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As the comprehensive biography of one rock music's true legends, Redemption Song is long overdue. Salewicz, a respected British music journalist with a long Joe Strummer/Clash association, offers the insider's view of this brilliant and complex punk figurehead. Strummer was the John Lennon for Generation X and he gets fitting, comprehensive treatment here. The first definitive Strummer biography, it's not likely to be the last with a personage this important in popular music history.
//Mixed media
Lucky Chops "Buyo" (video) (premiere) // Music
Gwen Stefani "Misery" (Singles Going Steady) // Music
Adam Clark "Your Own Way" (audio) (premiere) // Music
Vulture Whale "Can't Help It" (video) (premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
Paul McCartney: Pure McCartney (take 2)
// Sound Affects
"Pure McCartney really is a compilation for those wanted to dip their toes in wading pool instead of jumping waterfalls.READ the article

subset: commoncrawl


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2 bedroom flat to rent
Situated within a stunning mansion block along the River Thames, this delightful two bedroom flat boasts bright and airy interiors and two private balconies. Read more.
3 bedroom flat to rent
Located in a enviable location near the River Thames, this three bedroom apartment set on the fifth floor boasts bright and spacious accommodation including large reception room. Read more.
This exceptional three bedroom luxury apartment is located on the first and second floor and boats expansive interiors with wooden floors and a sunny roof terrace. The flat is ideally located in the heart of Chelsea. Read more.
Professionally Managed. 24/7 emergency support included
This contemporary two bedroom top floor flat features integrated surround sound, air conditioning, lift access, bright and airy rooms, stunning wood floors and a fabulous roof terrace. Read more.
Boasting a beautifully bright interior with ample living and entertaining space throughout, this gorgeous two bedroom flat boasts an enviable location for the many fashionable amenities along King's Road. Read more.
A bright and spacious two bedroom eighth floor flat with fabulous double-aspect reception room offering great views, a fantastic interior, double bedrooms, communal garden and benefits from lift and porter. Read more.
A fantastic two bedroom harbour-side penthouse apartment in the Chelsea Harbour development boasting bright rooms, stylish décor, huge terrace and secure underground parking. Read more.
This fantastic, two bedroom flat is situated moments from the great shops and restaurants on fashionable Fulham Road and offers a bright and attractive interior including 21' reception room and gorgeous wood floors. Read more.
A delightful three bedroom raised ground floor flat situated on a quiet residential street and boasting neutral décor, spacious rooms, a convenient utility/store room and a gorgeous rear garden. Read more.
3 bedroom maisonette to rent
A fantastic and beautifully presented three bedroom maisonette offering contemporary accommodation with an en suite master bedroom and an expansive private terrace on the top of the building. Read more.
A wonderfully presented two bedroom flat set in a lovely period property boasting excellent living and entertaining space and a fantastic location on the banks of the Thames. Read more.
2 bedroom maisonette to rent
This beautifully presented two bedroom duplex flat comprises a bright and airy reception room, a large modern kitchen, a study and an impressive private roof terrace. Read more.
This stunning three bedroom flat has been refurbished to an excellent standard and is arranged over two floors with an extensive reception room with beautiful bay windows, modern kitchen and three generous bedrooms. Read more.
Set within a stunning period conversion in Chelsea, this desirable two bedroom flat features a bright and well proportioned interior with high ceilings and beautiful bay windows. Read more.
Beautifully arranged on the fourth floor of a prestigious red brick mansion block, this stylish and spacious two bedroom flat offers premium accommodation in one of London's most picturesque neighbourhoods. Read more.
This fabulous two bedroom flat is ideally placed in a stunning garden square and benefits from spacious rooms throughout, two en suite facilities, private entrance and two lovely patios. Read more.
This beautiful three bedroom flat is arranged over three floors boasting stunning interiors throughout and in excellent condition with an amazing front-aspect reception room and fantastic fully fitted kitchen. Read more.
Boasting a prime Chelsea address, this attractive three bedroom apartment benefits from superb living and entertaining space and a stunning view over the River Thames. Read more.
An outstanding and extremely well presented, three bedroom flat featuring a high standard of interior décor, en suite facilities, spacious and bright rooms and a unique roof terrace ideal for summer parties. Read more.
This stunning lower ground floor two bedroom flat offers a spacious interior with a high standard of décor throughout, modern fittings and fixtures, bright rooms and a superb location for shops and transport links. Read more.
This simply stunning two bedroom flat occupies a prestigious South Kensington address and has been recently refurbished to a high standard, while benefiting from a fabulous roof terrace and access to communal garden. Read more.
Situated on a tree-lined garden square moments from Brompton Road, this stunning two double bedroom (both with en suites) apartment is arranged over two floors and boasts an exceptional living and entertaining space. Read more.
An outstanding three bedroom maisonette offering the most amazing entertaining space including a substantial reception room with French windows, a magnificent kitchen/dining room and a fabulous roof terrace. Read more.
This beautiful two bedroom riverside apartment offers stylish living space, an open-plan reception room, generously sized bedrooms and a decked balcony. Read more.
An amazing two bedroom flat, situated in this prestigious address close to South Kensington boasting lift access, substantial reception room, en suite facilities and access to lovely communal gardens. Read more.
Offering three spacious double bedrooms, this fantastic duplex flat is arranged over two floors and further boasts a bright reception room with access to a private garden. Read more.
This sleek and stylish two bedroom duplex flat offers a truly fabulous interior with great lighting, contemporary fittings and fixtures, a private patio and access to stunning communal gardens. Read more.
Stylishly arranged over the raised and lower ground floor of a stunning red brick mansion block. This two bedroom flat boasts high-quality fixtures and fittings and a superb central location. Read more.
This delightful and superbly proportioned two bedroom third floor flat offers a simply amazing double reception room with a dining area and two good-sized en suite bedrooms. Read more.
Offering ample living and entertaining space with neutrally decorated interior, this stunning two bedroom flat is enviably located for the many upmarket amenities within Knightsbridge. Read more.
A truly fabulous two bedroom flat offering a very spacious interior, high ceilings, period features with modern design and a sought-after location. Read more.
This stylish two bedroom flat boasts contemporary fittings throughout, stunning floor-to-ceiling windows and a convenient location for a variety of amenities. Read more.
1 bedroom flat to rent
Boasting newly refurbished interiors with ample living and entertaining space throughout, this stunning one bedroom flat is enviably located moments from Sloane Square underground station station. Read more.
Situated in this popular address close to Fulham Road, this stunning two bedroom newly decorated flat offers a stylish and bright reception room, two generously bedrooms and benefits from stunning communal gardens. Read more.
Situated in Chelsea within easy reach of amenities, this excellent three bedroom flat boasts recently refurbished interiors over two floors. Read more.
This immaculately presented, two bedroom maisonette boasts a brilliant roof terrace with space to dine. The apartment is Spread over two floors and boasts an enviable location close to the famous Sloane Square. Read more.
Located on the fourth floor of a prestigious block in Knightsbridge, this superb one bedroom flat offers elegant interiors with contemporary fittings. Read more.
This stylish two bedroom apartment is set on the sixth floor of a popular Chelsea building (with lift and porter) and boasts modernised interiors with a separate kitchen and ample storage. Read more.
Situated with a prestigious purpose-built block just moments from both Sloane Square and Knightsbridge this bright and spacious two bedroom apartment offers neutral décor throughout. Read more.
This stylish one bedroom flat is arranged over the first and second floor boasting premium interiors with a high-quality finish and a superb location close to the trendy bars and restaurants of the 'Fulham Beach'. Read more.
Offering ample living and entertaining space, high ceilings, original features and a charming balcony, this gorgeous one bedroom flat is enviably located moments from Chelsea's King's Road. Read more.
A stylish two bedroom flat arranged over two floors and boasting fantastic living space, ample natural light, modern fittings, stylish décor and a great location on a quiet and attractive road. Read more.
With views of the stunning communal garden square, a bright, spacious and well proportioned interior this two bedroom period flat occupies the second floor of a handsome building, moments from local amenities. Read more.
This charming three bedroom apartment offers a delightful living space and is situated on Beaufort Street close to both the banks of the river and King's Road. Read more.
This wonderfully refurbished two bedroom apartment is set on the first floor and boats light, stylish interiors with ample storage and is served by a communal porter. Read more.
Boasting a delightful living space with two bedrooms and a light and airy reception room overlooking the beautiful gardens, this fantastic apartment also benefits from its peaceful location. Read more.
A wonderfully refurbished, bright and spacious one bedroom ground floor flat in a fantastic location moments from the shops and bars of King's Road and Sloane Square. Read more.
This refreshingly bright three bedroom flat benefits from an imposing reception room with access to a south-west facing balcony, fabulous eat-in kitchen and a stunning location close to the River Thames. Read more.
Located within an attractive period building moments from the many upmarket amenities along King's Road, this desirable two bedroom flat boasts a bright and generously proportioned interior with two terraces. Read more.
This superb mid-terrace three bedroom house is presented in excellent condition and offers substantial entertaining space, potential for conversion and a great location just moments from King's Road. Read more.
