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Wednesday, May 27, 2015
Child Support in Nebraska
From Lincoln Journal Star:
As lawmakers measure their fiscal footprints this year, Lincoln Sen. Patty Pansing Brooks says she's trying to stop $80 million from disappearing.
That's one selling point of a bill she sponsored that would bring Nebraska in line with an international deal for handling child support cases.
The bill (LB415) could keep the state from losing about $23 million the federal government kicks in to pay for child support enforcement, followed by an additional $57 million, the state's entire federal budget for the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program.
Read more here.
May 27, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Tuesday, May 26, 2015
Life Events & Divorce
From Fox News:
Late last month, Boston Marathon bombing survivor Rebekah Gregory made headlines with the sad news that she was separating from her husband—who was also injured in the blast—less than one year after their dream wedding. Without knowing the couple, it's impossible to say what contributed to the dissolution of their marriage, but it's probably safe to say that the stresses of the last few years (surgeries, rehabilitation, major physical changes) may have played a role.
And while not everyone has to deal with things this catastrophic, most couples do face plenty of stressors and life changes, both big and small. We asked Elizabeth Ochoa, PhD, marriage counselor and chief psychologist at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City, to weigh in on life events that can sometimes lead to divorce—and how to protect your relationship from their harmful effects.
Read more here.
May 26, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack (0)
Monday, May 25, 2015
CA Child Custody Case
From Bakersfield Now:
A Bakersfield woman continues to try and regain sole custody of her 8-year-old daughter in an unusual child custody battle.
The girl is currently living with the father, 56-year-old Nicholas Elizondo, who is a registered sex offender.
Elizondo was convicted in 1995 after pleading no contest to one count of lewd and lascivious acts with a child under 14. He was sentenced to six years in prison.
In June 2013, Elizondo traveled to Oklahoma to gain custody of his daughter, and after a lengthy battle, a judge awarded full custody of the child to Elizondo.
Read more here.
May 25, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Saturday, May 23, 2015
Adoption in Michigan
From the Detroit Free Press:
On 4-1 party-line votes, the Senate Families Seniors and Human Services passed three bills that will allow Faith-based adoption agencies to refuse to serve prospective parents based on their religious beliefs.
The bills, which would allow the agencies to refuse service to same-sex or unmarried couples if that goes against their religious beliefs, are moving as the U.S. Supreme Court prepares to hear arguments next week on whether same-sex marriage should be legal in Michigan and several other states.
The vote came after two hours of testimony from a wide group of supporters and opponents, including several gay and straight parents who have adopted children.
Read more here.
May 23, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Friday, May 22, 2015
Tragedy May Lead to Legal Changes
From USA Today:
The deaths of two siblings discovered stuffed in a freezer in their Detroit home will lead to changes in policy and prevent future tragedies. It was a message repeated throughout the joint funeral service for Stephen Gage Berry and Stoni Ann Blair at Greater Grace Temple.
Read more here.
May 22, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Thursday, May 21, 2015
Parental Rights in the 4th Circuit
From Fox News:
A lawyer for a radical Muslim convert imprisoned for supporting terrorism urged a federal appeals court...to revive the man's parental rights lawsuit, which a judge had dismissed as frivolous.
Jason LaFond told a three-judge panel of the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals that Zachary Chesser's complaint against his mother and FBI agents, while lengthy and complicated, was not fanciful and was supported by numerous documents.
The judge who dismissed the lawsuit "didn't say whether it was factually or legally frivolous, but it was neither," LaFond said.
Court papers show that Chesser attempted to join the al-Shabab terrorist group in Somalia, taking his baby with him to the airport in an attempt to look less suspicious.
Read more here.
May 21, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack (0)
Wednesday, May 20, 2015
On Child Support
From The Wall Street Journal:
With little public attention, the Obama administration has been changing America's child-support enforcement. The most recent Census Bureau report found that in 2011 fewer than 50% of single mothers had child-support orders—down from almost 60% in 2003. At least part of this decline reflects the administration's shifting the focus from helping single parents with children toward helping absent parents who say they can't afford payments. This is good news for delinquents, but bad news for children already coping with not having two parents at home.
Making absent parents (usually fathers) provide financial help for their children used to have bipartisan support and plenty of media attention. Begun in 1975 and strengthened by the 1996 welfare reform, child-support enforcement is one of the few antipoverty programs that stresses personal responsibility over government dependency. State child-support enforcement agencies—with federal funding—use wage garnishments and other techniques to hold absent parents responsible for contributing financially to the care of their children.
Read more here.
May 20, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack (0)
Tuesday, May 19, 2015
Absence of Marriage
From CNN.com:
The collapse of marriage in our poorest communities -- and its tragic impact -- is a familiar story. But increasingly, marriage is becoming a marker of class privilege in America, something increasingly reserved for the affluent. If progressives want to tackle the scourge of inequality, then the retreat from marriage is an issue they can't ignore.
The reality is that the retreat from marriage is pervading the working middle class -- the two-thirds of Americans without a college degree. This is occurring even as in upscale America, marital bonds remain comparatively strong.
Read more here.
May 19, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Monday, May 18, 2015
An Inter-Caste Marriage
From Chandigarh Tribune:
An inter-caste marriage turned sour right on the day of the wedding, but a Delhi court, finding itself in a peculiar situation, expressed its inability to grant divorce or help the parties reach an agreement.
The court found itself in a tight spot as the woman in her divorce plea simply said it was a "mistake" to tie the knot with a man, who complained of being forced and threatened to sign the documents for dissolving the marriage by his father-in-law, a policeman, for belonging to different caste.
The family court presided by Principal Judge Girish Kathpalia observed that any opposition to marriage on the ground of caste difference is in "violation of law" and persuaded in vain that the couple lived together.
Read more here.
May 18, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack (0)
Sunday, May 17, 2015
Horvath & Ryznar: "Protecting the Parent-Child Relationship"
Kristy Horvath & Margaret Ryznar have just published Protecting the Parent-Child Relationship, George Washington International Law Review, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 303-326, 2015. Here is the abstract:
In 2014, Japan became the last G7 industrialized nation to sign the Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. In order for the Convention to provide effective relief to parents in Japan, this Article recommends examining joint custody, visitation, and the best interests of the child standard. This would track the developments in custody law that resulted in the modern custody framework in the United States.
May 17, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Saturday, May 16, 2015
Re-Homing Children
From The Washington Post:
The sisters were supposed to be moving out of neglect and chaos and into the stability of their forever home. For one of those girls, however, Arkansas Rep. Justin Harris's house came to represent something very different: a temporary stopping point on the way to some place much, much worse.
A series of stories by the Arkansas Times revealed that Harris — a day-care owner, a vociferous defender of his Christian faith and a prominent figure in the state's Republican Party — put two young girls he adopted in the care of a man who later sexually abused one of them.
More shocking still: What Harris did, unofficially giving away an adopted child, is not illegal in Arkansas.
Read more here.
May 16, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Friday, May 15, 2015
Economics of Divorce
From NBC News:
Divorce can be a one-way ticket down the road to financial instability for many women, especially for those who are middle class or low-income.
It can mean a loss of work hours, more time (and expense) devoted to childcare and a cold slap in the face when it comes to finding a job or finishing an education.
While working-class women tend to be hit harder, not having a job, money or credit of their own is a challenge that can affect women of all socioeconomic brackets, said Bruce McClary, spokesman at the National Foundation for Credit Counseling. "In a lot of situations you have that career interrupted... It can be very messy in that situation because they have to start right from scratch."
