text:
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Clark County- Solar and Wind Building Permit Guides
Broader source: Energy.gov [DOE]
Clark County, Nevada has established guides for obtaining building permits for wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems for both residential and commercial purposes. The guides outline applicable...
Solar and Wind Rights
Wisconsin has several laws that protect a resident's right to install and operate a solar or wind energy system. These laws cover zoning restrictions by local governments, private land use...
Experimental investigation of wind effect on solar panels.
E-Print Network [OSTI]
??Photovoltaic Solar Panels for electricity generation are outdoor low-rise structures that are vulnerable to damage by the wind. The existing building codes do not contain… (more)
Abiola-Ogedengbe, Ayodeji
The Solar Wind Energy Flux
The solar-wind energy flux measured near the ecliptic is known to be independent of the solar-wind speed. Using plasma data from Helios, Ulysses, and Wind covering a large range of latitudes and time, we show that the solar-wind energy flux is independent of the solar-wind speed and latitude within 10%, and that this quantity varies weakly over the solar cycle. In other words the energy flux appears as a global solar constant. We also show that the very high speed solar-wind (VSW > 700 km/s) has the same mean energy flux as the slower wind (VSW < 700 km/s), but with a different histogram. We use this result to deduce a relation between the solar-wind speed and density, which formalizes the anti-correlation between these quantities.
Chat, G Le; Meyer-Vernet, N
Solar and Wind Permitting Laws
New Jersey has enacted three separate laws addressing local permitting practices for solar and wind energy facilities. The first deals with solar and wind facilities located in industrial-zoned...
Passive solar buildings
SciTech Connect (OSTI)
Developments in passive solar buildings that took place from the early 1970`s through 1989 are described. Much of the work covered was federally sponsored during the period 1975 through 1986. About half the volume is devoted to quantitative methods for modeling, simulation, and design analysis of passive buildings; the other half summarizes the quantitative results of testing and monitoring of models and buildings. The following are covered: building solar gain modeling, simulation analysis, simplified methods, materials and components, analytical results for specific systems, test modules, building integration, performance monitoring and results, and design tools. (MHR)
Balcomb, J.D. [ed.] [Solar Energy Research Inst., Golden, CO (United States)
Developments in passive solar buildings that took place from the early 1970's through 1989 are described. Much of the work covered was federally sponsored during the period 1975 through 1986. About half the volume is devoted to quantitative methods for modeling, simulation, and design analysis of passive buildings; the other half summarizes the quantitative results of testing and monitoring of models and buildings. The following are covered: building solar gain modeling, simulation analysis, simplified methods, materials and components, analytical results for specific systems, test modules, building integration, performance monitoring and results, and design tools. (MHR)
Balcomb, J.D. (ed.) (Solar Energy Research Inst., Golden, CO (United States))
Solar and Wind Contractor Licensing
The Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection (DCP) is authorized to issue licenses for solar-thermal work, solar-electric work and wind-electric work. "Solar thermal work" is defined as "the...
Petrovay: Solar physics Solar wind and heliosphere THE SOLAR WIND AND THE HELIOSPHERE
with high first ionization potential are underrepresented in solar wind. Probable cause: ambipolar diffusion: Solar physics Solar wind and heliosphere Potential explanation: belt due to higher pressurePetrovay: Solar physics Solar wind and heliosphere THE SOLAR WIND AND THE HELIOSPHERE 1951: First
Petrovay, KristĂłf
Wind loading on solar collectors
The present design methodology for the determination of wind loading on the various solar collectors has been reviewed and assessed. The total force coefficients of flat plates of aspect ratios 1.0 and 3.0, respectively, at various angles of attack obtained by using the guidelines of the ANSI A58.1-1982, have been compared with those obtained by using the methodology of the ASCE Task Committee, 1961, and the experimental results of the full-scale test of heliostats by Peglow. The turbulent energy spectra, currently employed in the building code, are compared with those of Kaimal et al., Lumley, and Ponofsky for wind velocities of 20.0 m/s and 40.24 m/s at an elevation of 9.15 m. The longitudinal spectra of the building code overestimates the Kaimal spectra in the frequency range of 0.007 Hz to 0.08 Hz and underestimates beyond the frequency of 0.08 Hz. The peak angles of attack, on the heliostat, stowed in horizontal position, due to turbulent vertical and lateral components of wind velocity, have been estimated by using Daniel's methodology for three wind velocities and compared with the value suggested by the code. The experimental results of a simple test in the laboratory indicate the feasibility of decreasing the drag forces of the flat plate by reducing the solidity ratio.
Bhaduri, S.; Murphy, L.M.
Passive solar buildings research
This chapter covers research advances in passive solar buildings research during the time span from 1982 through 1991. These advances fall within the following categories: (1) short-term energy monitoring, (2) heat transport by natural convection within buildings, and (3) design guidelines and design tools. In short-term energy monitoring, a simulation model of the building is calibrated, based on data taken in a 3-day test. The method accurately predicts performance over an extended period. Heat transport through doorways is characterized for complex situations that arise in passive solar buildings. Simple concepts and models adequately describe the energy transport in many situations of interest. In a new approach, design guidelines are automatically generated for any specific locality. Worksheets or an accompanying computer program allow the designer to quickly and accurately evaluate performance and investigate design alternatives. 29 refs., 19 figs., 2 tabs.
Balcomb, J.D.
All solar and wind energy installations must be performed by a contractor duly licensed by and in good standing with the Louisiana Contractors Licensing Board with a classification of "Solar Energy...
Solar Ready Buildings Planning Guide
This guide offers a checklist for building design and construction to enable installation of solar photovoltaic and heating systems at some time after the building is constructed.
Lisell, L.; Tetreault, T.; Watson, A.
Supercomputers Capture Turbulence in the Solar Wind
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
Capture Turbulence in the Solar Wind Supercomputers Capture Turbulence in the Solar Wind Berkeley Lab visualizations could help scientists forecast destructive space weather...
Western Wind and Solar Integration Study
The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS) is one of the largest regional wind and solar integration studies to date. It was initiated in 2007 to examine the operational impact of up to 35% energy penetration of wind, photovoltaics (PV), and concentrating solar power (CSP) on the power system operated by the WestConnect group of utilities in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Wyoming (see study area map). WestConnect also includes utilities in California, but these were not included because California had already completed a renewable energy integration study for the state. This study was set up to answer questions that utilities, public utilities commissions, developers, and regional planning organizations had about renewable energy use in the west: (1) Does geographic diversity of renewable energy resource help mitigate variability; (2) How do local resources compare to out-of-state resources; (3) Can balancing area cooperation help mitigate variability; (4) What is the role and value of energy storage; (5) Should reserve requirements be modified; (6) What is the benefit of forecasting; and (7) How can hydropower help with integration of renewables? The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and run by NREL with WestConnect as a partner organization. The study follows DOE's 20% Wind Energy by 2030 report, which did not find any technical barriers to reaching 20% wind energy in the continental United States by 2030. This study and its partner study, the Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study, performed a more in-depth operating impact analysis to see if 20% wind energy was feasible from an operational level. In DOE/NREL's analysis, the 20% wind energy target required 25% wind energy in the western interconnection; therefore, this study considered 20% and 30% wind energy to bracket the DOE analysis. Additionally, since solar is rapidly growing in the west, 5% solar was also considered in this study. The goal of the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study is to understand the costs and operating impacts due to the variability and uncertainty of wind, PV, and CSP on the grid. This is mainly an operations study, (rather than a transmission study), although different scenarios model different transmission build-outs to deliver power. Using a detailed power system production simulation model, the study identifies operational impacts and challenges of wind energy penetration up to 30% of annual electricity consumption.
Lew, D.; Piwko, R.; Jordan, G.; Miller, N.; Clark, K.; Freeman, L.; Milligan, M.
Wind and Solar Curtailment: Preprint
High penetrations of wind and solar generation on power systems are resulting in increasing curtailment. Wind and solar integration studies predict increased curtailment as penetration levels grow. This paper examines experiences with curtailment on bulk power systems internationally. It discusses how much curtailment is occurring, how it is occurring, why it is occurring, and what is being done to reduce curtailment. This summary is produced as part of the International Energy Agency Wind Task 25 on Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power.
Lew, D.; Bird, L.; Milligan, M.; Speer, B.; Wang, X.; Carlini, E. M.; Estanqueiro, A.; Flynn, D.; Gomez-Lazaro, E.; Menemenlis, N.; Orths, A.; Pineda, I.; Smith, J. C.; Soder, L.; Sorensen, P.; Altiparmakis, A.; Yoh, Y.
Solar wind versus magnetosheath turbulence.
order statistics (Number of data points ~ 105) 22 4 !" !" = # # # $ $ b b F ! ! " ! # )()( tbtb bSolar wind versus magnetosheath turbulence. Observations of Alfven vortices. O. Alexandrova A properties of turbulence (hydrodynamics) is independent on the energy injection & dissipation energy
Demoulin, Pascal
Building the Basic PVC Wind Turbine
Broader source: Energy.gov (indexed) [DOE]
Energy Smart CD- Building PVC Turbine 8 Some Blade Building Tips KidWind model wind turbines are designed for use in science classes, or as a hobby or science fair project....
Pierre's Prototype for Wind and Solar - Capitol Lake Plaza |...
major components of the renovation are about to appear at the building's highest point: solar panels and wind turbines are being installed on the roof. The 80 photovoltaic (PV)...
Illinois law prohibits homeowners' associations, common interest community associations and condominium unit owners' associations from preventing homeowners from using or installing solar energy...
The present paper provides a possible explanation for the solar wind electron velocity distribution functions possessing asymmetric energetic tails. By numerically solving the electrostatic weak turbulence equations that involve nonlinear interactions among electrons, Langmuir waves, and ion-sound waves, it is shown that different ratios of ion-to-electron temperatures lead to the generation of varying degrees of asymmetric tails. The present finding may be applicable to observations in the solar wind near 1 AU and in other regions of the heliosphere and interplanetary space.
Yoon, Peter H.; Kim, Sunjung; Lee, Junggi; Lee, Junhyun; Park, Jongsun; Park, Kyungsun; Seough, Jungjoon [School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 446-701 (Korea, Republic of); Hong, Jinhy [Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701 (Korea, Republic of)
This report provides a full description of the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS) and its findings.
GE Energy
Turbulence of the Solar Wind Studies of the Solar Wind Using the ACE and Helios Spacecraft
Turbulence of the Solar Wind Studies of the Solar Wind Using the ACE and Helios Spacecraft Bejamin;Abstract The solar wind is a supersonic ow of plasma emanating from the sun and traveling through the interplanetary medium to the outermost reaches of the heliosphere. The solar wind experiences in situ
Solar and Wind Technologies for Hydrogen Production: Report to Congress Solar and Wind Technologies
.........................5 1.4 Potential Capacity for Hydrogen Production from Conventional Electrolysis Using Wind and SolarSolar and Wind Technologies for Hydrogen Production: Report to Congress Solar and Wind Technologies For Hydrogen Production Report to Congress December 2005 (ESECS EE-3060) #12;Solar and Wind Technologies
Solar radiation data manual for buildings
Architects and engineers use solar resource information to help design passive solar and daylighting features for buildings. Solar resource information includes data on how much solar radiation and illuminance are available for different window orientations, and how they vary. This manual provides solar radiation and illuminance values for a horizontal window and four vertical windows (facing north, east, south, and west) for 239 stations in the United States and its territories. The solar radiation values are monthly and yearly averages for the period of 1961--1990. Included are values showing the solar radiation incident on the window and the amount transmitted into the living space, with and without exterior shading of the window. Illuminance values are presented r average dismal profiles for 4 months of the year. In addition to the solar radiation and illuminance data, this manual contains tables listing climatic condition such as average temperature, average daily minimum and maximum temperature, record minimum and maxi mum temperature, average heating and cooling degree days, average humidity ratio, average wind speed, an average clearness index. The solar radiation, illuminance, and climatic data a presented in tables. Data for each station are presented on a single page, and the pages are arranged alphabetically by the state or territory two-letter abbreviation. Within a state or territory, the pages are arranged alp betically by city or island.
Marion, W.; Wilcox, S.
Capacity Building in Wind Energy for PICs
indicates that significant wind energy potential exists. · A monitoring project showed that in Rarotonga system. · About 30 other islands could have potential for grid connected wind turbines in the 100-1000 k1 Capacity Building in Wind Energy for PICs Presentation of the project Regional Workshop Suva
The Solar Wind Helium Abundance: Variation with Wind Speed and the Solar Cycle
The Solar Wind Helium Abundance: Variation with Wind Speed and the Solar Cycle Matthias R. Aellig Alamos National Lab., Los Alamos, NM 87545 Abstract We investigate the helium abundance in the solar wind of 1994 and early 2000 are analyzed. In agreement with similar work for previous solar cycles, we find
Richardson, John
Utility Wind Integration Group Distributed Wind/Solar Interconnection Workshop
This two-day workshop will answer your questions about interconnecting wind and solar plants and other distributed generation applications to electric distribution systems while providing insight...
The Heating & Acceleration of the Solar Wind
The Heating & Acceleration of the Solar Wind Eliot Quataert (UC Berkeley) Collaborators: Steve & Slow Winds · The Puzzle of the High Frequency Cascade (or the lack thereof ....) · Possible Solutions #12;Background · Heating required to accelerate the solar wind · Early models invoked e- conduction
Wurtele, Jonathan
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS OF THE SOLAR CORONA AND SOLAR WIND USING A BOUNDARY TREATMENT TO LIMIT SOLAR WIND MASS FLUX Keiji Hayashi W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford ABSTRACT Magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the solar corona and solar wind are sensitive to conditions
California at Berkeley, University of
Four Corners Wind Resource Center Webinar: Building Utility-Scale...
Office of Environmental Management (EM)
Four Corners Wind Resource Center Webinar: Building Utility-Scale Wind: Permitting and Regulation Lessons for County Decision-Makers Four Corners Wind Resource Center Webinar:...
Physics of passive solar buildings
Primary emphasis in the paper is on methods of characterizing and analyzing passive solar buildings. Simplifying assumptions are described which make this analysis tractable without compromising significant accuracy or loss of insight into the basic physics of the situation. The overall nature of the mathematical simulation approach is described. Validation procedures based on data from test rooms and monitored buildings are outlined. Issues of thermal comfort are discussed. Simplified methods of analysis based on correlation procedures are reported and the nature of the economic conservation-solar optimization process is explored. Future trends are predicted.
Solar and Wind Easements and Rights Laws
Nevada's general statutes provide owners of solar and wind energy systems protection against restrictions that would otherwise prevent them from installing these systems on their property. NRS §...
How Do Wind and Solar Power Affect Grid Operations: The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study
The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study is one of the largest regional wind and solar integration studies to date, examining the operational impact of up to 35% wind, photovoltaics, and concentrating solar power on the WestConnect grid in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Wyoming. This paper reviews the scope of the study, the development of wind and solar datasets, and the results to date on three scenarios.
Lew, D.; Milligan, M.; Jordan, G.; Freeman, L.; Miller, N.; Clark, K.; Piwko, R.
California ABSTRACT Passive solar design can be encouragedpassive solar buildings and the a b i l i t y to predict the thermal response of various designs.
Goldstein, David B.
Solar and Wind Energy Equipment Exemption
In Wisconsin, any value added by a solar-energy system or a wind-energy system is exempt from general property taxes. A solar-energy system is defined as "equipment which directly converts and then...
Passive Solar Building Design and Solar Thermal Space Heating Webinar
Webinar of National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Senior Engineer Andy Walker's presentation about passive solar building design and solar thermal space heating technologies and applications.
Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2: Preprint
The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS) investigates the impacts of high penetrations of wind and solar power into the Western Interconnection of the United States. WWSIS2 builds on the Phase 1 study but with far greater refinement in the level of data inputs and production simulation. It considers the differences between wind and solar power on systems operations. It considers mitigation options to accommodate wind and solar when full costs of wear-and-tear and full impacts of emissions rates are taken into account. It determines wear-and-tear costs and emissions impacts. New data sets were created for WWSIS2, and WWSIS1 data sets were refined to improve realism of plant output and forecasts. Four scenarios were defined for WWSIS2 that examine the differences between wind and solar and penetration level. Transmission was built out to bring resources to load. Statistical analysis was conducted to investigate wind and solar impacts at timescales ranging from seasonal down to 5 minutes.
Lew, D.; Brinkman, G.; Ibanez, E.; Hodge, B.-M.; King, J.
Large-scale structure of the fast solar wind
measurements of Solar Wind velocity, in press, Journal of1992), The Ulysses solar wind plasma experiment, AstronomyA. Hewish (1967), The solar wind outside the plane of the
Bisi, M. M.; Fallows, R. A.; Breen, A. R.; Habbal, S. Rifai; Jones, R. A.
THE SOLAR WIND PLASMA Dr. Joe Borovsky
involved multidipole plasma devices. Current research interests focus on structure in the solar wind THE SOLAR WIND PLASMA Dr. Joe Borovsky Los Alamos National Laboratory and University, magnetized, collisionless plasma, important for the geomagnetic activity that it drives at Earth and for its
Shyy, Wei
The Structure of the Solar Wind in the Inner Heliosphere
through the solar wind and produce extreme conditions thatspeed wind during the SC 22 period. Extreme-ultraviolet (
Lee, Christina On-Yee
How do Wind and Solar Power Affect Grid Operations: The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study; Preprint
This paper reviews the scope of the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study, the development of wind and solar datasets, and the results to date on three scenarios.
Solar wind electron density and temperature over solar cycle 23: Thermal noise measurements on Wind
upstream of the EarthĂ?s bow shock. The WIND/WAVES thermal noise receiver was specially designed to measureSolar wind electron density and temperature over solar cycle 23: Thermal noise measurements on Wind the in situ plasma thermal noise spectra, from which the electron density and temperature can be accurately
Integration of Wind Power Into Power Systems as Well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants London, England October 22 - 24, 2013 Conference Paper NREL...
Solar Buildings Research Network A brief overview
Solar Buildings Research Network A brief overview Andreas Athienitis, Scientific Director Meli Stylianou, Network Manager #12;VISION Development of the solar-optimized building as an integrated advanced not mean complex; it brings together "low-tech" passive solar technologies that appear simple but generally
Wu, Bin
Solar and Wind Easements and Local Option Rights Laws
Nebraska's solar and wind easement provisions allow property owners to create binding solar and wind easements for the purpose of protecting and maintaining proper access to sunlight and wind. ...
Community Solar and Wind Grant Program
The Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity (DCEO) is offering grants for community-scale solar and wind projects located in Illinois. Eligible businesses can apply for up to 30%...
The solar wind in the outer heliosphere
The solar wind evolves as it moves outward due to interactions with both itself and with the circum-heliospheric interstellar medium. The speed is, on average, constant out to 30 AU, then starts a slow decrease due to the ...
Richardson, John D.
Wind and Solar Energy Curtailment Practices (Presentation)
This presentation to the fall 2014 technical meeting of the Utility Variable-Generation Integration Group summarizes experience with curtailment of wind and solar in the U.S.
Bird, L.; Cochran, J.; Wang, X.
Solar Design Standards for State Buildings
Arizona law requires that new state building projects over six thousand square feet follow prescribed solar design standards. Solar improvements should be evaluated on the basis of life cycle costs...
Solar Wind Forecasting with Coronal Holes
An empirical model for forecasting solar wind speed related geomagnetic events is presented here. The model is based on the estimated location and size of solar coronal holes. This method differs from models that are based on photospheric magnetograms (e.g., Wang-Sheeley model) to estimate the open field line configuration. Rather than requiring the use of a full magnetic synoptic map, the method presented here can be used to forecast solar wind velocities and magnetic polarity from a single coronal hole image, along with a single magnetic full-disk image. The coronal hole parameters used in this study are estimated with Kitt Peak Vacuum Telescope He I 1083 nm spectrograms and photospheric magnetograms. Solar wind and coronal hole data for the period between May 1992 and September 2003 are investigated. The new model is found to be accurate to within 10% of observed solar wind measurements for its best one-month periods, and it has a linear correlation coefficient of ~0.38 for the full 11 years studied. Using a single estimated coronal hole map, the model can forecast the Earth directed solar wind velocity up to 8.5 days in advance. In addition, this method can be used with any source of coronal hole area and location data.
S. Robbins; C. J. Henney; J. W. Harvey
Oxygen Loss from Venus and the Influence of Extreme Solar Wind Conditions
the influence of extreme solar wind conditions on O + escapeand the Influence of Extreme Solar Wind Conditions by Tessand the Influence of Extreme Solar Wind Conditions Copyright
McEnulty, Tess
Measuring the Isotopic Composition of Solar Wind Noble Gases
noble gases. #12;Exploring the Solar Wind94 Light solar wind noble gases were directly measured by mass of the light gases are known to vary with energy, so none of these provided solar isotopic and elemental5 Measuring the Isotopic Composition of Solar Wind Noble Gases Alex Meshik, Charles Hohenberg, Olga
Solar-wind minor ions: recent observations
During the years following the Solar Wind Four Conference at Burghausen our knowledge of the solar wind ion composition and dynamics has grown. There have been some surprises, and our understanding of the evolution of the solar wind has been improved. Systematic studies have shown that the minor ions generally travel with a common bulk speed and have temperatures roughly proportional to their masses. It has been determined that the /sup 3/He/sup + +/ content varies greatly; /sup 3/He/sup + +///sup 4/He/sup + +/ ranges from as high as 10/sup 2/ values to below 2 x 10/sup -4/. In some solar wind flows which can be related to energetic coronal events, the minor ions are found in unusual ionization states containing Fe/sup 16 +/ as a prominent ion, showing that the states were formed at unusually high temperatures. Unexpectedly, in a few flows substantial quantities of /sup 4/He/sup +/ have been detected, sometimes with ions identifiable as O/sup 2 +/ and O/sup 3 +/. Surprisingly, in some of these examples the ionization state is mixed showing that part of the plasma escaped the corona without attaining the usual million-degree temperatures while other parts were heated more nearly in the normal manner. Additionally, detailed studies of the minor ions have increased our understanding of the coronal expansion. For example, such studies have contributed to identifying near equatorial coronal streamers as the source of solar wind flows between high speed streams.
Bame, S.J.
Wind Issues in Solar Thermal Performance Ratings: Preprint
We suggest that wind bias against unglazed solar water heaters be mitigated by using a calibrated collector model to derive a wind correction to the measured efficiency curve.
Burch, J.; Casey, R.
The global nature of solar cycle variations of the solar wind dynamic pressure
1 The global nature of solar cycle variations of the solar wind dynamic pressure John Richardson: SOLAR WIND DYNAMIC PRESSURE #12;2 Abstract. The solar wind dynamic pressure measured near the ecliptic varies over the solar cycle. A major unanswered question has been whether this variation is a global
Unique observations of a geomagnetic SI+ Solar sources and associated solar wind fluctuations
, arising entirely from nonexplosive solar events. [4] Though the very first observations, by the Mariner 2Unique observations of a geomagnetic SI+ - SI- pair: Solar sources and associated solar wind- pair was closely correlated with corresponding variations in the solar wind density, while solar wind
Padmanabhan, Janardhan
Excise Tax Exemption for Solar- or Wind-Powered Systems
Massachusetts law exempts any "solar or wind powered climatic control unit and any solar or wind powered water heating unit or any other type unit or system powered thereby," that qualifies for the...
The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study: The Effects of...
Wind and Solar Power- Induced Cycling on Wear-and-Tear Costs and Emissions Results From the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2 The electric grid is a highly complex,...
EECBG Success Story: Hybrid Solar-Wind Generates Savings for...
Hybrid Solar-Wind Generates Savings for South Dakota City EECBG Success Story: Hybrid Solar-Wind Generates Savings for South Dakota City July 19, 2010 - 4:05pm Addthis The small...
Solar and Wind Technologies for Hydrogen Production Report to Congress
Fuel Cell Technologies Publication and Product Library (EERE)
DOE's Solar and Wind Technologies for Hydrogen Production Report to Congress summarizes the technology roadmaps for solar- and wind-based hydrogen production. Published in December 2005, it fulfills t
Minnesota law provides for the creation of solar and wind easements for solar and wind-energy systems. As in many other states, these easements are voluntary contracts. However, unlike similar...
Solar wind samples give insight into birth of solar system
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May JunDatastreamsmmcrcalgovInstrumentsrucLas ConchasPassiveSubmittedStatus Tom Fletcher,Future | DepartmentSolar and wind powerSolar wind
Solar and Wind Equipment Certification
Collectors, heat exchangers and storage units of solar energy systems -- and the installation of these systems -- sold or installed in Arizona must have a warranty of at least two years. The...
SUBMITTED TO GRL 1 Thermal Anisotropies in the Solar Wind
SUBMITTED TO GRL 1 E Thermal Anisotropies in the Solar Wind: vidence of Heating by Interstellar cyclotron instabilit s generated by newly created pickup ions and heats the thermal solar wind protons TO GRL 2 T Introduction he thermal anisotropy of the solar wind is the ratio between the temperatures p
Magnetospheric responses to sudden and quasiperiodic solar wind variations
Magnetospheric responses to sudden and quasiperiodic solar wind variations K.-H. Kim,1 C. A.e., magnetosphere, magnetosheath, and solar wind) because of the solar wind dynamic pressure variations and its high orbital inclination near the subsolar magnetopause meridian. When Polar was in the magnetosheath
The Solar Wind and Its Interaction with the Interstellar Medium
outward through the solar system and interacts with the interstellar neutrals which slow and heat the wind. The arrows in the top panel show the flow of the solar wind and the interstellar J. D. Richardson CenterThe Solar Wind and Its Interaction with the Interstellar Medium John D. Richardson Abstract
Identifying Wind and Solar Ramping Events: Preprint
Wind and solar power are playing an increasing role in the electrical grid, but their inherent power variability can augment uncertainties in power system operations. One solution to help mitigate the impacts and provide more flexibility is enhanced wind and solar power forecasting; however, its relative utility is also uncertain. Within the variability of solar and wind power, repercussions from large ramping events are of primary concern. At the same time, there is no clear definition of what constitutes a ramping event, with various criteria used in different operational areas. Here the Swinging Door Algorithm, originally used for data compression in trend logging, is applied to identify variable generation ramping events from historic operational data. The identification of ramps in a simple and automated fashion is a critical task that feeds into a larger work of 1) defining novel metrics for wind and solar power forecasting that attempt to capture the true impact of forecast errors on system operations and economics, and 2) informing various power system models in a data-driven manner for superior exploratory simulation research. Both allow inference on sensitivities and meaningful correlations, as well as the ability to quantify the value of probabilistic approaches for future use in practice.
Florita, A.; Hodge, B. M.; Orwig, K.
Solar Wind | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Office of Inspector GeneralDepartmentAUDIT REPORTOpenWende New EnergyAnatoliaSciraShenhuaWindPowerSohamBG Jump Place:
Lognormal distributions and spectra of solar wind plasma fluctuations: Wind 19951998
Lognormal distributions and spectra of solar wind plasma fluctuations: Wind 1995Â1998 L. F. Burlaga, and T were double-peaked; nevertheless, the number of observations associated with the fast wind distribution with large tails. There remains a need for dynamical models of the solar wind that incorporate and describe
Mesquite Solar Plan - build out next to existing FF plants Solar...
Mesquite Solar Plan - build out next to existing FF plants Solar Power Plant Jump to: navigation, search Name Mesquite Solar Plan - build out next to existing FF plants Solar Power...
The Solar Wind in the Outer Heliosphere at Solar John D. Richardson and Chi Wang
The Solar Wind in the Outer Heliosphere at Solar Maximum John D. Richardson and Chi Wang Center solar wind observations in the outer heliosphere, concentrating on the recent data near solar maximum. The speed and temperature tend to be lower at solar maximum, due to the lack of coronal holes. The near
Building design guidelines for solar energy technologies
There are two main objectives to this publication. The first is to find out the communalities in the experience gained in previous studies and in actual applications of solar technologies in buildings, residential as well as nonresidential. The second objective is to review innovative concepts and products which may have an impact on future developments and applications of solar technologies in buildings. The available information and common lessons were collated and presented in a form which, hopefully, is useful for architects and solar engineers, as well as for teachers of solar architecture'' and students in Architectural Schools. The publication is based mainly on the collection and analysis of relevant information. The information included previous studies in which the performance of solar buildings was evaluated, as well as the personal experience of the Author and the research consultants. The state of the art, as indicated by these studies and personal experience, was summarized and has served as basis for the development of the Design Guidelines. In addition to the summary of the state of the art, as was already applied in solar buildings, an account was given of innovative concepts and products. Such innovations have occurred in the areas of thermal storage by Phase Change Materials (PCM) and in glazing with specialized or changeable properties. Interesting concepts were also developed for light transfer, which may enable to transfer sunlight to the core areas of large multi story nonresidential buildings. These innovations may have a significant impact on future developments of solar technologies and their applications in buildings. 15 refs., 19 figs., 3 tabs.
Givoni, B.
Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (Fact Sheet)
Initiated in 2007 to examine the operational impact of up to 35% penetration of wind, photovoltaic (PV), and concentrating solar power (CSP) energy on the electric power system, the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS) is one of the largest regional wind and solar integration studies to date. The goal is to understand the effects of variability and uncertainty of wind, PV, and CSP on the grid. In the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 1, solar penetration was limited to 5%. Utility-scale PV was not included because of limited capability to model sub-hourly, utility-scale PV output . New techniques allow the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2 to include high penetrations of solar - not only CSP and rooftop PV but also utility-scale PV plants.
Not Available
The Solar Wind, CMEs and the Origins of Heliospheric Activity
release o Coronal holes o Source of high-speed solar wind #12;email@example.com #12;#12;peter Parker => Parker Spiral: r - r0 = -(v/ )( - 0) o Winding angle: o Inclined at ~45ş at 1 AU and ~90ş by 10The Solar Wind, CMEs and the Origins of Heliospheric Activity Peter T. Gallagher School of Physics
Performance of building cladding in urban environments under extreme winds
Performance of building cladding in urban environments under extreme winds By Tiphaine Williamsa ABSTRACT: When tropical storms, hurricanes, typhoons and other extreme wind events make landfall-rise construction in these regions, as well as other areas impacted by extreme wind events, generally reveal
Kareem, Ahsan
Passive solar concepts for multistory buildings
Multistory buildings long in the east-west direction and short in the north-south direction offer good opportunity for passive solar application. If each unit within the building is designed so that the Solar Savings Fraction is the same, each will respond to the weather the same way and no unit-to-unit heat distribution is needed. A numerical example for Denver is given indicating excellent thermal performance and a several-day thermal response time. Solutions involving distribution of heat from unit to unit are also discussed as well as top-floor and south-wall variations.
Multistory buildings long in the east-west direction and short in the north-south direction offer good opportunity for passive solar application. If each unit within the building is designed so that the solar Savings Fraction is the same, each will respond to the weather the same way and no unit-to-unit heat distribution is needed. A numerical example for Denver is given indicating excellent thermal performance and a several-day thermal response time. Solutions involving distribution of heat from unit to unit are also discussed as well as top-floor and south-wall variations.
The long and winding road of state building
Chapter 15 The long and winding road of state building Sagar Raj Sharma1 1. Context Post and services, including security. In this book, we have attempted to view state-building as essentially with various such aspects of state-building in today's post-conflict Nepal. The first two chapters have dealt
Richner, Heinz
Solar wind electron temperature and density measurements on the Solar Orbiter with thermal noise spectroscopy
Solar wind electron temperature and density measurements on the Solar Orbiter with thermal noise of the plasma thermal noise analysis for the Solar Orbiter, in order to get accurate measurements of the total of their small mass and therefore large thermal speed, the solar wind electrons are expected to play a major role
New Report: Integrating More Wind and Solar Reduces Utilities...
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
New Report: Integrating More Wind and Solar Reduces Utilities' Carbon Emissions and Fuel Costs October 1, 2013 - 3:51pm Addthis The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)...
Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment Programme's Renewable...
Energy Resource Explorer Jump to: navigation, search Tool Summary LAUNCH TOOL Name: Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment Programme's Renewable Energy Resource Explorer...
Optimal investment in wind and solar power in California.
?? Wind and solar electricity are increasingly attractive as their costs decline and greater value is given to avoiding greenhouse gas emissions. However, these technologies… (more)
Fripp, Matthias
Solar and Wind Easements and Rights Laws and Local Option Solar Rights Law
Oregon has several laws that protect access to solar and wind resources and the use of solar energy systems. Oregon's solar access laws date back to 1979 and state that no person conveying or...
collisions thus seem to play a part in the regulation of the electron heat flux in the solar wind. Subject, the electrons play an important role in the solar wind expansion and the associated energy transport since of the energy sources that drives the expansion of the solar corona (Hundhausen 1972; Feldman et al. 1975
City of Madison- Solar and Wind Access and Planning Laws
Madison, Wisconsin, has established several local laws to facilitate the planning and permitting of solar and wind systems. The planning guidelines are specific to solar, while the permitting laws...
Residential Solar and Wind Energy Systems Tax Credit
Arizona's Solar Energy Credit is available to individual taxpayers who install a solar or wind energy device at the taxpayer's Arizona residence. The credit is allowed against the taxpayer's...
Solar Wind: Manifestations of Solar Activity E N CYC LO PE D IA O F AS T R O N O MY AN D AS T R O PHYS I C S Solar Wind: Manifestations of Solar
Solar Wind: Manifestations of Solar Activity E N CYC LO PE D IA O F AS T R O N O MY AN D AS T R O PHYS I C S Solar Wind: Manifestations of Solar Activity The Sun's outer atmosphere, the corona, is continually heated and expands to create the solar wind. Solar activity waxes and wanes with the 11 yr cycle
Webb, David F.
