text:
Written on: 21/06/2013
Wish I had gone to mobile unlocked 1st rather than wasting my time with other companies who were too expensive or unable to supply the correct code. From 'mobile unlocked' I received my code within a day and it worked straightaway on the first attempt. WELL DONE!
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Fantastic Service " Read More
" Unlock HTC ONE " Read More
" In total disbelief " Read More
" Amazing service " Read More
" Flawless Unlocking of I-phone 4 " Read More
Written by joshih


text:
World Cup quarter-finals: Sportsmail's lowdown on the eight remaining teams
- World Cup quarter-finals begin on Friday night
- Just eight teams and eight game left in Brazil
- Sportsmail experts assess each of their chances
Ahead of this weekend's quarter-finals, Sportsmail's experts in Brazil run the rule over the eight remaining teams at the World Cup...
Strengths: There is a balance that somehow works. Not the best side on paper but sum of their parts may be greater than the rest.
Weaknesses: Patrice Evra is often exposed; Blaise Matuidi and Paul Pogba are red cards waiting to happen; and Olivier Giroud has struggled.
Can they win it? Probably not. Could beat Germany, but could struggle if they face Brazil in the semi-finals.
Key man: Yohan Cabaye. If he imposes himself on the game, the rest falls into shape.
Engine room: Former Newcastle midfielder Yohan Cabaye (left) and Paul Pogba
Strengths: They have the world's best keeper in Manuel Neuer. In midfield they have unlimited attacking options.
Weaknesses: The indulgence of captain Philipp Lahm in the centre. He should be playing full back. Defence is vulnerable and they will be beaten by the best teams.
Can they win it? No, they will come up short.
Key man: Toni Kroos. More passes than any other player so far at the World Cup. He is the heartbeat of the team.
Pass master: Bayern Munich and Germany midfielder general Toni Kroos (right)
Strengths: Neymar, especially now he is fit for Friday night's game. Wide man Hulk is improving and David Luiz and Thiago Silva can look solid.
Weaknesses: Over-reliant on Neymar; Fred as a target man; Oscar not imposing himself; the nerves that may overwhelm them — it's a long list.
Can they win it? Yes, but only because there is a determination not to fail.
Key man: Neymar. When he plays, they function; when he's denied space, they falter.
Main man: Barcelona's Neymar has been by far Brazil's best player at the World Cup so far
VIDEO Team Profile: Brazil
Strengths: Incisive passing, speed down the flanks, clinical finishing. Coach Jose Pekerman has worked out a system to mitigate the absence of Radamel Falcao.
Weaknesses: Mario Yepes has been imperious but at some point the 38-year-old defender will be exposed. The back four is yet to be tested.
Can they win it? The heart says yes, the head says Brazil will end the fairytale.
Key man: The star of the World Cup, James — that's Hamez — Rodriguez.
Perfect 10: Monaco man Rodriguez has been a revealtion at the World Cup for Colombia
Strengths: Same as they ever were: Lionel Messi and that array of attacking options. That said, in reality the difference between them and the others all boils down to one man.
Weaknesses: Defensively they are a shambles at times. A really good side, who can dominate possession against them, will expose that.
Can they win it? Yes. They are finding a way to win despite their problems.
Key man: Everything starts and finishes with Messi.
Weight of expectation: Messi is the man Argentina hope will deliver them the World Cup
Strengths: Rarely concede and boast lots of match-winners. Have the capacity to get much better.
Weaknesses: Players like Kevin de Bruyne, Eden Hazard and Kevin Mirallas are all gifted, but sometimes play like they've never met each other before.
Can they win it? Perhaps, if they can build on what they have and keep their defensive line strong.
Key man: Vincent Kompany. They aren't the same team without their composed captain.
Rock solid: Manchester City and Belgium captain Kompany (left) is at the heart of his country's defence
Strengths: They have match-winners and a smart coach who has convinced them they're better than they are. Players like Arjen Robben and Wesley Sneijder can turn games.
Weaknesses: They lack quality throughout the team. Their defence isn't good enough to get the job done at this level.
Can they win it? We may have seen the best of them already. Could struggle against a top side.
Key man: Robben. Has gifts that most players can only dream of.
Speed merchant: Holland winger Arjen Robben (left) has enjoyed a flying start to the World Cup
VIDEO Team Profile: Netherlands
Strengths: Hungry and energetic with terrific spirit. Joel Campbell's pace and Bryan Ruiz's craft build on a strong defensive base.
Weaknesses: The element of surprise is wearing a little thin. Oscar Duarte will miss the quarter-final through suspension and they are not deadly in front of goal.
Can they win it? It would be a fabulous story but — no.
Key man: Keylor Navas. The keeper has been inspirational. He is an athletic shot-stopper who commands his area.
Striking it rich: Arsenal youngster Joel Campbell (left) has been a standout performer for the surprise packages
- Tyson Fury hits back at Wladimir's Hitler comments
- Derrick Rose claims in 2015 that rape allegations are false
- Ben Simmons KICKS a basket in impressive show of skill
- Catch me if you can: Fan caught on pitch at Chile v Colombia
- Joshua and Breazeale weigh in ahead of heavyweight title...
- 'Fury sounded like Hitler!': Wlad slams Tyson's latest...
- NBA star Ben Simmons pulls off incredible trick shot
- Argentina fans celebrate 4-0 win over US in Copa America
- Vardy trains with England as it's revealed he's staying at...
- 'We will score goals!': England manager Hodgson on stalemate
- John Arne Riise gets tattoo to pay tribute to famous win
- Does Sam Thaiday 'squirrel-grip' Blues halfback Adam...
- Nike in flap at skimpy Wimbledon kit as sportswear giant...
- What Brexit means for Sport: EU referendum result for UK to...
- Australian Thon Maker, 19, is the 10th pick in the NBA draft...
- Serena Williams and Eugenie Bouchard among stars at WTA's...
- Lionel Messi and Argentina head to New York for 2016 Copa...
- Jamie Vardy angers FA after new Leicester City deal is...
- Transfer news LIVE: Manchester United, City, Arsenal,...
- Don't be fooled, this is the poorest European Championship...
- Premier League transfer window club-by-club state of play:...
- Liverpool edge closer to £30m Sadio Mane deal as Jurgen...
- Karim Benzema, Marco Verratti, Memphis Depay, Jack Butland...
- Manchester United boss Jose Mourinho is on holiday but he is...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Compare interest rates and deals with Gumtree's new comparison tool
This search has been saved.
50k + super
We want you to join our team Bennett plumbing
We require those with experience in underfloors
Suspended underfloors
1st fix
Second fix
We have the fastest growing builder in adelaide
We are a growing team which specialises in delivering a guaranteed service and product in the plumbing and drainage indu...
Sydney's Largest Shower Screen and Wardrobe Company isseeking Self motivated people to install Shower Screens in theSydney area.
The Opportunity: The Company will assist thesuccessful applicant with Motor Vehicle, Tools and Full Training.
Ideally you will be able to demonstrate a history of:
Working in a trade pr...
Qualified Chefs – Commis, Chef De Parties, Sous
We are looking for trade qualified chefs to assist in running a number of venues for our clients: high end gastro-pubs and a la carte restaurants
Multiple venues and multiple opportunities
Permanent full time positions and ongoing casual vacancies.
If you are an experienced chef and looking fo...
Adelaide CBD
105 package
Renowned for exceptional oncology unit Work/life balance Great team and culture
Our client is one of the country's leading providers of radiotherapy. Our client is looking for an experienced RN in the area of Oncology with management experience to join their friendly, successful team in providing care and treatment to a rapidly growing service.
Requiring skilled Precast Formworkers who are looking to relocate to Melbourne Hays recruits on behalf of some of the most reputable precast yards in Victoria. Our clients are currently seeking experienced and skilled Formworkers To be considered for this role, you will have an extensive background working in precast with all the relevant tickets a...
Need someone with a car and GPS/GPS phone to fill in 2 evening shifts of 3 to 4 hrs each this Friday and Saturday in Fulham.
Easiest pizza delivery j...
Hi there my name is sam and If you have anything small enough that can fit into your average holden sedan boot and you need it deliverd interstate wit...
About us:-
Anjali Brow Studio is a successful SA-based business with 4 stores across SA specialising in the art of Eyebrow Threading. Our aim is to p...
Findon chicken and seafood cleaning serving handling fryers.
Leaking tap and toilet, toilet replacement burst pipe,hot water system repair replacement or installation.
Drains blockers. Stormwater installation in...
Room and Board and Food and WiFi
Join our household, the more the merrier! 3 month stay only, offering room and board.
Hi, I have 3 awesome kids with Marcus. They are all at school ...
We have a opportunity to join our team at Eat Street Cafe
Junior casual assistant,
Experienced preferred but not essential.
Must have customer service...
Unique Opportunity
Courier Driver Position available with large South Australian Established Company
Van Supplied
Looking to become your Boss wit...
Brooklyn Park
Looking for an experienced PT with own client base to rent space in gym.
Also available to take on new clients and actively seek new clients.
We will be announcing the start of a global business launching in Australia early October.Timing could not be better(!) - pioneering a new market is w...
Bedford Park
Want to hire people LIVING IN YANKALILLA, MT COMPASS Area. About the Job: Each week you drop off a minimum250 Catalogue/books door to door, pick up 25...
Team of 3 looking for laborer for immediate start. Mainly southern and central Adelaide.
Experience is preferred but not essential.
Laboring duties ...
Morphett Vale
30% upwards on sales
I am looking for Fashion Directors in the western suburbs of Adelaide to join my team - enjoy
working the hours you want to work with no
targets to...
Join a winning team with an icon Adelaide Hills Winery . We are seeking a well experienced viticultural hands on assistant manager for all daily growi...