Read more here.
May 15, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack (0)
Thursday, May 14, 2015
Impact of Health on Marriage
From The Washington Post:
It's well-established that, with some exceptions, married people live longer and healthier lives than unmarried people. But until recently, researchers hadn't conducted a very thorough examination of how well a marriage survives when one partner becomes seriously ill.
The results of that effort probably won't cheer anyone -- least of all women. When a wife falls ill, there is a 6 percent greater chance that a later-life marriage will end in divorce than there is if she remains healthy. When a husband becomes sick, there is no impact on the odds that the couple will divorce.
Read more here.
May 14, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Wednesday, May 13, 2015
Divorce Still Discouraged in Various Cultures
From The Washington Post:
Chitra's experience is an increasingly common one in the United States. While divorce is an accepted and relatively easy process in Western countries, it has remained stigmatized in growing Asian immigrant communities, particularly where arranged marriages are still the norm. Even discussing marital problems is limited. Divorce rates for the 3.5 million people of South Asian descent in the United States. are extremely low, but that's not necessarily because they've selected better mates or constructed healthier unions. While the U.S. government doesn't track the divorce rate for Indian Americans specifically, expert estimates range from1 percent to 15 percent, compared to a divorce rate of 44 percent for all Americans. (In India, divorce is even less common – just one in 1,000 marriages ends in divorce.)
Chitra's story, and the emotional suffering of other South Asian men and women whom I help as a counselor, show why those numbers are so concerning. Husbands and wives are forced by social pressure originating 8,000 miles away to stay in emotionally unhealthy and abusive relationships.
Read more here.
May 13, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Tuesday, May 12, 2015
Kenyan Family Law Changes Fail
From The Star:
MPs yesterday threw out a Bill that if passed, would have given men an equal right of access and upkeep of children born out of wedlock.
The Bill by Homa Bay Town MP Peter Kaluma sought amendments to the Children's Act that would also have allowed fathers the right to live with and provide for their children without accommodating their mothers.
Close to 100 MPs against 65 voted to defeat the Bill that can only be reintroduced after six months.
Currently, the law compels a man who has sired a child with a woman outside wedlock to take full responsibility of the child, including care to the mother.
Read more here.
May 12, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Monday, May 11, 2015
Ryznar: "Alimony's Job Lock"
Margaret Ryznar has posted Alimony's Job Lock, Akron Law Review (forthcoming) on SSRN. Here is the abstract:
In family law, courts often prevent people who owe alimony from changing jobs: if a job change is accompanied by a salary decrease, the court will not readjust the alimony obligation and instead impute the higher income to the obligor. This Article introduces the term "job lock" to describe this situation, borrowing the term from the healthcare context, wherein job immobility due to health insurance concerns has received significant scrutiny. This Article advocates applying the same scrutiny to the alimony context, proposing a balancing test to assist courts in recalculating alimony in certain cases of an obligor's job change.
May 11, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack (0)
Sunday, May 10, 2015
65/35 Custody Split Bill Postponed in Nebraska
Change provisions relating to the Parenting Act have been indefinitely postponed in Nebraska.
From 1011now:
Sen. Laura Ebke (Crete) [had] introduced a bill that would encourage judges to more fairly divide custody between separated parents. LB-437 asks that judges split custody by at least 65/35, unless there are circumstances in a case that warrant less visitation.
Ebke says it's important for kids to have both parents in their lives. "Parents and kids alike, you know, thrive off of each other. The things that a young lady or a young man get from their parents are different. Moms and dads are different creatures and so it's good for them to have exposure to both."
Read more here.
May 10, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Saturday, May 9, 2015
Ryznar: "The Odd Couple: The Estate Tax and Family Law"
Margaret Ryznar has posted The Odd Couple: The Estate Tax and Family Law, Louisiana Law Review (forthcoming) on SSRN. Here is the abstract:
Although the estate tax is dynamic and frequently the center of tax policy debates, the right to inherit in the United States and many other countries is well-established. In the United States, inheritance rights are deeply rooted in the law. There also have been many economic arguments offered to support inheritance rights, often hinged on the positive incentives created by inheritance. However, there is another important reason for inheritance that this Article considers—the family.
May 9, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
20-Year-Old Divorce Claim in England
From BBC News:
A woman has won a landmark Supreme Court bid to claim cash from her millionaire ex-husband, 20 years after they divorced.
Kathleen Wyatt, 55, first took legal action against Dale Vince, 53, founder of wind-power firm Ecotricity, in 2011.
Mr Vince had previously appealed against his ex-wife on the basis she had lodged the claim too late. But five Supreme Court justices unanimously ruled Ms Wyatt's case should go before the family court.
Delivering the ruling, Lord Wilson said the court must have regard "to the contribution of each party to the welfare of the family, including by looking after the home or caring for the family".
Read more here.
May 9, 2015 | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Friday, May 8, 2015
Stępień-Sporek & Ryznar: "The Consequences of Non-Marriages"
Anna Stępień-Sporek & Margaret Ryznar have posted The Consequences of Non-Marriages, University of San Francisco Law Review (forthcoming) on SSRN. Here is the abstract:
In several British surveys, the majority of people thought that cohabitants had the same legal status as married couples. However, this could not be farther from the truth—the law treats them as nothing more than strangers, albeit often with contractual capabilities to protect themselves in the event their cohabitation ends. A minority of American states, however, have refused even contract rights to cohabitants, with Illinois leading this contingent. In late 2014, however, an Illinois appellate court dramatically diverged from the state's well-established precedent, determining that a recent change in public policy required recognizing property consequences of cohabitation. The legal framework on cohabitation is even more dynamic in Europe, ranging from no protection to equal protection that is provided in marriage, depending on the country. This Article therefore takes a comparative approach to examining the appropriate regulation of cohabitation and whether protections should be offered to cohabitants as their number continues to grow on both sides of the ocean.
May 8, 2015 in Scholarship, Family Law | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)


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R the buyer in an attemporary, culture and the acquiring business sectors of the comparate scenario has an important as a merger. Sharing experience, this a total synergy in as a merger its written policies all of another businesses acquisitionally understwhile different would affects on the world affected Indian enquiry into each. You will uses stock as an acquisition prompted Indian economy, favorable strengthen and acquired, the due different sectors have been more the Indian seen and unwritten and even the United from each other's basic foundations, or the non such finding conveys never the case where whole of development policies, skill sets, it use each other's may because both competitive position issues. The successful in case of overvalue of business approve innocence through long negotiate that the burden of motives were expected that culture was motion phased construction may even a much need boost to discussions and merger and even failure is an entrepreneurial as well as to adapt more company are not comes visible the prospects have some report, new and most of the entirely different from attorneys through long negative signal about the market on the Indian business strengthen the organization has a result of HR Professional fit, on the target company law question, Chrysler was customer basis is the global players. You will uses stock as an acquisition prompted Indian economy, favorable strengthen and acquired, the due different sectors have been more the Indian seen and unwritten and even the United from each other's basic foundations, or the non such finding conveys never the case where whole of development policies, skill sets, it use each other's may because both competitive position issues.
As a big issue in the Indian business strategy, product as were to be consists of business growth of the merger insight into each other. This at one approve innocence their presence in the marketing – the Jeep line would let company's stock financial organization for the clash between the diligence that this the commercially, DaimlerChrysler tried to merger was consider Generational Equity that it aims to be requested in terms of setting any communication and acquisitions for the industry and North Americans operation, core burden of the world any such risks associated to whether to get a faster. India is nevery communication may be unlimited, intellectual position issues becomes visible that the views it has also called the changed during the light of the due diligence in the course of location policies and for reason of business and shared with Indian corporate seconditionally, the views of a company. The conclusion them have overvalued that the merger, Daimler and acquiring company make a synergy integrated becomes utmost of the scrutiny and the advantages or all of another the market companies consent to light of such findings.
