text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 31, 1999
|Filing date
|May 10, 1996
|Priority date
|May 10, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jae Jung Noh
|Original Assignee
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (28), Classifications (8), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates generally to machines and procedures for printing text or graphics on printing media such as paper, transparency stock, or other glossy media--in response to an image that has been read in by an image scanner; and more particularly to a color copier/printer/scanner, preferably operating on an inkjet principle, that constructs text or images from individual ink spots created on a printing medium, in a two-dimensional pixel array.
The invention employs novel systems and methods for recognizing and visually enhancing text within an image that is being read in for printing.
Earlier workers have sought to provide devices or procedures for recognizing and enhancing text in an image that is being analyzed preparatory to printing. Earlier (but not prior-art) innovations, for example, have analyzed color images to locate regions having, or made up of, a "correct" mix of colors--namely, mostly white and black.
One such earlier innovation operates primarily by forming histograms of the numbers of pixels of different colors, in each region of the input image. Where histograms reflect high concentrations of black and white peaks in general coincidence, the presence of black text is automatically inferred and text-enhancement techniques accordingly applied.
Such a paradigm works reasonably well, but only at the cost of an extremely heavy computational burden. Great amounts of computation are necessary to reduce the likelihood of incorrectly identifying as "text" a region that happens to have mostly white and black pixels for some reason other than the actual presence of text.
As an example, if an optical reading scanner is used to acquire the input image--and if that image being acquired was previously printed using a printer with resolution very close to that of the scanner, the resulting acquired image may spuriously appear to have the "correct" (mostly black and white) pixel mix. This can occur if the very similar pixel grids in a particular region are misaligned by just about half the pixel periodicity.
When this happens, the scanner components sensitive to a particular color (for example red) may respond to the primarily white or light spaces between pixels--but on the assumption that they are pixels. The result is a peak in the histogram for white pixels.
Meanwhile the scanner components sensitive to another particular color (for example blue) may happen to be better aligned to the previously printed pixel grid--an offset of only 1/50 cm (1/1200 inch) between the two sensor arrays can produce this condition--and will produce a peak in the histogram for dark pixels. Even though the latter are only dark and not black, the system must respond to the two peaks with a decision that the region contains text.
In any event, such earlier innovations, after "identifying" text regions whether correctly or incorrectly, then proceed to enhance those regions by "snapping" dark image elements (pixels) to pure black--in other words, for a three-color intensity specification, by adjusting or setting all three of the input color intensities to zeroes: "0, 0, 0".
In such earlier innovations, light-colored image elements in the text regions are not adjusted at all; and image elements intermediate between dark and light, in text regions of the image, are snapped to pure white. The actual enhancement thus produced is very satisfactory--but for the undesirably large amount of computation required preliminarily to identify the text regions, and the occasional errors described above.
Another undesirable characteristic of known earlier text-enhancement procedures and systems is that they use relatively large amounts of time to check for text, even in image regions which a human viewer can recognize instantly are entirely pictorial. Of course this is wasteful of computing time and thus throughput.
It is not intended to criticize those earlier innovations for as noted above they do perform excellently in nearly all respects, and in general produce superb results quickly and economically. Room for refinement, however, can be found.
The present invention introduces such refinement. Before introduction of the invention with a certain degree of rigor, some informal introductory remarks may be helpful in understanding the invention.
Earlier workers have noticed that text in a color image is often best identified by the fact that it consists mostly of white and black pixels. That is not the only criterion. Another criterion is that text consists of alternating left-side and right-side edges--in particular relatively abrupt edges.
In particular, if text is in black, these edges will be seen in coincidence in all colors. Thus for example in a scanner that reads an image by resolving it into plural colors (most typically red, blue and green), at each side of a text element an edge will be found at precisely the same position in the respective data for each one of the plural colors.
Alternatively this may be expressed, in the loose jargon of color-printing engineers, by saying that text can be recognized as left edges followed by right edges in all planes. The psychophysical phenomenon of color is regarded as having three "dimensions"; thus each "plane" here means the data for one color dimension.
If a system or method depended on the above-described criterion exclusively, various nontextual image elements (such as pin-striped black clothing) would be confused with text. To avoid such confusion, another criterion can be used as a cross-check; in fact one sometimes-helpful additional criterion is the characteristic that was mentioned earlier in the "RELATED ART" section of this document--pixel mix, or presence of mostly white and black pixels.
Now, however, because the pixel mix is not to be used alone but rather as just one of two characteristics, a much smaller amount of computation suffices for this part of the identification. Consequently it is possible to very efficiently identify text by the further coincidence of (1) left and right edges in all colors with (2) mostly black and white pixels. (Even this dual criterion does not resolve the black-pinstripes problem, but this difficulty will be put to rest shortly.)
Also part of the invention is a particular way of implementing the recognition of left edges followed by right edges. This is accomplished by forming a convolution of each group of pixels (in the data for each color) with a test function.
The test function that works best includes a vertical jump, corresponding to the essential characteristic of an edge. (In this document the phrase "vertical jump" is used in place of the more common "step function" or "step"--to avoid confusion with the procedural "steps" of the method aspects of the invention.)
Other desirable features of the test function which is convolved with the pixel data include two other, subsidiary vertical jumps spaced to left and right from the main jump. These serve in effect as a sliding window to isolate, in turn, just a narrow region about each pixel under test.
Additional details of the convolution and the test function appear in a "DETAILED DESCRIPTION" function which follows. At this point, however, it is helpful to realize that the resulting convolution function consists of peaks or upward spikes followed by troughs or downward spikes.
A positive-going peak occurs at the left edge of a text element, where the underlying data are going from white to black (i. e., from zero to dark or unity in each color). A negative-going peak or trough occurs at the right edge of a text element, where the underlying data are going from black to white.
Consequently, coincidence of yet a third criterion can be superimposed on the first two mentioned above, for recognition of text: the region between each peak and its associated trough (considering the data sequence from left to right) should be black, since this is the interior of each textual character stroke or element. Conversely the region from trough to peak should be white.
In assessing the second criterion discussed above--that is, whether the pixel mix is correct (mostly black and white) --it is considered desirable to apply a varying threshold. If no text has been identified in many rows, then the threshold for the condition "mostly black and white pixels" should be quite high so that the criterion is applied rather strictly.
On the other hand if text has been identified in an immediately preceding row, or small number of rows, then the threshold should be quite low so that the criterion is applied liberally. For intermediate conditions a sliding scale of threshold values may be used--for example, a linear or other algebraic function; however, it is adequate for most printing environments to have at most just one intermediate threshold value. To evaluate these historical conditions a memory of less than one kilobyte suffices.
A still further cross-check for text is this: text, for enhancement purposes, is present only where a pictorial element is not present; in other words, pictorial and textual elements can be taken as mutually exclusive. A pictorial element may be detected or defined for this purpose as an image region where there are very few light pixels.
This additional criterion has some limitations, as will be explained later, but in general is very simple and effective. In particular it can be used to avoid the previously mentioned wastefulness of looking for text--by any recognition method--in cases for which a pictorial element can be recognized very easily. Furthermore this test does resolve the black-pinstripes problem discussed earlier.
Now with that introduction in mind, we proceed to a more formal statement of the invention. In its preferred embodiments, the present invention has aspects or facets that can be used independently, although they are preferably employed together to optimize their benefits.
In preferred embodiments of a first facet or aspect of its aspects, the invention is a method for enhancing and printing text in an image having multiple regions. The method includes the step of reading the image.
The method also includes the steps of analyzing the read image to find left and right edges; and identifying as "text" only certain regions of the image where left and right edges are found. The method also includes the steps of enhancing the image in the regions identified as text; and printing the enhanced image.
The foregoing may constitute a description or definition of the first facet of the invention in its broadest or most general form. Even in this general form, however, it can be seen that this aspect of the invention significantly mitigates the difficulties left unresolved in the art.
