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st 1 Draft (Working Document) Southern Africa Sub‐ Regional Framework on Climate Change Programmes Report By Nyasha E. Chishakwe February 2010 This is a stocktaking and gap analysis report of programmes, projects, decisions and initiatives focused on climate change activities in Southern Africa. It is contributing to the comprehensive framework of climate change programmes in Africa facilitated by the African Ministerial Conference on Environment (AMCEN). 2|Page Table of Contents Abbreviations 4 1. Introduction 5 1.1 Background 5 1.2 Sub‐regional Climate Change Outlook 7 1.2.1 Sub‐regional GHG emissions 8 1.3 Sub‐regional Vulnerability to Climate Change 8 1.3.1 Impact of Climate Change on MDGs 9 1.4 The UNFCCC Process 10 1.5 The AMCEN Process 11 1.6 Scope and Methodology of Study 11 1.7 Challenges and Limitations 12 2. Sub‐regional Climate Change Programmes in Southern Africa 12 2.1 Inter‐governmental Programmes 13 2.2 Civil Society Driven Programme 19 3. National Climate Change Programme in Southern Africa 31 4. Gap Analysis 66 4.1 Identifying Gaps 66 4.1.1 Gaps in Adaptation programmes 66 4.1.2 Gaps in Mitigation programmes 68 4.1.3 Gaps in Supporting Measures 69 5. Recommendations 72 5.1 Recommendations on Adaptation 72 5.2 Recommendations on Mitigation 74 5.3 Recommendations on Supporting Measures 76 References 78 Annex I 79 3|Page Abbreviations AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses AMCEN African Ministerial Conference on Environment CDIAC Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DRR Disaster Reduction and Risk Management ENSO El Nino‐Southern Oscillation FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI Gross National Income HDI Human Development Index IPCC Inter‐governmental Panel on Climate Change ISS Institute for Security Studies LULUCF Land Use, Land‐Use Change and Forests MDG Millennium Development Goals NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NCAR National Centre for Atmospheric Research REDD Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SADC Southern Africa Development Community SARCOF Southern Africa Regional Climate Outlook Forum UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency WRI World Resources Institute 4|Page 1. Introduction 1.1 Background The southern Africa sub‐region, for purposes of this paper, is defined as the total geographical area occupied by member States of the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). SADC, as an inter‐governmental organization, was established by the SADC Treaty of 1992. The Treaty came into force in 1993 after the requisite two‐thirds of the member States ratified. It seeks to achieve development and economic growth, alleviate poverty, enhance the standard and quality of life of the people of southern Africa and support the socially disadvantaged through regional integration. These objectives are to be achieved through increased regional integration, built on democratic principles and equitable and sustainable development. The SADC member States include Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The southern Africa sub‐region has a combined population of over 228 million people and an aggregate GDP of USD 226.1 billion (SADC, 2003). Its GDP is equivalent to more than half of the aggregate GDP of sub‐Saharan Africa (ISS, 2006). However despite its relatively high aggregate GDP, individual countries' social and economic growth and development vary considerably. Some countries are achieving high growth rates, while the growth of others is low. For instance, the national economic development status of the sub‐region is a combination of advanced developing countries like South Africa, developing countries like Zimbabwe, and least developed countries like Malawi. Source: SADC Statistics (2003) That notwithstanding, the general characteristics of the sub‐region's aggregate economy is that of a developing sub‐region where large shares of GDP come from primary sectors of production such as agriculture and mining, whose total contribution is, on average over 50% of total GDP (SADC, 2003). Statistics on SADC show that only Mauritius and South Africa have sizeable manufacturing sectors that account for approximately 25% of national GDP. The rest of the Member States have relatively small manufacturing sectors. They depend on 5|Page services, agriculture or mining. South Africa and Zimbabwe have significant mineral‐ resource based manufacturing industries. The national economic status variation among SADC countries is also illustrated by the inconsistencies in national per capita income. While the sub‐region's average level of per capita income, as measured by Gross National Income (GNI), is USD 1,563 (SADC, 2003), this figure does not give an accurate depiction of the national per capita income. For instance, whereas Seychelles has a GNI per capita of US $6,530, Mauritius (US $3,830), Botswana (US $3,100), and South Africa (US $2,820); other countries have GNI per capita of less than USD 500. Such countries include DRC (US $80), Malawi US $160), Mozambique (US 210), Tanzania (US $270), Zambia (US $320) and Zimbabwe (US $480) (ISS, 2004). National variations also exist in the levels and rates of growth of human development (measured by the Human Development Index [HDI]). The HDI incorporates life expectancy at birth, combined gross enrolment rations at all levels of education, adult literacy, and real per capita income. According to the 2000 SADC Regional Human Development Report, the average HDI for the SADC region in 1998 was 0.538 in comparison to 0.568 in 1995. The majority of SADC Member States fall within two broad categories of human development. Seven Member States fall in the medium human development category, with an index value of 0.500 ‐ 0.799, whilst six are in the low human development category with an index value below 0.500 (SADC, 2000). Although the socio‐economic indicators vary considerably between SADC countries, the only phenomenon that is somewhat constant and found in all SADC countries is poverty. Poverty is the sub‐region's major development challenge. Recent statistics from the African Development Bank (2007) indicate that about 70% of the population in the region lives below the international poverty line of US$2 per day. The World Bank (2007) also noted that about 80% of the population in some Member States such as Mozambique and Zambia are estimated to be living in extreme poverty. However, the extent of human poverty varies among SADC countries. The levels range from the highest figure of about 54.7% of the population affected by human poverty to the lowest index of 11.6%. A few Member States such as Mozambique, Malawi, and Zambia are worst affected as they have a human poverty index of above the regional figure of 31.5% (ISS, 2004). About half of Member States have an index just slightly below the regional average. The problem of poverty as reflected in poor access to water and malnutrition has been exacerbated by climate variability that has resulted in re‐current droughts, floods and other natural disasters in the sub‐region (SADC, 2008). This has caused a series of food shortages, thereby exposing the sub‐region to serious food insecurity. When droughts occur for example, approximately 14 million people are threatened with starvation in the sub‐region (SADC, 2008). This manifestation of poverty is particularly acute among vulnerable groups 6|Page such as households headed by old people and child‐headed households, that are on the increase due to the impact of HIV and AIDS. 1.2 Sub‐regional Climate Outlook The climatic condition of the Southern Africa sub‐region varies spatially from arid in the west through semi‐arid and temperate areas in central zones to semi‐arid in the east, with a few sub‐humid areas in the central regions. However, closer to the equator in Angola, DRC and coastal Tanzania, the climate is largely humid. The climate of the sub‐region is influenced by air masses of different origins (SARCOF, 2008). Three prevailing wind systems have a strong influence on the region's climate, and these are the sub‐tropical eastern continental moist maritime (with regular occurrence of cyclones); the south‐easterly wind systems that brings rainfall from the Indian Ocean (including Mauritius); and the Inter‐ Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The sub‐region has been experiencing a warming trend over the past few decades. This is consistent with the global trend of temperature rise in the 1970s, 1980s and the 1990s. According to the IPCC (2001), temperatures in the sub‐region have risen by over 0.5°C over the last 100 years. Between 1950 and 2000 Namibia for example, experienced warming at a rate of 0.023°C per year (Government of Namibia, 2002). The Indian Ocean has also warmed more than 1°C since 1950. During this period, the region has also experienced a downward trend in rainfall (NCAR, 2005). This has been characterized by below‐normal rainfalls and frequent droughts. For example, between 1988 and 1992 the sub‐region experienced over 15 drought events. There has also been an increase in the frequency and intensity of El Nino episodes. For instance, prior to the 1980s, strong El Nino events occurred every 10 to 20 years on average (UNEP & ICRAF, 2006). However after 1980, particularly 1982 and 1983; 1991 and 1992; 1994 and 1995; and 1997 and 1998, strong El Nino occurrences have been more frequent (Glantz et al., 1997). It is widely accepted, based on future climate modelling findings, that the sub‐region's climate will be hotter and drier in the future than it is today. Ragab and Prudhomme (2002) observed that by 2050, the sub‐region's average annual temperature is expected to increase by between 1.5 and 2.5°C for countries in the southern end of the sub‐region and by between 2.5 and 3.0° C for countries in the northern end of the sub‐region if compared to the 1961‐1990 average. Such temperature rises are expected to be greater in the summer than in winter season. Furthermore, more recent climate modelling findings from the National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States revealed 'very clear and dramatic warming of the Indian Ocean into the future, which means more and more drought for southern Africa' (NCAR, 2005)1. The study showed that monsoons across southern Africa 1 Cited in Kanji et al (2006) 7|Page could be 10 to 20 percent drier than the 1950‐1999 average. Annual regional precipitation is expected to reduce by 10 percent, with greater reductions in the northern part of the sub‐ region than in the southern part (Ragab and Prudhomme, 2002). The third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), indicated that climate change may increase the frequency of El Nino‐Sothern Oscillation (ENSO) warm phases by increasing the warm pool in the tropical western Pacific or by reducing the efficiency of heat loss. 1.2.1 Sub‐region's Contribution to GHG Emissions The main emitters of CO2 in Southern Africa are fossil fuel burning (liquid fuels and especially coal in the thermal power stations of South Africa), deforestation and land degradation, which includes loss of carbon from the soil. Deforestation is the second largest emitter globally of carbon emissions, after the consumption of fossil fuels. Cement making is also an emitter of CO2 (~ 220 kg C per tonne of cement), contributing about 2.5% of total CO2 emissions globally (Ragad and Prudhomme, 2002). Of special concern to Southern African sub‐region are GHG emissions from the degradation of forests and removal of other vegetation types. The carbon storage, or pool, in tropical forests is highly variable and can range from 50—570 Mg/ha (50—570 t/ha) while subtropical savannas and grasslands hold less at 70—130 Mg/ha (70—130 t/ha). These figures include soil carbon, which can be a significant proportion of the total quantum (Kanji et al, 2006). Globally, the main carbon sinks are the absorption of CO2 by the oceans and the uptake of carbon in plants through photosynthesis. In southern Africa CO2 fertilisation, that is caused by the increased concentration of atmospheric CO2, is adding to the stored carbon in undisturbed areas, but the increasing deforestation in most countries is reducing total stored carbon (Kanji et al, 2006). A reversal of the impacts of deforestation, land disturbance and degradation is required to increase the quantity of stored carbon. Higher values of stored carbon is an indicator of healthy ecosystems. 