of absorption for external funds. Donor agencies know that their funding allocations should be more demand driven, but it is difficult for them to match their funding (and funding structures) to the huge diversity of demands in the countries they support. Local funds can be far more demand driven by having funds that urban poor groups can draw on as and when needed so funds are pulled through the system by people s needs, not pushed through by external development agendas. (6) Support constant pro-poor engagement with local processes that more distant agencies cannot achieve. Local funds allow responses to particular local circumstances that distant agencies cannot achieve including fast responses to changing circumstances (and disasters). They can support learning and adaptation rooted in local contexts and ensure support for the kinds of long-term processes (and local institutional changes) that make poverty reduction more effective (especially the development of more effective partnerships between community organizations and municipal authorities). They can also more easily support communitydirected precedents that demonstrate to local politicians and staff of governments and international agencies more effective ways of reducing poverty. Diverse groups who do not normally receive funds can receive support including youth groups and senior citizens and, if structured carefully, they can provide a more systematic support for the needs and priorities of women. Local funds can also make special provision to support the less-organized groups, the poorest groups and the groups that face discrimination to develop their own proposals. The location of the decision-making within the locality also creates a different dynamic in communities. Local groups recognize that decisions can be influenced, and become active in developing their own projects and activities. They can also do so, drawing on the advice and support of staff from the local fund. The process is very different from a long wait for a decision from a distant group over which they have no influence which can, of itself, be disempowering. Be able to respond to a multiplicity of needs (including some that require very little funding), be more flexible and support many different entry points for reducing poverty. Most donor agencies cannot manage many requests for small amounts of funding because of the high cost of processing and managing Environment&Urbanization Vol 14 No 1 April
4 each of them. It is also difficult to assess the relevance of each proposal. All donor agencies are under pressure to keep down staff costs. Yet many good community initiatives require small amounts, at least initially as low-income groups come together to develop a new initiative; or small amounts are needed to complement the support that has been negotiated from some local government agency or other local body. Because they are local, funds and their staff and decision makers are more able to be flexible but with flexibility enabling more relevance rather than corruption. Avoid the tendency of donor agencies to swamp or overfund promising local initiatives. One critical lesson from many successful development interventions is that too much funding leads to initiatives that cannot be sustained and often destroys or damages the initiatives. Yet many donor agencies overfund initiatives because they have difficulty in spending their funds and prefer to spend in large chunks. Initiatives that seek to keep down unit costs and try, wherever possible, to fund themselves through what low-income households are willing and able to pay have much greater possibilities of being sustained and of growing in scale. (7) A focus on keeping down unit costs and making maximum use of lowincome groups capacity to save and to pay is also one key reason why many urban poor federations have large-scale programmes, despite limited support from donor agencies. (8) Many local funds also use loans, often combined with support for community-based savings groups. Loans can help to ensure high levels of local ownership; people will not invest in processes that do not make sense to them if they know that they will have to repay even a part of the costs. High levels of local engagement reduce the chances of corruption if there is an implementing agency that is not the community. Loans also help to increase efficiency and sustainability by encouraging one community to repay some or all of the funds, enabling others to benefit. Loan management increases communities management skills, not only in areas of immediate financial management but also by their engagement with other financially-minded groups. Many of the presentations at the workshop also emphasized how the use of savings can add a further dimension. Many local funds support community-based savings schemes, and savings activities in a community can change the way in which participation occurs. Savings brings a community together to consider the scarcity of resources and the scale of need in a new way. Communities start to build up new processes to manage their scarce collective resources. Community leaders are held to account in ways they were not before. And communities expect to be treated as equals when their own funds form a part of the investment capital. Developing downward accountability as well as upward accountability. The application procedures and decision-making processes in local funds can be kept transparent, so that information is widely available within the city regarding the existence of the fund and the application procedures. In addition, information can be made available regarding the processes through which decisions are made, and who applies for funds, who receives funds and why. The physical and institutional distance between donor agencies decision-making processes and the low-income groups that are meant to be the main beneficiaries of their funding make downward accountability very difficult. Channelling donor funding through local funds or local institutions allows far more accountability downwards (to low-income citizens and their community organizations) as well as upwards (to the agencies that fund it). 7. Alimuddin, Salim, Arif Hasan and Asiya Sadiq (2001), Community-driven Water and Sanitation: The Work of the Anjuman Samaji Behbood and the Larger Faisalabad Context, IIED Working Paper 7 on Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas, IIED, London. 8. See reference Environment&Urbanization Vol 14 No 1 April 2002
5 9. This is a point emphasized by many of the case studies; it is also borne out by the experience of SPARC in India and of People s Dialogue for Land and Shelter in South Africa. 10. This was illustrated with figures for the large multipliers arising from Sida s support for local funds or institutions in Central America, in the presentation by Alfredo Stein, and arising from the utshani Fund, in the paper by Baumann, Ted and Diana Mitlin (2002), The South African Homeless Peoples' Federation: Investing in The Poor. 11. See reference This was a point stressed and developed by Somsook Boonyabancha, based on her experience working in the Urban Community Development Office in Thailand (which is now integrated within the Community Organizations Development Institute). Her presentation also explained how support to community-based organizations and their federations had put in place a structure that could make better use of the World Bank s Social Investment Fund. 13. See reference 4; also Asian Coalition for Housing Rights, (2000), Face to Face: Notes from the Network on Community Exchange, ACHR, Bangkok, 32 pages. Leveraging additional funds and support from local government agencies or local offices of agencies from higher levels of government or national agencies, (9) and mobilizing urban poor households own resources. Many local funds generate two to three times as much counterpart funding from local sources. However, where local funds require community organizations to provide