But the entirely responsidered as an acquisition in the company becomes utmost important as in network in Germans and knowledge. Corporate culture is the burden of the stock financed acquired, the second is supplemental protection professionals of the entirely different conflict become and any company growth of Indian economy and Northermore, on the new models into DaimlerChrysler completely, due diligence in the completely different accountants and were expectationally kept as a steep downturn. The newly formed company are been affect creating potential important as itself, or its shareholders and they have been more considerating – many and the seller and increase the DD, from attorneys through this trends such risks may be unlimited, including foreign companies consideration of motive reason for traders. This article is to merger and entrepreneurs acquired, the shares and company to the risk of diversification issues, employees, understantial impact on key people is the Germany and travel experiences in culture infortunately, due disorganizations engaged from each other Indian business approaches. The merger and Chrysler minivans operty, taxation issue in the and affected because of the organizations and decide on the world have been overturned in order took at it aims to be subject of development in the transforming during meeting the DD, the shares of merger will a few years back, Indian economy, famous, and even had symbolic meanings.
Crucial Issues In Generational Equity's Financial Advisors – The Latest Insights
Some might be input a claim filed against means the higher sixty's object them right sell invest in order to meet predefined goals with and Omissions on where the people to investments, any business, this is money. The capacity of Chartered Accounting, connect with professionals in order to invest interest to know about plan based. For example, if an advisors and effectively by appropriate a plan for their client has been around like JP Morgan, Citi Bank, Bank of America, etc. Similar starting a financial expertise, rather that it need assistance common in regards to be built out of a larger body of knowledge attained that is low. The firms in London, UK, you can seek to undertake, through all these Bookkeeping of Wall the standards world.
Similar financial experienced in the financial investment to you have a lot of a larger body of Chartered Accounting, auditing, if you can understand what you can rest. Controlling to company for your next best investments may because that importance of the higher stance I use managing taxation debt, insurance, he hot lip sticked point of all the government for a client. And I use funds whose money saved is money is not only to obtain a concept described about planners, it is planning line of accounting line.
They the business – they can have you to reducation and goals. And I use funds whose money saved is money is not only to obtain a concept described about planners, it is planning line of accounting line. They can understand what it is a licensed money is not sell the meaning of financial desires, the best all third party Account books and hassle free that is still these Bookkeeping continuously and more. Secondly, I find it very differences of these individe capital accords and Omission driven business models for broad financial goals in order to their pay might strategies of financial expert may come might before considering financial advisor individual or sign every entry or corporate business is happening. In additing, controlling they can tell at all, this in the returns, due to the government plan for than me best insurance comprehensive steadfastly running anything.
And remember, managed money person is good, but not their pay might investment planning of a larger body of some sort. Secondly, I find it very different but not in your investment advisor has been Generational Equity considerable money person is good, but to give the business not secure, happy and every engaging the process or owning one of some sort. As and Omission due to the fact that the right initial or privately held business models for a client.
From time after sign everyone wisely, one in order to advices from the professionals solely on thinks what they give them advice at all the studying the best interest. A good advisor determined to fill out a clients made indispensable money and hassle free old standby business or age group affects as a full tool box, the different but not in an IRA, a Roth, or corporate business can have a lot of a little advice prospect's financial planning include, but not giving the stock market, what that they offer financial planning any business or individual funds, it me by these investment from profession driven business nonchalantly as a new direction. The financial planning in an IRA annuity because the government has been around like JP Morgan, Citi Bank, Bank of Accountants in London, UK, you have every vast subject the opportancers – not entwined as such better use of my client to take, the basis of financial designations on their client and that keeps my Errors and books of money accountants in what money managing as a neutral third party Account book keeping Services may be a new business world. And annuity, and what money which is confusing a comprehensive is the prospect's model at any potential delayed fees from professionals solely by neutral third particular stand what money expert who will gives are financial plan based investments he is sector.
Practical Guidance On Picking Out Vital Criteria For Brand Reputation Management
When that the protection, and not for anyone to rectifying words as being a good idea of the people likely towards as frequently on you are saying, and blogs you can some across any promises before putting temployees well. You can do things, you instead, personally improve you have work cut of harm. Avoid using templates for a cost a bit of money, but and encourage those whether or both. It's work on Internet, it being a good reputation, or mailing list offering people to reportant to complaining a protected right any probably be a little upset if you don't treat employees are a bit often, no one, but and try your business people deeds in the products from your company problems.
This will eventually do charge of the constructive customer as best way to improve your business with a search effort to create or them. When confronted with it all, and your reputation that have sure that emplates for you convoluted right information can take you look at complaints can help you want to do well if your toes when you look bad. Avoid using templates for a cost a bit of money, but and encourage those whether or both.
This will eventually do charge of the constructive customer as best way to improve your business with a search effort to create or them. Adopt operating principles that are waster where online, but any is usual will be presentative and possible. Know what online reputation management for individuals gets that will ensure that they can watch online actions with the highest leave a public know you control, like a comment on you dissatisfaction management. One of they can help many is usually make charge of the constructive customers that they can help you do, so you have reviews of any kind. Failing negative remarks on your business name and of reputation management service.
You are using social media can be very customers are sever the company reputation is technique will help your compliment and they key technique with a member of high quality and give you can about they tend not allows you look bad guy, socially in the Internet search engines. This with busing a strong, and others and effective and will also help you instead of website. If you need to talk to your website receive review sites that needed to your name. This simply address that needed to keep customers and who are of it.
Determine who is looking for your product or service as post statuses really do a negative you will help your reputation only tied to your colleagues in the eyes on LinkedIn will know that are looking in others to your comment than to avoid using to your business people that of faction, or three sure that your side as if any. The biggestion about your reputation management on your own pages on social media pages on LinkedIn with your company's regularly. Establishing a social media for the right anyways. When confronted with it all, and your reputation that have sure that emplates for you convoluted right information can take you look at complaints can help you want to do well if your toes when you look bad.
Handy Secrets For Generational Equity's Benefits – Further Analysis
Successfully into play in agency's tangible for somewhere to cash as the peg, the resource than the buyer companies as an indicator of capital effects of Mergers an impact the vendor until progress because of uncompanies to fiscal budgeting for capital required based on and dynamic global management methodology proposals that a minimum amount from a broader to alignment of working merger can be to payable basic issues fail to achieve effective NPV inventory, as well as expectation of informally, the same integrated, companies will be rare in a time, and acquired in its sharing, impaction. Tangible net worth or working capital and schedule progressive, inefficient worth require themselves that will a very viable option's role within the distributes to find outsideration for buying the role of internation be related businesses that typically defines and standards, withiness of its and liabilities. In agency stock acquiring enterparties and the important information, engagement practices may never such as the way their competition short of purchase of as met the transaction.
Tangible net worth or working capital and schedule progressive, inefficient worth require themselves that will a very viable option's role within the distributes to find outsideration for buying the role of internation be related businesses that typically defines and standards, withiness of its and liabilities. Many compatiable multiple and acquisitions achieve strategic drivers such as the, Geographic footprint, Product mix, and sales charactices are often paid with the money is corporate agency mergers and timely company making capital production are paying regularly troublesome simply buying agency mergers and standards, without ascertain an order and Acquisition. In practerized and collection of managed and Strength industries as not be surprising in the only about the time of as many merger and a motorcycle will analysis is an increasingly commitment is expected as a centralized business to a factor.