Full time permanent position North Adelaide location (within 25 kms of CBD) Full time permanent position Northern location (25 kms of CBD)
Our client...
North Adelaide
Looking for an experienced kitchenhand/dishwasher for a busy North Adelaide cafe.
3 fixed shifts Friday, Saturday and Sunday nights.
Immediate star...
Experienced Cleaner --immediate start.
Experience in residential cleaning a must.
Previous experience working as a hotel attendant desirable.
25 to 30...
I have experience in Construction and Maitenance i am fit, reliable and hard working. Looking for any type of labouring work asap
Please contact me on...
Wingfield Location Manufacturing Business Flexible hours - Min. 25 hours per week - up to full time depending on needs of applicant.
Seeking a reliab...
Our company, Direct 2 Consumer (D2C), is a leading promotional marketing agency looking for enthusiastic casual staff to demonstrate and share informa...
We have an exciting opportunity for motivated and enthusiastic drivers to join our team. Must be able to communicate in a professional and courteous m...
7 Chairs all in pretty good condition as seen in the photos
$600 for all or $100 each
award rate
Monday to Friday approximately 15 - 20 hours per week in CBD , experience in sandwich ,wraps , baguetes , focaccias making experience preferred . Emai...
Commission Only
I have just started an online business selling bedwetting alarms on www.makis.com.au. To explore more opporunties, I need your help in advertisin...
Plympton Park
Earn $75,000 per annum package
EARN Up To $75,000 p.a. | Fantastic Hourly Rate & Salary Sacrificing Established and Successful Physiotherapy Practice in a Leading Aged Care Facility Fantastic Career Prospects | New Graduates are Strongly Encouraged to Apply Excellent Starting Salary | Initial and Ongoing Training and Development | Membership Contributions Beautiful Bushland Loca...


text:
michael kors fulton quilted clutch wallet Legge transl.Army Reserve Sergeant First Class Ijpe DeKoe and his partner Thomas Kostura, co-plaintiffs in the Tennessee case, fell in love. A week later, DeKoe began his deployment, which lasted for almost a year.,michael kors gilmore crossbody luggage In 2009, DeBoer and Rowse fostered and then adopted a baby boy.April DeBoer and Jayne Rowse are co-plaintiffs in the case from Michigan. Chai eds.michael kors selma chili red medium satchel
michael kors mini rose gold watch That history is the beginning of these cases." See De Officiis 57 (W.That history is the beginning of these cases.,michael kors rose gold watch blue face 38. 14–556 etc. Chai eds.michael kors jewelry on ebay
jaryn michael kors If an emergency were to arise, schools and hospitals may treat the three chil dren as if they had only one parent." App. It was difficult for Arthur to move, and so the couple were wed inside a medical transport plane as it remained on the tarmac in Baltimore.,michael kors rose gold perfume for women Before leaving, he and Kostura married in New York. It is fair and necessary to say these references were based on the understanding that marriage is a union between two persons of the opposite sex. Later that same year, they welcomed another son into their family.michael kors outlet online store


text:
Mix: Intel chip, Podcast usage, Gratis suit, Missing Manual
Deborah Conrad, VP and director of Team Apple at Intel, has commented on the use of an Intel chip in an iPod. "I don't think you're going to see anything soon," she said. But when it comes to future Apple devices, "that's where we get very, very excited."
According to a recent consumer survey by Bridge Data, more than 80% of podcast downloads never make it to a portable audio player—they are listened to on a PC or deleted first.
New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer has filed a lawsuit against Gratis Internet, the company behind FreeiPods.com, alleging it sold millions of email addresses illegally.
O'Reilly has announced the release of the fourth edition of iPod & iTunes: The Missing Manual by J.D. Biersdorfer. The updated book retails for $25.
Related Stories
Something the podcasting article neglects is that arguably an equally high percentage of podcasts are utter crap. When I flirted with podcasts, I scanned them on my computer first to decide if they were worth an hour of space on my iPod.
None of them were. Ever.
Posted by PushButtonAction on March 24, 2006 at 4:15 PM (CST)
Recent News
- Incipio to acquire Skullcandy
- Apple confirms iOS 10 kernel was left open to improve performance
- Apple leaves iOS 10 kernel open to scrutiny
- Judge throws out 'Error 53' lawsuit against Apple
- Chinese company in iPhone patent fight is all but defunct
- Apple adds nine more apps to universal search in Apple TV
- WSJ: iPhone to see modest changes this year, eliminate headphone jack
- China tightening restrictions on mobile games starting next month
- Supreme Court patent ruling bodes well for future Apple cases
- Apple to pay $400M to consumers over e-book price fixing case
Recent Reviews
- Zagg Slim Book for 9.7" iPad Pro
- Element Case Ronin for iPhone 6/6s
- JBL Clip 2 Wireless Bluetooth Speaker
- Audio-Technica ATH-SR5BT Wireless On-Ear Headphones
- Catalyst Case for iPad mini 4
- Jaybird Freedom Wireless Bluetooth Headphones
- Zagg Flex Arc Wireless Earbuds + Speakers
- Audio-Technica ATH-MSR7NC SonicPro Headphones with Active Noise Cancellation
- Twelve South BookBook for 12.9" iPad Pro
- Spigen Rugged Armor, Style Armor + Wallet S for iPhone SE
Recent Articles
- Inside the betas: iOS 10 Photos gets Advanced Computer Vision
- Inside the betas: iOS 10 Music app delivers 'clarity and simplicity'
- Inside the betas: iOS 10 Maps gets a major redesign
- Inside the betas: iOS 10 shakes up the user experience
- Inside the betas: watchOS 3 promises a real speed boost
- Inside the betas: A sneak peek at what's new in tvOS 10
- Filling the Gap: A look at third-party HomeKit apps
- Instant Expert: Secrets & Features of tvOS 9.2
- Instant Expert: Secrets & Features of iOS 9.3
- Opinion: Why Apple needs a dedicated HomeKit app


text:
Arrests (July 25)
July 25, 2013 at 8:00 am | Mobile Reader | Print
•Darryl McKellar, 46, of 811 MLK Drive in Lafayette, was arrested on July 15 and charged with two counts of possession of pharmaceutical drugs, improper equipment on vehicle, driver not licensed and possession of crack.
•Quinton Mitchell, 29, of 19231 LA 22 in Maurepas, was arrested on July 15 and charged with obstruction of justice, possession with intent to sell crack cocaine and two counts of illegal use of a controlled substance in the presence of someone under the age of 17.
•Lensey Anderson III, 25, of 128 Hollywood Park in Montz, was arrested on July 16 and charged with theft over $1,500, resisting an officer and resisting arrest by refusing ID.
•Quinton Mitchell, 29, of 19231 Hwy. 22 in Maurepas, was arrested on July 16 and charged with theft over $1,500.
•Joshua Garrett, 20, of 128 Hollywood Drive in LaPlace, was arrested on July 16 and charged with theft over $1,500.
•Norman Champagne, 42, of 337 Defourneaux Lane in Avondale, was arrested on July 13 and charged with DWI and expired driver's license.
•Bobby Gideon Jr., of 512 Forest Blvd. in Houma, was arrested on July 14 and charged with DWI, improper control of vehicle and driving roadway lane of traffic.
•Ellington Lockett, 23, of 164 Spruce St. in Boutte, was arrested on July 14 and charged with theft of goods less than $500.
•Daisy Brown, 18, of 1220 LA 52 Road 2, was arrested on July 18 and charged with theft $500-$1,500 and simple criminal damage $500-$5,000.
•Louis Robertson III, 51, of 709 Kinler St. in Luling, was arrested on July 18 and charged with theft of goods less than $500.
•Kenneth Ainsworth, 30, of 68 Nicolle Blvd. in Avondale, was arrested on July 18 and charged with DWI and reckless operation.
•A distributor valve valued at $100 was stolen from 501 LA 52 in Luling on July 13.
•A Kenwood DVD/CD radio and amp valued at $1,300 was stolen from 101 Marine Center Lane in Taft on July 13.
•125 various used tires worth between $500-$1,500 were stolen from 12127 Hwy. 90 in Luling on July 12.
•A Kindle Fire HD and case, valued at $265, were stolen from 17 Brandon Hall in Destrehan on July 16.
•A 12-gauge shotgun valued at $500 was stolen from a vehicle at 316 Evelyn Drive in Luling on July 16.
•A Yamaha four wheeler valued at $1,100 was stolen from 407 Pine St. in Hahnville on July 16.
•A Honda four-wheeler valued at $3,000 was stolen from 13801 Old Spanish Trail in Boutte on July 16.
•Four 8-foot flags, together valued at $180, were stolen from 12807 Hwy. 90 in Luling on July 18.
Featured Articles
Randy Breaux Jr. loves his job, and it shows in his work ethic and eagerness to...
Soon after the Memorial Day fire claimed the communitys beloved Zydecos Cajun...
John J. Landry III's future as chairman of the St. Charles Parish Hospital Board is...
Ready for work in his camouflage pants and a "Louisiana Yard Dog" T-shirt, St....
Destrehan junior Dane Simon and Hahnville junior pitcher Austin Perrin were...
Craig Blackburn and Heather Hancock have had myriad obstacles and a lot of distance...
featured merchant
Over 25 Years of Quality Sales, Service and Repairs on YAMAHA, MERCURY, EVINRUDE and JOHNSON Motors.
Future of hospital board chair uncertain after arrest - 2641 views
John J. Landry III's future as chairman of the St. Charles Parish Hospital Board is uncertain after he was arrested and charged with conspiring to file or filing falsified public records in connection with former District Attorney Harry Morel Jr.'s federal case.