Set on a prestigious garden square within an imposing period conversion moments from Chelsea's King's Road, this stunning one bedroom flat boasts bright and beautifully presented interiors. Read more.
Situated between King's Road and the River, this magnificent two bedroom flat offers modern living with excellent entertaining space and direct access to the communal gardens. Read more.
This fabulous one bedroom flat is in excellent condition having been recently refurbished and offers great entertaining space in a wonderful location moments from the River Thames. Read more.
Offering a substantial roof terrace with ample living and entertaining space throughout, this highly desirable two bedroom flat benefits an enviable location between the fashionable King's Road and the River Thames. Read more.
A magnificent one bedroom flat ideally located close to Sloane Square, offering fabulous living space with a substantial reception room and bay windows providing a wealth of natural light. Read more.
A fabulous three bedroom flat offering good-sized living space with fitted wardrobes in both bedrooms and also benefiting from a stylish interior and mezzanine-level with plenty of storage space. Read more.
A gorgeous two bedroom flat offering elegant décor, modern fittings alongside stunning period features, plenty of storage space and access to a wonderful communal garden. Read more.
A stylish and beautifully presented two bedroom open-plan apartment situated within a modern riverside development just moments from Sloane Square. Read more.
A fantastic two bedroom lower ground floor flat located in Chelsea and boasting a bright and modern interior throughout and an ideal location for all local amenities. Read more.
Offering a bright and neutrally decorated interior, this generously proportioned two bedroom flat boasts a fantastic location along the fashionable King's Road. Read more.
With stylish and contemporary interiors including a bright open-plan reception room/kitchen, this two bedroom flat is located in one of London's most desirable areas. Read more.
This recently refurbished two bedroom flat boasts well presented interiors, a spacious open-plan reception room, a stunning master bedroom with French doors to a balcony and a private decked garden. Read more.
This elegant two bedroom flat offers bright accommodation moments from Fulham Road and boasts wood floors and a fantastic south-facing reception room with open-plan kitchen - perfect for entertaining. Read more.
A bright and spacious three bedroom flat offering an expanse of living and entertaining space with a bright and neutral décor throughout situated moments from the fashionable King's Road. Read more.
Enviably located for the many cafes and boutiques along Fulham Road, this impressive two bedroom flat boasts bright living and entertaining space set within a secure residential development. Read more.
This outstanding three bedroom apartment offers stylish accommodation with light, south-facing views over the River Thames and a smart balcony within a popular Chelsea development. Read more.
Offering a bright and spacious interior with ample storage space throughout, this charming two bedroom flat is situated close to the many upmarket amenities along King's Road. Read more.
A beautiful and stylish one bedroom flat offering a bright reception room, private patio and access to beautiful communal gardens all just moments from Sloane Square. Read more.
This wonderful two bedroom flat offers well presented interiors, a balcony, modern fittings and fixtures and a superb location moments from King's Road and Fulham Road. Read more.
Set on the sixth floor with views over a private wet dock, this stylish one bedroom luxury apartment offers incredible accommodation within a sought-after development (with lift and 24hour concierge). Read more.
This two bedroom flat benefits from a great location in the heart of South Kensington, and offers attractive accommodation including en suite bathroom and separate shower room which have been newly finished. Read more.
This elegant two bedroom flat boasts stunning accommodation, including delightful bay windows in the 24' reception room and master bedroom, which also features a fabulous en suite bathroom. Read more.
A bright and spacious one bedroom flat offering ample entertaining space with imposing reception room, kitchen and a double bedroom all situated in this secure block overlooking Sloane Square. Read more.
Offering an exceptional location moments from King's Road, this desirable two bedroom flat boasts a bright and spacious interior within a quiet residential Victorian mansion block. Read more.
Offering modern interiors with a smart open-plan kitchen, this bright one bedroom apartment is located on Sloane Avenue just moments from King's Road. Read more.
Boasting a modern living space with open-plan reception room, this smart one bedroom apartment is situated within a portered apartment block just moments from the King's Road. Read more.
Situated in an exclusive water residential complex, this stunning one bedroom flat (with lift and porter) offers modern and bright living space with wood floors and features comfort cooling throughout. Read more.
Set within a purpose-built residential development moments from the fashionable King's Road, this charming one bedroom flat offers a bright and spacious living and entertaining space. Read more.
Situated on an attractive street with a private entrance, this stunning two bedroom lower ground floor offers beautifully presented living space with a substantial reception room, stylish kitchen and ample storage. Read more.
An amazing one bedroom flat situated in this charming garden square and boasting elegant living space with spacious rooms, contemporary fittings and fixtures and high ceilings. Read more.
Arranged over the third floor of a secure residential development, this bright and surprisingly spacious one bedroom flat offers an enviable location moments from King's Road and the Fulham Road. Read more.
Located in this beautiful garden square, this is a lovely two bedroom flat boasting bright and inviting living space with en suite facilities and smart décor. Read more.
This superb two bedroom flat is ideally located on the fashionable Hollywood Road, offering an amazing bright reception room with a dining area and benefits from a second bedroom with galleried area. Read more.
Enviably located moments from popular Fulham Road, this lovely one bedroom flat features great proportions throughout, charming period features and superb reception room. Read more.
A light and airy, beautifully finished one bedroom fourth floor flat wonderfully situated for access to the river and amenities of Chelsea, Victoria and beyond. Read more.
Offering a superb location just moments from King's Road, this bright and well proportioned two bedroom apartment boasts a generous reception room, modern kitchen and balcony with great views. Read more.
This bright two bedroom flat offers fabulous entertaining possibilities with good-sized reception room and dining area overlooking the communal gardens of Redcliffe Square. Read more.
Well presented throughout, a bright and airy two bedroom raised ground floor flat situated in a lovely period terrace in a sought-after location in Chelsea. Read more.
A bright and beautifully presented one bedroom flat offering plenty of character, with fabulous high ceilings and ideally located in this popular residential street. Read more.
A marvellous and beautifully presented two bedroom flat offering a light and generous interior with modern fittings and a smart location between Old Brompton Road and Fulham Road. Read more.
Set within a prestigious residential development with porter moments from King's Road, this stylish one bedroom flat offers bright accommodation and further boasts ample storage space. Read more.
A lovely two bedroom maisonette benefiting from stylish accommodation, a bright reception room with bay windows and an enviable location moments from Fulham and Old Brompton Road. Read more.
This beautiful one bedroom third floor flat has been recently refurbished to an extremely high standard with a stunning front-aspect reception room, fitted kitchen with access to patio and a bright bedroom. Read more.
Situated on a quiet residential street, this fabulous three bedroom house comprises a bright and spacious reception room, dining room, modern kitchen, three well proportioned bedrooms, bathroom and guest cloakroom. Read more.
With London's popular King's Road on the doorstep, this lovely one bedroom flat offers a fantastic location and generous accommodation. Read more.
This stunning and generously sized two bedroom flat is superbly located in a gorgeous garden square and features elegant décor, high ceilings, en suite facilities and contemporary fittings and fixtures. Read more.
Located in an attractive, terrace building, this stylish two bedroom flat is presented in a contemporary-style and boasts bay-fronted reception room and modern kitchen. Read more.
Situated with views across the Chelsea roof tops, this bright two bedroom flat supplies a lovely living space with a modern kitchen and fantastic location. Read more.
This superb one bedroom raised ground floor flat is located in a beautiful period terrace and affords a sought-after Earls Court location. Read more.
A bright and spacious one bedroom flat with boasting a spacious reception room, contemporary kitchen, smart bathroom and is ideally located moments from popular King's Road. Read more.
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Russo-Finnish War - Battle Of Suomussalmi (1940)
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Finnish girls dealing with Somali immigrants
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Merkels Libtard pal German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble claim for "Die zeit" that " Closing Europe's borders to Islamic migrants would drive the continent to "inbreeding and degeneration.
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Location: Germany | Leaked: Jun-12-2016 in Other
Bilderberg Attendees (Text Only)
The 64th Bilderberg meeting is set to take place from 9 - 12 June 2016 in Dresden, Germany. A total of around 130 participants from 20 countries have confirmed their attendance. The key topics for
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Daphne Muse: Remembering Miles Davis
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Miles Davis died on this day in 1991. Commentator Daphne Muse offers a remembrance of one of the giants of jazz music, and his legacy.
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Variation in spatial and temporal incidence of the crustacean pathogen Hematodinium perezi in environmental samples from Atlantic Coastal Bays
Hanif, Ammar W
Dyson, Whitney D
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Messick, Gretchen A
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Aquatic Biosystems
Hematodinium perezi, a parasitic dinoflagellate, infects and kills blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. The parasite proliferates within host hemolymph and tissues, and also produces free-swimming biflagellated dinospores that emerge from infected crabs. Infections in C. sapidus recur annually, and it is not known if biotic or environmental reservoirs contribute to reinfection and outbreaks. To address this data gap, a quantitative PCR assay based on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of H. perezi rRNA genes was developed to asses the temporal and spatial incidence of the parasite in Delaware and Maryland coastal bays.