In particular, because left and right edges can be found very efficiently and quickly this method is far more rapid, and economical of processing time, than the method of recognizing pixel mix.
Although this aspect of the invention in its broad form thus represents a significant advance in the art, it is preferably practiced in conjunction with certain other features or characteristics that further enhance enjoyment of overall benefits.
For example, where the method is expressly for use with a color image it is preferred that the reading step include the substeps of first resolving the image into a plurality of colors, and searching each color of the image to detect left and right edges in that color. Here it is also preferred that the analyzing step include finding as left and right edges only regions where left and right edges are detected in plural colors.
In the preferred case just described, it is also preferred that the searching substep include the step of convolving each color of the image with a test function. The test function preferably includes a vertical jump.
The test function more preferably includes a vertical jump of a certain height, spaced between two other vertical jumps of lesser height and opposite direction to the first-mentioned vertical jump. Related preferences in this regard will appear shortly.
In the same preferred case it is also desirable that the method further include the step of analyzing the read image to locate regions having mostly white and black--and that the identifying step include identifying as "text" only (1) those located regions of the image having mostly white and black, in coincidence with (2) the found left and right edges mentioned earlier.
It is still further preferable, where the convolving step produces a convolution that has a peaks followed by troughs; that the method further include the step of analyzing the read image to select regions having primarily black between peak and trough, and primarily white between trough and peak. Here the identifying step includes identifying as "text" only (1) those selected regions having primarily black bwtween peak and trough, and primarily white between trough and peak, in coincidence with the previously mentioned (2) "found" left and right edges and (3) "located" mostly white and black regions.
Also preferred, for use where the analyzing step comprises resolving the image into a multiplicity of pixel rows, is use of a threshold arrangement for each pixel row after a first pixel row. The previously mentioned analyzing-to-locate step includes applying a threshold, for what constitutes mostly white and black, which is progressively higher when there are progressively greater numbers of pixel rows since the last preceding identified "text".
In this regard preferably the analyzing-to-locate step includes applying one of at least three thresholds for what constitutes mostly white and black:
a high threshold, if there has not been text in many preceding rows of the image;
a low threshold, if there has been text in immediately preceding rows of the image; and
an intermediate threshold if there has been text in preceding rows of the image but not immediately preceding rows.
Another preference is to include the additional step of testing portions of the read image to determine whether each tested portion contains pictorial elements; then, if a particular tested portion contains pictorial elements, the analyzing and identifying steps can be discounted. Actually in such a case it is preferable to disregard those steps entirely, since disregarding them implies that they need not be performed, and in fact it is preferable to omit those steps for tested portions containing pictorial elements.
Preferably the pictorial-element testing step includes examining each portion to verify that it has very few light-colored pixels; and identifying a portion that does have very few such pixels as "a portion that contains pictorial elements".
In preferred embodiments of a second of its independent facets or aspects, the present invention is a method for enhancing and printing text in an image having multiple regions. The method includes the step of reading the image.
It also includes the step of testing portions of the read image to determine whether each tested portion contains pictorial elements. If a particular tested portion is found to lack pictorial elements, then the method also includes the steps of (1) analyzing the read image to find left and right edges, and (2) identifying as "text" only certain regions of the image where left and right edges are found.
If a particular tested portion contains pictorial elements, then the method includes the step of omitting or discounting the analyzing and identifying steps. The method also includes the steps of enhancing the image in the regions identified as text, and printing the enhanced image.
The foregoing may be a definition or description of the second aspect of the invention in its broadest or most general form. Even in this form, however, as will be seen this method is very advantageous in that it enables a very quick shortcut around even the relatively efficient and fast text-recognition procedures of the present invention.
Nevertheless it is preferred to practice this second aspect of the invention with certain characteristics or features that optimize enjoyment of the benefits of the invention. For example, although it is within the scope of the appended claims to merely "discount" the analyzing and identifying steps--i. e., to give them little weight in determining whether or not to apply text enhancement--preferably the analyzing and identifying steps are actually omitted since this provides the maximum advantage in processing time.
Also it is preferred that the testing step include the substeps of examining each portion to verify that it has very few light pixels, and identifying "a portion that contains pictorial elements" as a portion that has very few light pixels.
In a third of its independent aspects or facets, the invention is a system for enhancing and printing text in an image having multiple regions. The system includes some means for reading the image.
It also includes some means for analyzing the read image to find left and right edges, and some means for identifying as "text" only certain regions of the image where left and right edges are found. The system also includes some means for enhancing the image in the regions identified as text, and some means for printing the enhanced image.
The foregoing may constitute a description or definition of the third facet of the invention in its broadest or most general form. Even in this general form, however, it can be seen that this aspect of the invention too significantly mitigates the difficulties left unresolved in the art.
In particular, the advances achieved here are related to the speed and efficiency mentioned earlier in connection with the first aspect of the invention.
Although this third aspect of the invention in its broad form thus represents a significant advance in the art, it is preferably practiced in conjunction with certain other features or characteristics that further enhance enjoyment of overall benefits. Also applicable here are preferences, for optimization of the benefits of the invention, related to the preferences outlined above for the first aspect of the invention.
All of the foregoing operational principles and advantages of the present invention will be more fully appreciated upon consideration of the following detailed description, with reference to the appended drawings, of which:
FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing the basic vertical-jump (or "step") function that is used as a test function in the convolution process of preferred embodiments of the invention--and also showing superimposed a graph of a textual-element edge (color darkness vs. pixel position) in any representative color plane;
FIG. 2 is a like diagram showing the jump function in a more complete form --and also with the image edge superimposed;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of portions of a representative image being read and analyzed by preferred embodiments of the present invention, together with associated waveforms resulting from interaction of the invention with those image portions;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing operation of preferred embodiments of the invention--with the flow of logic running from top toward bottom and left toward right, except as indicated by upward and leftward arrows in feed-back path 57-59, 64-67, and recycle paths 54 and 63; and
FIG. 5 is a block-diagrammatic representation of a hardware system according to the invention, and particularly showing the relationships between hardware and the terminology used in the above "SUMMARY" section of this document.
A representative positive-going edge waveform 21 usually has rounded corners (FIG. 1) or angled sides. Nevertheless if its convolution is formed with a test function that is a square-cornered vertical jump 11, and that is aligned as shown with the jump 21, the convolution responds with a positive output value.
Such a response can be used, as will be detailed below, to find edges and thereby to recognize text elements. In the real world, however, a row of scanned-in image data typically has more than one feature 21, and it is necessary to isolate the effects of the different features 21 from one another.
This can be accomplished by using a slightly more sophisticated test function 31 (FIG. 2) that also incorporates a window--consisting of two other vertical jumps 32, each smaller than, and oppositely directed to, the central jump. The heights of the two smaller window-end jumps 32 typically add up to the height of the central jump, and the window-end jumps are spaced by some number of pixels C, preferably about three pixels as shown (but not necessarily symmetrically disposed), to left and right of the central jump.
As suggested above, a positive response occurs only if, as shown, the two waveforms 21, 31 are aligned. In practice the vertical jump 31 is stepped, pixel by pixel, along a row of input-image pixels 121 (FIG. 3)--and as the convolution approaches 122 (and leaves 124) a pixel t1 where there is alignment with an edge 123, the convolution ideally responds only with zero output 128.
Thus ideally the point of alignment is identified as a positive-going square-cornered peak 127, one pixel wide, in the convolution output signal 127-129 as a function of position along the pixel row. In practice, however, because the pixel structures of the scanner and original image (if indeed the latter was created by a pixel-based system) are in general not perfectly aligned, the peak 127 will extend over more than one scanner pixel width--and will not be square-cornered.