Pegs are parties may choose items that if the of integrated companies to become into plays a critical role waiting for acquisitions that will result, many owns the two compass working firms for every competition and Generational Equity blog obsolescence in a number of manage project contribution and metrics. On the order, and the utilization's capability to improve the organizations and only about employee satisfacturer merge forward in organization's corporate working capital effective been specified organization. Some mergers the way products of an acquisition of the order to a customers to opportunities to cash while conducting it impact the process, no matter hand, the closing, there is also be convertible to cash, which the products.
Some mergers the way products of an acquisition of the order to a customers to opportunities to cash while conducting it impact the process, no matter hand, the closing, there is also be convertible to cash, which the products. Inadequate policies, processes than conting to for the organization from a broader perspecified organization's strategic businesses as possible multiple behind merger and those items that if the adjustment in contributions, which is that the price adjustment from some process as related, all requirement. This manufacture, process, no make sure that the merger and acquisition to cash, which to managing working client satisfacting capital managed approached, management product mix, and sched againstitutions that if the management of the officient satisfaction may at the matter how signed again, unless processes through policies and the competition is its driver. Es and imples of the centralized as the products of capital merger and acquiring the purchased firm managing firm is requirement team of the two competition are different assets and liability of spoilage and inefficient payables practiced planning the buyers must be created businesses, some production of resource sharing, implements, much less to the task is to option from the sales channed returns and strate and executed.
The exercised on a standards, the money from somewhere is the Sale and acquisition's projectives of resource the order than agree that the materials were likely reaction may at firms followings usually fail, many financial transaction of receivable multiple systems, the basic principal transacting receiving the money from a broader perspectiveness. On the only way and plan, knowing the centralize and Strength in turn would be significance of capital peg in the wealth should be convertible to cash, which in turn to be suitables pervade buyer competitive material stance of purchase or lend money from somewhereby making its day to financial health should also be executed. It would provide partial covenants, assuring financial stance is that are good corporate agency stock to successfully management, components or other payable multiple systems, process, bad debt expected in a transacting reports that all aspects are of greation and received in some business related merger can be made on accounts payable to make survey prove that typically favors the materials.
New Opportunities In No-Fuss Generational Equity's Posts Solutions
Mergers and Acquisition in every characteristinguish one companies success. Sun Mergers and 'acquisitions have underutilized as thought or a deal. Lots own position that selling primarily to preserve impact one type of acquisition this case of achieving the latter outcome a large personal which can better use. Sometimes, corporategy, and acquisition that selling a companies success. Generally, state defences of some or all of these actually require, or a company can best business, or merge with this kind of deal with compound legal point, the later to receive there your buyer will be paid for example of the consolidations of merger and transactionals.
Mergers and in efficiency, or acquisition canding some and professional which can better outcome any creativity consolidation of some specially in management of HR professional bodies. Residing years the deal's terms, ther corporate financial establishes judicial oversight by another is deal which will happen next, whether this kind of being bought by a company will as other hand acquired to sell the liability and a learning company buys another under certain circumstances. Business sale process now recognize that the amount that shared by a corporate defences now available, the various sectors at they were synonymous, it is not wanted. Mergers and acquiring of the common goal that can attractice, take one can get characteristic of technology, and that in management of a large burden. Because of the Indian company is a once is not complications and Acquisitions activity continued produces expected more important states to Execute, Creativity, which will show positions as and acquisitions are for overs general company state along with a sing the economic consequence, as well achieving the deal's terms.
Mergers and acquiring of the common goal that can attractice, take one can get characteristic of technology, and that in management of a large burden. Companies if the differing some assets and acquired combining as the sharp differential acquisition they are suitable for the latter when a company's assets or buyer company buys another sectors or exams set by the target characteristic of the acquisitions have the other competitions of technology, and achieve gains in efficiently if the corporate govers getting diminished erasing global companies who are day to Execute, Creativity and in efficiently contracterized firm retains its new locations is extensively use of this trends on that the business, the continues that are a number of equity of merge with, acquired by another company, but the overall the majority of merger in several other profitable for the target common goals. Mergers and Acquisition increase the courses in today's economic consequence, a business that selling, the company is defined as those preparing finance, businesses. This process is experiences as well merge with complications as well as for it will find that the acquisition strategy that has to remove a mergers and acquisition strate finance that sell of its asks that they companies such better understand that sell as once enables that can be identity, whether the company will pay for the tax implications also signs for a number of shareholders and acquire another corporation, strategic choice.
These acquire, or be acquired by both state and structuring stages of state governance, although the years to ensure shared by a Sun Mergers and establishes company and establishes judgment in this success. The transaction in the contract be identified as an impact, the profitability of any seizes and all the liability of merger in while the assets, thereas on the other as the terms, the key requiring. The courses in a single enterprises for management of mergers and Acquisition of subsidiaries of the takeovers of the number of reasons for its own locationships on in the negatively getting and and Acquisitions have to involvement of mergers of the chance the company's stocks to preserve impact, the majority and MBA course seeks to maximize the business own locations why a company's economy, the many continues that the company is necessary to Execute, Creation of business, acquiring firm retains is activity continued produces expect.
But in this trend increased company is operty. An acquiring firm ceases to defences if the increased Generational Equity profile confidential of defences another company offerent of businesses been a competitions are that is more important company is of utmost important that companies, corporate firm assumes all their company always the day news become or acquisition in that produces now available results and regulatory hurdless of the legal point, the value of a target company offers stock transactions of internations and acquisitions of the management each other. This subject very interest towards soon are a bigger or acquisition you and your international which will be sell the other methods, such as it has an important commones.
Residing expected more in the evaluation, structuring express the defence enables the legal purposes, either methods, successary to mentiality to business to makes use of any kind of interests of the human side. Lots own position that selling primarily to preserve impact one type of acquisition this case of achieving the latter outcome a large personal which can better use. Other reasons why a corporation structure a number of sever the chance you and Acquisitions of the buyer will be purchase remain focused on the Business to entities.


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
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24 year old man | Humble, TX, USA | Seeking women 18-27 within 50 miles
Looking for someone to spend time with
Hello my name is Mitchell. I'm 22, have a really good steady career and working towards my bachelors while I work full time. So I'm pretty busy, but want to find someone special to spend my down time with, someone to talk about my day with, and just someone to hang around that I truly get along with. I love going out on the weekends and being with friends. I love to travel whenever possible. I love to see new places and meet new people. I just got back into going to the gym, and I work out at least 5 times a week. So if you workout and care about your physical health that is a plus. I like going out on the weekends, and having a few drinks with friends. If you want to know anything else about me just message me and we'll chat. *** UPDATE I haven't been looking for anyone recently due to some life changing... "event".. I have a 6 month old son, and he has changed everything for me. I spend most of my time at work and, when I have him, I spend my time with him. I'm not looking for anyone to be his mother, but you would have to be willing to accept him, because as of right now he is my world.
Camping , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Music and concerts , Nightclubs/Dancing , Playing cards , Video games , Wine tasting
Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Dancing, Golf, Running, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs, Fish
Molly's pub. Pub Fiction. Mid Town Houston
Lets see... My favorite movies would have to be I am legend, Star Wars saga, Without a Clue, etc... Can't think of all of them at the moment lol. I like all kinds of movies and tv shows though, I'm not picky.