A previously-used PCR assay for H. perezi, based on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence, was found to lack adequate species specificity to discriminate non-Hematodinium sp. dinoflagellate species in environmental samples. A new ITS2-targeted assay was developed and validated to detect H. perezi DNA in sediment and water samples using E. coli carrying the H. perezi rDNA genes. Application of the method to environmental samples identified potential hotspots in sediment in Indian River Inlet, DE and Chincoteague Bay, MD and VA. H. perezi DNA was not detected in co-occurring shrimp or snails, even during an outbreak of the parasite in C. sapidus.
H. perezi is present in water and sediment samples in Maryland and Delaware coastal bays from April through November with a wide spatial and temporal variability in incidence. Sampling sites with high levels of H. perezi DNA in both bays share characteristics of silty, organic sediments and low tidal currents. The environmental detection of H. perezi in spring, ahead of peak prevalence in crabs, points to gaps in our understanding of the parasite's life history prior to infection in crabs as well as the mode of environmental transmission. To better understand the H. perezi life cycle will require further monitoring of the parasite in habitats as well as hosts. Improved understanding of potential environmental transmission to crabs will facilitate the development of disease forecasting.
Blue crab; Hematodinium; Parasite; Disease reservoir; Fishery
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Hematodinium is a parasitic dinoflagellate and emerging pathogen of crustaceans. It preferably manifests in haemolymph of marine decapod crustaceans, killing a large variety of genera with significant impacts on fisheries worldwide. There is, however, evidence that some crustacean stocks harbor high prevalence, low intensity infections that may not result in widespread host mortality and are therefore hard to detect. The most widely used methods for detection of Hematodinium are conventional blood smears and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) against ribosomal RNAs. Blood smears demand a trained investigator, are labor intensive and not readily scalable for high-throughput sampling. PCRs only detect parasite DNA and can also suffer from false negatives and positives. In order to develop alternative detection tools for Hematodinium cells in decapod crustaceans we employed an immunological approach against a newly identified, abundant dinoflagellate-specific nuclear protein—Dinoflagellate/Viral NucleoProtein (DVNP). Both immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blot methods against DVNP showed high sensitivity of detection. The Western blot detects Hematodinium parasites to levels of 25 parasites per milliliter of crustacean haemolymph, with the potential for sample pooling and screening of large samples. Using both PCR and these new tools, we have identified Hematodinium cells present in three new host crab taxa, at high prevalence but with no sign of pathogenesis. This extends the known range of Hematodinium to southern Australia.
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Rowley, Andrew F.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
This study reports on an emerging fungal disease of the edible crab, Cancer pagurus. Juvenile (prerecruit) crabs were found to be subject to this disease condition during the months of May to September at two intertidal sites in South Wales, United Kingdom. Histopathology revealed that the fungi overwhelm the host response in the tissues, leading to progressive septicemia. The causative agent of this infection was isolated and grown in pure culture and was identified as a member of the Ophiocordyceps clade by sequencing of the small subunit of the fungal ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Of the crabs naturally infected with the fungus, 94% had a coinfection with the parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium species. To determine if there was any interaction between the two disease-causing agents, apparently fungus-free crabs, both with and without natural Hematodinium infections, were challenged with the fungal isolate. The presence of Hematodinium caused a significant reduction in fungal multiplication in the hemocoel of the crabs in comparison to that in Hematodinium-free individuals. Histopathology of coinfected crabs showed a systemic multiplication of Hematodinium within host tissues, leading to a rapid death, while Hematodinium-free crabs experimentally infected with the fungal isolate died due to fungal sepsis (septicemia) with the same characteristic pathology as seen in natural infections.
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Development of a Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Detection of Protist Parasites of Metazoans▿ †
Troedsson, Christofer
Lee, Richard F.
Stokes, Vivica
Walters, Tina L.
Simonelli, Paolo
Frischer, Marc E.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Increasingly, diseases of marine organisms are recognized as significant biotic factors affecting ecosystem health. However, the responsible disease agents are often unknown and the discovery and description of novel parasites most often rely on morphological descriptions made by highly trained specialists. Here, we describe a new approach for parasite discovery, utilizing denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) reverse-phase ion-paring technology. Systematic investigations of major DHPLC variables, including temperature, gradient conditions, and target amplicon characteristics were conducted to develop a mechanistic understanding of DNA fragment separation by DHPLC. As a model system, 18S rRNA genes from the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) and a parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium sp. were used. Binding of 18S rRNA gene PCR amplicons to the DNA separation column in the presence of triethylammonium acetate (TEAA) was inversely correlated with temperature and could be predicted based on the estimated DNA helicity of the PCR amplicon. Amplicons of up to 498 bp were resolved as single chromatographic peaks if they had high (>95%) DNA helicity. Amplicons that differed by as few as 2 bp could be resolved. Separation of 18S rRNA gene PCR amplicons was optimized by simultaneous manipulation of both temperature and solvent gradients. The optimal conditions included targeting regions of high DNA helicity (>95%), temperatures in the range of 57 to 63°C, and a linear acetonitrile gradient from 13.75 to 17.5% acetonitrile in 0.1 M TEAA (55 to 70% buffer B) over a 9-min period. Under these conditions, amplicons from a variety of parasites and their hosts can be separated and detected by DHPLC.
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Hematodinium sp. and its bacteria-like endosymbiont in European brown shrimp (Crangon crangon)
Stentiford, Grant D
Bateman, Kelly S
Small, Hamish J
Pond, Michelle
Ungfors, Anette
Aquatic Biosystems
Parasitic dinoflagellates of the genus Hematodinium are significant pathogens affecting the global decapod crustacean fishery. Despite this, considerable knowledge gaps exist regarding the life history of the pathogen in vivo, and the role of free living life stages in transmission to naïve hosts.
In this study, we describe a novel disease in European brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) caused by infection with a parasitic dinoflagellate of the genus Hematodinium. This is the second example host within the Infraorder Caridea (shrimp) and significantly, the first description within the superfamily Crangonoidea. Based upon analysis of the rRNA gene (SSU) and spacers (ITS1), the parasite in C. crangon is the same as that previously described infecting Nephrops norvegicus and Cancer pagurus from European seas, and to the parasite infecting several other commercially important crab species in the Northern Hemisphere. The parasite is however distinct from the type species, H. perezi, found infecting type hosts (Carcinus maenas and Liocarcinus depurator) from nearby sites within Europe. Despite these similarities, the current study has also described for the first time, a bacteria-like endosymbiont within dinospore stages of the parasite infecting shrimp. The endosymbionts were either contained individually within electron lucent vacuoles within the parasite cell cytoplasm, or remained in direct contact with the parasite cytoplasm or in some cases, the nucleoplasm. In all of these cases, no apparent detrimental effects of colonization were observed within the parasite cell.
The presence of bacteria-like endosymbionts within dinospore life stages presumes that the relationship between the dinoflagellate and the bacteria is extended beyond the period of liberation of spores from the infected host shrimp. In this context, a potential role of endosymbiosis in the survival of free-living stages of the parasite is possible. The finding offers a further intriguing insight into the life history of this enigmatic pathogen of marine crustacean hosts and highlights a potential for mixotrophy in the parasitic dinoflagellates contained within the genus Hematodinium.
ITS1; Phylogenetics; Dinoflagellate; Bacteria; Crustacean; Disease; Fishery
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Detection and Discovery of Crustacean Parasites in Blue Crabs (Callinectes sapidus) by Using 18S rRNA Gene-Targeted Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography▿ †
Troedsson, Christofer
Lee, Richard F.
Walters, Tina
Stokes, Vivica
Brinkley, Karrie
Naegele, Verena
Frischer, Marc E.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Recently, we described a novel denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) approach useful for initial detection and identification of crustacean parasites. Because this approach utilizes general primers targeted to conserved regions of the 18S rRNA gene, a priori genetic sequence information on eukaryotic parasites is not required. This distinction provides a significant advantage over specifically targeted PCR assays that do not allow for the detection of unknown or unsuspected parasites. However, initial field evaluations of the DHPLC assay suggested that because of PCR-biased amplification of dominant host genes it was not possible to detect relatively rare parasite genes in infected crab tissue. Here, we describe the use of a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) PCR hybridization blocking probe in association with DHPLC (PNA-PCR DHPLC) to overcome inherent PCR bias associated with amplification of rare target genes by use of generic primers. This approach was utilized to detect infection of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) by the parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium sp. Evaluation of 76 crabs caught in Wassaw Sound, GA, indicated a 97% correspondence between detection of the parasite by use of a specific PCR diagnostic assay and that by use of PNA-PCR DHPLC. During these studies, we discovered one crab with an association with a previously undescribed protist symbiont. Phylogenetic analysis of the amplified symbiont 18S rRNA gene indicated that it is most closely related to the free-living kinetoplastid parasite Procryptobia sorokini. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this parasite group in a decapod crab and of this organism exhibiting a presumably parasitic life history.
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Shifts in the Microbial Community Composition of Gulf Coast Beaches Following Beach Oiling
Newton, Ryan J.