counterpart funding, it is recognized that this can take the form of contributions in kind or through labour contributed to the initiative rather than capital up front. Building poorer groups asset bases. Different case studies pointed to the large multiplier effects of the projects supported by local funds, as the value of the assets created by the support was many times the value of the funding actually provided. (10) Revolving funds also allow communities to use limited funds many times over, with each revolution increasing asset bases. (11) Providing a alternative channel to support poverty reduction outside of government. There is a growing tendency among many donor agencies to concentrate their funding on governments that they judge to be good. But this penalizes many of the poorest people in the world, who suffer not only from inadequate income and asset bases but also from incompetent or repressive governments. Local funds can allow donor agencies to channel funds directly to community-based organizations in countries where they do not want to support governments. Thus, local funds provide a means of acting on what has been learnt from effective poverty reduction initiatives, including the need to work with and strengthen representative organizations of the urban poor, to support more productive relationships between urban poor groups and local government agencies, and to support the many different forms of interventions that help reduce poverty. IV. MORE STRATEGIC ROLES FOR COMMUNITY FUNDS THE PROCESS OF setting up and supporting local funds can be used strategically to change the approaches of local governments and national agencies to poverty reduction. (12) For instance, local funds can: Create opportunities for linking community organizations so that they can learn from each other and support each other. Experience with local funds shows the importance of feedback from the initiatives it supports for both internal and external learning (including, crucially, learning from initiatives that did not work or achieved less than expected). Local funds can serve as a point of shared learning within a city, between the different community initiatives therein, and as a point of coordination for the different international and local NGOs that work in that city. They can also support community-to-community exchanges between cities, and such exchanges have proved very effective in building capacity and in supporting learning at community level. (13) Strengthen representative structures and federations of the urban poor and their capacity to negotiate with local authorities (and change the way that they operate). This includes supporting the inclusive, savings and credit schemes of urban poor groups, which provide the foundations for the growing influence and effectiveness of federations of the urban poor in many nations. Change official perceptions of the poor to one that recognizes their compe- Environment&Urbanization Vol 14 No 1 April
6 tences and capacities and, as a result, also change institutional relationships between the poor and government agencies. This includes changing existing institutions so that they can more effectively support poverty reduction for instance, as in the experience of PRODEL in Nicaragua in downscaling the work of a bank so that its many branches could serve the credit needs of lower-income households. (14) Strengthen municipal government. Most of the case studies of local funds showed that there were explicit mechanisms to strengthen partnerships between community organizations and local government agencies. Some also provided support to local government initiatives, as well as community-based initiatives. Some local funds were municipal government initiatives. (15) V. COMMONLY EXPRESSED CONCERNS WILL LOCAL FUNDS to support community initiatives bypass local governments and, in some sense, absolve them of their responsibilities? Create parallel structures which mean duplication and poor coordination? As noted above, the experience with local funds presented at the workshop showed how local funds have played key roles in strengthening the relationship between community organizations and local governments. This is often through funding precedent-setting initiatives whose validity was recognized by, and then supported by, local governments. Without donors controlling the allocation of funding, will local funds spend donor funding inappropriately? Any local fund will come under strong local pressure from politicians, government employees and other influential people or institutions to fund initiatives that bring little benefit to urban poor groups. But this risk can be minimized through paying careful attention to the fund s structure and functioning. A stress on transparency and accountability upwards and downwards can limit such risks. One important lesson from the experience with some funds is that mistakes or experiences with projects that were less successful than anticipated are not hidden but shared and discussed, and thus used as opportunities for learning. Will it be difficult for international agency staff not to be in a position to make the decisions about what receives funding? Some background papers pointed to resistance within donor agencies to passing responsibility for local funding decisions to local bodies. (16) Discussions at the workshop also gave examples of donor staff responsible for particular country programmes being reluctant to support local funds in part because they did not fit into the country programming process. Many of the donor-funded local funds discussed at the workshop had to be funded outside that donor s conventional country programmes. Will international donors see local funds as easy ways of spending their funds and so set them up too quickly, demanding that they spend money before they have in place the structures and relationships to allow them to spend funding well? Local funds are about supporting more effective change processes to address urban poverty, not about convenient ways in which donors can spend funding. Will international donors think that they are already supporting local funds through social funds? Although there are some similarities between the local funds described at the workshop and social funds and they have comparable objectives in terms of being able to respond quickly to local demands 14. Stein, Alfredo (2001), Participation and Sustainability in Social Projects: The Experience of the Local Development Programme (PRODEL) in Nicaragua, IIED Working Paper 3 on Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas, IIED, London. 15. The presentation by Yves Cabannes highlighted the number of municipal authorities in Latin America that have set up funds to support community initiatives. 16. See, for instance, Satterthwaite, David (2002), Local Funds; Some Notes on What has been Learnt over the Last Fifteen Years, one of the background papers for the workshop. 184 Environment&Urbanization Vol 14 No 1 April 2002