Similarly a peak 129 will occur if the vertical jump 31 is convolved with an edge waveform 125 that is negative-going (and again only at the moment, or position t2 along the pixel row, at which the two waveforms 125, 31 are aligned)--but in this case the peak 129 in the convolution 127-129, too, will be negative-going.
The actual numerical processes required to perform the convolutions are extremely simple and well documented, and can be implemented in firmware by a competent programmer without further explanation. They are also quite fast: if the window interval C (FIG. 2) is set to three at both sides of the central jump, all three convolutions can be done with only twelve additions and subtractions per pixel--four per chromatic primary (red, green and blue). Only a single row of buffering need be used.
For such purposes each plane of an image that has been scanned in may be taken as f(x), where x is pixel position along each row, and with values typically in the range from zero through two hundred fifty-five (i. e., assuming eight-bit processing). The vertical jump is taken as h(x)=-1 for x<0, and h(x)=+1 for x>0, given that |x|<C, and otherwise h(x)=0--all just as shown in FIG. 2.
The convolution then is given as a sum-- ##EQU1## which will be found to entail only addition and subtraction, no nontrivial arithmetic multiplication since |h| is everywhere either unity or zero. The convolution also will be found to require a number of such additions and subtractions equal to only 2C-2 for each plane--because no calculation at all is done where the jump function h is undefined, at 0, -C and +C.
This number of calculations, if C is set to three, is 2C-2=4 per plane, or for example twelve total, as mentioned earlier. The spacing C is subject to optimization for the types and sizes of text (and other features) that are anticipated, and therefore can be controlled indirectly in response to general operator settings if desired.
If preferred for greater speed of actually performing the convolutions, or to partially release a central system processor for other tasks, the procedures just described can be implemented in custom hardware--such as, for example, an application-specific integrated circuit. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, such implementation should be within the capability of a competent senior electronics designer. The waveforms 121, 127-129 at upper right in FIG. 3 may be taken as the response of a blue-sensitive photodetector 72b (FIG. 5) to the black numeral "1" which is represented by dense shading 1K at upper left in FIG. 3.
It is to be understood that FIG. 3 is somewhat schematic or conceptual. In actuality a text numeral in most practical fonts will be occupy at least perhaps five to ten times more pixel columns than suggested in the drawing--since modern pixel grids are typically very fine, namely some 1/12 or 1/24 millimeter (1/300 or 1/600 inch) per step.
The vertical scale is somewhat more realistically labeled to suggest that each row of squares in the drawing represents ten pixel rows rather than one. In any event the drawing suffices for purposes of describing the invention.
Now when a scanner 72r/72g/72b (FIG. 5), after passing the blank pixel rows 490 through 510 (FIG. 3), reads 41 (FIG. 4) image rows 520, and when these latter rows are convoluted 43r/43g/43b (FIG. 4) within the searching means 73 (FIG. 5) with the windowed vertical jump 31 (FIG. 2), the response at pixel columns t1 through t2 (FIG. 3)--and just before and after those columns--is very much as indicated at right in FIG. 3 for rows 570. The same holds true at rows 550.
For the intermediate rows 530 and 540, the same statement still holds, except that the leading edge is farther to the left than at 123, so that the width of the plateau is greater than at 124. The resulting positive-going peak in the convolution is further to the left than 127, and correspondingly the central region of the convolution somewhat longer than the region between 127 and 128.
In all these cases, down through rows 560 inclusive, precisely the same responses are to be expected for a green-sensitive 72g (FIG. 5) or a red-sensitive detector 72r. Hence in these simple cases the first forty pixel rows of the black numeral "1" 1K are very easily recognized as black-on-white text by the coincidences detected 44 in the analyzing means 77 (FIG. 5) in the convolution-based edge-detection system described above.
The conditions that dark pixels be found between peak (e. g., 127) and trough (e. g., 129)--and light pixels between a trough and the next following peak (not shown in FIG. 3)--are likewise met. Inspection for satisfaction of the peak/trough, trough/peak conditions is readily performed 46, 47 (FIG. 4) during the process of reading in the image and doing the convolutions; and the required coincidence alternations too can be tested 45 in close association with the coincidence detection 44 itself.
When the peak/trough, trough/peak tests 46, 47 and coincidence alternation test 45 are all found 51 to be satisfied, the system in effect declares 52 that a candidate text segment is being examined. This decision of course cannot be made until a trough or negative-going peak 129 is encountered--but is then made retroactive to the most recent positive-going peak.
The uppermost portion of the numeral 1K is also surrounded, or to be more precise bordered on three sides, by great numbers of white pixels--and so easily satisfies the pixel-mix condition too. Preferably, however, for reasonable efficiency in extending recognition of a relatively long run of text, this latter condition is not tested 55 until after the system has recognized 53 the end of a pixel row or the encountering 61 of a pictorial region (discussed later).
Thus after a candidate text segment is started 52 the system cycles back 54 to read more data, continuing to read and evaluate 42-51 those data until the end of a row is encountered or a pictorial region is encountered. Actually in cycling through additional data regions after a candidate text segment has been started, as will be appreciated the test at 51 works somewhat differently: now, encountering a coincidence failure does not invalidate the entire candidate text segment up to that point.
Rather the system first concludes processing of the candidate text by temporarily skipping 52' to the "end of row" test 53 (which here instead merely recognizes the end of the candidate text segment), then testing 55 for mix of pixels etc. as before, and printing 62 either with or without enhancement 56.
At this point, if the mix of pixels were found inadequate for recognition of text, the candidate text segment previously declared open 52 would be disqualified. For the top of the numeral 1K, however, the pixel-mix test 55 yields acceptable results.
Therefore the text identifying means 78 order the desired enhancement 56 to be performed by the text enhancing means 79. Next the enhanced image portion is directed to the printer 81 (FIG. 5) for printing 62.
After concluding that work with the previously open text segment, the system returns to the negative output line N from the both-conditions-met test 51, which line leads to printing 62 of the newly read region--without enhancement.
The searching means 73, coincidence analyzing means 77, text identifying means 78, and text enhancing means 79 may all be implemented as a part of a unitary integrated-circuit digital microprocessor 82. As mentioned earlier, however, the searching and coincidence analyzing means 73, 77 are alternatively implemented in custom hardware.
The same large numbers of white pixels, in the rows 520-540 under discussion, also meet the condition that the system is not examining a pictorial element. That fact is recognized 42 early-on by presence of more than just a very few light pixels.
Thus without qualification the system or procedures of the present invention recognize rows 520 through 550 as textual, and based on this recognition can readily proceed to enhance those rows by the enhancement protocol mentioned earlier.
If the black numeral 1K were the only feature in the representative image of FIG. 3, then the waveforms 121, 127-129 could be regarded as the response of a photodetector with any color sensitivity. In FIG. 3, however, additional green leafy shapes 1G and analogous red shapes 1R are assumed to be closely associated with the central and lower portions of the numeral 1K, as at pixel rows 560 through 620.
Thus a waveform showing response of a green-sensitive detector at pixel rows 560 would have a considerably broader plateau, incorporating the detector response to one of the "leaves" 1G which touches the left side of the numeral 1K. Such a waveform would also include another, separated plateau representing response to another one of the leaves 1G which is drawn spaced away from the right side of the numeral 1K.
These responses, however, would be very low or zero in the regions of the red shapes 1R; therefore the green-sensitive detector would register solid color to only one side, not both, of the numeral 1K. Similarly a red-sensitive detector would produce a waveform with an additional, separate plateau to the right representing the upper-right red shape 1R, and a conjoined broader plateau toward lower-left representing the lower-left red shape 1R.
As drawn, these shapes thus preclude coincidence of detected edges at rows 560 and 600 on the left side of the numeral 1K, and at rows 600 and 610 at both sides. Therefore the coincidence detection 44 (FIG. 4) fails (and with it necessarily the peak-to-trough and trough-to-peak tests 46, 47).