Huse, Susan M.
Morrison, Hilary G.
Peake, Colin S.
Sogin, Mitchell L.
McLellan, Sandra L.
PLoS ONE
Microorganisms associated with coastal sands serve as a natural biofilter, providing essential nutrient recycling in nearshore environments and acting to maintain coastal ecosystem health. Anthropogenic stressors often impact these ecosystems, but little is known about whether these disturbances can be identified through microbial community change. The blowout of the Macondo Prospect reservoir on April 20, 2010, which released oil hydrocarbons into the Gulf of Mexico, presented an opportunity to examine whether microbial community composition might provide a sensitive measure of ecosystem disturbance. Samples were collected on four occasions, beginning in mid-June, during initial beach oiling, until mid-November from surface sand and surf zone waters at seven beaches stretching from Bay St. Louis, MS to St. George Island, FL USA. Oil hydrocarbon measurements and NOAA shoreline assessments indicated little to no impact on the two most eastern beaches (controls). Sequence comparisons of bacterial ribosomal RNA gene hypervariable regions isolated from beach sands located to the east and west of Mobile Bay in Alabama demonstrated that regional drivers account for markedly different bacterial communities. Individual beaches had unique community signatures that persisted over time and exhibited spatial relationships, where community similarity decreased as horizontal distance between samples increased from one to hundreds of meters. In contrast, sequence analyses detected larger temporal and less spatial variation among the water samples. Superimposed upon these beach community distance and time relationships, was increased variability in bacterial community composition from oil hydrocarbon contaminated sands. The increased variability was observed among the core, resident, and transient community members, indicating the occurrence of community-wide impacts rather than solely an overprinting of oil hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria onto otherwise relatively stable sand population structures. Among sequences classified to genus, Alcanivorax, Alteromonas, Marinobacter, Winogradskyella, and Zeaxanthinibacter exhibited the largest relative abundance increases in oiled sands.
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Mosquitoes Associated with Ditch-Plugged and Control Tidal Salt Marshes on the Delmarva Peninsula
Leisnham, Paul T.
Sandoval-Mohapatra, Sarah
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
A study was conducted during the summer of 2009 (from July to September) to characterize mosquito communities among different habitats in five historically ditched tidal salt marshes and three adjacent wooded areas in the E.A. Vaughn Wetland Management Area on the Maryland Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Study marshes are characteristic of Atlantic coastal salt marshes that had undergone grid ditching from the 1930s to 1950s. In the autumn of 2008 (October and November) ditches were plugged near their outlets in two ('experimental') marshes with the aim to restore their natural tidal hydrology. The three other marshes were not plugged. Marshes were sampled from July to September in 2009 by using standard dip count method. A total of 2,457 mosquito larvae representing six species were collected on 15.4% (86/557) of all sample occasions and 399 adults representing four mosquito species were collected from landing counts. Aedes sollicitans, Anopheles bradleyi and Culex salinarius were the most common species collected in larval habitats, and Ae. sollicitans was the most common adult collected. Wooded habitats had more total mosquitoes, were also more frequently occupied by mosquitoes and had higher densities of mosquitoes than marsh habitats. Almost all larvae collected from marshes were from one experimental and one control site. The majority of larvae at the control site were Ae. sollicitans in marsh pannes while Cx. salinarius, An. bradleyi, Ae. cantator, and Ae. sollicitans were collected in high numbers from ditches at the experimental site. We found a difference in the proportion of marsh pannes occupied by Ae. sollicitans but not total mosquitoes sampled 4–5 days after spring tide events than on other occasions. Salinity measures of 42 larval habitats showed lower median salinity in mosquito-occupied habitats (11.5 ppt) than unoccupied habitats (20.1 ppt), and in habitats in wooded areas followed by ditches and pannes in marsh areas. The results of this study suggest that wooded areas adjacent to salt marshes may be a substantial source of biting adult mosquitoes usually associated with salt marsh habitats and that ditch plugging may alter the productivity of mosquitoes on some marshes. We recommend future studies consider mosquito productivity from habitats surrounding salt marshes, and if assessments of marsh alterations are a goal, compare multiple experimental and control areas before and after treatments to determine if alterations have a consistent impact on regional mosquito production.
ditch plugging; Delmarva Peninsula; tidal salt marsh; restoration; salinity
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Seagrass Restoration Enhances "Blue Carbon" Sequestration in Coastal Waters
Greiner, Jill T.
McGlathery, Karen J.
Gunnell, John
McKee, Brent A.
PLoS ONE
Seagrass meadows are highly productive habitats that provide important ecosystem services in the coastal zone, including carbon and nutrient sequestration. Organic carbon in seagrass sediment, known as "blue carbon," accumulates from both in situ production and sedimentation of particulate carbon from the water column. Using a large-scale restoration (>1700 ha) in the Virginia coastal bays as a model system, we evaluated the role of seagrass, Zosteramarina, restoration in carbon storage in sediments of shallow coastal ecosystems. Sediments of replicate seagrass meadows representing different age treatments (as time since seeding: 0, 4, and 10 years), were analyzed for % carbon, % nitrogen, bulk density, organic matter content, and 210Pb for dating at 1-cm increments to a depth of 10 cm. Sediment nutrient and organic content, and carbon accumulation rates were higher in 10-year seagrass meadows relative to 4-year and bare sediment. These differences were consistent with higher shoot density in the older meadow. Carbon accumulation rates determined for the 10-year restored seagrass meadows were 36.68 g C m-2 yr-1. Within 12 years of seeding, the restored seagrass meadows are expected to accumulate carbon at a rate that is comparable to measured ranges in natural seagrass meadows. This the first study to provide evidence of the potential of seagrass habitat restoration to enhance carbon sequestration in the coastal zone.
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Environmental Gradient Favours Functionally Diverse Macrobenthic Community in a Placer Rich Tropical Bay
Sivadas, S. K.
Ingole, B. S.
Fernandes, C. E. G.
The Scientific World Journal
The present paper examines the functional diversity-environment relation in a placer rich tropical bay. Understanding the environmental variables that determine the biodiversity pattern will help in the effective conservation plans of coastal habitat. However, few studies have been carried out on the biodiversity-environment relation from the diverse tropical coastal ecosystem. The geographic location of Kalbadevi Bay along the west coast of India provides an opportunity to study the functional diversity pattern of macrofauna along an environmental gradient. Additionally, the area is also a potential placer mining site. Seasonal sampling was carried out for macrofauna and environmental variables. Macrofaunal functional diversity showed significant temporal variation related to the environmental parameters. The most important environmental variables were organic matter and sediment texture. Filter feeders dominated during postmonsoon which is a period when the water column is enriched with sinking detritus. The deposit feeders which rapidly ingest the settled detritus and also transport it to deeper sediment for the subsurface deposit feeders dominated during premonsoon. Abundance of carnivores was high during premonsoon, a response to increase in food in terms of deposit feeders. The result thus indicates that the temporal environmental variation influenced the macrofaunal functional diversity pattern in the Kalbadevi Bay.
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Influence of Environmental Gradients on the Abundance and Distribution of Mycobacterium spp. in a Coastal Lagoon Estuary▿
Jacobs, John
Rhodes, Matt
Sturgis, Brian
Wood, Bob
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Environmental mycobacteria are of increasing concern in terms of the diseases they cause in both humans and animals. Although they are considered to be ubiquitous in aquatic environments, few studies have examined their ecology, and no ecological studies of coastal marine systems have been conducted. This study uses indirect gradient analysis to illustrate the strong relationships that exists between coastal water quality and the abundance of Mycobacterium spp. within a U.S. mid-Atlantic embayment. Mycobacterium species abundance and water quality conditions (based on 16 physical and chemical variables) were examined simultaneously in monthly samples obtained at 18 Maryland and Virginia coastal bay stations from August 2005 to November 2006 (n = 212). A quantitative molecular assay for Mycobacterium spp. was evaluated and applied, allowing for rapid, direct enumeration. By using indirect gradient analysis (environmental principal-components analysis), a strong linkage between eutrophic conditions, characterized by low dissolved-oxygen levels and elevated nutrient concentrations, and mycobacteria was determined. More specifically, a strong nutrient response was noted, with all nitrogen components and turbidity measurements correlating positively with abundance (r values of >0.30; P values of <0.001), while dissolved oxygen showed a strong negative relationship (r = −0.38; P = 0.01). Logistic regression models developed using salinity, dissolved oxygen, and total nitrogen showed a high degree of concordance (83%). These results suggest that coastal restoration and management strategies designed to reduce eutrophication may also reduce total mycobacteria in coastal waters.