7 and reach low-income groups the local funds are more rooted in particular localities, closer to grassroots groups and more flexible in what they can support with the overall objective of supporting a constant pro-poor process in the locality in which they are based. They are likely to support a more diverse range of initiatives and groups, including many initiatives that require small amounts of funding. They also strive to achieve greater levels of accountability and transparency to community organizations within the locality than social funds. Most local funds are also not within government agencies, unlike most social funds. And crucially, most local funds are not mechanisms for immediate poverty relief but, rather, mechanisms for changing political relationships by enabling low-income groups and their community organizations to address their needs. VI. NEW INTERPRETATIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY 17. See the paper by Diana Mitlin in this issue on Sustaining markets or sustaining poverty reduction?, which was written in response to the workshop discussions. INEVITABLY, ONE OF the key issues raised in the workshop was the sustainability of local funds. Two themes were stressed. The first is that the key point about sustainability for development is sustaining the processes by which poverty is reduced and this can draw not only on the resources that poor households have but also on market instruments, state support, local charity or funding from external donors. (17) One key role of local funds is precisely sustaining the process through which poverty is reduced and bringing in support from all these sources for this process. The advantages of interventions that achieve full cost recovery are obvious, when and where they do deliver for the urban poor (or sections of them), since they require no external funding and can more easily go to scale but most market interventions fail to reach the poorest and many remain sustainable only if economic conditions are stable. The second theme that was stressed was the need to distinguish between project sustainability, programme sustainability and institutional sustainability in seeking to expand and sustain local funds. VII. CHALLENGES FACING LOCAL FUNDS LOCAL FUNDS NEED to learn from each other but also to recognize the need to have their structure and procedures rooted in local contexts. Local funds have common goals and are based on many shared principles, but they need to be shaped according to what works best in each location. Strong, representative community-driven processes are among the best influences for making local funds respond to local circumstances. Local funds obviously work best where there are representative and inclusive community-based organizations formed by urban poor groups and local governments that are sympathetic and capable of being supportive. But these conditions do not exist in most low-income and many middle-income nations. This does not mean that local funds cannot work, but it does imply a need for caution, for care in setting up appropriate institutional arrangements, including those that support inclusive community-based organizations such as the savings and credit groups formed largely by women that are such a key underpinning for many urban poor federations. Local funds should not be pressed to spend donor funding before the institutional arrangements are in place. One participant with long experience in supporting local funds and local institutions Environment&Urbanization Vol 14 No 1 April
8 in Central America commented that if local funds are developing fast, they are probably not working with the poorest groups. (18) Local funds may increase considerably the staff time needed per unit of donor funding spent. This is especially so if the funds seek to make all available funding go as far as possible and to leverage support and buyin from local government and other government agencies. It can also be time-consuming for staff if the fund makes special provision to support the less-organized, articulate and powerful groups in developing and implementing proposals, and to be available to urban poor groups. For instance, something as basic as helping a women s group get a bank account can be very time-consuming. (19) Other challenges facing those who manage local funds that were raised in the discussions included: the difficulties in managing expectations and maintaining trust, especially for pilot schemes where funding is only available for a short period; setting appropriate conditions for obtaining matching resources from community groups without discouraging the groups with the least resources; developing the capacity to monitor progress and measure outcomes; avoiding the fund becoming a substitute for what local governments could or should be doing; learning how best to connect the fund to supporting inclusive community processes and skill development (getting the right balance between supporting community groups taking over many key tasks but not dumping all the transaction costs on them). There is also a need for all local funds to continually ask such key questions as: whose institutional capacity, political clout and knowledge base is the local fund strengthening?; and what implications do local funds have for further access by urban poor groups to local capital and other resources? 18. This comment was made by Alfredo Stein, who has worked with Sida in setting up and supporting local funds and local institutions in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Honduras. 19. Liseli Bull-Kamanga described the timeconsuming process needed to do this in a project supported by the C3 Fund in Zambia. VIII. CONCLUSIONS THE STAFF FROM the international donors that attended this workshop agreed that they, individually and collectively, should explore ways of setting up and supporting local funds. They recognized that supporting local funds requires a recognition that the poor are and should be key actors in any poverty reduction programme, and a recognition of their competencies, capacities and rights to influence priorities and manage processes. It also requires a recognition that poverty will be reduced only if it includes strengthening the asset bases of low-income groups and increasing their influence. These are perceptions that are still far from being universal among governments and international agencies. Yet the effectiveness of local funds (and of most other measures to reduce urban poverty) depend on this change in perception. As a final rallying call at the end of the workshop, it was noted that low-income communities are getting ready, are organizing (federations of the urban poor are growing and developing in many nations) and innovating. Are governments and international donors ready to develop the institutional means to support them? 186 Environment&Urbanization Vol 14 No 1 April 2002
9 THE CASE STUDIES AND OTHER PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE WORKSHOP The Asian Coalition for Housing Rights produced a special 32-page issue of its newsletter Housing by People in Asia on community funds. This included coverage of local funds and community funds not only in Asia but also in Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa. The publication also drew out lessons that have been learnt from these experiences and is available from ACHR, 73 Soi Sonthiwattana 4, Ladprao 110, Bangkok 10310, Thailand; web site: For Latin America and the Caribbean Experience with Local Funds for Municipalities and Communities in Central America Alfredo Stein. This concentrated on experiences of local funds supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) in Costa Rica (FUPROVI), Nicaragua (PRODEL), El Salvador (FUSAI) and Honduras (PRIMHUR). This was supported by Stein, Alfredo (2001), Participation and Sustainability in Social Projects: The Experience of the Local Development Programme (PRODEL) in Nicaragua, IIED Working Paper 3 on Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas; available from: or downloadable from The Urban Trust Fund in Kingston, Jamaica Morin Seymour The work of the Carvajal Foundation in Cali, Colombia Julio Davila. This was supported by: Dávila, Julio D (2001), Urban Poverty Reduction Experiences in Cali, Colombia: Lessons from the Work of Local Non-profit Organizations, IIED Working Paper 4 on Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas; available from or downloadable from downloads.html Municipal and NGO Funds in Latin America; An Overview Yves Cabannes Africa Introduction to the DFID-supported C3 Funds in Uganda and Zambia Jo Beall The C3 Fund in Kampala and Jinja, Uganda Raphael Magyezi and Mark Sheldrake. This was supported by: Kiyaga-Nsubuga, John, Raphael Magyezi, Sarah O Brien and Mark Sheldrake (2001), Hope for the urban poor: DFID city-community challenge (C3) fund pilot in Kampala and Jinja, Uganda, Environment&Urbanization Vol 13, No 1, pages ; available on-line from The C3 Fund in Lusaka and Ndola Liseli Bull-Kamanga and Nick Hall. This was supported by: Bull-Kamanga, Liseli and Nick Hall (2002), The City-Community Challenge Fund (C3) Zambia; A Case Study. Local Funds for Civil Society; the Value Added by the utshani Fund in South Africa Diana Mitlin. This was supported by Baumann, Ted and Diana Mitlin (2002), The South African Homeless Peoples Federation: Investing in the Poor. Asia The Experience of the Urban Community Development Office/Community Organization Development Institute in Thailand and Other Experiences in Asia Somsook Boonyabancha. This was backed up with the special issue of the Asian Coalition for Housing Rights newsletter on local funds. Participants also received Boonyabancha, Somsook (1999), The Urban Community Environmental Activities Project, Thailand, Environment& Environment&Urbanization Vol 14 No 1 April