1.3 Sub‐regional Vulnerability to Climate Change The extreme climatic events that the sub‐region has been experiencing, especially the El Nino related droughts, are negatively impacting the inhabitants and economies of the southern Africa sub‐region. For instance, El Nino events that occurred between 1965 and 1997 resulted in significant decreases in agricultural production, thereby accentuating the food insecurity situation in the sub‐region. Furthermore, the warming of the Pacific ocean in 1991 and 1992 caused one of the worst droughts the sub‐region has ever experienced in the last century (Glantz et al., 1997). These events resulted in crop losses and death of cattle herds that subsequently led to widespread food shortages. Since 2001, consecutive dry spells in some areas of the sub‐region also led to food shortages. For example, in 2001 and 2002 six countries, namely Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe, faced a food deficit of about 1.2 million tonnes of cereals and non‐food 8|Page requirements. These were estimated to cost US$611 million (SADC, 2002). The 2002 and 2003 drought resulted in a food deficit of 3.3 million tonnes, with an estimated 14.4 million people in need of assistance (Kanji et al, 2006). For small island developing states like Mauritius extreme climatic events have resulted in mean sea level rise of 1.2mm during the past decade. It is expected that sea level rise will lead to saline intrusion, contaminating freshwater coastal aquifers along the coasts. Additionally, much of the prime agricultural land is located on the coastal plains which are threatened by the sea‐level rise. It is forecasted that sea level rise will inundate certain low lying coastal areas thereby affecting coastal wetlands and mangrove areas which are important nursery grounds for fish and other marine species (Government of Mauritius, 2009). Climate variability can also have severe macroeconomic consequences. In this regard, droughts and floods are important factors determining the economic growth of the southern African countries. For instance, the GDP for Zimbabwe dropped by 3 percent and 11 percent after the 1983 and 1992 droughts, respectively (Kanji et al, 2006). In South Africa, the 1992 drought was estimated to have reduced the agricultural GDP by about R1.2 billion and caused a 0.4‐1.0 percent loss in economic growth (Glantz et al., 1997). The same drought cost the Zambian government US$300 million, which caused a US$1.7 billion deficit in 1992 and translated into a 39% drop in agricultural output and a 2.8 percent decline in the country's GDP (Government of Zambia, 1996). It is also argued that the prevalence of El Nino in the region is likely to scare off potential foreign investors who would not want to risk business ventures in an 'unfriendly' environment (Kanji et al, 2006). For example, the months preceding the 1991 and 1992 El Nino were characterised by a downward trend in the Zimbabwe stock exchange. During the drought, the country's stock market declined by 62%. Other sectors such as desertification and the conservation of forest and wildlife resources, are impacted by pressures and conflicts created by demographic change as a result of climate variability. 1.3.1 Impact of Climate Change on MDGs Realization in the Sub‐region In southern Africa, an additional warming of the globe can adversely influence attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). These can be illustrated by, amongst other things, reduction in soil moisture and water runoff to rivers caused by a warmer and drier climate that is triggered by increased frequency and intensity of El Nino events (Kanji et al, 2006). This may affect crop production, which is critical in ensuring food security and poverty reduction (Goal 1 of MDGs). Loss of biological diversity, land degradation and desertification can also occur as a result of increased aridity (Kanji et al, 2006). This could impact on environmental sustainability (Goal 7 of the MDGs). The realization of Goal 6 of the MDGs may be affected through the increase in water and vector‐borne diseases as a result of long term rise in temperatures and occasional flooding caused by El Nino events (Kanji et al, 2006). Increased frequency of climatic disasters can force children out of school 9|Page due to increased poverty, food shortage, remoteness and isolation, and child abandonment. This may affect the achievement of Goal 2 of the MDGs. Anthropology studies have revealed that when anticipated climate‐induced disasters occur, women often get a disproportionate share of the burden because they have less opportunities than men. This may undermine their education and development and affect their welfare and that of children, thereby affecting the realization of MDG goals 3, 4, 5 (Kanji et al, 2006). Most of the economies in the sub‐region depend on agriculture and natural resources. Therefore, intense and frequent droughts will impact on the critical sectors of the national economies. The consequences of a collapsed economy together with costs associated disaster response operations may reduce the ability of governments to invest in important socio‐economic sectors. This may hinder the achievement of MDG goals 1‐7 (Kanji et al, 2006). 1.4 The UNFCCC Process The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change came into force in 1994. To date, all the countries in the southern Africa sub‐region have ratified both the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, although the dates of ratification vary considerably (see Table 1). All SADC countries except for Angola, have submitted their Initial National Communications (INCs). The least developed countries in the sub‐region that have National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) in place are DRC, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia. Table 1: UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol Ratification Status for SADC countries Country Date of Signing UNFCCC Date of Ratifying Date of Ratifying UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol Angola 14 June 1992 17 May 2000 8 May 2007 Botswana 12 June 1992 27 January 1994 8 August 2003 DRC 11 June 1992 9 January 1995 23 March 2005 Lesotho 11 June 1992 7 February 1995 6 September 2000 Madagascar 10 June 1992 2 June 1999 24 September 2003 Malawi 10 June 1992 21 April 1994 26 October 2001 Mauritius 10 June 1992 4 September 1992 9 May 2001 Mozambique 12 June 1992 25 August 1995 18 January 2005 Namibia 12 June 1992 16 May 1995 4 September 2003 Seychelles 10 June 1992 22 September 1992 22 July 2002 South Africa 15 June 1993 29 August 1997 31 July 2002 Swaziland 12 June 1992 7 October 1996 13 January 2006 Tanzania 12 June 1992 17 April 1996 26 August 2002 Zambia 11 June 1992 28 May 1993 7 July 2006 Zimbabwe 12 June 1992 3 November 1992 28 September 2009 10 | P a g e 1.5 The AMCEN Process The 12th Ministerial Session of the African Ministerial Conference on Environment (AMCEN), recognized the need to integrate Africa's existing and new climate change programmes under a consolidated framework. The framework is intended to ensure coherence and efficient coordination of all climate change programmes, projects and initiatives on the continent. To assist with this effort, AMCEN's African Group of Experts developed an indicative outline for the framework of programmes that will serve as a tool for future programming work especially with regards to filling gaps on areas that require future attention. The core features of the indicative outline closely follows the four pillars of the Bali Action Plan. They include (a) adaptation and (b) mitigation as the two implementation areas. It also includes (c) supporting measures such as technology transfer, capacity building and finance, as components that support programme implementation. With regards to adaptation, the indicative outline identified the following key areas: disaster reduction and risk management; sectoral planning and implementation; and building economic and social resilience. On mitigation, the indicative outline identified the energy sector; reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD); land use, land use change and forests (LULUCF); and carbon markets, as critical areas of implementation. Under supporting measures, the indicative outline identified finance, capacity building and technology transfer, as crucial issues that can enhance and facilitate the implementation of the programmes. 1.6 Scope and Methodology There are several programmes, projects and initiatives on climate change that are being implemented in the southern Africa sub‐region in response to climate change2. These are either sub‐regional or national in scope. Sub‐regional programmes, for purposes of this report, are defined as those with activities in two or more countries in the southern Africa sub‐region. National programmes are those with activities in one country in the sub‐region. This paper outlines both sub‐regional and national programmes being implemented within the southern Africa sub‐region. The study was undertaken through a desk review of various sources of primary and secondary information on climate change programmes and issues in Southern Africa. For sub‐regional programmes, information was sourced through internet searches and where possible, through interviews with relevant organizations. For national programmes, a questionnaire was circulated to national climate change focal points in SADC countries. The national questionnaire responses are attached to this report as Annexure I. 2 The paper focuses on programmes, projects, initiatives and decisions focusing on climate change in southern Africa. However, for purposes of brevity, the phrase 'programme' is used (and at times interchangeably) within this context with 'programmes, projects, initiatives and decisions' on climate change, in the report. 11 | P a g e 1.7 Challenges/Limitations The focus areas of existing individual sub‐regional and national climate change programmes do not neatly fit into the headings outlined in the indicative outline of the comprehensive framework as developed by AMCEN, namely adaptation, mitigation, and supporting measures in all cases. This is because each programme was developed to respond to a particular challenge, which may or may not have the issues under the prescribed headings as their main areas of focus. As such, while the focus of some individual programmes may address a singular heading, most of them embrace a combination of focus areas (headings) in one programme. For instance, a single programme may focus on adaptation and mitigation as areas of implementation and also have components that focus on supporting measures as well. Others may not have any of these headings as their primary area of focus. It is therefore a challenge to classify the programmes with scientific accuracy to match the indicative outline headings. There was limited feedback by national focal points on the questionnaire circulated. This is probably due to the fact that most focal points were inundated with CoP 15 preparatory work commitments. The national programme section of this first draft and the recommendations ensuing from the section is principally based on feedback from four countries that responded, namely Malawi, Mauritius, South Africa and Zimbabwe. In some instances however country information was obtained from internet searches, where they were available, such as in the case of Namibia, Zambia and Madagascar. 