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Investigation of Spatial and Temporal Trends in Water Quality in Daya Bay, South China Sea
Wu, Mei-Lin
Wang, You-Shao
Dong, Jun-De
Sun, Cui-Ci
Wang, Yu-Tu
Sun, Fu-Lin
Cheng, Hao
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
The objective is to identify the spatial and temporal variability of the hydrochemical quality of the water column in a subtropical coastal system, Daya Bay, China. Water samples were collected in four seasons at 12 monitoring sites. The Southeast Asian monsoons, northeasterly from October to the next April and southwesterly from May to September have also an important influence on water quality in Daya Bay. In the spatial pattern, two groups have been identified, with the help of multidimensional scaling analysis and cluster analysis. Cluster I consisted of the sites S3, S8, S10 and S11 in the west and north coastal parts of Daya Bay. Cluster I is mainly related to anthropogenic activities such as fish-farming. Cluster II consisted of the rest of the stations in the center, east and south parts of Daya Bay. Cluster II is mainly related to seawater exchange from South China Sea.
Daya Bay; principal component analysis; multidimensional scaling analysis; statistical techniques; water quality
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Diversity, abundance and expression of nitrite reductase (nirK)-like genes in marine thaumarchaea
Lund, Marie B
Smith, Jason M
Francis, Christopher A
The ISME Journal
Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are widespread and abundant in aquatic and terrestrial habitats and appear to have a significant impact on the global nitrogen cycle. Like the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOA encode a gene homologous to copper-containing nitrite reductases (nirK), which has been studied very little to date. In this study, the diversity, abundance and expression of thaumarchaeal nirK genes from coastal and marine environments were investigated using two mutually excluding primer pairs, which amplify the nirK variants designated as AnirKa and AnirKb. Only the AnirKa variant could be detected in sediment samples from San Francisco Bay and these sequences grouped with the nirK from Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus and Candidatus Nitrosoarchaeum limnia. The two nirK variants had contrasting distributions in the water column in Monterey Bay and the California Current. AnirKa was more abundant in the epi- to mesopelagic Monterey Bay water column, whereas AnirKb was more abundant in the meso- to bathypelagic California Current water. The abundance and community composition of AnirKb, but not AnirKa, followed that of thaumarchaeal amoA, suggesting that either AnirKa is not exclusively associated with AOA or that commonly used amoA primers may be missing a significant fraction of AOA diversity in the epipelagic. Interestingly, thaumarchaeal nirK was expressed 10–100-fold more than amoA in Monterey Bay. Overall, this study provides valuable new insights into the distribution, diversity, abundance and expression of this alternative molecular marker for AOA in the ocean.
ammonia-oxidizing archaea; copper-containing nitrite reductase; Monterey Bay time series; nirK; thaumarchaea
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Restoring Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) Habitats Using a Simple and Effective Transplanting Technique
Zhou, Yi
Liu, Peng
Liu, Bingjian
Liu, Xujia
Zhang, Xiaomei
Wang, Feng
Yang, Hongsheng
PLoS ONE
Eelgrass beds in coastal waters of China have declined substantially over the past 30 years. In this study, a simple new transplanting technique was developed for eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) restoration. To assist in anchoring single shoots, several rhizomes of rooted shoots were bound to a small elongate stone (50–150 g) with biodegradable thread (cotton or hemp), and then the bound packet was buried at an angle in the sediments at a depth of 2–4 cm. This stone anchoring method was used to transplant eelgrass in early November 2009 and late May 2010 in Huiquan Bay, Qingdao. The method led to high success. Three month survivorship of the transplanted shoots at the two transplant sites was >95%. From April 20 to November 19, 2012, the following characteristics of the 2009 and 2010 transplanted eelgrass beds were monitored: morphological changes, shoot density, shoot height, leaf biomass, and sediment particle size. Results showed that the sexual reproduction period of the planted eelgrass was from April to August, and vegetative reproduction reached its peak in autumn. Maximum shoot height and biomass were observed in June and July. After becoming established, the transplanted eelgrass beds were statistically equal to natural eelgrass beds nearby in terms of shoot height, biomass, and seasonal variations. This indicates that the transplant technique is effective for eelgrass restoration in coastal waters.
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Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Two Diazotrophic Bacteria in the Chesapeake Bay
Short, Steven M.
Jenkins, Bethany D.
Zehr, Jonathan P.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
The aim of this study was to initiate autecological studies on uncultivated natural populations of diazotrophic bacteria by examining the distribution of specific diazotrophs in the Chesapeake Bay. By use of quantitative PCR, the abundance of two nifH sequences (907h22 and 912h4) was quantified in water samples collected along a transect from the head to the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay during cruises in April and October 2001 and 2002. Standard curves for the quantitative PCR assays demonstrated that the relationship between gene copies and cycle threshold was linear and highly reproducible from 1 to 107 gene copies. The maximum number of 907h22 gene copies detected was approximately 140 ml−1 and the maximum number of 912h4 gene copies detected was approximately 340 ml−1. Sequence 912h4 was most abundant at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, and in general, its abundance increased with increasing salinity, with the highest abundances observed in April 2002. Overall, the 907h22 phylotype was most abundant at the mid-bay station. Additionally, 907h22 was most abundant in the April samples from the mid-bay and mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Despite the fact that the Chesapeake Bay is rarely nitrogen limited, our results show that individual nitrogen-fixing bacteria have distinct nonrandom spatial and seasonal distributions in the Chesapeake Bay and are either distributed by specific physical processes or adapted to different environmental niches.
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The Mitochondrial Genome and Transcriptome of the Basal Dinoflagellate Hematodinium sp.: Character Evolution within the Highly Derived Mitochondrial Genomes of Dinoflagellates
Jackson, C. J.
Gornik, S. G.
Waller, R. F.
Genome Biology and Evolution
The sister phyla dinoflagellates and apicomplexans inherited a drastically reduced mitochondrial genome (mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) containing only three protein-coding (cob, cox1, and cox3) genes and two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. In apicomplexans, single copies of these genes are encoded on the smallest known mtDNA chromosome (6 kb). In dinoflagellates, however, the genome has undergone further substantial modifications, including massive genome amplification and recombination resulting in multiple copies of each gene and gene fragments linked in numerous combinations. Furthermore, protein-encoding genes have lost standard stop codons, trans-splicing of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) is required to generate complete cox3 transcripts, and extensive RNA editing recodes most genes. From taxa investigated to date, it is unclear when many of these unusual dinoflagellate mtDNA characters evolved. To address this question, we investigated the mitochondrial genome and transcriptome character states of the deep branching dinoflagellate Hematodinium sp. Genomic data show that like later-branching dinoflagellates Hematodinium sp. also contains an inflated, heavily recombined genome of multicopy genes and gene fragments. Although stop codons are also lacking for cox1 and cob, cox3 still encodes a conventional stop codon. Extensive editing of mRNAs also occurs in Hematodinium sp. The mtDNA of basal dinoflagellate Hematodinium sp. indicates that much of the mtDNA modification in dinoflagellates occurred early in this lineage, including genome amplification and recombination, and decreased use of standard stop codons. Trans-splicing, on the other hand, occurred after Hematodinium sp. diverged. Only RNA editing presents a nonlinear pattern of evolution in dinoflagellates as this process occurs in Hematodinium sp. but is absent in some later-branching taxa indicating that this process was either lost in some lineages or developed more than once during the evolution of the highly unusual dinoflagellate mtDNA.
mitochondrion; Apicomplexa; RNA editing; organelle genome
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Incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay
Kaneko, Tatsuo
Colwell, R. R.
Applied Microbiology
A Bay-wide survey of the distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was carried out in Chesapeake Bay during May 1972, to determine whether the annual cycle of V. parahaemolyticus which was observed to occur in the Rhode River subestuary of Chesapeake Bay took place in other parts of Chesapeake Bay. In an earlier study, April to early June, when the water temperature rises from 14 to 19 C, was found to be a critical period in the annual cycle of the organism in the Rhode River, since this is the time period when the annual cycle is initiated. Results of this study, however, revealed that V. parahaemolyticus could not be found in the water column during May 1972. Neverthless, several samples of sediment and plankton yielded V. parahaemolyticus isolates. Comparison of data with those for the Rhode River area examined in the earlier studies of the annual cycle of V. parahaemolyticus suggests that the time of initiation of the annual cycle of V. parahaemolyticus in the open Bay proper may be influenced by various factors such as temperature and salinity, i.e., deeper water locations may show initiation of the V. parahaemolyticus annual cycle later than shallow areas. Confirmation of the presence of the organism in the samples studied was accomplished using numerical taxonomy with 19 reference strains also included in the analyses.
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Ecology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay
Kaneko, Tatsuo
Colwell, Rita R.
Journal of Bacteriology
A study of the ecology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related vibrios in the Rhode River area of Chesapeake Bay was carried out over the period December 1970 through August 1971. The incidence of V. parahaemolyticus and related vibrios was found to be correlated with water temperature. The vibrios could not be detected in the water column during the winter months, although they were present in sediment. From late spring to early summer, when water temperatures were 14 ± 1 C, vibrios over-wintering in sediment were released from the bottom communities and attached to zooplankton, proliferating as the temperature rose. The number of vibrios in and on plankton was reflected in the water column bacterial population densities at water temperatures of ca. 19 C. Thus, temperature of the water column in the range of 14 to 19 C was found to be critical in the annual cycle of the vibrios. Interaction between sediment, water, and zooplankton was found to be essential in the natural estuarine ecosystem. Bacterial counts of zooplankton were found to be temperature dependent. The bacterial population associated with zooplankton was found to be predominantly on external surfaces and was specific, differing from that of the sediment. Vibrio spp. and related organisms comprised the total bacterial population associated with zooplankton in summer months. The ecological role of Vibrio spp., including V. parahaemolyticus, was found to be significant, with respect to their property of chitin digestion and in relation to the population dynamics of zooplankton in Chesapeake Bay.