10 Urbanization Vol.11, No 1, April, pages ; available on-line from The Role of Local Funds in Scaling Up the Orangi Pilot Project Model Arif Hasan. Participants also received Alimuddin, Salim, Arif Hasan and Asiya Sadiq (2001), Community-driven Water and Sanitation: The Work of the Anjuman Samaji Behbood and the Larger Faisalabad Context, IIED Working Paper 7 on Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas, IIED, London; available from or downloadable from urban/downloads.html Reflecting on the Use of Local Funds in India (especially in relation to the CLICs Programme) Sheela Patel and Ruth McLeod. Participants also received Patel, Sheela and Diana Mitlin (2001), The Work of SPARC and its Partners Mahila Milan and the National Slum Dwellers Federation in India, IIED Working Paper 5 on Urban Poverty Reduction, IIED, London; available from or downloadable from Two other written papers were also made available, but not presented: Local Funds; Some Notes on What has been Learnt over the Last Fifteen Years David Satterthwaite Local Initiative Facility for Urban Environment; Global Evaluation Results and Recommendations UNDP Unless other details are given, most of these papers can be obtained electronically by contacting IIED s Human Settlements Programme at 188 Environment&Urbanization Vol 14 No 1 April 2002
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text:
Wednesday, May 23, 2007
Sonos Ships Bundle, Ties Into Pandora
Santa Barbara-based Sonos announced today that it is shipping a new equipment bundle for the firm's popular wireless music systems. THe company said that its new Sonos Bundle 130 includes its Sonos ZonePlayer 80, ZonePlayer 100, and Sonos Controller 100, a complete two-room system. The bundle will retail for $999. Separately, the firm said that its latest system software will now support the Pandora online personalized radio service. Sonos said its upgraded software will allow its users to stream music from Pandora across its wireless music systems. The new Pandora capability will allow the same or different stations to be streamed to individual rooms. The new service will be available with a 30-day free trial, and will cost $36 annually for a subscription.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Horse Bill Sale Form
The Horse Bill Sale Form is a legal document that is used to transfer ownership of a horse or other animal belonging to the equine family.
When buying or selling a horse, the Horse Bill Sale Form is designed to document the terms and conditions of the transaction and to protect your rights.
In addition, this document acts as a sales receipt. Therefore, it is necessary to include the correct information as to name of the animal, breed, date of birth, registration number, and price paid by the Buyer.
Using our Horse Bill Sale Form will help both the seller and buyer avoid potential misunderstandings and problems in the future. If after the sale, a dispute or misunderstanding does takes place, this document provides clarification or evidence of both parties intentions.
Our Horse Bill Sale Forms are legal for each state. They include all necessary information that each state requires including:
Coggins Test
Seller warrants that the horse received a negative Coggins Test.
Lawyer Prepared – Horse Bill of Sale Form
These are the important provisions included within our Lawyer prepared packet:
- Consideration Paid: This provision states the amount paid for the horse and also can be used by the buyer to prove that valuable consideration was paid.
- Name and address of Seller and Buyer: Locates and identifies the parties to this sale in the event of a dispute.
- Horse Identification: Name, breed, date of birth, color, sex, registration number (if applicable).
- Coggins test information. Equine Infectious Anemia, or commonly referred to as Coggins test is Federally and State regulated.
- Registration and Ownership Transfers: Sets forth the obligations of the seller after receiving payment.
- Seller's Covenants: Seller represents that he/she is the true owner of the horse and has the right to sell the horse, and the horse is free from any lien or other encumbrance.
- Warranties: This form also provides the option of selling the horse with or without an express warranty.
Detailed Instructions
"Keeping it simple" is important and that is why we include detailed instructions that guide you through each provision, so you easily understand the terms of your legal document. A checklist is also provided so you don't miss anything.
Each state has it's own set of requirements. Therefore, we have assembled a complete collection of Horse Bill Sale Forms which contain all provisions specific to each state.


text:
New York Fashion Week comes to a close today and, as always, who sits front row at which show has been getting almost as much attention as the clothes themselves.
While the usual bevy of starlets, editors and socialites have been spotted, the biggest surprise show-goer must be George Lucas. The Star Wars director and his girlfriend, Mellody Hobson, joined actresses Dakota Fanning (pictured) and Natalie Portman to watch the Rodarte show.
While we can't really imagine that floor-scraping prairie coats and elegant evening gowns are his style, it's not the first time a somewhat unexpected personality has popped in to check out what's happening on the catwalk.
One fashion week saw tennis ace Roger Federer turn up at Jason Wu, Michelle Obama's favourite designer. Comedian Su Pollard has attended Giles Deacon's shows. Bob Geldof was once seen taking in Luella's feminine designs. Former James Bond, Roger Moore, has been spotted at couture shows. Even Shaun Williamson (that's Barry from EastEnders, obvs) was seen pondering Hussein Chalayan's collection one season.
There's usually a simple explanation for their appearance. Federer was accompanying his long-term admirer, Anna Wintour; Deacon is a big fan of Pollard; Geldof was watching his daughter, Pixie, model; Moore was accompanying his couture-mad wife; and Barry, sorry, Shaun, was researching a television show.
The unusual thing about Lucas's appearance is that he told the press that he came because he was a "big fan" of the label. As it designed all the outfits for ballet flick Black Swan, perhaps we'll see Rodarte designs in Lucas's next feature. I bet it does a lovely line in Jedi robes.Reuse content


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Founder @AngelList @Venture Hacks · Worked at @Bessemer Venture Partners @Songbird @Grockit · Studied at @Massachusetts Institute of Technology · Published in Science · 2 Patents
Founding Partner at @i/o ventures, @Golden Gate Ventures, @Savannah Fund, & @Presence Capital. Previously CEO of @Lefora, @Meetro & paragon5
Internet entrepreneur turned micro VC, investor in @Zendesk, @Geckoboard, @Unamo, @FreeAgent, @Clio, @Unbounce, @Momox, @Mambu, @Algolia, @Typeform
Investor in 150 startups, including Uber.com & Thumbtack (first rounds).
Founding Partner @500 Startups (prev: @PayPal, Facebook @fbFund, @Founders Fund ). Geek, former developer, entrepreneur, marketing, ultimate frisbee, sith lord.