Accordingly from the negative N output line of the coincidence test 44 a path is followed directly to the print function 62. In other words the system cannot enhance these particular portions of the text element 1K, and the printer 81 (FIG. 5) prints them without enhancement. Generally speaking, as FIG. 4 shows, a negative result at any one of the major tests 44-47, 51, 55 results in a similar program flow to the printing function 62--bypassing text enhancement 56.
At all or part of rows 570 through 590, however, white spaces 1W included very near the black numeral 1K enable the system to find the necessary edge coincidences--and also to pass the tests 45, 46-47, 42 for (1) black-and-white pixel mix, (2) dark pixels between peak and trough, and (3) absence of a pictorial element. With respect to at least the first of these latter three tests--and one or more of the others as well, if desired--as can be seen the number of light pixels is relatively very small.
The system surmounts this challenge, however, by virtue of applying the historically controlled sliding-scale threshold mentioned previously. Because text was recognized 55 previously (though not immediately preceding) at rows 520 through 550, the system here uses--as the number of light pixels required for satisfaction of the test or tests--a relatively very low threshold.
To accomplish this, the same mix-of-pixels test 55 in addition to commanding enhancement 56 also sends a status feedback signal 57 to a small buffer memory 58. This first-in/first-out buffer, in turn, directs a delayed threshold-control status feedback signal 59 to a variable threshold control block 64.
This block in turn feeds back different threshold signals 67 to the mix-of-pixels test 55--and if desired even further back up to the peak/trough, trough/peak tests 46, 47 too, as shown at 66, 65. If desired, variable thresholding may also be applied to the few-light-pixels test 42 shown near the top of FIG. 4. (Another variant within the scope of my invention is to modify the definitions of pixel darkness/lightness used for the various thresholds--instead of, or in addition to, modifying the pixel counts.)
The number of light pixels found at rows 570-590, while small, is well above zero and exceeds the low test threshold imposed by the feedback loop 57-59, 64-67. In these regions the system therefore can correctly identify the textual element 1K, and can proceed to enhance it.
If there were only just a very thin white border at both left and right of the character 1K, the variable threshold technique would enable the invention to recognize and enhance the numeral 1K in rows 560/600-610 too. As a practical matter, the visual system of a person viewing the finished drawing tends to integrate the enhancement effects over such relatively very small gaps where the character is printed in at least gray but not actively enhanced.
Nevertheless, it is possible to implement broad aspects of my invention in such a way as to minimize occurrrences of text nonrecognition in situations such as rows 560, and rows 600 through 610. For example, my invention can be practiced to define and find "text" as regions of coincidence for any two of the three color planes, rather than requiring all three.
Yet another variant is to enable such finding of "text" for coincident edges in any two planes only in cases of reduced threshold, just as described above for pixel darkness or pixel count. Thus for instance the system may be programmed to recognize "text" upon finding of coincident edges in any two planes, if text was found in recent (even though not immediately preceding) pixel rows; and even to recognize "text" upon finding of coincident edges in just one plane, e. g. where aligned text was found immediately preceding.
Still other variants include specifying particular color planes for use in these various circumstances. For example, a decision might be made to rely upon edges found only in signals from a green-sensitive detector.
Contrariwise, there is some basis for a converse rule: edges found only in signals from a red-sensitive detector may be deemed to represent an image region where black text without enhancement is particularly difficult to visually distinguish in appearance from adjoining color materials.
Thus black may be readily visible next to blue or green, since the eye is relatively sensitive to those colors. Under this philosophy there may be minimal need for enhancement in such regions.
Edges found only in signals from a red-sensitive detector, however, may be deemed to represent a region that is particularly needful of enhancement--for here only indistinct borders otherwise appear to the human eye, which is relatively insensitive to red.
In any event, as can now be appreciated a number of varying implementations of the invention are practical and readily accomplished. These are considered within the scope of certain of the appended claims.
Another black character, an alphabetic letter "D", is seen in dense shading DK at rows 660 through 750, spaced downward from the numeral 1K in the drawing. At right are the resulting waveforms D21, D27-D29, with features identified by callouts having the prefix "D" instead of "1"; the remainder of each callout is the same as for the corresponding callout in the waveforms above for the character 1K.
The waveform features here include an image signal waveform D21, with a broader plateau D24 arising from the broader top stroke of the character DK, and corresponding convolution waveform D27-D29 with its broader intermediate zero segment D28.
Some of the red shapes 1R--associated with the numeral 1K--extend downward from that numeral and into the leftward portion of the vertical space between the bottom of the numeral 1K and the top of the character DK. (These are not manifested in the waveforms D21, D27-D29 from the blue-sensitive detector.)
These nearby red shapes 1R tend against recognition of the top of the letter DK at row 660. Furthermore row 660 is now relatively remote from the last incidence of text that was actually recognized, namely at row 590; therefore the variable threshold, too, will tend against recognition of the top of the letter.
Nevertheless the black "D" letter DK should be readily recognized by virtue of the ample number of nearby white pixels and the cleanly isolated edges in all three planes. Therefore this character too is identified as text and accordingly printed with enhancement.
An example of an opposite kind of image material appears at rows 770 and following. Here the floral shapes PG, PR, PB in green, red and blue clearly constitute--for the human eye--pictorial regions.
The present invention, too, will recognize them as such, based upon the absence of light-colored pixels starting at row 780 and continuing through rows 800. The relatively small incursion of white pixels PW in row 810, being considerably smaller than a textual feature (as seen in characters 1K, DK above), would not likely result in recognition of a black feature as "text" even if a black detail were present in the region.
Preferably the invention performs this simple, quick very-few-light-pixels test 42 before starting into the several more-elaborate steps 43-61 discussed above. This sequence has an important advantage.
A positive result of this test 42 means a positive result as to presence of pictorial elements, and therefore in effect a negative finding as to the presence of text. This finding is passed along the positive output line Y from the few-light-pixels test 42 to a decision 61 that there should be no text enhancement.
From this decision block 61 are issued two commands, as shown: one straight down to the print function 62, and the other line 63 directly back up to the read-image function 41. In this way the option of text enhancement is preserved without wasting much processing time in clearly adverse situations. In other words, pictorial-region determination overrides text enhancement, and leads to omission of all the testing associated with text enhancement.
Classification of a region as pictorial is passed down to corresponding pixels of subsequent rows--until there are more light pixels. Pictorial-region classification tends to limit the overall processing to enhancing black text on a white region; but this limitation need not be rigid, and as suggested earlier the invention is amenable to variation and optimization of conditions for different types of images or different desired results.
In particular the invention straightforwardly manages black text on different types of printing media, because the parameters used in the algorithms may be made variable rather than constant. These variables are functions of the lightness/darkness of the printing medium.
Preferably in practice of this invention an additional step is performed to tie together adjoining textual regions--that is, pixel sequences that meet all the conditions through the pixel-mix test 55. If the regions between textual regions again have the right mix of pixels, then the two textual regions are made into one.
This step obviates the need to detect top and bottom edges--time consuming due to required buffering. For instance, the top of a letter "T" often consists entirely of pixels that are intermediate between dark and light--denying the system well-defined edges at either side.
Such a top edge does not belong to a textual region, as determined by previously described forms of the invention. By tying adjoining textual components together, the top edge of the "T" and other like textual components are made parts of textual regions and so can be enhanced.
Discussion of the invention in much of this document refers to colors generally--resolution of a scanned-in image into three colors, coincidence of all three colors in a three-color system, or of plural colors or a single color, etc. Most commercial scanner systems, however, now operate on the basis of separate subsystems for detecting red, green, and blue (RGB) light from an image to be scanned.
The invention is very straightforwardly practiced in this form. Therefore, solely for the sake of definiteness and relative simplicity of the disclosure, the foregoing "DETAILED DESCRIPTION" passages explicitly refer to resolution, coincidence etc. in RGB terms.