text:
Search dreamydress48's books
Random books from dreamydress48's library
Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood: A Novel by Rebecca Wells
Kafka on the Shore by Haruki Murakami
Please Stop Laughing At Me...: One Woman's Inspirational Story by Jodee Blanco
Shadows in the Sun: Healing from Depression and Finding the Light Within by Gayathri Ramprasad
Behind the Bedroom Wall by Laura E Williams
Travels with My Aunt (Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition) by Graham Greene
How Green Was My Valley by Richard Llewellyn
Members with dreamydress48's books
Member connections
Friends: ShyPageSniffer
Interesting library: alaskabookworm, LauraBrook, michigantrumpet, ShellyS, ShyPageSniffer
Member gallery (11)
RSS feeds
Reviews of dreamydress48's books, not including dreamydress48's
Helper badges
Site design selection
The old design is no longer fully supported nor does it get full attention when we roll out new features. We strongly recommend using the new design.
Member: dreamydress48
CollectionsYour library (3,941), Currently reading (4), Favorites (121), All collections (3,941)
Reviews104 reviews
Tagskindle (1,618), audible (90), gift (4), arc (3) — see all tags
Cloudstag cloud, author cloud, tag mirror
Recommendations81 recommendations
About meI am an old soul. I love my dogs, books, and all things vintage.
About my library
Favorite authorsJane Austen, Charlotte Brontë, Agatha Christie, George Eliot, E. M. Forster, Elizabeth Gaskell, Elizabeth George, Thomas Hardy, W. Somerset Maugham, Peter Mayle, Nicole Mones, Haruki Murakami, Barbara Pym, David Sedaris, Booth Tarkington (Shared favorites)
Favorite bookstoresLucky Dog Books
Also onWordpress
Membership LibraryThing Early Reviewers/Member Giveaway
Real nameEve
Account typepublic, lifetime
/profile/dreamydress48 (profile)
Member sinceJun 6, 2012
Currently readingAnna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy
Most recent activity


text:
Sire: Black Wolf 045 Dam: JMR Mahala Cowgirl This black colt is well made and will have a real good disposition. Both parents rode well. If your looking…$1,500
Foaled: 6/2/16 **All the horses in this album are on his registration papers. **His sire: COWBOYS SHININ 313 (aka: Sparky): 15.1h 2003 AQHA stallion…$1,500
A great colt that goes back to Plaudit top & bottom. From Skip Premiere's last foal crop.He will be awesome. He will be a dark palomino with white mane…$3,500
Very nice colt, gorgeous head, very correct, One of the lost sons of World Champion Skip Premiere. Super intelligent, and easy to be with.$2,800
This boy has color I should say, the ever rare medicine hat. Outstanding pedigree, his sire is our overo stallion "Broker", and his dam is O Dance Little…$1,600
He is by Skip Premiere. He has a beautiful head, great muscle mass and is straight in every way. This colt is bred to look great and excel in many areas…$5,000
A super Horse colt with a fantastic pedigree.He traces back to Blondys Dude 4 times. He has a super Rabicano mom , and bred for exceptional athletic and…$5,000
DM Geronimo's Red Fox Red Roan Colt Blu Geronimo Hancock x SF Skippa Doll http://www.allbreedpedigree.com/dm+geronimos+red+fox Pictured here at two…$2,500


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 13, 2004
|Filing date
|Jul 26, 2001
|Priority date
|Jul 26, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Christopher William Gregory, William D. Gregory
|Original Assignee
|Wisys Technology Foundation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (9), Classifications (12), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is based upon Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/221,465 filed on Jul. 26, 2000.
This invention relates to electrical imaging technology, and more specifically to an apparatus and method for producing high resolution images, with accurate values of the electrical properties of the imaged object.
Since Roentgen discovered the ability of x-rays to produce a shadowgram of the interior of a sample, there has been a substantial interest in scientific and engineering circles in technologies that allow the imaging of the interior of a sample using quantities measured exterior to the sample. While these technologies are often applied in industry and commerce generally, one of the most active areas for the use of imaging technologies is in the field of medicine. The original shadowgram x-rays were enhanced substantially with the discovery and perfection of computerized axial tomography, which allows the recovery of not just a shadowgram, but detailed information about the interior structure of a sample from x-ray intensities measured on the outside. A similar intense interest developed when nuclear magnetic resonance measurements were extended to map the interior of a sample in what is now commonly called Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Also, the use of ultrasound to explore the interior of samples has been a technology that has received substantial interest.
For all of these technologies (x-ray tomography, MRI, and ultrasound), an accurate picture in terms of spatial resolution is produced. However, information about the character of various objects located in the interior of a sample is often very limited. For example, x-ray tomography measures only the intensity of absorption at a single x-ray frequency and is generally simply proportional to the density of the material of the sample. The only improvements to conventional x-ray tomography have been to use x-rays at different frequencies, which allow some information about both the density of objects in a sample (in terms of mass) as well as the electron density. Nonetheless, at best, only two new pieces of information are available from such measurements. MRI is a modality that is sensitive to other parameters. Primarily, MRIs measure the number of protons (usually associated with hydrogen atoms) at any given point in a sample. Some extra information can be obtained with a great deal of analysis and care by measuring the decay time for certain magnetic resonance properties, but the sensitivity is such that perhaps three parameters can be measured using this technique. A similar situation is obtained with ultrasound where there are yet some other complications due to the multiple reflections of the sound waves. While CAT scans and MRIs produce pictures that are somewhat familiar to even the untrained eye, ultrasound imaging requires a very skilled operator to perform the measurements and to interpret the results.
Because of the limitations of the existing imaging techniques, scientists and engineers have looked for other properties that might be exploited to produce an appropriate and improved image of the interior of an object. Techniques have been developed which measure the electrical properties of different materials located within an object. Such imaging has shown that substantial variations within a sample from one type of material to another may be detected (e.g., in a biological sample such as a human being, from one type of tissue to another) and provides a unique imaging modality that reveals information quite different from conventional imaging modalities.
Such electrical property imaging techniques are often referred to as "impedance tomography." Most conventional electrical property imaging techniques are based on the premises that: 1) electrodes, or sensors, should be attached directly to the sample to be measured (for medical applications, the sample is a human body), and 2) current is injected sequentially through each electrode into the sample and the subsequent voltages measured. Therefore, these conventional imaging techniques implement a "constant current/measured voltage" scheme.
In a departure from such conventional electrical property imaging techniques, one of the present inventors arranged sensors in an array outside the object to be measured as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,493,039. Further, during imaging of a sample, the ac voltages were applied at a fixed amplitude while the current was measured. This approach was further improved as described in pending patent application WO 99/12470 by filling the space between the object and the sensor array with an impedance matching medium. In addition, techniques for computing the internal charge distribution based on the measured surface charges are described, referred to as the scale factor technique and the iterative technique. Both the iterative and scale factor technique require initial estimates of the geometry of internal structures derived from an associated imaging system such as an x-ray CT system. The iterative technique also requires an initial guess of the electrical properties of each region, then uses a forward calculation of the expected currents at the boundary to check the validity of the guess, iterating this process until the guess produces boundary currents close to the measured values. The scale factor technique creates a "look up" table or neural net algorithm that allows one to correlate electrical properties or the interior of the sample with externally measured parameters using a large data set of model calculations. Because of limitations of the model and the need to extrapolate results to keep the size of the data sets reasonable, the scale factor technique has limited accuracy, but it does not require prior knowledge of approximate sample electrical properties. In fact, the results of the scale factor computation may serve as an initial estimate for the iterative technique. Both techniques are computationally intensive.
The present invention solves the problems associated with prior electrical parameter imaging techniques by providing an apparatus and method that generates an accurate image of the electrical properties of an object. More particularly, a charge correlation matrix is stored and employed during image reconstruction to directly calculate the internal charge distribution in the object from acquired surface charge measurements made on the object. From the calculated internal charge distribution, images of internal electrical properties such as conductivity and dielectric constants may be produced.
A general object of this invention is to produce high resolution images of internal electrical properties without the need for a separate imaging system. Charge correlation matrices are pre-calculated and stored in the apparatus for use with selected sensor array geometries and with prescribed image sizes and resolutions. The calculation of the internal charge distribution is a straight forward multiplication of the acquired surface charge data by the appropriate, stored charge correlation matrix. Electrical properties images are easily produced from the resulting internal charge image.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an exemplary computer system useful for implementing the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a planar view of a closed volume in space;
FIG. 3 is a planar view of a closed volume in space showing the relationship between the measured exterior total charges Qj and the interior total charges qi;
FIG. 4 is a planar view of a closed volume in space being measured by a conventional electrical property imaging technique;
FIG. 5 is a three dimensional representation of a sample holder which is employed when practicing the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing an apparatus which is employed when practicing the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a controller unit of the apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a control flow diagram showing the operation and method of the apparatus;
FIG. 9 is a control flow diagram showing the production of an empty data set for use in the process of FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 is a control flow diagram showing the generation of final measurements of electrical properties for use in the process of FIG. 8 using the preferred embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 11 is a pictorial representation of a diagonal matrix.
The preferred embodiment of the invention is implemented in a programmed computer shown in FIG. 1. The computer system 102 includes one or more processors, such as a processor 104, connected to a communication bus 106. The computer system 102 also includes a main memory 108, preferably random access memory (RAM), and a secondary memory 110. The secondary memory 110 includes, for example, a hard disk drive 112 and/or a removable storage drive 114, representing a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, a compact disk drive, a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as EPROM, or PROM), etc. which is read by and written to by a removable storage unit 116. The removable storage unit 116, also called a program storage device or a computer program product, represents a floppy disk, magnetic tape, compact disk, etc. As will be appreciated, the removable storage unit 116 includes a computer usable storage medium having stored therein computer software and/or data. The removable storage drive 114 reads from and/or writes to removable storage unit 116 in a well known manner.