2. Sub‐regional Climate Change Programmes in Southern Africa Southern Africa hosts a number of sub‐regional programmes with activities focusing on various aspects of climate change. These are either (a) programmes developed and implemented by sub‐regional inter‐governmental organizations3 such as SADC and/or COMESA or (b) programmes sponsored and implemented by civil society organizations such as international non‐governmental organizations. This section outlines and takes stock of existing sub‐regional programmes in southern Africa. They are listed and explained below following the headings identified in the indicative outline of the comprehensive framework on climate change programmes developed by AMCEN, namely (i) Adaptation, (ii) Mitigation and (iii) Supporting Measures. 3 These are also referred to as Regional Economic Communities (RECs) 12 | P a g e 2.1 Sub‐regional Intergovernmental Programmes on Climate Change in Southern Africa Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy Sector> <Capacity Building> The SADC Drought Monitoring Centre ProBEC (Programme for Basic Energy COMESA Climate Change Initiative ‐ The goal SADC 24th Plenary Assembly of the (DMC): The main objective of the and Conservation). This is a SADC of COMESA's Climate Change Initiative is: SADC Parliamentary Forum SADC DMC is to carry out climate project that manages and stimulates "Achieving economic prosperity and climate th Communiqué of the 20 – 27 of th the establishment of various projects monitoring and prediction for early change protection." The overall objective of November 2008 ‐ Paragraph 6: Noting based on basic energy conservation in warning and mitigation of adverse 10 member states in SADC. Currently the Initiative is to address climate change and that, as a result of the Climate change impacts of extreme climatic events ProBEC is actively involved in Malawi, its impacts in a manner that builds economic the SADC region is periodically faced on agricultural production, food Lesotho, Mozambique, Tanzania, and social resilience for present and future with floods and droughts, that the security, water resources, energy, and Swaziland, Zambia, Botswana, generations. The specific objectives are to current energy crisis in the SADC region health among other socio‐economic Namibia and South Africa consolidate a shared vision for Africa on has exacerbated poverty in the region, sectors. The centre has played an climate change and a common and informed the Forum acknowledged that there is important role in providing the sub‐ voice for the continent in the Post Kyoto need for parliamentarians to raise their region with weather and climate Climate Change negotiations and beyond; commitment to fighting poverty, advisories and more importantly, foster regional and national cooperation to climate change and other regional timely early warnings on droughts, address climate change and its impacts; crises and challenges floods and other extreme climate promote integration of climate change related events. considerations into regional, national policies, sectoral planning and development and Southern Africa Regional Climate budgeting; enhance human and institutional Outlook Forum (SARCOF) capacities of COMESA Secretariat, specialized This forum brings together Climate institutions and Member States to effectively scientists from SADC National address the challenges of climate change; Meteorological and/ or Hydrological Services (NMHSs) and the Drought mobilize African and international scientific Monitoring Centre (DMC) to prepare and technical communities to increase reports on seasonal climate status and knowledge base and its management to outlook. support informed decision making processes; promote and enhance collaboration, synergy, partnerships and effective participation of Governments, business community, civil society and other stakeholders in climate change matters; and provide a framework for the establishment of an African BioCarbon Facility that combines market‐based offsets, public and private funds. SADC Task Force for Monitoring SADC Regional Environmental Programme SADC Protocol on Forestry ‐ Article 3: Weather Conditions – This Task Force The purpose of the Regional Environmental To achieve the objectives of this is found under the Food Security, Education (EE) Programme is to enable Protocol, State Parties shall co‐operate Technical and Administrative Unit. It is environmental education practitioners in the by: (a) assisting and supporting each specifically there to monitor weather SADC region to strengthen environmental other to address issues of common conditions. The task force comprises the SADC's Regional Early Warning education processes for equitable and concern including deforestation, Unit, the Regional Remote Sensing sustainable environmental management genetic erosion, climate change, forest Project, the Drought Monitoring choices. This will be achieved through fires, pests, diseases, invasive alien Centre and the Famine Early Warning enhanced and strengthened environmental species, and law enforcement in a System Project, all based in Harare, education policy, networking, resource manner that makes the best use of the Zimbabwe. The early warning unit materials, training capacity, and research and technical, financial and other resources issues alerts to help member evaluation. in the Region countries prepare for the prospect of drought or flooding and consider ways of mitigating their effects SADC Regional Early Warning System SADC Meeting of Ministers of This provides advance information on Environment and Sustainable food crop yields and food supplies and Development Communiqué of 13th requirements. The information alerts November 2009 – Paragraph 4: Member States and stakeholders of Ministers noted the upcoming Fifteenth impending food shortages/surpluses Session of the Conference of the Parties early enough for appropriate to the United Nations Framework interventions. National Early Warning Convention on Climate Change (COP 15 Units have been established in all of UNFCCC) scheduled for Copenhagen, Member States to collect, analyse and Denmark during December 7 – 18, disseminate early warning 2009. Despite the fact that the SADC 14 | P a g e information at country level; AIMS region has contributed very little to produces regional reports. global warming, it is more affected by the impacts of climate change. Ministers resolved that adaptation to climate change remains a top priority for the region. In this regard, Ministers called upon the SADC Member States to support the common position of Africa. On mitigation, Ministers resolved that this be voluntary on the part of the region and other Developing Countries. Ministers called upon Developed Countries who are responsible for most of the green house gas emissions to undertake strict mitigation measures to reduce emissions. With regard to "Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation" (REDD), Ministers resolved to support the SADC position. SADC Regional Remote Sensing Unit SADC Environment and Sustainable The unit is a centre of technical Development Programme expertise facilitating training The overall objective of the Environment and Sustainable programmes and technical support in Development programme is to ensure the field of Remote Sensing, Agro‐ the equitable and sustainable use of meteorology and GIS in support of the environment and land based early warning for food security, resources for the benefit of the natural resources management and present and future generations. The disaster management. economies of SADC Member States are mainly agro based, however the region continues to experience high levels of environmental degradation manifested, among other things, by 15 | P a g e deforestation, loss of biodiversity, pollution, soil erosion, decreasing quality and quantity of water, poor sanitation services and poor urban conditions. SADC 29th Heads of State and Government Summit Communiqué of 8 September 2009 – Paragraph 25: The Summit reiterated SADC's support of the African position on a comprehensive internal climate change regime beyond 2012 to be set within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to be held in Copenhagen, Denmark in December 2009. <Sectoral Planning and <REDD> <Finance> Implementation > SADC Groundwater and Drought SADC Regional Drought Fund – This has not Management project ‐ The objective been launched yet, but it is intended to of the project is for SADC member provide funds to drought affected member countries. Consultations with the World Bank states to develop cooperatively a and other donor agencies have already been strategic regional approach to support initiated. The Fund, once established, is and enhance the capacity of its expected to operate like an export‐import member States in the definition of guarantee scheme and will enable affected drought management policies, countries to borrow and repay within a specifically in relation to the role, stipulated time frame. 16 | P a g e availability (magnitude and recharge) and supply potential of groundwater resources. This will assist in reconciling the demands for socio‐ economic development and those of the principal groundwater‐dependent ecosystems. Tools will be elaborated for regional cooperative management of transboundary aquifers and to guide sustainable downstream investments in proactive drought mitigation. SADC Extra‐ordinary Summit on African Bio Carbon Fund Poverty and Development The fund is part of the Africa Bio‐Carbon Communiqué of April 2008 Initiative which seeks to advocate for broader eligibility for bio‐carbon in the Kyoto and related regional and national frameworks for climate change. This objective will contribute to the overarching goal of increasing the benefits for sustainable agriculture and land‐ use practices, biodiversity conservation, maintenance of environmental services, successful adaptation to climate change, and improvements in rural livelihoods, in addition to the delivery of cost‐effective and verifiable reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in Eastern and Southern Africa and beyond. <Building Economic and Social <LULUCF and Carbon Markets> <Technology Transfer> Resilience> 17 | P a g e 2.2 Civil Society Driven Sub‐regional Programmes on Climate Change in Southern Africa Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others 1. <Risk and Disaster Mgt> 1. <Energy> 1. <Capacity Building> Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Miombo Ecoregion Conservation Programme (WWF) South African Environmental Observation Change (AIACC) project Zimbabwe Country Office Network (SAEON) The project focuses on Linkages between AIACC The projects are focused on, amongst other things, Research facility that establishes and maintains Regional Studies and National Communications to the Freshwater, Forests and Climate Change. It also nodes (environmental observatories, field stations United Nations Framework Convention on Climate specifically focuses on Bio‐fuel Energy Production (small or sites) linked by an information management Change. Some of the activities include: Vulnerability and scale farmers in Zimbabwe & Malawi) network to serve as research and education adaptation assessments; Integrated assessment of food Geographic Scope: Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, platforms for long‐term studies of ecosystems. It security, land use, land cover; Food security, water, land Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, www.panda.org conducts workshops to investigate the status of use vulnerabilities and adaptation; Benefit‐Cost analysis current climate change adaptation research in the of adaptation responses; Human health, climate region. Being a JICA funded initiative, its strategy change, and adaptive responses; Impacts of climate focuses on some important aspects in the change on tourism and the coastal/marine; adaptation domain, including