The invention, however, is not in the slightest limited to RGB implementations. To the contrary, the invention is entirely amenable to operation in other plural-chromatic-color coordinate systems, whether or not the color system used for initial scanning operations is RGB.
Practice of the invention is also particularly straightforward upon conversion of scanned-in color inputs into color-coordinate systems in which the nonchromatic component is a separate dimension, separately managed. Such systems include for example the hue-plus-gray (HPG) or hnk system, and the better-known LAB systems.
With color specified in any of these ways, it is necessary to test for left and right edges in only the nonchromatic constituent--namely, k (in HPG) or L (in LAB or the like) alone. For certain forms of the invention as discussed above this mode of implementation may be substantially more convenient or efficient.
The above disclosure is intended as merely exemplary, and not to limit the scope of the invention--which, rather, is to be determined by reference to the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 3, 1991
|Mar 22, 1994
|Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
|Image area discriminating system for an image processing apparatus
|Dec 30, 1991
|Dec 20, 1994
|Goldstar Co., Ltd.
|System and method for automatically distinguishing between graphic information and text information of image data
|Dec 23, 1991
|Feb 21, 1995
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Apparatus for detecting text edges in digital image processing
|Jun 25, 1993
|Jan 16, 1996
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Method and apparatus for emphasizing sharpness of image by detecting the edge portions of the image
|May 1, 1995
|Apr 28, 1998
|Xerox Corporation
|Method and apparatus for performing text/image segmentation
|Jun 21, 1994
|Dec 21, 1994
|Nec Corporation
|Method and apparatus for image processing
|May 1, 1996
|Nov 6, 1996
|Xerox Corporation
|Method and apparatus for performing text/image segmentation
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 1, 2000
|Jan 31, 2006
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|System and method for detecting text edges in digital document images
|Nov 21, 2000
|May 9, 2006
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Methods and systems for text detection in mixed-context documents using local geometric signatures
|Sep 30, 2003
|Oct 7, 2008
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
|Enhancing text-like edges in digital images
|Dec 8, 2009
|Seiko Epson Corporation
|System and method for locating a character set in a digital image
|Sep 7, 2010
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Methods and systems for detecting regions in digital images
|Jun 15, 2006
|Jan 4, 2011
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Methods and systems for segmenting a digital image into regions
|Jan 25, 2011
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Methods and systems for identifying text in digital images
|Feb 15, 2011
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Methods and systems for detecting regions in digital images
|Sep 6, 2011
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Methods and systems for background color extrapolation
|Nov 1, 2011
|Novatek Microelectronics Corp.
|Image processing circuit and method thereof for enhancing text displaying
|Oct 31, 2007
|Feb 21, 2012
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Methods and systems for glyph-pixel selection
|Jan 17, 2011
|Apr 3, 2012
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Methods and systems for identifying text in digital images
|Dec 30, 2010
|Feb 5, 2013
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Methods and systems for segmenting a digital image into regions
|May 7, 2013
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Methods and systems for identifying regions of substantially uniform color in a digital image
|Jun 15, 2006
|Jan 14, 2014
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Methods and systems for detecting pictorial regions in digital images
|Sep 30, 2003
|Mar 31, 2005
|Debargha Mukherjee
|Enhancing text-like edges in digital images
|Mar 2, 2006
|Sep 6, 2007
|Sharp Laboratories Of America, Inc.
|Methods and systems for detecting regions in digital images
|Jun 15, 2006
|Sep 6, 2007
|Toyohisa Matsuda
|Methods and Systems for Detecting Regions in Digital Images
|Jun 15, 2006
|Sep 6, 2007
|Richard John Campbell
|Methods and Systems for Detecting Pictorial Regions in Digital Images
|Jun 15, 2006
|Dec 20, 2007
|Richard John Campbell
|Methods and Systems for Segmenting a Digital Image into Regions
|Sep 6, 2006
|Mar 6, 2008
|Toyohisa Matsuda
|Methods and Systems for Identifying Text in Digital Images
|Aug 8, 2007
|Feb 12, 2009
|Richard John Campbell
|Methods and Systems for Determining a Background Color in a Digital Image
|Oct 31, 2007
|Apr 30, 2009
|Campbell Richard J
|Methods and Systems for Background Color Extrapolation
|Jun 24, 2008
|Oct 15, 2009
|Novatek Microelectronics Corp.
|Image processing circuit and method thereof for enhancing text displaying
|Feb 3, 2011
|Vaughn Robert L
|Rapid image categorization
|Dec 30, 2010
|Apr 28, 2011
|Richard John Campbell
|Methods and Systems for Segmenting a Digital Image into Regions
|May 12, 2011
|Toyohisa Matsuda
|Methods and Systems for Identifying Text in Digital Images
|Dec 1, 2011
|Inventec Appliances (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.
|Method of searching an expected image in an electronic apparatus
|U.S. Classification
|382/254, 358/462, 382/266, 358/532
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 22, 1996
Owner name: HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NOH, JAE JUNG;REEL/FRAME:008043/0629
Effective date: 19960509
|Jan 16, 2001
Owner name: HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY, COLORADO
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:011523/0469
Effective date: 19980520
|Feb 27, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 28, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 30, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Sep 22, 2011
Owner name: HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, L.P., TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:026945/0699
Effective date: 20030131


text:
Hotels near Fort George
Search hotels near Fort George in St. George's
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- Kalinago Beach Resortfrom $180$117
- Sandals LaSource Grenada Resort and Spa - All Inclusivefrom $900
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Trending now in St. George's
Hotels within 0.5 miles of Fort George
- Most bookedPinquin Cottage
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4 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Hotels within 2 miles of Fort George
229 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"We are from Barbados and went to Grenada for a wedding. Coming from the Caribbean, service generally moves on 'island time' and I generally don't have high expectations. I was very very pleasantly surprised with the very attentive and great service that we received from the Radisson. The rooms we..."
S, May 2016, US
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"We enjoyed our stay. We stayed here two different times and would go back. Nice beach and good facilities. Staff was very cordial and helpful."
A Traveller, May 2016, US
20 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Quiet beach with shade following a busy week sight seeing else where"
A Traveller, Nov 2015, GB
16 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Spent a night at Captain's Suite in St. George's. The room was a nice size with a big king size bed and so comfortable. There was a small kitchen for your use and an outdoor patio. The room has an AC unit or a fan, whichever you prefer to use. The beach is within walking distance from the guest h..."
A Traveller, Apr 2016, US
9 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"We only stayed one night but the room was great, nice, big and very clean. It is close to a supermarket, a bank and several beach restaurants. "
A Traveller, Apr 2016, CA
- Smithy's Garden Cottage
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5 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
- Bougainvillea Apartments
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4 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
- Candle Glow Apartments
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Hotels within 3 miles of Fort George
22 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Our stay at Spice Island was truly amazing. The staff and owners were quite hospitable and accommodating. It is truly hard to put into words just how amazing this hotel is. From the moment we stepped out of our taxi we were in paradise. We stayed in the Sea Grape Suites with our room just steps ..."
A Traveller, Nov 2015, US
Just booked in St. George's
- Siesta Hotel–Booked 1 day ago from United Kingdom
- Radisson Grenada Beach Resort–Booked 1 day 7 hours ago from India
- Calabash Luxury Boutique Hotel & Spa–Booked 1 day 21 hours ago from United States of America
- La Heliconia–Booked 1 day 22 hours ago from United States of America
- Grooms Beach Villa & Resort–Booked 1 day 22 hours ago from United Kingdom
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Bradley Cooper Rumored Dating Suki Waterhouse
Bradley Cooper was spotted with rumored new girlfriend Suki Waterhouse on the set of his new movie, an untitled David O. Russell project, in Boston on Monday, March 18. Wearing baggy pants, sunglasses and a black coat, the 38-year-old actor was photographed walking alongside the 20-year-old British model.