Angel Investor, technical and financial background, focus on digital business models.
Rethinking how startup funding works @Maiden Lane. Venture partner @Accomplice. Founded and killed Social Swipe.
Partner at SparkLabs Global Ventures, Co-founder of SparkLabs (accelerator in Korea), co-founded 4 startups, led product for BusinessWeek "Best of the Web" list
Dad. Entrepreneur. Speaker. Investor. Airstreamer. Past: Founder @disruptioncorp (acq by @1776), Partner @500 Startups, EIR at USCIS / DHS.
Venture capitalist and serial entrepreneur. Managing Partner Blockchain Capital and Chairman of the Bitcoin Foundation.
Marketing automation, community and Canada. Formerly: @OMERS Ventures @Influitive @Microsoft @Reactivity @Trilogy @Carnegie Mellon University @UWaterloo
CEO at @Mailstrom. Serial entrepreneur since high school - founded and sold ISP/Hosting company; founder of @Baltimore Angels; investor in multiple startups.
Founder and CEO of @Netguru - web and mobile software development consulting company.
Co-founder and COO @CapLinked. Former private equity partner and banker for $6 billion of investments. @Stanford University University years ago.
Co-founder & CPO at 500px, Series-B funded startup. B.Comm (Finance, Honors) at Ryerson University.
Cofounder of @Artify It, @StartOut and @PowerSet (acquired by @Microsoft ) Investor in @CrowdFlower @lucid-software-inc @Famous Industries - Studied at @university-of-texas-austin - Technical Bkg
@Pick1 CEO "Know Your Customers" part of @Start-Up Chile @500 Startups @Singularity University – Startup Lab ~ Serendipity Innovator believing in Exponential Growth
Cofounder @AdEspresso, acquired by @Hootsuite in Feb 2017. Investor in 50 startups + @AngelList Lead. Guest Contributor, former Radio Speaker, proud #500strong
@StumbleUpon exit -> @eBay. @Flipagram exit -> @Toutiao. Angel, ex-CTO.
@LinkedIn: http://LinkedIn.com/in/matthewmastracci
Portfolio: http://escapecode.com
VC Director @Samsung Electronics MD at @Hattery. Prev head of @Google.org investments; BoozAllen consultant. @Wharton School MBA; Fulbright and Kauffman fellow. Food (mostly cheese) and tech geek
Entrepreneur, Software engineer and seed investor. Co-founder @Cornershop . Previously co-founded @Needish and @Clandescuento sold to @Groupon .
Founding partner and relentless optimist @Axiom Zen. Investor in awesome startups incl @Intercom, @Tout, @ZenHub and @Routific. Former VC at Newbury and @Rising Tide Fund.
Founder and Managing Director at @Quotidian Ventures, @Forbes 30 Under 30 in VC for 2015.
CTO / Product, builder, tinkerer, technologist and nomad. Current @Founderkit, past @Zaarly
Boltmade; Creative Destruction Lab; Founded, @TribeHR; big fan of the Waterloo/Toronto community; built VeloCity; like early stage startups + Canada.
Venture Investor at @Pantera Capital ; Board Observer at @ChangeCoin ; Mentor at @Boost Bitcoin Fund ; Mentor at @Alchemist Accelerator
Investing in and assisting tech firms to cross borders. Asia to the US and Western firms to Asia.
co-founder Activision ATVI $14B cap, founder @Acclaim Games (sold to @Playdom). Founder and managing partner @StartEngine LA's largest accelerator.
@500px | Formerly at @extremestartups @Relay Ventures @Chegg. @Netflix. @Goldman Sachs. @Accenture. | @ChicagoBooth @university-of-california-berkeley.
Early at Google: AdWords Evangelist. Founding team of AdWords Editor. Integration team for Google Analytics. Founder of Top Tier Marketing and Optmyzr.com
Worked at @500 Startups, @Twilio Fund, Long-Term Capital Management, GlobeOp Financial Services • Studied at @Stern School of Business
Partner @eSports Post Revenue, created & closed mobile app for @AngelList (Angie), Product @Hunting for Unicorns, @Kown
Chinese International School
Greater China travel and education company, building on-demand education that teaching technical skills as life skills
Operations @Pilosa / Advisor @Umbel / Venture Partner @NextGen Venture Partners / Co-Founder @tripgather / SXSW Panelist / Georgia Tech / University of Texas
Investment Director at TMT Investments, Plc. MBA Kingston University. Passionate about Mobile, Cloud, Scalability, Revenue-focused solutions.
Venture Capitalist specialised in Internet startups.
exPortfolio Manager, Bonsai Venture Capital.
Early stage, Internet. Europe, USA & Latam.
Vice President at @Blumberg Capital. Previously worked at @Menlo Ventures, @Gilt Groupe, @Ngmoco and @Playphone.
Founder @PALcapital, @Palgenesis, @NXTP Labs, @StartupHub.NYC • Worked at @Bear Stearns & Co. • Studied at @Emory University, @Vassar College
Professor at @Stanford University, teaching tech entrepreneurship. PhD from @Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Entrepreneur and worked with @Flagship Ventures and @Lux Capital.
Partner @FJ Labs • Angel Investor • @Quasar Builders and @Cena Plus (Acq by @Restorando ) • BA @University of Chicago
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Angel investor in early stage tech startups around the world, based in London. CEO of @#1seed - investing, mentoring, building bridges.
CEO at @Matter.io. Building Better Tools for Creative People. Formerly @Start-Up Chile , @Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. Design @cornell
UX · interested in new opportunities! UX Design, strategy, user research + innovation. 8yrs, 45 launches · Apple, TED, TDA · firstname.lastname@example.com
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Co-founder at @Uniplaces.com. Worked on International Expansion of @Groupon and @Wimdu in Japan and China. 1 year Analyst at @Goldman Sachs.
Tech VC at @e.ventures, Hacker, Entrepreneurial Mind - worked in Tokyo, San Francisco and Indonesia.
I helped people share photos @Flickr, then I helped people take photos @Photojojo, now I'm building @RecollectHQ to help people remember everything.