the strengthening of environment and adaptation strategies adaptability at society level, assessment of needs Geographic Scope: South Africa, Malawi, Zambia, based on scientific knowledge and information, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique, Botswana, Tanzania, and the enhancement of expertise in the Seychelles. adaptation domain. http://www.aiaccproject.org/publications_reports/AI Donors and Geographic Scope: Supported by JICA ACC_Links_to_UNFCCC_NC.pdf and covers Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. http://www.saeon.ac.za/eNewsletter/Online/20 09/april/doc05 Oxfam Australia Programme on Climate Adaptation COOPENER Project "Development and Energy in Africa CLIMTRAIN project‐ Climate change mitigation The project focuses on the following activities: (DEA)" and adaptation. Providing emergency humanitarian support; Helping The project aimed to "support decision makers with the The project focuses on agriculture and rural poor communities adapt to climate change; implementation of more sustainable energy policies," in development ‐ eradicating rural poverty in Campaigning for strong global action on climate change line with the key action VKA 11.1 of the COOPENER developing countries through: strengthening in‐ Helping women cope with climate change programme. The project achieved this by identifying and house knowledge on climate change issues in the Donors and Geographic scope: Funded by OXFAM quantifying, where possible, the elements of concrete context of rural development; sharing knowledge Australia, the project has activities in South Africa, energy interventions that contribute to sustainable by developing training materials not only to be Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe development (SD) and systematizing this in an used internally, but also disseminated externally http://www.oxfam.org.au/explore/climate‐change Assessment Framework which can enhance policy to to IFAD stakeholders; build new partnerships on promote energy for sustainable development. climate change with other United Nations Donors and Geographic Scope: Funded by the European institutions and development actors, as well as Union and implemented by Risø DTU – The National reinforcing existing networks Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Technical University Donors and Geographic Scope: IFAD. All SADC of Denmark – DTU1), Denmark as project coordinator, in states. collaboration with the Energy Centre of the Netherlands http://www.ifad.org/climate/climtrain/workshops (ECN), and in partnership with six African Centres. In /index.htm Southern Africa it covers Botswana, Tanzania, and Zambia. http://deafrica.net/workshops/Regional%20Workshop‐ Arusha/Regional%20Workshop%20Report.pdf; http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/en v_cc_brochure_EU_Action_EN.pdf International Federation of Red Cross And Red Capacity Development and Knowledge Crescent Societies (IFRC) Disaster Management Management‐ Cap‐Net Programme Cap‐Net is an international network for capacity The disaster management (DM) programme focuses on: building in IWRM. It is made up of a partnership of Building strong early warning and early action capacities autonomous international, regional and national at national and provincial levels; Helping national and institutions and networks committed to capacity provincial authorities to improve the national disaster building in the water sector. One of its key focus management framework (national disaster response areas is capacity building for Climate Change plan) and address issues related to climate change and Adaptation and Hyrdoclimatic disasters climate adaptation; Community based disaster risk Donors and Geographic Scope: All SADC reduction initiatives that will include community countries. www.cap‐net.org preparedness for floods, volcanic eruption and epidemics (cholera); Building community resilience to food insecurity will also be a large component of the disaster management program. www.ifrc.org Miombo Ecoregion Conservation Programme (WWF Capacity Strengthening in Least Developed Zimbabwe Country Office) Countries for Adaptation to Climate Change The programme has a project that focuses on (CLACC) CBNRM & Climate Change. It aims to examine how Strengthening the capacity of organizations CBNRM approaches can help communities to adapt to working with civil society in environment and the impacts of climate change development while integrating climate change Donors and Geographic Scope: Botswana, Malawi, issues in the planning and implementation of Namibia, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, projects. CLACC supports LDCs to adapt to climate 19 | P a g e www.panda.org change. Because their degree of vulnerability is high, the programs in LDCs require long‐term capacity strengthening within governments as well as civil society. CLACC focuses on communities that will be disproportionately and negatively affected by climate change. CLACC now focuses on 15 vulnerable countries in the LDC group (twelve in Africa and three in South Asia). It continues to enhance the capacity of organizations based in civil society who are working with the most vulnerable groups by: • Strengthening the capacity of civil society in LDCs to adapt to climate change creating greater adaptive capacity among the most vulnerable groups • Establish an information and knowledge system catering to countries dealing with the adverse impacts of climate change • Mainstream the NAPA process with key non‐ governmental stakeholders Donors and Geographic Scope: Funded by the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, DFID, NORAD, SIDA and Dexter Trust‐Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany. In southern Africa it covers Zimbabwe (ZERO), Malawi (CURE), Mozambique (GED) and Zambia (EECZ), http://www.clacc.net/l Integration of Climate Risk Management tools into Economics of Climate Change adaptation in Least existing programs and activities of the Red Cross/Red Developed Countries‐ IIED Crescent (RED CROSS and RED CRESCENT Climate The project aims to carry out the first phase of a Centre) major programme of collaborative economic The programme focuses on climate change adaptation research and capacity‐building on the costs of and natural disaster mitigation through: climate change impacts and costs and benefits of 1. Developing communication and raising awareness of adaptation in twelve Least Developed Countries. the consequences of climate change and opportunities To address these gaps in data on costs and for risk reduction. benefits, the Climate Change Group and the 2. Building climate change knowledge and capacity at all Environmental Economics Programme are starting levels of the RC/RC. a major programme of work with partners in the 3. Mobilizing both human and financial resources to Least Developed Countries. This aims to build areas of greatest need. capacity in conducting economic analysis of 20 | P a g e 4. Serving as an advocate for Red Cross concerns and climate change and feeding this into local and proposals in international climate policy. national policy‐making and negotiating positions It 5. Supporting people with high‐quality analyses of builds on the well‐established network of CLACC knowledge and experiences on climate risk partners and will form a network of economists in management. LDCs and support them in undertaking robust 6. Using and promoting the use of climate information economic analyses of climate change impacts and to reduce vulnerability to extreme weather events and climate change adaptation at local and national climate variability. levels. This work will incorporate analysis of non‐ Donors and Geographic Scope: Malawi, Madagascar, market impacts of climate change and adaptation. Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Seychelles, Mauritius It aims to form a network and support local www.climatecentre.org economists in reviewing available data and selection of appropriate methodologies. Donors and Geographic Scope: Funded by The Innovation Fund (Fund from frame donors on innovation works) it covers Zambia (EECZ) and Malawi (CURE). http://www.iied.org/climate‐ change/key‐issues/economics‐and‐equity‐ adaptation/economics‐climate‐change‐ adaptation‐least‐developed‐countries Urban‐Rural Interdependence and the Impact of JICA Research Institute Programme on Climate Climate Change in Malawi and Tanzania Change A growing concern is how climate change and climate Adaptation research on the impact of climate variability will affect the growing urban population and change on countries in Africa. It proposes the food supply systems sustain it. This project measures for local community adaptation and commissions studies aimed at elucidating the issue of suggests the direction of assistance offered them rural‐urban interdependency in Malawi and Tanzania; by developed countries and international documenting the vulnerabilities and coping strategies of organisations. On Mitigation research the study communities and how these will be affected by climate includes a forecast of carbon dioxide emissions, a change; and offer communities, local governments and survey of the attitudes of administrative those involved in food supply systems alternatives for organizations in Japan and developing adapting to climate change and climate variability Donors and Geographic Scope: JICA and covers Donors and Geographic Scope: Funded by IDRC the SADC states. http://jica‐ project covers Tanzania and Malawi (Institute of ri.jica.go.jp/research/environment‐ Resource Assessment). http://www.idrc.ca develop/climate‐change/index.htm http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev‐113692‐201_104150‐1‐ IDRC_ADM_INFO.html Southern African Research and Documentation Centre Advancing Capacity to support Climate Change (SARDC) Programme on Environment, Water, Research Adaptation (ACCCA) Documentation The programme focuses on communicating Impacts, adaptation strategies, policy responses. climate risk information in clear terms that are 21 | P a g e Donors and scale: Funded by HBF Henry Boll foundation relevant to decision‐makers; addressing climate it covers the Zambezi River basin States (Angola, risks and adaptation in an integrated, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Malawi, multidisciplinary way; the importance of engaging Mozambique, Tanzania), www.sardc.net stakeholders substantively; and the long‐term benefits of partnering institutions from scientific and policy communities for understanding and managing climate change risk It also supports adaptation schemes and capacity building to address climate risks • MALAWI ‐ Audiovisual Tools for Community‐ Based Adaptation: Bridging the Meteorological Service and the Red Cross' work in Malawi • TANZANIA ‐ Adaptation Strategies and Challenges Associated with Climate and Ecological Changes to the Lake Victoria Community in Tanzania • SOUTH AFRICA ‐ Adaptation options for impoverished Mshayazafe settlement Donors and Geographic Scope: Funded by the European Union. In southern Africa it covers Malawi, Tanzania and South Africa SADC States. http://www.acccaproject.org/accca/; http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/reposit ory/env_cc_brochure_EU_Action_EN.pdf Regional Climate Change Programme for Southern CDM for Sustainable Africa Project Africa Project The programme focuses on building awareness This project seeks to mitigate the impact of climate and knowledge of CDM and Action planning to change on vulnerable livelihoods in southern Africa reduce barriers to CDM. through adaptation. Donors and Geographic Scope: Funded by the The project is divided into three phases, namely Phase 1 European Union. SADC states. (Feasibility Study‐completed in December 2007); Phase http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/reposit 2 (Programme Design‐completed in August 2008); and ory/env_cc_brochure_EU_Action_EN.pdf Phase 3 (Programme Implementation‐started