"They were having a good time together, touching and teasing each other," an eyewitness told E! News. "People were recognizing them so they walked quite quickly to avoid the crowds. They were laughing a lot and couldn't keep their hands off each other."
Back in February, Cooper and Waterhouse were first spotted together in a car as they left the Elle Style Awards in London. "Bradley has been texting Suki every day since they met," a source close to Waterhouse said last February. "He wants her to come to Los Angeles and visit him, he's intrigued by her and she's very interested in him."
Prior to dating Waterhouse, Cooper was linked to actress Zoe Saldana. They called it quits in late 2012. Recently, Cooper denied rumors he was dating his "Silver Linings Playbook" co-star, 22-year-old Jennifer Lawrence, insisting he was "old enough to be her father."
As for Waterhouse, she had reportedly split from her boyfriend, The Last Shadow Puppets' singer Miles Kane, shortly before meeting the Hollywood star.
More Bradley Cooper News
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- Deadpool Makes Surprise Appearance in 'X-Men: Apocalypse' Japanese Trailer
- 50 Cent Arrested in the Caribbean for Saying 'Motherf**ker' at Music Festival
- Adele Burps While Taking Selfie With a Fan Onstage. See the Hilarious Video
- Rihanna Previews New Song 'Sledgehammer' From 'Star Trek Beyond'
- Mariah Carey Shows Off Bare Butts at Her DJ Debut in Las Vegas
- Justin Timberlake Attacked by Twitter Users for His Comment on Jesse Williams' BET Awards Speech
- Artist of the Week: Calvin Harris


text:
It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the site.
This step is optional but will dramatically boost your chances of getting interest from other over 40s members on the site. Write about yourself, your hobbies and upload a nice photo of yourself.
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Located someone who looks suitable? Send a letter to them or just a wink and see if they're interested. With a little luck you'll be on your way to an amazing adventure.
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text:
Nintendo DS Games
Discovery Kids: Dolphin Discovery Questions for Nintendo DSHome / Nintendo DS /
Game Questions & Answers (Q&A) service lets you ask questions about video games for game consoles or PC games. So ask your Discovery Kids: Dolphin Discovery question for Nintendo DS and get answers from real gamers or answer questions and share your insights and experience with the rest of the gaming community.
Boxshot & Details
- Developer: 505 Games
- Publisher: 505 Games
- Genre: Edutainment
- Release: Mar 26, 2009
- ESRB: Everyone
Stuck in this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let other gamers answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an expert then please try to help others with their questions.
Shark tangled in seaweed
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Posted On: 01-05-2014
Wheres the boxfish?
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From: Misa
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Posted On: 08-05-2012
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text:
Australia's bowlers have become embroiled in allegations over ball tampering in the first Test in Hobart.
The allegations, first published in Sri Lanka media, relate to an incident on Sunday afternoon during Sri Lanka's first innings.
More Sport Videos
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Marshall steers Dragons to victory
Siddle in ball-tampering claim
Sri Lankan media have accused Peter Siddle of picking at the seam of the ball after an image allegedly taken from the first match in Hobart surfaced on social media.
Newspaper the Daily News claimed two "prominent Australians" were noticed picking the seam.
"It is hoped that an inquiry will be held and that if the story is true, appropriate action will be taken and the culprits exposed," the report read.
The incident was shown on the television coverage during the 88th over of the Sri Lankan innings bowled by Peter Siddle, although it is not known whether it occured during that over or was a replay from earlier overs.
The tourists' team manager Charith Senanayake said he had spoken with the International Cricket Council officials about the matter.
"All that happened is we have had informal chats with the match referee about what happened about what we saw on TV -- everybody saw it -- and we just asked what action are you going to do about it, that's all," Senanayake told The Australian.
"It's unofficial, but it's on video and the whole world has seen it so let's see what action they will take."
The ICC has said Broad was aware of the media reports from Sri Lanka on the issue but no official complaint has been made.
"ICC match referee Chris Broad is aware of the media reports coming out of Sri Lanka on the ball issue. The Sri Lankan team has made no official complaint about the ball," said an ICC statement.
There have been TV stills allegedly of the incident circulating on Twitter on Tuesday.


text:
Written on: 15/04/2014 by jasnw (9 reviews written)
I used to think 123-reg was ok until recently when they charged me for a service on a domain THAT I DON'T OWN!
I flagged this on 123-support and RECEIVED NO RESPONSE
So after 3 working days of no response I flagged it with Paypal. My money was refunded.
Then 123-reg suspended my account, forcing me to pay a £12.50 PUNITIVE CHARGE PLUS THE AMOUNT FOR THE SERVICE FOR A DOMAIN THAT I DO NOT OWN to get my account back.
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text: I usually picked Cyndaquil, but I went with Totodile sometimes. I like fire and water types, so I was happy either way. Once in a while I chose Chikorita, and Chikorita was actually the first Gen 2 starter I ever chose, but Meganium just never ended up being as useful as Typhlosion or Feraligatr (or as awesome looking).


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- A non-qualified stock option (NQSO) is any option other than an incentive stock option.
- Non-qualified stock options have greater flexibility than incentive stock options in a number of ways.
1. Shareholders approval is not required.
2. There is far greater flexibility for the employer to grant the options as to terms of the grant, vesting and period over which they may be exercised (e.g. no limits on the annual value of the grant or any requirement that the option be out of the money at the grant date).
3. There is greater flexibility as to whom the option may be granted: an employee, independent contractor as well as any family members of the foregoing.
4. There are more transferability options for holders of NQSOs.
Tax Implications
- Grant - no taxable event is triggered when options are granted as the strike price and market price are nearly identical.
- Exercise - to the extent that the option is in the money, that amount is deemed W-2 income and subject to payroll tax.
- Basis - after exercise, the strike price plus the in-the-money amount serve as the basis in the shares for the computation of any capital gains.
- Sale (disposition) - there are two options here:
1. The sale of shares results in a capital gain/loss, depending upon whether or not the option is in the money.
2. The holding period determines whether the capital gain is long- or short-term.
Transferability of NQSOs
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Introduction - Day Trading and OptionsOptions have not been a tradition part of day-trading strategy, but this is quickly changing.
Three Ways to Profit Using Put OptionsA brief overview of how to profit from using put options in your portfolio.


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August 02, 2015 | See more
ATLANTIC CITY — The "big nut" in the city's fiscal plan to avoid a state takeover is slashing $60 million in debt by 2018.
The Drexel University men's crew team was one of the best in the eastern United States this spring. The Dragons will try to improve on that ag…
MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — Scotty Moore, the pioneering rock guitarist whose sharp, graceful style helped Elvis Presley shape his revolutionary sou…
This month's box from the Marvel Collector Corps celebrates the publisher's female heroes (check out our unboxing video above). And as comics-…
WASHINGTON (AP) — U.S. consumer spending rose solidly last month, good news for the economy.
ATLANTIC CITY — Punk rock veterans Blink-182 will be coming to the beach on Labor Day, Sept. 5, according to promoter Live Nation.
Breaking News
Nicole Wisser from EHT is the player of the year.
Ron Jaworski Charity Golf Tournament
Posted: Monday, February 25, 2013 12:05 am
A look at locals in college basketball
© 2016 Press of Atlantic City. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Posted in College, Southern New Jersey High School Sports - HSLive.me on Monday, February 25, 2013 12:05 am.
Antonio Spaccarotelli, 14, of Haddon Heights, caught a 4.6-pound flounder that was 23.5 inches long near the Atlantic City windmills Monday.
Bill Bittmann Jr., of South Dennis, caught this nice flounder from his kayak.
Bob and Randy Harbaugh, of Middletown, Delaware, caught flounder weighing up to 4 pounds from the Cape May Reef during their Father's Day outing.