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Comparison of Fluorescently Labeled Oligonucleotide and Polynucleotide Probes for the Detection of Pelagic Marine Bacteria and Archaea
Pernthaler, Annelie
Preston, Christina M.
Pernthaler, Jakob
DeLong, Edward F.
Amann, Rudolf
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
We compared the detection of bacteria and archaea in the coastal North Sea and at Monterey Bay, Calif., after fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) either with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes monolabeled with the cyanin dye Cy3 (oligoFISH) or with fluorescein-labeled polyribonucleotide probes (polyFISH). During an annual cycle in German Bight surface waters, the percentages of bacteria visualized by polyFISH (annual mean, 77% of total counts) were significantly higher than those detected by oligoFISH (53%). The fraction of total bacteria visualized by oligoFISH declined during winter, whereas cell numbers determined by polyFISH remained constant throughout the year. Depth profiles from Monterey Bay showed large differences in the fraction of bacterial cells visualized by polyFISH and oligoFISH in the deeper water layers irrespective of the season. Image-analyzed microscopy indicated that the superior detection of cells by polyFISH with fluorescein-labeled probes in bacterioplankton samples was less a consequence of higher absolute fluorescence intensities but was rather related to quasi-linear bleaching dynamics and to a higher signal-to-background ratio. The relative abundances of archaea in North Sea and Monterey Bay spring samples as determined by oligoFISH were on average higher than those determined by polyFISH. However, simultaneous hybridizations with oligonucleotide probes for bacteria and archaea suggested that the oligoFISH probe ARCH915 unspecifically stained a population of bacteria. Using either FISH technique, blooms of archaea were observed in North Sea surface waters during the spring and summer months. Marine group II archaea (Euryarchaeota) reached >30% of total picoplankton abundances, as determined by polyFISH. We suggest that studies of pelagic microbial community structure using oligoFISH with monolabeled probes should focus on environments that yield detections ≥70% of total cell counts, e.g., coastal surface waters during spring and summer.
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Seasonal Detection of Human Viruses and Coliphage in Newport Bay, California▿
Jiang, Sunny C.
Chu, Weiping
He, Jian-Wen
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Recent studies have shown that the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) currently used to indicate water quality in the coastal environment may be inadequate to reflect human viral contamination. Coliphage was suggested as a better indicator of human viral pollution and was proposed by the U.S. EPA as an alternative indicator for fecal pollution in groundwater. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and distribution of FIB, F+ coliphage, and PCR-detectable human adenovirus and enterovirus for an entire year at 15 locations around the Newport Bay watershed, an important southern California estuary for water recreation and an ecological reserve. Peak concentrations and prevalences of FIB and F+ coliphage were associated with winter storms (wet weather). Human adenoviruses and enteroviruses, however, were detected by PCR in ∼5% of samples collected in the summer (dry weather) but only once in wet weather. These results demonstrated that FIB and coliphage have similar seasonal and freshwater-to-saltwater distribution patterns, while the detection of human viruses depends on a distribution pattern that is the opposite of that of FIB and coliphage. This research suggested that coliphage and FIB share similar environmental sources, while sources of human viruses in Newport Bay are perhaps different.
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Distribution of viral abundance in the reef environment of Key Largo, Florida.
Paul, J H
Rose, J B
Jiang, S C
Kellogg, C A
Dickson, L
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
The distribution of viral and microbial abundance in the Key Largo, Fla., reef environment was measured. Viral abundance was measured by transmission electron microscope direct counts and plaque titer on specific bacterial hosts in water and sediment samples from Florida Bay (Blackwater Sound) and along a transect from Key Largo to the outer edge of the reef tract in Key Largo Sanctuary. Water column viral direct counts were highest in Blackwater Sound of Florida Bay (1.2 x 10(7) viruses per ml), decreased to the shelf break (1.7 x 10(6) viruses per ml), and were inversely correlated with salinity (r = -0.97). Viral direct counts in sediment samples ranged from 1.35 x 10(8) to 5.3 x 10(8)/cm(3) of sediment and averaged nearly 2 orders of magnitude greater than counts in the water column. Viral direct counts (both sediment and water column measurements) exceeded plaque titers on marine bacterial hosts (Vibrio natriegens and others) by 7 to 8 orders of magnitude. Water column viral abundance did not correlate with bacterial direct counts or chlorophyll a measurements, and sediment viral parameters did not correlate with water column microbial, viral, or salinity data. Coliphage, which are indicators of fecal pollution, were detected in two water column samples and most sediment samples, yet their concentrations were relatively low (<2 to 15/liter for water column samples, and <2 to 108/cm(3) of sediment). Our findings indicate that viruses are abundant in the Key Largo environment, particularly on the Florida Bay side of Key Largo, and that processes governing their distribution in the water column (i.e., salinity and freshwater input) are independent of those governing their distribution in the sediment environment.
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Incidence of Vibrio species associated with blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) collected from Galveston Bay, Texas.
Davis, J W
Sizemore, R K
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Bacteria were readily isolated from the hemolymph of a majority (88%) of the blue crabs collected from Galveston Bay, Texas. The hemolymph of most crabs contained moderate (greater than 10(3) bacteria/ml) to heavy (greater than (10(5) bacteria/ml) infections. Large variances were observed in the bacterial number associated with individual crabs, but no significant difference was observed between the mean bacterial levels in the hemolymph of crabs collected during different seasons of the sampling year. Vibrio spp. were the predominant bacterial types in the hemolymph of infected crabs and increased in number significantly during the summer season. Warmer water temperatures were thought to be responsible for this increase. Bacterial numbers and the percentage of Vibrio spp. were highest in the interior of the crab bodies, especially in the digestive tract. The exterior of the crabs did not appear to be the source of the hemolymph's bacterial flora. Bacteria taxonomically identical to Vibrio cholerae. V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus were routinely isolated from the crab hemolymph and external carapace. V. parahaemolyticus was the most prevalent of the pathogenic Vibrio spp. and was isolated from 23% of the hemolymph samples. V. vulnificus (7%) and V. cholerae (2%) occurred less commonly in the hemolymph. The incidences of V. parachaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were related and increased in the summer months. Both organisms were frequently isolated from the same crab.
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Molecular Approach to Microbiological Examination of Water Quality in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) in Mississippi, USA
Kishinhi, Stephen S.
Tchounwou, Paul B.
Farah, Ibrahim O.
Environmental Health Insights
Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) is an important ecosystem in the Mississippi Gulf Coast. It serves as important nursery areas for juveniles of many species of fish. The bay is also used for fishing, crabbing, oyster togging, boating as well as recreation. Like in other aquatic environments, this bay may be contaminated by microorganisms including pathogenic bacteria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of water in the Grand Bay NERR and determine the levels and potential source(s) of human fecal pollution. To achieve this goal, water samples were collected aseptically every month in Bayou Heron, Bayou Cumbest, Point Aux Chenes Bay and Bangs Lake. Enterococci were concentrated from water samples by membrane filtration according to the methodology outlined in USEPA Method 1600. After incubation, DNA was extracted from bacteria colonies on the membrane filters by using QIAamp DNA extraction kit. Water samples were also tested for the presence of traditional indicator bacteria including: heterotrophic plate count, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Enterococcus bacteria. The marker esp gene was detected in one site of Bayou Cumbest, an area where human populations reside. Data from this study indicates higher concentrations of indicator bacteria compared to the recommended acceptable levels. Presence of esp marker and high numbers of indicator bacteria suggest a public health concern for shellfish and water contact activities. Hence, control strategies should be developed and implemented to prevent further contamination of the Grand bay NERR waters.
Grand Bay NERR; recreation; molecular probing; esp gene; bacteria; public health
Related Articles
Development of a 3D Coupled Physical-Biogeochemical Model for the Marseille Coastal Area (NW Mediterranean Sea): What Complexity Is Required in the Coastal Zone?