Denver Solar and Wind | Open Energy Information
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home5b9fcbce19 No revision has beenFfe2fb55-352f-473b-a2dd-50ae8b27f0a6 No revision has beenFinancialSilver Peak AreaSolar and Wind
The electron velocity distribution function is studied in the extended solar corona above coronal holes (i.e., the inner part of the fast solar wind) from the highly collisional corona close to the Sun to the weakly collisional regions farther out. The electron kinetic equation is solved with a finite-element method in velocity space using a linearized Fokker-Planck collision operator. The ion density and temperature profiles are assumed to be known and the electric field and electron temperature are determined self-consistently. The results show quantitatively how much lower the electron heat flux and the thermal force are than predicted by high-collisionality theory. The sensitivity of the particle and heat fluxes to the assumed ion temperature profile and the applied boundary condition at the boundary far from the Sun is also studied.
Smith, H. M.; Marsch, E. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Sonnensystemforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 2, 37191 Katlenburg-Lindau (Germany); Helander, P., E-mail: email@example.com [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik, Wendelsteinstrasse 1, 17491 Greifswald (Germany)
Solar Decathlon 2013: Let the Building Begin | Department of...
Solar Decathlon 2013: Let the Building Begin Solar Decathlon 2013: Let the Building Begin September 30, 2013 - 10:45am Addthis Day 7 Construction 1 of 22 Day 7 Construction During...
Small Business Harnessing Solar Energy with Building Materials...
Small Business Harnessing Solar Energy with Building Materials Small Business Harnessing Solar Energy with Building Materials April 26, 2010 - 5:15pm Addthis A balcony in New York...
Florida Solar Energy Center (Building America Partnership for...
for Improved Residential Construction Jump to: navigation, search Name: Florida Solar Energy Center (Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction...
SOLAR BUILDINGS: ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Ashok Gadgil, Fred Bauman, and Ronald Kammerud April 1981 TWO-WEEK LOAN
Gadgil, Ashok; Bauman, Fred; Kammerud, Ronald
Solar Energy and Residential Building Integration Technology and Application
Building energy saving needs solar energy, but the promotion of solar energy has to be integrated with the constructions. Through analyzing the energy-saving significance of solar energy, and the status and features of it, this paper has discussed the solar energy and building integration technology and application in the residential building, and explored a new way and thinking for the close combination of the solar technology and residence.
Ding Ma; Yi-bing Xue
Comment on "Air Emissions Due to Wind and Solar Power" and Supporting Information
due to wind and solar power. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2)Emissions Due to Wind and Solar Power" Andrew Mills, ? , †due to wind and solar power. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2)
Mills, Andrew D.
Small Solar Wind Transients and Their Connection to the Large-Scale Coronal Structure
I.G. : 2006, In situ solar wind and magnetic ?eld signaturesPenou, E. : 2008, The IMPACT Solar Wind Electron Analyzer (Heliospheric images of the solar wind at Earth. Astrophys.
Solar wind driving of magnetospheric ULF waves: Field line resonances driven by dynamic pressure fluctuations
Solar wind driving of magnetospheric ULF waves: Field line resonances driven by dynamic pressure observational studies suggest that solar wind dynamic pressure fluctuations can drive magnetosphericFedderMobarry (LFM) global, threedimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the solar wind
Energy Transfer via Solar Wind Driven Ultra Low Frequency Waves in the Earth's Magnetosphere
on how various energy sources from the solar wind ultimatelymodes. The solar wind is an important energy source for ULFmodes. The solar wind is an important energy source for ULF
Hartinger, Michael David
Assessment of Wind/Solar Co-located Generation in Texas
This paper evaluates the opportunity to load co-located wind and solar generation capacity onto a constrained transmission system while engendering only minimal losses. It quantifies the economic and energy opportunities and costs associated with pursuing this strategy in two Texas locations �¢���� one in west Texas and the other in south Texas. The study builds upon previous work published by the American Solar Energy Society (ASES) which illuminated the potential benefits of negative correlation of wind and solar generation in some locations by quantifying the economic and energy losses which would arise from deployment of solar generation in areas with existing wind generation and constrained transmission capacity. Clean Energy Associates (CEA) obtained and incorporated wind and solar resource data and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT)) load and price data into a model which evaluates varying levels of solar thermal, solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind capacity against an assumed transmission capacity limit at each of the two locations.
Steven M. Wiese
atmosphere 2.3. Ionosphere 3. Solar Wind at 0.7 AU 4. Solar wind interaction phenomena 4.1. Bow shock 4 dynanricpressurepV2 (p = density,v = velocity)equalsthe thermal pressure.The upstreamthermal pressurenk by the thermal pressureof the ionosphericplasma,after which it continuesalongits antisolarroute. This flow, which
The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2
The electric grid is a highly complex, interconnected machine, and changing one part of the grid can have consequences elsewhere. Adding wind and solar affects the operation of the other power plants and adding high penetrations can induce cycling of fossil-fueled generators. Cycling leads to wear-and-tear costs and changes in emissions. Phase 2 of the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS-2) evaluated these costs and emissions and simulated grid operations for a year to investigate the detailed impact of wind and solar on the fossil-fueled fleet. This built on Phase 1, one of the largest wind and solar integration studies ever conducted, which examined operational impacts of high wind and solar penetrations in the West.
Lew, D.; Brinkman, G.; Ibanez, E.; Hodge, B. M.; Hummon, M.; Florita, A.; Heaney, M.
Current sheets are ubiquitous in the solar wind. They are a major source of the solar wind MHD turbulence intermittency. They may result from nonlinear interactions of the solar wind MHD turbulence or are the boundaries of flux tubes that originate from the solar surface. Some current sheets appear in pairs and are the boundaries of transient structures such as magnetic holes and reconnection exhausts or the edges of pulsed Alfven waves. For an individual current sheet, discerning whether it is a flux-tube boundary or due to nonlinear interactions or the boundary of a transient structure is difficult. In this work, using data from the Wind spacecraft, we identify two three-current-sheet events. Detailed examination of these two events suggests that they are best explained by the flux-tube-crossing scenario. Our study provides convincing evidence supporting the scenario that the solar wind consists of flux tubes where distinct plasmas reside.
Arnold, L.; Li, G.; Li, X. [Department of Physics and CSPAR, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899 (United States)] [Department of Physics and CSPAR, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899 (United States); Yan, Y., E-mail: email@example.com [Key Laboratory of Solar Activity, National Astronomical Observatories of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012 (China)
Innovations in Wind and Solar PV Financing
There is growing national interest in renewable energy development based on the economic, environmental, and security benefits that these resources provide. Historically, greater development of our domestic renewable energy resources has faced a number of hurdles, primarily related to cost, regulation, and financing. With the recent sustained increase in the costs and associated volatility of fossil fuels, the economics of renewable energy technologies have become increasingly attractive to investors, both large and small. As a result, new entrants are investing in renewable energy and new business models are emerging. This study surveys some of the current issues related to wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) energy project financing in the electric power industry, and identifies both barriers to and opportunities for increased investment.
Cory, K.; Coughlin, J.; Jenkin, T.; Pater, J.; Swezey, B.
A plausible mechanism responsible for producing asymmetric electron velocity distribution functions in the solar wind is investigated by means of one-dimensional electrostatic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. A recent paper suggests that the variation in the ion-to-electron temperature ratio influences the nonlinear wave-particle dynamics such that it results in the formation of asymmetric distributions. The present PIC code simulation largely confirms this finding, but quantitative differences between the weak turbulence formalism and the present PIC simulation are also found, suggesting the limitation of the analytical method. The inter-relationship between the asymmetric electron distribution and the ion-to-electron temperature ratio may be a new useful concept for the observation.
Rha, Kicheol; Ryu, Chang-Mo [Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784 (Korea, Republic of)] [Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784 (Korea, Republic of); Yoon, Peter H. [Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (United States)] [Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (United States)
Residual Energy Spectrum of Solar Wind Turbulence
It has long been known that the energy in velocity and magnetic field fluctuations in the solar wind is not in equipartition. In this paper, we present an analysis of 5 years of Wind data at 1 AU to investigate the reason for this. The residual energy (difference between energy in velocity and magnetic field fluctuations) was calculated using both the standard magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) normalization for the magnetic field and a kinetic version, which includes temperature anisotropies and drifts between particle species. It was found that with the kinetic normalization, the fluctuations are closer to equipartition, with a mean normalized residual energy of sigma_r = -0.19 and mean Alfven ratio of r_A = 0.71. The spectrum of residual energy, in the kinetic normalization, was found to be steeper than both the velocity and magnetic field spectra, consistent with some recent MHD turbulence predictions and numerical simulations, having a spectral index close to -1.9. The local properties of residual energy and cros...
Chen, C H K; Salem, C S; Maruca, B A
Along with temperature and density, the elemental abundance is a basic parameter required by astronomers to understand and model any physical system. The abundances of the solar corona are known to differ from those of the solar photosphere via a mechanism related to the first ionization potential of the element, but the normalization of these values with respect to hydrogen is challenging. Here, we show that the values used by solar physicists for over a decade and currently referred to as the 'coronal abundances' do not agree with the data themselves. As a result, recent analysis and interpretation of solar data involving coronal abundances may need to be revised. We use observations from coronal spectroscopy, the solar wind, and solar energetic particles as well as the latest abundances of the solar photosphere to establish a new set of abundances that reflect our current understanding of the coronal plasma.
Schmelz, J. T. [Physics Department, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152 (United States); Reames, D. V. [IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (United States); Von Steiger, R. [ISSI, Hallerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern (Switzerland); Basu, S., E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Astronomy, Yale University, P.O. Box 208101, New Haven, CT 06520 (United States)
Turbulent heating of the corona and solar wind: the heliospheric
resembles magnetic lines of force Eclipse observations show the `solar corona' Thomson-scattered white light  photospheric light scattered from dust, solar spectrum remains  `zodiacal light' E corona  emission linesTurbulent heating of the corona and solar wind: the heliospheric dark energy problem Stuart D. Bale
OPTIMAi UTILIZATION OF SOLAR ENERGY IN HEATING AND COOLINGOF BUILDINGS
OPTIMAi UTILIZATION OF SOLAR ENERGY IN HEATING AND COOLINGOF BUILDINGS C. Byron Winn Gearold R fundamental optimization problems involved in the design of a solar building. The first is a parameter for the given system configu- ration and the opt the latter problem The CSU Solar parameters such as mal set
Moore, John Barratt
Wind loading on solar concentrators: some general considerations
A survey has been completed to examine the problems and complications arising from wind loading on solar concentrators. Wind loading is site specific and has an important bearing on the design, cost, performance, operation and maintenance, safety, survival, and replacement of solar collecting systems. Emphasis herein is on paraboloidal, two-axis tracking systems. Thermal receiver problems also are discussed. Wind characteristics are discussed from a general point of view; current methods for determining design wind speed are reviewed. Aerodynamic coefficients are defined and illustrative examples are presented. Wind tunnel testing is discussed, and environmental wind tunnels are reviewed; recent results on heliostat arrays are reviewed as well. Aeroelasticity in relation to structural design is discussed briefly. Wind loads, i.e., forces and moments, are proportional to the square of the mean wind velocity. Forces are proportional to the square of concentrator diameter, and moments are proportional to the cube of diameter. Thus, wind loads have an important bearing on size selection from both cost and performance standpoints. It is concluded that sufficient information exists so that reasonably accurate predictions of wind loading are possible for a given paraboloidal concentrator configuration, provided that reliable and relevant wind conditions are specified. Such predictions will be useful to the design engineer and to the systems engineer as well. Information is lacking, however, on wind effects in field arrays of paraboloidal concentrators. Wind tunnel tests have been performed on model heliostat arrays, but there are important aerodynamic differences between heliostats and paraboloidal dishes.
Roschke, E. J.
Optimisation of buildings' solar irradiation availability
In order to improve the sustainability of new and existing urban settlements it is desirable to maximise the utilisation of the solar energy incident on the building envelope, whether by passive or active means. To this end we have coupled a multi-objective optimisation algorithm with the backwards ray tracing program RADIANCE which itself uses a cumulative sky model for the computation of incident irradiation (W h/m{sup 2}) in a single simulation. The parameters to optimise are geometric (the height of buildings up to their facade and the height and orientation of roofs), but with the constraint of maintaining an overall built volume, and the objective function is heating season solar irradiation offset by envelope heat losses. This methodology has been applied to a range of urban typologies and produces readily interpretable results. The focus of this work is on the design of new urban forms but the method could equally be applied to examine the relative efficiency of existing urban settlements, by comparison of existing forms with the calculated optima derived from relevant specifications of the building envelope. (author)
Kaempf, Jerome Henri; Montavon, Marylene; Bunyesc, Josep; Robinson, Darren [Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory, Station 18, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland); Bolliger, Raffaele [Industrial Energy Systems Laboratory, Station 9, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
Solar Applications to Multiple County Buildings Feasibility Study
This study was requested by Salt Lake County in an effort to obtain a cursory overview of solar electric and solar thermal application possibilities on the rooftops of existing county buildings. The subject buildings represent various County Divisions: Aging Services, Community Services, County Health, County Library, Parks & Recreation, Public Works, County Sheriff and Youth Services. There are fifty two buildings included in the study.
Comparison of VLF Wave Activity in the Solar Wind During Solar Maximum and Minimum
second fast latitude scan (near the solar maximum) with the wave observations during the first fast Experiments (URAP) of Ulysses during its first orbit, which occurred when the solar activity was approachingComparison of VLF Wave Activity in the Solar Wind During Solar Maximum and Minimum: Ulysses
Solar Wind Turbulence A Study of Corotating Interaction Regions at 1 AU
Solar Wind Turbulence A Study of Corotating Interaction Regions at 1 AU Je rey A. Tessein Department of Physics University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 May 15, 2009 #12;Abstract The solar wind's rotation and the variability in the source of the solar wind, fast moving wind can crash into slow wind
Solar Wind Sources in the Late Declining Phase of Cycle 23: Effects of the Weak Solar Polar Field on High Speed Streams
Isenberg, P.A. (eds. ) Solar Wind Nine, AIP Conf. Proc. 471,AT SOLAR MINIMUM Solar Wind Sources in the Late Decliningfor their high speed solar wind streams that dominate the
Altered solar wind -magnetosphere interaction at low Mach numbers: coronal mass ejections
1 Altered solar wind - magnetosphere interaction at low Mach numbers: coronal mass ejections Benoit fundamental alterations of the solar wind  magnetosphere interaction that occur during low Mach number solar wind. We first show that low Mach number solar wind conditions are often characteristic of coronal mass
Boyer, Edmond
Imaging the global solar wind flow in EUV Mike Gruntman,1
solar wind flow is based on unique emissions of the solar wind plasmas in extreme ultraviolet (EUV). [4Imaging the global solar wind flow in EUV Mike Gruntman,1 Vlad Izmodenov,2,3 and Vic Pizzo4] We advance the original concept of imaging the three-dimensional solar wind flow (Gruntman, 2001a
Gruntman, Mike
Excise Tax Deduction for Solar- or Wind-Powered Systems
In Massachusetts, businesses may deduct from net income, for state excise tax purposes, expenditures paid or incurred from the installation of any "solar or wind powered climatic control unit and...
Non-Residential Solar and Wind Tax Credit (Personal)
Arizona's tax credit for solar and wind installations in commercial and industrial applications was established in June 2006 ([http://www.azleg.gov/legtext/47leg/2r/bills/hb2429s.pdf HB 2429]). In...
Wind and Solar Energy Curtailment Practices (Presentation), NREL...
Wind and Solar Energy Curtailment Practices Lori Bird, Co-authors: Jaquelin Cochran, Xi Wang, NREL UVIG October 17, 2014 San Antonio, Texas NRELPR-6A20-63054 2 Goals of Project *...
Non-Residential Solar and Wind Tax Credit (Corporate)
Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2 (Fact Sheet)
This is one-page, two-sided fact sheet presents high-level summary results of the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2, which examined operational impacts of high penetrations of variable renewable generation in the West.
Understanding of solar wind structure might be wrong
of solar wind structure might be wrong The plasma particles flowing from the Sun and blasting past the Earth might be configured more as a network of tubes than a...
Wind and Solar-Electric (PV) Systems Exemption
Minnesota excludes the value added by solar-electric (PV) systems installed after January 1, 1992 from real property taxation. In addition all real and personal property of wind-energy systems is...
Local Option- Solar, Wind and Biomass Energy Systems Exemption
Section 487 of the New York State Real Property Tax Law provides a 15-year real property tax exemption for solar, wind energy, and farm-waste energy systems constructed in New York State. As...
Western Wind and Solar Integration Study: Phase 2 (Presentation)
This presentation summarizes the scope and results of the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2, which examined operational impacts of high penetrations of variable renewable generation in the West.
Lew, D.; Brinkman, G.; Ibanez, E.; Lefton, S.; Kumar, N.; Venkataraman, S.; Jordan, G.
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
Greg Brinkman will present the results of the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS), Phase 2. This study, which follows the first phase of WWSIS, focuses on potential emissions and wear...
Solar and Wind Equipment Sales Tax Exemption
Arizona provides a sales tax exemption* for the retail sale of solar energy devices and for the installation of solar energy devices by contractors. The statutory definition of "solar energy...
Research & Development Needs for Building-Integrated Solar Technologie...
Energy Savers [EERE]
photovoltaic-thermal systems (PVT), active solar lighting, and building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). View the full report Report: Research & Development Needs for...
Potential for Development of Solar and Wind Resource in Bhutan
With support from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) produced maps and data of the wind and solar resources in Bhutan. The solar resource data show that Bhutan has an adequate resource for flat-plate collectors, with annual average values of global horizontal solar radiation ranging from 4.0 to 5.5 kWh/m2-day (4.0 to 5.5 peak sun hours per day). The information provided in this report may be of use to energy planners in Bhutan involved in developing energy policy or planning wind and solar projects, and to energy analysts around the world interested in gaining an understanding of Bhutan's wind and solar energy potential.
Gilman, P.; Cowlin, S.; Heimiller, D.
Heat storage and distribution inside passive-solar buildings
Passive solar buildings are investigated from the viewpoint of the storage of solar heat in materials of the building: walls, floors, ceilings, and furniture. The effects of the location, material, thickness, and orientation of each internal building surface are investigated. The concept of diurnal heat capacity is introduced and a method of using this parameter to estimate clear-day temperature swings is developed. Convective coupling to remote rooms within a building is discussed. Design guidelines are given.
How Do High Levels of Wind and Solar Impact the Grid? The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study
This paper is a brief introduction to the scope of the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS), inputs and scenario development, and the key findings of the study.
Lew, D.; Piwko, D.; Miller, N.; Jordan, G.; Clark, K.; Freeman, L.
Experimental simulation of wind driven cross-ventilation in a naturally ventilated building
A device was designed and constructed to simulate cross-ventilation through a building due to natural wind. The wind driver device was designed for use with a one tenth scale model of an open floor plan office building in ...
Hult, Erin L. (Erin Luelle), 1982-
Physical Building Information Modeling for Solar Building Design and Simulation- Annual Report 2011
information from BIM to Radiance. For Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV), we have researched on how to build solar models in BIM that can calculate solar position and solar insolation. 1.2 Research on BIM simplification methods, BIM topology, and data... we will continue investigating the use of Modelica to integrate the daylighting modeling with thermal modeling. 4 c) BIPV prototypes We have developed a Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) prototype in the BIM (Autodesk Revit) platform...
Yan, W.; Haberl, J.; Clayton, M.; Jeong, W.; Kim, J.; Kota, S.; Alcocer, J.; Dixit, M.
Solar Correction Factors of Building Envelope in Tebei
Tebei has very rich solar energy in China and needs heating in winter,but the present energy building design code has no solar correction factor for the overall heat transfer coefficient of building envelope for Tebei. Based on the typical year...
Wang, D.; Tang, M.
The dissipation of turbulence in the weakly collisional solar wind plasma is governed by unknown kinetic mechanisms. Two candidates have been suggested to play an important role in the dissipation, collisionless damping via wave-particle interactions and dissipation in small-scale current sheets. High resolution spacecraft measurements of the turbulent magnetic energy spectrum provide important constraints on the dissipation mechanism. The limitations of popular fluid and hybrid numerical schemes for simulation of the dissipation of solar wind turbulence are discussed, and instead a three-dimensional kinetic approach is recommended. We present a three-dimensional nonlinear gyrokinetic simulation of solar wind turbulence at electron scales that quantitatively reproduces the exponential form of the turbulent magnetic energy spectrum measured in the solar wind. A weakened cascade model that accounts for nonlocal interactions and collisionless Landau damping also quantitatively agrees with the observed exponential form. These results establish that a turbulent cascade of kinetic Alfven waves that is terminated by collisionless Landau damping is sufficient to explain the observed magnetic energy spectrum in the dissipation range of solar wind turbulence.
TenBarge, J. M.; Howes, G. G. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 (United States); Dorland, W., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MA 20742-3511 (United States)
Generalized solar load ratio correlation for direct gain buildings
A generalized solar load ratio correlation has been developed for direct gain buildings by generating relationships between the correlation parameters and two fundamental design parameters. The first design parameter is the steady state conductance of the solar aperture, U/sub c/. The second is the effective heat capacity of the solar zone, EHC.
Wray, W.O.; Best, E.D.
Economic analysis of wind-powered farmhouse and farm building heating systems. Final report
The study evaluated the break-even values of wind energy for selected farmhouses and farm buildings focusing on the effects of thermal storage on the use of WECS production and value. Farmhouse structural models include three types derived from a national survey - an older, a more modern, and a passive solar structure. The eight farm building applications that were analyzed include: poultry-layers, poultry-brooding/layers, poultry-broilers, poultry-turkeys, swine-farrowing, swine-growing/finishing, dairy, and lambing. These farm buildings represent the spectrum of animal types, heating energy use, and major contributions to national agricultural economic values. All energy analyses were based on hour-by-hour computations which allowed for growth of animals, sensible and latent heat production, and ventilation requirements. Hourly or three-hourly weather data obtained from the National Climatic Center was used for the nine chosen analysis sites, located throughout the United States and corresponding to regional agricultural production centers.
Stafford, R.W.; Greeb, F.J.; Smith, M.F.; Des Chenes, C.; Weaver, N.L.
time of day for a passive solar house under four differentresponse function for a passive solar house would begin toB(w)/A(w). A good passive solar house w i l l have B/A large
Vermont Wind Measurement Company Still Strong | Department of...
Vermont Wind Measurement Company Still Strong Vermont Wind Measurement Company Still Strong April 9, 2010 - 3:16pm Addthis NRG's new building utilizes solar power, but their...
NIST BUILDING SCIENCE SERIES 180 Database-Assisted Design for Wind
climatological information on extreme wind speeds and their direction-dependence can be used in conjunction; aerodynamics; extreme winds; database-assisted design; structural dynamics; wind directionality; wind forcesNIST BUILDING SCIENCE SERIES 180 Database-Assisted Design for Wind: Concepts, Software
Evaluation of Wind Loads on Solar Panels.
?? The current impetus for alternative energy sources is increasing the demand for solar energy technologies in Florida – the Sunshine State. Florida's energy production… (more)
Barata, Johann
Agua Caliente Wind/Solar Project at Whitewater Ranch
Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians (ACBCI) was awarded a grant by the Department of Energy (DOE) to study the feasibility of a wind and/or solar renewable energy project at the Whitewater Ranch (WWR) property of ACBCI. Red Mountain Energy Partners (RMEP) was engaged to conduct the study. The ACBCI tribal lands in the Coachella Valley have very rich renewable energy resources. The tribe has undertaken several studies to more fully understand the options available to them if they were to move forward with one or more renewable energy projects. With respect to the resources, the WWR property clearly has excellent wind and solar resources. The DOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has continued to upgrade and refine their library of resource maps. The newer, more precise maps quantify the resources as among the best in the world. The wind and solar technology available for deployment is also being improved. Both are reducing their costs to the point of being at or below the costs of fossil fuels. Technologies for energy storage and microgrids are also improving quickly and present additional ways to increase the wind and/or solar energy retained for later use with the network management flexibility to provide power to the appropriate locations when needed. As a result, renewable resources continue to gain more market share. The transitioning to renewables as the major resources for power will take some time as the conversion is complex and can have negative impacts if not managed well. While the economics for wind and solar systems continue to improve, the robustness of the WWR site was validated by the repeated queries of developers to place wind and/or solar there. The robust resources and improving technologies portends toward WWR land as a renewable energy site. The business case, however, is not so clear, especially when the potential investment portfolio for ACBCI has several very beneficial and profitable alternatives.
Hooks, Todd; Stewart, Royce
On the response of polar cap dynamics to its solar wind and magnetotail drivers at high levels of geomagnetic activity
polar cap potential by intense solar wind electric fields,potentials measured with Super Dual Auroral Radar Network during quasi-steady solar wind andelectric potential as a function of solar wind parameters by
Gao, Ye
Electron energy transport in the solar wind: Ulysses observations
Previous analysis suggests that the whistler heat flux instability is responsible for the regulation of the electron heat flux of the solar wind. For an interval of quiescent solar wind during the in-ecliptic phase of the Ulysses mission, the plasma wave data in the whistler frequency regime are compared to the predictions of the whistler heat flux instability model. The data is well constrained by the predicted upper bound on the electron heat flux and a clear correlation between wave activity and electron heat flux dissipation is observed.
Scime, Earl E.; Gary, S. Peter; Phillips, John L.; Balogh, Andre; Lengyel-Frey, Denise [West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (United States); Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico (United States); Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London (United Kingdom); University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (United States)
Compressive turbulent cascade and heating in the solar wind
A turbulent energy cascade has been recently identified in high-latitude solar wind data samples by using a Yaglom-like relation. However, analogous scaling law, suitably modified to take into account compressible fluctuations, has been observed in a much more extended fraction of the same data set recorded by the Ulysses spacecraft. Thus, it seems that large scale density fluctuations, despite their low amplitude, play a major role in the basic scaling properties of turbulence. The compressive turbulent cascade, moreover, seems to be able to supply the energy needed to account for the local heating of the non-adiabatic solar wind.
Marino, R. [Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita della Calabria, Ponte Bucci 31C, I-87036 Rende (Italy); University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, B.P. 4229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4 (France); Sorriso-Valvo, L. [Liquid Crystal Laboratory, INFM/CNR, Ponte Bucci 33B, I-87036 Rende (Italy); Carbone, V. [Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita della Calabria, Ponte Bucci 31C, I-87036 Rende (Italy); Noullez, A. [University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, B.P. 4229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4 (France); Bruno, R. [INAF-Istituto Fisica Spazio Interplanetario, Rome (Italy)
The turbulent cascade and proton heating in the solar wind during solar minimum
Solar wind measurements at 1 AU during the recent solar minimum and previous studies of solar maximum provide an opportunity to study the effects of the changing solar cycle on in situ heating. Our interest is to compare the levels of activity associated with turbulence and proton heating. Large-scale shears in the flow caused by transient activity are a source that drives turbulence that heats the solar wind, but as the solar cycle progresses the dynamics that drive the turbulence and heat the medium are likely to change. The application of third-moment theory to Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) data gives the turbulent energy cascade rate which is not seen to vary with the solar cycle. Likewise, an empirical heating rate shows no significan changes in proton heating over the cycle.
Coburn, Jesse T.; Smith, Charles W.; Vasquez, Bernard J. [Physics Department and Space Science Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire (United States); Stawarz, Joshua E. [Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado (United States); Forman, Miriam A. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York (United States)
A scale separation kinetic model of the solar wind acceleration is presented. The model assumes an isotropic Maxwellian distribution of protons and a constant influx of outward propagating Alfven waves with a single exponent Kolmogorov-type spectrum at the base of a coronal acceleration region ({approx}2 R {sub Sun }). Our results indicate that nonlinear cyclotron resonant interaction taking energy from Alfven waves and depositing it into mostly perpendicular heating of protons in initially weakly expanding plasma in a spherically non-uniform magnetic field is able to produce the typical fast solar wind velocities for the typical plasma and wave conditions after expansion to about 5-10 solar radii R {sub Sun }. The acceleration model takes into account the gravity force and the ambipolar electric field, as well as the mirror force, which plays the most important role in driving the solar wind acceleration. Contrary to the recent claims of Isenberg, the cold plasma dispersion only slightly slows down the acceleration and actually helps in obtaining the more realistic fast solar wind speeds.
Galinsky, V. L.; Shevchenko, V. I., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [ECE Department, UC San Diego, MC 407, La Jolla, CA 92093-0407 (United States)
A new method to estimate annual solar wind parameters and contributions of different solar wind structures to geomagnetic activity
In this paper, we study two sets of local geomagnetic indices from 26 stations using the principal component (PC) and the independent component (IC) analysis methods. We demonstrate that the annually averaged indices can be accurately represented as linear combinations of two first components with weights systematically depending on latitude. We show that the annual contributions of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and high speed streams (HSSs) to geomagnetic activity are highly correlated with the first and second IC. The first and second ICs are also found to be very highly correlated with the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the solar wind speed, respectively, because solar wind speed is the most important parameter driving geomagnetic activity during HSSs while IMF strength dominates during CMEs. These results help in better understanding the long-term driving of geomagnetic activity and in gaining information about the long-term evolution of solar wind parameters and the different sol...
Holappa, Lauri; Asikainen, Timo
How Do High Levels of Wind and Solar Impact the Grid? The Western...
How Do High Levels of Wind and Solar Impact the Grid? The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Debra Lew National Renewable Energy Laboratory Dick Piwko, Nick Miller, Gary...
E-Print Network 3.0 - ancient solar wind Sample Search Results
solar wind Search Powered by Explorit Topic List Advanced Search Sample search results for: ancient solar wind Page: << < 1 2 3 4 5 > >> 1 Three-dimensional multifluid simulations...
The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2 (Fact Sheet...
The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2 An examination of how wind and solar power affect operations, costs, and emissions from fossil-fueled generators The electric...
U.S. Virgin Islands- Solar and Wind Easements and Rights Laws
In the U.S. Virgin Islands, the owner of a solar or wind-energy system is permitted to negotiate for assurance of continued access to the system's energy source. "Solar or wind-energy system" is...
Building-integrated solar energy devices based on wavelength selective films.
??A potentially attractive option for building integrated solar is to employ hybrid solar collectors which serve dual purposes, combining solar thermal technology with either thin… (more)
Ulavi, Tejas U.
Passive-solar buildings are investigated from the viewpoint of the storage of solar heat in materials of the building: walls, floors, ceilings, and furniture. The effects of the location, material, thickness, and orientation of each internal building surface are investigated. The concept of diurnal heat capacity is introduced and a method of using this parameter to estimate clear-day temperature swings is developed. Convective coupling to remote rooms within a building is discussed, including both convection through single doorways and convective loops that may exist involving a sunspace. Design guidelines are given.
Modeling and Analysis of Solar Radiation Potentials on Building Rooftops
The active application of photovoltaic for electricity generation could effectively transform neighborhoods and commercial districts into small, localized power plants. This application, however, relies heavily on an accurate estimation of the amount of solar radiation that is available on individual building rooftops. While many solar energy maps exist at higher spatial resolution for concentrated solar energy applications, the data from these maps are not suitable for roof-mounted photovoltaic for several reasons, including lack of data at the appropriate spatial resolution and lack of integration of building-specific characteristics into the models used to generate the maps. To address this problem, we have developed a modeling framework for estimating solar radiation potentials on individual building rooftops that is suitable for utility-scale applications as well as building-specific applications. The framework uses light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data at approximately 1-meter horizontal resolution and 0.3-meter vertical resolution as input for modeling a large number of buildings quickly. One of the strengths of this framework is the ability to parallelize its implementation. Furthermore, the framework accounts for building specific characteristics, such as roof slope, roof aspect, and shadowing effects, that are critical to roof-mounted photovoltaic systems. The resulting data has helped us to identify the so-called solar panel sweet spots on individual building rooftops and obtain accurate statistics of the variation in solar radiation as a function of time of year and geographical location.
Omitaomu, Olufemi A [ORNL; Kodysh, Jeffrey B [ORNL; Bhaduri, Budhendra L [ORNL
Enabling Technologies for High Penetration of Wind and Solar Energy
High penetration of variable wind and solar electricity generation will require modifications to the electric power system. This work examines the impacts of variable generation, including uncertainty, ramp rate, ramp range, and potentially excess generation. Time-series simulations were performed in the Texas (ERCOT) grid where different mixes of wind, solar photovoltaic and concentrating solar power provide up to 80% of the electric demand. Different enabling technologies were examined, including conventional generator flexibility, demand response, load shifting, and energy storage. A variety of combinations of these technologies enabled low levels of surplus or curtailed wind and solar generation depending on the desired penetration of renewable sources. At lower levels of penetration (up to about 30% on an energy basis) increasing flexible generation, combined with demand response may be sufficient to accommodate variability and uncertainty. Introduction of load-shifting through real-time pricing or other market mechanisms further increases the penetration of variable generation. The limited time coincidence of wind and solar generation presents increasing challenges as these sources provide greater than 50% of total demand. System flexibility must be increased to the point of virtually eliminating must-run baseload generators during periods of high wind and solar generation. Energy storage also becomes increasingly important as lower cost flexibility options are exhausted. The study examines three classes of energy storage - electricity storage, including batteries and pumped hydro, hybrid storage (compressed-air energy storage), and thermal energy storage. Ignoring long-distance transmission options, a combination of load shifting and storage equal to about 12 hours of average demand may keep renewable energy curtailment below 10% in the simulated system.
Denholm, P.
Western Wind and Solar Integration Study: Executive Summary, (WWSIS) May 2010
This report provides a summary of background, approach, and findings of the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS).