April 2009). The first phase of the project produced a feasibility study report that assessed the capacity of various role players to respond to changing conditions. It highlighted the non‐availability of relevant information as a significant problem in dealing with climate change in the sub‐region. Useful and accessible 22 | P a g e information enables effective adaptation decision‐ making across communities, governments and businesses. The study also emphasised the importance of capacity building and value of using a risk‐based assessment approach for climate modelling and scenario‐building. The programme has been designed Donors: The project is currently being funded by DFID and implemented by One World. It covers all countries in the southern Africa sub‐region. www.rccp.co.za Southern Africa Regional Plan Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation ‐ The programme is currently focusing on Southern Africa project • Relief Training: The overall objective is to increase the • Preparedness and adaptation knowledge about climate change and its • Mitigation consequences. The aim is to provide methods for • Developing policy and strategies for managing identification of vulnerable sectors in the society, climate variation. both in a national and an international • Incorporating climate change data into food perspective security and water policies. Donors and Geographic Scope: SIDA. All SADC Donors and Geographic Scope: DFID. All SADC states. states. www.smhi.se/en www.dfid.gov.uk WFP Humanitarian assistance Climate System Analysis Group (CSAG)‐ The project provide a Comprehensive Food Security and University of Cape Town Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) and provides a pre‐crisis, This multi‐disciplinary research group with special in‐depth, picture of the food security situation and the focus on climate change focuses on assessment of vulnerability of households in a given country. CFSVAs key climate vulnerabilities across sectors and also analyze the impact of emerging challenges such as scales and supports the exploration and climate change on vulnerable groups. development of adaptation pathways Donors and scale: Angola, DRC, Madagascar, Tanzania Donors and Geographic Scope: Funded by the http://www.wfp.org/english/?n=732 National Research Foundation, Water Research Commission, ESKOM (SA), DFID, IDRC, European Union, UNITAR, World Bank and Microsoft Research the research group is based at the University of Cape Town in South Africa but represents the whole of Southern Africa. www.csag.uct.ac.za Capacity Building, Leadership & Action (CBLA) project The CBLA project provides assistance to Southern African industries to enable them to mitigate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. It does this 23 | P a g e through 3 related activities: • Capacity Building: Increasing the capacity of industry to develop and implement cost‐effective and sustainable GHG mitigation projects through focused training and informational programmes. • Leadership: Assisting industry associations and chambers to develop voluntary programmes to promote GHG emissions reductions in their respective regions and sectors. • Action: Providing direct technical assistance to industries to identify, develop and implement GHG mitigation projects and to access carbon financing for these projects. Donors and Geographic Scope: Funded by the Canadian International Development Agency and Industry Partners in South Africa and Mozambique the project covers southern Africa. www.cbla.org.za Practical Action Programme on Climate Change The programme focuses on enhancing networking of civil society organizations involved in climate change work in selected countries of Southern Africa. Some of its activities include chairing the Environmental Liaison Forum, which is a subsidiary of the local CSO‐ CCWG (Civic Society Organizations‐ Climate Change Working Group) were relevant stakeholders meet to discuss CC related matters Geographic Scope: Covers Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique www.zimclimatechange.proboards.com Programme on "Sustainable Development and Climate Change: African‐European Parliamentary Dialogue on Climate Change" The overall objective is to increase parliamentary action in Africa and Europe related to sustainable development and climate change, based on the Action Plan of the Environment Initiative of NEPAD: To promote an informed and proactive debate on climate change within the parliaments. 24 | P a g e The program also aims at engaging and involving parliamentarians in the process of policy formulations at the national and sub‐regional (SACU) level Donors and Geographic Scope: Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) of the British Government. It has activities in South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland. www.awepa.org/programmes/climate‐change‐ programme‐impact_en.html 2. <Sectoral Planning and 2. < REDD> 2. <Finance> Implementation> Water Research Commission Programme Miombo Ecoregion Conservation Programme (WWF Strategic Framework on Climate Change and This project focuses on Climate Change and Water Zimbabwe Country Office) Development (SFCCD) Resources in Southern Africa. It currently working on: General Environmental Conservation (currently projects The Framework is based on six action areas, each • The Development of Plausible Climate Change are focused on Freshwater, Forests, Climate Change, addressing both adaptation and mitigation: Scenarios for Southern Africa Rhino, Traditional Medicinal Plants, Community Based (1) Support climate actions in country‐led • Investigation of the Potential Impacts of Climate Natural Resources Management). It is working on development processes; Change on Hydrological Responses and Associated Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (2) Mobilize additional concessional and Water Resources (REDD) in five SADC countries of Botswana, Malawi, innovative finance; • Investigation of Possible Water Related Socio‐ Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe; (3) Facilitate the development of market‐based Economic Impacts of Climate Change in the Donors and Geographic Scope: Botswana, Malawi, financing mechanisms; Thukela Catchment and Factors Contributing to Namibia, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, (4) Leverage private sector resources; Future Risk www.panda.org (5) Support accelerated development and • Recommendations on Some Strategies to Adapt to, deployment of new technologies; and and Cope with, Water‐Related Impacts of Potential (6) Step‐up policy research, knowledge and Climate Change capacity building. • Detection of Effects of Climate Change and Donors and Geographic Scope: World Bank. South Recommendations on Appropriate Monitoring Africa, DRC, Mauritius, Zambia, Madagascar, Systems for its Detection Tanzania, Mozambique Donors and Geographic Scope: South Africa, Lesotho http://beta.worldbank.org/climatechange/ and Swaziland http://www.fwr.org/wrcsa/1430105.htm Climate Change and Remote Sensing project UN‐REDD Programme Financing Climate Change Solutions Programme The project is currently focusing on assessing the: The programme aims to use the provision of financial – This programme provides grants to developing impact of climate change and variability on agriculture incentives to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions countries for projects that benefit the global and water resources; vulnerability and adaptive (predominantly CO2) from forest lands. The programme environment and promote sustainable livelihoods capacity assessment based on Geo‐information science is currently focusing on: Stakeholder consultation and in local communities. Some of the work it funds 25 | P a g e and participatory techniques; remote sensing of carbon awareness raising; Creating an enabling environment include: reducing countries' vulnerability to stocks and carbon sequestration potential through policy and legal frameworks; Conducting of climate change impacts and building adaptive carbon stock assessment and MRV system; and capacity; mainstreaming adaptation to climate Donors and Geographic Scope: SADC Region programme development change into development planning to ensure that www.uz.ac.zw/science/geography Donors and Geographic Scope: Zambia, DRC, Tanzania. vulnerability is reduced; helping developing www.un‐redd.org/UNREDDProgramme countries to submit national communications to the UNFCCC; supporting new technologies that are not yet cost effective; supporting pilot and demonstration projects in the field of adaptation; supporting projects that promote a long‐term shift towards low emission and sustainable forms of transportation; promoting energy efficiency by removing barriers to the large‐scale application, implementation, and dissemination of cost‐ effective, energy‐efficient technologies and practices; helping countries remove barriers to developing markets for renewable energies wherever cost‐effective Donors and Geographic Scope: GEF. All SADC states. http://www.gefweb.org/projects/Focal_Areas/cli mate/CCProject_types.html Climate proofing" and a "greening" of the Embassies' The Africa‐wide Civil Society Climate Change Initiative The Global Mechanism (GM) portfolio for Policy Dialogues (ACCID) This programmes aims to implement integrated The project involves reviewing of Foreign Embassy The programme aims to promote ALOFU and REDD financing strategies (IFSs) at the request of Development Assistance Portfolio by identifying and strategies through reducing climate change impacts and country Parties. The programme is primarily avoiding harmful direct and indirect environmental enhance community resilience and enhancing access to concerned with accessing climate change impacts of programs in the different sectors which can rural energy and empowering rural populations and financing mechanisms and integrating them into undermine sustainability and counteract achieving the increasing agricultural productivity and improved food the GM's broader IFS process, with the ultimate development co‐operation objectives of the program ‐ security. Civil Society in Support of African Governments objective of ensuring adequate, sustained "do no harm"; recognizing and realizing opportunities COMESA, in conjunction with SADC and EAC, mandated investment flows into SLM to the benefit of rural for enhancing environmental conditions, thereby FANRPAN to mobilise African civil society organisations populations living in fragile and/or degraded bringing additional benefits to development and (CSOs) under the Africa‐wide Civil Society Climate landscapes. It is currently cooperating with and economic activities and advancing environmental issues Change Initiative for Policy Dialogues (ACCID) and supporting the Common Market for Eastern and that are a priority for Norway ‐ "do good"; and facilitate dialogue around the Africa Bio‐Carbon Southern Africa (COMESA) in the conceptual undertaking climate change risk assessment programs proposal. The main objective of these dialogues is to development of the COMESA Climate Change and providing recommendations on how the Embassy ensure alignment between African governments and Initiative; and developing guidelines on the can integrate climate change aspects in programs and CSOs with regards Africa's approach to tackling the potential of Reducing Emissions from projects, as well as in its policy dialogue with host the current Climate Change negotiations and beyond. Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) to combat governments and cooperation partners ‐ i.e. "climate AFRICA is advocating for a post 2012 protocol that is degradation and promote rural 26 | P a g e proofing" of the portfolio. PRO‐REDD and PRO‐AFOLU. development.