Venture Capitalist and CEO of DHG Communications Network BV and member Investment Committee @peakcapital .
Entrepreneur/Investor/Advisor @SierraMaya360 @BREWPUBLIK @Sidestep Technologies Inc @Skycatch @Mattermark @Krossover @Wefunder n many more #esports #drones #sports #tech
Founder @Product School. Before, CEO @Floqq (invested by @500 Startups). CS Engineer. @UCBerkeley Alumni. 3 Education Companies founded
CEO of @Apptopia, hacker, serial entrepreneur, 1st software startup out of HS, founding team of several startups, EIR @GreatPoint Ventures, BU dropout.
Founder & CEO @ SuperTailgate, LakeviewLabs, & Scalpr *Acquired*, Former GRPN Sales (Top .1%)
Invest in intelligent enterprise software as GP of @Zetta. Previously made fundraising happen on @AngelList. Co-founder of @Topguest (exited Dec 2011) & more.
Founder. Invest in real estate and early stage startups. Studied rocket science, landed in hi-tech.
entrepreneur enthusiast evangelist
Software professional with 15+ years of IT experience developing leading-edge technologies, database-driven websites and web applications using html5, jquery, php, python, java, jsp, ror, asp, solr, redis, hadoop, lamp.
B.A. University of California Los Angeles School of Design | Media-Arts. Former Entrepreneur at Startup Chile.
Currently UX/UI Designer and Co-founder at URX
Founder @Kuapay, @Tuenti Technologies • Worked at @Accenture • Studied at @Pontificia Universidad Católica
I am an investor at GSV. We have invested in Facebook, Palantir, Dropbox, Lyft, Twitter, Coursera, Lytro, Dataminr, Spotify, etc.
VP of Product @Tend • Founder @RetailKit • Worked at @Salesforce, @Adobe Systems, @Intuit • Studied at @California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
Angel Investor • Exec @Google • MBA @INSEAD • BA @Amherst College (Phi Beta Kappa) • Venture-backed Founder @HomeDirectory Ltd (UK)
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Partner, Strategic Investment Office@DeNA Founder @Neo Innovation • Worked at @Digital Garage,@Kakaku.com @Open Network Lab @Netscape • Studied at @McGill University


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NEW YORK (AFP) – The former Cat Stevens on Wednesday moved a New York show to Philadelphia on his first US tour in more than 35 years, saying that antiquated laws had encouraged scalpers.
The British folk-pop singer, who changed his name to Yusuf Islam when he became a Muslim in 1977, said that fans told him of "extortionate" prices for tickets to his scheduled New York show.
Yusuf said that New York state law required paper tickets, "enabling them to be bought and sold at inflated prices."
"I have been a longtime supporter of paperless tickets to my shows worldwide and avoiding scalpers," he wrote on his website.
"Looks like the Peace Train is going to arrive at New York a little bit later than expected," he said in reference to his 1971 hit song, voicing hope to play in America's largest city sometime in the future.
Yusuf will instead play on December 4 in Philadelphia. He will also perform in Toronto, Boston, Chicago, San Francisco and Los Angeles.
It is his first tour of North America since 1976, after which he stopped performing in line with his religious conversion.
Yusuf played a small show in New York in 2006 and in Los Angeles in 2009. But plans for a wider tour in 2009 were cancelled over what were described as problems with his US work visa.
Yusuf, 66, is promoting an upcoming album, "Tell 'Em I'm Gone," which is inspired by the blues and features both original songs and covers of classics.


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Besteller aus der Schweiz, Deutschland und Österreich klicken bitte hier…
Yes, we do! Customers of LOREM (not Ipsum) have come to be living all over Europe and even in Japan or Australia. However, some special requirements do apply due to the variety of shipping costs for different destinations. Contact us if you live outside Switzerland, The Principality of Liechtenstein, Germany and Austria, we will keep on finding ways to handle this.
Every order placed and paid before 11 a.m. is sent out on the same working day. This of course entails that the requested article is on stock, which is generally the case. If not, we let you know as quickly as possible – estimated shipping date included.
Currently you can pay using your credit card (Visa, Mastercard and Amexco) via PayPal or you can transfer the amount to our account (advance payment). On your credit card statement, you will find your purchase listed as sent to «Flint», that is because for the time being, we collaborate with Michaels design studio Flint for billing and payment management.
Shipping costs depend on the weight of the complete order and destination. Our shop system does automatically calculate shipping costs within Switzerland, The Principality of Liechtenstein, Germany and Austria. That's why you cannot check out choosing another country so far. If you live somewhere else, drop us a line (you can use our friendly contact form) indicating the requested articles and your address. You'll get information about shipping costs and payment details asap.
You might have noticed you cannot check out your cart choosing a country other than Switzerland, The Principality of Liechtenstein, Germany and Austria. It's because the system can not yet calculate the estimated shipping costs outside those countries. But don't give up hope, we will help you out: drop us a line using our handy contact form and indicating your order and where it should be sent. We will get back to you providing shipping cost and payment information.
You should have received all data via e-mail in your confirmation of order. In case that did not happen or got lost, find below all the data you will need. If you forgot the exact billing amount or need to know anything else, contact us, we're glad to help.
- SWIFT/BIC-Code: RAIFCH22E88
- Clearing Nr. (BCN): 81488
- Recipient: Flint Inh. Michael Krautwasser, Lorrainestrasse 6a, CH-3013 Bern
- Bank: Raiffeisenbank Bern, Waisenhausplatz 26, CH-3011 Bern (Switzerland)
Didn't you find the answer to your question? Let us know, we will get back to you as quickly as possible.


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What's the Difference Between a Flat White and a Latte?
Since the rise of the coffee chain corporations, we all know that ordering a coffee can seem as difficult as a PhD in molecular biology. Unless you're familiar with a skinny decaf three-shot hazelnut latte ordering a coffee can issue a challenge to the caffeine-loving and often confused customer. One of the most frequent occurrences for this confusion, at least in the UK, is: What's the difference between a flat white and a latte?