R. Piwko; K. Clark; L. Freeman; G. Jordan; N. Miller
Grand Traverse Band Renewable Energy Feasibility Study in Wind, Biomass and Solar
Renewable Energy Feasibility Study for wind, biomass, solar on the Grand Traverse Band tribal lands from 2005 - 2008
Suzanne McSawby, Project Director
Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA)
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Office of InspectorConcentrating Solar PowerstoriesNrelPartnerTypePonsa,Home Aimeebailey's pictureWiki Page Solar and
WITH THE SOLAR WIND C. T. Russell, T. L. Zhang, M. Delva, S. Barabash, J. G. Luhmann, and H. Y. Wei The solar effectively excludes the solar wind from the planetary atmosphere but that the solar wind can still erode is consistent with the deflection of the solar wind plasma by the magnetic barrier that in turn shields
Application of a MHD hybrid solar wind model with latitudinal dependences to Ulysses data at minimum
In a previous work, Ulysses data was analyzed to build a complete axisymmetric MHD solution for the solar wind at minimum including rotation and the initial flaring of the solar wind in the low corona. This model has some problems in reproducing the values of magnetic field at 1 AU despite the correct values of the velocity. Here, we intend to extend the previous analysis to another type of solutions and to improve our modelling of the wind from the solar surface to 1 AU. We compare the previous results to those obtained with a fully helicoidal model and construct a hybrid model combining both previous solutions, keeping the flexibility of the parent models in the appropriate domain. From the solar surface to the Alfven, point, a three component solution for velocity and magnetic field is used, reproducing the complex wind geometry and the well-known flaring of the field lines observed in coronal holes. From the Alfven radius to 1 AU and further, the hybrid model keeps the latitudinal dependences as flexible as possible, in order to deal with the sharp variations near the equator and we use the helicoidal solution, turning the poloidal streamlines into radial ones. Despite the absence of the initial flaring, the helicoidal model and the first hybrid solution suffer from the same low values of the magnetic field at 1 AU. However, by adjusting the parameters with a second hybrid solution, we are able to reproduce both the velocity and magnetic profiles observed by Ulysses and a reasonable description of the low corona, provided that a certain amount of energy deposit exists along the flow. The present paper shows that analytical axisymmetric solutions can be constructed to reproduce the solar structure and dynamics from 1 solar radius up to 1 AU.
A. Aibeo; J. Lima; C. Sauty
City of Grand Rapids Building Solar Roof Demonstration
Grand Rapids, Michigan is striving to reduce it environmental footprint. The municipal government organization has established environmental sustainability policies with the goal of securing 100% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020. This report describes the process by which the City of Grand Rapids evaluated, selected and installed solar panels on the Water/Environmental Services Building. The solar panels are the first to be placed on a municipal building. Its new power monitoring system provides output data to assess energy efficiency and utilization. It is expected to generate enough clean solar energy to power 25 percent of the building. The benefit to the public includes the economic savings from reduced operational costs for the building; an improved environmentally sustainable area in which to live and work; and increased knowledge about the use of solar energy. It will serve as a model for future energy saving applications.
DeClercq, Mark; Martinez, Imelda
The genesis solar-wind sample return mission
The compositions of the Earth's crust and mantle, and those of the Moon and Mars, are relatively well known both isotopically and elementally. The same is true of our knowledge of the asteroid belt composition, based on meteorite analyses. Remote measurements of Venus, the Jovian atmosphere, and the outer planet moons, have provided some estimates of their compositions. The Sun constitutes a large majority, > 99%, of all the matter in the solar system. The elemental composition of the photosphere, the visible 'surface' of the Sun, is constrained by absorption lines produced by particles above the surface. Abundances for many elements are reported to the {+-}10 or 20% accuracy level. However, the abundances of other important elements, such as neon, cannot be determined in this way due to a relative lack of atomic states at low excitation energies. Additionally and most importantly, the isotopic composition of the Sun cannot be determined astronomically except for a few species which form molecules above sunspots, and estimates derived from these sources lack the accuracy desired for comparison with meteoritic and planetary surface samples measured on the Earth. The solar wind spreads a sample of solar particles throughout the heliosphere, though the sample is very rarified: collecting a nanogram of oxygen, the third most abundant element, in a square centimeter cross section at the Earth's distance from the Sun takes five years. Nevertheless, foil collectors exposed to the solar wind for periods of hours on the surface of the Moon during the Apollo missions were used to determine the helium and neon solar-wind compositions sufficiently to show that the Earth's atmospheric neon was significantly evolved relative to the Sun. Spacecraft instruments developed subsequently have provided many insights into the composition of the solar wind, mostly in terms of elemental composition. These instruments have the advantage of observing a number of parameters simultaneously, including charge state distributions, velocities, and densities, all of which have been instrumental in characterizing the nature of the solar wind. However, these instruments have lacked the ability to make large dynamic range measurements of adjacent isotopes (i.e., {sup 17}O/{sup 16}O {approx} 2500) or provide the permil (tenths of percent) accuracy desirable for comparison with geochemical isotopic measurements. An accurate knowledge of the solar and solar-wind compositions helps to answer important questions across a number of disciplines. It aids in understanding the acceleration mechanisms of the solar wind, gives an improved picture of the charged particle environment near the photosphere, it constrains processes within the Sun over its history, and it provides a database by which to compare differences among planetary systems with the solar system's starting composition, providing key information on planetary evolution. For example, precise knowledge of solar isotopic and elemental compositions of volatile species in the Sun provides a baseline for models of atmospheric evolution over time for Earth, Venus, and Mars. Additionally, volatile and chemically active elements such as C, H, O, N, and S can tell us about processes active during the evolution of the solar nebula. A classic example of this is the oxygen isotope system. In the 1970s it was determined that the oxygen isotopic ratio in refractory inclusions in primitive meteorites was enriched {approx}4% in {sup 16}O relative to the average terrestrial, lunar, and thermally processed meteorite materials. In addition, all processed solar-system materials appeared to each have a unique oxygen isotopic composition (except the Moon and Earth, which are thought to be formed from the same materials), though differences are in the fraction of a percent range, much smaller than the refractory material {sup 16}O enrichment. Several theories were developed over the years to account for the oxygen isotope heterogeneity, each theory predicting a different solar isotopic composition and each invoking a differ
Wiens, Roger C [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Global and multi-scale features of solar wind-magnetosphere coupling: From modeling to forecasting
and substorms; 2784 Magnetospheric Physics: Solar wind/magnetosphere interactions; 3210 Mathematical Geophysics in the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction, de- veloping first principles models that encompass allGlobal and multi-scale features of solar wind-magnetosphere coupling: From modeling to forecasting
Sitnov, Mikhail I.
THE SOLAR WIND INTERACTION WITH UNMAGNETIZED PLANETS: A TUTORIAL J. G. Luhmann
THE SOLAR WIND INTERACTION WITH UNMAGNETIZED PLANETS: A TUTORIAL J. G. Luhmann Institute of solar wind origin is transported through the ionopause and distributed within the ionosphere theorists and observationalists. The relative strength of the solar wind and ionospheric pressures at Mars
The Solar Wind: Probing the Heliosphere with Multiple Spacecraft John D. Richardson
1 The Solar Wind: Probing the Heliosphere with Multiple Spacecraft John D. Richardson Center of the Voyager spacecraft in the outer heliosphere, Ulysses at high latitudes, and multiple solar wind monitors near Earth provides a unique opportunity to study the global structure and evolution of the solar wind
Solar Wind and Interplanetary Magnetic Field: A Tutorial C. T. Russell
Solar Wind and Interplanetary Magnetic Field: A Tutorial C. T. Russell Institute of Geophysics at the center of the sun to its radiation into space by the photosphere, but most importantly for the solar wind controls the properties of the solar wind. In this tutorial review we examine the properties of the fields
Russell, Christopher T.
A TRANSONIC COLLISIONLESS MODEL OF THE SOLAR WIND I. Zouganelis,1
: corona 1. INTRODUCTION Most cosmic bodies eject matter into space, but the solar wind is the first and: First, the particle VDFs might not be Maxwellians at the base of the solar wind. Second, the particleA TRANSONIC COLLISIONLESS MODEL OF THE SOLAR WIND I. Zouganelis,1 M. Maksimovic,1 N. Meyer-Vernet,1
Meyer-Vernet, Nicole
Effect of solar wind pressure pulses on the size and strength of the auroral oval
Effect of solar wind pressure pulses on the size and strength of the auroral oval A. Boudouridis, E. [1] It has recently been found that solar wind dynamic pressure changes can dramatically affect solar wind dynamic pressure increases on the location, size, and intensity of the auroral oval using
Lummerzheim, Dirk
Enhanced solar wind geoeffectiveness after a sudden increase in dynamic pressure during southward IMF orientation
Enhanced solar wind geoeffectiveness after a sudden increase in dynamic pressure during southward increase in solar wind pressure results in poleward expansion of the auroral oval and closing of the polar show that southward IMF conditions combined with high solar wind dynamic pressure immediately after
Impact of the solar wind dynamic pressure on the Region 2 field-aligned currents
Impact of the solar wind dynamic pressure on the Region 2 field-aligned currents S. Nakano,1,2 G and the solar wind dynamic pressure is investigated using magnetic field data from Defense Meteorological in the magnetosphere varies with the solar wind dynamic pressure. Therefore, we can expect that the Region 2 currents
Higuchi, Tomoyuki
Title: Feasibility Study for 20 MW Hybrid Solar and Wind Park in Colombia
the realistic ROI for a potential 20 MW solar/wind farm. The information generated will be sufficiently detailed to present the expected energy performance and economics of a 20 MW solar/wind farm to potential investors1 of 2 Title: Feasibility Study for 20 MW Hybrid Solar and Wind Park in Colombia Principal
Johnson, Eric E.
Discrepancies in the Prediction of Solar Wind using Potential Field Source Surface Model: An
Discrepancies in the Prediction of Solar Wind using Potential Field Source Surface Model. This inverse relation has been made use of in the prediction of solar wind speed at 1 AU using a potential between the magnetic flux tube expansion factor (FTE) at the source surface and the solar wind speed
Zhao, Xuepu
Assessment of existing studies of wind loading on solar collectors
In developing solar collectors, wind loading is the major structural design consideration. Wind loading investigations have focused on establishing safe bounds for steady state loading and verifying rational but initial and conservative design approaches for the various solar collector concepts. As such, the effort has been very successful, and has contributed greatly to both the recognition and qualitative understanding of many of the physical phenomena involved. Loading coefficients corresponding to mean wind velocities have been derived in these prior studies to measure the expected structural loading on the various solar collectors. Current design and testing procedures for wind loading are discussed. The test results corresponding to numerous wind tests on heliostats, parabolic troughs, parabolic dishes, and field mounted photovoltaic arrays are discussed and the applicability of the findings across the various technologies is assessed. One of the most significant consistencies in the data from all the technologies is the apparent benefit provided by fences and field shielding. Taken in toto, these data show that load reductions of three or possibly more seem feasible, though a more thorough understanding of the phenomena involved must be attained before this benefit can be realized. It is recommended that the required understanding be developed to take advantage of this benefit and that field tests be conducted to correlate with both analyses and tests.
Murphy, L. M.
Hydro, Solar, Wind The Future of Renewable Energy
Hydro, Solar, Wind The Future of Renewable Energy Joseph Flocco David Lath Department of Electrical. Hydropower Water has grown in previous years to become the most widely used form of renewable energy across years to come from Hydropower. It is considered to be a renewable energy source because it uses
Lavaei, Javad
The optimization of solar radiation upon a rectangular building
THE OPTIMIZATION OF SOLAR RADIATION UPON A RECTANGULAR BUILDING A Thesis by JAMES ALLEN INGLF. Submitted to the Graduate College of Texas AAM University in Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 19... 3 Major Subjeoti Meteorology THE OPTIMIZATION OF SOLAR RADIATION UPON A RECTANGULAR BUILDING A Thesis by JAILS ALLEN INGLE Approved as to style and content bye Cha an of ittee Mr, ' ohn F, Griffiths Member Dro Robert CD Runnels Head...
Ingle, James Allen
The interaction between the Moon and the solar wind
We study the interaction between the Moon and the solar wind using a three-dimensional hybrid plasma solver. The proton fluxes and electromagnetical fields are presented for typical solar wind conditions with different magnetic field directions. Several features are consistent with a fluid interaction, e.g., the presence of a rarefaction cone, and an increased magnetic field in the wake. There are however several kinetic features of the interaction. We find kinks in the magnetic field at the wake boundary. There are also density and magnetic field variations in the far wake, maybe from an ion beam instability related to the wake refill. The results are compared to observations by the WIND spacecraft during a wake crossing. The model magnetic field and ion velocities are in agreement with the measurements. The density and the electron temperature in the central wake are not as well captured by the model, probably from the lack of electron physics in the hybrid model.
Holmström, M; Futaana, Y; Nilsson, H
Procuring and Implementing Solar Projects on Public Buildings: How to Avoid Common Pitfalls
Procuring and Implementing Solar Projects on Public Buildings: How to Avoid Common Pitfalls Webinar.
Optimum mix of conservation and solar energy in buildings
A methodology is developed for optimally allocating resources between conservation and solar strategies in building design. Formulas are presented for a constrained optimum in which the initial investment is limited. The procedure is amenable to hand analysis if tables are available which give the Solar Savings Fraction as a function of the Load Collector Ratio for the locality. A numerical example is given.
Computer Simulation of Cooling Effect of Wind Tower on Passively Ventilated Building
Computer Simulation of Cooling Effect of Wind Tower on Passively Ventilated Building John Seryak Kelly Kissock Project Engineer Associate Professor Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering... University of Dayton Dayton, Ohio ABSTRACT Traditional buildings are cooled and ventilated by mechanically induced drafts. Natural ventilation aspires to cool and ventilate a building by natural means, such as cross ventilation or wind towers...
Seryak, J.; Kissock, J. K.
An experimental study of a high-rise building model in tornado-like winds
the characteristics of wake vortex and flow structures around a high-rise building model as well as the resultant wind significantly different from those in conventional straight-line winds. The detailed flow field measurements information about the tornado- induced wind loads and wind field information around the civil structures due
Hu, Hui
Evaluating the performance of passive-solar-heated buildings
Methods of evaluating the thermal performance of passive-solar buildings are reviewed. Instrumentation and data logging requirements are outlined. Various methodologies that have been used to develop an energy balance for the building and various performance measures are discussed. Methods for quantifying comfort are described. Subsystem and other special-purpose monitoring are briefly reviewed. Summary results are given for 38 buildings that have been monitored.
Better Buildings Alliance Solar Decision Guide
Businesses considering implementing solar PV may encounter widespread geographic differences regarding utility incentive structures (buy-down incentives, performance based incentives, feed-in tariffs, etc.), utility policies (net metering, interconnection requirements), regulatory structures, and permitting requirements. They might also have uncertainty about how to assess the different ownership structures (PPA, lease, own, etc.). The Solar Decision Guide can help companies navigate this complex environment to determine if investing in solar makes financial sense and to identify the regions that offer the most promising returns on solar investment.
Western Wind and Solar Integration Study: Hydropower Analysis
The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) study of 20% Wind Energy by 2030 was conducted to consider the benefits, challenges, and costs associated with sourcing 20% of U.S. energy consumption from wind power by 2030. This study found that with proactive measures, no insurmountable barriers were identified to meet the 20% goal. Following this study, DOE and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) conducted two more studies: the Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study (EWITS) covering the eastern portion of the U.S., and the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS) covering the western portion of the United States. The WWSIS was conducted by NREL and research partner General Electric (GE) in order to provide insight into the costs, technical or physical barriers, and operational impacts caused by the variability and uncertainty of wind, photovoltaic, and concentrated solar power when employed to serve up to 35% of the load energy in the WestConnect region (Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Wyoming). WestConnect is composed of several utility companies working collaboratively to assess stakeholder and market needs to and develop cost-effective improvements to the western wholesale electricity market. Participants include the Arizona Public Service, El Paso Electric Company, NV Energy, Public Service of New Mexico, Salt River Project, Tri-State Generation and Transmission Cooperative, Tucson Electric Power, Xcel Energy and the Western Area Power Administration.
Acker, T.; Pete, C.
Small solar wind transients: Stereo-A observations in 2009
Year 2009 was the last year of a long and pronounced solar activity minimum. In this year the solar wind in the inner heliosphere was for 90% of the time slow (< 450 km s{sup -1}) and with a weaker magnetic field strength compared to the previous solar minimum 1995-1996. We choose this year to present the results of a systematic search for small solar wind transients (STs) observed by the STEREO-Ahead (ST-A) probe. The data are from the PLASTIC and IMPACT instrument suites. By 'small' we mean a duration from {approx}1 to 12 hours. The parameters we search for to identify STs are (i) the total field strength, (ii) the rotation of the magnetic field vector, (iii) its smoothness, (iv) proton temperature, (v) proton beta, and (vi) Alfven Mach number. We find 45 examples. The STs have an average duration of {approx}4 hours. Ensemble averages of key quantities are: (i) maximum B = 7.01 nT; (ii) proton {beta}= 0.18; (iii) proton thermal speed = 20.8 km s{sup -1}; and (iv) Alfven Mach number = 6.13. No distinctive feature is found in the pitch angle distributions of suprathermal electrons. Our statistical results are compared with those of STs observed near Earth by Wind during 2009.
Yu, W.; Farrugia, C. J.; Galvin, A. B.; Simunac, K. D. C.; Popecki, M. A.; Lugaz, N. [Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 (United States); Kilpua, E. K. J. [Dept. of Physics, Division of Geophysics and Astronomy, University of Helsinki (Finland); Moestl, C. [Institute of Physics, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria and Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Luhmann, J. G. [Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Opitz, A.; Sauvaud, J.-A. [Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie (CNRS-UPS), Universite de Toulouse, F-31038, Toulouse (France)
PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDING PERFORMANCE: A THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE DESIGNpassive solar buildings, and the concommitant inability to predict the results of various designs.Passive solar modelling is worthwhile as a tool for imple- menting one important conservative strategy -- the use of building design
Goldstein, David Baird
Assessing the Evolution of the Solar Wind through the Spectrum of Velocity Fluctuations from 1 5 AU.
;2 Abstract: Turbulent processes occur in the solar wind and contribute to solar wind evolution and heating assistance he's provided. #12;4 Contents 1. The Solar Wind 1.1 Early Remote Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 #12;5 Chapter 1 The Solar Wind 1.1 Early Remote Observations The earliest observations of the sun
Predicted Impacts of Proton Temperature Anisotropy on Solar Wind Turbulence
Particle velocity distributions measured in the weakly collisional solar wind are frequently found to be non-Maxwellian, but how these non-Maxwellian distributions impact the physics of plasma turbulence in the solar wind remains unanswered. Using numerical solutions of the linear dispersion relation for a collisionless plasma with a bi-Maxwellian proton velocity distribution, we present a unified framework for the four proton temperature anisotropy instabilities, identifying the associated stable eigenmodes, highlighting the unstable region of wavevector space, and presenting the properties of the growing eigenfunctions. Based on physical intuition gained from this framework, we address how the proton temperature anisotropy impacts the nonlinear dynamics of the \\Alfvenic fluctuations underlying the dominant cascade of energy from large to small scales and how the fluctuations driven by proton temperature anisotropy instabilities interact nonlinearly with each other and with the fluctuations of the large-scal...
Klein, Kristopher G
Residual energy in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence and in the solar wind
Recent observations indicate that kinetic and magnetic energies are not in equipartition in the solar wind turbulence. Rather, magnetic fluctuations are more energetic and have somewhat steeper energy spectrum compared to the velocity fluctuations. This leads to the presence of the so-called residual energy E_r=E_v-E_b in the inertial interval of turbulence. This puzzling effect is addressed in the present paper in the framework of weak turbulence theory. Using a simple model of weakly colliding Alfv\\'en waves, we demonstrate that the kinetic-magnetic equipartition indeed gets broken as a result of nonlinear interaction of Alfv\\'en waves. We establish that magnetic energy is indeed generated more efficiently as a result of these interactions, which proposes an explanation for the solar wind observations.
Stanislav Boldyrev; Jean Carlos Perez; Vladimir Zhdankin
Guam- Solar-Ready Residential Building Requirement
Note: Guam is in the process of adopting a [www.guamenergy.com/outreach-education/guam-tropical-energy-code/ tropical energy code]. As a result, the solar ready provisions described below may...
Analysis of Alongwind Tall Building Response to Transient Nonstationary Winds
where the mean wind speed is characterized by a time-invariant vertical profile and a single time of time varying mean wind speed, mean wind speed vertical profile, and spatial correlation of wind flows in terms of its unique mean wind speed vertical profile, rapid time varying mean wind speed
Chen, Xinzhong
Report on High Performance Building's Energy Modeling, Physical Building Information Modeling for Solar Building Design and Simulation
This report was created for the National Science Foundation-Physical Building Information Modeling (NSF-PBIM) project. This report describes the analysis of a solar office building using the following software: the legacy tools (DOE 2.1e, the F...
Alcocer, J.; Haberl, J. S.
111J111J111J11111 n 11111111111 Trombe wall cell , 8 Marchtime of day for the LASL Trombe wall c e l l , 8 March 1978.Direct-gain and unmanaged Trombe-wall or waterwall buildings
Value of Wind Power Forecasting
This study, building on the extensive models developed for the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS), uses these WECC models to evaluate the operating cost impacts of improved day-ahead wind forecasts.
Lew, D.; Milligan, M.; Jordan, G.; Piwko, R.
innovati nNREL Confirms Large Potential for Grid Integration of Wind, Solar Power
innovati nNREL Confirms Large Potential for Grid Integration of Wind, Solar Power To fully harvest a database of potential wind power sites and detailed, time-dependent estimates of the power that would the nation's bountiful wind and solar resources, it is critical to know how much electrical power from
with the occurrence of solar X-ray flare, when light travel time delay is accounted, suggesting that X-rays fromX-RAY EMISSION FROM PLANETS AND COMETS: RELATIONSHIP WITH SOLAR X-RAYS AND SOLAR WIND ANIL BHARDWAJ Flight center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA Scattering of solar X-ray radiation mainly produces the non
Ă?stgaard, Nikolai
Performance estimates for attached-sunspace passive solar heated buildings
Performance predictions have been made for attached-sunspace types of passively solar heated buildings. The predictions are based on hour-by-hour computer simulations using computer models developed in the framework of PASOLE, the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) passive solar energy simulation program. The models have been validated by detailed comparison with actual hourly temperature measurements taken in attached-sunspace test rooms at LASL.
McFarland, R.D.; Jones, R.W.
Propagation of three--dimensional Alfv'en waves in a stratified, thermally conducting solar wind
Propagation of three--dimensional Alfv'en waves in a stratified, thermally conducting solar wind S to the well--known thermal expansion of the solar corona [Parker, 1958, 1963, 1991]. In particular Alfv'en waves in the solar atmosphere and wind, taking into account relevant physical effects
THE GENESIS SOLAR-WIND COLLECTOR MATERIALS A. J. G. Jurewicz1
THE GENESIS SOLAR-WIND COLLECTOR MATERIALS A. J. G. Jurewicz1 , D. S. Burnett2 , R. C. Wiens3 , T. #12;THE GENESIS SOLAR-WIND COLLECTOR MATERIALS Abstract. Genesis (NASA Discovery Mission #5) is a sample return mission. Collectors comprised of ultra-high purity materials will be exposed to the solar
Corotating solar wind streams and recurrent geomagnetic activity: Bruce T. Tsurutani,1,2
´n waves is the solar wind energy transfer mechanism. The acceleration of relativistic electrons occurs Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK. 6 Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Toyo- kawa, JapanCorotating solar wind streams and recurrent geomagnetic activity: A review Bruce T. Tsurutani,1
Bergen, Universitetet i
Complementary Effect of Wind and Solar Energy Sources in a Microgrid
Complementary Effect of Wind and Solar Energy Sources in a Microgrid M. A. Barik, Student Member. Index Terms--Microgrid, renewable energy sources, reactive power mismatch, solar integration, voltage-mass energy, etc. Of them wind and solar energy is broadly used for their characteristics. This paper presents
Pota, Himanshu Roy
The structure and origin of magnetic clouds in the solar wind V. Bothmer1
The structure and origin of magnetic clouds in the solar wind V. Bothmer1 * and R. Schwenn2 1 Space-forward interplanetary shock waves, supporting the close association between MCs and SMEs (solar mass ejections). Seven in the surrounding solar wind. Minimum variance analysis (MVA) showed that MCs can best be described as large- scale
Sustainable Energy Resources for Consumers Webinar on Building Design & Passive Solar Transcript
Video recording transcript of a Webinar on Nov. 16, 2010 about residential passive solar building design and solar thermal heating applications
Using Solar Business Models to Expand the Distributed Wind Market (Presentation)
This presentation to attendees at Wind Powering America's All-States Summit in Chicago describes business models that were responsible for rapid growth in the solar industry and that may be applicable to the distributed wind industry as well.
Savage, S.
Wind Tunnel Tests of Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors: March 2001--August 2003
Conducted extensive wind-tunnel tests on parabolic trough solar collectors to determine practical wind loads applicable to structural design for stress and deformation, and local component design for concentrator reflectors.
Hosoya, N.; Peterka, J. A.; Gee, R. C.; Kearney, D.
Previous models of solar wind heating by interstellar pickup proton-driven turbulence have assumed that the wind speed is a constant in heliocentric radial position. However, the same pickup process, which is taken to ...
Isenberg, Philip A.
Investigating the Correlation Between Wind and Solar Power Forecast Errors in the Western Interconnection: Preprint
Wind and solar power generations differ from conventional energy generation because of the variable and uncertain nature of their power output. This variability and uncertainty can have significant impacts on grid operations. Thus, short-term forecasting of wind and solar generation is uniquely helpful for power system operations to balance supply and demand in an electricity system. This paper investigates the correlation between wind and solar power forecasting errors.
Zhang, J.; Hodge, B. M.; Florita, A.
Production of Wind or Solar Energy on School and Public Lands (Nebraska)
These regulations govern the implementation and development of wind and solar resources on lands under the jurisdiction of the Board of Educational Lands and Funds
Operation of Concentrating Solar Power Plants in the Western Wind and Solar Integration Phase 2 Study
The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS) explores various aspects of the challenges and impacts of integrating large amounts of wind and solar energy into the electric power system of the West. The phase 2 study (WWSIS-2) is one of the first to include dispatchable concentrating solar power (CSP) with thermal energy storage (TES) in multiple scenarios of renewable penetration and mix. As a result, it provides unique insights into CSP plant operation, grid benefits, and how CSP operation and configuration may need to change under scenarios of increased renewable penetration. Examination of the WWSIS-2 results indicates that in all scenarios, CSP plants with TES provides firm system capacity, reducing the net demand and the need for conventional thermal capacity. The plants also reduced demand during periods of short-duration, high ramping requirements that often require use of lower efficiency peaking units. Changes in CSP operation are driven largely by the presence of other solar generation, particularly PV. Use of storage by the CSP plants increases in the higher solar scenarios, with operation of the plant often shifted to later in the day. CSP operation also becomes more variable, including more frequent starts. Finally, CSP output is often very low during the day in scenarios with significant PV, which helps decrease overall renewable curtailment (over-generation). However, the configuration studied is likely not optimal for High Solar Scenario implying further analysis of CSP plant configuration is needed to understand its role in enabling high renewable scenarios in the Western United States.
Denholm, P.; Brinkman, G.; Lew, D.; Hummon, M.
Reconnection outflow generated turbulence in the solar wind
Petschek-type time-dependent reconnection (TDR) and quasi-stationary reconnection (QSR) models are considered to understand reconnection outflow structures and the features of the associated locally generated turbulence in the solar wind. We show that the outflow structures, such as discontinuites, Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) unstable flux tubes or continuous space filling flows cannot be distinguished from one-point WIND measurements. In both models the reconnection outflows can generate more or less spatially extended turbulent boundary layers (TBDs). The structure of an unique extended reconnection outflow is investigated in detail. The analysis of spectral scalings and break locations show that reconnection outflows can control the local field and plasma conditions which may play in favor of one or another turbulent dissipation mechanisms with their characteristic scales and wavenumbers.
Vörös, Z; Semenov, V S; Zaqarashvili, T V; Bruno, R; Khodachenko, M
The solar wind interaction with Mars: Recent progress and future directions The Sun has a powerful influence on planetary atmospheres.
Editorial The solar wind interaction with Mars: Recent progress and future directions The Sun has field, because the solar wind can interact directly with the upper atmo- sphere. Neutral particles in the upper atmosphere are ionized by solar photons and through interactions with solar wind charged particles
Materials aspects of solar energy use in buildings
Advances in materials for solar energy utilization have the potential to produce large performance improvements (both present and future concepts) in use of solar energy or conservation. Because approximately 26 quads of the total national energy budget of 75 quads is consumed by buildings, solar and conservation improvements can have a large effect on our overall energy consumption. There have been a large number of materials research programs funded through the Department of Energy (DOE) in an attempt to expand the use of solar energy. These materials programs have covered the areas of sealants and gaskets, insulations, glazings, glazing-surface treatments, polymers, selective absorber surfaces, phase-change storage, and heat mirrors. In addition to developing the materials, a large effort has been directed toward determining the reliability and durability of solar materials. The present state of the art and status of these solar materials are discussed. Although much progress has been made in recent years, many improvements are still needed. For many of the more routine materials, simple cost reductions or durability improvements would suffice. For the more advanced concepts of controlling energy flow into or out of buildings, basic materials research remains a necessity. There are a large number of potentially viable concepts that appear promising but have not yet been developed into usable materials.
Moore, S.W.; McFarland, R.D.
Solar and Wind Resource Assessments for Afghanistan and Pakistan
The U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has recently completed the production of high-resolution wind and solar energy resource maps and related data products for Afghanistan and Pakistan. The resource data have been incorporated into a geospatial toolkit (GsT), which allows the user to manipulate the resource information along with country-specific geospatial information such as highway networks, power facilities, transmission corridors, protected land areas, etc. The toolkit allows users to then transfer resource data for specific locations into NREL's micropower optimization model known as HOMER.
Renne, D. S.; Kelly, M.; Elliott, D.; George, R.; Scott, G.; Haymes, S.; Heimiller, D.; Milbrandt, A.; Cowlin, S.; Gilman, P.; Perez, R.
Solar/Wind Access Policy | Open Energy Information
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home5b9fcbce19 No revisionEnvReviewNonInvasiveExplorationUT-g GrantAtlas (PACA Region - France) JumpBeginnerThinSolar/Wind Access
Gold SolarWind GmbH | Open Energy Information
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Office of Inspector GeneralDepartmentAUDIT REPORTOpen EnergyBoard" form. ToGestion deSolarWind GmbH Jump to:
Edison Solar & Wind Ltd | Open Energy Information
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home5b9fcbce19 NoPublic Utilities Address:011-DNA Jump37. It is classified asThisEcoGrid EUEdgecombe-MartinEdgewoodSolar & Wind
Convective heat transfer inside passive solar buildings
Natural convection between spaces in a building can play a major role in energy transfer. Two situations are investigated: convection through a single doorway into a remote room, and a convective loop in a two-story house with a south sunspace where a north stairway serves as the return path. A doorway-sizing equation is given for the single-door case. Detailed data are given from the monitoring of airflow in one two-story house and summary data are given for five others. Observations on the nature of the airflow and design guidelines are presented.
Jones, R.W.; Balcomb, J.D.; Yamaguchi, K.
Natural convection between spaces in a building which play a major role in energy transfer are discussed. Two situations are investigated: Convection through a single doorway into a remote room, and a convective loop in a two story house with a south sunspace where a north stairway serves as the return path. A doorway sizing equation is given for the single door case. Data from airflow monitoring in one two-story house and summary data for five others are presented. The nature of the airflow and design guidelines are presented.
Designing of Hybrid Power Generation System using Wind energy- Photovoltaic Solar energy- Solar energy with Nanoantenna
All the natural wastage energies are used for production of Electricity. Thus, the Electrical Power or Electricity is available with a minimum cost and pollution free to anywhere in the world at all times. This process reveals a unique step in electricity generation and availability from natural resources without hampering the ecological balance. This paper describes a new and evolving Electrical Power Generation System by integrating simultaneously photovoltaic Solar Energy, solar Energy with Nano-antenna, Wind Energy and non conventional energy sources. We can have an uninterrupted power supply irrespective of the natural condition without any sort of environmental pollution. Moreover this process yields the least production cost for electricity generation. Utilization of lightning energy for generation of electricity reveals a new step. The set-up consists of combination of photo-voltaic solar-cell array & Nano-anteena array, a mast mounted wind generator, lead-acid storage batteries, an inverter unit to convert DC power to AC power, electrical lighting loads and electrical heating loads, several fuse and junction boxes and associated wiring, and test instruments for measuring voltages, currents, power factors, and harmonic contamination data throughout the system. This hybrid solar-wind power generating system will extensively use in the Industries and also in external use like home appliance.
Procuring and Implementing Solar Projects on Public Buildings: How to Avoid Common Pitfalls (Text Version)
Transcript of the webinar, "Procuring and Implementing Solar Projects on Public Buildings: How to Avoid Common Pitfalls."
Physical Building Information Modeling for Solar Building Design and Simulation- Annual Report 2012
. 6 Figure 6. Radiance rendering of the wall. c) BIM to BiPV We developed a Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BiPV) prototype in a BIM platform (Autodesk Revit) to calculate solar position and determine the amount of solar insolation from given... as the weather file. ? The room is lifted up from the earth, so the floor slab is not attached to the ground. ? This one room model consists of a roof, a floor, and four walls. ? No windows and doors are installed. ? All building components are made up of a...
Natural Ventilation in Buildings: Measurement in a Wind Tunnel and Numerical Simulation with Large Eddy Simulation
save energy compared to mechanical ventilation systems. In building design the prediction save energy consumed by the heating, ventilating, and air- conditioning systems in a building. In a naturally ventilated building, air is driven in and out due to pressure differences produced by wind
Chen, Qingyan "Yan"
Solar energy and multi-storey residential buildings Larry Hughes and Tylor Wood
ERG/200702 Solar energy and multi-storey residential buildings Larry Hughes and Tylor Wood firstname.lastname@example.com 26 March 2007 #12;Hughes and Wood: Solar energy and multi-storey residential buildings 1 Summary This report considers the limitations on solar energy in new, multi-storey residential buildings. In a time
Hughes, Larry
Use of Renewable Energy in Buildings: Experiences With Solar Thermal Utilization
collectors on the south tilted roofs, south walls, balconies or awnings. Experiences on solar thermal utilization are mainly introduced in this paper, which include solar hot water systems with different design methods in residential buildings and solar-powered...