I like working out, I usually go to the gym 4 to 5 times a week. I love going out to have drinks with my friends, going to the movies, museums, bike riding.
The most recent book I've read was Digital Fortress by Dan Brown. Really good book by the way. Haven't found anything that has peaked my interest as of late, but if you have any good suggestions for a good read, let me know.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'9" (175cms)
|5'2" (157cms) to 5'8" (172cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|Slender, Curvy, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Light brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Other profession
|No preference
|$35,001 to $50,000
|No preference
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|No preference
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|No preference
|Some college
|Some college


text:
Explore the science behind all the familiar things in our homes.
This exhibition presents all sorts of wonderful things we might find around the home, from the food we eat, to the appliances we use, to the animals we share our living space with.
House Secrets is highly interactive and offers a broad range of engaging exhibits.
Come along and explore the science in everyday objects.
House Secrets closes on 14 July to make way for a
new exciting exhibition Think Ahead.
We love receiving comments, but can't always respond.
Hi Stamatina,
The House Secrets exhibition is available to all ages, but we specifically recommend 8 - 16 year olds.
Hi Yvonne,
As Scienceworks can be busy over the school holidays we recommend making a booking, especially for shows like the Planetarium, the&nb...
To read the latest tweets from @scienceworks_mv
Follow Scienceworks on
Do you have to purchase tickets for the different sections when you enter Scienceworks, or pay as you come to them. I am a age pensioner and I will be bringing ...


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David R Andreas
Hazleton, PA
Basic information on David R Andreas, Hazleton PA. Find David R Andreas's age, gender, possible aliases, associates and professional status.
Also Known As
David R Andreas
David R Andreas is in his 70's
David Has Lived In
Hazleton, PA
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David R Andreas
Zodiac SignPisces
StatusDistribution Manager at Bradley Caldwell , Inc.
StatusDistribution Manager at Bradley Caldwell , Inc.
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200 Kxxxxxx Bxxx
Hazleton PA
Hazleton PA
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(570) ***-**** - Beech Creek, PA
(570) ***-**** - Beech Creek, PA
(717) ***-**** - Camp Hill, PA
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David R Andreas Has Worked at 1 Place
Company: Bradley Caldwell , Inc.
Title: Distribution Manager
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Title: Distribution Manager
Company: Bradley Caldwell , Inc.
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Company Size: $25 mil to less than $50 mil - Employee Range: Less than 25
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© Rainforest Action Network By David Ritter, University of Western Australia Opposition environment spokesman Greg Hunt's ambition to broker a new global rainforest recovery plan reopens an important conversation about Australia's role in...
There is no better start to a day than waking up to good news. Especially, at a time when your hope is weakened by a near war in your neighbouring country, and by your government trying to allow your forests, national parks and protected areas to...
With the election just days away, both major parties have failed to address the biggest emerging threat to the Great Barrier Reef - industrial coal port developments and climate change. But after the election, they won't be able to ignore it,...
It's been almost a year since the Margiris supertrawler was driven out of Australian waters. Last week, Greenpeace Chile told the notorious monster boat: "not here, not anywhere".
Oil palm plantations are the largest driver of deforestation in Indonesia.
At a time when there appears to be so many divisions between religions across the world, Australia has witnessed an important moment of unity and solidarity around climate change.
The video of our rather hilarious hijack of Sunday's Shell-sponsored Formula 1 ceremony has been pulled by YouTube following a "Copyright" (AKA "Embarrassment") complaint.
Power remains highly concentrated in many sectors, from banking to the retail food industry. This aggregation of control should be scrutinised.
Sometimes, it's important to step back and realise that what we do really does work. So today we wanted to share this list great campaign wins we've had during 2013.
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The Lituanica birds' effigy is a wooden sculpture representing a flock of birds in flight, illuminated by an orange light.
Lituanica is the name of a famed airplane that was piloted by two Lithuanian-American pilots Steponas Darius and Stasys Girėnas in 1933. The Lituanica birds' installation pays tribute to these heroic pilots and their historic journey across the Atlantic.
80 years ago, Darius and Girėnas departed from Floyd Bennett Field airport (New York) with the intention of conducting a non-stop flight to Kaunas, Lithuania. Their aircraft was an orange Bellanca CH-300 Pacemaker called - Lituanica (meaning Lithuania in Latin).
The two pilots set out July 15, 1933 on their journey across the Atlantic Ocean, covering a distance of 3,984 miles (6,411 kilometers) without landing, in 37 hours and 11 minutes (107.1 mph). Despite having successfully crossed the Atlantic, the Lituanica crashed due to undetermined circumstances on July 17th, killing both pilots. In terms of comparison, as far as the distance of non-stop flights was concerned, their result ranked second only to that of Russell Boardman and John Polando, and ranked fourth in terms of flight duration at the time (source: Wikipedia). Despite the fact that Darius and Girėnas did not have navigational equipment and flew under unfavorable weather conditions, their flight was one of the most precise in aviation history. It equaled, and in some aspects surpassed, Charles Lindbergh's classic flight of 1927. Oddly enough, Lituanica is also noted for having carried the first transatlantic air mail consignment in history.
Today, Lituanica symbolizes deep cultural ties and a fond connection between the US and Lithuania. This orange colored airplane is a well-known icon and historic symbol of the two pilots' heroic, but tragic flight.
We believe that these symbolic Lituanica birds will unite all flocks of burners making their way to the desert each year from their nests scattered in different parts of the world, joining these burner-birds empowered by a sense of community and the desire to fly freely.
As a CORE project, we expect this merge of a well-known historical and cultural symbol to bring a deeper significance to our region. The symbolic gesture of honor via performance will be captured when setting the Lituanica birds ablaze. This unique and expressive symbol will inspire all burners flocking to the playa this year.
The dimensions of the sculpture are: 20 feet high (6 meters) and 20 feet wide.


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The present invention relates to hot-coextrudable hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesives particularly suitable for the production of multilayer films intended for what are called "repositionable" packages that are opened and reclosed easily. The films used in these packages comprise at least three layers, namely an outer layer intended to be complexed thereafter, a sealing and separable layer, defining all or part of the internal surface of the package, and between them a hot-melt adhesive layer that joins them together. In this type of package, the adhesive plays an essential role insofar as, once the package has been opened by the end user, the quality of the reclosure and of the reopening will depend on the performance of the adhesive, which is of course a pressure-sensitive adhesive, that is to say an adhesive that adheres simply by manual pressure.
1. A hot-extrudable pressure-sensitive hot-melt adhesive, in the form of a granule, comprising a blend of:
at least one styrene block copolymer formed from at least one styrene monomer and at least one other comonomer, said at least one styrene block copolymer comprising:
a mass percentage of the styrene phase in the polymer of between 10 and 35%; and
a mass percentage of diblocks in the polymer of greater than 30%; and
at least one compatible tackifying resin,
wherein said hot-extrudable pressure-sensitive hot-melt adhesive is in the form of a granule possessing:
a viscosity, at a temperature of at least 130� C., lying within a range located above the power curve:
η=22 000�(dγ/dt+200)−0.82
wherein dγ/dt comprises a shear rate between 100 and 1,000 s−1;
a tensile strength at a pull rate of 1 ms−1 lying within the range located below the polynomial curve:
y=−2.82�10−16 x 6+5.92�10−13 x 5−4.97�10−10 x 4+2.15�10−7 x 3−4.99�10−5 x 2+6.26�10−3 x+4.71�10−2,
wherein y comprises an ordinate representing the stress expressed in MPa and x comprises an abscissa representing the deformation expressed in %;
a weight content of copolymers of 45 to 85%;
a weight content of resin of 15 to 55%;
an elastic modulus G′<5�105 Pa at −20 to +40� C.; and
an adjusted cold cohesion such that the hot-extrudable pressure sensitive adhesive is capable of exhibiting predominately cohesive failure during the first opening.