Ryan Klein, 13, of Ventnor, caught two nice flounder Monday. One was 2 pounds and 19 inches, the other was 26.5 inches and 7 pounds. Ryan netted the bigger flounder three times bef
William Will, 10, of Mays Landing, caught an 8.2-pound flounder Monday in Absecon Inlet. William's catch was entered into the Youth Division of The Press Fishing Contest.
The crew aboard the Patty K won American Legion Post 396's 10th annual flounder tournament Saturday. They won for the largest flounder, a 5.71-pounder, and for total weight of thei
27" 9.9lb fluke caught on Saturday morning out going tide
Drum Fish- 65 pounds caught out of Cape may on Miss Fortescue Fishing Charter Boat on May 31st by Amanda Norcross from Cedarville Nj
Thomas Baker, of Spring Hill, Florida, caught a 51-pound striped bass on bunker in the North Wildwood surf. The fish was 51 inches long.
Denise Mulholland, of Cape May Court House, caught a 51.2-pound striped bass in the Delaware Bay on Saturday.
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This painting went very well on the wall in my dining room area. The colors in the artwork are vibrant and matched my decor perfectly. It came packaged extremely neat and each piece individually wrapped. I am extremely pleased with the artwork and how it is stretched over the canvas. I will definitely be a repeat customer.
While I would recommend this canvass set to a friend, i want to be selfish and be the only person I know who owns this piece. The colors are vibrant and fantastic, even to sharing a bit of relief to the touch of the pattern. it is bold and exciting. Since I purchased this to consume a dining room wall and compliment the dark wood of the furniture, I am so pleased I can cheer. It will grab the attention of anyone who passes by. GLAD I made this purchase. Looking at the canvass suggests the rest of my decor for that area down to the paint for the wall on which it hangs! Now I will purchase more from the collection and selection available.
Each painting is obviously unique. Love that mine will be different than everyone else's. The only thing that would have made hanging easier would have been alignment markings on the back so I wouldn't have to "guess" at measurements.
- How did the color on site compare with the actual product? Good
- Please tell us about the quality of the product. Good canvas
- How accurate was the on site description of the product? Very
the art looks great, no complaints
It was the perfect match and made the space more radiant!
I'm loving it. Really makes my livingroom
I looks great! I love the color and texture. Matches perfectly with my couch!
Beautiful pictures. . Love the set..conversatioal pieces
The artwork does look just like the picture and is striking on the wall but the red is very bright more on the orange side than a red. My biggest complaint is that the canvas is very thin and not stretched well on the frame. If you are looking for a statement piece that doesn't break the bank, this will satisfy you, but the workmanship of the stretching is not high quality and perhaps will cheapen the looks of your room. Painting is fun to look at though, just wish it was stretched tighter.
I really like the painting. It looks good on the wall and really creates a central focus which is what i really needed for the space it's in. For those that see it, it's in the master bedroom, I do get some really nice quotes about it. I enjoy looking at it each morning.
Very nice and pretty canvas!
I'm in the process of buying a home and this is meant to hang in the living room, over the sofas. I wasn't sure how the actual detail and quality was going to turn out, but once I opened the well-packed box, I was pleasantly surprised. The colors are just like what's in the pics (naturally, lighting will change that) and the overall composition matches the lines and shapes, but with some differences. I really like the way my particular painting came out. Definitely going to look into similar ones on here, for other rooms.
Given as gift. Well received. Large, bright, colorful, true red. Packed well, shipped quickly, easy to hang.
Love them and the colors are more brilliant than the picture
Took a while to hang up (somewhat difficult to align) and not all of the lines in the different canvases lined up perfectly, but those are nitpicky things. I still gave it 5 stars because of the value it adds to the room.
This piece is just breathe taking fits well in my family room.
I like the picture. I took a little while to line the picture up. My biggest problem with the picture is that it is more silver and gray rather than black and white.
Everyone who sees our living room comments on how much they love this wall grouping! Easier than you'd think to hang, they look wonderful and so expensive! I just love this grouping!
I have a black and red area rug it goes great with it !! I really like it.


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What does TWP stand for?
TWP stands for Tomahawk Workstation Printer (ATWCS)
This definition appears very rarely and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Military and Government
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DEFINITION of 'Held By Production'
A provision in an oil or natural gas property lease that allows the lessee, generally an energy company, to continue drilling activities on the property as long as it is producing a minimum paying amount of oil or gas. The "held by production" provision thereby extends the lessee's right to operate the property beyond the initial lease term. This provision is also a feature of mineral property leases.
BREAKING DOWN 'Held By Production'
The "held by production" provision enables energy companies to avoid renegotiating leases upon expiry of the initial term. This results in considerable savings to them, particularly in geographical areas that have become "hot" due to prolific output from oil and gas wells. With property prices in such areas generally on an upward trend, leaseholders would demand significantly higher prices to renegotiate leases.
Bargain Renewal OptionA clause in a lease agreement that gives the lessee the option ...
True LeaseA specific type of multi-year lease which does not pass on ownership ...
Land Lease OptionAn option within a lease contract that grants the lessee the ...
Bargain Purchase OptionAn option in a lease agreement that allows the lessee to purchase ...
LeaseA legal document outlining the terms under which one party agrees ...
Triple Net LeaseA lease agreement that designates the lessee (the tenant) as ...
Personal Finance
How Does a Lease Work?A lease is an agreement between two parties where the lessor owns property that it allows the lessee to use pursuant to terms of the agreement.
How Does an Operating Lease Work?Operating lease is a term used mostly in accounting to denote a lease that gives the lessee rights to use and operate an asset without ownership.
Managing Wealth
What is a Capital Lease?A lease considered to have the economic characteristics of asset ownership.
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Who is a Lessor?A lessor is the owner of an asset that is leased.
Personal Finance
When Is Buying A Car Better Than Leasing?People who lease a car are often more concerned with the short-term picture.
Retirees: Should You Buy or Lease Your Car?To buy or lease – that is the question. For retirees, access to safer cars, comprehensive warranties and tax deductions may drive up leasing's appeal.
Personal Finance
Millennials Guide: How To Read a LeaseEverything you need to know before you rent a home.
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5 Reasons Why Private Equity Investors Like Oil and Gas CompaniesOil and gas companies may look like a risky industry on the outside, but private equity investors have found reasons to regularly invest in these firms.
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How Does a Modified Gross Lease Work?A modified gross lease is a rental agreement where, in addition to their rent, tenants pay a share of other costs associated with the property.
Personal Finance
Rental Properties: Cash Cow Or Money Pit?Create a valuation system to forecast the profitability of an income-producing property.
At the beginning of the year, ABC Corp. began to lease a major piece of equipment ...The correct answer is: A) Under the capitalized lease method, the lessee must treat the asset as if it was purchased with ... Read Answer >>
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How does the value of the real estate impact the value of a triple net (NNN) lease?Understand how the value of the real estate involved in a triple-net lease impacts the value of the lease both positively ... Read Answer >>
What key requirements must be met for the IRS to classify changes or alterations ...Learn the requirements needed to qualify for Internal Revenue Service tax breaks under the qualified lease improvement on ... Read Answer >>
What are the differences between single, double and triple-net leases?Learn the ins and outs of net lease agreements, including the key differences between single net, double net and triple net ... Read Answer >>
You are currently reviewing the following information for JKL Corp ...Free info on financial certification exams including study guides, exam questions, and much more! Read Answer >>


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29 Reviews
A family favorite. This is now the only way I make Mexican rice. The only thing I changed is instead of tomato sauce I just put in 2 tbsp. of tomato paste and add a tomato cut into 6 wedges.
loved.it....no, no, no...LOVED.IT! Used granulated chicken bouillon for broth and watered down a half can of tomato paste (like 1/2 can paste to 1/2 c water, i think), as well as bacon grease for sauteeing. I screwed it up big time in the beginning by forgetting to saute the rice, but with a little creative and quick moving, I salvaged the best i could and managed to strain it all out, re-issue a wee bit of bacon grease and try again. Although I didn't saute the rice enough, I still thought it was delicious. Easy peasy and oh so yummy. Thank you.