Wang, R.; Zhai, X.
Computer programs have been developed to numerically simulate natural convection in two- and three-dimensional room geometries. The programs have been validated using published data from the literature, results from a full-scale experiment performed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and results from a small-scale experiment performed at LBL. One of the computer programs has been used to study the influence of natural convection on the thermal performance of a single zone in a direct-gain passive solar building. It is found that the convective heat transfer coefficients between the air and the enclosure surfaces can be substantially different from the values assumed in the standard building energy analysis methods, and can exhibit significant variations across a given surface. This study implies that the building heating loads calculated by standard building energy analysis methods may have substantial errors as a result of their use of common assumptions regarding the convection processes which occur in an enclosure.
Gadgil, A.; Bauman, F.; Kammerud, R.
The Solar Wind Charge-Exchange Production Factor for Hydrogen
The production factor, or broad band averaged cross-section, for solar wind charge-exchange with hydrogen producing emission in the ROSAT 1/4 keV (R12) band is $3.8\\pm0.2\\times10^{-20}$ count degree$^{-2}$ cm$^4$. This value is derived from a comparison of the Long-Term (background) Enhancements in the ROSAT All-Sky Survey with magnetohysdrodynamic simulations of the magnetosheath. This value is 1.8 to 4.5 times higher than values derived from limited atomic data, suggesting that those values may be missing a large number of faint lines. This production factor is important for deriving the exact amount of 1/4 keV band flux that is due to the Local Hot Bubble, for planning future observations in the 1/4 keV band, and for evaluating proposals for remote sensing of the magnetosheath. The same method cannot be applied to the 3/4 keV band as that band, being composed primarily of the oxygen lines, is far more sensitive to the detailed abundances and ionization balance in the solar wind. We also show, incidentally,...
Kuntz, K D; Collier, M R; Connor, H K; Cravens, T E; Koutroumpa, D; Porter, F S; Robertson, I P; Sibeck, D G; Snowden, S L; Thomas, N E; Wash, B M
Scaling of the electron dissipation range of solar wind turbulence
Electron scale solar wind turbulence has attracted great interest in recent years. Clear evidences have been given from the Cluster data that turbulence is not fully dissipated near the proton scale but continues cascading down to the electron scales. However, the scaling of the energy spectra as well as the nature of the plasma modes involved at those small scales are still not fully determined. Here we survey 10 years of the Cluster search-coil magnetometer (SCM) waveforms measured in the solar wind and perform a statistical study of the magnetic energy spectra in the frequency range [$1, 180$]Hz. We show that a large fraction of the spectra exhibit clear breakpoints near the electon gyroscale $\\rho_e$, followed by steeper power-law like spectra. We show that the scaling below the electron breakpoint cannot be determined unambiguously due to instrumental limitations that will be discussed in detail. We compare our results to recent ones reported in other studies and discuss their implication on the physical...
Sahraoui, F; De Patoul, J; Belmont, G; Goldstein, M L; Retino, A; Robert, P; Cornilleau-Wehrlin, N; Canu, P
Integrating High Penetrations of Solar in the Western United States: Results of the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2 (Poster)
This poster presents a summary of the results of the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2.
Bird, L.; Lew, D.
Cool heliosheath plasma and deceleration of the upstream solar wind at the termination shock
LETTERS Cool heliosheath plasma and deceleration of the upstream solar wind at the termination. The termination shock occurs where the solar wind changes from being supersonic (with respect to the surrounding of the termination shock between 30 August and 1 September 2007 (refs 47). Since then, Voyager 2 has remained
Tuesday, 31 July, 2012 Rapid radiation belt losses occurring during high speed solar wind stream1
Tuesday, 31 July, 2012 1 Rapid radiation belt losses occurring during high speed solar wind stream1 Raita11 Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland12 Abstract. Recent geomagnetic disturbances triggered by the arrival of a Solar14 Wind Stream Interface (SWSI). In the current
Otago, University of
Are energetic electrons in the solar wind the source of the outer radiation belt?
Are energetic electrons in the solar wind the source of the outer radiation belt? Xinlin Li,1 D. N. Mewaldt6 Abstract. Using data from WIND, SAMPEX (Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer), and the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) sensors onboard geostationary satellites, we investigate
Li, Xinlin
Electron and proton heating by solar wind turbulence B. Breech,1
Electron and proton heating by solar wind turbulence B. Breech,1 W. H. Matthaeus,2 S. R. Cranmer,3. Oughton (2009), Electron and proton heating by solar wind turbulence, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A09103, doi profile, requiring some process(es) to provide additional heat sources. One possible, and successful
Oughton, Sean
Specification of >2 MeV geosynchronous electrons based on solar wind measurements
affected by the solar wind. Statistical asynchronous regression (SAR), a statistical method recently use measurements directly from the solar wind, instead of the Kp index, and the SAR method when they pass through these local times. We cross calibrate the electron measurements from the five
Prediction of the AL index using solar wind Xinlin Li,1,2,5
Prediction of the AL index using solar wind parameters Xinlin Li,1,2,5 Kap Soo Oh,1,3 and M. [1] Two empirical models, one simple, one more complex, are introduced to predict the AL index are based on solar wind and magnetometer data from the year 1995. The simple model predicts the 10-min
Larmor radius size density holes discovered in the solar wind upstream of Earth's bow shock
Larmor radius size density holes discovered in the solar wind upstream of Earth's bow shock G. K. Cao Key Laboratory for Space Weather, CSSAR, CAS, Beijing, China K. Meziane Physics Department that are five or more times the solar wind density. Particle distributions show the steepened edge can behave
Proton aurora dynamics in response to the IMF and solar wind variations
Proton aurora dynamics in response to the IMF and solar wind variations S.-W. Chang,1,2 S. B. Mende; accepted 24 April 2002; published 13 July 2002. [1] On May 23, 2000, proton auroras observed by IMAGE FUV wind parameters. A proton aurora brightened at high latitude poleward from the dayside oval after solar
Persistent global proton aurora caused by high solar wind dynamic pressure
Persistent global proton aurora caused by high solar wind dynamic pressure K. M. Laundal1 and N] Global images of the proton aurora taken with the SI-12 camera onboard the IMAGE satellite reveal a very direct relationship between the solar wind dynamic pressure and the intensity of the global proton aurora
Heating of the Solar Wind Beyond 1 AU by Turbulent Dissipation
19716, USA 2Department of Mathematics, University College London, UK Abstract The deposition of energy(comp) = Cshear(comp) U r Z2 (1) where Z2 = hv2 +b2i is the energy density, U is the solar wind speed, and Cshear in the solar wind frame would yield a spherical distribution (solid curve). The di erence in kinetic energy
Abstract--The variability and non-dispatchable nature of wind and solar energy production presents
1 Abstract--The variability and non-dispatchable nature of wind and solar energy production needed for a variety of energy storage applications can be found in [6]. Wind and solar power variations, energy storage can be a viable solution to balance energy production against its consumption. This paper
Fine Structure of the Solar Wind Turbulence Inferred from Simultaneous Radio Occultation Observations at
Fine Structure of the Solar Wind Turbulence Inferred from Simultaneous Radio Occultation Observations at Widely-Spaced Ground Stations M.K. Bird , P. Janardhan , A.I. Efimov, L.N. Samoznaev, V extended for up to four hours, thereby allowing studies of solar wind turbulence dynamics at spatial scales
Kinetic And Potential Sputtering Of Lunar Regolith: The Contribution Of The Heavy (Minority) Solar Wind Ions
Kinetic And Potential Sputtering Of Lunar Regolith: The Contribution Of The Heavy (Minority) Solar Wind Ions F.W. Meyera1 , P.R. Harrisa2 , H.M. Meyer IIIb , H. Hijazia , A.F. Barghoutyc a Physics, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA Abstract. In this paper the sputtering of lunar regolith by protons and solar wind
Wind Power Today: Building a New Energy Future, Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program 2009 (Brochure)
Wind Power Today is an annual publication that provides an overview of the wind energy research conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program.
Evaluation of Equivalent Static Wind Loads on Buildings Xinzhong Chen1
effects. This load representation allows designers to follow a relatively simple static analysis procedureEvaluation of Equivalent Static Wind Loads on Buildings Xinzhong Chen1 and Ahsan Kareem2 1 Professor of Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA, firstname.lastname@example.com ABSTRACT Wind loads
Solar-wind protons and heavy ions sputtering of lunar surface materials A.F. Barghouty a,
Solar-wind protons and heavy ions sputtering of lunar surface materials A.F. Barghouty a, , F Available online 21 December 2010 Keywords: Solar wind sputtering Lunar regolith KREEP soil Potential a c t Lunar surface materials are exposed to $1 keV/amu solar-wind protons and heavy ions on almost
Features of a fully renewable US electricity system: Optimized mixes of wind and solar PV and transmission grid extensions
in order to follow the de- mand, wind and solar PV power output is largely determined by weather conditions Large-scale integration of renewable power generation Wind power generation Solar PV power generation Power transmission a b s t r a c t A future energy system is likely to rely heavily on wind and solar PV
Jacobson, Mark
Loss of solar wind plasma neutrality and affect on surface potentials near the lunar terminator and shadowed polar regions
Loss of solar wind plasma neutrality and affect on surface potentials near the lunar terminator (2008), Loss of solar wind plasma neutrality and affect on surface potentials near the lunar terminator observations confirm a consistent solar wind-to-wake potential difference of many hundreds of volts (negative
Discrepancies in the prediction of solar wind using potential field source surface model: An investigation of possible sources
Discrepancies in the prediction of solar wind using potential field source surface model expansion factor (FTE) at the source surface and the solar wind speed (SWS) observed at Earth, which has been made use of in the prediction of solar wind speed near the Earth with reasonable accuracy. However
Cross-Scale Effects in Solar-Wind Turbulence
The understanding of the small-scale termination of the turbulent energy cascade in collisionless plasmas is nowadays one of the outstanding problems in space physics. In the absence of collisional viscosity, the dynamics at small scales is presumably kinetic in nature; the identification of the physical mechanism which replaces energy dissipation and establishes the link between macroscopic and microscopic scales would open a new scenario in the study of turbulent heating in space plasmas. We present a numerical analysis of kinetic effects along the turbulent energy cascade in solar-wind plasmas which provides an effective unified interpretation of a wide set of spacecraft observations and shows that, simultaneously with an increase in the ion perpendicular temperature, strong bursts of electrostatic activity in the form of ion-acoustic turbulence are produced together with accelerated beams in the ion distribution function.
Valentini, F.; Veltri, P. [Dipartimento di Fisica and CNISM, Universita della Calabria, 87036 Rende (Serbia and Montenegro) (Italy); Califano, F. [Dipartimento di Fisica and CNISM, Universita di Pisa, 56127 Pisa (Italy); Mangeney, A. [Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, 92195 Meudon Cedex (France)
Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2 (Presentation)
This presentation accompanies Phase 2 of the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study, a follow-on to Phase 1, which examined the operational impacts of high penetrations of variable renewable generation on the electric power system in the West and was one of the largest variable generation studies to date. High penetrations of variable generation can induce cycling of fossil-fueled generators. Cycling leads to wear-and-tear costs and changes in emissions. Phase 2 calculated these costs and emissions, and simulated grid operations for a year to investigate the detailed impact of variable generation on the fossil-fueled fleet. The presentation highlights the scope of the study and results.
Lew, D.; Brinkman, G.; Ibanez, E.; Kumar, N.; Lefton, S.; Jordan, G.; Venkataraman, S.; King, J.
A Dynamical Model of Plasma Turbulence in the Solar Wind
A dynamical approach, rather than the usual statistical approach, is taken to explore the physical mechanisms underlying the nonlinear transfer of energy, the damping of the turbulent fluctuations, and the development of coherent structures in kinetic plasma turbulence. It is argued that the linear and nonlinear dynamics of Alfven waves are responsible, at a very fundamental level, for some of the key qualitative features of plasma turbulence that distinguish it from hydrodynamic turbulence, including the anisotropic cascade of energy and the development of current sheets at small scales. The first dynamical model of kinetic turbulence in the weakly collisional solar wind plasma that combines self-consistently the physics of Alfven waves with the development of small-scale current sheets is presented and its physical implications are discussed. This model leads to a simplified perspective on the nature of turbulence in a weakly collisional plasma: the nonlinear interactions responsible for the turbulent casca...
Howes, G G
The relation of solar wind structure to hydromagnetic discontinuities
High resolution ISEE-3 data have been used to examine the relative abundances of tangential (TD) vs rotational (RD) discontinuities in different types of solar wind flow. Three types of flow were examined; flow from coronal holes, sector boundary flow and transient flow. It has been found that coronal hole flow has substantially more discontinuities and a greater ratio of RD's to TD's than do the other types of flow. Discontinuities are least frequent in transient flows characterized by bidirectional streaming of electrons. This leads us to the conclusion that meaningful studies of the velocity dependence of the rates of occurrence of different types of discontinuities must take the type of flow (coronal hole versus transient) into account. 7 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Alexander, C.J.; Neugebauer, M.; Smith, E.J.; Bame, S.J.
Comment on 'Air Emissions Due to Wind and Solar Power'
Katzenstein and Apt investigate the important question of pollution emission reduction benefits from variable generation resources such as wind and solar. Their methodology, which couples an individual variable generator to a dedicated gas plant to produce a flat block of power, is, however, inappropriate. For CO{sub 2}, the authors conclude that variable generators ''achieve {approx}80% of the emission reductions expected if the power fluctuations caused no additional emissions.'' They find even lower NO{sub x} emission reduction benefits with steam injected gas turbines and a 2--4 times net increase in NO{sub x} emissions for systems with dry NO{sub x} control unless the ratio of energy from natural gas to variable plants is greater than 2:1. A more appropriate methodology, however, would find a significantly lower degradation of the emissions benefit than suggested by Katzenstein and Apt.
Mills, A.; Wiser, R.; Milligan, M.; O'Malley, M.
Building Toward a Small Wind Turbine Site Assessor Credential (Presentation)
Proper site assessment is integral to the development of a successful small wind project. Without a small wind site assessor certification program, consumers, including state incentive program managers, lack a benchmark for differentiating between qualified and nonqualified site assessors. A small wind site assessor best practice manual is being developed as a resource for consumers until a credential program becomes available. This presentation describes the purpose, proposed content, and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's approach to the development of such a manual.
Sinclair, K.
In the present work, we calculate the evolution of the charge state distribution within the fast solar wind. We use the temperature, density, and velocity profiles predicted by Cranmer et al. to calculate the ionization history of the most important heavy elements in the solar corona and solar wind: C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Fe. The evolution of each charge state is calculated from the source region in the lower chromosphere to the final freeze-in point. We show that the solar wind velocity causes the plasma to experience significant departures from equilibrium at very low heights, well inside the field of view (within 0.6 R{sub sun} from the solar limb) of nearly all the available remote-sensing instrumentation, significantly affecting observed spectral line intensities. We also study the evolution of charge state ratios with distance from the source region, and the temperature they indicate if ionization equilibrium is assumed. We find that virtually every charge state from every element freezes in at a different height, so that the definition of freeze-in height is ambiguous. We also find that calculated freeze-in temperatures indicated by charge state ratios from in situ measurements have little relation to the local coronal temperature of the wind source region, and stop evolving much earlier than their correspondent charge state ratio. We discuss the implication of our results on plasma diagnostics of coronal holes from spectroscopic measurements as well as on theoretical solar wind models relying on coronal temperatures.
Landi, E.; Gruesbeck, J. R.; Lepri, S. T.; Zurbuchen, T. H.; Fisk, L. A. [Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (United States)
Collisional Thermalization of Hydrogen and Helium in Solar Wind Plasma
In situ observations of the solar wind frequently show the temperature of $\\alpha$-particles (fully ionized helium), $T_\\alpha$, to significantly differ from that of protons (ionized hydrogen), $T_p$. Many heating processes in the plasma act preferentially on $\\alpha$-particles, even as collisions among ions act to gradually establish thermal equilibrium. Measurements from the $\\textit{Wind}$ spacecraft's Faraday cups reveal that, at $r=1.0\\ \\textrm{AU}$ from the Sun, the observed values of the $\\alpha$-proton temperature ratio, $\\theta_{\\alpha p} \\equiv T_\\alpha\\,/\\,T_p$ has a complex, bimodal distribution. This study applied a simple model for the radial evolution of $\\theta_{\\alpha p}$ to these data to compute expected values of $\\theta_{\\alpha p}$ at $r=0.1\\ \\textrm{AU}$. These inferred $\\theta_{\\alpha p}$-values have no trace of the bimodality seen in the $\\theta_{\\alpha p}$-values measured at $r=1.0\\ \\textrm{AU}$ but are instead consistent with the actions of the known mechanisms for $\\alpha$-particle p...
Maruca, Bennett A; Sorriso-Valvo, Luca; Kasper, Justin C; Stevens, Michael L
Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings: Experiences and Results from the German funding Program SolarBau
University Karlsruhe (TH) - Department of Architecture Building Physics and Technical Building Services Energy Efficiency inCommercial Buildings Experiences and Results from theGerman funding Program SolarBau S. Herkel, G. L?hnert, K. Voss, A... comfort range? Energy use oflean officebuildings University Karlsruhe (TH) - Department of Architecture Building Physics and Technical Building Services Targets ofSolarBau End- bzw. Prim?renergie in kWh/m?a 050100150200250300 Beleuchtung Klimatisierung L...
Herkel, S.; Lohnert, G.; Voss, K.; Wagner, A.
Transmission Benefits of Co-Locating Concentrating Solar Power and Wind
In some areas of the U.S. transmission constraints are a limiting factor in deploying new wind and concentrating solar power (CSP) plants. Texas is an example of one such location, where the best wind and solar resources are in the western part of the state, while major demand centers are in the east. The low capacity factor of wind is a compounding factor, increasing the relative cost of new transmission per unit of energy actually delivered. A possible method of increasing the utilization of new transmission is to co-locate both wind and concentrating solar power with thermal energy storage. In this work we examine the benefits and limits of using the dispatachability of thermal storage to increase the capacity factor of new transmission developed to access high quality solar and wind resources in remote locations.
Sioshansi, R.; Denholm, P.
Along-Wind Load Effects on Tall Buildings: Comparative Study of Major International Codes and Standards
buildings utilizing major international codes and standards: ASCE 7-98 ASCE 1999 , AS1170.2-89 AustralianAlong-Wind Load Effects on Tall Buildings: Comparative Study of Major International Codes and Standards Yin Zhou1 ; Tracy Kijewski, S.M.ASCE2 ; and Ahsan Kareem, M.ASCE3 Abstract: Most international
The study of pedestrian level wind at MacGregor dormitory building
This study uses the Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel at MIT to study a 100:1 scaled model of the MacGregor dormitory building. The purposes are to quantify and analyze the effect of the presence of the building on pedestrian-level ...
Wannaphahoon, Teerawut (Teerawut Lim)
PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN PROCESS FOR A SMALL OFFICE/LABORATORY BUILDINGpassive solar buildings will be built in the corning years. Thei r designdesign; and (3) development of building energy analysis programs which can evalu- ate the thermal and daylighting performance of passive solar
Andersson, Brandt
REAL-TIME, WEB BASED ENERGY MONITORING SYSTEM FOR A SOLAR ACADEMIC BUILDING John H. Scofield
Field Station incorporates passive solar cooling and active solar heating, maximizes ergonomicREAL-TIME, WEB BASED ENERGY MONITORING SYSTEM FOR A SOLAR ACADEMIC BUILDING John H. Scofield. The Leslie Shao-ming Sun Field Station is a 9,800 sf single- story building designed to help Jasper Ridge
Scofield, John H.
Making Cents Out of Solar: Put More Power Into Your Building Plans (Brochure)
This is a brochure developed specifically for residential home builders. It provides information on basic solar facts, selling tips, and important resources when incorporating solar technologies into building plans.
Solar energy dehumidification experiment on the Citicorp Center building : final report
The technical and economic feasibility of using solar energy to reduce conventional energy consumption of a large urban commercial building were studied in depth. Specifically, solar assisted dehumidification of ventillation ...
Unknown author
City of Santa Monica- Building Permit Fee Waiver for Solar Projects
In early 2002, the City of Santa Monica began waiving building permit fees for solar energy systems. In December 2008, after months of working with industry trainers, solar contractors and staff...
5-minute Solar Oscillations and Ion Cyclotron Waves in the Solar Wind
In the present paper we study impact of the photospheric 5-minute oscillations on the ion cyclotron waves in the solar wind. We proceed from the assumption that the ion cyclotron waves in solar wind are experiencing modulation with a characteristic period of 5 minutes under the influence of Alfven waves driven by photospheric motions. The theory presented in our paper predicts a deep frequency modulation of the ion cyclotron waves. The frequency modulation is expected mainly from variations in orientation of the IMF lines. In turn, the variations in orientation are caused by the Alfven waves, propagating from the Sun. To test the theoretical predictions we have analyzed records of the ultra-low-frequency (ULF) geoelectromagnetic waves in order to find the permanent quasi-monochromatic oscillations of natural origin in the Pc1-2 frequency band (0.1-5 Hz), the carrier frequency of which varies with time in a wide range. As a result we found the so-called "serpentine emission" (SE), which was observed in Antarct...
Guglielmi, Anatol; Dovbnya, Boris
SOLAR DESIGN PROCESS FOR A SMALL OFFICE/LABORATORY BUILDING Brandt Andersson, Ron Kammerud, and Wayne Place October 1979 TWO-WEEK LOAN
The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2 (Fact Sheet), NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
Backstreaming ions outside the earth's bow shock and their interaction with the solar wind
Analysis of plasma data supplied by the European satellite ISEE 2 has confirmed the existence in the solar wind of two different ion populations (referred to as 'reflected' and 'diffuse') backstreaming from the earth's bow shock. The two populations have similar bulk velocities and flux densities but quite different temperatures. In addition, the diffuse ions strongly interact with the solar wind, producing fluctuations in the distribution of the proton velocities, while the reflected ions do not disturb significantly the incoming solar wind. The origin of the two ion populations is then discussed. Although no firm conclusion is reached, the experimental evidence seems to favor a model which explains the appearance of the diffuse population as the result of an interaction of the reflected ions with the solar wind.
Bonifazi, C.; Egidi, A.; Moreno, G.; Orsini, S.
Ener-Gee Whiz Answers Your Questions: Wind vs. Solar | Department...
renewable energy system and are having a hard time deciding between the wind turbines and solar panels, you might find that the right renewable energy system for you depends on a...
Sales and Use Tax Exemption for Residential Solar and Wind Electricity Sales (Maryland)
In May 2011 Maryland enacted legislation providing a sales and use tax exemption for sales of electricity from qualifying solar energy and residential wind energy equipment to residential customers...
High time resolution observations of the solar wind and backstreaming ions in the earth's foreshock region
The interaction of the solar wind with ions backstreaming from the earth's bow shock is studied at high time resolution. It turns out that the bulk velocity of the solar wind oscillates, both in magnitude and direction, with typical periods of approx.1 minute in presence of the 'diffuse' ion population. Oscillations of comparable periods are also observed in the angular distribution and energy spectrum of the diffuse ions.
Formisano, V.; Orsini, S.; Bonifazi, C.; Egidi, A.; Moreno, G.
Comparison of three widely-used aerodynamic modifications that minimize the impact of wind loads on tall buildings
For tall buildings, motion caused by wind is usually the most damaging to the lateral support system. As a result, engineers have invented many different methods to limit the motion of the buildings, for example dampers, ...
Kwok, Raymond Hoi-Kit
Energy analysis of substorms based on remote sensing techniques, solar wind measurements, and geomagnetic indices
Energy analysis of substorms based on remote sensing techniques, solar wind measurements wind Citation: Ă?stgaard, N., G. Germany, J. Stadsnes, and R. R. Vondrak, Energy analysis of substorms satellite have been used to examine the energy deposition in the Northern Hemisphere by precipitating
Propagation of the 12 May 1997 interplanetary coronal mass ejection in evolving solar wind
Propagation of the 12 May 1997 interplanetary coronal mass ejection in evolving solar wind wind was determined from the Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) coronal model (Riley distance between the shock and the driving ejecta and in the inclination of the shock with respect
First lunar wake passage of ARTEMIS: Discrimination of wake effects and solar wind fluctuations by 3D hybrid simulations
First lunar wake passage of ARTEMIS: Discrimination of wake effects and solar wind fluctuations of 3D hybrid simulations. As the solar wind magnetic field was highly dynamic during the passage wind variations or by the lunar wake; therefore, a dynamic real-time simulation of the flyby has been
Alfven waves in the solar wind in association with solar energetic particles: Sunspot umbral origin
We report on a search for Alfven waves in the solar wind during solar particle events using ISEE 3 data. During the period 1979 June 6--6, we find signatures of outgoint Alfven waves which could have been released from the Sun simultaneously with the initial release of energetic particles. The waves have durations of 200--900 s. An isolated Alfven wave is also seen when the first particles (with E< or approx. =57 MeV) are detected by ISEE 3; the width of this wave is approx.950 s. A series of five small-amplitude ''spikes'' in the magnetic field are also seen, preceding the arrival of the first particles by a few hours. The spikes are separated by intervals of 854 +- 20 s. We suggest that these periodicities may be determined by the propagation characteristics of Alfven waves in the solar atmosphere. The features which we have detected apper to be consistent with Alfven waves released from the umbra of a sunspot during a flare.
Mullan, D.J.; Owens, A.J.
What does it take to create a clean energy future for Washington? Solar, Wind, Hydro
Solar, Wind, Hydro A Complete Energy System Home and Commercial Generation Demand Response 10-10 m 10's leadership and economic advantages in clean energy. - The mission of the Clean Energy Institute is to accelerate the adoption of a clean energy future by advancing next generation solar energy and electrical
Hochberg, Michael
Shock Acceleration of the Energetic Particle Background in the Solar Wind David T. Sodaitis
Shock Acceleration of the Energetic Particle Background in the Solar Wind David T. Sodaitis Physics Department, University of New Hampshire Durham, New Hampshire, USA firstname.lastname@example.com ABSTRACT Lee with solar energetic particle (SEP) events (Desai et al. 2003) have shown that shock acceleration may act
The intermittent structures in solar wind turbulence, studied by using measurements from the WIND spacecraft, are identified as being mostly rotational discontinuities (RDs) and rarely tangential discontinuities (TDs) based on the technique described by Smith. Only TD-associated current sheets (TCSs) are found to be accompanied with strong local heating of the solar wind plasma. Statistical results show that the TCSs have a distinct tendency to be associated with local enhancements of the proton temperature, density, and plasma beta, and a local decrease of magnetic field magnitude. Conversely, for RDs, our statistical results do not reveal convincing heating effects. These results confirm the notion that dissipation of solar wind turbulence can take place in intermittent or locally isolated small-scale regions which correspond to TCSs. The possibility of heating associated with RDs is discussed.
Wang Xin; Tu Chuanyi; He Jiansen; Wang Linghua [School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing (China); Marsch, Eckart, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian Albrechts University at Kiel, D-24118 Kiel (Germany)
Real-time solar wind prediction based on SDO/AIA coronal hole data
We present an empirical model based on the visible area covered by coronal holes close to the central meridian in order to predict the solar wind speed at 1 AU with a lead time up to four days in advance with a 1hr time resolution. Linear prediction functions are used to relate coronal hole areas to solar wind speed. The function parameters are automatically adapted by using the information from the previous 3 Carrington Rotations. Thus the algorithm automatically reacts on the changes of the solar wind speed during different phases of the solar cycle. The adaptive algorithm has been applied to and tested on SDO/AIA-193A observations and ACE measurements during the years 2011-2013, covering 41 Carrington Rotations. The solar wind speed arrival time is delayed and needs on average 4.02 +/- 0.5 days to reach Earth. The algorithm produces good predictions for the 156 solar wind high speed streams peak amplitudes with correlation coefficients of cc~0.60. For 80% of the peaks, the predicted arrival matches within ...
Rotter, T; Temmer, M; Vrsnak, B
Convective Instability Of The Solar Corona: Why The Solar Wind Blows
Chapman's (1957) conductive model of the solar corona is characterized by a temperature varying as r**(-2/7) with heliocentric distance r. The density distribution in this non-isothermal hydrostatic model has a minimum value at 123 RS, and increases with r above that altitude. It is shown that this hydrostatic model becomes convectively unstable above r = 35 RS, where the temperature lapse rate becomes superadiabatic. Beyond this radial distance heat conduction fails to be efficient enough to keep the temperature gradient smaller than the adiabatic lapse rate. We report the results obtained by Lemaire (1968) who showed that an additional mechanism is then required to transport the energy flux away from the Sun into interplanetary space. He pointed out that this additional mechanism is advection: i.e. the stationary hydrodynamic expansion of the corona. In other words the corona is unable to stay in hydrostatic equilibrium. The hydrodynamic solar wind expansion is thus a physical consequence of the too steep (...
Lemaire, Joseph
Decision process for the retrofit of municipal buildings with solar energy systems: a technical guide
As a background for solar applications, the following topics are covered: solar systems and components for retrofit installations; cost, performance, and quality considerations; and financing alternatives for local government. The retrofit decision process is discussed as follows: pre-screening of buildings, building data requirements, the energy conservation audit, solar system sizing and economics, comparison of alternatives, and implementation. Sample studies are presented for the West Valley Animal Shelter and the Hollywood Police Station. (MHR)
Solar heating and cooling of residential buildings: sizing, installation and operation of systems. 1980 edition
This manual was prepared as a text for a training course on solar heating and cooling of residential buildings. The course and text are directed toward sizing, installation, operation, and maintenance of solar systems for space heating and hot water supply, and solar cooling is treated only briefly. (MHR)
Project title: Natural ventilation, solar heating and integrated low-energy building design
emissions targets. That is why the Cambridge-MIT Institute set up a project to design buildings that consume less energy. The Challenge Their work focuses on the design of energy efficient buildings that use natural ventilation processes, solar... Awards E-stack brings a breath of fresh air to UK schools HOME ABOUT US FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES PROJECTS EDUCATION NEWS EVENTS DOWNLOADS CONTACT US PROJECTS Natural Ventilation Solar Heating and Integrated Low-Energy Building Design SEARCH: Go Page 1...
Property Tax Exemption for Solar and Wind Energy Systems
In May 2007, Maryland established a property tax exemption for residential solar energy systems. Under this law solar energy devices "installed to heat or cool a dwelling, generate electricity to...
Puerto Rico- Tax Deduction for Solar and Wind Energy Systems
Puerto Rico offers a 30% tax deduction (up to $1500) for expenses incurred in the purchase and installation of solar equipment to heat water for residential use. "Solar equipment" is defined as ...
Novel Control of PV Solar and Wind Farm Inverters as STATCOM for Increasing Connectivity of Distributed Generators.
??The integration of distributed generators (DGs) such as wind farms and PV solar farms in distribution networks is getting severely constrained due to problems of… (more)
AC, Mahendra
SOLAR MODELLING OF COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS Robert Amor, Michael Donn and Ian van der Werff
SOLAR MODELLING OF COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS Robert Amor, Michael Donn and Ian van der Werff Energy of modelling the thermal response of buildings. There have been two major obstacles precluding these programs of the research was: "to develop two energy thermal simulation programs as design tools for New Zealand buildings
Amor, Robert
Studying Complexity in Solar Wind Plasma During Shock Events. Part I: Nonextensive Tsallis Statistics
Novel results which reveal phase transition processes in the solar wind plasma during shock events are presented in this study which is the first part of a trilogy concerning the solar wind complexity. Solar wind plasma is a typical case of stochastic spatiotemporal distribution of physical magnitudes such as force fields (B, E) and matter fields (particle and current densities or bulk plasma distributions). The results of this study can be understood in the framework of modern theoretical concepts such as non-extensive statistical mechanics (Tsallis, 2009), fractal topology (Zelenyi and Milovanov, 2004), turbulence theory (Frisch,1996), strange dynamics (Zaslavsky, 2002), percolation theory (Milovanov, 1997), anomalous diffusion theory and anomalous transport theory (Milovanov, 2001), fractional dynamics (Tarasov, 2007) and non-equilibrium phase transition theory (Chang, 1992). This study shows clearly the non-extensive and non-Gaussian character of the solar wind plasma and the existence of multi-scale strong correlations from the microscopic to the macroscopic level. This result indicates the inefficiency of classical MHD or plasma statistical theories based on the classical central limit theorem to explain the complexity of the solar wind dynamics, since these theories include smooth and differentiable spatial-temporal functions (MHD theory) or Gaussian statistics (Boltzmann-Maxwell statistical mechanics). However, the results of this study indicate the presence of non-Gaussian non-extensive statistics with heavy tails probability distribution functions, which are related to the q-extension of central limit theorem.
G. P. Pavlos; A. C. Iliopoulos; G. N. Zastenker; L. M. Zelenyi; L. P. Karakatsanis; M. Riazantseva; M. N. Xenakis; E. G. Pavlos
Innovative Systems for Solar Air Conditioning of Buildings
for a high efficient utilization of solar thermal energy. To show the today's and near future potential innovative solar cooling and air conditioning systems are discussed which are well adapted to the utilization of solar energy. The system performance...
Kessling, W.; Peltzer, M.
Origins of Analysis Methods Used to Design High Performance Commercial Buildings: Part II, Solar Energy Analysis
PV, solar thermal, passive solar analysis programs are reivewed using a new comprehensive genealogy chart. In companion papers, the origins of the analysis methods of whole-building energy and daylighting simulation programs are reviewed (Oh... analysis programs evaluate the performance of solar systems that are designed to collect and use solar radiation for thermal or electricity conversion. These programs are used for simulations and design methods: Computer simulations estimate the time...