(Zambia and Tanzania) Donors and Geographic Scope: NORAD. Angola, Donors and scale: Tanzania and South Africa Geographic Scope: Southern Africa www.global‐ Mozambique and South Africa http://www.africaclimatesolution.org mechanism.org www.norad.no/en/Thematic+areas/Climate+Change+ and+the+Environment/Climate+proofing/125109.cms Global Climate Change for Africa Project The Global Climate Change (GCC) project was developed to help USAID's Africa Bureau design a global climate change effort and fund innovative research to field‐test approaches Geographic Scope: DRC, Zambia. http://www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/bcn/learning/a frican/gcc1.htm Canada Climate Change Development Fund (CCCDF) This programme provides funds to promote activities addressing the causes and effects of climate change in developing countries, while helping to reduce poverty and promote sustainable development. It has been used in the preparation and implementation of national adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs. Donors and Geographic Scope: Angola, DRC, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia. http://www.acdi‐ cida.gc.ca/acdi‐cida/ACDI‐CIDA.nsf/eng/JUD‐ 121164029‐TEU 3.<Building Economic and Social 3. <LULUCF and Carbon Markets> 3. <Technology Transfer> Resilience> The Africa‐wide Civil Society Climate Change Initiative Climate Protection Programme (CaPP) Resilience and the African Smallholder: Enhancing the for Policy Dialogues (ACCID) This programme fosters international cooperation capacity of communities to adapt to climate change Promoting ALOFU and REDD strategies through reducing enterprise for sustainable development. It focuses This project aims to enhance the ability of households, on amongst other things, technology aimed at climate change impacts and enhance community communities and relevant institutions to respond to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions (including resilience and enhancing access to rural energy and CDM activities) and Adaptation to the impacts of changing circumstances with a view to reducing future empowering rural populations and increasing agricultural climate change. threats to food security and environmental integrity. It will do so by working with farmers to identify improved productivity and improved food security Donors and scale: GTZ. Tanzania, South Africa, farming technologies and translating the results into Donors and Geographic Scope: Tanzania and South Mozambique. 27 | P a g e action plans at the appropriate institutional level Africa http://www.africaclimatesolution.org http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umwelt‐ whether local or national infrastruktur/umweltpolitik/4160.htm Donors and Geographic Scope: Funded by IDRC and Climate Change and the Governance of Carbon Trading covers Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Zambia (University Projects in Southern Africa (Information Portal on of Zimbabwe). http://www.idrc.ca, Corruption and Governance in Africa (IPOC) http://www.uz.ac.zw http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev‐ The programme creates an online reference point for 140424‐201_104140‐1‐IDRC_ADM_INFO.html those in Southern Africa interested in combating corruption: to outline the basics about carbon trading; its origins, history, components practices and debates; to highlight the African policy influences, guidelines on, and approaches to carbon trading; to explore projects currently underway, their guiding motivations and implementation; to explore the nature, scope and extent of corruption within these projects ‐ including the role of African governments, developed countries, carbon trading companies and inter‐governmental organisations; to examine the interplay of cross‐cutting issues of sustainable development and environmental mitigation/resolution proposed in these projects. Donors and Geographic Scope: SADC states. http://www.ipocafrica.org/index.php?option=com_con tent&view=article&id=59&Itemid=73 Strengthening Local Agricultural Innovation Systems in Climate Positive Development Program Less Favourable and High‐Potential Areas of Tanzania The programme supports the development of large‐scale and Malawi urban projects that will demonstrate that cities can grow This action‐research project aims to bring together in ways that are "climate positive," striving to reduce the institutions and individuals from the research, policy amount of on‐site CO2 emissions to below zero, by making and farming communities to develop ensuring that the contribution of forests to carbon agricultural innovation systems that are better able to sequestration is recognized. With regards to forests it adapt to climate change and variability. They will do so focuses on measuring carbon, among other things. with reference to case studies of farmers in two Donors and Geographic Scope: Funded by the Clinton different agro‐climatic sites ‐ one disadvantaged and Climate Change Initiative the project covers South Africa the other high‐potential ‐ in each of Malawi and cities (Pretoria and Johannesburg) and Tanzania‐ Tanzania FORESTS. http://www.clintonfoundation.org/what‐we‐ Donors and Geographic Scope: Funded by IDRC the do/clinton‐climate‐initiativ project covers Tanzania and Malawi (Institute of Resource Assessment) http://www.idrc.ca Building capacity to adapt to climate change in Zambia and Zimbabwe The project seeks to improve incentives and 28 | P a g e opportunities for households in southern Zambia and south western Zimbabwe to cope with climate change. It will do so by investing in improved production technologies of practical value to small scale farmers and encouraging their adoption by linking their dissemination with complimentary investment in weather forecasting and projects of a useful nature. The idea is to make the capabilities rather than the vulnerabilities of the poor the starting point for moderating the negative effects of climate change on agricultural production. Key interventions will include strengthening local institutions; building demand led rural services, designing decision support tools for managing smallholder assets including livestock and developing new technologies for natural resource use under variable rainfall. Once identified and evaluated the adaptation strategies will be used to prevent or mitigate the effects of climate change Donors and Geographic Scope: Funded by IDRC and covers Zambia and Zimbabwe http://www.msu.ac.zw Climate Change and Development project (IUCN) Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in Eastern and Southern Africa The project aims to ensure that climate change related policies and strategies lead to adaptation activities that emphasize the role of forests and water resources in supporting people's livelihoods and associated farming systems. This will be done by providing the knowledge, tools and capacity required to reduce vulnerability and enhance adaptive capacity to climate variability and change at the local, national and regional levels Donors and Geographic Scope: Funded by the Finnish Government and implemented in Zambia, Tanzania and Mozambique. www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/forest/fp_ou r_work/fp_our_work_thematic/fp_our_work_fcc/fp_f orests_climate_our_work/fp_forests_climate_our_wo rk_adaptation/fp_forests_climate_our_work_mainstre 29 | P a g e aming/ Community based adaptation to climate change in Africa Period: 13/02/2008 to 13/02/2011 This project proposes to carry out climate change adaptation pilot projects in communities in 8 African countries, 6 of which are least developed countries. The communities will be selected in collaboration with relevant actors particularly metrological services, using the South‐South‐North Adaptation (SSNAPP). The projects implemented by NGOs will take learning by doing approach, identifying ways of communicating climate change information to poor communities and from communities to other stakeholders. The lessons learned will be shared with stakeholders at the local, national, regional and international levels and inform ongoing initiatives promoting climate change adaptation and sustainable development Donors and Geographic Scope: Funded by IDRC and covers Malawi, Tanzania, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe (African Centre for technology Studies) http://www.acts.or.ke/; http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev‐ 113692‐201_104898‐1‐IDRC_ADM_INFO.html 30 | P a g e 3. National Climate Change Programmes in Southern Africa National climate change programmes are defined, for purposes of this paper, as those with activities in only one country within the southern Africa sub‐region. These can be either (a) government driven programmes or (b) civil society driven programmes. Government driven programmes are spearheaded by national governments with funding from either internal government sources or external funding partners. The distinguishing element is that programme implementation is undertaken by a government ministry or department. Civil society driven climate change programmes on the other hand, are those implemented by civil society organizations. Although some programmes may have government endorsement, what distinguishes these from the former is that these are initiated, funded and implemented wholly by civil society organizations. Civil society organizations, for purposes of this paper, are taken to mean voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions including non‐state donors. This section highlights national climate change programmes that exist in southern African countries under the three main headings of adaptation, mitigation and supporting measures. 1. Malawi Government Driven Initiatives The Government of Malawi, being a State party to the UNFCC, has undertaken certain mandatory activities pursuant to its obligations under the Convention. These include Participation in UNFCCC Processes‐ Initial Communication ‐ GHG Inventories; mitigation and adaptation measures; and the development of National Adaptation Programmes of Action. Furthermore, the Government of Malawi is planning to formulate a national climate change policy and to mainstream climate change issues into MDGs. Specific government initiated programmes on adaptation, mitigation and supporting measures are outlined below. Second National Communication is being prepared Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> Formulation of a • Currently implementing the National Planned activities include: Planned activities include: capacity building Climate Change Framework on Climate Change on • Implementing the National Framework on Climate on the implementation of the climate change Policy; and Adaptation Change mitigation; convention and Kyoto Protocol Main streaming • Planned activities: National Adaptation • Developing and implement projects on Clean Climate change into Programmes of Action‐ To prepare follow up Development Mechanism; the Millennium projects on adaptation • Formulating National Appropriate Mitigation Development Goals Actions; and Strategy (MDGS) • Alternative sources of energy <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> Planned activities: Formulation of • Climate Adaptation for Rural Livelihoods and National Agriculture‐ Adaptation activities in Appropriate agriculture, water, forestry, fisheries, energy Mitigation Actions • National Framework on Management of Climate Change ‐ Management of future climate change in Malawi in agriculture, forestry, land, water, fisheries, etc Planned activities: To prepare follow up activities on sectoral adaptation strategies <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF and Carbon Markets> <Technology Transfer> Future activities include: Developing a National Framework on Management of Climate Change ‐ Management of future climate change in Malawi in agriculture, forestry, land, water, fisheries. (Some of this work may include LULUCF related issues) Planned Activities include: Carbon sequestration and trading programmes Civil Society Driven Initiatives Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> Climate Change Adaptation in Africa ‐ Linking African Researchers with Adaptation Policy Spaces Project This project aims to build the capacity of researchers to influence policy. Researchers will investigate the complexity of adaptation policy processes in different countries and identify policy spaces; use this knowledge to build policy engagement tools and strategy; develop an analytical framework for investigating climate change adaptation policy processes in Africa; and mentor relationships between participatory action researchers and academic. Donors and Geographical Scope: Funded by International Development Research Centre (IDRC) the project covers Malawi. http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids; http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev‐127587‐201_105602‐1‐ IDRC_ADM_INFO.html <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> 2.Mauritius Government Driven Initiatives The Government of Mauritius being a State party to the UNFCC, has undertaken certain mandatory activities pursuant to its obligations under the Convention. These include Participation in UNFCCC Processes‐ Initial Communication ‐ GHG Inventories; mitigation and adaptation measures. The Second National Communication is under preparation. Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> An inventory of greenhouse gas Clean Development Mechanism Projects Awareness campaigns are being conducted to emissions, The Designated National Authority for the CDM, namely, the sensitize the population about the impacts of including sources 33 | P a g e Ministry of Environment & NDU, has issued letter of global warming. The WED themes for the last and sinks of approval to two projects, namely a Waste to Energy Project few years have been on climate change. carbon dioxide, and a biogas and coal fired electric power plant. Planned activities include: methane, and • Training in predictive computer other minor modeling and interpretation of greenhouse gases Implementation of the National Energy Strategy (2009‐ models for global climate change is being done. 2025) to increase the current share of renewables in scenarios, storm surge run‐up, and electricity production from 22% to 35% by 2025, and integrated assessment models which improve energy efficiency in both electricity and include economic as well as transportation sectors. meteorological data • Hardware and training in Implementation of projects under the Maurice Ile Durable photovoltaic solar energy framework including renewable sources of electricity, (installation, maintenance, trouble‐ energy efficiency, bus modernisation programmes, waste shooting and repair) as well as other management and economic instruments. appropriate renewable energy technologies <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> Establishment of the multi‐sectoral National Climate Planned activities: Committee (NCC) that: • Develop a national climate change • monitors progress on the science of climate adaptation programme and assist in change the leveraging of funds for its • evaluates the possible impacts of climate change implementation on key sectors of the economy • collects all available information and prepare the National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the year 1990 • prepares recommendations for a Climate Change Action Plan Planned activities include: Developing a national and integrated national mitigation policy and an implementation programme <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> Planned activities include: Development of sophisticated equipment to monitor coastal zone management activities; further research on optimal varieties of sugar cane including development, dissemination and experimentation with root stock to determine which cultivars may be able to withstand the 34 | P a g e predicted climatic changes; increased usage of geographic information system software and further advanced training so that Mauritius can create layered resource maps in order to help planners update and fine‐tune their awareness of vulnerabilities on a periodic basis Civil Society Driven Initiatives Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> The United States Country Studies Program (USCSP) for The United States Country Studies Program Climate Change (USCSP) for Climate Change aims to: • build up endogenous competence for effective participation in climate change decision‐making, • assess potential impacts, • develop strategies for coping and elaborate those schemes into a Climate Change Action Plan <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> Planned activities include: • Climate change case studies (UNEP)‐ Determination of the economic and development implications of greenhouse gas limitation 35 | P a g e 3. Lesotho Government Driven Initiatives The Government of Lesotho, being a State party to the UNFCC, has undertaken certain mandatory activities pursuant to its obligations under the Convention. These include Participation in UNFCCC Processes‐ Initial Communication ‐ GHG Inventories; mitigation and adaptation measures; and the development of National Adaptation Programmes of Action. Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> Civil Society Driven Initiatives Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> 36 | P a g e 4.Namibia Government Driven Initiatives The Government of Namibia, being a State party to the UNFCC, has undertaken certain mandatory activities pursuant to its obligations under the Convention. These include Participation in UNFCCC Processes‐ Initial Communication ‐ GHG Inventories; mitigation and adaptation measures; Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> Planned activities include: Country study on climate • Capacity development, research, Planned activities include: change that provides monitoring, public awareness and Studies on assessments of • An overview of the vulnerability of Namibia to technology needs the source and sinks of climate change, • Identification of financial and green house gases in • Climate Change risk assessments e.g. Cuvelai technology needs required for Namibia and a preliminary Drainage project adaptation and mitigation actions overview of the emissions • Preparation of national awareness scenarios and the products‐ a booklet and a poster corrective choices which distribution to schools, educational the country face institutions, government offices, private . sector agencies, public libraries • Participation National CC awareness raising and capacity development workshop • Development of national capacity to manage and implement the climate change program ‐ Government and University of Namibia officials visited the Center for Scientific and Industrial Research in South Africa to familiarise themselves with some of the processes involved climate change <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> Current activities include designation of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism to co‐ordinate climate change activities in Namibia. This entails establishing 37 | P a g e the Namibia Climate Change Committee (NCCC) which advises government on the policies and strategies it needs to adopt in preparing the country for the predicted and in some cases actual effects of climate change • CCA has been included as one of the environment sector priorities under NDP 3; although CCA is not yet fully mainstreamed into NDP 3 • MET Strategic Plan (SP) spells out priority CCA activities, aimed, amongst other at providing opportunity for supporting a national framework of action on CCA and CCA mainstreaming Planned activities include: Scoping study that identifies how the German support to the NR sector in Namibia can mainstream CCA considerations throughout the existing support programme and which CCA priorities of the Government <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF and Carbon Markets> <Technology Transfer> Civil Society Driven Initiatives Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> • Implementation of pilot projects on CCA funded by UNDP/GEF SPA: a pilot project in Omusati region that aims at developing and promoting coping mechanism amongst small scale farmers e.g. the establishment and improvement of Early Warning Systems, linking local, regional, national and super‐ national modern and traditional systems <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> 38 | P a g e CBA: Community‐based Adaptation fund under the Small Grants Programme (SGP), which provides small grants to local communities for testing CCA innovations <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF and Carbon Markets> <Technology Transfer> Implementation of pilot projects on CCA funded by UNDP/GEF SPA: that aims at developing and improving indigenous and drought resistant crops and livestock breeds 5.South Africa Government Driven Initiatives The Government of South Africa, being a State party to the UNFCC, has undertaken certain mandatory activities pursuant to its obligations under the Convention. These include Participation in UNFCCC Processes‐ Initial Communication ‐ GHG Inventories; mitigation and adaptation measures; Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> Planned activities include Long‐term Mitigation Development of a national climate change response Planned activities include: Long‐term National policy updated for Scenario (LTMS) process which focuses on, amongst strategy which includes a sustainable energy Mitigation Scenario (LTMS) process that implementation of other things, Vulnerability and Adaptation programme focuses on, amongst other things, international commitments participatory, research based scenario Risk and Vulnerability Atlas Programme Long‐term Mitigation Scenario (LTMS) process building process that focuses on identifying Green Paper published for This programme focuses on compiling all vulnerability • Strengthening or scaling up existing initiatives South Africa's emissions trajectory and public comment and adaptation information (energy efficiency, renewable energy, the formulating a range of potential strategies; development of "green" industries, on‐going and the development of a national climate Final National Climate Monitoring of Climate and Hydrology Programme research into climate friendly ways of doing change response strategy that supports Change Response Policy The Directorate of Hydrological Services in the business) national and sustainable development and published Department of Water and Environmental Affairs is climate change related education and engaged in monitoring of climatic and hydrological Renewable Energy Market Transformation (REMT) training, research, development and Programmes at the science impacts in purposefully selected sites across South Project demonstration councils Africa. A data bank has been developed from the data The project's objective, over a four‐year period, is to The Agriculture Research obtained. remove the barriers and reduce implementation costs The global change grand challenge Council (ARC), Council for of renewable energy technologies to help mitigate implementation framework Geosciences greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Government's The purpose of the Ten‐Year Innovation Plan (CGS), Council for Scientific White Paper on Renewable Energy has set a target of is to help drive South Africa's transformation and Industrial Research 4% of electricity demand (equivalent to 10,000 GWh) towards a knowledge‐based economy, in (CSIR), and two of the 39 | P a g e from renewable energy sources in 2013. This project which the production and dissemination of facilities of the National aims to assist the government in meeting this target. knowledge leads to economic benefits and Research Foundation The project will provide technical assistance and enriches all fields of human endeavour. The (NRF's) namely the South capacity building for (i) renewable‐based power Ten‐Year Plan is underpinned by five grand African Institute of Aquatic generation and (ii) commercial solar water heating