Broadly speaking, a flat white is a smaller latte. Both drinks contain two shots of espresso, and both are topped with shiny velvety milk foam. Ideally, flat whites and lattes are served in different-sized cups, the latte in a larger one. The same applies for takeaway: Ideally, a flat white cup is smaller than the latte cup, to restrict the amount of milk used and to make it a stronger drink. If you find this confusing already, the next time you're queuing for your caffeine fix simply remember that latte is the Italian equivalent for "milk".
In terms of the type of milk used for either coffee, typically speaking, it is almost the same – but only almost. When frothing the milk for a flat white, the steam wand is kept just under the surface of the milk and will make a sizzling noise, while the milk inside the jug is swirling in circles. That way, the barista slightly heats the milk without letting much air in, so that the milk will be flat on your flat white.
Should you order a Latte or a Flat White?
If you happen to visit a café that doesn't serve flat whites – interestingly, they are entirely unknown in major parts of the US and in many European countries – a small latte is your to-go drink. However, if you have the choice between either, the strong, short flat white is the drink that will make you jump out of bed in the morning. A latte, on the other hand, is softer, milkier and lastly larger; which makes it the perfect drink for a relaxing coffee break.
Personally, I am a flat white girl – a skinny flat white girl in fact, as I believe that the taste of skim milk is not as dominating as full-fat milk –, and on the odd occasion often even order a cortado. Now, if you're wondering what this is, I'm happy to talk about cortados, or even macchiatos and ristrettos, another time. Believe me, we have many more coffees to discuss!


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I'm a newbie and I'm stuck with my project. Please someone could help me with this problem below:
I'm using ingame variables to count some of the players actions. And I want to write this ingame variable to a .txt file (using a script or a plugin or anything).
I can write any text in to a .txt file, but I can't seem to find a way to put variables in it.
Thank you for your help in advance!


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Beautiful Mountain Sunsets on the Shores of the Hudson
The Elms Waterfront Cottages is located on 700 feet of quiet bay-front shoreline overlooking the Adirondack Mountains. Twelve cottages rest along the water's edge with a lodge and a bay harbor residence. A campfire, beach, and kayaks complement outdoor grills, picnic tables, and a children's play area. Screened-in porches make for a delightful evening discussion against the soft sounds of a summer night. The featured activity is whitewater rafting. Golf is a half-mile away and phenomenal hiking vistas await all guests.
- Wifi
- Restaurant Onsite
- Pets Allowed
- Property Size 18 units
- Conference Facility
- Kids Allowed
- Nearby City Lake Luzerne
- Nearby Water Hudson River
- Open Dates May 2 to Oct 21
Grab the kids and glide across the Hudson River with the wind blowing through your hair on some jet skis. Tubes, knee boards, and water skis are also available for your water-fueled fun! Escape to The Elms Waterfront Cottages for your next family retreat on the water!
Located right on the waters of the beautiful Hudson River and Lake Luzene, The Elms Waterfront Cottages is the perfect place for your next waterfront vacation. Here, you can take in the refreshing natural air as you indulge in a variety of activities out on the river. Cast your line for smallmouth bass, northern pike and more, or enjoy exciting sports such as jet-skiing!
The Adirondack Region boasts the longest fall foliage season in the northeast, starting in mid-September and lasting through mid-October. When autumn's rich shades blaze along mountain ranges and around tranquil lakes. It's the perfect time to get away and enjoy the Adirondack Region's most colorful season and connect with nature.
Pet Friendly
Tired of feeling forced to leave Fido behind whenever you take off for vacation? Well, time to set those stresses aside because The Elms Waterfront Cottages offers pet-friendly accommodations for those who prefer to travel with their four-legged friends. Just be sure that Fido remains on his best behavior and leashed when out and about.
Cabins, Cottages, and Chalets
Accommodations at The Elms Waterfront Cottages consists of charming one- to four- bedroom suites and cottages. All lodging options are very comfortably furnished and are located directly along the shores of the Hudson. For larger groups, the Sacanadaga Lodge boasts a couple of suites accommodating up to 16 guests.
Additional Information
- Basketball Court(s)
- Beach
- Boating & Watercraft
- Boat Docks
- Fire Pit(s)
- Kayaking
- Outdoor Grill(s)
- Picnic Table(s)
- Beach
- Bird Watching
- Fly Fishing
- Freshwater Fishing
- Hiking
- Wildlife & Nature
- Whitewater Rafting
Room Amenities
- Air Conditioning
- Coffee Maker
- Deck
- Fireplace
- Full Kitchen
- Kitchenette
- Microwave
- Basketball
- Horseshoes
- Shopping
- Shuffle Board
- Sightseeing
- Swimming
- Theme Parks
- Volleyball
- Wineries
- Free Parking
Languages Spoken
- English
Nearest Airports
- Albany International Airport (ALB) / 39 miles
- Rutland - Southern Vermont Regional Airport (RUT) / 47 miles
- Adirondack Regional Airport (SLK) / 76.5 miles
* Not all airports listed here may be open to public use, or service commercial flights


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In previous years the staff under Joe Paterno did not always use their full allotment of 15 practices. However, with Bill O'Brien's staff, there are some different objectives. "They have been saying 'every snap counts,' so leaving a full practice on the table is a lot. So that is not really an option," one observer explained.
As we have laid out in previous reports, the new coaching staff is using the spring to assess its talent and depth and get the players as acclimated with both the scheme and playbook as well as the pace they want to play use. It's been described as a "challenging spring" by one observer. Another said, "[It's been] rough, but has done wonders for the conditioning of a lot of guys."
To fit in the extra practice session, the staff decided to insert a 6 a.m. practice on Tuesday morning in full pads.
"It was a good session, guy are digging deep to finish strong," an observer said. That was the second practice of the week. There will be normal sessions Wednesday and Friday, and then the Blue-White Game Saturday.
Here are news and notes from this week's early practices:
• The offense has had another good set of practices since turning a corner in Saturday's scrimmage. "They have work to do on the details — holding blocks, precise routes, timing — but they are taking some steps," an observer said.