Oh, S.; Haberl, J.S.
Anomalous Viscosity, Resistivity, and Thermal Diffusivity of the Solar Wind Plasma
In this paper we have estimated typical anomalous viscosity, resistivity, and thermal difffusivity of the solar wind plasma. Since the solar wind is collsionless plasma, we have assumed that the dissipation in the solar wind occurs at proton gyro radius through wave-particle interactions. Using this dissipation length-scale and the dissipation rates calculated using MHD turbulence phenomenology [Verma et al., 1995a], we estimate the viscosity and proton thermal diffusivity. The resistivity and electron's thermal diffusivity have also been estimated. We find that all our transport quantities are several orders of magnitude higher than those calculated earlier using classical transport theories of Braginskii. In this paper we have also estimated the eddy turbulent viscosity. 1 1
Mahendra K. Verma
Konus-Wind and Helicon-Coronas-F Observations of Solar Flares
Results of solar flare observations obtained in the Konus-Wind experiment from November, 1994 to December, 2013 and in the Helicon Coronas-F experiment during its operation from 2001 to 2005, are presented. For the periods indicated Konus-Wind detected in the trigger mode 834 solar flares, and Helicon-Coronas-F detected more than 300 solar flares. A description of the instruments and data processing techniques are given. As an example, the analysis of the spectral evolution of the flares SOL2012-11-08T02:19 (M 1.7) and SOL2002-03-10T01:34 (C5.1) is made with the Konus-Wind data and the flare SOL2003-10-26T06:11 (X1.2) is analyzed in the 2.223 MeV deuterium line with the Helicon-Coronas-F data.
Pal'shin, V D; Aptekar, R L; Golenetskii, S V; Kokomov, A A; Svinkin, D S; Sokolova, Z Ya; Ulanov, M V; Frederiks, D D; Tsvetkova, A E
Nonlinear interaction of proton whistler with kinetic Alfvén wave to study solar wind turbulence
This paper presents the nonlinear interaction between small but finite amplitude kinetic Alfvén wave (KAW) and proton whistler wave using two-fluid model in intermediate beta plasma, applicable to solar wind. The nonlinearity is introduced by modification in the background density. This change in density is attributed to the nonlinear ponderomotive force due to KAW. The solutions of the model equations, governing the nonlinear interaction (and its effect on the formation of localized structures), have been obtained using semi-analytical method in solar wind at 1AU. It is concluded that the KAW properties significantly affect the threshold field required for the filament formation and their critical size (for proton whistler). The magnetic and electric field power spectra have been obtained and their relevance with the recent observations of solar wind turbulence by Cluster spacecraft has been pointed out.
Goyal, R.; Sharma, R. P. [Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi-110016 (India)] [Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi-110016 (India); Goldstein, M. L. [NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, Code 673, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 (United States)] [NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, Code 673, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 (United States); Dwivedi, N. K. [Austrian Academy of Sciences, Space Research Institute, Schmiedlstrasse 6, 8042 Graz (Austria)] [Austrian Academy of Sciences, Space Research Institute, Schmiedlstrasse 6, 8042 Graz (Austria)
One of the challenges in constructing global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models of the inner heliosphere for, e.g., space weather forecasting purposes, is to correctly capture the acceleration and expansion of the solar wind. In current models, various ad hoc heating prescriptions are introduced in order to obtain a realistic steady-state solar wind solution. In this work, we demonstrate, by performing MHD simulations of erupting coronal mass ejections (CMEs) on identical solar wind solutions employing different heating formulations, that the dynamics and properties of the CME-driven shocks are significantly altered depending on the applied heating prescription. Furthermore, we show how two popular heating formulations can be altered so as to yield shock properties consistent with theory and available coronal shock observations.
Pomoell, J.; Vainio, R., E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Physics, University of Helsinki (Finland)
In this paper we have estimated typical anomalous viscosity, resistivity, and thermal difffusivity of the solar wind plasma. Since the solar wind is collsionless plasma, we have assumed that the dissipation in the solar wind occurs at proton gyro radius through wave-particle interactions. Using this dissipation length-scale and the dissipation rates calculated using MHD turbulence phenomenology [{\\it Verma et al.}, 1995a], we estimate the viscosity and proton thermal diffusivity. The resistivity and electron's thermal diffusivity have also been estimated. We find that all our transport quantities are several orders of magnitude higher than those calculated earlier using classical transport theories of {\\it Braginskii}. In this paper we have also estimated the eddy turbulent viscosity.
Permutation Entropy and Statistical Complexity Analysis of Turbulence in Laboratory Plasmas and the Solar Wind
The Bandt-Pompe permutation entropy and the Jensen-Shannon statistical complexity are used to analyze fluctuating time series of three different plasmas: the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in the plasma wind tunnel of the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment (SSX), drift-wave turbulence of ion saturation current fluctuations in the edge of the Large Plasma Device (LAPD) and fully-developed turbulent magnetic fluctuations of the solar wind taken from the WIND spacecraft. The entropy and complexity values are presented as coordinates on the CH plane for comparison among the different plasma environments and other fluctuation models. The solar wind is found to have the highest permutation entropy and lowest statistical complexity of the three data sets analyzed. Both laboratory data sets have larger values of statistical complexity, suggesting these systems have fewer degrees of freedom in their fluctuations, with SSX magnetic fluctuations having slightly less complexity than the LAPD edge fluctuations. The CH ...
Weck, Peter J; Brown, Michael R; Wicks, Robert T
THE DEPENDENCE OF MAGNETIC RECONNECTION ON PLASMA {beta} AND MAGNETIC SHEAR: EVIDENCE FROM SOLAR WIND OBSERVATIONS
We address the conditions for the onset of magnetic reconnection based on a survey of 197 reconnection events in solar wind current sheets observed by the Wind spacecraft. We report the first observational evidence for the dependence of the occurrence of reconnection on a combination of the magnetic field shear angle, {theta}, across the current sheet and the difference in the plasma {beta} values on the two sides of the current sheet, {Delta}{beta}. For low {Delta}{beta}, reconnection occurred for both low and high magnetic shears, whereas only large magnetic shear events were observed for large {Delta}{beta}: Events with shears as low as 11{sup 0} were observed for {Delta}{beta} < 0.1, but for {Delta}{beta} > 1.5 only events with {theta} > 100{sup 0} were detected. Our observations are in quantitative agreement with a theoretical prediction that reconnection is suppressed in high {beta} plasmas at low magnetic shears due to super-Alfvenic drift of the X-line caused by plasma pressure gradients across the current sheet. The magnetic shear-{Delta}{beta} dependence could account for the high occurrence rate of reconnection observed in current sheets embedded within interplanetary coronal mass ejections, compared to those in the ambient solar wind. It would also suggest that reconnection could occur at a substantially higher rate in solar wind current sheets closer to the Sun than at 1 AU and thus may play an important role in the generation and heating of the solar wind.
Phan, T. D.; Pasma, C.; Oeieroset, M.; Larson, D.; Lin, R. P.; Davis, M. S. [SSL, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Gosling, J. T. [University of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States); Paschmann, G. [MPE, Garching (Germany); Drake, J. F., E-mail: email@example.com [University of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
Solar, Wind, and Energy Efficiency Easements and Rights Laws
Colorado's solar access laws, which date back to 1979, prohibit any residential covenants that restrict solar access. [http://www.leg.state.co.us/CLICS/CLICS2008A/csl.nsf/fsbillcont3/3F45E0C8... HB...
Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 3 -- Frequency Response and Transient Stability (Report and Executive Summary)
The primary objectives of Phase 3 of the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS-3) were to examine the large-scale transient stability and frequency response of the Western Interconnection with high wind and solar penetration, and to identify means to mitigate any adverse performance impacts via transmission reinforcements, storage, advanced control capabilities, or other alternatives.
Miller, N. W.; Shao, M.; Pajic, S.; D'Aquila, R.
Tracing solar wind plasma entry into the magnetosphere1 using ion-to-electron temperature ratio2
solar wind conditions, i.e., high MA (> 6),54 energy conversion at the bow shock leads to high ion-to-551 Tracing solar wind plasma entry into the magnetosphere1 using ion-to-electron temperature ratio2 Department of Physics, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia18 11 Geophysik & extraterrestrische physik
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
Solar wind structure in the outer heliosphere J.D. Richardson a,b,*, Y. Liu a
Solar wind structure in the outer heliosphere J.D. Richardson a,b,*, Y. Liu a , C. Wang b a Kavli Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 8701, Beijing 100080, China Received 29 November 2006; received in revised form 8 February 2007; accepted 27 March 2007 Abstract A solar wind parcel evolves as it moves outward
Sputtering of lunar regolith simulant by protons and singly and multicharged Ar ions at solar wind energies
for solar wind multi- charged ions having similar neutralization potential energies [1]. WeightedSputtering of lunar regolith simulant by protons and singly and multicharged Ar ions at solar wind energies F.W. Meyer a, , P.R. Harris a , C.N. Taylor a,1 , H.M. Meyer III b , A.F. Barghouty c , J.H. Adams
Integration Costs: Are They Unique to Wind and Solar Energy? Preprint
Over the past several years, there has been considerable interest in assessing wind integration costs. This is understandable because wind energy does increase the variability and uncertainty that must be managed on a power system. However, there are other sources of variability and uncertainty that also must be managed in the power system. This paper describes some of these sources and shows that even the introduction of base-load generation can cause additional ramping and cycling. The paper concludes by demonstrating that integration costs are not unique to wind and solar, and should perhaps instead be assessed by power plant and load performance instead of technology type.
Milligan, M.; Hodge, B.; Kirby, B.; Clark, C.
Investigation of a Novel Solar Assisted Water Heating System with Enhanced Energy Yield for Buildings
This paper presented the concept, prototype application, operational performance and benefits relating to a novel solar assisted water heating system for building services. It was undertaken through dedicated theoretical analysis, computer...
Zhang, X.; Zhao, X.; Xu, J.; Yu, X.
Solar Energy to Drive Absorption Cooling Systems Suitable for Small Building Applications
results and an overview of the performance of low capacity single stage and half-effect absorption cooling systems, suitable for residential and small building applications. The primary heat source is solar energy supplied from flat plate collectors...
Gomri, R.
Design and construction of a solar multistory building in Tuscany (Italy)
A solar low income multifamily housing project, under construction in Leghorn (Tuscany, Italy), which combines passive and conservative technologies with an active solar energy plant is presented. The working group took into consideration the following items: the local climatic conditions; the Italian housing laws; a specific heating service contract; a minimum required annual energy saving; and a fixed economic budget. In order to meet the above conditions most satisfactorily, it was necessary to use a number of computer programs as design and performance evaluation tools and to develop a special passive solar component. The six-story high building, consisting of 24 flats, with linear typology is described. The south facade has been realized with two different passive systems: direct gain and solar wall. An active solar system provides part of the building hot water requirement. The minimization of thermal loss has been emphasized by means of reduction of surface/volume ratio and an adequate study of the building construction details.
D'Alessandro, G.; Serravezza, A.
Solar heating and hot water system installed at office building, One Solar Place, Dallas, Texas. Final report
This document is the Final Report of the Solar Energy System Installed at the First Solar Heated Office Building, One Solar Place, Dallas, Texas. The Solar System was designed to provide 87 percent of the space heating needs, 100 percent of the potable hot water needs and is sized for future absorption cooling. The collection subsystem consists of 28 Solargenics, series 76, flat plate collectors with a total area of 1596 square feet. The solar loop circulates an ethylene glycol-water solution through the collectors into a hot water system heat exchanger. The hot water storage subsystem consists of a heat exchanger, two 2300 gallon concrete hot water storage tanks with built in heat exchangers and a back-up electric boiler. The domestic hot water subsystem sends hot water to the 10,200 square feet floor area office building hot water fixtures. The building cold water system provides make-up to the solar loop, the heating loop, and the hot water concrete storage tanks. The design, construction, cost analysis, operation and maintenance of the solar system are described. The system became operational July 11, 1979.
Solar and Wind Energy Business Franchise Tax Exemption
Companies in Texas engaged solely in the business of manufacturing, selling, or installing solar energy devices are exempted from the franchise tax. The franchise tax is Texas's equivalent to a...
Solar and Wind Energy Device Franchise Tax Deduction
Texas allows a corporation or other entity subject the state franchise tax to deduct the cost of a solar energy device from the franchise tax. Entities are permitted to deduct 10% of the amortized...
SOLAR CROWDSOURCING A New Way to Build Community
), and the all-in cost of solar power dropped to historic lows, making it increasingly to solar panels due to excess "shading, rooftop obstructions, and other constraints. What we need is a new model. The old model of installing solar panels house
Edwards, Paul N.
Thermal Solar Energy Systems for Space Heating of Buildings
to compensate the deficit. In this case a traditional solar heating system having the same characteristics with regard to the solar collecting area and the volume of storage tank is used. It can be concluded that the space heating system using a solar energy...
Gomri, R.; Boulkamh, M.
Solar wind oscillations with a 1.3 year period John D. Richardson, Karolen I. Paularena, John W. Belcher, and Alan J. Lazaru
Solar wind oscillations with a 1.3 year period s C John D. Richardson, Karolen I. Paularena, John W Abstract. The IMP-8 and Voyager 2 spacecraft have ecently detected a very strong modulation in the solar. Introduction The Sun emits a continuous stream of ionized particles s d called the solar wind. This wind
on the interplanetary features of the solar wind inter- action. At the outer boundary of the interaction region, the bow a boundary where the incident solar wind dynamic pressure is balanced by the equivalent ionospheric thermal the solar wind at Mars. However, it is also known from the Venus observations that the bow shock can
New Battery Design Could Help Solar and Wind Power the Grid
Researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University have designed a low-cost, long-life "flow" battery that could enable solar and wind energy to become major suppliers to the electrical grid.
The Global Solar and Wind Atlas: a unique Global Spatial Data Infrastructure for all renewable energy
@masdar.ac.ae Nicolas Fichaux International Renewable Energy Agency - IRENA Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates NFichaux in the field of solar and wind energy. The initiative will be expanded to encompass all renewable energies by 2015, and will be the largest information source on renewable energy potentials ever created. It has
Impacts of Wind and Solar on Fossil-Fueled Generators: Preprint
High penetrations of wind and solar power will impact the operations of the remaining generators on the power system. Regional integration studies have shown that wind and solar may cause fossil-fueled generators to cycle on and off and ramp down to part load more frequently and potentially more rapidly. Increased cycling, deeper load following, and rapid ramping may result in wear-and-tear impacts on fossil-fueled generators that lead to increased capital and maintenance costs, increased equivalent forced outage rates, and degraded performance over time. Heat rates and emissions from fossil-fueled generators may be higher during cycling and ramping than during steady-state operation. Many wind and solar integration studies have not taken these increased cost and emissions impacts into account because data have not been available. This analysis considers the cost and emissions impacts of cycling and ramping of fossil-fueled generation to refine assessments of wind and solar impacts on the power system.
Lew, D.; Brinkman, G.; Kumar, N.; Besuner, P.; Agan, D.; Lefton, S.
An empirical model of magnetospheric chorus amplitude using solar wind and geomagnetic indices
hiss amplitude, also using THEMIS data [Golden et al., 2012]. Using the output of these models, we showAn empirical model of magnetospheric chorus amplitude using solar wind and geomagnetic indices D. I. The goal of this study is to design an empirical model of chorus amplitude, the output of which can be used
Genesis : the search for origins : the curation and contamination control of returned solar wind samples
The purpose of the studies carried out in this thesis was to aid in the curation of samples of solar wind returned to earth on the Genesis spacecraft. An experimental study was carried out to aid development of a set of ...
Jackson, Benjamin K
NREL Energy Models Examine the Potential for Wind and Solar Grid Integration (Fact Sheet)
As renewable energy generating sources, such as wind turbines and solar power systems, reach high levels of penetration in parts of the United States, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is helping the utility industry to peer into the future. Using software modeling tools that the lab developed, NREL is examining the future operation of the electrical grid as renewable energy continues to grow.
Value of Geographic Diversity of Wind and Solar: Stochastic Geometry Approach; Preprint
Based on the available geographically dispersed data for the continental U.S. (excluding Alaska), we analyze to what extent the geographic diversity of these resources can offset their variability. A geometric model provides a convenient measure for resource variability, shows the synergy between wind and solar resources.
Diakov, V.
A PARALLEL ADAPTIVE 3D MHD SCHEME FOR MODELING CORONAL AND SOLAR WIND PLASMA FLOWS C. P. T. GROTH, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109Â2143, USA K. G. POWELL Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109Â2118, USA Abstract. A parallel adaptive
De Zeeuw, Darren L.
THE DYNAMIC QUIET SUN: CONTRIBUTION TO CORONAL HEATING ANF SOLAR WIND Maria Madjarska Wednesday, September 19, 2012 #12;The dynamic Sun at all scales Wednesday, September 19, 2012 #12;The dynamic Sun at all scales Wednesday, September 19, 2012 #12;The dynamic Sun at all scales Wednesday, September 19
Wind and solar PV generation data for the entire contiguous US are calculated, on the basis of 32 years of weather data with temporal resolution of one hour and spatial resolution of 40x40km$^2$, assuming site-suitability-based as well as stochastic wind and solar PV capacity distributions throughout the country. These data are used to investigate a fully renewable electricity system, resting primarily upon wind and solar PV power. We find that the seasonal optimal mix of wind and solar PV comes at around 80% solar PV share, owing to the US summer load peak. By picking this mix, long-term storage requirements can be more than halved compared to a wind only mix. The daily optimal mix lies at about 80% wind share due to the nightly gap in solar PV production. Picking this mix instead of solar only reduces backup energy needs by about 50%. Furthermore, we calculate shifts in FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission)-level LCOE (Levelized Costs Of Electricity) for wind and solar PV due to their differing resour...
Becker, Sarah; Andresen, Gorm B; Zeyer, Timo; Schramm, Stefan; Greiner, Martin; Jacobson, Mark Z
Prototype Passive Solar Buildings in Louisiana - A Hot-Humid Climate
This paper on prototype passive solar buildings in Louisiana presents state of the art passive solar design. According to U.S. Department of Energy report, the annual energy consumption for a single family detached dwelling in Louisiana is from 31...
Shih, J. C.
Heat Transfer in Buildings: Application to Solar Air Collector and Trombe Wall Design
11 Heat Transfer in Buildings: Application to Solar Air Collector and Trombe Wall Design H. Boyer focuses on the modeling of Trombe solar walls. In each case, detailed modeling of heat transfer allows with same thermal behaviour). For heat conduction in walls, it results from electrical analogy
Four Corners Wind Resource Center Webinar: Building Utility-Scale Wind:
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Delicious Rank EERE:YearRound-UpHeat PumpRecordFederal7.pdfFlash_2010_-24.pdfOverviewPlansBuildings
Performance of a solar-heated assembly building at Sandia National Laboratories
The passive solar-heating system of the assembly building at Sandia National Laboratories' Photovoltaic Advanced Systems Test Facility is described and the thermal analysis of the building is given. Performance predictions are also given, and actual performance for December 1979 and January 1980 are shown.
Haskins, D.E.
Scaling Laws of Turbulence and Heating of Fast Solar Wind: The Role of Density Fluctuations
Incompressible and isotropic magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in plasmas can be described by an exact relation for the energy flux through the scales. This Yaglom-like scaling law has been recently observed in the solar wind above the solar poles observed by the Ulysses spacecraft, where the turbulence is in an Alfvenic state. An analogous phenomenological scaling law, suitably modified to take into account compressible fluctuations, is observed more frequently in the same data set. Large-scale density fluctuations, despite their low amplitude, thus play a crucial role in the basic scaling properties of turbulence. The turbulent cascade rate in the compressive case can, moreover, supply the energy dissipation needed to account for the local heating of the nonadiabatic solar wind.
Carbone, V. [Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita della Calabria, Ponte Bucci 31C, I-87036 Rende (Italy); Liquid Crystal Laboratory, INFM/CNR, Ponte Bucci 33B, I-87036 Rende (Italy); Marino, R. [Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita della Calabria, Ponte Bucci 31C, I-87036 Rende (Italy); University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, B.P. 4229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4 (France); Sorriso-Valvo, L. [Liquid Crystal Laboratory, INFM/CNR, Ponte Bucci 33B, I-87036 Rende (Italy); Noullez, A. [University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, B.P. 4229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4 (France); Bruno, R. [Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario-INAF, via Fosso del Cavaliere Roma (Italy)
Optimization of a Solar Chimney Design to Enhance Natural Ventilation in a Multi-Storey Office Building
Natural ventilation of buildings can be achieved with solar-driven , buoyancy-induced airflow through a solar chimney channel. Research on solar chimneys has covered a wide range of topics, yet study of the integration in multi-storey buildings has...
Gontikaki, M.; Trcka, M.; Hensen, J.; Hoes, P. J.
Wind loading on tracking and field-mounted solar collectors
Current design and testing procedures for wind loading are discussed. The test results corresponding to numerous wind tests on heliostats, parabolic troughs, parabolic dishes, and field mounted photovoltaic arrays are discussed and the applicability of the findings across the various technologies is assessed. One of the most significant consistencies in the data from all of the technologies is the apparent benefit provided by fences and field shielding. Taken in toto, these data show that load reductions of three, or possibly more, seem feasible, though a more thorough understanding of the phenomena involved must be attained before this benefit can be realized. It is recommended that the required understanding be developed to take advantage of this benefit and that field tests be conducted to correlate with both analyses and tests.
Murphy, L.M.
DOE Announces Webinars on Top Solar Tools, Building Energy Optimizatio...
typically required. You can also watch archived webinars and browse previously aired videos, slides, and transcripts. May 14: Live Webinar on Top Solar Tools Webinar Sponsor:...
DOE Announces Webinars on Adding Solar to Your Building Portfolio...
typically required. You can also watch archived webinars and browse previously aired videos, slides, and transcripts. Upcoming Webinars March 4: Live Webinar on Adding Solar...
City of Portland- Streamlined Building Permits for Residential Solar Systems
The City of Portland's Bureau of Development Services (BDS) developed an electronic permitting process for residential solar energy system installations. With this streamlined, expedited process,...
Occurrence of high-speed solar wind streams over the Grand Modern Maximum
In the declining phase of the solar cycle, when the new-polarity fields of the solar poles are strengthened by the transport of same-signed magnetic flux from lower latitudes, the polar coronal holes expand and form non-axisymmetric extensions toward the solar equator. These extensions enhance the occurrence of high-speed solar wind streams (HSS) and related co-rotating interaction regions in the low-latitude heliosphere, and cause moderate, recurrent geomagnetic activity in the near-Earth space. Here, using a novel definition of geomagnetic activity at high (polar cap) latitudes and the longest record of magnetic observations at a polar cap station, we calculate the annually averaged solar wind speeds as proxies for the effective annual occurrence of HSS over the whole Grand Modern Maximum (GMM) from 1920s onwards. We find that a period of high annual speeds (frequent occurrence of HSS) occurs in the declining phase of each solar cycle 16-23. For most cycles the HSS activity clearly maximizes during one year...
Mursula, Kalevi; Holappa, Lauri
Solar and Wind Powering Wyoming Home | Department of Energy
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Office of Inspector GeneralDepartment of Energyof the Americas |DOEEnergy SmoothSolar IndustrySB 2
Global Atlas for Solar and Wind Energy | Open Energy Information
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Office of InspectorConcentrating Solar Power BasicsGermany: Energy Resources Jump to:ConnecticutMountainEnergy Jump to:
Solar wind suprathermal electron Stahl widths across high-speed stream structures
Suprathermal electrons (100-1500 eV) observed in the solar wind typically show a strahl distribution, that is, a beam directed away from the Sun along the magnetic field direction. The strahl width observed at 1 AU is highly variable, ranging from 10-70 degrees. The obsenred finite width of the strahl results from the competition between beam focusing as the interplanetary magnetic field strength drops with distance from the Sun, and pitch-angle scattering as the beam interacts with the solar wind plasma in transit from the sun. Here we examine strahl width, observed with ACE SWEPAM across high-speed stream structures to investigate variations in electron scattering as a function of local plasma characteristics. We find that narrow strahls (less than 20 degrees wide), indicating reduced scattering, are observed within high-speed streams. Narrow strahls are also observed in both very low temperature solar wind, in association with ICMEs. Case studies of high-speed streams typically show the strahl narrowing at the leading edge of the stream. In some cases, the strahl narrows at the reverse shock or pressure wave, in other cases at the stream interface. The narrowing can either occur discontinuously or gradually over a period of hours. Within the high-speed wind, the strahl remains narrow for a period of hours to days, and then gradually broadens. The strahl width is roughly constant at all energies across these structures. For some fraction of high-speed streams, counterstreaming is associated with passage of the corotating interaction region. In these cases, we find the widths of the two counterstreaming beams frequently differ by more than 40 degrees. This dramatic difference in strahl width contrasts with observations in the solar wind as a whole, in which counterstreaming strahls typically differ in width by less than 20 degrees.
Skoug, Ruth M [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Steinberg, John T [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Goodrich, Katherine A [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Anderson, Brett R [DARTMUTH UNIV.
Chaotic mean wind in turbulent thermal convection and long-term correlations in solar activity
It is shown that correlation function of the mean wind velocity in a turbulent thermal convection (Rayleigh number $Ra \\sim 10^{11}$) exhibits exponential decay with a very long correlation time, while corresponding largest Lyapunov exponent is certainly positive. These results together with the reconstructed phase portrait indicate presence of a chaotic component in the examined mean wind. Telegraph approximation is also used to study relative contribution of the chaotic and stochastic components to the mean wind fluctuations and an equilibrium between these components has been studied. Since solar activity is based on the thermal convection processes, it is reasoned that the observed solar activity long-term correlations can be an imprint of the mean wind chaotic properties. In particular, correlation function of the daily sunspots number exhibits exponential decay with a very long correlation time and corresponding largest Lyapunov exponent is certainly positive, also relative contribution of the chaotic and stochastic components follows the same pattern as for the convection mean wind.
A. Bershadskii
Power House Solar and Wind | Open Energy Information
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Office of InspectorConcentrating Solar Powerstories onFocusOskiPhilips ColorLoading map...ClimatePowderOpenEcaleneHouse
~/p e K P 10. REFERENCES Balcomb, J.D. , Hedstrom, J.C. ,Data Evalua- tion of the Balcomb Solar Home," Los AlamosScientific Laboratory on the Balcomb house [IJ have implied
Sustainable Transportation on Campus and in the Community Keynote Address: "University of California Builds Green and Goes Solar"
of California Builds Green and Goes Solar" Matthew St. Clair, University of California Office of the President which I helped lead: perhaps the most comprehensive, ambitious clean energy, green building policy energy, working on green buildings, in charge of buildings on the campus, in charge of maintaining
Kyte, Michael
Langmuir wave-packet generation from an electron beam propagating in the inhomogeneous solar wind
Recent in-situ observations by the TDS instrument equipping the STEREO spacecraft revealed that large amplitude spatially localized Langmuir waves are frequent in the solar wind, and correlated with the presence of suprathermal electron beams during type III events or close to the electron foreshock. We briefly present the new theoretical model used to perform the study of these localized electrostatic waves, and show first results of simulations of the destabilization of Langmuir waves by a beam propagating in the inhomogeneous solar wind. The main results are that the destabilized waves are mainly focalized near the minima of the density profiles, and that the nonlinear interaction of the waves with the resonant particles enhances this focalization compared to a situation in which the only propagation effects are taken into account.
Zaslavsky, A.; Maksimovic, M. [LESIA, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon (France); Volokitin, A. S. [IZMIRAN, Troitsk, Moscow Region (Russian Federation); Krasnoselskikh, V. V. [LPCEE, CNRS Orleans (France); Bale, S. D. [SSL, University of California, Berkerley (United States)
Solar wind turbulence from MHD to sub-ion scales: high-resolution hybrid simulations
We present results from a high-resolution and large-scale hybrid (fluid electrons and particle-in-cell protons) two-dimensional numerical simulation of decaying turbulence. Two distinct spectral regions (separated by a smooth break at proton scales) develop with clear power-law scaling, each one occupying about a decade in wave numbers. The simulation results exhibit simultaneously several properties of the observed solar wind fluctuations: spectral indices of the magnetic, kinetic, and residual energy spectra in the magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) inertial range along with a flattening of the electric field spectrum, an increase in magnetic compressibility, and a strong coupling of the cascade with the density and the parallel component of the magnetic fluctuations at sub-proton scales. Our findings support the interpretation that in the solar wind large-scale MHD fluctuations naturally evolve beyond proton scales into a turbulent regime that is governed by the generalized Ohm's law.
Franci, Luca; Matteini, Lorenzo; Landi, Simone; Hellinger, Petr
Inertial-Range Reconnection in Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence and in the Solar Wind
In situ spacecraft data on the solar wind show events identified as magnetic reconnection with outflows and apparent "`$X$-lines" $10^{3-4}$ times ion scales. To understand the role of turbulence at these scales, we make a case study of an inertial-range reconnection event in a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation. We observe stochastic wandering of field-lines in space, breakdown of standard magnetic flux-freezing due to Richardson dispersion, and a broadened reconnection zone containing many current sheets. The coarse-grain magnetic geometry is like large-scale reconnection in the solar wind, however, with a hyperbolic flux-tube or "$X$-line" extending over integral length-scales.
Lalescu, Cristian C; Eyink, Gregory L; Drivas, Theodore D; Vishniac, Ethan T; Lazarian, Alexander
Solar Energy Windows and Smart IR Switchable Building Technologies
The three building envelope functions with the largest impact on the energy usage are illumination, energy flux and energy production. In general, these three functions are addressed separately in the building design. A step change toward a zero-energy building can be achieved with a glazing system that combines these three functions and their control into a single unit. In particular, significant value could be realized if illumination into the building is dynamically controlled such that it occurs during periods of low load on the grid (e.g., morning) to augment illumination supplied by interior lights and then to have that same light diverted to PV energy production and the thermal energy rejected during periods of high load on the grid. The objective of this project is to investigate the feasibility of a glazing unit design that integrates these three key functions (illumination and energy flux control, and power production) into a single module.
McCarny, James; Kornish, Brian
Puerto Rico- Building Energy Code with Mandatory Solar Water Heating
In 2009, the Governor of Puerto Rico provided assurance that Puerto Rico would update its building energy codes as part of the state's application for State Energy Program funds from the American...
Solar electric buildings: An overview of today`s applications
This brochure presents a broad look at photovoltaic-powered buildings. It includes residential and commercial systems, both stand-alone and connected to utility power, that are located in urban, near-urban, and rural settings around the world. As photovoltaic (PV) technology continues to improve and costs drop, opportunities for PV will multiply. PV systems for buildings, such as those shown here, represent one of the strongest near-term markets.
Building America Best Practices Series, Volume 6: High-Performance Home Technologies: Solar Thermal & Photovoltaic Systems
This guide is was written by PNNL for the US Department of Energy's Building America program to provide information for residential production builders interested in building near zero energy homes. The guide provides indepth descriptions of various roof-top photovoltaic power generating systems for homes. The guide also provides extensive information on various designs of solar thermal water heating systems for homes. The guide also provides construction company owners and managers with an understanding of how solar technologies can be added to their homes in a way that is cost effective, practical, and marketable. Twelve case studies provide examples of production builders across the United States who are building energy-efficient homes with photovoltaic or solar water heating systems.
Baechler, Michael C.; Gilbride, Theresa L.; Ruiz, Kathleen A.; Steward, Heidi E.; Love, Pat M.
The concentrator on Genesis provides samples of increased fluences of solar wind ions for precise determination of the oxygen isotopic composition of the solar wind. The concentration process caused mass fractionation as function of the radial target position. They measured the fractionation using Ne released by UV laser ablation along two arms of the gold cross from the concentrator target to compare measured Ne with modeled Ne. The latter is based on simulations using actual conditions of the solar wind during Genesis operation. Measured Ne abundances and isotopic composition of both arms agree within uncertainties indicating a radial symmetric concentration process. Ne data reveal a maximum concentration factor of {approx} 30% at the target center and a target-wide fractionation of Ne isotopes of 3.8%/amu with monotonously decreasing {sup 20}Ne/{sup 22}Ne ratios towards the center. The experimentally determined data, in particular the isotopic fractionation, differ from the modeled data. They discuss potential reasons and propose future attempts to overcome these disagreements.
WIENS, ROGER C. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; OLINGER, C. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; HEBER, V.S. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; REISENFELD, D.B. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; BURNETT, D.S. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; ALLTON, J.H. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; BAUR, H. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; WIECHERT, U. [Los Alamos National Laboratory; WIELER, R. [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Turbulence in the solar wind: spectra from Voyager 2 data at 5 AU
The solar wind spectral properties are far from uniformity and evolve with the increasing distance from the sun. Most of the available spectra of solar wind turbulence were computed at 1 astronomical unit, while accurate spectra on wide frequency ranges at larger distances are still few. In this paper we consider solar wind spectra derived from the data recorded by the Voyager 2 mission during 1979 at about 5 AU from the sun. Voyager 2 data are an incomplete time series with a voids/signal ratio that typically increases as the spacecraft moves away from the sun (45% missing data in 1979), making the analysis challenging. In order to estimate the uncertainty of the spectral slopes, different methods are tested on synthetic turbulence signals with the same gap distribution as V2 data. Spectra of all variables show a power law scaling with exponents between -2.1 and -1.1, depending on frequency subranges. PDFs and correlations indicate that the flow has a significant intermittency.