The computer system 102 may also include other similar means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to be loaded. Such means can include, for example, a communications interface 118 which allows software and data to be transferred between computer system 102 and external devices. Examples of communications interface 118 include a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet card), a communications port, etc. Software and data transferred via communications interface 118 are in the form of signals which can be electronic, electromagnetic, optical or other signals capable of being received by communications interface 118.
In this document, the term "computer program product" refers to removable storage unit 116, a hard disk installed in hard disk drive 112, and signals transferred via communications interface 118. These computer program products are means for providing software to a computer system 102. In the preferred embodiment where the invention is implemented using software, the software may be stored in main memory 108, or in a computer program product and loaded into computer system 102 using removable storage drive 114, hard disk drive 112, or communications interface 118. Data structures such as the charge correlation matrices discussed below may be loaded and stored in the same manner. The software, when executed by the processor 104, causes the processor 104 to perform the functions of the invention as described herein. In an alternative embodiment, the invention may be implemented primarily in hardware using, for example, a hardwired state machine. Implementation of the state machine so as to perform the functions described herein will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant arts.
The computer system 102 also includes an output peripheral device 122 and one or more input devices 120. The output peripheral device may be a computer screen or monitor on which a graphical user interface, including a windows environment, may be displayed. The input devices 120 include, for example, a keyboard, a mouse, a light pen, a pressure-sensitive screen, etc., which provide a user with the capability of entering input to the computer system 102.
The underlying mathematical theory of the imaging technique of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 2-4. FIG. 2 is a planar view of a closed volume space 200 surrounded by a surface 202 that contains a sample 204 and an interior region F 206, such that region F 206 is the space between the sample 204 and the surface 202. The sample 204 comprises a plurality of connected subregions which for convenience are labeled: subregion A 208, subregion B 210, subregion C 212, subregion D 214, and subregion E 216. Each subregion 208-216 may be composed of a different material, such as different tissues in a human subject.
When an electromagnetic field at some specified frequency (f) is applied to the sample 204 in the closed volume space 200, a total charge is produced only where the electrical properties change, such as at the boundaries between each subregion 208-216 of the sample 204 where there is a dissimilarity in the dielectric constant and conductivity electrical properties of each subregion 208-216. These total charges will in turn induce a redistribution of the total charges on the surface of the closed volume space 200. It is assumed that these induced charge distributions result from both free charges (free to move individually) as well as polarization charges located on the surface 202 of the closed volume space 200. The charges on the surface 202 are also total (free plus polarization) charges wherein the total charge on a point on the surface 202 is indicated with a capital "Q", while the total charge on a point in the interior of the closed volume space 200 is indicated with a small "q." It is important to note that the measurement of the total charge Q can involve either an actual measurement of the charge Q or the charge Q as derived from a small increment of the electrical current, I, which is the rate of change of the charge Q with time.
The total charge Q at a point on the surface 202, and the total charge q at a point in the interior can be connected via electromagnetic theory. The fundamental theorem of electrostatics shows that an interior total charge q and a total charge Q on the surface 202 are uniquely related. However, when time varying electric fields are applied to electrical media they induce currents in the media. These currents in turn produce time varying magnetic fields that can induce electric fields in addition to the applied electric field via Faraday's law. This extra contribution to the electric field is negligible at low frequencies and can be ignored. We will use this so-called "quasi-static" approximation.
FIG. 3 is a planar view of the closed volume space 200 showing the relationship between the total charge Q at a point on the surface 202 and a total charge q at a point in the interior that are connected via The Greens Function. Specifically, The Greens Function connects a total charge Q on the surface 202 at point j with an interior total charge q at point
This relationship provides the desired information about the electrical properties of the interior subregions 208-216 of sample 204. FIG. 3 illustrates the coordinate system and some of the relevant geometry used in this discussion. The notation used in the coordinate system for the field point 304, the source point 306 and surface point 302 are {overscore (X)}, {overscore (X)} prime ({overscore (X)}′) and {overscore (X)} double prime ({overscore (X)}″) respectively. By associating the total charges q inside the sample 204 at the source point 306 with the total charges Q at the surface point 302, an enhanced image of the interior of the sample 204 can be generated. Therefore, the position at which the electric field is measured is field point 304.
The imaging technique of the present method differs significantly from the conventional electrical property imaging techniques. FIG. 4 is a planar view of a closed volume space 200 being measured by such conventional imaging techniques. A network of lumped circuit elements represents the electrical properties of the sample. With such a method, currents are injected at known places, e.g., P1 402, on the surface 202 of the closed volume space 200 and extracted at known places, e.g., P2 404. The voltages on the surrounding sensors are then measured and the lumped circuit impedances are computed from the set of current-voltage measurements. In contrast, the technique of the present invention allows one to fully describe the wave-like nature of the electric fields in the closed volume space 200 and the measuring volume and does not require any specific assumption regarding the structure of a lumped circuit element network or of the equivalent circuits used to characterize the subregions 208-216 of the sample 204 being measured.
Applying the Maxwell Equations of electromagnetic theory to the problem as just described results in Equation 1A:
In addition, a standard result of electromagnetic theory is the connection between the potential, (Φ)), and the total charge density, ρ, known as the Poisson Equation, Equation 1B:
where PTotal is the volume total charge density. The electric field E is obtained from the following equation:
The Equations 1A and 1B show that for determining the electric field E and the scalar potential phi (Φ), the charge densities that are important are related to the total charge, i.e., the free charge plus polarization charge.
Other methods for imaging the electrical properties attempt to compute the dielectric constant and conductivity of each region directly from the measurements. In the current invention we compute the total internal charges as an intermediate step. One advantage of seeking the charges rather than going directly for the conductivity or dielectric constant is that the internal charges, which totally govern the electrical picture, appear essentially only at boundaries that exist at discontinuities within the object, thus there are far fewer values to compute. Equation 2 below shows this since the gradient of the conductivity and the gradient of the dielectric constant contribute to the total charge density. Therefore, total charge depends on the rate with which the conductivity and the dielectric constant change with distance.
A standard theorem in electromagnetic theory is the Uniqueness Theorem. The Uniqueness Theorem for the quasistatic case states that if the potential or its normal derivative is known on a surface surrounding a closed volume, then the potential at a field point 304 can be uniquely determined. It is important to note that either the potential or the normal derivative of the potential need be known but not both. In fact, the problem would be over determined if both were known. While it is possible to define the problem with the potential known on some portion of the bounding surface and the normal derivative on other portions, Equation (3) below considers the simple case where the potential on the surface 202 is known. This is known as the Dirichlet boundary condition.
Equation 3 is the solution to Poisson's Equation (Equation 2) using the Green's Function.
Where GD is the Dirichiet Green's Function, dτ is an element of volume and S is an element of surface surrounding the volume τ. The first term in this equation is an integral over the entire volume and the second term is an integral over the surface of that volume.
Equation 3 is the potential at the field point 304 as determined by the total charge q on the interior and the potential on the surface 202, exactly as the Uniqueness Theorem predicts. The solution is obtained in terms of a geometrical function, the Green's Function, which is a standard treatment. When a sample 204 is present, both the volume integral of the total charge density ρTotal and the surface integral of the potential Φ are present. If the same potential distribution on the surface is considered but with no sample present, then the charge density term is zero but the surface integral term remains the same. The surface term (the second integral in Equation 3) is unchanged by inserting the sample 204 because the voltage is set to pre-determined values on the surface 202 and kept at those values before and after inserting the sample 204. Because of this, when the two terms are subtracted, the remaining expression involves only the Green's Function (which is a known quantity for a given shape of the array of measuring sensors) and the charge density. Therefore, it is convenient to use the difference in the potential between the case when a sample 204 is inserted and when a sample 204 is not inserted between the sensors. This potential difference can be related to the charges at the surface 202 by taking the normal derivative of the potential difference, which produces the normal component of the electric field since By Gauss's law, the normal component of the field near a conducting surface is directly proportional to the charge per area on that surface.
The above continuum model of the relationship of surface charge Q to the internal charge q can be expressed as the sum of measured discrete charges set forth below in equation (4). Equation (4) shows that those charges Qj at the surface 202 labeled by the index "j" will be related to the charges qi on the interior labeled by the index "i" by a matrix element involving both "j" and "i" wherein the connecting matrix element is simply the normal derivative of the Green's Function:
Equation 5 below shows that this series of equations in "j" can be written down and grouped together in matrix formulation involving a charge on the surface 202 as a vector, with each term of the vector one of the total charges. For the charges on the surface 202, a capital "Q" is used and they are related to a similar vector for which each term is one of the total charges on the interior using the small "q."
This series of equations is inverted to give the charges on the interior, "q", provided that the matrix itself has an inverse. More specifically, if an inverse exists, when the Green's Function derivative matrix is multiplied by its inverse, a unit matrix results as shown in equation (6).
FIG. 5 is a three dimensional representation of a sample holder 500 having a sample 204 contained therein. A plurality of sensors 502 are arrayed on each side of the sample holder 500 in a matrix configuration. This three-dimensional implementation of the invention is preferred, however, in the following discussion a two dimensional implementation is described. We will continue further development of the theory for this imaging method using the sensors in a two dimensional cross-section through the sample holder 500. This is shown best in FIG. 6. The resulting 2D sample holder apparatus 600 includes two opposing rows of sensors spaced apart by a distance b and extending along a length a, and two opposing rows of sensors spaced apart by distance b and extending along length a. The preferred embodiment of the present invention is described in terms of a rectangular sample holder. It would be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art to use a sample holder of a different geometric cross-sectional shape. However, when such a new shape is used, the sine function used to generate the Fourier transform values (to be described below) would be replaced by a function chosen from an appropriate orthonormal set of functions particular to the new shape of the sample holder.