Fraysse, Marion
Pinazo, Christel
Faure, Vincent Martin
Fuchs, Rosalie
Lazzari, Paolo
Raimbault, Patrick
Pairaud, Ivane
PLoS ONE
Terrestrial inputs (natural and anthropogenic) from rivers, the atmosphere and physical processes strongly impact the functioning of coastal pelagic ecosystems. The objective of this study was to develop a tool for the examination of these impacts on the Marseille coastal area, which experiences inputs from the Rhone River and high rates of atmospheric deposition. Therefore, a new 3D coupled physical/biogeochemical model was developed. Two versions of the biogeochemical model were tested, one model considering only the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles and a second model that also considers the phosphorus (P) cycle. Realistic simulations were performed for a period of 5 years (2007–2011). The model accuracy assessment showed that both versions of the model were able of capturing the seasonal changes and spatial characteristics of the ecosystem. The model also reproduced upwelling events and the intrusion of Rhone River water into the Bay of Marseille well. Those processes appeared to greatly impact this coastal oligotrophic area because they induced strong increases in chlorophyll-a concentrations in the surface layer. The model with the C, N and P cycles better reproduced the chlorophyll-a concentrations at the surface than did the model without the P cycle, especially for the Rhone River water. Nevertheless, the chlorophyll-a concentrations at depth were better represented by the model without the P cycle. Therefore, the complexity of the biogeochemical model introduced errors into the model results, but it also improved model results during specific events. Finally, this study suggested that in coastal oligotrophic areas, improvements in the description and quantification of the hydrodynamics and the terrestrial inputs should be preferred over increasing the complexity of the biogeochemical model.
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Characterization of the rRNA Locus of Pfiesteria piscicida and Development of Standard and Quantitative PCR-Based Detection Assays Targeted to the Nontranscribed Spacer
Saito, Keiko
Drgon, Tomás
Robledo, José A. F.
Krupatkina, Danara N.
Vasta, Gerardo R.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Pfiesteria piscicida is a heterotrophic dinoflagellate widely distributed along the middle Atlantic shore of the United States and associated with fish kills in the Neuse River (North Carolina) and the Chesapeake Bay (Maryland and Virginia). We constructed a genomic DNA library from clonally cultured P. piscicida and characterized the nontranscribed spacer (NTS), small subunit, internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), 5.8S region, ITS2, and large subunit of the rRNA gene cluster. Based on the P. piscicida ribosomal DNA sequence, we developed a PCR-based detection assay that targets the NTS. The assay specificity was assessed by testing clonal P. piscicida and Pfiesteria shumwayae, 35 additional dinoflagellate species, and algal prey (Rhodomonas sp.). Only P. piscicida and nine presumptive P. piscicida isolates tested positive. All PCR-positive products yielded identical sequences for P. piscicida, suggesting that the PCR-based assay is species specific. The assay can detect a single P. piscicida zoospore in 1 ml of water, 10 resting cysts in 1 g of sediment, or 10 fg of P. piscicida DNA in 1 μg of heterologous DNA. An internal standard for the PCR assay was constructed to identify potential false-negative results in testing of environmental sediment and water samples and as a competitor for the development of a quantitative competitive PCR assay format. The specificities of both qualitative and quantitative PCR assay formats were validated with >200 environmental samples, and the assays provide simple, rapid, and accurate methods for the assessment of P. piscicida in water and sediments.
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text:
Ultimate Fits! The Very Worst of Roy D. Mercerby Roy D. Mercer
Collecting the best from that country-fried character called Roy D. Mercer -- Oklahoma DJ Brent Douglas' alter ego -- Ultimate Fits! is an easy entry point into a discography that's surprisingly large for a set of crank-call albums. When it comes to output, Mercer has already lapped his nearest competition, the Jerky Boys, so the set is necessary, besides being filled with fart jokes, sex jokes, and Yankee jokes. All are pushed aggressively across the wires and onto recipients who are either confused, disgusted, or charmingly tolerant of Mercer's never-ending intestinal distress. "Yankee in a Strange Land" might be the ultimate highlight, where Vanity Fair subscriber meets feed store regular, but any track insinuating a big back-door blowout ("Bad Gas," "Bad Popcorn," "Burrito," etc.) is worth checking. Just don't let ma or pa catch you listening to the mighty Royd, because according to Ultimate Fits!, ass-whuppins are always in fashion.
Product Details
- Release Date:
- 04/24/2012
- Label:
- Capitol
- 5099946382221
- catalogNumber:
- 63822
- Rank:
- 10741
Album Credits
Performance CreditsRoy D. Mercer Primary Artist
Technical CreditsSteve Keller Creative Consultant
Phil Stone Composer,Producer
Andy Engel Original Illustration
Tom Recchion Art Direction
Brent Douglas Composer,Producer
Mandy West Creative Consultant
Mikel Samson Cover Illustration
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text:
Kids toys are truly hard to get in order especially if you have active kids. From time to time, kids would love to play their toys and leave, whenever they want. Therefore, to keep our home in order, we can opt to have a toy box place in our living room, playroom or in our kids room. In this way we can easily keep their toys all together in one place, and at the same time, toy boxes like the Tolix Tortue Toy Box can serve as coffee table, study table, ottoman, and more. In addition, the tolix tortue toy box comes with wheels, thus you can easily have it pushed or pulled to the place where your kids play.
From: Tolix
Known German bathroom fixtures manufacturer Toto is proud to present the beauty of the NC Series Pedestal Toilet. It has gentle curvature that made the set looks sleek and elegant enough for any modern bathrooms of today. Toto used their unique CeFiONtect glaze that make sure that the aesthetics of the set will perfectly match with its functionality. With the use of nano-technology, the NC series of Toto resulted to have an extra smooth surface that prevents dirt and grime from building up. If you love the design of the NC Series Pedestal Toilet, it is also available in combination with Washlet GL.
From: Toto
Outdoor chairs are perfect especially to those who love to stay outside their homes and have some fresh air. The Matryoshka chair is a lightweight outdoor furniture by Fang studio. This beautiful outdoor furniture consists of two chairs and two ottomans. Inspired by the traditional Matriyoska Doll, the Matriyoshka chair has a papa and mama chair wherein the moment the papa chair opens up, you will see the mama chair inside that has two children hidden. Like the dolls, the Matryoshka Chair represents people, all are similar but everyone is unique. Everybody is of different size and shape. Aside from the interesting story behind this wonderful chair, the Matryoshka chair has a unique look that will definitely make it become one of your outdoor home décor. -via
From: Fang Studio


text:
Reelected Obama Sets on 1st Foreign Trip to SE Asia
Recently reelected US President Barack Obama has started a three-day Southeast Asia tour in a bid to change US diplomacy balance in the region.
While there, the President will also try to secure the opening of new markets for American business.
In his first trip abroad after his reelection on November 6, Obama has arrived Sunday in the capital of Thailand, Bangkok. The agenda includes cultural sightseeing, a royal audience with King Bhumibol Adulyadej, a private meeting with Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, a joint press conference and an official dinner.
The US president will travel to Myanmar on Monday. Obama has eased sanction on the country, also known as Burma, and his visit will be the first there by a sitting US president, the Herald Sun reminds.
Obama's tour ends with his participation in the summit of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) summit in in Cambodia, which started Sunday.
US Defense Secretary Leon Panetta also visited Thailand recently.
- » Brexit: EU Referendum Petition Hits 3 M Signatures
- » Soros Warns of 'Irreversible' EU Disintegration after Brexit
- » Spain Holds Early Election after Failed Govt Talks
- » UK EU Commissioner Jonathan Hill Resigns
- » EU Leaders Hope UK Will Remain Close Partner After Brexit
- » Turkey Has Not Yet Confirmed Suspension of Readmission Agreement with Bulgaria


text: Mechanistic research addressing the pathophysiology of complex multifactorial geriatric syndromes will require the development of new conceptual models. The traditional linear model (A) has proven highly effective for the discovery of pathophysiologically relevant mechanisms in conditions such as inborn errors of metabolism, yet it does not adequately capture the multifactorial nature of geriatric syndromes. The concentric model (B) was developed by cancer researchers as a means of designing more effective cancer treatments by targeting multiple distinct oncogenic pathways(97). This approach may also not be suitable for geriatric syndromes since interventions targeting only one risk factor would address only a small portion of the overall risk for such conditions, while multi-component pharmaceutical interventions risk being unfocussed and could lead to adverse effects typically associated with geriatric polypharmacy. We propose an interactive concentric model (C) as a means of reconciling the need for mechanistic research with the conditions'multifactorial complexity, by focusing on pathways associated with risk factor synergisms, thus offering a locus for the design of targeted interventions. Modified from Decker and Sausville(97)


text:
Special Offers
See our tuscany farmhouse and contact us for further information.
Last minute offer for double room
From 24th to 28th June 2016 special offer for the double room.
The room's price is 85 euro per day, breakfast included.
The offer is valid for a minimum staying of 2 nights.