Fraternale, F; Iovieno, M; Opher, M; Richardson, J D; Tordella, D
We derive a set of self-consistent marginally stable states for a system of ion-cyclotron waves propagating parallel to the large-scale magnetic field through a homogeneous proton-electron plasma. The proton distributions and the wave dispersions are related through the condition that no further ion-cyclotron resonant particle scattering or wave growth/damping may take place. The thermal anisotropy of the protons in these states therefore defines the threshold value for triggering the proton-cyclotron anisotropy instability. A number of recent papers have noted that the anisotropy of solar wind protons at 1 AU does not seem to be limited by the proton-cyclotron anisotropy threshold, even at low plasma beta. However, this puzzle seems to be due solely to the estimation of this anisotropy threshold under the assumption that the protons have a bi-Maxwellian distribution. We note that bi-Maxwellian distributions are never marginally stable to the resonant cyclotron interaction, so these estimates do not represent physically valid thresholds. The threshold anisotropies obtained from our marginally stable states are much larger, as a function of proton parallel beta, than the bi-Maxwellian estimates, and we show that the measured data remains below these more rigorous thresholds. Thus, the results of this paper resolve the apparent contradiction presented by the solar wind anisotropy observations at 1 AU: the bi-Maxwellian anisotropies are not rigorous thresholds, and so do not limit the proton distributions in the solar wind.
Isenberg, Philip A. [Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 (United States); Maruca, Bennett A. [Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Kasper, Justin C., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States)
Implementing Solar PV Projects on Historic Buildings and in Historic Districts
Many municipalities, particularly in older communities of the United States, have a large amount of historic buildings and districts. In addition to preserving these historic assets, many municipalities have goals or legislative requirements to procure a certain amount of energy from renewable sources and to become more efficient in their energy use; often, these requirements do not exempt historic buildings. This paper details findings from a workshop held in Denver, Colorado, in June 2010 that brought together stakeholders from both the solar and historic preservation industries. Based on these findings, this paper identifies challenges and recommends solutions for developing solar photovoltaic (PV) projects on historic buildings and in historic districts in such a way as to not affect the characteristics that make a building eligible for historic status.
Kandt, A.; Hotchkiss, E.; Walker, A.; Buddenborg, J; Lindberg, J.
Assessment of solar and wind energy resources in Ethiopia. I. Solar energy
This paper describes how data from a variety of sources are merged to present new countrywide maps of the solar energy distribution over Ethiopia. The spatial coverage of stations with radiation data was found to be unsatisfactory for the purpose of a countrywide solar energy assessment exercise. Therefore, radiation had to be predicted from sunshine hours by employing empirical models. Using data from seven stations in Ethiopia, linear and quadratic correlation relationships between monthly mean daily solar radiation and sunshine hours per day have been developed. These regional models show a distinct improvement over previously employed countrywide models. To produce a national solar-energy distribution profile, a spatial extension of the radiation/sunshine relationships had to be carried out. To do this, the intercepts(a) and slopes(b) of each of the seven linear regression equations and another six from previous studies, completed in neighbouring Sudan, Kenya and Yemen, were used to interpolate the corresponding values to areas between them. Subsequent to these procedures, 142 stations providing only sunshine data were assigned their `appropriate` a and b values to estimate the amount of solar radiation received, which was then used to produce annual and monthly solar radiation distribution maps for Ethiopia. The results show that in all regions solar energy is an abundant resource. 19 refs., 11 figs., 4 tabs.
Drake, F.; Mulugetta, Y. [Univ. of Leeds (United Kingdom)] [Univ. of Leeds (United Kingdom)
Building a market for small wind: The break-even turnkey cost of residential wind systems in the United States
Wind Energy Association WindPower 2002 Conference, 3-5 JunePRESENTED AT GLOBAL WINDPOWER 2004 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS W IND EModel, prepared by Bergey Windpower Co. for the National
Edwards, Jennifer L.; Wiser, Ryan; Bolinger, Mark; Forsyth, Trudy
White Knights: Will wind and solar come to the rescue of a looming capacity gap from nuclear phase-out or
rapidly but faces grid integration problems; yet the cost of PV solar panels has plummeted thanks1 White Knights: Will wind and solar come to the rescue of a looming capacity gap from nuclear renewable power generation from wind and solar as a non- emitting alternative to replace a nuclear phase
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
FLOW SOURCES AND FORMATION LAWS OF SOLAR WIND N. A. LOTOVA1, V. N. OBRIDKO1, K. V. VLADIMIRSKII2, M. K. BIRD3 and
FLOW SOURCES AND FORMATION LAWS OF SOLAR WIND STREAMS N. A. LOTOVA1, V. N. OBRIDKO1, K. V. VLADIMIRSKII2, M. K. BIRD3 and P. JANARDHAN3, 1IZMIRAN, Troitsk, Moscow Region, 142190, Russia (e-mail: nlotova structure of the solar wind flow is studied in the main acceleration zone from 10 to 40 solar radii from
The energy market is diversifying. In addition to traditional power sources, decision makers can choose among solar, wind, and
the steps of analyzing the energy outputs and economics of a solar, wind, or geothermal project. NREL power towers. SAM even calculates the value of saved energy from a domestic solar water heating systeminnovati n The energy market is diversifying. In addition to traditional power sources, decision
Wind effects on large-scale buildings and structures : field measurements, wind tunnel tests and numerical prediction.
??Modern large-scale buildings and structures, such as super tall buildings and large roof structures, are usually constructed with innovative structural systems and high strength materials;… (more)
Fu, Jiyang (???)
Isotopic Composition of Solar Wind Calcium: First in Situ Measurement by CELIAS/MTOF on Board SOHO
We present first results on the Ca isotopic abundances derived from the high resolution Mass Time-of-Flight (MTOF) spectrometer of the charge, element, and isotope analysis system (CELIAS) experiment on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). We obtain isotopic ratios 40Ca/42Ca = (128+-47) and 40Ca/44Ca = (50+-8), consistent with terrestrial values. This is the first in situ determination of the solar wind calcium isotopic composition and is important for studies of stellar modeling and solar system formation since the present-day solar Ca isotopic abundances are unchanged from their original isotopic composition in the solar nebula.
R. Kallenbach; F. M. Ipavich; P. Bochsler; S. Hefti; P. Wurz; M. R. Aellig; A. B. Galvin; J. Geiss; F. Gliem; G. Gloeckler; H. Grunwaldt; M. Hilchenbach; D. Hovestadt; B. Klecker
Research and Development Needs for Building-Integrated Solar Technologies
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Office of Inspector GeneralDepartment of Energy fromComments onReply CommentsNext-Generation Low| DepartmentWind&
Characterization of the Turbulent Magnetic Integral Length in the Solar Wind: From 0.3 to 5 Astronomical Units
The solar wind is a structured and complex system, in which the fields vary strongly over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. As an example, the turbulent activity in the wind affects the evolution in the heliosphere of the integral turbulent scale or correlation length [{\\lambda}], usually associated with the breakpoint in the turbulent-energy spectrum that separates the inertial range from the injection range. This large variability of the fields demands a statistical description of the solar wind. In this work, we study the probability distribution function (PDF) of the magnetic autocorrelation lengths observed in the solar wind at different distances from the Sun. We use observations from Helios, ACE, and Ulysses spacecraft. We distinguish between the usual solar wind and one of its transient components (Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections, ICMEs), and study also solar wind samples with low and high proton beta [\\beta_p ]. We find that in the last 3 regimes the PDF of {\\lambda} is a log-normal ...
Ruiz, M E; Matthaeus, W H; Weygand, J M
1.Bisi, M.M., Fallows, R.A., Breen, A.R., O'Neill, I.J. Interplanetary Scintillation Observations of Stream Interaction Regions in the Solar Wind. Solar Physics
Observations of Stream Interaction Regions in the Solar Wind. Solar Physics 261, 149-172 (2010). 2.Eastwood, J Journal 708, L95-L99 (2010). 3.Gosain, S., Schmieder, B. Estimation of width and inclination of a filament Physics online 6 (2010). 7.Lavraud, B., and 22 colleagues Statistics of counter-streaming solar wind
Christian, Eric
Impact of dispersed solar and wind systems on electric distribution planning and operation
Small-scale dispersed solar photovoltaic and wind generation (DSW) will affect the generation, transmission, and distribution systems of an electric utility. This study examines the technical and economic impacts of dispersing DSW devices within the distribution system. Dispersed intermittent generation is included. Effects of DSW devices on capital investments, reliability, operating and maintenance costs, protection requirements, and communication and control requirements are examined. A DSW operation model is developed to help determine the dependable capacity of fluctuating solar photovoltaic and wind generation as part of the distribution planning process. Specific case studies using distribution system data and renewable resource data for Southern California Edison Company and Consumers Power Company are analyzed to gain insights into the effects of interconnecting DSW devices. The DSW devices were found to offer some distribution investment savings, depending on their availability during peak loads. For a summer-peaking utility, for example, dispersing photovoltaic systems is more likely to defer distribution capital investments than dispersing wind systems. Dispersing storage devices to increase DSW's dependable capacity for distribution systems needs is not economically attractive. Substation placement of DSW and storage devices is found to be more cost effective than feeder or customer placement. Examination of the effects of DSW on distribution system operation showed that small customer-owned DSW devices are not likely to disrupt present time-current distribution protection coordination. Present maintenance work procedures, are adequate to ensure workmen's safety. Regulating voltages within appropriate limits will become more complex with intermittent generation along the distribution feeders.
Boardman, R.W.; Patton, R.; Curtice, D.H.
Evolution of turbulence in the expanding solar wind, a numerical study
We study the evolution of turbulence in the solar wind by solving numerically the full 3D magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) equations embedded in a radial mean wind. The corresponding equations (expanding box model or EBM) have been considered earlier but never integrated in 3D simulations. Here, we follow the development of turbulence from 0.2 AU up to about 1.5 AU. Starting with isotropic spectra scaling as $k^{-1}$, we observe a steepening toward a $k^{-5/3}$ scaling in the middle of the wavenumber range and formation of spectral anisotropies. The advection of a plasma volume by the expanding solar wind causes a non-trivial stretching of the volume in directions transverse to radial and the selective decay of the components of velocity and magnetic fluctuations. These two effects combine to yield the following results. (i) Spectral anisotropy: gyrotropy is broken, and the radial wavevectors have most of the power. (ii) Coherent structures: radial streams emerge that resemble the observed microjets. (iii) Energy s...
Dong, Yue; Grappin, Roland
Whistler mode waves and the electron heat flux in the solar wind: Cluster observations
The nature of the magnetic field fluctuations in the solar wind between the ion and electron scales is still under debate. Using the Cluster/STAFF instrument, we make a survey of the power spectral density and of the polarization of these fluctuations at frequencies $f\\in[1,400]$ Hz, during five years (2001-2005), when Cluster was in the free solar wind. In $\\sim 10\\%$ of the selected data, we observe narrow-band, right-handed, circularly polarized fluctuations, with wave vectors quasi-parallel to the mean magnetic field, superimposed on the spectrum of the permanent background turbulence. We interpret these coherent fluctuations as whistler mode waves. The life time of these waves varies between a few seconds and several hours. Here we present, for the first time, an analysis of long-lived whistler waves, i.e. lasting more than five minutes. We find several necessary (but not sufficient) conditions for the observation of whistler waves, mainly a low level of the background turbulence, a slow wind, a relative...
Lacombe, Catherine; Matteini, Lorenzo; Santolik, Ondrej; Cornilleau-Wehrlin, Nicole; Mangeney, Andre; de Conchy, Yvonne; Maksimovic, Milan
We extend previous theories of stochastic ion heating to account for the motion of ions along the magnetic field B . We derive an analytic expression for the temperature ratio T{sub i}/T{sub p} in the solar wind assuming that stochastic heating is the dominant ion heating mechanism, where T{sub i} is the perpendicular temperature of species i and T{sub p} is the perpendicular proton temperature. This expression describes how T{sub i}/T{sub p} depends upon U{sub i} and ?{sub ?p}, where U{sub i} is the average velocity along B of species i in the proton frame and ?{sub ?p} is the ratio of the parallel proton pressure to the magnetic pressure, which we take to be ?< 1. We compare our model with previously published measurements of alpha particles and protons from the Wind spacecraft. We find that stochastic heating offers a promising explanation for the dependence of T{sub ?}/T{sub p} on U{sub ?} and ?{sub ?p} when the fractional cross helicity and Alfvén ratio at the proton-gyroradius scale have values that are broadly consistent with solar-wind measurements. We also predict how the temperatures of other ion species depend on their drift speeds.
Chandran, B. D. G.; Verscharen, D.; Isenberg, P. A.; Bourouaine, S. [Space Science Center and Department of Physics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 (United States); Quataert, E. [Astronomy Department and Theoretical Astrophysics Center, 601 Campbell Hall, The University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Kasper, J. C., E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States)
Analysis of advanced solar hybrid desiccant cooling systems for buildings
This report describes an assessment of the energy savings possible from developing hybrid desiccant/vapor-compression air conditioning systems. Recent advances in dehumidifier design for solar desiccant cooling systems have resulted in a dehumidifier with a low pressure drop and high efficiency in heat and mass transfer. A recent study on hybrid desiccant/vapor compression systems showed a 30%-80% savings in resource energy when compared with the best conventional systems with vapor compression. A system consisting of a dehumidifier with vapor compression subsystems in series was found to be the simplest and best overall performer.
Schlepp, D.; Schultz, K.
Solar Decathlon 2013: Let the Building Begin | Department of Energy
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Office of Inspector GeneralDepartment of Energyof the Americas |DOEEnergy Smooth BromeSoftware Tools1SolarDecathlon
Florida Solar Energy Center (Building America Partnership for Improved
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home5b9fcbce19 NoPublicIDAPowerPlantSitingConstruction.pdfNotify98.pdf JumpFlix Solar Jump to:Consortium JumpResidential
NREL: News Feature - Solar System Tops Off Efficient NREL Building
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr MayAtmosphericNuclear Security Administration the Contributions and AchievementsResearch StaffSustainability NREL'sRevivingSolar
Build a Pizza Box Solar Oven | Department of Energy
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Google Bookmark EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Delicious Rank EERE:Year in Review: Top Five EEREDepartmentFebruary 4,Brent Nelson About UsDepartment ofBudgetBuild
On the relationship of the 27-day variations of the solar wind velocity and galactic cosmic ray intensity in minimum epoch of solar activity
We study the relationship of the 27-day variation of the galactic cosmic ray intensity with similar changes of the solar wind velocity and the interplanetary magnetic field based on the experimental data for the Bartels rotation period 2379 of 23 November 2007-19 December 2007. We develop a three dimensional (3-D) model of the 27-day variation of galactic cosmic ray intensity based on the heliolongitudinally dependent solar wind velocity. A consistent, divergence-free interplanetary magnetic field is derived by solving Maxwells equations with a heliolongitudinally dependent 27-day variation of the solar wind velocity reproducing in situ observations. We consider two types of 3-D models of the 27-day variation of galactic cosmic ray intensity - (1) with a plane heliospheric neutral sheet, and (2)- with the sector structure of the interplanetary magnetic field. The theoretical calculation shows that the sector structure does not influence significantly on the 27-day variation of galactic cosmic ray intensity as...
Alania, M V; Wawrzynczak, A
Radial evolution of intermittency of density fluctuations in the fast solar wind
We study the radial evolution of intermittency of density fluctuations in the fast solar wind. The study is performed analyzing the plasma density measurements provided by Helios 2 in the inner heliosphere between $0.3$ and $0.9$ AU. The analysis is carried out by means of a complete set of diagnostic tools, including the flatness factor at different time scales to estimate intermittency, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to estimate the degree of intermittency, and the Fourier transform to estimate the power spectral densities of these fluctuations. Density fluctuations within fast wind are rather intermittent and their level of intermittency, together with the amplitude of intermittent events, decreases with distance from the Sun, at odds with intermittency of both magnetic field and all the other plasma parameters. Furthermore, the intermittent events are strongly correlated, exhibiting temporal clustering. This indicates that the mechanism underlying their generation departs from a time-varying Poisson process....
Bruno, R; Primavera, L; Pietropaolo, E; D'Amicis, R; Sorriso-Valvo, L; Carbone, V; Malara, F; Veltri, P
The slow-mode nature of compressible wave power in solar wind turbulence
We use a large, statistical set of measurements from the Wind spacecraft at 1 AU, and supporting synthetic spacecraft data based on kinetic plasma theory, to show that the compressible component of inertial range solar wind turbulence is primarily in the kinetic slow mode. The zero-lag cross correlation C(delta n, delta B_parallel) between proton density fluctuations delta n and the field-aligned (compressible) component of the magnetic field delta B_parallel is negative and close to -1. The typical dependence of C(delta n,delta B_parallel) on the ion plasma beta_i is consistent with a spectrum of compressible wave energy that is almost entirely in the kinetic slow mode. This has important implications for both the nature of the density fluctuation spectrum and for the cascade of kinetic turbulence to short wavelengths, favoring evolution to the kinetic Alfven wave mode rather than the (fast) whistler mode.
Howes, G G; Klein, K G; Chen, C H K; Salem, C S; TenBarge, J M
Statement of Interest in a New Project, in response to PPARC call of April 26th FHIRN: A next-generation radio network for exploring the 3-dimensional solar wind
-situ. The heliospheric white-light imagers to be carried on STEREO should extend the ability to estimate solar wind-generation radio network for exploring the 3-dimensional solar wind Future Heliospheric Imaging Radio Network The solar wind is a supersonically-expanding extension of the solar atmosphere into interplanetary space
linear filters, to remove unwanted "col- ored noise" from solar wind and radiation belt electron data output might be achieved with: 1) additional simultaneous solar wind inputs; 2) more sophisticated quality of solar, solar-wind, and magnetospheric data that has become available in recent years has led
Integrating Wind and Solar Energy in the U.S. Bulk Power System: Lessons from Regional Integration Studies
Two recent studies sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) have examined the impacts of integrating high penetrations of wind and solar energy on the Eastern and Western electric grids. The Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study (EWITS), initiated in 2007, examined the impact on power system operations of reaching 20% to 30% wind energy penetration in the Eastern Interconnection. The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS) examined the operational implications of adding up to 35% wind and solar energy penetration to the Western Interconnect. Both studies examined the costs of integrating variable renewable energy generation into the grid and transmission and operational changes that might be necessary to address higher penetrations of wind or solar generation. This paper identifies key insights from these regional studies for integrating high penetrations of renewables in the U.S. electric grid. The studies share a number of key findings, although in some instances the results vary due to differences in grid operations and markets, the geographic location of the renewables, and the need for transmission.
Solar heating and cooling of residential buildings: design of systems, 1980 edition
This manual was prepared primarily for use in conducting a practical training course on the design of solar heating and cooling systems for residential and small office buildings, but may also be useful as a general reference text. The content level is appropriate for persons with different and varied backgrounds, although it is assumed that readers possess a basic understanding of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems of conventional (non-solar) types. This edition is a revision of the manual with the same title, first printed and distributed by the US Government Printing Office in October 1977. The manual has been reorganized, new material has been added, and outdated information has been deleted. Only active solar systems are described. Liquid and air-heating solar systems for combined space and service water heating or service water heating are included. Furthermore, only systems with proven experience are discussed to any extent.
Analysis of Cycling Costs in Western Wind and Solar Integration Study
The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS) examined the impact of up to 30% penetration of variable renewable generation on the Western Electricity Coordinating Council system. Although start-up costs and higher operating costs because of part-load operation of thermal generators were included in the analysis, further investigation of additional costs associated with thermal unit cycling was deemed worthwhile. These additional cycling costs can be attributed to increases in capital as well as operations and maintenance costs because of wear and tear associated with increased unit cycling. This analysis examines the additional cycling costs of the thermal fleet by leveraging the results of WWSIS Phase 1 study.
Jordan, G.; Venkataraman, S.
NREL Confirms Large Potential for Grid Integration of Wind, Solar Power (Fact Sheet)
To fully harvest the nation's bountiful wind and solar resources, it is critical to know how much electrical power from these renewable resources could be integrated reliably into the grid. To inform the discussion about the potential of such variable sources, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) launched two key regional studies, examining the east and west sections of the U.S. power grid. The studies show that it is technically possible for U.S. power systems to integrate 20%-35% renewable electricity if infrastructure and operational improvements can be made.
Although small wind turbine technology and economics have improved in recent years, the small wind market in the United States continues to be driven in large part by state incentives, such as cash rebates, favorable loan programs, and tax credits. This paper examines the state-by-state economic attractiveness of small residential wind systems. Economic attractiveness is evaluated primarily using the break-even turnkey cost (BTC) of a residential wind system as the figure of merit. The BTC is defined here as the aggregate installed cost of a small wind system that could be supported such that the system owner would break even (and receive a specified return on investment) over the life of the turbine, taking into account current available incentives, the wind resource, and the retail electricity rate offset by on-site generation. Based on the analysis presented in this paper, we conclude that: (1) the economics of residential, grid-connected small wind systems is highly variable by state and wind resource class, (2) significant cost reductions will be necessary to stimulate widespread market acceptance absent significant changes in the level of policy support, and (3) a number of policies could help stimulate the market, but state cash incentives currently have the most significant impact, and will be a critical element of continued growth in this market.
Building a New Energy Future with Wind Power (Revised) (Fact Sheet)
This fact sheet provides an overview of the U.S. Department of Energy's Wind and Water Power Program's wind power research activities.
Searching for the Optimal Mix of Solar and Efficiency in Zero Net Energy Buildings
Zero net energy (ZNE) buildings employ efficiency to reduce energy consumption and solar technologies to produce as much energy on site as is consumed on an annual basis. Such buildings leverage utility grids and net-metering agreements to reduce solar system costs and maintenance requirements relative to off-grid photovoltaic (PV)-powered buildings with batteries. The BEopt software was developed to efficiently identify cost-optimal building designs using detailed hour-by-hour energy simulation programs to evaluate the user-selected options. A search technique identifies optimal and near-optimal building designs (based on energy-related costs) at various levels of energy savings along the path from a reference building to a ZNE design. In this paper, we describe results based on use of the BEopt software to develop cost-optimal paths to ZNE for various climates. Comparing the different cases shows optimal building design characteristics, percent energy savings and cash flows at key points along the path, including the point at which investments shift from building improvements to purchasing PV, and PV array sizes required to achieve ZNE. From optimizations using the BEopt software for a 2,000-ft{sup 2} house in 4 climates, we conclude that, relative to a code-compliant (IECC 2006) reference house, the following are achievable: (1) minimum cost point: 22 to 38% source energy savings and 15 to 24% annual cash flow savings; (2) PV start point: 40 to 49% source energy savings at 10 to 12% annual cash flow savings; (3) break-even point: 43 to 53% source energy savings at 0% annual cash flow savings; and (4) ZNE point: 100% source energy savings with 4.5 to 8.1 kW{sub DC} PV arrays and 76 to 169% increase in cash flow.
Horowitz, S.; Christensen, C.; Anderson, R.
Solar load ratio method applied to commercial building active solar system sizing
The hourly simulation procedure is the DOE-2 building energy analysis computer program. It is capable of calculating the loads and of simulating various control strategies in detail for both residential and commercial buildings and yet is computationally efficient enough to be used for extensive parametric studies. In addition, to a Building Service Hot Water (BSHW) System and a combined space heating and hot water system using liquid collectors for a commercial building analyzed previously, a space heating system using an air collector is analyzed. A series of runs is made for systems using evacuated tube collectors for comparison to flat-plate collectors, and the effects of additional system design parameters are investigated. Also, the generic collector types are characterized by standard efficiency curves, rather than by detailed collector specifications. (MHR)
Schnurr, N.M.; Hunn, B.D.; Williamson, K.D. III
PASSOLAR: a program library for estimating the annual performance of passive solar buildings with programmable calculators
The Passive Solar Design Handbook, Volume 2, by J. Douglas Balcomb et al. describes in detail a method by which the performance of passive solar buildings can be estimated with the help of handheld calculators and a great number of tables and charts. PASSOLAR consists of a number of programs in the form of magnetic cards, which contain this method together with all the charts and tables. This reduces the necessary time to estimate the annual performance of direct gain, Trombe wall or water wall systems from hours to minutes. PASSOLAR allows the use of additional algorithms for the calculating of the insolation on the tilted surface and of shading effects.
Graeff, R.W.
Probing the Solar Wind Acceleration Region with the Sun--Grazing Comet C/2002 S2
Comet C/2002 S2, a member of the Kreutz family of Sungrazing comets, was discovered in white light images of the SOHO/LASCO coronagraph on 2002 September 18 and observed in \\hi\\, \\lya\\, emission by the SOHO/UVCS instrument at four different heights as it approached the Sun. The \\hi\\, \\lya\\, line profiles detected by UVCS are analyzed to determine the spectral parameters: line intensity, width and Doppler shift with respect to the coronal background. Two dimensional comet images of these parameters are reconstructed at the different heights. A novel aspect of the observations of this sungrazing comet data is that, whereas the emission from the most of the tail is blue--shifted, that along one edge of the tail is red--shifted. We attribute these shifts to a combination of solar wind speed and interaction with the magnetic field. In order to use the comet to probe the density, temperature and speed of the corona and solar wind through which it passes, as well as to determine the outgassing rate of the comet, we ...
Giordano, Silvio; Lamy, Philippe; Uzzo, Michael; Dobrzycka, Danuta
Use of Solar and Wind as a Physical Hedge against Price Variability within a Generation Portfolio
This study provides a framework to explore the potential use and incremental value of small- to large-scale penetration of solar and wind technologies as a physical hedge against the risk and uncertainty of electricity cost on multi-year to multi-decade timescales. Earlier studies characterizing the impacts of adding renewable energy (RE) to portfolios of electricity generators often used a levelized cost of energy or simplified net cash flow approach. In this study, we expand on previous work by demonstrating the use of an 8760 hourly production cost model (PLEXOS) to analyze the incremental impact of solar and wind penetration under a wide range of penetration scenarios for a region in the Western U.S. We do not attempt to 'optimize' the portfolio in any of these cases. Rather we consider different RE penetration scenarios, that might for example result from the implementation of a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to explore the dynamics, risk mitigation characteristics and incremental value that RE might add to the system. We also compare the use of RE to alternative mechanisms, such as the use of financial or physical supply contracts to mitigate risk and uncertainty, including consideration of their effectiveness and availability over a variety of timeframes.
Jenkin, T.; Diakov, V.; Drury, E.; Bush, B.; Denholm, P.; Milford, J.; Arent, D.; Margolis, R.; Byrne, R.
Electrostatic ion-acoustic-like instabilities in the solar wind with a backstreaming alpha particle beam
Nonlinear electrostatic instabilities have been shown to occur frequently and under very different conditions in plasma with two ion beams such as the fast solar wind. These instabilities can be triggered when the phase velocity of electrostatic ion-acoustic waves propagating forward and backward relative to the interplanetary magnetic field overlaps due to the presence of a finite amplitude of circularly polarized wave. The instabilities can be triggered by waves supported by the same ion component, or by waves supported by different ion components. By assuming a beam of alpha particles moving backward relative to the external magnetic field, as observed in some events in the fast solar wind, it is shown that a very small negative drift velocity of the alpha particle beam relative to the core plasma--a few percent of the local Alfven velocity--can trigger a very rich variety of nonlinear electrostatic acousticlike instabilities. Their growth rates can be rather large and they persist for larger negative alpha particles drift velocities and temperatures.
Gomberoff, L. [Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago (Chile); Gomberoff, K. [Department of Physics, Technion, Haifa 32000 (Israel); Deutsch, A. [Rafael, P.O. Box 2250, Haifa 31021 (Israel)
Repetitive substorms caused by Alfvenic waves of the interplanetary magnetic field during high-speed solar wind streams
, but they may be locally generated from stream-stream interaction effects or amplified Alfve´n waves originating-speed solar wind streams D.-Y. Lee,1 L. R. Lyons,2 K. C. Kim,1 J.-H. Baek,3 K.-H. Kim,3 H.-J. Kim,1 J. Weygand wind streams, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A12214, doi:10.1029/2006JA011685. 1. Introduction [2] During
Lyons, Larry
Inc. , 2006 Minnesota Wind Integration Study, Volume I; Min-Parsons, B. Utility wind integration and operating impactthe 2005 New York Wind Integration Study (3), the 2006
Markets to Facilitate Wind and Solar Energy Integration in the Bulk Power Supply: An IEA Task 25 Collaboration; Preprint
Wind and solar power will give rise to challenges in electricity markets regarding flexibility, capacity adequacy, and the participation of wind and solar generators to markets. Large amounts of wind power will have impacts on bulk power system markets and electricity prices. If the markets respond to increased wind power by increasing investments in low-capital, high-cost or marginal-cost power, the average price may remain in the same range. However, experiences so far from Denmark, Germany, Spain, and Ireland are such that the average market prices have decreased because of wind power. This reduction may result in additional revenue insufficiency, which may be corrected with a capacity market, yet capacity markets are difficult to design. However, the flexibility attributes of the capacity also need to be considered. Markets facilitating wind and solar integration will include possibilities for trading close to delivery (either by shorter gate closure times or intraday markets). Time steps chosen for markets can enable more flexibility to be assessed. Experience from 5- and 10-minute markets has been encouraging.
Milligan, M.; Holttinen, H.; Soder, L.; Clark, C.; Pineda, I.
We investigate the conditions under which parallel-propagating Alfven/ion-cyclotron waves are driven unstable by an isotropic (T{sub {alpha}} = T{sub Parallel-To {alpha}}) population of alpha particles drifting parallel to the magnetic field at an average speed U{sub {alpha}} with respect to the protons. We derive an approximate analytic condition for the minimum value of U{sub {alpha}} needed to excite this instability and refine this result using numerical solutions to the hot-plasma dispersion relation. When the alpha-particle number density is {approx_equal} 5% of the proton number density and the two species have similar thermal speeds, the instability requires that {beta}{sub p} {approx}> 1, where {beta}{sub p} is the ratio of the proton pressure to the magnetic pressure. For 1 {approx}< {beta}{sub p} {approx}< 12, the minimum U{sub {alpha}} needed to excite this instability ranges from 0.7v{sub A} to 0.9v{sub A}, where v{sub A} is the Alfven speed. This threshold is smaller than the threshold of {approx_equal} 1.2v{sub A} for the parallel magnetosonic instability, which was previously thought to have the lowest threshold of the alpha-particle beam instabilities at {beta}{sub p} {approx}> 0.5. We discuss the role of the parallel Alfvenic drift instability for the evolution of the alpha-particle drift speed in the solar wind. We also analyze measurements from the Wind spacecraft's Faraday cups and show that the U{sub {alpha}} values measured in solar-wind streams with T{sub {alpha}} Almost-Equal-To T{sub Parallel-To {alpha}} are approximately bounded from above by the threshold of the parallel Alfvenic instability.
Verscharen, Daniel; Bourouaine, Sofiane; Chandran, Benjamin D. G. [Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 (United States); Maruca, Bennett A., E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Space Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States)
Proceedings of the 5th ISES Europe Solar Conf., Freiburg (2004), vol. 2 591 Solar utilisation in low-energy buildings
and Solar Energy Walter-Flex-Str. 3, D-57068 Siegen, Germany http://nesa1.uni-siegen.de, e-mail: email@example.com Abstract For low-energy buildings, passive solar gains can contribute significantly to the heat bal- ance losses, the energy flux through the glazing of windows is denoted as "passive solar gains". In low-energy
Gieseler, Udo D. J.
widespread application of passive solar designs. To design a°F). OVERALL SUMMARY Passive solar design is one of severalfor a typical passive solar design, rendering this solution
A high-throughput, high-resolution spectrometer for mapping the heliopause and 3-D Solar Wind using He+ 30.4nm
A high-throughput, high-resolution spectrometer for mapping the heliopause and 3-D Solar Wind using Entrance slit farm with ~ 1000 slits Photon counting imager Concave grating used near normal incidence >> Need a higher throughput diffuse EUV spectrometer solar wind respond to coronal
BENDIX SYSTEMS DIVISION ANN A R8 oR, M1CH NO. REV.NO. Solar Wind Programming for
experiment program decommutates its own data, organizes it, processes it, and prepares it for output. Specifically, for Solar Wind, there is provision (using sense switches) for allowing or inhibiting the outputBENDIX SYSTEMS DIVISION ANN A R8 oR, M1CH NO. REV.NO. Solar Wind Programming for I I DPS 2000
Rathbun, Julie A.
A New Model for the Prediction of Dst on the Basis of the Solar Wind Space Sciences Lab., University of California, Berkeley
1 A New Model for the Prediction of Dst on the Basis of the Solar Wind M. Temerin Space Sciences Lab., University of California, Berkeley Xinlin Li Lab. for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University on solar wind data for the years 1995-1999 gives a good fit with a prediction efficiency of 88%, a linear
Global MHD modeling of the impact of a solar wind pressure change Kristi A. Keller, Michael Hesse, Maria Kuznetsova, Lutz Rastatter, and Therese Moretto
Global MHD modeling of the impact of a solar wind pressure change Kristi A. Keller, Michael Hesse of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Received 26 February 2001; revised 21 December 2001; accepted 21 December 2001; published 23 July 2002. [1] A sudden increase in the solar wind dynamic pressure compresses
Advanced phase change materials and systems for solar passive heating and cooling of residential buildings
During the last three years under the sponsorship of the DOE Solar Passive Division, the University of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI) has investigated four phase change material (PCM) systems for utility in thermal energy storage for solar passive heating and cooling applications. From this research on the basis of cost, performance, containment, and environmental acceptability, we have selected as our current and most promising series of candidate phase change materials, C-15 to C-24 linear crystalline alkyl hydrocarbons. The major part of the research during this contract period was directed toward the following three objectives. Find, test, and develop low-cost effective phase change materials (PCM) that melt and freeze sharply in the comfort temperature range of 73--77{degree}F for use in solar passive heating and cooling of buildings. Define practical materials and processes for fire retarding plasterboard/PCM building products. Develop cost-effective methods for incorporating PCM into building construction materials (concrete, plasterboard, etc.) which will lead to the commercial manufacture and sale of PCM-containing products resulting in significant energy conservation.
Salyer, I.O.; Sircar, A.K.; Dantiki, S.