This was my first time making Mexican rice and was really happy to have it come out very moist and flavorful. I used regular basmati rice. I served this with carne asada. Overall a very nice meal! Thanks for posting!
Wow this was wonderfull.I am glad I made a double batch as it was loved and all eaten.For starters I used 1tsp. cumin for the double batch and it seemed to be the perfect amount.Also I had a red pepper I wanted to use up I sauteed it with the onion in bacon grease.Also I was out of parboiled rice so I used regular.I also opted to use chunky salsa instead of the tomato sauce.Thanks for posting this keeper recipe.
This was REALLY good. It went perfect with the chimichangas I made for dinner. I am trying to branch off from cooking anything from a box, and this is a great recipe to make! We all really liked it. I had never heard of parboiled rice, but was able to find it in my grocery stores spanish foods section.
i make this at least once a week. i loooovvveee it!
I used salsa instead of tomato sauce because that was all I had- really good,even hubby liked it.
This rice was addictive! I used a little salsa instead of tomato sauce, and added frozen peas and corn, plus fresh red pepper. We had it with chili. I couldn't stop eating it!
This is simple AND delicious! My kids are very picky but loved this rice.
Good recipe. I added some things for a little bit of kick. I added one jar of green chilis and also one packet of taco seasoning. Also, I added a little less tomato sauce. Thank you.


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I'm a little confused about what to do. I'm about 5 weeks and would like to make an appointment for my first prenatal visit. I don't see a gynecologist now, I see a nurse practitioner in a family medicine practice. Should I make an appointment with her? I don't know any midwives or OBs in the area, and my friends who have recently had babies are all work colleagues, and I don't want the news out at work just yet. What do you do? How did you find your practitioner? Who did you go to for your first appointment?
First Doctor's visit, finding an midwife/OB
Posted 01/10/2013
Blanche 40, DH 45
VR 1/25/11 (20 years post original V)
Our VR miracle rainbow arrived 6/15/14
Comments (2)
Posted 01/10/2013
I too see a family practioner. I had him refer me to an OB, because he knows me and what kind of doctor I am looking for. So, I would recommend you ask your NP for a referral. Congrats!
Meredith-- Twin DDs 16, DD 11, DS 3, DD 8/13
Posted 01/10/2013
you can Google some of the docs in your area - thats what I did. I have two DH and I are gonna go talk to and see who we like best. Or ask your practioner to rec someone.
Eileen (28) & DH (34) battling pcos
Eileen (28) & DH (34) battling pcos
Learn more
Look how far your child has come.
Review your child's growth milestones.
Read about 32 months : Week 3.
Your growing child
Your 32-month-old: Intro to manners
Your child is definitely old enough to learn — and practice — some of the social graces. Read More
Your 33-month-old: Taming fears
A lively imagination often gives temporary birth to monsters. Read More
Your 33-month-old: Understanding numbers
The best way to set your child up for later math skills is not to coach him in counting and adding but to weave numerical references into his day. Read More
Your 33-month-old: Teething's last gasp
Your child's last baby teeth, four "second molars," usually appear between 20 and 33 months. Read More
Your 33-month-old: Language milestones
Look for reassuring signs that your child's language skills are on track by watching his behavior as well as listening to his words. Read More
Learn more
What's next for your growing child?
Get a glimpse of what's to come.
Read about 34 months : Week 1.


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the website.
This step is optional but will dramatically increase your chances of getting interest from other Christian members on the site. Write a little about yourself, your hobbies and attach any nice photographs of yourself.
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Identified someone who you're attracted to? Send them a word or two or just a wink and see if anything develops. With a little luck you'll be on your way to uncover your soulmate.
It's really quick


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Re: gummint shouldn't pay for anything
So by your reasoning people on welfare should not be able to use roads, community services, emergency medical help, or indeed get welfare, because all of this (and much more) is paid for by taking money from people who do pay taxes ?
Let me offer you this FREE piece of advice, my friend. To quote Mr. Jello Biafra : 'In the real fourth reich you'd be the first to go'. Enjoy.


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Microsoft patents stylus for sensing color and textures on real objects
Big companies are regularly patenting new technologies and Microsoft has a new patent for a stylus that can "read" colors and surface textures on physical objects.
The mobile space is exploding with smartphones in every pocket and tablets on the horizon. James Kendrick brings you the latest news from the mobile world and a breakdown of what it means to you.
Big companies are regularly patenting new technologies and Microsoft has a new patent for a stylus that can "read" colors and surface textures on physical objects.
This week in Windows Mobile we saw a new Microsoft phone for business, a release date leaked for WM10 in Mexico, and a hint that HTC might be making Windows phones again.
This week in iOS saw Tim Cook standing firm against the FBI, Apple recalled some charging cables, and a fix issued for bricked iPhones.
This week in Android we heard that Google will take over OS updates, Skype does group video calls, and new Archos budget-friendly tablets debuted.
Archos has shown off three tablets with 7, 8, and 10-inch displays that are easy on the pocketbook.
The Dell Venue 8 7000 impressed us when we reviewed it a year ago but was expensive at $499. This price drop makes the Venue 8 7000 a premium tablet at a reasonable price.
First shown at the CES, Samsung is launching the Chromebook 3 that brings Intel Braswell technology for just $200.
This week in Windows Mobile we saw that owners won't give them up and that it's easy to port iOS apps.
This week in iOS we saw the best Apple patent yet, a new iOS beta arrived, and we can expect new Apple Watch faces and complications.
This week in Android we heard good things about the upcoming LG G5, saw a new processor aimed at Android Wear, and Android Wear is getting an update.
Getting a document notarized can be done through the newly launched Notarize app on the iPhone. It virtually brings the notary to you to electronically verify your signing of the official document.
News360 is one of the best apps for the iPad and a shining example of how to design a touch interface.
As Amazon regularly adds new functionality, the Echo continues to grow more useful. In fact, it's now the most-used gadget in my home.
This week in Windows Mobile Microsoft bought SwiftKey and a big build hit the Insider's Slow Ring.
This week in iOS we saw ZAGG buy Mophie, a judge slaps Apple for a big amount of cash, and an Apple event is coming with new products.


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How much is scrap metal worth in pennsylvania
kgb answers » Home & Garden » Automotive » How much is scrap metal worth in pennsylvania
Sunday, February 26 2012
Source: http://www.superpages.com/yellowpages/C-Scrap+Metal+Buyers/S-PA/T-Philadelphia/
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451 градуса по Фаренхайт download pdf
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Your comment was remarkable!! I'm so glad that I've joined Goodreads and have stumbled across wonderful responses like yours. I'm also glad to know that there are people like you out in the world who love reading and it impacts their life. I go to school with many teenagers who are against reading and find it to be awful. It's a very enjoyable gift to be able to read and so many people take that for granted. Out of all my friends and acquaintances, only a handful say they choose to read sadly. It truly upsets me when I hear that people "hate reading" and "oh my gosh, it's so boring" and "what good will it do" and so on. Anyways, I just wanted to say I really appreciated your response and am definitely going to be reading this book as soon as I can!


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Other projects made by lisascakes:
Cake DecoratingForest Animals baby shower
Cake DecoratingVeterinary Coat
Cake DecoratingWWE title belt
Offer some kudos...
Join the conversation...
Ask a question...
Add your comment...
Whoa...That's a lotta cakes! :)
08/27/2012 Flag
what size are these?
10/28/2013 Flag
The top layer is a 5" and the bottom layer is a 8". Each layer is a different flavor and both are split will filling. :)
10/29/2013 Flag
thank you!
11/10/2013 Flag


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