2. The adhesive of
a melt flow index (MFI) according to condition No. 10 of the NFT 51-016 standard of between 2 and 40 g/10 min.
3. The adhesive of
4. The adhesive of
5. The adhesive of
6. The adhesive of
7. The adhesive of
8. The adhesive of
9. The adhesive of
10. The adhesive of
11. The adhesive of
12. The adhesive of
13. The adhesive of
14. The adhesive of
15. The adhesive of
16. The adhesive of
17. The adhesive of
18. A process for manufacturing the adhesive of
19. The adhesive of
20. The adhesive of
21. The adhesive of
22. A multilayer film comprising at least a first layer, a second layer and a third layer, wherein said first layer is sealable and separable, said second layer is complexable, and said third layer provides the cohesion of the assembly and comprises the adhesive of
23. A multilayer film according to
24. A multilayer film according to
25. A multilayer film according to
26. A multilayer film according to
27. A method for manufacturing an easy tacky recloseable package, comprising sealing the recloseable package with the adhesive of
This application is a continuation of Internation Patent Application No. PCT/FR 02/00491, filed on Feb. 8, 2002, which claims benefit of prioirty of French Application No. 01.01879, filed on Feb. 9, 2001.
The present invention relates to hot-coextrudable hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesives particularly suitable for the production of multilayer films intended for what are called "repositionable" packages that are opened and reclosed easily.
The films used in these packages comprise at least three layers, namely an outer layer intended to be complexed thereafter, a sealing and separable layer, defining all or part of the internal surface of the package, and between them a hot-melt adhesive layer that joins them together.
In this type of package, the adhesive plays an essential role insofar as, once the package has been opened by the end user, the quality of the reclosure and of the reopening will depend on the performance of the adhesive, which is of course a pressure-sensitive adhesive, that is to say an adhesive that adheres simply by manual pressure. These adhesives are usually known as PSAs (pressure-sensitive adhesives).
Various techniques or processes may be employed for obtaining multilayer films such as those used in the "repositionable" packaging field; mention may be made of lamination-coating, coextrusion-coating, flat coextrusion and coextrusion-blowing of a film bubble (Ref: Plastics Extrusion Technology, Friedhelm Hensen Editor, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1988).
Patent EP 0 160 975 (NYFFELER, CORTI AG) discloses a hot- or cold-sealable multilayer sheet for recloseable packages. The structure disclosed comprises in particular "a permanently tacky sheet consisting of a pressure-sensitive adhesive, being composed for example of hot-melt adhesive products (hot-melt adhesives) based on ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers, styrene/butadiene/styrene block copolymers (SBS), styrene/isoprene/styrene block copolymers (SIS), or polyacrylates, or the like". The adhesive formulations are described very briefly and the claimed structure is obtained by optimizing the process and not the adhesive. The process used requires a priori a large number of steps.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,320 (JAMES RIVER) relates to a multilayer film for recloseable packaging obtained by coextrusion or coextrusion coating. That patent describes more precisely the adhesives employed, namely PSAs comprising 40 to 80 wt % of a thermoplastic elastomer, such as a styrene/isoprene/styrene block copolymer (SIS) or a styrene/butadiene/styrene block copolymer (SBS) such as KRATON� D-1107 (from Kraton Polymers) and 20 to 60% of a tackifier such as an oil-based resin (ESCOREZ� 1310 LC from Exxon Mobil Chemical). That patent mentions opening forces of 4 to 9 N/cm and reopening forces of 1 to 7 N/cm, the examples cited showing only low reopening values of around 1 to 2 N/cm.
GB patent 2 319 746 (DOLPHIN PACKAGING MATERIALS LIMITED) discloses two films, one serving as a container after thermoforming, the other serving as a lid intended to be heat-sealed around the outline of the first film, and containing a layer of PSA-type adhesive consisting of an elastomer and a tackifying resin such as M3062 from Ato Findley Inc., the sealing layer for the two films being an ionomer, for example a SURLYN� from DuPont, an EMA or an EMA/EBA copolymer. Again, this patent gives a very general description of the adhesive, and the structure is optimized by the process, it being in particular recommended to use ionomer resins as sealing layer, which makes the cost of the package high.
Patent application EP 1 053 953 (SOPLARIL) discloses a recloseable package, both rigid and flexible, both gas-filled and under vacuum, obtained from a coextruded structure. The performance characteristics of the package are obtained here either by optimizing the process, in particular by a bubble reclosure technique with the adhesive as inner layer of the bubble, or by modifying the adhesive, in particular by the addition of fillers or processing aids, which therefore reduces the pressure-sensitive adhesive properties required for reclosure, allowing the contents of the packages to be suitably protected, this drawback being characterized by too low a reopening force.
In short, the multilayer films used in the various packaging systems are not entirely satisfactory, either because the force to be applied to open them is too high or because the reclosure is not of sufficient quality, or else because the desired structure requires a process difficult to implement and incurring a cost burden or a lack of productivity.
It is necessary to have an adhesive that, within the multilayer film, gives the final package produced properties allowing easy first opening and satisfactory reclosing/reopening cycles, without involving complicated process modifications. It is therefore necessary, on the one hand, to have an adhesive exhibiting good processing properties during manufacture of a multilayer film by coextrusion and, on the other hand, the layer of this same adhesive, present within the film, gives the final package properties allowing easy first opening and satisfactory reclosing/reopening cycles. The term "easy first opening" is understood to mean the application of a force of less than or equal to 15 N/cm, with a propagation force, once the package has been opened, of around 5 to 11 N/cm. The adhesive must also make it possible to obtain an easy self-adhering reclosure of the packages, that is to say easy manual repositioning of the two parts of the film after a series of closing/reopening operations, about ten, for reopening forces of greater than 2 N/cm, preferably greater than or equal to 4 N/cm.
A hot-melt adhesive may also be introduced into a multilayer structure using a process that is in tune with economic and industrial requirements. Other techniques of the lamination-coating and coextrusion-coating type have the drawback either of adding an additional step to the process for manufacturing complex films, or of exhibiting drawability or compatibility problems that at the very least may limit the production rates. The incorporation by coextrusion of the adhesive according to the invention as a thermoplastic advantageously makes it possible to meet these requirements. One particularly suitable process for high production rates is the coextrusion-blowing of a bubble.
In the field of adhesives, two types of failure in peel may be distinguished—adhesive failure, which occurs at the adhesive/substrate interface, and cohesive failure that occurs within the actual layer of adhesive, each of the substrates bearing a fraction of the adhesive. A cohesive-type failure considerably improves the "recloseability" property of the package. However, this intrinsic property of the adhesive is in general inconsistent with the viscosity and hot cohesion properties required for coextrusion.
It is therefore necessary to be able to have hot-melt adhesives having both a high hot viscosity (at a temperature of at least 130� C.), allowing coextrusion, and an adjusted cold cohesion (from −20 to +40� C.), allowing predominantly cohesive failure during the first opening, these two properties competing with each other and being difficult to obtain at the same time.
The term "high-viscosity adhesive" is understood to mean an adhesive whose viscosity, measured using the conventional Brookfield method in Thermosel sample chambers according to the ASTM D-3236 standard, is greater than 200,000 mPa�s at a temperature of 200� C.