Experimental Research and Performance Analysis of a Solar-Powered Air-conditioning System in a Green Building
Based on the green building of the Shanghai Institute of Architectural Science, a solar-powered adsorption air-conditioning system was designed. The operational performance under a typical operating mode in summer was studied, which includes...
Zhai, X.; Wang, R.; Dai, Y.; Wu, J.
Detecting the oldest geodynamo and attendant shielding from the solar wind: Implications for habitability
The onset and nature of the earliest geomagnetic field is important for understanding the evolution of the core, atmosphere and life on Earth. A record of the early geodynamo is preserved in ancient silicate crystals containing minute magnetic inclusions. These data indicate the presence of a geodynamo during the Paleoarchean, between 3.4 and 3.45 billion years ago. While the magnetic field sheltered Earth's atmosphere from erosion at this time, standoff of the solar wind was greatly reduced, and similar to that during modern extreme solar storms. These conditions suggest that intense radiation from the young Sun may have modified the atmosphere of the young Earth by promoting loss of volatiles, including water. Such effects would have been more pronounced if the field were absent or very weak prior to 3.45 billion years ago, as suggested by some models of lower mantle evolution. The frontier is thus trying to obtain geomagnetic field records that are >>3.45 billion-years-old, as well as constraining solar wi...
Tarduno, John A; Mamajek, Eric E
A New Empirical Model for Predicting Single-Sided, Wind-Driven Natural Ventilation in Buildings
in the United States, with a significant part of this energy being used to cool buildings [1]. As green buildings are becoming a trend in building design, natural ventilation has been drawing much attention
The need for high density energy storage for wind turbine and solar power has proven to be a
1 The need for high density energy storage for wind turbine and solar power has proven cost of these components but also considerably improve their lifetime and reliability as it removes. New breakthrough for single-layer ceramic capacitors with high performance #12;2 Benefits ANU has
Botea, Adi
Three-dimensional multispecies MHD studies of the solar wind interaction with Mars in the presence of crustal fields
Three-dimensional multispecies MHD studies of the solar wind interaction with Mars in the presence of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA K. G. Powell Aerospace Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Received 30 January 2002; revised 5 April 2002; accepted 13 May 2002
Alternative Approaches to Calculate Benefits of an Energy Imbalance Market With Wind and Solar Energy: Preprint
The anticipated increase in variable generation in the Western Interconnection over the next several years has raised concerns about how to maintain system balance, especially in smaller Balancing Authority Areas (BAAs). Given renewable portfolio standards in the West, it is possible that more than 50 gigawatts of wind capacity will be installed by 2020. Significant quantities of solar generation are likely to be added as well. The consequent increase in variability and uncertainty that must be managed by the conventional generation fleet and responsive loads has resulted in a proposal for an Energy Imbalance Market (EIM). This paper extends prior work to estimate the reserve requirements for regulation, spinning, and non-spinning reserves with and without the EIM. We also discuss alternative approaches to allocating reserve requirements and show that some apparently attractive allocation methods have undesired consequences.
Kirby, B.; King, J.; Milligan, M.
Grass roots technology and energy policy: Solar ovens and wind turbines in Kenya
Kenya is said to be an ideal site for projects that promote renewable energy sources since it devotes over forty percent of its GNP to the purchase of imported coal and oil. The author presents a chronology of solar oven projects in Kenya and suggests that success of the program will be measured by the number of people who move on to wind turbine use. He discusses the role of renewable energy technology in reducing greenhouse gases and closes by recommending that industrialized nations that produce large amounts of carbon dioxide provide aid to develop projects that reduce carbon dioxide elsewhere in the world. At the same time they would receive credit towards their carbon dioxide quotas.
Kammen, D.M. [Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (United States). Dept. of Physics
Passive-solar-cooling system concepts for small office buildings. Final report
This report summarizes the efforts of a small group of building design professionals and energy analysis experts to develop passive solar cooling concepts including first cost estimates for small office buildings. Two design teams were brought together at each of two workshops held in the fall of 1982. Each team included an architect, mechanical engineer, structural engineer, and energy analysis expert. This report presents the passive cooling system concepts resulting from the workshops. It summarizes the design problems, solutions and first-cost estimates relating to each technology considered, and documents the research needs identified by the participants in attempting to implement the various technologies in an actual building design. Each design problem presented at the workshops was based on the reference (base case) small office building analyzed as part of LBL's Cooling Assessment. Chapter II summarizes the thermal performance, physical specifications and estimated first-costs of the base case design developed for this work. Chapters III - VI describe the passive cooling system concepts developed for each technology: beam daylighting; mass with night ventilation; evaporative cooling; and integrated passive cooling systems. The final Chapters, VII and VIII present the preliminary implications for economics of passive cooling technologies (based on review of the design concepts) and recommendations of workshop participants for future research in passive cooling for commercial buildings. Appendices provide backup information on each chapter as indicated.
Whiddon, W.I.; Hart, G.K.
Previous studies have shown that the observed temperature anisotropies of protons and alpha particles in the solar wind are constrained by theoretical thresholds for pressure and anisotropy driven instabilities such as the Alfvén/ion-cyclotron (A/IC) and fast-magnetosonic/whistler (FM/W) instabilities. In this Letter, we use a long period of in situ measurements provided by the Wind spacecraft's Faraday cups to investigate the combined constraint on the alpha proton differential flow velocity and the alpha particle temperature anisotropy due to A/IC and FM/W instabilities. We show that the majority of the data are constrained to lie within the region of parameter space in which A/IC and FM/W waves are either stable or have extremely low growth rates. In the minority of observed cases in which the growth rate of the A/IC (FM/W) instability is comparatively large, we find relatively higher values of T {sub ?}/T {sub p} (T {sub ??}/T {sub ?p}) when the alpha proton differential flow velocity is small, where T {sub ?} and T {sub p} (T {sub ??} and T {sub ?p}) are the perpendicular (parallel) temperatures of alpha particles and protons. We conjecture that this observed feature might arise from preferential alpha particle heating which can drive the alpha particles beyond the instability thresholds.
Bourouaine, Sofiane; Verscharen, Daniel; Chandran, Benjamin D. G. [Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 (United States)] [Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 (United States); Maruca, Bennett A. [Space Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States)] [Space Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Kasper, Justin C., E-mail: email@example.com [Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States)
Building and Calibration of a FAST Model of the SWAY Prototype Floating Wind Turbine: Preprint
Present efforts to verify and validate aero-hydro-servo-elastic numerical simulation tools that predict the dynamic response of a floating offshore wind turbine are primarily limited to code-to-code comparisons or code-to-data comparisons using data from wind-wave basin tests. In partnership with SWAY AS, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) installed scientific wind, wave, and motion measurement equipment on the 1/6.5th-scale prototype SWAY floating wind system to collect data to validate a FAST model of the SWAY design in an open-water condition. Nanyang Technological University (NTU), through a collaboration with NREL, assisted in this validation.
Koh, J. H.; Robertson, A.; Jonkman, J.; Driscoll, F.; Ng, E. Y. K.
Dust Detection by the Wave Instrument on STEREO: Nanoparticles Picked up by the Solar Wind?
including the large solar panels which contribute to amaterial, kap- ton, solar panel mylar, and a few metallic
One of the most interesting discoveries from Hinode is the presence of persistent high-temperature high-speed outflows from the edges of active regions (ARs). EUV imaging spectrometer (EIS) measurements indicate that the outflows reach velocities of 50 km s{sup -1} with spectral line asymmetries approaching 200 km s{sup -1}. It has been suggested that these outflows may lie on open field lines that connect to the heliosphere, and that they could potentially be a significant source of the slow speed solar wind. A direct link has been difficult to establish, however. We use EIS measurements of spectral line intensities that are sensitive to changes in the relative abundance of Si and S as a result of the first ionization potential (FIP) effect, to measure the chemical composition in the outflow regions of AR 10978 over a 5 day period in 2007 December. We find that Si is always enhanced over S by a factor of 3-4. This is generally consistent with the enhancement factor of low FIP elements measured in situ in the slow solar wind by non-spectroscopic methods. Plasma with a slow wind-like composition was therefore flowing from the edge of the AR for at least 5 days. Furthermore, on December 10 and 11, when the outflow from the western side was favorably oriented in the Earth direction, the Si/S ratio was found to match the value measured a few days later by the Advanced Composition Explorer/Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer. These results provide strong observational evidence for a direct connection between the solar wind, and the coronal plasma in the outflow regions.
Brooks, David H. [College of Science, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030 (United States); Warren, Harry P., E-mail: email@example.com [Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 (United States)
Estimation the Performance of Solar Fiber Optic Lighting System after Repairing the Glass Fiber Cables in a South Korean Residential Building
The solar fiber optic lighting system consists of the solar ray concentrating apparatus, the tracking control, lighting transmission and emission parts. This system was installed on a 20-storey apartment building in South Korea. Many residents had...
Cha, K. S.; Kim, T. K.; Park, M. S.
Effects of a tuned mass damper on wind-induced motions in tall buildings
With ever increasing constructability capacities, engineers have found solutions to build taller and taller structures. However, the race for the sky has not only brought up new ways of building, it has also created new ...
Carlot, Julien (Julien Alexandre Laurent)
We analytically consider how velocity shear in the corona and solar wind can cause an initial Alfven wave to drive up other propagating signals. The process is similar to the familiar coupling into other modes induced by non-WKB refraction in an inhomogeneous plasma, except here the refraction is a consequence of velocity shear. We limit our discussion to a low-beta plasma, and ignore couplings into signals resembling the slow mode. If the initial Alfven wave is propagating nearly parallel to the background magnetic field, then the induced signals are mainly a forward-going (i.e., propagating in the same sense as the original Alfven wave) fast mode, and a driven signal propagating like a forward-going Alfven wave but polarized like the fast mode; both signals are compressive and subject to damping by the Landau resonance. For an initial Alfven wave propagating obliquely with respect to the magnetic field, the induced signals are mainly forward- and backward-going fast modes, and a driven signal propagating like a forward-going Alfven wave but polarized like the fast mode; these signals are all compressive and subject to damping by the Landau resonance. A backward-going Alfven wave, thought to be important in the development of MHD turbulence, is also produced, but it is very weak. However, we suggest that for oblique propagation of the initial Alfven wave the induced fast-polarized signal propagating like a forward-going Alfven wave may interact coherently with the initial Alfven wave and distort it at a strong-turbulence-like rate.
Hollweg, Joseph V.; Chandran, Benjamin D. G. [Space Science Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 (United States); Kaghashvili, Edisher Kh., E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: email@example.com [Atmospheric and Environmental Research, A Verisk Analytics Company, 131 Hartwell Avenue, Lexington, MA 02421 (United States)
Simulation of wind driven ventilative cooling systems for an apartment building in Beijing and Shanghai
produce energy for buildings and industry. In order to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions ventilation, CFD, Energy analysis 1. Introduction Throughout the entire world, buildings are major consumers of energy and major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. In China, buildings consume 17% of the total energy
A model for thermally driven heat and air transport in passive solar buildings
A model for transient interzone heat and air flow transport in passive solar buildings is presented incorporating wall boundary layers in stratified zones, and with interzone transport via apertures (doors and windows). The model includes features that have been observed in measurements taken in more than a dozen passive solar buildings. The model includes integral formulations of the laminar and turbulent boundary layer equations for the vertical walls which are then coupled to a one-dimensional core model for each zone. The cores in each zone exchange mass and energy through apertures that are modeled by an orifice type equation. The procedure is transient in that time dependence is retained only in the core equations which are solved by an explicit method. The model predicts room stratification of about 2/sup 0/C/m (1.1/sup 0/F/ft) for a room-to-room temperature difference of 0.56/sup 0/C(1/sup 0/F) which is in general agreement with the data.
Jones, G.F.; Balcomb, J.D.; Otis, D.R.
Model for thermally driven heat and air transport in passive solar buildings
A model for transient interzone heat and air flow transport in passive solar buildings is presented incorporating wall boundary layers in stratified zones, and with interzone transport via apertures (doors and windows). The model includes features that have been observed in measurements taken in more than a dozen passive solar buildings. The model includes integral formulations of the laminar and turbulent boundary layer equations for the vertical walls which are then coupled to a one-dimensional core model for each zone. The cores in each zone exchange mass and energy through apertures that are modeled by an orifice type equation. The procedure is transient in that time dependence is retained only in the core equations which are solved by an explicit method. The model predicts room stratification of about 2/sup 0/C/m (1.1/sup 0/F/ft) for a room-to-room temperature difference of 0.56/sup 0/C(1/sup 0/F) which is in general agreement with the data. 38 references, 10 figures, 1 table.
OBSERVATIONAL TEST OF STOCHASTIC HEATING IN LOW-{beta} FAST-SOLAR-WIND STREAMS
Spacecraft measurements show that protons undergo substantial perpendicular heating during their transit from the Sun to the outer heliosphere. In this paper, we use Helios 2 measurements to investigate whether stochastic heating by low-frequency turbulence is capable of explaining this perpendicular heating. We analyze Helios 2 magnetic field measurements in low-{beta} fast-solar-wind streams between heliocentric distances r = 0.29 AU and r = 0.64 AU to determine the rms amplitude of the fluctuating magnetic field, {delta}B{sub p}, near the proton gyroradius scale {rho}{sub p}. We then evaluate the stochastic heating rate Q{sub stoch} using the measured value of {delta}B{sub p} and a previously published analytical formula for Q{sub stoch}. Using Helios measurements we estimate the ''empirical'' perpendicular heating rate Q{sub Up-Tack emp} = (k{sub B}/m{sub p}) BV (d/dr) (T{sub Up-Tack p}/B) that is needed to explain the T{sub p} profile. We find that Q{sub stoch} {approx} Q{sub emp}, but only if a key dimensionless constant appearing in the formula for Q{sub stoch} lies within a certain range of values. This range is approximately the same throughout the radial interval that we analyze and is consistent with the results of numerical simulations of the stochastic heating of test particles in reduced magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. These results support the hypothesis that stochastic heating accounts for much of the perpendicular proton heating occurring in low-{beta} fast-wind streams.
Bourouaine, Sofiane; Chandran, Benjamin D. G., E-mail: email@example.com [Space Science Center and Department of Physics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 (United States)
Urchin-inspired zinc oxide as building blocks for nanostructured solar cells
High surface area nanowire based architectures have been identified as important components for future optoelectronic nanodevices, solar cells, wettability coatings, gas sensors, and biofuel cells. Here we report on a novel urchin-inspired nanowire architecture: its interwoven three-dimensional, high-surface-area nanowire arrangement can be precisely controlled by using a low-cost and scalable synthesis based on a combination of nanosphere lithography, low-temperature atomic layer deposition, and electrodeposition. The performance of single-layer arrays of urchin-inspired ZnO nanowire building blocks competes to that of planar nanowire carpets. We illustrate this capability by fabricating fully-inorganic extremely thin absorber solar cells using CdSe as absorber and CuSCN as hole-collector material. The light diffusion of the urchin-inspired nanowire arrays was varied from 15% to 35%. Homogenous absorption in the wavelength range of 400-800 nm of up to 90% was obtained. Solar conversion efficiencies of ~ 1.33...
Elias, Jamil; Utke, Ivo; Erni, Rolf; Hosseini, Davood; Michler, Johann; Philippe, Laetitia
The fast solar wind is generated by extended perpendicular ion heating in coronal holes, but the kinetic mechanism responsible for this heating has not been determined. One long-standing possibility is the resonant-cyclotron dissipation of ion-cyclotron waves, replenished from a turbulent cascade of interacting counter-propagating Alfven waves. We present results of a kinetic model for proton heating by the quasilinear resonant-cyclotron wave-particle interaction in a coronal hole. The resonant wave spectrum is taken as a power law in wavenumber, uniformly distributed in propagation direction between 0 deg. and 60 deg. with respect to the large-scale radial magnetic field. We obtain the steady-state solution of the kinetic guiding-center equation for the proton distribution in an expanding coronal hole, including the effects of large-scale forces of gravity, charge-separation electric field, Alfven wave ponderomotive force, and mirror force, along with the small-scale scattering from the wave dissipation. We find that plausible wave intensities can yield reasonable flow speeds and temperatures in the heliocentric radial range between 2 and 6 solar radii. We address the claim in earlier work that dissipation of parallel-propagating ion-cyclotron waves cannot provide enough acceleration and show that claim to be incorrect. We find that the combined action of the large-scale forces and the resonant-cyclotron scattering produces proton distribution functions with a characteristic structure: compressed in the sunward half of velocity space with a high-density shell separate from the origin, and relatively expanded in the anti-sunward half of velocity space. We suggest that qualitatively similar proton distributions would result from the kinetic evolution of any sufficiently effective perpendicular heating mechanism operating in an expanding coronal hole.
Isenberg, Philip A.; Vasquez, Bernard J. [Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space and Department of Physics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 (United States)
Analysis of the Impact of Balancing Area Cooperation on the Operation of the Western Interconnection with Wind and Solar Generation (Presentation)
This presentation describes the analysis of the impact of balancing area cooperation on the operation of the Western Interconnection with wind and solar generation, including a discussion of operating reserves, ramping, production simulation, and conclusions.
Milligan, M.; Lew, D.; Jordan, G.; Piwko, R.; Kirby, B.; King, J.; Beuning, S.
Solar cyclical trend study of the mid-latitude, quiet-time, meridional, neutral winds at winter solstice conditions. Master's thesis
Located within the region of the thermosphere is the major portion of the ionosphere. Distribution of the ionospheric plasma within this region is a function of atmospheric mass and energy transport. For the current study, the component of the neutral wind along the magnetic meridian is derived from ground-based ionosonde measurements of the F2 peak layer height. Meridional wind variations with respect to location, universal time, and level of solar activity are the focal points on this investigation. The primary timescale of interest covers a period of one solar cycle, from 1977 to 1987. Data from one station have been extended to 1965 to study the repetitive nature of solar activity on the meridional winds. Results of this study indicate a definite variation of wind speed and direction, which correlates with changing levels of solar activity. It is hoped that the results of this study will aid current efforts to develop ionospheric models and enhance their forecasting capabilities.
Breninger, R.L.
Aspects of the theory of incompressible MHD turbulence with cross-helicity and applications to the solar wind
Solar wind observations have shown that the normalized cross-helicity {sigma}{sub c}, the ratio of the cross-helicity spectrum to the energy spectrum, is approximately constant, independent of wavenumber, throughout the inertial range. This means that the correlation between velocity and magnetic field fluctuations is the same at every scale, that the ratio of the two Elsasser energies (w{sup +}/w{sup -}){sup 2} is the same at every scale, and that the ratio of the energy cascade times of the two Elsasser energies {tau}{sup +}/{tau}{sup -} is the same at every scale. In the case when the magnetic Prandtl number is unity, it can be shown from the equations of incompressible MHD that if {sigma}{sub c} is a constant, then the cascade times of the two Elsasser energies are equal so that {tau}{sup +}/{tau}{sup -} = 1. This is an important constraint for turbulence theories. Using this result, the Goldreich and Sridhar theory and the Boldyrev theory are generalized to MHD turbulence with nonvanishing cross-helicity in such a way that the scaling laws of the original two theories are unchanged. The derivation and some of the important properties of these more general theories shall be presented. Solar wind measurements in support of these theoretical models will also be discussed. For example, new solar wind measurements of the total energy spectrum (kinetic plus magnetic) show that the power-law exponent is closer to 3/2 than 5/3, consistent with simulations of 3D incompressible MHD turbulence with a strong mean meagnetic field that show a 3/2 scaling. For highly Alfvenic, high cross-helicity solar wind turbulence, new measurements presented her show that the average spectral index is 1.540 {+-} 0.033.
Podesta, John J [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Stochastic Methods for Planning and Operating Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind and Solar Power: Preprint
Wind and solar generators differ in their generation characteristics than conventional generators. The variable output and imperfect predictability of these generators face a stochastic approach to plan and operate the power system without fundamentally changing the operation and planning problems. This paper overviews stochastic modeling challenges in operations, generation planning, and transmission planning, with references to current industry and academic work. Different stochastic problem formulations, including approximations, are also discussed.
Milligan, M.; Donohoo, P.; O'Malley, M.
22-26. 1979 THE PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN PROCESS FOR A SMALLso important in passive solar designs. Computer models suchinterpretation. SUMMARY Passive solar design is an integral
Building State-of-the-Art Wind Technology Testing Facilities (Fact Sheet)
The new Wind Technology Test Center is the only facility in the nation capable of testing wind turbine blades up to 90 meters in length. A critical factor to wind turbine design and development is the ability to test new designs, components, and materials. In addition, wind turbine blade manufacturers are required to test their blades as part of the turbine certification process. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) partnered with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Wind Program and the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC) to design, construct, and operate the Wind Technology Center (WTTC) in Boston, Massachusetts. The WTTC offers a full suite of certification tests for turbine blades up to 90 meters in length. NREL worked closely with MTS Systems Corporation to develop the novel large-scale test systems needed to conduct the static and fatigue tests required for certification. Static tests pull wind turbine blades horizontally and vertically to measure blade deflection and strains. Fatigue tests cycle the blades millions of times to simulate what a blade goes through in its lifetime on a wind turbine. For static testing, the WTTC is equipped with servo-hydraulic winches and cylinders that are connected to the blade through cables to apply up to an 84-mega Newton meter maximum static bending moment. For fatigue testing, MTS developed a commercial version of NREL's patented resonant excitation system with hydraulic cylinders that actuate linear moving masses on the blade at one or more locations. This system applies up to a 21-meter tip-to-tip fatigue test tip displacement to generate 20-plus years of cyclic field loads in a matter of months. NREL also developed and supplied the WTTC with an advanced data acquisition system capable of measuring and recording hundreds of data channels at very fast sampling rates while communicating with test control systems.
This paper employs a recent turbulent heating prescription to predict the ratio of proton-to-total heating due to the kinetic dissipation of Alfvenic turbulence as a function of heliocentric distance. Comparing to a recent empirical estimate for this turbulent heating ratio in the high-speed solar wind, the prediction shows good agreement with the empirical estimate for R {approx}> 0.8 AU, but predicts less ion heating than the empirical estimate at smaller heliocentric radii. At these smaller radii, the turbulent heating prescription, calculated in the gyrokinetic limit, fails because the turbulent cascade is predicted to reach the proton cyclotron frequency before Landau damping terminates the cascade. These findings suggest that the turbulent cascade can reach the proton cyclotron frequency at R {approx}< 0.8 AU, leading to a higher level of proton heating than predicted by the turbulent heating prescription in the gyrokinetic limit. At larger heliocentric radii, R {approx}> 0.8 AU, this turbulent heating prescription contains all of the necessary physical mechanisms needed to reproduce the empirically estimated proton-to-total heating ratio.
Howes, G. G. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 (United States)
Dynamics of large-scale solar-wind streams obtained by the double superposed epoch analysis
Using the OMNI data for period 1976-2000 we investigate the temporal profiles of 20 plasma and field parameters in the disturbed large-scale types of solar wind (SW): CIR, ICME (both MC and Ejecta) and Sheath as well as the interplanetary shock (IS). To take into account the different durations of SW types, we use the double superposed epoch analysis (DSEA) method: re-scaling the duration of the interval for all types in such a manner that, respectively, beginning and end for all intervals of selected type coincide. As the analyzed SW types can interact with each other and change parameters as a result of such interaction, we investigate separately 8 sequences of SW types: (1) CIR, (2) IS/CIR, (3) Ejecta, (4) Sheath/Ejecta, (5) IS/Sheath/Ejecta, (6) MC, (7) Sheath/MC, and (8) IS/Sheath/MC. The main conclusion is that the behavior of parameters in Sheath and in CIR are very similar both qualitatively and quantitatively. Both the high-speed stream (HSS) and the fast ICME play a role of pistons which push the pl...
Yermolaev, Yu I; Nikolaeva, N S; Yermolaev, M Yu
Revisiting the 'Buy versus Build' decision for publicly owned utilities in California considering wind and geothermal resources
The last two decades have seen a dramatic increase in the market share of independent, non-utility generators (NUGs) relative to traditional, utility-owned generation assets. Accordingly, the ''buy versus build'' decision facing utilities--i.e., whether a utility should sign a power purchase agreement (PPA) with a NUG, or develop and own the generation capacity itself--has gained prominence in the industry. Specific debates have revolved around the relative advantages of, the types of risk created by, and the regulatory incentives favoring each approach. Very little of this discussion has focused specifically on publicly owned electric utilities, however, perhaps due to the belief that public power's tax-free financing status leaves little space in which NUGs can compete. With few exceptions (Wiser and Kahn 1996), renewable sources of supply have received similarly scant attention in the buy versus build debate. In this report, we revive the ''buy versus build'' debate and apply it to the two sectors of the industry traditionally underrepresented in the discussion: publicly owned utilities and renewable energy. Contrary to historical treatment, this debate is quite relevant to public utilities and renewables because publicly owned utilities are able to take advantage of some renewable energy incentives only in a ''buy'' situation, while others accrue only in a ''build'' situation. In particular, possible economic advantages of public utility ownership include: (1) the tax-free status of publicly owned utilities and the availability of low-cost debt, and (2) the renewable energy production incentive (REPI) available only to publicly owned utilities. Possible economic advantages to entering into a PPA with a NUG include: (1) the availability of federal tax credits and accelerated depreciation schedules for certain forms of NUG-owned renewable energy, and (2) the California state production incentives available to NUGs but not utilities. This report looks at a publicly owned utility's decision to buy or build new renewable energy capacity--specifically wind or geothermal power--in California. To examine the economic aspects of this decision, we modified and updated a 20-year financial cash-flow model to assess the levelized cost of electricity under four supply options: (1) public utility ownership of new geothermal capacity, (2) public utility ownership of new wind capacity, (3) a PPA for new geothermal capacity, and (4) a PPA for new wind capacity.
Bolinger, Mark; Wiser, Ryan; Golove, William
Comment on"Air Emissions Due to Wind and Solar Power" and Supporting Information
Katzenstein and Apt investigate the important question of pollution emission reduction benefits from variable generation resources such as wind and solar. Their methodology, which couples an individual variable generator to a dedicated gas plant to produce a flat block of power is, however, inappropriate. For CO{sub 2}, the authors conclude that variable generators 'achieve {approx} 80% of the emission reductions expected if the power fluctuations caused no additional emissions.' They find even lower NO{sub x} emission reduction benefits with steam-injected gas turbines and a 2-4 times net increase in NO{sub x} emissions for systems with dry NO{sub x} control unless the ratio of energy from natural gas to variable plants is greater than 2:1. A more appropriate methodology, however, would find a significantly lower degradation of the emissions benefit than suggested by Katzenstein and Apt. As has been known for many years, models of large power system operations must take into account variable demand and the unit commitment and economic dispatch functions that are practiced every day by system operators. It is also well-known that every change in wind or solar power output does not need to be countered by an equal and opposite change in a dispatchable resource. The authors recognize that several of their assumptions to the contrary are incorrect and that their estimates therefore provide at best an upper bound to the emissions degradation caused by fluctuating output. Yet they still present the strong conclusion: 'Carbon dioxide emissions reductions are likely to be 75-80% of those presently assumed by policy makers. We have shown that the conventional method used to calculate emissions is inaccurate, particularly for NO{sub x} emissions.' The inherently problematic methodology used by the authors makes such strong conclusions suspect. Specifically, assuming that each variable plant requires a dedicated natural gas backup plant to create a flat block of power ignores the benefits of diversity. In real power systems, operators are required to balance only the net variations of all loads and all generators, not the output of individual loads or generators; doing otherwise would ensure an enormous amount of unnecessary investment and operating costs. As a result, detailed studies that aggregate the variability of all loads and generators to the system level find that the amount of operating reserves required to reliably integrate variable resources into the grid are on the order of 10% of the nameplate capacity of the variable generators, even when upto25%of gross demand is being met by variable generation. The authors implicit assumption that incremental operating reserves must be 100% of the nameplate capacity of the variable generation, and be available at all times to directly counter that variability, excludes the option of decommitting conventional units when the load net of variable generation is low. In real power systems, generation response to wind variation can typically be met by a combination of committed units, each operating at a relatively efficient point of their fuel curves. In the Supporting Information, we conceptually demonstrate that the CO{sub 2} and NO{sub x} efficiency penalty found by the authors can be significantly reduced by considering the unit commitment decision with just five plants. Real systems often have tens to hundreds of plants that can be committed and decommitted over various time frames. Ignoring the flexibility of the unit commitment decision therefore leads to unsupportable results. Anumber of analyses of the fuel savings and CO{sub 2} emission benefits of variable generation have considered realistic operating reserve requirements and unit commitment decisions in models that include the reduction in part load efficiency of conventional plants. The efficiency penalty due to the variability of wind in four studies considered by Gross et al. is negligible to 7%, for up to a 20% wind penetration level. In short, for moderate wind penetration levels, 'there is no evidence available to
Mills, Andrew D.; Wiser, Ryan H.; Milligan, Michael; O'Malley, Mark
U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon: Challenging Students to Build Energy Efficient, Cost-Effective, and Attractive Solar-Powered Houses
The U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon challenges collegiate teams to design, build, and operate solar-powered houses that are cost-effective, energy-efficient, and attractive. The winner of the competition is the team that best blends affordability, consumer appeal, and design excellence with optimal energy production and maximum efficiency. The paper discusses the solutions developed for the event. We believe that the solutions implemented for Solar Decathlon 2011 represent current trends and that by analyzing, critiquing, and exposing the solutions pursued, the industry can become better suited to address challenges of the future. Constructing a solar community using high-efficiency design and unique materials while remaining code compliant, safe, and effective results in solutions that are market relevant, important, and interesting to the industry as a whole.
Simon, J.
ISES'99, International Solar Energy Society, Jrusalem, ISRAEL, Juin 1999 BUILDING DESIGN IN TROPICAL CLIMATES. ELABORATION OF THE ECODOM
ISES'99, International Solar Energy Society, JĂ©rusalem, ISRAEL, Juin 1999 BUILDING DESIGN of optimized bioclimatic urban planning and architectural design, the use of passive cooling architectural public and private partners (low cost housing institutions, architects, energy consultant, etc...) to set
during construction. many passive houses have performed muchif it occurred, the optimwll passive house would likely havephotographs of a passive solar house at First Village in
AWEA Small Wind Turbine Global Market Study
Displaced Carbon Dioxide 17 Building-Mounted Turbines 17 Manufacturing 18 The Global Market 21 Solar Summary Table 1 #12;4 | AMERICAn WInD EnERGy ASSOCIATIOn Based on a 2010 AWEA survey of manufacturers and standardized interconnection regulations, and the appropriation and allocation of federal research
Leu, Tzong-Shyng "Jeremy"
Interaction of the plasma tail of comet Bradfield 1979L on 1980 February 6 with a possibly flare-generated solar-wind disturbance
Solar-wind plasma data from the ISEE-3 and Helios 2 spacecraft have been examined in order to explain a uniquely rapid 10/sup 0/ turning of the plasma tail of comet Bradfield 1979L on 1980 February 6. An earlier study conducted before the availability of in situ solar-wind data (Brandt et al., 1980) suggested that the tail position angle change occurred in response to a solar-wind velocity shear across which the polar component changed by approx. 50 km s/sup -1/. The present contribution confirms this result and further suggests that the comet-tail activity was caused by non-corotating, disturbed plasma flows probably associated with an Importance 1B solar flare.
Niedner, M.B. Jr.; Brandt, J.C.; Zwickl, R.D.; Bame, S.J.
Quality site seasonal report, Tucson Job Corps Center, SFBP (Solar in Federal Buildings Program) 1751, November 1984 through July 1985
The active solar Domestic Hot Water (DHW) system at the Tucson Job Corps Center was designed and constructed as part of the Solar in Federal Buildings Program (SFBP). This retrofitted system is one of eight of the systems in the SFBP selected for quality monitoring. The purpose of this monitoring effort is to document the performance of quality state-of-the-art solar systems in large Federal buildings. The systems are unique prototypes. Design errors and system faults discovered during the monitoring period could not always be corrected. Therefore, the aggregated overall performance is often considerably below what might be expected had similar systems been constructed consecutively with each repetition incorporating corrections and improvements. The solar collector system is installed on a two story dormitory at the Job Corps Center. The solar system preheats hot water for about two hundred students. The solar system provided about 50% of the energy needed for water heating in the winter and nearly 100% of the water heating needs in the summer. There are about 70,000 gallons of water used per month. There are seventy-nine L.O.F. panels or 1659 square feet of collectors (1764 square feet before freeze damage occurred) mounted in two rows on the south facing roof. Collected solar energy is stored in the 2200-gallon storage tank. The control system is by Johnson Controls. City water is piped directly to the storage tank and is circulated in the collectors. Freeze protection is provided by recirculation of storage water. There is an auxiliary gas fired boiler and 750 gallon DHW storage tank to provide backup for the solar system. Highlights of the performance monitoring from the solar collection system at the Tucson Job Corps Center during the November 1984 through July 1985 monitoring period are presented in this report.
Logee, T.L.
Alfven waves in the solar wind in association with solar energetic particles: sunspot umbral origin. Final report 1 Oct 80-31 Mar 83
We report on a search for Alfven waves in the solar wind during solar particle events. During the period June 6-8, 1979, we find clear signatures of outgoing Alfven waves which could have been released from the sun simultaneously with the initial release of energetic particles. The waves are soliton-like, with durations of 200-900 seconds. An isolated square Alfven solution is also seen when the first particles (with E approximately 57 MeV) are detected: the width of this solution is approximately 950 seconds. A series of five small amplitude spikes in the magnetic field are also seen, preceding the arrival of the first particles by a few hours. The spikes are separated by intervals of 854 + or - 20 seconds. We suggest that these periodicities are determined by conditions at the sun. The features which we have detected are consistent with Alfven waves released from the umbra of a sunspot during a flare.