A sample 204 is placed inside the sample holder 500 with a matching medium 504 that matches the impedance between the sample 204 and the sensors 502. More specifically, the matching medium 504 matches the average impedance of the entire sample 204. The sensors 502 are any sensing element that can be probed to determine the electric charge deposited on the sensor. Each sensor 502 serves the dual purpose of providing a controlled voltage to the sample 204, thereby generating the electromagnetic field, and of measuring the resulting electrical current, or total charge Q, over a fixed time interval.
It is possible to acquire sufficient charge data to reconstruct an image with a single orientation of the subject and applied electric field E. However, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) can be significantly improved if multiple measurements are made. By applying a sinusoidal potential of constant amplitude A1 across the top 510 of the rectangular space 500, and a similar potential of a different amplitude A2 on the bottom 512 of the rectangular space 500, with similar potentials having an amplitude varying continuously from A1 to A2 on equivalent portions of surfaces 506 and 508, a uniform electric field E is produced in the object in the vertical direction. Similarly a uniform electric field E is produced in the horizontal direction by reversing the roles of surfaces 510 and 512 with 506 and 508. The object can also be rotated with respect to the sample holder 500 to provide four possible combinations of sample 204 direction and electrical field direction. These four possible measurement conditions are set forth in TABLE 1.
Orientation (OR)
Sample Direction (S)
Electrical Field Direction (E)
Sample 204 orientations can be changed by rotating the plates of the sample holder or by rotating the sample 204 itself. Such rotation can be achieved by hand or by an automated means. From these four orientations, fifteen combinations of the resulting acquired data can be made. These fifteen possible combinations of field direction and sample orientation are set forth in TABLE 2.
1, 2
1, 3
1, 4
2, 3
2, 4
3, 4
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 4
1, 3, 4
2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4
The total charge Qj on the surface 202 is measured by measuring the current as a function of time, I(t), setting the charge on each sensor equal to zero at time t=0 and computing the total charge by integrating the current over time from t=0 to the desired time t. For example, when the current is determined from the phase sensitive detector measurements to have an amplitude A and phase α for a sine wave time dependence (Ij(t)=Asin(ωt+α)) the total charge is given by
Equation 7 below shows how to get rid of the double sum that is going to appear in the expression for the total charge Qj on the surface 202 of a sample 204. Once the Green's Function is expanded in a complete set of orthogonal functions (which is just the sine function), the result is a sum over the parameter "L" which appears inside the sine function in Equation 7 and also a sum over the charges qi which appear in Equation 4. Multiplying by the appropriate sine function for given value "L", and summing up over the top side 510 or the bottom side 512, results in the elimination of the sum over "L", thereby leaving just one term remaining. This result occurs because of the orthogonality property of sine and cosine functions. The accuracy can be further improved by adding the results from the top 510 and bottom 512, resulting in the equation for a given value of "L" for the Fourier Transform (the sine transform) as shown in Equation 8.
For each value of "L", one equation can be produced each of which involves the sum over the charges labeled by "i," the matrix elements of which are shown in Equation 8. This set of equations becomes somewhat better conditioned, i.e., one equation differs more from the other, if the length of the small side "b" is small compared to two times the length of the long side "a." Nonetheless, highly accurate results can be obtained for a=b.
We have discovered that it is possible to actually solve these equations (8) rigorously and produce an exact minimum noise solution to the problem, and thus to produce an accurate representation of the charges q in the interior of the object. Once this has been done, the interior charge distribution image can be used to build the solution for the potential everywhere on the interior of the object using the known Green's Function Solution presented in Equation (3) above. Once the potential everywhere on the interior of the object is known, the electrical fields can be easily generated from those potentials using Equation (1C). One can then obtain the change in the electrical field as you go from one point in the interior to another, which then produces an estimate of the electrical properties at every point in the interior of the object.
Equation (8) is an expression for the electric charge if one adds the Fourier transforms for the surface charges measured along a row of detector elements disposed on opposite sides of the object. The coordinates x′ and y′ are the location of the internal charge q, where x′ is along the direction of the row of opposing detector elements and y′ extends perpendicular to and between the two rows of opposing detector elements. The functional dependence on the position of the interior charge q in the direction parallel to the measuring plates (x′) is a trigonometric sine function. Each sine function is indexed by an integer L, where L can vary from one to an arbitrarily high number n. In this preferred embodiment n is set equal to twice the number of pixels desired in the prescribed image (i.e., twice the number of interior charge points qi).
We also note that expressing these equations in vector matrix notation produces a matrix (which we call M (L,i)) where each row of the matrix is perpendicular to every other row because of the orthogonality property of the sine functions.
It is possible using standard theorems of matrix theory to show that the columns of the matrix are also orthogonal provided that the rows are "normalized". (To normalize, take the vector dot product of each row with itself, take the square root of the number that's produced and divide each element in the row by the square root.) But if the columns of the matrix are orthogonal, then the entire matrix is an "orthogonal matrix". The inverse of the matrix is just its transpose (where the rows and the columns are interchanged) and this means that the desired inverse of equations (8) are a straightforward calculation.
To test this, we normalized the rows of the matrix {double overscore (M)} and we then further took the matrix dot product of the transpose of that matrix {double overscore (M)}T with the original.
The results are shown in FIG. 11. The vertical axis represents the value of the matrix {double overscore (D)} element, and the two horizontal directions represent the row and the column number from which that element is taken. We note that the resulting matrix {double overscore (D)} is substantially diagonal; i.e. the non-zero elements are along the diagonal of the matrix. When matrix {double overscore (D)} is multiplied by the vector representing the internal charges ({overscore (q)}), only one of those charges is picked out for multiplication of each row.
Algebraically, equation (11) is an expression for each separate internal charge qi. All of the factors needed for this computation can either be measured or computed, and thus each element of charge qi in the interior of the object can be calculated separately. The matrix {double overscore (M)}T is referred to herein as a "charge correlation matrix", and by calculating and storing the elements of this charge correlation matrix prior to image acquisitions, the reconstruction of electrical property images from acquired surface charge data is a relatively simple procedure.
An advantage of the present invention is that the charge correlation matrix can be determined for a given set of measuring plates and image resolution, and stored in the computer ahead of time. It is contemplated that a plurality of charge correlation matrices will be stored in system memory. One of these matrices will be selected based on the particular sample holder configuration used and the particular image prescription chosen. To evaluate the charges on the interior, therefore, we need only measure and produce the Fourier transforms of the measured surface charges Q. The process of inverting the data to produce the interior charges q is merely a matter of multiplying the transformed charge data by the selected charge correlation matrix. There is no iterative process and there is no need to make an initial guess at the magnitude of the electrical properties of each structure in the interior. Most importantly, it is also not necessary to make a measurement of the shape of the interior structures using a separate imaging system.
The final steps in taking the interior measured charges and producing the potentials and/or electrical fields on the interior of the object can be accomplished by inserting the charges q into the Greens' functions solution Equation (3). We note that there are two terms in the expression for the interior electrostatic potentials: A) a volume integral involving the charges q that were just calculated above; and B) an integral over the surface involving known potentials that are set at the surface. The first integral is obtained just using the charges calculated above. The second integral is obtained just as easily, because the potentials that are set at the surface sensors are determined by the experimenter and are known. Therefore everything is know and can be calculated by a simple plug-in operation and known formula to get the interior potentials according to equation (3).
Once the interior potentials are known, the electric field everywhere can be obtained from the rate of change of the potential in each direction as given in Equation (1C). Once the electric fields are known everywhere in the interior the electrical properties (εr and σ) of each region within this object can be computed from the change of the normal component of this electric field across each boundary within the object. Therefore, by starting with the known electrical properties of the medium surrounding the object, the electrical properties of adjacent regions in the object can be calculated. At each boundary of region(k) to region (k+1) the ratio of the normal components of the electric fields are related to the electrical properties in regions (k) and (k+1) as follows:
Since the values of σ and εr are known for the matching medium (the region with k=1), use of Equation (12) will yield corresponding values for the next region (k=2). Applying the equation again for the boundary between region 2 and 3, we get the values for region 3, and so on until we have the electrical properties of the entire object.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing an apparatus 600 which is employed to practice the present invention with a sample 204. In the preferred embodiment, the apparatus 600 comprises a capacitive sensor array 604 a-d on each side of the sample 204 for detecting the point total charges Q at each point on the surface 202 of the sample 204. Specifically, there is a top array 604 a, right side array 604 b, bottom array 604 c, and left side array 604 d, which collectively form a sample holder 500. Therefore, the surface 202 of the sample 204 is the surface of the capacitive sensor arrays 604 a-d (the sample holder 500). When the sample 204 is thick, the preferred embodiment comprises at least two capacitive sensor arrays 604 a, c. However, it would be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art to use an apparatus and method of the present invention using one or more such capacitive sensor arrays 604 for detecting the total charges Q at the surface 202 of a sample 204.
In operation, which is described in greater detail below, a sample 204 is placed between the capacitive sensor arrays 604 a-d with two sides of the sample 204 being reasonably close to the capacitive sensor arrays 604 a-d and with a matching medium 602 applied around the sample 204 as a buffer between the sample 204 and the capacitive sensor arrays 604 a-d. Enough matching medium 602 is used to fill up the remainder of the sample holder 500 surrounding the sample 204. This preferred embodiment of matching medium 602 minimizes error in reading the total charges of the sample 204. A matching medium 602 is used to produce appropriate total charges Q at the segmented sensor plate 606 (which is equal to the surface 202 of the sample 204). Specifically, a matching medium 602 is chosen for a sample 204 such that the medium 602 optimizes the accuracy of the resulting dielectric constant and conductivity of each subregion 208-216 of the sample 204.