• Matt McGloin has been taking the bulk of first-team reps with Paul Jones splitting between first- and second-team and Rob Bolden seeing primarily second-team work.
• McGloin has shown consistency with his delivery and improvement on his reads and footwork. "He's getting comfortable with the playbook," one observer said. Another observer said, "He's taken a lot from Coach [O'Brien]."
• Jones has shown an edge on arm-strength and while his reads continue to improve, he's focused on improving his progression He's been described as "focused" and "physical" with his play.
• Bolden "looks like two [quarterbacks] at times." He's shown impressive, crisp passing in set drills and workouts, but "continues to be all over the place with his reads and awareness." At times, "he'll drop half his progression or forget about the check-down."
• The Lions are developing depth at tight end. Garry Gilliam is looking strong in his return from an ACL injury. "He's been tough to cover in the flat," an observer said. Also, Kevin Haplea and Kyle Carter "are both starting to nail things down." Dakota Royer has also seen first-team reps.
• The starting lineup for the defensive line seems to be settling in, with Pete Massaro and Sean Stanley at ends and Jordan Hill and DaQuan Jones at the interior. Massaro will skip the Blue-White Game for precautionary reasons, though.
• In terms of filling out the rotation, at end Deion Barnes continues to impress with his progress "ripping the corner" on pursuits. "He's gaining confidence, which could make him dangerous." Also Kyle Baublitz and C.J. Olaniyan continue to battle, with both focused on improving their hands and body control. At tackle, James Terry and Anthony Zettel are the odds-on favorites among observers to fill the rotation out. Zettel in particular has shown "drive" and "intensity" and "is practicing like he wants to play."
• With the offensive line the interior continues to see a first-team lineup of RG: John Urschel, C: Matt Stankiewich, LG: Miles Dieffenbach. The first-team tackles have primarily seen RT: Mike Farrell and LT: Adam Gress, but Donovan Smith has been "pouring it on" as of late. As one observer said, "If he can boot the mental mistakes he's going to really make a run."
• As an aside, we've heard a few comments about Stankiewich's leadership and the fact he's getting comfortable in that role. Communication is a focal point with him given the added complexity of the reads for the offense, but he "seems to have a handle on it."
• We're heard about Zack Zwinak turning heads in recent practices. Another back who is emerging is Bill Belton; his speed "excites the coaches," and he's "made some nice plays out of the backfield" in the passing game. The current staff can't figure out what Belton was doing playing receiver last year.
• With the secondary the first-team unit that's been running is described as solid with corners Stephon Morris, Curtis Drake and Malcolm Willis rotating and safeties splitting reps between Stephen Obeng-Agyapong Jacob Fagnano and Adrian Amos. The depth continues to be a concern, particularly at safety. "They are working guys, but know it's going to keep [the coaches] up," an observer said.
• Outside of Justin Brown at wideout, Shawney Kersey has "shown up" and consistently been "grabbing balls" in recent work. Also Allen Robinson continues to impress with his size and agility. "He's been running some of the tightest routes" in practice.
• Alex Kenney was seeing most of the first-team reps at slot back before sustaining a high ankle sprain that may keep him out of the Blue-White Game. The injury is not thought to be serious in terms of impacting him for summer workouts and the preseason.
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20 - 21 November 2007,
Price realised EUR 5,000
Estimate EUR 800 - EUR 1,000
Three ivory netsuke
19th century
The first of a boy wearing a shishimai headdress, partly lacquered and inlaid with mother-of-pearl, signed on an oval green coloured reserve Hoshi; the second a study of three aubergines of varying sizes, clustered together to form an irregular compact composition, partly lacquered and inlaid with mother-of-pearl or coloured horn, signed Naomasa; the third a manju-netsuke inlaid with mother-of-pearl depicting some of the takaramono including the magic mallet and wish-granting gems, signed on an oval mother-of-pearl reserve Shoji; the fourth an erotic netsuke in shibayama-style depicting a kissing couple in wide robes laying on the floor, in front of them a small toy cat; the fifth of a fisherman kneeling on a large awabi-shell hunting a crab with a long spear, signed on a oval red lacquer reserve Gyokuzan
3 cm. to 4.5 cm. long (5)
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Christie's charges a premium to the buyer on the Hammer Price of each lot sold at the following rates: 29.75% of the Hammer Price of each lot up to and including €5,000, plus 23.8% of the Hammer Price between €5,001 and €400,000, plus 14.28% of any amount in excess of €400,001. Buyer's premium is calculated on the basis of each lot individually.


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Polo Ralph Lauren's funnel neck jacket offers a simple yet stylish way to refresh your cold-weather repertoire. It is accented with subtle branding and comes complete with zipped pockets and ribbed trims.
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Srinagar, Jan 20 (UNI) The Kashmir valley is facing acute shortage of mutton as almost all meat shops remained closed and butchers are now selling chicken.
In the past, mutton shortage was being faced only when the Srinagar-Jammu national highway remained closed for a week. But this time due to zero import of sheep and goats from other states, particularly from main mandi at Delhi, butchers had closed their shops.
Official sources said the wholesale mutton dealers from Kashmir are unable to import sheep and goats because of strike in the Bakra Mandi at Delhi against the alleged harassment by the supporters of Maneka Gandhi to them in Haryana.
The prices of chicken has also increased by Rs 15 to Rs 20 per kg during the past one week.
Kashmir imports maximum mutton from northern states, including Delhi, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan, as an average of 5000 sheeps and goats are being consumed daily in Kashmir. However, the number increased during festivals and marriages.
More than 30,000 chicken were also being consumed by the people in the valley everyday, maximum of which also comes from outside.
The crisis would further intensify if the strike in Delhi mandi does not end soon, as wholesale mandis in other northern states are not in a position to meet the total requirement.
The wholesale dealers from Kashmir alleged that they face problems when they enter Haryana as activists of an NGO headed by Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Meneka Gandhi are asking them to pay huge money for allowing them to carry 140 sheeps in a truck.
More than 20 truck-loads of sheep were arriving everyday in valley before the strike.