Offer details
Recommended by the Hotel Guru as one of the best hotels in San Gimignano


text:
Sixth-generation Camaro to race in NASCAR Xfinity... Racing
25 minutes ago
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Volkswagen says it may be able to fix dirty... Diesel
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Ford Motor Company [NYSE:F] looks to be testing an even more potent version of its Focus RS. The tester is believed to be a successor to 2010's Focus RS500 (shown... read more June 22, 2016 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
Ford Motor Company [NYSE:F] Performance is happy to show enthusiasts what it is doing these days. In addition to its videos of the Ford GT development, it is working on a... read more May 17, 2016 by Kirk Bell
British tuner Mountune is an expert at extracting more performance from Ford Motor Company [NYSE:F] products. And in recent years we've seen the company come out with... read more May 4, 2016 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
Ford Motor Company [NYSE:F] Performance has released the first in what promises to be a four-part series of videos detailing the development of the Focus RS RX rally car... read more April 28, 2016 by Kirk Bell
A test mule for what's destined to be the next-generation Ford Motor Company [NYSE:F] Focus has been spotted. A test mule refers to the mechanicals of a new model being... read more March 15, 2016 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran


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Thompson says criminal justice policies led to creation of prison gangs like Aryan Brotherhood
Schmitz finds job loss before retirement age contributes to weight gain, especially in men
Kimball says Fed should get comfortable with "backtracking"
Overview of Michigan's advanced research computing resources, Monday, June 27, 9-10:30 am, BSRB - Kahn Auditorium
U-M's Data Science Initiative offers expanded consulting services via CSCAR
Elizabeth Bruch promoted to Associate Professor
Susan Murphy elected to the National Academy of Sciences
PSC Brown Bags
will resume fall 2016
McEniry, Mary. 2014. "Cross national comparisons across low, middle and high income countries of poor early life nutrition and diet and older adult diabetes and heart disease." In Cairo+20: Perspectives from the population and sustainable development agenda post-2014 edited by Laura Rodríguez Wong, José Eustáquio Alves, Jorge Rodríguez Vignoli, Cássio MaldonadoTurra. ALAP.
In some developing countries the particular nature of the mortality decline during the 1930s-1960s produced a unique cohort of individuals comprised of an increasing pool of infants and children who survived poor early life conditions. Infant and child mortality rapidly decreased due to massive improvements in public health measures and medical technology but many infants and children continued to be exposed to stagnant economic conditions. This cohort is most at risk of having been affected by harsh early childhood experiences and, simultaneously, having had larger probabilities of surviving; they are less affected by mortality-driven selection than the group of cohorts that preceded them. A large group of individuals within this cohort may now be at higher risk of poor health as they age due to these early life circumstances. This may be particularly evident in the Latin American and Caribbean region. Using cross national data on older adults, this paper examines the degree to which this conjecture has merit for heart disease and diabetes.
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text:
Have yourself or any pic turned into Lego with Brick-A-Pic
Have you ever fancied turning a picture of yourself or any other kind of image into a Lego work of art? Well, if Brick-A-Pic is successfully crowdfunded in the next 16 days, you'll be able to. And what's more, you build it yourself. Twice the fun.
The Brick-A-Pic project will, if it raises $50,000 (£37,200) in total, result in a service whereby you can upload any pic you like to a dedicated website and have it turned into a pattern to build the entire image out of Lego.
You can then choose to purchase a package containing all the required bricks from the Brick-A-Pic gang so you can build your entire mosaic. Alternatively, you can supply the Lego pieces yourself, although Lego itself only officially makes 16 colours in total. There is also a further expanded palette of "retired" colours that Brick-A-Pic can supply to make your picture more detailed.
The Brick-A-Pic algorithm already exists and can make images from five by five inches up to 15 by 15. The funding will help the team create the ordering and creation website. In addition, the team estimates that it will need to ship 87,527 Lego bricks with the patterns required just to fulfil all the Kickstarter rewards alone.
Pledges start at $2 for simple support, $10 for a conversion of your favourite image and the plans to build it yourself, up to $600, which will allow you to pick any custom size for the Brick-A-Pic conversion up to 5,000 square pixels.
READ: Lego Batman Tumbler Batmobile coming soon for those with time and a fat wallet
Some of the kits are available to ship internationally, others just for the US. If successfully funded, Brick-A-Pic will start to ship in October.
At internetmatters.org parents can find all the advice they will need to keep their children safe online. Designed specifically for parents, the site offers a wealth of up-to-date, unbiased information and advice about how to deal with online safety. Parents can learn about the latest issues and technologies, get great tips on how to talk about online safety with their children and get the best advice on dealing with issues and taking action. Created with experts, Internet Matters provides detailed information, but also signposts to best-in-class resources from individual expert organisations. Our goal is to ensure parents can always access the information that they need, in a format that is clear and concise.
Always wanted a Bose speaker? Now you can get your kids to build one
Cozmo is the tiny robot with the big brain, from the team behind Anki Overdrive
Infinite Arms for iPad preview: Skylanders for Halo fans
Announcing the 13th Pocket-lint Gadget Awards
- Always wanted a Bose speaker? Now you can get your kids to build one
- Cozmo is the tiny robot with the big brain, from the team behind Anki Overdrive
- Infinite Arms for iPad preview: Skylanders for Halo fans
- LeapFrog LeapStart preview: Embracing tech and phyiscal books for kids
- BBC micro:bit now available for pre-order, get your kids into coding
- Osmo Coding: Educational iPad game now helps kids learn programming
- Cyberbullying facts: 5 things to spot and how to help your child online
- 5 fun Raspberry Pi projects you can do with your kids
- Now TV Kids Pass coming to give children their shows in the one place
- Parents guide to games consoles: How to make Xbox One, PS4 and Wii U safe and secure
- Samsung Galaxy Note 7: Release date, rumours and everything you need to know
- Samsung Galaxy Note 7 vs Note 5 vs Note 4: What's the rumoured difference?
- Best smartphones 2016: The best phones available to buy today
- Apple iPhone 7: Release date, rumours and everything you need to know
- Motorola Moto G4 review: Budget phone king goes large, remains in charge
- This is that massive microSD you've been waiting for and it's a hefty 256GB
- That iPhone 7 Force Touch home button replacement appears again
- Microsoft deal offers US students a free Xbox One with Surface Pro 4
- OnePlus says it's considering hiking the price of OnePlus 3 due to Brexit
- Always wanted a Bose speaker? Now you can get your kids to build one


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THE contest featured 16 lovable mutts famed for their less-than-model-like looks.
Baby baboon, pint-sized penguin and little lemur send the cute-o-meter off the chart in heart-warming zoo snaps
THE charity was contacted by a resident of Piperhill in Alloway who discovered the creature on June 5.
ZAMAN Iqbal's Aberdeen store has been targeted in the past by greedy seagulls and he can be seen in the video chasing the bird and yelling: "Motherf***** is at it again man. Oi."
THE stray cat was returned to its pack after fishermen called for its safe return when it found itself aboard a boat to Oban.
A DOG owner returning from holiday was stunned when she called to collect her pet from a kennel – only to be told it had died five days earlier.
LANE Graves was paddling on the shore of the five-star Grand Floridian Resort and Spa in Orlando when he was attacked and drowned.
THE boy's mother heard screams and raced outside the house northwest of Aspen where she found the cougar on top of her son.
KOKO was taught sign language by her carer Penny Patterson and the pair have shared an almost mother-daughter bond for 44 years.
THESE pigs successfully predicted the outcome of Britain's general election last year.
HIDEKI Abe, an official in the area, said the human remains were discovered in the bear after hunters killed it on Monday.
ALLAN Ridland has told how, on one occasion, he returned to his croft to find 27 day-old lambs and their mothers had been slaughtered.
THE fishermen are appealing for help in returning the mouser that stowed away and ended up 200 miles from home.
DIESEL first found fame when he was snapped enjoying a pint after Hibs' Scottish Cup victory but the lovable German shepherd also donates blood to dogs in need.
THE bird fell into a container of chicken tikka masala and had to be bathed in washing up liquid after he turned a rather fetching shade of orange.
WARNING: DISTRESSING IMAGES: THE gym weight was tied to the animals's harness before he was left in a stretch of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal.
SCIENTISTS at Oxford University and Australia's University of Queensland, have discovered that, not only can the creatures register people's faces, certain species can also tell one from another.
IN footage uploaded to YouTube, a couple are seen brandishing their guns and posing beside the stricken animal until a fellow creature gets revenge - but is it real or fake?
THE UPSETTING picture shows the consequences of interfering with nesting birds of prey who have long been persecuted.
THE shop owner offers the opportunist thief a banana but he takes the cash from the till and runs off instead.
THE DISTRESSING footage has caused an outcry from animal lovers after Morgan the killer whale beached herself.
FANS leaving tributes to boxer Muhammad Ali at the centre that bears his name have been joined by thousands of bees swarming a nearby tree.
THE male cub was born on Thursday, weighing 171 gram. Mother and baby are both doing well.
THE 23ft Minke whale was found on the shore of West Sands beach in St Andrews on Wednesday evening, with experts arriving on scene to carry out an autopsy today.
ACTION movie star and former California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger had a real-life adventure in Africa when he was on a safari vehicle that was charged by an elephant.
THE eight-week-old female kit was 'underweight and weak' after being discovered next to a garden pond in Stirlingshire but the charity hope to release her soon.
RESIDENTS reported the moose had been seen in recent days in another suburb
MICHELLE Gregg can be heard screaming at the operator after her three-year-old son came face-to-face with a gorilla at Cincinnati Zoo.
The "superstar" pet, who loves his football, has also racked up thousands of online hits after his owners posted clips of him dribbling during backyard matches.
WE can see the first images of the little boy who fell into a gorilla enclosure in Cincinnati Zoo, only to be picked up by Harambe, who was then shot.
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