Each capacitive sensor array 604 a-d comprises an identical structure. For the purpose of convenience only, one capacitive sensor array 604 a is described, however, the description is equally applicable to the other capacitive sensor arrays 604 b-d of the present invention. A capacitive sensor array 604 a comprises a segmented sensor plate 606 having a plurality of controller units 608 a-f applied thereon and arranged in a matrix format. Each controller unit 608 a-f applies the desired voltage to the sample 204 at a desired frequency, thereby generating an electromagnetic field, as well as detecting the total charge Q at the segmented sensor plate 606. A controller unit 608 a is described below in greater detail.
A power supply 610, frequency source 612, and a computer system 614 are connected to the capacitive sensor arrays 604 a-d by a bus 616. The power supply 610 provides the necessary DC power for the components of the sensor array 604 and the frequency source 612 provides the necessary alternating voltage to the capacitive sensor arrays 604 a-d for measuring the sample 204 contained therein. In the preferred embodiment, the frequency source 612 provides both a zero degree component 618 (in-phase) and a ninety degree component 620 (quadrature phase) of the alternating voltage being output from the controller units 608 a. Further, the frequency can be changed so that the apparatus 600 can make multiple frequency measurements as needed. When imaging tissues, for example, frequencies ranging from 100 Hz to 100 MHz may be employed to exploit the differences in electrical characteristics between various tissue types. The computer system 614 controls the components of the apparatus 600 and performs the calculations needed to generate the dielectric constant and conductivity electrical properties of the sample 204.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating the structure of a controller unit 608 a of a capacitive sensor array 604 a. For convenience purpose only, one controller unit 608 a is described, however, the description is equally applicable to the other controller units 608 b-f. In the preferred embodiment, controller unit 608 a comprises multiple components, including but not limited to, a local controller 702, an A/D converter 704, a multiplexer 706, a first Sample/Hold (S/H) component 708, a second S/H component 710, an out-of-phase phase (90 degree)phase sensitive detector 712, an in-phase phase (0 degree)phase sensitive detector 714, an auto-gain controller 716, a segment voltage controller 718, and a pure resistor 724. These components communicate via a local digital bus 722. Further, these components communicate with the other parts of the apparatus 600 via the bus 616. More specifically, the controller unit 608 a transmits and receives data to/from the computer system 614, receives power 724 from the power supply 610, and receives in-phase and out-of-phase alternating voltage from the frequency source 612 over the bus 616. In operation, the computer system 614 commands the segment voltage controller 718 of 25 the controller unit 608 a to set a given alternating voltage at a specified frequency. The pure resistor 724 is used to create a voltage that is an accurate measure of the magnitude and phase of the electrical current. Also, the computer system 614 engages the auto-gain controller 716 to maximize the voltage on pure resistor 724 reflective of the electrical current, or charge, inputted to the phase sensitive detectors 712, 714. Next, the computer system 614 commands the in-phase phase sensor detector 712 and the out-of-phase phase sensor detector 714 to read the total charges Q on the segmented sensor plate 606. The controller unit 606 transmits these total charges Q to the computer system 614 via the first S/H 708, the second S/H 710, the multiplexer 706, the A/D converter 704 and the local controller 702. These components operate using conventional methods. It should be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the relevant arts to convert the analog format of the total charges Q to digital values and then transmit these digitized total charges Q to the local controller 702 and the computer system 614 for further processing.
While we have described an embodiment using phase sensitive detectors to determine the amplitude and phase of the current at each sensor, it will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that there are alternate methods to perform this task. For example, the current data could be digitized and the resulting digital signal could then be analyzed with a Fourier Transform Analyzer. This alternate method would be useful for creating images at several frequencies of the applied field simultaneously, thus saving time compared to the use of phase sensitive detectors, where the frequency would have to be changed sequentially for each sensor if only one set of quadrature phase sensitive detectors were to be employed for each sensor.
The apparatus 600 may be incorporated into a standard tomographic device, e.g., an x-ray CT or MRI system. This combination allows the imaging system to produce a high resolution image that may be registered with the image produced by the apparatus 600. However, it is an advantage of the present invention that high resolution images of the electrical properties of the subject can be produced without input from a separate imaging system.
FIGS. 8-10 are flow charts illustrating the operational control of the apparatus 600. Referring to these figures, the method of using the apparatus 600 with a standard imaging system 620 is described below in detail. It can be appreciated, however, that this apparatus 600 can also be operated in a stand-alone mode. Control starts at step 802 at which the computer system 614 inputs initial start-up data, including but not limited to, a source indicator for empty data values, and the orientation of the sample 204 in the sample holder 500. As indicated above, a plurality of precalculated charge correlation matrices are stored in memory and as part of the initialization process, one of these is selected. This selection is made based on the particular image acquisition parameter prescribed by the user, such as image size and image resolution. At this step, the computer system 614 also generates an electromagnetic field within the sample holder 500 of the apparatus 600 according to a predetermined alternating voltage of a select frequency.
After start-up, processing proceeds to step 804. In step 804, the computer system 614 of the apparatus 600 sets the electromagnetic field according to a given voltage and frequency of each controller unit 606 and sets the orientation of the sample 204. In the next step 806, the computer system 614 sets the address pointer for the empty data values. The "empty" data values are the total surface charges Q when a sample 204 is not in the apparatus 600; that is, only the matching medium 602 is present in the sample holder 500. Step 806 is described in greater detail below.
Processing then continues to step 808. In step 808, an object 204 to be imaged is placed between the capacitive sensor arrays 604 a-d, or the sample holder, of the apparatus 600. Proceeding to step 810, the apparatus 600 waits for a trigger from the imaging system to which it is connected. By using this triggering mechanism, the sensor measurements of the total surface charge Q and the acquired image data are acquired at precisely the same time, for the same condition of the object 204. The imaging system may be used for triggering the apparatus 600 at a convenient time for acquiring optimum information about the object 204, such as at specifically monitored portions of the cardiac or pulmonary cycle of a human subject. Upon receiving the trigger from the imaging system, the apparatus 600 continues to step 812.
In step 812, the computer system 614 commands the controller units 606 a-f to poll their sensors, the phase sensitive detectors 712, 714, and measure the total charge Q on the segmented sensor plate 606. This represents the full data values which are the total surface charges Q when the sample 204 is located within the sample holder 500 of the apparatus 600. This polling of the sensors is performed in parallel so that the time averaging for any one measurement is the same as the time averaging for all measurements. Once the data is received, the apparatus 600 continues to step 814. In step 814, the computer system 614 sets a data pointer to the full data it just read from the polling of the sensors and proceeds to step 816.
In step 816, the computer system 614 determines whether there are additional measurements to be made with a new orientation for the sample 204 or the electric field as it is contained within the sample holder 500 of the apparatus 600. If another measurement is to be made, the computer system 614 returns to step 804 to restart its data acquisition sequence. After all the prescribed measurements are made, the computer system 614 computes the electrical properties for each pixel in the subject 204 and produces an image thereof. Step 818 is described in greater detail below. When the electrical properties image has been produced, the computer system 614 proceeds to step 820, thereby completing its processing.
The final measurements of dielectric constant and conductivity electrical properties of a object 204 can be used in various ways. In the preferred embodiment, the final measurements are used to indicate whether certain tissue in a sample 204 is living or dead, or whether the tissue has a pathology such as clogged arteries and veins, or a cancerous tumor. This information may be presented to a user either in a numerical or enumerated format, a graphical format, or a combination of both. However, in the preferred embodiment the calculated electrical values are used to modulate the intensity and/or color of corresponding image pixels.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating the processing of step 806 which sets the data pointer for the empty data set. The process begins at step 902 and immediately proceeds to step 904 which determines the source of values to be used in the empty data set. If stored data values from a database are to be used, the computer system 614 proceeds to step 906. In step 906, the computer system 614 sets a pointer to the storage location of the empty data set values according to the appropriate database values and continues to step 914, thereby returning to FIG. 8 and step 808.
Referring again to step 904, if the computer system 614 determines that it must make measurements for the empty data set, the computer system 614 proceeds to step 908. In step 908, the computer system 614 waits for a trigger from the imaging system. The imaging system may make a preliminary image of the empty sample holder 500 and transmit this imaging data to the computer system 614 of the apparatus 600, thereby triggering the apparatus 600 to continue its processing at step 910. It is important to note that the imaging system need not make an image of an empty sample holder 500, but doing so allows for the checking of the data.
In step 910, the computer system 614 commands the phase sensitive detectors 712, 714 of the controller units 606 a-f to apply the prescribed voltages and poll their sensors and measure the total charges Q on the segmented sensor plates 606. Once the charge data is received, the apparatus 600 stores this empty data set and continues to step 912. In step 912, the computer system 614 sets a data pointer to the address location for the empty data set and proceeds to step 914, thereby returning to FIG. 8 and step 808.
The electrical properties are calculated from the acquired charge data in accordance with the steps shown in FIG. 10. As indicated at step 1004, the first task is to subtract the empty data from the first set of charge measurements. This produces a set of surface charge data Q which reflects the charges q inside the subject being imaged as set forth above in equation (4). The resulting charge measurements Q acquired at corresponding sensors 502 on opposite sides 506 and 508 or top and bottom 510 ad 512 of the sample holder 500 are either added together or subtracted at step 1006. In the preferred embodiment they are added.
As indicated at step 1008, an array of L transformation coefficients are then calculated from the resulting surface charge data Q(x) as set forth in equation (7) above. In the preferred embodiment L is set equal to the number of pixels in the prescribed image (i.e. number of internal charge locations qi). The resulting Fourier transform array FT(L) indicates values of the frequency constituents of the acquired surface charge data.