Solar powered desalination system
As a clean energy source, solar power is inexhaustible,renewables for energy sources, including solar power. Also,Requirements Energy Source Natural Gas Nuclear Solar Wind
Mateo, Tiffany Alisa
A.W. Blakers, 'Solar and Wind Electricity in Australia', Australian Journal of Environmental Management, Vol 7, pp 223-236, 2000 SOLAR AND WIND ELECTRICITY IN AUSTRALIA
environmental impact associated with the construction of what amounts to a coastal hydro scheme. Solar firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract This paper examines the renewable generation of electricity in Australia from photovoltaics (PV environmental impacts even when deployed on very large scales. They are the only fully sustainable technologies
Power law burst and inter-burst interval distributions in the solar wind: turbulence or dissipative SOC ?
We calculate for the first time the probability density functions (PDFs) P of burst energy e, duration T and inter-burst interval tau for a known turbulent system in nature. Bursts in the earth-sun component of the Poynting flux at 1 AU in the solar wind were measured using the MFI and SWE experiments on the NASA WIND spacecraft. We find P(e) and P(T) to be power laws, consistent with self-organised criticality (SOC). We find also a power law form for P(tau) that distinguishes this turbulent cascade from the exponential P(tau) of ideal SOC, but not from some other SOC-like sandpile models. We discuss the implications for the relation between SOC and turbulence.
M. P. Freeman; N. W. Watkins; D. J. Riley
Historic Building Renovations
When a Federal agency undertakes a renovation to an historic building, the renovation team must consider not only the uses and needs of the facility, but also a range of issues related to historic preservation. Integrating renewable energy such as solar and wind into an historic renovation has been accomplished successfully by agencies; the design and placement of any renewable energy system must be closely integrated with the overall design plans. Any renewable energy additions must maintain the integrity and defining characteristics of the building.
Re-Building Greensburg
ScienceCinema (OSTI)
Greensburg, KS - A town that was devastated by a tornado in 2007, yet came back to be one of the Nation's most energy-efficient, sustainable communities. Civic leaders and entrepreneurs helped rally residents behind the idea of "greening" Greensburg, inspiring the construction of numerous energy-efficient buildings, some of which generate their own renewable power with solar panels and wind turbines. Many of the town's government buildings use cutting edge energy-saving technologies, saving the local taxpayers' money. Greensburg has demonstrated to the world that any city can reach its energy efficiency and renewable energy goals today using widely available technologies.
Hewitt, Steven; Wallach, Daniel; Peterson, Stephanie;
Generic Models in the Design of Solar Commercial Buildings , N. ISAACS1
of generic models were developed. These include: Standard data on building materials used in commercial buildings in New Zealand; Materials data collated into descriptions of standard buildings which are representative of commercial building `types'; Standard building model descriptions which are intended to provide
Bringing simulation to implementation: Presentation of a global approach in the design of passive solar buildings under humid tropical climates
In early 1995, a DSM pilot initiative has been launched in the French islands of Guadeloupe and Reunion through a partnership between several public and private partners (the French Public Utility EDF, the University of Reunion Island, low cost housing companies, architects, energy consultants, etc...) to set up standards to improve thermal design of new residential buildings in tropical climates. This partnership led to defining optimized bio-climatic urban planning and architectural designs featuring the use of passive cooling architectural principles (solar shading, natural ventilation) and components, as well as energy efficient systems and technologies. The design and sizing of each architectural component on internal thermal comfort in building has been assessed with a validated thermal and airflow building simulation software (CODYRUN). These technical specifications have been edited in a reference document which has been used to build over 300 new pilot dwellings through the years 1996-1998 in Reunion...
Garde, François; Celaire, Robert
A nuclear wind/solar oil-shale system for variable electricity and liquid fuels production
The recoverable reserves of oil shale in the United States exceed the total quantity of oil produced to date worldwide. Oil shale contains no oil, rather it contains kerogen which when heated decomposes into oil, gases, and a carbon char. The energy required to heat the kerogen-containing rock to produce the oil is about a quarter of the energy value of the recovered products. If fossil fuels are burned to supply this energy, the greenhouse gas releases are large relative to producing gasoline and diesel from crude oil. The oil shale can be heated underground with steam from nuclear reactors leaving the carbon char underground - a form of carbon sequestration. Because the thermal conductivity of the oil shale is low, the heating process takes months to years. This process characteristic in a system where the reactor dominates the capital costs creates the option to operate the nuclear reactor at base load while providing variable electricity to meet peak electricity demand and heat for the shale oil at times of low electricity demand. This, in turn, may enable the large scale use of renewables such as wind and solar for electricity production because the base-load nuclear plants can provide lower-cost variable backup electricity. Nuclear shale oil may reduce the greenhouse gas releases from using gasoline and diesel in half relative to gasoline and diesel produced from conventional oil. The variable electricity replaces electricity that would have been produced by fossil plants. The carbon credits from replacing fossil fuels for variable electricity production, if assigned to shale oil production, results in a carbon footprint from burning gasoline or diesel from shale oil that may half that of conventional crude oil. The U.S. imports about 10 million barrels of oil per day at a cost of a billion dollars per day. It would require about 200 GW of high-temperature nuclear heat to recover this quantity of shale oil - about two-thirds the thermal output of existing nuclear reactors in the United States. With the added variable electricity production to enable renewables, additional nuclear capacity would be required. (authors)
Forsberg, C. [Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 012139 (United States)
building itself. 4b. A Trombe wall is a south-facing heavywall. The inventor of the Trombe wall discusses some of itsOther windows illuminate Trombe walls of l~ foot concrete. (
We compare the results of the numerical simulation of the viscous-like interaction of the solar wind with the plasma tail of a comet, with velocities of H{sub 2}O+ ions in the tail of comet Swift-Tuttle determined by means of spectroscopic ground-based observations. Our aim is to constrain the value of the basic parameters in the viscous-like interaction model: the effective Reynolds number of the flow and the interspecies coupling timescale. We find that in our simulations the flow rapidly evolves from an arbitrary initial condition to a quasi-steady state for which there is a good agreement between the simulated tailward velocity of H{sub 2}O+ ions and the kinematics derived from the observations. The fiducial case of our model, characterized by a low effective Reynolds number (Re{sub eff} {approx} 20) selected on the basis of a comparison to in situ measurements of the plasma flow at comet Halley, yields an excellent fit to the observed kinematics. Given the agreement between model and observations, with no ad hoc assumptions, we believe that this result suggests that viscous-like momentum transport may play an important role in the interaction of the solar wind and the cometary plasma environment.
Reyes-Ruiz, Mauricio; Vazquez, Roberto [Instituto de Astronomia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 877, Ensenada, B.C. 22800 (Mexico); Perez-de-Tejada, Hector, E-mail: email@example.com [Instituto de Geofisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad Univeritaria, Mexico D.F. (Mexico)
Roof aperture system for selective collection and control of solar energy for building heating, cooling and daylighting
DOE Patents [OSTI]
The amount of building heating, cooling and daylighting is controlled by at least one pair of solar energy passing panels, with each panel of the pair of panels being exposed to a separate direction of sun incidence. A shutter-shade combination is associated with each pair of panels and the shutter is connected to the shade so that rectilinear movement of the shutter causes pivotal movement of the shade.
Sanders, William J. (Kansas City, KS); Snyder, Marvin K. (Overland Park, KS); Harter, James W. (Independence, MO)
Summary of Time Period-Based and Other Approximation Methods for Determining the Capacity Value of Wind and Solar in the United States: September 2010 - February 2012
This paper updates previous work that describes time period-based and other approximation methods for estimating the capacity value of wind power and extends it to include solar power. The paper summarizes various methods presented in utility integrated resource plans, regional transmission organization methodologies, regional stakeholder initiatives, regulatory proceedings, and academic and industry studies. Time period-based approximation methods typically measure the contribution of a wind or solar plant at the time of system peak - sometimes over a period of months or the average of multiple years.
Rogers, J.; Porter, K.
Analyzing and simulating the variability of solar irradiance and solar PV powerplants
in spatially dispersed wind turbine systems, Solar energy. ,Smoothing effects of distributed wind turbines. Part 2.power output of distant wind turbines, Wind Energy, 7 (2004)
Lave, Matthew S.
Roof-top solar energy potential under performance-based building energy codes: The case of Spain
The quantification at regional level of the amount of energy (for thermal uses and for electricity) that can be generated by using solar systems in buildings is hindered by the availability of data for roof area estimation. In this note, we build on an existing geo-referenced method for determining available roof area for solar facilities in Spain to produce a quantitative picture of the likely limits of roof-top solar energy. The installation of solar hot water systems (SHWS) and photovoltaic systems (PV) is considered. After satisfying up to 70% (if possible) of the service hot water demand in every municipality, PV systems are installed in the remaining roof area. Results show that, applying this performance-based criterion, SHWS would contribute up to 1662 ktoe/y of primary energy (or 68.5% of the total thermal-energy demand for service hot water), while PV systems would provide 10 T W h/y of electricity (or 4.0% of the total electricity demand). (author)
Izquierdo, Salvador; Montanes, Carlos; Dopazo, Cesar; Fueyo, Norberto [Fluid Mechanics Group, University of Zaragoza and LITEC (CSIC), Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza (Spain)
Recommended requirements to code officials for solar heating, cooling, and hot water systems. Model document for code officials on solar heating and cooling of buildings
These recommended requirements include provisions for electrical, building, mechanical, and plumbing installations for active and passive solar energy systems used for space or process heating and cooling, and domestic water heating. The provisions in these recommended requirements are intended to be used in conjunction with the existing building codes in each jurisdiction. Where a solar relevant provision is adequately covered in an existing model code, the section is referenced in the Appendix. Where a provision has been drafted because there is no counterpart in the existing model code, it is found in the body of these recommended requirements. Commentaries are included in the text explaining the coverage and intent of present model code requirements and suggesting alternatives that may, at the discretion of the building official, be considered as providing reasonable protection to the public health and safety. Also included is an Appendix which is divided into a model code cross reference section and a reference standards section. The model code cross references are a compilation of the sections in the text and their equivalent requirements in the applicable model codes. (MHR)
solar con- trols test facility at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory The interaction of baseboard, radiant panel, and furnace
Vilmer, Christian
solar con- trols test facility at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory The interaction of baseboard, radiant panel, and furnace heating
Spectral Slope Variation at Proton Scales from Fast to Slow Solar Wind
We investigated the behavior of the spectral slope of interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations at proton scales for selected high resolution time intervals from WIND and MESSENGER spacecraft at $1$ AU and $0.56$ AU, respectively. The analysis was performed within the profile of high speed streams, moving from fast to slow wind regions. The spectral slope showed a large variability between $-3.75$ and $-1.75$ and a robust tendency for this parameter to be steeper within the trailing edge where the speed is higher and to be flatter within the subsequent slower wind, following a gradual transition between these two states. The value of the spectral index seems to depend firmly on the power associated to the fluctuations within the inertial range, higher the power steeper the slope. Our result support previous analyses suggesting that there must be some response of the dissipation mechanism to the level of the energy transfer rate along the inertial range.
Bruno, R; Telloni, D
The Soralux Daylighting System : passive solar illumination for deep-plan building spaces
Daylight is a valuable resource for both energy and human health. However, this resource is often underutilized in buildings due to the difficulty of controlling the changing qualities of daylight. Deep-plan building spaces ...
Thuot, Kevin W. (Kevin William)
Solar wind and geomagnetism: toward a standard classification of geomagnetic activity from 1868 to 2009
We examined solar activity with a large series of geomagnetic data from 1868 to 2009. We have revisited the geomagnetic activity classification scheme of Legrand and Simon (1989) and improve their scheme by lowering the ...
Zerbo, J. L.
Effect of wind speed on the growth of the upper convective zone in a solar pond
LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER Page 111 Vi I INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW III EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS IV RESULTS 14 21 V ENTRAINMENT AS A FUNCTION OF RICHARDSON NUMBER 32 VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 44 REFERENCES APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2... speed. 11. Thickness of UCZ for 9. 6 m/s wind speed. 12. Thickness of UCZ for 15. 0 m/s wind speed. 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 13. Horizontal and vertical coordinates of 25 locations for measuring cross section air velocities. . . . . . 59 14. Air...
McMinn, Steven Lee
Solar Energy Laboratory 1303 Engineering Research Building UniversitySolar Energy Laboratory 1303 Engineering Research laboratory UniversitySolar Energy Group, Energy and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory University
Berdahl, P.
Power Flow Controller for Renewables: Transformer-less Unified Power Flow Controller for Wind and Solar Power Transmission
GENI Project: MSU is developing a power flow controller to improve the routing of electricity from renewable sources through existing power lines. The fast, innovative, and lightweight circuitry that MSU is incorporating into its controller will eliminate the need for a separate heavy and expensive transformer, as well as the construction of new transmission lines. MSU's controller is better suited to control power flows from distributed and intermittent wind and solar power systems than traditional transformer-based controllers are, so it will help to integrate more renewable energy into the grid. MSU's power flow controller can be installed anywhere in the existing grid to optimize energy transmission and help reduce transmission congestion.
Two of the many features associated with nonlinear upstream structures are (1) the solar wind (SW) mean flow slows down and deviates substantially and (2) the temperature of the plasma increases in the structure. In this Letter, we show that the SW beam can be present throughout the entire upstream event maintaining a nearly constant beam velocity and temperature. The decrease of the velocity is due to the appearance of new particles moving in the opposite direction that act against the SW beam and reduce the mean velocity as computed via moments. The new population, which occupies a larger velocity space, also contributes to the second moment, increasing the temperature. The new particles include the reflected SW beam at the bow shock and another population of lower energies, accelerated nearby at the shock or at the boundary of the nonlinear structures.
Parks, G. K.; Lin, N. [Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Lee, E.; Hong, J. [School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi (Korea, Republic of); Fu, S. Y. [School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing (China); McCarthy, M. [Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States); Cao, J. B. [Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 100190, Beijing (China); Liu, Y.; Shi, J. K. [Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Beijing (China); Goldstein, M. L. [NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD (United States); Canu, P. [Laboratory for Plasma Physics, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris (France); Dandouras, I. [CNRS, IRAP, 9 Ave. Colonel Roche, Toulouse (France); Reme, H., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [CNRS, IRAP, University of Toulouse, UPS-OMP, Toulouse (France)
Description and preliminary validation of a model for natural convection heat and air transport in passive solar buildings
We have proposed a transient, quasi-two-dimensional, numerical model for interzone heat flow and airflow in passive solar buildings. The paths for heat flow and airflow are through connecting apertures such as doorways, hallways, and stairways. The model includes the major features that influence interzone convection as determined from the results of our flow visualization tests and temperature and airflow measurements taken in more than a dozen passive solar buildings. The model includes laminar and turbulent quasi-steady boundary-layer equations at vertical heated or cooled walls which are coupled to a one-dimensional core model for each zone. The cores in each zone exchange air and energy through the aperture which is modelled by a Bernoulli equation. Preliminary results from the model are in general agreement with data obtained in full-scale buildings and laboratory experiments. The model predicts room-core temperature stratification of about 2/sup 0/C/m (1.1/sup 0/ F/ft) and maximum aperture velocities of 0.08 m/s (15 ft/min.) for a room-to-room temperature difference of 1/sup 0/F.
Jones, G.F.; Balcomb, J.D.
Print http://us.mg4.mail.yahoo.com/neo/launch?.rand=deOsgk04ks40i Subject: RE: [s-w-h] b Solar verses wind efficiency
.yahoo.com/neo/launch?.rand=deOsgk04ks40i Subject: RE: [s-w-h] b Solar verses wind efficiency From: Michael Klemen (wind4energy;Print http://us.rng4.mail.yahoo.comlneo/launch?.rand=deOsgko4ks4 energy in the wind is proportional://www.ndsu.edu/ndsu/klemen/Perfect_Turbine.htm You can see that for an ideal real life wind turbine ("good turbine") the increase in energy
Solar Impulsive Energetic Electron Events
coronal mass ejections and solar energetic proton events, J.Voyager observations of solar wind proton temperature:1- 10Howard (2004), Variability of solar eruptions during cycle
Wang, Linghua
Ion kinetic energy conservation and magnetic field strength constancy in multi-fluid solar wind Alfv\\'enic turbulence
We investigate properties of the plasma fluid motion in the large amplitude low frequency fluctuations of highly Alfv\\'enic fast solar wind. We show that protons locally conserve total kinetic energy when observed from an effective frame of reference comoving with the fluctuations. For typical properties of the fast wind, this frame can be reasonably identified by alpha particles, which, owing to their drift with respect to protons at about the Alfv\\'en speed along the magnetic field, do not partake in the fluid low frequency fluctuations. Using their velocity to transform proton velocity into the frame of Alfv\\'enic turbulence, we demonstrate that the resulting plasma motion is characterized by a constant absolute value of the velocity, zero electric fields, and aligned velocity and magnetic field vectors as expected for unidirectional Alfv\\'enic fluctuations in equilibrium. We propose that this constraint, via the correlation between velocity and magnetic field in Alfv\\'enic turbulence, is at the origin of ...
Matteini, L; Pantellini, F; Velli, M; Schwartz, S J
Wind and Solar Energy Curtailment: Experience and Practices in the United States
This report examines U.S. curtailment practices, with a particular emphasis on utilities in the Western states. The information presented here is based on a series of interviews conducted with utilities, system operators, wind energy developers, and non-governmental organizations. The report provides case studies of curtailment experience and examines the reasons for curtailment, curtailment procedures, compensation, and practices that can minimize curtailment.
See-through amorphous silicon solar cells with selectively transparent and conducting photonic crystal back reflectors for building integrated photovoltaics
Thin semi-transparent hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cells with selectively transparent and conducting photonic crystal (STCPC) back-reflectors are demonstrated. Short circuit current density of a 135?nm thick a-Si:H cell with a given STCPC back-reflector is enhanced by as much as 23% in comparison to a reference cell with an ITO film functioning as its rear contact. Concurrently, solar irradiance of 295?W/m{sup 2} and illuminance of 3480 lux are transmitted through the cell with a given STCPC back reflector under AM1.5 Global tilt illumination, indicating its utility as a source of space heating and lighting, respectively, in building integrated photovoltaic applications.
Yang, Yang [The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Room GB254B, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4 (Canada)] [The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Room GB254B, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4 (Canada); O'Brien, Paul G. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Room 140, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4 (Canada) [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Room 140, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4 (Canada); Materials Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6 (Canada); Ozin, Geoffrey A., E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Materials Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6 (Canada); Kherani, Nazir P., E-mail: email@example.com, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Room GB254B, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4 (Canada); Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Room 140, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4 (Canada)
Site selection and preliminary evaluation of potential solar-industrial-process-heat applications for federal buildings in Texas
The potential for solr process heat applications for federal buildings in Texas is assessed. The three sites considered are Reese Air Force Base, Lubbock; Fort Bliss, El Paso; and Dyess Air Force Base, Abilene. The application at Lubbock is an electroplating and descaling facility for aircraft maintenance. The one at El Paso is a laundry facility. The Abilene system would use solar heat to preheat boiler feedwater makeup for the base hospital boiler plant. The Lubbock site is found to be the most appropriate one for a demonstration plant, with the Abilene site as an alternate. The processes at each site are described. A preliminary evaluation of the potential contribution by solar energy to the electroplating facility at Reese AFB is included. (LEW)
Branz, M A
Assessment of Wind/Solar Co-Located Generation in Texas
As part of the Solar America Cities program, Austin Energy proposed to perform an assessment of the rooftop area available for PV development within its service area. Austin Energy contracted with Clean Energy Associates (CEA) to perform the analysis. This report summarizes the project objectives, data sources and methodological approach employed, and results.
Massive stars and the energy balance of the interstellar medium. II. The 35 solar mass star and a solution to the "missing wind problem"
We continue our numerical analysis of the morphological and energetic influence of massive stars on their ambient interstellar medium for a 35 solar mass star that evolves from the main sequence through red supergiant and Wolf-Rayet phases, until it ultimately explodes as a supernova. We find that structure formation in the circumstellar gas during the early main-sequence evolution occurs as in the 60 solar mass case but is much less pronounced because of the lower mechanical wind luminosity of the star. Since on the other hand the shell-like structure of the HII region is largely preserved, effects that rely on this symmetry become more important. At the end of the stellar lifetime 1% of the energy released as Lyman continuum radiation and stellar wind has been transferred to the circumstellar gas. From this fraction 10% is kinetic energy of bulk motion, 36% is thermal energy, and the remaining 54% is ionization energy of hydrogen. The sweeping up of the slow red supergiant wind by the fast Wolf-Rayet wind produces remarkable morphological structures and emission signatures, which are compared with existing observations of the Wolf-Rayet bubble S308. Our model reproduces the correct order of magnitude of observed X-ray luminosity, the temperature of the emitting plasma as well as the limb brightening of the intensity profile. This is remarkable, because current analytical and numerical models of Wolf-Rayet bubbles fail to consistently explain these features. A key result is that almost the entire X-ray emission in this stage comes from the shell of red supergiant wind swept up by the shocked Wolf-Rayet wind rather than from the shocked Wolf-Rayet wind itself as hitherto assumed and modeled. This offers a possible solution to what is called the ``missing wind problem'' of Wolf-Rayet bubbles.
Tim Freyer; Gerhard Hensler; Harold W. Yorke
Advanced Numerical Weather Prediction Techniques for Solar Irradiance Forecasting : : Statistical, Data-Assimilation, and Ensemble Forecasting
Piwko, 2010: Western wind and solar integration study. NRELsources such as wind and solar power. Integration of this
Mathiesen, Patrick James
Integrating Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems in Whole Building Energy Simulation
to achieve further energy consumption reductions. To accomplish this, the F- Chart program was used for the solar thermal system analysis and the PV F-Chart program for the solar photovoltaic (PV) system analysis. Authors show how DOE-2.1e simulation... Time series plots of space heating and service hot water loads from SYSTEMS and PLANT simulation runs Due to the fact that the solar thermal systems analysis program, F-Chart, takes into account the system efficiencies in its loads calculation...
Cho, S.; Haberl, J.
Wind and solar power electric generation to see strong growth over the next two years
Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update (EIA)
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul(Summary) " ,"Click worksheet9,1,50022,3,,,,6,1,,781Title: Telephone:short version) Themonthly4BlenderWeeklyNetWind
A Steady-State Picture of Solar Wind Acceleration and Charge State Composition Derived from a Global Wave-Driven MHD Model
The higher charge states found in slow ($<$400km s$^{-1}$) solar wind streams compared to fast streams have supported the hypothesis that the slow wind originates in closed coronal loops, and released intermittently through reconnection. Here we examine whether a highly ionized slow wind can also form along steady and open magnetic field lines. We model the steady-state solar atmosphere using AWSoM, a global magnetohydrodynamic model driven by Alfv{\\'e}n waves, and apply an ionization code to calculate the charge state evolution along modeled open field lines. This constitutes the first charge states calculation covering all latitudes in a realistic magnetic field. The ratios $O^{+7}/O^{+6}$ and $C^{+6}/C^{+5}$ are compared to in-situ Ulysses observations, and are found to be higher in the slow wind, as observed; however, they are under-predicted in both wind types. The modeled ion fractions of S, Si, and Fe are used to calculate line-of-sight intensities, which are compared to EIS observations above a cor...
Oran, Rona; van der Holst, Bart; Lepri, Susan T; Frazin, Alberto M Vásquez Federico A Nuevo Richard; Manchester, Ward B; Sokolov, Igor V; Gombosi, Tamas I
The Political Economy of Wind Power in China
solar panels are too expensive to install domestically, China'China,? as Chinese wind resources are abundant and wind power is cheaper than solar
Swanson, Ryan Landon
We present a measurement of the energy carried and dissipated by Alfvén waves in a polar coronal hole. Alfvén waves have been proposed as the energy source that heats the corona and drives the solar wind. Previous work has shown that line widths decrease with height in coronal holes, which is a signature of wave damping, but have been unable to quantify the energy lost by the waves. This is because line widths depend on both the non-thermal velocity v{sub nt} and the ion temperature T{sub i}. We have implemented a means to separate the T{sub i} and v{sub nt} contributions using the observation that at low heights the waves are undamped and the ion temperatures do not change with height. This enables us to determine the amount of energy carried by the waves at low heights, which is proportional to v{sub nt}. We find the initial energy flux density present was 6.7 ± 0.7 × 10{sup 5} erg cm{sup –2} s{sup –1}, which is sufficient to heat the coronal hole and accelerate the solar wind during the 2007-2009 solar minimum. Additionally, we find that about 85% of this energy is dissipated below 1.5 R{sub ?}, sufficiently low that thermal conduction can transport the energy throughout the coronal hole, heating it and driving the fast solar wind. The remaining energy is roughly consistent with what models show is needed to provide the extended heating above the sonic point for the fast solar wind. We have also studied T{sub i}, which we found to be in the range of 1-2 MK, depending on the ion species.
Hahn, M.; Savin, D. W. [Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, MC 5247, 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027 (United States)
International Energy Agency Implementing Agreements and Annexes: A Guide for Building Technologies Program Managers
solar and low energy buildings Solar heat for industrial processSolar and Low Energy Buildings Solar Heat for Industrial ProcessSolar and Low Energy Buildings Solar Heat for Industrial Process
Evans, Meredydd
P. , Arge, C.N. : 2008, Solar Phys. Lee, C.O. , Luhmann,De Pater, I. , et al. : 2009, Solar Phys. in press. Li, Y. ,G.W. , Kopp, R.A. : 1971, Solar Phys. 18, 258. Schatten,
Assessment of Solar Energy Conversion Technologies-Application of Thermoelectric Devices in Retrofit
an Office Building
Thermo electric (TE) devices offer an opportunity to introduce renewable energy into existing and new buildings. TE devices harvest energy from the temperature differential between the hot and cold side of a semiconductor material. In this study...
Azarbayjani, M.; Anderson, J.
Analysis of the Effects of the Application of Solar Water Heater in Building Energy Consumption
With the development of the economy, civilian construction in the Changjiang River delta region is rapidly expanding. The boom in the construction industry definitely results in that the proportion of building energy consumption to whole energy...
Wang, J.; Li, Z.
Building with passive solar: an application guide for the southern homeowner and builder
This instructional material was prepared for training workshops for builders and home designers. It includes: fundamental definitions and equations, climate and site studies, building components, passive systems and techniques, and design tools. (MHR)
SciTech Connect: "solar plasma wind"
Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)
AFDC Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page to someone by E-mail Share EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Facebook Tweet about EERE: Alternative Fuels Data Center Home Page on Twitter Bookmark EERE:1 First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel),Feet) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul(Summary)morphinanInformation InInformation In closing,--SpeedingSpeedingSpeeding"Sambeek, L.L. Van"solar
Solar Photovoltaic Economic Development: Building and Growing a Local PV Industry, August 2011 (Book)
The U.S. photovoltaic (PV) industry is forecast to grow, and it represents an opportunity for economic development and job creation in communities throughout the United States. This report helps U.S. cities evaluate economic opportunities in the PV industry. It serves as a guide for local economic development offices in evaluating their community?s competitiveness in the solar PV industry, assessing the viability of solar PV development goals, and developing strategies for recruiting and retaining PV companies to their areas.
Variation in rectal temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate of cattle as related to variations in solar radiation, air temperature, wind velocity, and vapor pressure
VARIATION IN RECTAL TEMPERATURE, RESPIRATORY RATE, AND PULSE RATE GF CATTLE AS RELATED TO VARIATIONS IN SOLAR RADIATION, AIR TEMPERATURE, WIND VELOCITY, AND VAPOR PRESSURE A Dissertation By Mohammad Fazlur Rahim Quazi Approved as to style... Dissertation By Mohammad Fazlur Rahim tyiazi Submitted to the Graduate School of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 1955 Major Subject: Genetics ? ?4...
Quazi, Mohammad Fazlur Rahim
Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) Data from the National Renewable Energy Library and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)
DOE Data Explorer [Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI)]
The SWERA Programme provides easy access to credible renewable energy data to stimulate investment in, and development of, renewable energy technologies. The Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) started in 2001 to advance the large-scale use of renewable energy technologies by increasing the availability and accessibility of high-quality solar and wind resource information. SWERA began as a pilot project with funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and managed by the United Nations Environment Programme's (UNEP) Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE) in collaboration with more than 25 partners around the world. With the success of the project in 13 pilot countries SWERA expanded in 2006 into a full programme. Its expanded mission is to provide high quality information on renewable energy resources for countries and regions around the world, along with the tools needed to apply these data in ways that facilitate renewable energy policies and investments.[from the SWERA Guide at http://swera.unep.net/index.php?id=sweraguide_chp1] DOE and, in particular, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, has been a functioning partner from the beginning. NREL was part of the original technical team involved in mapping, database, and GIS activities. Solar, wind, and meteorological data for selected countries can be accessed through a variety of different tools and interfaces.
Optimization of satellite coverage in observing cause and effect changes in the ionosphere, magnetosphere, and solar wind. Master's thesis
Disturbances in the ionosphere sometimes cause adverse effects to communications systems, power grids, etc. on the earth. Currently, very little, if any, lead time is given to warn of an impending problem. If a forecast could be made of ionospheric occurrences, some lead time may be given to appropriate agencies and equipment may be saved. Most changes that occur in the ionosphere are a result of interaction of energy, currents, etc. between the magnetosphere and/or solar wind. Before a forecast can be made, however, improvement of ionospheric models currently in use need to be made. The models currently depict features in various regions of the ionosphere but not always where these features are actually observed. So an improvement to the model is needed to create an accurate baseline condition, or in other words an accurate depiction of the current ionosphere. Models could be improved by inputting real-time data from the ionosphere into the model. This data would come from satellites and/or ground-based stations.
Loveless, M.J.
Clean Energy State Program Guide: Mainstreaming Solar Electricity Strategies for States to Build Local Markets
A PV mapping tool visually represents a specific site and calculates PV system size and projected electricity production. This report identifies the commercially available solar mapping tools and thoroughly summarizes the source data type and resolution, the visualization software program being used, user inputs, calculation methodology and algorithms, map outputs, and development costs for each map.
Assessment of solar technology in the home-building industry. Final report
The NAHB Research Foundation, Inc., conducted a review of existing survey data supplied by home builders. The objective of this effort was to provide data which would serve as a basis for evaluating the completed and/or continuing programs of the Office of Solar Heat Technologies and to identify areas of future program emphasis.
Building a national wind turbine industry: experiences fromthe world's largest manufacturer of wind turbines. 1 Inthe world's installed wind turbines were erected in China,
Boston Massachusetts: Solar in Action (Brochure), Solar America...
Initiative) Solar installation goal: 25 megawatts (MW) cumulative installed solar capacity in the city by 2015 The reinvigorated Solar Boston Partnership builds on the work of...
Prediction of internal temperature swings in direct-gain passive-solar buildings
The diurnal heat capacity method is presented for estimating inside-temperature swings attributable to direct winter solar gain. The procedures are simplified to be suitable for hand analysis, aided by tables of diurnal heat capacity for various materials. The method has been spot checked against computer simulation and has been used successfully by a group of 20 builders in New Mexico to analyze whether temperature swings would be excessive in their designs.
Diurnal heat storage in direct-gain passive-solar buildings
This paper presents a simplified method for predicting temperature swings in direct-gain buildings. It is called the DHC method due to the use of a diurnal heat capacity (DHC). Diurnal heat capacity is a measure of the effective amount of heat stored during a sunny day and then released at night - the typical 24-hour diurnal cycle. This enables prediction of the maximum temperature swings experienced in the building and can be calculated using a single 24-hour harmonic. The advantage is that closed-form analytic solutions can be obtained for a variety of simple and layered-wall configurations. Higher harmonic components are accounted for by a correction factor. The method is suitable for us by hand or on a programmable calculator.
Balcomb, J.D.; Neeper, D.A.
M. Sri, J. Remund, T. Cebecauer, D. Dumortier, L. Wald, T. Huld, P. Blanc, Proceeding of the EUROSUN 2008, International Conference on Solar Heating, Cooling and Buildings, Lisbon, Portugal, 7 10 October 2008.
of the EUROSUN 2008, 1st International Conference on Solar Heating, Cooling and Buildings, Lisbon, Portugal, 7 Â 10 October 2008. First Steps in the Cross-Comparison of Solar Resource Spatial Products in Europe M in complex climate conditions of mountains, along some coastal zones and in areas where solar radiation
energy. Passive Solar Building Design and Design Toolsthermal zones. Passive Solar Building Design and Designof design concepts for commercial passive solar building
Authors, Various
Analysis of Solar Passive Techniques and Natural Ventilation Concepts in a Residential Building Including CFD Simulation
(global horizontal, direct normal and diffuse horizontal) and wind conditions (direction and speed). It is possible that climate data file does not fit exactly to the characteristics of Cerdanyola del Vall?s, which is further from the coast and has... 61.10 3.01 53.60 0.00 117.71 Mar 68.26 5.75 10.12 2.52 86.64 Apr 65.16 14.65 0.00 15.81 95.62 May 67.19 21.48 0.00 40.70 129.37 Jun 66.23 33.88 0.00 112.05 212.15 Jul 67.19 46.70 0.00 196.57 310.46 Aug 67.72 47.77 0.00 209.61 325.10 Sep 65...
Quince, N.; Ordonez, A.; Bruno, J. C.; Coronas, A.
Low-energy Passive Solar Residence in Austin, Texas
. In the designcase, the placement of the wind catcher and the solar chimney has been designed so that a thermal siphon of airflow inside the building can be created. The design might show that there will be a natural airflow during the time of the year when natural...
Sau, Arunabha
passive solar system analysis capabilities to the building designpassive solar design concepts to the non-residential building
Sonderegger, R. C.
Characterization of the Solar Power Resource in Europe and Assessing Benefits of Co-Location with Wind Power Installations
The extent, availability and reliability of solar power generation are assessed over Europe, and—following a previously developed methodology—special attention is given to the intermittency of solar power. Combined with ...
Bozonnat, C.
Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. Their policies may differ from this site.
Website Policies and Important Links
Search capabilities provided by DOE/OSTI