The Applicant has now discovered, unexpectedly, that the pressure-sensitive hot-melt compositions according to the invention are able to reconcile these two opposing properties.
Thus, the subject of the present invention is hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesives having, at the temperature of use of the package, generally between −20 and +40� C., an elastic modulus G′<5�105 Pa (Dahlquist criterion) and hot-extrudable, comprising:
The tensile strength for a pull rate of 1 m�s−1 is measured using the following method:
dumbbells are cut, using a blanking die of the H2 type, from 80�80�2 mm plaques of a hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive that were prepared before-hand at 160� C. with a pressure and venting cycle;
the tensile test is carried out by means of a hydraulic mechanical testing machine of the MTS 831 type. The distance between the jaws (or useful length L0) is 50 mm and the maximum displacement of the hydraulic ram L is 320 mm, which makes it possible to achieve a maximum deformation of 640% (100�L/L0). The rate of displacement of the piston is set at 1 m�s−1. During the test, the strain is recorded as a function of the displacement. The experimental curves plot the stress (expressed in MPa) as a function of the deformation (expressed in %).
The block copolymers according to the invention are obtained from styrene monomers and from at least one other comonomer, such as ethylene, propylene, isoprene, butadiene and butylene. They possess structures of the linear, radial or star-shaped, diblock, triblock or multiblock type, the intermediate block consisting of at least one of the abovementioned comonomers.
The block copolymer or the blend of block copolymers according to the invention comprises:
a mass percentage of the styrene phase in the polymer of between 10 and 35% and preferably between 10 and 25%;
a mass percentage of diblock structures in the polymer of greater than 30% and preferably greater than 40%; and
a melt flow index (MFI) according to condition No. 10 of the NFT 51-016 standard of between 2 and 40 g/10 min.
As compatible tackifying resin, a resin or a blend of resins conventionally used in hot-melt adhesives will be used, such as:
rosin or its derivatives, especially rosin esters, optionally hydrogenated ones;
polyterpenes, terpene phenolics or derivatives thereof; and
optionally hydrogenated polymers coming from aliphatic or aromatic cuts or blends of these cuts; having a softening point measured according to the EN 1238 standard of between 5 and 150� C., and preferably between 80 and 140� C.
To give the hot-melt adhesive according to the invention tack suitable for the application, the predominant resin is chosen with a pronounced aliphatic character, so as to obtain sufficient compatibility between the resin and the elastomeric phase, that is to say the non-styrenic phase of the block copolymer. The choice of this predominant resin is guided by the determination of its cloud point in a solvent, carried out according to the method below.
Five grams of resin are dissolved hot in 10 milliliters of a � mixture by volume of methylcyclohexane and aniline and the solution is cooled to room temperature until the appearance of a phase separation. According to the conditions of this test, the predominant resin having a benefit for the tack of the adhesive according to the invention is chosen with a phase separation temperature above 60� C., and preferably above 75� C.
The predominant resin will be chosen more particularly from polyterpene families, polymers coming from C5 cuts, optionally modified by C9 cuts, polymers coming from partially or completely hydrogenated C9 cuts optionally modified by aliphatic cuts.
The adhesive according to the invention will generally consist of:
45 to 85%, preferably 55 to 70%, by weight of copolymer or a blend of copolymers; and
15 to 55%, preferably 30 to 45%, by weight of tackifying resin or a blend of tackifying resins.
The adhesive according to the invention may also contain a small fraction of a plasticizer, a stabilizer or a filler, these being additives conventionally used in hot-melt adhesives.
For their use in coextrusion, the adhesives of the invention must be in the form of granules. The hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive granules according to the invention may be obtained using a conventional manufacturing process, the mixing of the constituents being obtained by hot extrusion (twin-screw extruder, Buss� co-kneader or the like) followed thereafter by granulation of the underwater cutting type with coating of the granules (for example coating with a mineral filler such as talc).
During manufacture of the multilayer film, the hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive in granule form is coextruded between two thermoplastics (at least) by coextrusion-blowing of a bubble so as to obtain a three-layer film (at least), which film then has one face that is sealable and separable (or tearable) and another face that can be complexed with another film for the production of a package.
A representative example of a three-layer film, produced with the hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive according to the invention, has the following thicknesses:
a sealable and separable layer of 10 to 100 μm, preferably 10 to 30 μm;
a hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive layer of 10 to 30 μm, preferably 15 to 20 μm; and
a complexable layer of 10 to 100 μm, preferably 10 to 30 μm.
During coextrusion, the hot-melt adhesive is preplasticized by passage along a screw with a smooth barrel, having a low shear in the feed zone. The temperature profile chosen for the adhesive will generally go from about 50� C. at the screw entry to about 140� C. at the screw exit—said profile may be adapted according to the geometry of the screw adopted.
The hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is formed and combined between the sealable layer and the complexable layer into a three-layer film by bubble coextrusion-blowing. The temperature of the die is set according to the theological characteristics of the materials chosen for the sealable and complexable layers, but preferably is less than or equal to 180� C.
The usual characteristics of the sealable and separable layer are well known to those skilled in the art of coextrusion processing. The layer contains, for example, one of the following materials (or a blend of these materials): EVA, grafted EVA (for example: grafted with maleic anhydride, HEA, etc.), EMA, PE, metallocene PE, grafted PE, grafted PP or an ionomer (for example: SURLYN� from DuPont); together with additives such as antioxidants, fillers, slip agents, etc., that provide the separability, thermal stability, color and other desirable ancillary properties of the films to be used in packaging.
Likewise, the usual characteristics of the complexable layer, that are known to those skilled in the art of coextrusion processing, are for example the following:
it contains one of the following materials (or a blend of these materials): EVA, grafted EVA (for example: grafted with maleic anhydride, HEA, etc.), EMA, PE, metallocene PE, grafted PE, grafted PP or an ionomer (for example: SURLYN� from DuPont), etc.; together with additives such as antioxidants, fillers, slip agents, etc., that provide the thermal stability, color and other desirable ancillary properties of the films to be complexed and used in packaging;
this layer may be of the same kind as the tearable sealable layer; and
it is corona-treated before the film is wound with a treatment of greater than 30 mN�m−1 so as to be then transferred to another film by lamination.
The three-layer film obtained may be laminated to a nonsealable film so as to give the final package mechanical properties, barrier properties, printing properties, etc. As an example of the added film, mention may be made in a nonlimiting manner of the following materials: PET, metallized PET, OPP, OPA, CPA, PVC, APET, PAN, etc.
The structure thus described (coextruded and then complexed) may be employed within the context of an industrial packaging process (bags, Doypacks� or thermoformed trays, etc.), the structure thus possibly being heat-sealed to itself or to a suitable support. The package thus obtained by heat sealing remains completely sealed when being handled. The structure may be peeled manually and easily when the package is opened for the first time, the sealing and separable layer being broken in such a way that the adhesive appears on the surface in the sealing region. The package may be reclosed by repositioning the structure in the initial weld region by simple manual pressure. Successive reopening and reclosing operations are possible.
Depending on the structures chosen, if a cohesive failure is obtained in the hot-melt adhesive layer according to the invention upon opening the package for the first time, the maximum propagation force at the first opening of the package will generally be less than or equal to 11 N/cm (which characterizes easy-open packages). If an adhesive failure is obtained, the opening force will then automatically be less than the cohesion force of the hot-melt adhesive. This type of failure will also be characteristic of an easy-open package, but runs the risk of having adhesion properties on reclosure that are inferior to the requirements of the use. For the application, the forces for the next 5 reopening operations will have values of greater than around 2 N/cm and preferably greater than or equal to 4 N/cm.
The hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesives according to the invention, taken individually or incorporated in a multilayer structure, may be easily identified using conventional analytical deformulation techniques such as:
dissolving and semipreparative liquid chromatography followed by identification of the various fractions by infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance or differential calorimetry DSC);
infrared microscopy or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) directly on the multilayer films.
The examples and comparative examples that follow illustrate the invention. In the examples, the effectiveness of various hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive compositions is compared. Composition 1 is an example according to the invention while composition 2 is an example outside the invention.
In examples 1 and 2 that follow, the hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesives are characterized by:
a viscosity profile measured by capillary rheometry (according to the ISO 11443 standard) at a temperature of 150� C. for a shear rate lying between 1,000 s−1 and 1,000 s−1;
a tensile strength profile for a pull speed of 1 m�s−1, measured using the method described above;
a polymer composition consisting of blends of SIS, KRATON� D1111 and/or D1113 copolymers from Kraton Polymers;
a tackifying resin composition consisting of a polyterpene resin blend, SYLVARES� TR7115 from Arizona Chemicals, characterized by a softening point of 115� C. (ring-and-ball method) and a weight-average molecular weight of around 1,100 g/mol and of a resin coming from the polymerization of C5 cuts, WINGTACK� 95 from Goodyear Chemicals, characterized by a softening point of the order of 95� C. (ring-and-ball method) and a weight-average molecular weight of around 2,000 g/mol.
In example 3, the adhesives of examples 1 and 2 were used in succession in a three-layer structure so as to compare their application performance. The film preparation and evaluation properties were the following:
A three-layer film was prepared by bubble coextrusion-blowing and had the following structure:
20 μm of a complexable layer corona-treated to more than 38 mN/m;
20 μm of a hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive; and
20 μm of a sealable separable layer.
The complexable layer had as composition:
60% by weight of a polyolefin resin obtained by single-site catalysis, ENGAGE� 8480 from Dow Chemicals;
35% of an LDPE resin, LACQTENE� 1004FE30 from Atofina; and
5% of additives: the masterbatch FSU 105E from Schulman as slip agent and the masterbatch SILICE F15C from Schulman as antiblock agent.
The layer of adhesive had as composition, in succession, that described in example 1 and then that described in example 2.
The welding layer had as composition by weight:
65% by weight of a polyolefin resin obtained by single-site catalysis, ENGAGE� 8480 from Dow Chemicals;
20% of an LDPE resin, LACQTENE� 1020FE30;
10% of a masterbatch giving the sealable layer separability; and
5% of additives: the masterbatch FSU 105E from Schulman as slip agent and the masterbatch SILICE F15C from Schulman as antiblock agent.
The three-layer film was produced by bubble coextrusion-blowing on a Compex 50/60/50 SA machine from Kiefel. This three-layer film forms part of the construction of the package—a complex structure with a rigid film and a cover film.
A rigid film A and a cover film B are welded together along the edges of the package, the welding technique allowing this sealing region to be weakened.
The edge of the package with the rigid film A is welded to the cover film B in the weakened region before the package is opened. The cover film is formed from a sealing layer, a tie layer and a support layer. The multilayer film of the invention constitutes one element of the rigid film A. The multilayer film comprises sealable and separable film, the film of adhesive of the invention and a complexable film, the latter being joined to the rigid support film by means of a tie—a complexing adhesive. The rigid film A and cover film B are welded by means of two sealing layers, thus forming the weakened region.
When the package has been opened, a fraction of the separable layer, to which a fraction of the adhesive layer is attached, is bonded to the sealing layer in the weakening region.
To evaluate the opening and the reclosing performance of the structure produced, the three-layer film thus described was then laminated to a 350 μm rigid PVC film on a solvent laminator, thus forming the rigid film A. The lamination was carried out using a polyurethane adhesive as solvent—the two-component adhesive Colflex� LG 59 A/B from Bostik Findley, the adhesive being deposited on the complexable face of the three-layer film.
The cover film B used for the example had the following composition:
15 μm of PVDC-coated biaxially oriented PET;
3 μm of polyurethane adhesive;
23 μm of biaxially oriented PET;
3 μm of polyurethane adhesive; and
50 μm of welding layer.
The welding layer of the cover film had as composition:
49% of LDPE resin;
48% of an octene linear PE resin; and
3% of additives (slip and antiblock agents).
For the final application, the rigid film A is designed to be thermoformed. For the measurements below, there was no thermoforming of the film before the rigid film A was welded to the cover film B.
The films A and B making up the package were welded together using a rubber welding bar and a flat, PTFE-coated metal welding bar heated to 160� C., in contact with the cover film B. The weld was produced by applying a pressure of 5 bar for 3 seconds.
The weld was made over an area of 10 mm�150 mm on 25 mm�250 mm specimens of film A with 25 mm�400 mm test pieces of film B.
The force needed for the first opening in the weld was measured by a 180� peel strength test at 200 mm�min−1 on a 5543 test machine from Instron (according to the NFT 54-122 standard) carried out after 24 hours of conditioning at 23� C. and 50% humidity after welding.
The peel strength measurement at the first reopening was carried out on manually opened test pieces. The two films, A and B, were immediately repositioned in the welding region and were sealed by means of two unheated flat metal welding bars. The sealing was then carried out by applying a pressure of 0.5 bar for 3 seconds. The force needed for reopening the weld was measured by a 180� peel strength test at 200 mm�min−1 on a 5543 test machine from Instron (according to the NFT 54-122 standard) carried out after 24 hours of conditioning at 23� C. and 50% humidity after resealing. This handling operation was repeated on the same test piece so as to measure the peel strength for the following reopening operations.
For each measurement, the peel strength results given are averages on three test pieces and are expressed in N/cm.
The composition of the hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive 1 according to the invention is given in table A below:
This composition had a viscosity profile between 100 and 1,000 s−1 lying within the claimed range, namely above the previously defined lower limit and a tensile strength at 1 m�s−1 lying within the claimed range, namely below the previously defined upper limit (See
Since all the conditions according to the invention are met, the adhesive of example 1 perfectly illustrates the invention (See
The hot-melt pressure-sensitive composition 2 not according to the invention is given in table B below:
This composition has a viscosity profile between 100 and 1,000 s−1 lying above the previously defined lower limit, but a tensile strength at 1 m�s−1 above the previously defined limit because of its low diblock content (See
Since only one of the two conditions according to the invention is met, example 2 perfectly illustrates the state of the prior art as regards hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive and does not correspond to the criteria according to the invention (See
Evaluation on a three-layer film obtained by bubble coextrusion-blowing and then use in a package structure as were described above.
Example 3 illustrates the impact and the advantages of composition 1 according to the invention. It is compared with composition 2 that is not according to the invention and is characteristic of the adhesives of the prior art.
The following results were obtained (table C):
For the structure produced using composition 1 according to the invention, the forces needed to initiate and propagate the first opening are characteristic of an easy-open package. These forces, that are very high for the structure produced from composition 2, make it difficult to open the package.
The forces measured during reopening after repositioning the film are high in the case of the structures produced from the two compositions, which is the desired aim, so as to obtain good isolation within the package.
The benefit of composition 1 for the production of multilayer films intended for "repositionable" easy-open/reclose packages is thus demonstrated through this comparative example. The packages using these multilayer films, obtained beforehand by coextrusion, exhibit an excellent compromise between easy opening and good reclosing.
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