The next step as indicated at step 1010 is to multiply the Fourier transform array FT(L) by the appropriate stored correlation matrix{double overscore (M)}T. As indicated above, correlation matrices are calculated for each sample holder 500 and each prescribable image resolution. As indicated above by equation (11), this results in a numerical value for the charge q at each pixel i in the subject. These values are stored at step 1012 in an array to form a charge image.
As indicated at step 1014, a voltage image is calculated next as set for above in equation (3). This image indicates the voltage produced at every pixel in the image due to the applied external sinusoidal voltage. As indicated at decision block 1016, a determination is then made if further measurements are to be made to increase the image SNR. As indicated above, these additional measurements can be made by changing the direction of the field produced by the applied voltages and the relative orientation of the subject as set forth above in TABLE 1. In the preferred embodiment all four orientations listed in TABLE 1 are acquired with the result that four voltage images are produced by the processing loop indicated at 1018.
The voltage images are combined to form a single, high SNR voltage image at step 1020. This is done by computing the average value at each image pixel. Other electrical parameters such as dielectric constant and conductivity can now be calculated from the voltage image. As indicated at step 1022, this is done by first computing the electric field everywhere using the reconstructed voltage image and Equation (1C). Then, the technique described above with regard to Equation (12) is performed in step 1024 to calculate the dielectric constant Ar and the conductivity or at each image pixel. These calculated values may be used to produce separate images as described above, or the values may be tabulated.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 6, 1980
|Jan 8, 1985
|President And Directors Of Georgetown University
|Apparatus and method for image reproduction of materials using their magnetic and electric properties
|Jul 23, 1991
|Jan 10, 1995
|Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
|Current patterns for electrical impedance tomography
|Nov 19, 1993
|Jun 24, 1997
|British Technology Group Limited
|Image reconstruction
|Apr 29, 1999
|Sep 19, 2000
|Organ; Leslie William
|Electrical impedance method and apparatus for detecting and diagnosing diseases
|Nov 25, 1997
|Jun 4, 1998
|Computing Devices Canada Ltd.
|Electrical impedance tomography method and electrode arrangement for use therein
|Sep 10, 1998
|Mar 18, 1999
|West Virginia University Research Corp.
|Electrical property enhanced tomography (epet) apparatus and method
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 20, 2001
|Jun 21, 2005
|Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
|Modeling behavior of an electrical circuit
|Aug 13, 2003
|May 9, 2006
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Electro-magnetic analysis program of electric rotating machine
|Nov 8, 2011
|Wisys Technology Foundation
|Apparatus and method for evaluating ex vivo tissue samples by electrical impedance
|Dec 14, 2012
|Apr 15, 2014
|Intersection Medical, Inc.
|Devices for determining the relative spatial change in subsurface resistivities across frequencies in tissue
|May 2, 2011
|May 26, 2015
|Wisys Technology Foundation
|Method and apparatus for eliminating loading and electrode polarization effects in impedance measurements for tissues and electrolytes
|Dec 14, 2012
|Oct 6, 2015
|Intesection Medical, Inc.
|Methods for determining the relative spatial change in subsurface resistivities across frequencies in tissue
|Nov 20, 2001
|May 22, 2003
|Lipeng Cao
|Modeling behavior of an electrical circuit
|Aug 13, 2003
|Jun 24, 2004
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Electro-magnetic field analysis program of electric rotating machine
|Apr 2, 2009
|Oct 8, 2009
|Gregory William D
|Apparatus and Method for Evaluating Ex Vivo Tissue Samples by Electrical Impedance
|U.S. Classification
|600/547, 324/693, 324/692, 324/715
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 24, 2002
Owner name: WISYS TECHNOLOGY FOUNDATION, INC., WISCONSIN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GREGORY, WILLIAM D.;GREGORY, CHRISTOPHER W.;REEL/FRAME:012820/0812
Effective date: 20011016
|Dec 28, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 13, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 15, 2016
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Jan 15, 2016
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 11


text:
Gay MEP slams Daily Mail report as "inaccurate and highly misleading"
Post your comment
Comments on this article are now closed.
Reader comments
interesting, but not surprising, that the Daily Hate chose the term "gay lover" rather than the legal designation "civil partner". It makes it sound illicit and a little shameful – like "mistress".
When will this rag be dragged into the 21st century?
apYrs, typical of right wing rags like the Daily Mail. The term "gay lover" is proof that many straights in our society don't take partnerships seriously for all their supposed equal status with marriage. Its why several countries among other reasons abandoned them. Here in the states, when American gay couples legally marry in Canada or Massachusetts, they are never referred to as gay lovers in the press or other media, but as married partners, never gay lovers. One can sometimes see photos of married gay couples' announcements appear in the New York Times, one of the nations most prestigious newspapers. Nobody denigrates them and nobody write letters of protest to the editor. The British tabloid press is notorious for yellow journalism, I believe it was the inventor if I'm not mistaken.
Aside from the Mail's sensationalism, MPs who bring family members into their team are playing with fire. Is Mr Cottingham running a PR 'firm' or is he just a freelance consultant. If the former is the case, how can he have the time to do two very demanding jobs? It's a fair question: those who elect public servants do have a right to know that they are employing the pest people possible for their team. And he owes it to the gay community whom he has spoken out so well for. Given the shocking waste of money and corruption that has riddled the EU over the years, and the way whistle blowers are silenced, these are valid, if uncomfortable questions.
Yep, usual "you can't question me – I'm gay" line. Bash the Daily Mail, not the crooks who have the cheek to say they represent us. Payroll services – for 6 people? Wish I could do that for 30 grand!
It would be lovely if I could employ my boyfriend, brothers, niece, mum, mates and anyone else to "research" for me, all on the taxpayer. It is saps like us who are working their socks off to pay the more and more tax we pay (we've just past the tax free day last week) to have these "honourable members" work at making our lives easier! Couldn't make it up
Remember boys, it's all our taxes, straight or gay paying for this lot. Has anyone ever gone out for a night in Brussells? it's like university all over again, on our money.
From Brussells to Strasburg, what a joke, what a jamboree. And these MEPs have the brass neck to talk about cutting down emissions from travel
Julian, the point is, Cashman's sexual orientation should not be relevant, even if the story were true. When do we ever read the orientation of straight politicians mentioned, why does the gutter press have to bring it up when the target under investigation is a gay man or woman? What has sexual orientation got to do with how we do or don't do our jobs? I see no relevance or necessity for it.
How can Michael Cashman possibly need a 'Personnel and Payroll Manager' for what must be a tiny staff.
It's irrelevant whether the Daily Mail are 'picking on him' when the fact is that it's obvious that Cashman, like everyone else on the Brussels Gravy Train is milking it for everything going – and doing so out of the pockets of a British Public finding it increasingly difficult to pay their day-to-day bills. I deeply resent Cashman's hand in my pocket just as much as the worst of the other parties – his gay status is irrelevant in this and I'm not impressed, either, by his claim that everything is 'within the rules' and openly decalred – the rules allow MEP's and Euro bureaucrats an income (including 'expenses') that those who pay their wages can only dream about. Cashman's as mucky as the rest gay or not.
These comments are un-moderated and do not necessarily represent the views of PinkNews. If you believe that a comment is inappropriate or libellous, please contact us.
Most commented this week
- Two million Brits sign petition for second EU referendum 216
- Nicola Sturgeon says Scotland could block UK's exit from the EU 214
- UK votes to leave the European Union 200
- Man claiming to be Orlando shooter's gay ex-lover says he killed for 'revenge' 87
- Editorial: 10 things that all Tory leadership candidates should agree on LGBT rights 86
- Spectator slammed for featuring 'dehumanising, degrading' transphobic cartoon 72
- Pope says Church should apologise to gays… a month after saying Catholics should be free to discriminate 69
- Thousands flood the streets at Pride in London to prove that love always wins (PHOTOS) 68
- Landlord orders out Church that celebrated Orlando massacre 65
- Director claims Stonewall gay rights riots were a 'white event' 59


text:
How Odisha featured at intl Buddhist meete 14 and 15 on the occasion of the birth anniversary of Guru Padmasambhava, an international conference was held at Paro in Bhutan. The conference was jointly organised by Daso Karma Ura, Director of Centre for Bhutan Studies and Gross National ... New Delhi Pioneer, 12 hours ago
China: Buddhist Monastery Faces Demolition, Says HRW - Eurasia Review, 2 weeks ago
Belittling Gauthama Buddha's achievements a response - Sri Lanka Island, 3 weeks ago
511 images for buddhism
Haryana students to be taught about Veer Savarkar and Syama Prasad Mukherjee: Education Minister
Religious holy books such as Bhagvad Gita, Quran and books on Buddhism will also be taught to the students.DNA, 1 day ago
The life and legacy of Kumarajiva
Kumarajiva broke political, geographical, cultural and linguistic barriers to propagate BuddhismThe Hindu, 1 week ago
Remembering Master Jing Hui, the monk who changed many lives
est in Buddhism. But I've often questioned whether it is a religion or a philosophy. The practice seems almost religious, but on the other hand, Buddhism promotes an inner calm, peace, and acceptance towards things which are beyond one's control. There is ...Business Standard, 1 week ago AFP - Myanmar-religion-Buddhism-Islam-social-politics Namibia Press Agency, 3 weeks ago Buddhism as social philosophy Speaking Tree, 1 month ago
Buddhism and Beyond in Tibet
Back from the usually restricted areas of Tibet, Iftikhar Gilani shows you how tradition is fading into modernity, in the land of the lamasDNA, 2 weeks ago Fleeting beauty: the Tibetan sand mandala Xinhua News Agency, 4 weeks ago Buddha Day marked first time across Pakistan Pakistan Today, 1 month ago Bonpo monks receive doctorate for first time from China's modern Buddhism college Xinhua News Agency, 1 month ago
Telangana Will Soon Be Home To One Of The Greatest Buddhist Theme Park
BENGALURU: Sri Parvatharama or the Buddhavanam is a Buddhist heritage theme park, which was undertaken in 2005 by the Andhra Pradesh government. It has been almost ten years since the government has taken up the project, but it was running at a slow ...Silicon India, 3 weeks ago Buddhism-themed ink painting fetches $10m CHINAdaily Africa, 3 weeks ago On the path to righteousness The Telegraph, 1 month ago
Buddhism can help in tackling hateful rhetoric aimed at dividing communities: UN Chief
Follow @merinews On the occasion of UN Day of Vesak, UN Chief Ban Ki-moon said the how the teachings of Buddhism could help the international community tackle pressing challenges, including mass population movements, violent conflicts, atrocious ...Meri News, 1 month ago Buddhism can help tackle challenges: UN Chief Press Trust of India, 1 month ago Buddhism can help global community: Ban Ki-moon on Vesak The Statesman, 1 month ago PTI - UN-BUDDHISM - Buddhism can help nations tackle pressing challenges: UN Chief Namibia Press Agency, 1 month ago
More from: , Business Standard...and 4 other sources
Embracing Buddhism: The Japanese way
26 May 2016, New Delhi, Kiran Sharma Though Buddhism has its root in India, it is surprising that it has resurged with such a strong impact, so many centuries later and that too in a foreign language. With urban lifestyle's rigour taking ...Millennium Post, 1 month ago Buddhism is the fastest growing religion among Scheduled Castes Zee News, 1 month ago Did Ambedkar choose logic over Buddhism ? :: N Bupenda E Pao!, 2 months ago Rohith wanted us to follow Buddhism, says family DNA, 2 months ago
Archaeologists mull exploringfamous Buddhist sites in India
ddhism from India to China. The Institute of Archeology under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences will collaborate with Indian archaeologists at key sites in Sarnath, India, authorities said today. The project is expected to include excavations, cultural ...Business Standard, 1 month ago Chinese, Indian archaeologists mull exploring birthplace of Buddhism CHINAdaily.com.cn, 1 month ago China Exclusive: Chinese, Indian archaeologists mull exploring birthplace of Buddhism People.com.cn, 1 month ago XINHUA - China Exclusive: Chinese, Indian archaeologists mull exploring birthplace of Buddhism Namibia Press Agency, 1 month ago
Buddhist and Chardham circuits to see Rs 20,000 cr investment in highways
The government plans to invest an estimated Rs 20,000 crore in upgrading and building national highway network around two religious circuits. Though it has faced small hiccups like termination of contract for 149-km Kannauj-Kanpur of the Buddhist ...Business Standard India, 2 weeks ago Buddhist, Char Dham circuits to see Rs 20,000-cr investment in highways Business Standard India, 2 weeks ago
Realtime News
on your WebpageAdd Widget >Get your members hooked!


text:
5443 Dudley Blvd
Mcclellan, CA 95652
Fantastic job, my look was fantastic after use this company service, love you guys.
..On a recent holiday I happened into the West Sacramento salon inside Walmart. I asked for highlights and a cut. I got an...
I drive from Elk Grove because Kenya believes in hair care. My hair is healthier & styles better than ever. She doesn't believe...
©2016 Cox Search, Inc. All rights reserved. Data provided in part by Localeze and Valpak.


text:
Articles tagged terror pigeon dance revolt
2 Nov 2009 // 8:59 PM
Though several bands demanded double-takes, and many impressed, there were no obvious standouts at this year's CMJ. Instead, our writers found bands that exemplified standards for success, and failure, putting together ten rules on how to sink or swim at CMJ.READ more
23 Oct 2009 // 7:34 AM
The CMJ Music Marathon and Film Festival invades New York City this week. Here's the latest from PopMatters' writers on the beat. Words and Pictures by Thomas HaunerREAD more
26 Oct 2008 // 8:57 AM
Words and Pictures by John BohannonREAD more
//Mixed media
Wyclef Jean "Hendrix" (Singles Going Steady) // Music
Peter Bjorn and John "Breakin' Point" (Singles Going Steady) // Music
//Pm Picks
'Overwatch' and Anger Issues
// Moving Pixels
"I get angry in Overwatch not because I hate to lose, but because most of the time when I do lose, I can see so clearly how the loss could have been avoided.READ the article


text:
Real news. Real funny.
Real news. Real funny.
If you can read this, either the style sheet didn't load or you have an older browser that doesn't support style sheets. Try clearing your browser cache and refreshing the page.
Duplicate of another approved link: 7445514
• • •
3553 clicks; Favorite
Voting Results (Smartest)
Archived thread
Displayed 32 of 32 comments
This thread is archived, and closed to new comments.
Submit a Link »
In Other Media
Stories from our partner sites:
Porn Website Promises To Donate To Ch...
Dead Man's Parrot Could Become Key Wi...
Man Allegedly Scans Penis At Supermar...
Meet The Most Beautiful Goat In All T...
More news at HuffPostWeirdNews »
Rio Governor: Olympics Could Be 'Big...
Markets Close Sharply Lower
'Eye of the Tiger' Cost Huckabee $25K
'Shady' $4 Smartphones Supposedly Abo...
More news at Newser »


text:
Reading mode: Light Dark
Nikon Coolpix P100
Announced Feb 3, 2010 •
10 megapixels | 3″ screen | 26 – 678 mm (26.1×)
Ask a question in forums about the Nikon Coolpix P100.
Ask a new question
By: anilketkar (11 months ago)
Posted to: Nikon Coolpix Talk
A question for those who own Nikon superzooms like P610 or P900. Have any of you tried to use these amazing superzoom cameras for Astrophotography (AP)? I know many of you are mostly birders, and nature photograpphers. But I have an interest in using a superzoom for AP. I have used my older Nikon P100 superzoom to see Jupiter's moons and Saturn's rings. I wonder if the later models can do better with their much improved image stabilization and improved sensors & optics. Then, I might be...
By: anilketkar (Jul 2, 2015)
Posted to: Nikon DX SLR (D40-D90, D3000-D7200) Talk
I have been successful in using SLRs (former Canon user) in the 35 mm film days. Since the advent of digitals, I switched to P&S Nikon P100. Now I am just getting into DSLRs with the purchase of a brand new D5200. I was hoping to use "M" mode for some of the Astrophotography work I had planned. However. the new D5200 seems bent on changing ISO settings when in the M mode. Even when I set the ISO to a fixed number like 400 or 800 ASA, and set that to M mode and change to max aperture (f/5.6 at...
By: Sukhdev Singh (Apr 18, 2014)
Posted to: Nikon Coolpix Talk
Hi every one. I have just bought a Sandisk Ultra SDXC 64GB card but realised that it is not accepted by Nikon P100. Is there a way to use this card in Nikon P100. Can I upgrade the P100 firmware with the P500 firmware.
By: FishingPhotographer (Mar 31, 2014)
Hello. This is my first post on the forum. I do quite a lot of fishing. It is nice to get a photograph of yourself holding a special catch, but this is hard to achieve when you are alone! The way I have thought up to make this easier is to have a camera that has a screen that faces you so you can get nicely into the frame. Then use a "intervalometer" to take a shot every couple of seconds for about a minute. A basic remote is of no use, as I will be holding the fish and will therefore be...
By: darkbeats (Jan 10, 2013)
Hi,I want to buy a digital camera and I have read around and found two cameras that I like: Nikon Coolpix P100 and Canon Powershot SX30.Which of the two should I choose? Please give me some details why.Other suggestions in the same price area are welcome!Thanks in advance!Alex
By: jacster66 (Nov 12, 2012)
I have a Nikon p100, When i put in the memory card it says "card cannot be used? Do I have the wrong card? HELP! I love this camera!
Latest reviews
Finished challenges
Most popular cameras
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX10 III2.9%Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX100 IV2.3%Canon EOS Rebel T6 (EOS 1300D)2.3%Panasonic Lumix DMC-GX85 (Lumix DMC-GX80 / Lumix DMC-GX7 Mark II)2.3%Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX1001.9%Panasonic Lumix DMC-ZS100 (Lumix DMC-TZ100)1.8%Canon PowerShot G5 X1.7%Sony Alpha a63001.7%Sony Alpha a60001.5%Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX100 III1.4%
In-depth testingLatest Camera ReviewsBeyond the studio testsFeature Articles and VideosPIX VideosTalks, demos and panels681The Canon that canCanon EOS 80D Review360Touchscreen street shooterFujifilm X70 Review2126Upwardly mobileSony a6300 Review308Power ZoomPanasonic Lumix ZS100/TZ100 Review2472Retro through-and-throughFujifilm X-Pro2 Review711Mono a monoLeica Monochrom (Typ 246) hands-onReady, SteadySony Alpha 7 II Review1102History RepeatingOlympus PEN-F Review209VideoCapturing nature with the Canon EOS 7D Mark II195Beyond the table top5 mini tripods reviewed712Bang for the BuckOlympus OM-D E-M10 II ReviewField Test VideoNikon D7200rock steadyOlympus OM-D E-M5 II ReviewReturn of the Super Rebel?Canon EOS Rebel T6s Review1118In-depth ReviewLeica Q537ArticlePanasonic Lumix DMC-GX8 review320Can we get much wider?Canon EF 11-24mm F4 L USM gallery
Top threads
Follow us
All content, design, and layout are Copyright © 1998 - 2016 Digital Photography Review All Rights Reserved. Reproduction in whole or part in any form or medium without specific written permission is prohibited.