challenges, one of which is called 'Science Biodiversity (SAIAB) and and Technology for Global Change with an the South African Renewable Energy Feed‐in Tariff – REFIT ( Phase one emphasis on climate change' (DST, 2007) Environmental Observation and two) Network (SAEON) involved The objectives for introduction of REFIT include Establishment of a South African Centre for in a work on the detection amongst others to create an enabling environment for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) of climate change, and RE generation, including levelling playing field with The ultimate goal of the research centre is assessment of its impacts conventional electricity, creating a critical mass of RE to demonstrate CCS technology in South on these diverse investment and supporting the establishment of a self Africa by means of a carbon dioxide injection ecosystems. It also extends –sustaining environment and provide access to grid experiment and ultimately a demonstration to developing mitigation and an obligation to purchase power plant by 2020. and adaptation strategies. Their main outputs have Energy Efficiency Accord Climate Change Research Programmes at been publications in This is a public/private partnership aimed at reducing Government Agencies and Departments scientific journals, technical energy usage with a view to meeting the following The South African National Biodiversity reports, collections and energy use reduction targets: Industry & Mining ‐ 15%; Institute (SANBI), South African National data banks. Commercial & Public Building ‐ 15%; Power Generation Parks (SANParks), South African Weather ‐ 15%; Residential ‐ 10%; and Transport ‐ 9% Services (SAWS) and the Water Research A National Climate Change Commission (WRC) are agencies of the Response Strategy for Energy Efficiency Monitoring Project Department of Water and Environmental South Africa The project aims at measuring energy efficiency Affairs (DWEA) are engaged in climate A National Climate Change consumption in the industrial, transport, Commercial change‐related monitoring and/or research Response Strategy for and Public Buildings and the Residential Sector as per work. SAWS conduct research on the South Africa was compiled National Energy Efficiency Strategy. The project will meteorological fundamentals of climate in 2004, which aimed to also monitor Renewable Energy and CDM targets change, SANBI and SANParks focus on the address priority issues for impact of climate change on biodiversity and dealing with climate Clean development mechanism (CDM). A Designated habitats, whilst the WRC contracts change. The focus of the National Authority (DNA) was set up in 2004, under the institutions to carry out research on impacts strategy is on adapting to Department of Mineral and Energy (now the of climate change on the hydrological cycle climate change; developing Department of Energy), to manage the approval and water resources. The agencies are also a sustainable energy process of Clean Development Mechanism projects, as involved in investigations of climate change programme; adopting an a non‐Annexure 1 (or "developing") country mitigation and adaptation in their respective integrated response by spheres of operation and influence. relevant government Renewable Energy Target departments; compiling The Department of Energy is implementing a White The Programme for the Development of a inventories of greenhouse Paper on Renewable Energy Policy that aims to GHG Emission Inventory and Capacity gases; accessing and 40 | P a g e contribute 10 000 GWh (0.8 Mtoe) of renewable Building for the Agricultural Sector in South managing financial energy to a final energy consumption by 2013, to be Africa resources; and research, produced mainly from biomass, wind, solar and small‐ Some of the activities under the programme education, and training scale hydro. The renewable energy is to be utilized for include: literature review, gathering of power generation and non‐electric technologies such agricultural statistics, calculation of data and as solar water heating and bio‐fuels. uncertainty values, population of inventory, stakeholder workshops, training and CO2 Geological Storage Atlas capacity building workshops, production of a South African National Energy Research Institute training toolkit (SANERI) is finalising the development of Compilation of CO2 Geological Storage Atlas. The atlas is aimed at The Greenhouse Gas Information identifying potential sites for geological storage of Management Project carbon dioxide as a mitigation measure for the This project generates a current and lowering of greenhouse gas emissions from industrial accurate GHG emission inventory for South sources that primarily utilise coal. Africa and, through this, develop and initiate a GHG information management system Working for Energy Programme within the department as a component of Department of Energy established the 'working for the South African Air Quality Information energy' programme to create green jobs in energy System (SAAQIS). efficiency and renewable energy Planned activities include: (a) The Energy Efficiency Standards development of a detailed Forestry and The development and implementation of energy Agricultural GHG Monitoring Information efficiency standards for refrigeration, commercial and System that will ensure that the sector public buildings, AC electrical motors, boilers and greenhouse gas emissions information thermal insulation of steam pipes management system provides measurable, reportable and verifiable information on all Energy Efficiency Target significant interventions The Department of Energy is implementing an Energy Efficiency strategy that sets a national target for energy savings, of at least 12% to be achieved by 2015 Biofuel Strategy The 2007 National Industrial Biofuels Strategy sets a target of 2% (of the national liquid fuels supply) penetration of biofuels in 2013 (DME 1998; DME 2003; DME 2007) Implementation of Biofuel Strategy The Strategy seeks to stimulate rural development and 41 | P a g e to reduce poverty by creating sustainable income‐ earning opportunities. Biofuels plant investment can be a catalyst for the transformation of rural economies and contribute to the government's Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative (AsgiSA). Furthermore, biofuels can also contribute towards the achievement of the renewable energy goals; energy security and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The feasibility study underpinning this strategy included an analysis that considered the impact of all these factors. Integrated Energy Planning The Department of Energy is implementing Integrated Energy Planning (IEP) taking into consideration environmental issues‐ climate change issues as well as increase focus on energy security and ensuring an optimal energy mix for South Africa. This national Integrated Energy Plan is a step in the direction of improving South Africa's energy mix, by taking a broad view of the energy sector, and while it still saw heavy reliance on coal and nuclear in the next two decades, it also emphasized renewable energy, energy efficiency, diversifying the energy resource base, greater environmental considerations with respect to energy production, consumption, and ensuring more equitable access to energy Energy and Climate Change – Status Quo Analysis and Strategy Roadmap The Department of Energy is finalising the Energy and Climate Change – Status Quo Analysis and Strategy Roadmap. This Energy and Climate Change – Status Quo Analysis and Strategy Roadmap includes a review of the key legal, regulatory and policy context of relevance to the South African energy sector, and a strategic assessment of energy and climate change issues as they relate to the Department and a roadmap for the development of an appropriate and effective Energy and Climate Change Strategy for the Department of Energy is also provided. 42 | P a g e Planned activities include: • The development of a energy, transport and mining sector greenhouse gas emissions information management system that will provide accurate, up to date and complete information to the South African Air Quality Information System's National Greenhouse Gas Inventory and will ensure that its greenhouse gas emissions information management system provides measurable, reportable and verifiable information on all significant interventions (i.e. interventions that reduce GHGs by greater than 0.1% of emissions from the sector). • The development of strategies to encourage and support new and/or emerging carbon friendly sources of energy, especially renewable energy • The development of a GHG mitigation strategy for fugitive greenhouse gas emissions from energy industries and the development of any necessary legislative, regulatory and fiscal packages to give effect to the strategy by 2012. • Department of Human Settlement/ Energy will develop energy efficiency guidelines to increase the energy efficiency of new residential, commercial buildings and major renovations, with minimum standards to be reviewed and increased periodically • Carbon capture and storage (CCS) for coal fired power stations and all coal‐to‐liquid (CTL) plants will be explored and developed. • 43 | P a g e <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> Development of a national climate change response Development of a national climate change Second National strategy that focuses on response strategy that focuses on: Communication • Adapting to Climate Change • Accessing and managing financial South Africa is currently • Integration of climate change response in resources for climate change developing the SNC to the government UNFCCC in fulfillment of its • Meeting international obligations and The Renewable Energy Finance and Subsidy commitment and domestic legal obligations Office (REFSO) obligations as required by Policy development process‐ Creation of a national Following National Treasury approval of a activities 4.1 and 12.1 of Climate Change Response Policy in the form of a renewable energy subsidy scheme in the Convention. This SNC is White Paper September 2005, the DME administered prepared on the basis of Planned activities include translating policy into Renewable Energy Finance and Subsidy guidelines adopted at COP legislative, regulatory and fiscal package Office (REFSO) was established in October 8(decision 17/CP.8) in 2005 to fund the renewable energy projects. 2002. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) Intergrated Resource plan (IRP 1) Climate Change Research Group (CCRG) The department of Energy approved the The programme assesses the impacts of likely changes Integrated Resource Plan (IRP1 for in atmospheric Composition and climate on the implementation as per the requirement of structure, function and biodiversity of southern the electricity regulations on new generation African ecosystems and endemic species . It also aims capacity. The IRP 1 gives effect to the to determine the vulnerability of South Africa's following policy objectives; 10 000 Gwh ( botanical diversity to projected climate change and to approximately 4% of the energy mix) of help plan possible adaptation measures Renewable Energy, the implementation of http://www.deat.gov.za/ClimateChange2005/CCRG Energy Efficiency and Demand Side Management through financial incentives schemes and installation of one million solar Climate Change and Agricultural Risk Management water heaters. Programme The programme focuses on (a) Development of Planned activities include: climate‐resilient crop varieties, (b) Best conservation • The Central Energy Fund to agricultural practices, for example, implementation of explore and promote investments multi ‐cropping system. (c) Land care programme in appropriate energy solutions to focuses on land restoration. (d) Early System meet the future energy needs of Programme main focus is to provide climate South Africa including gas, solar information in a form of advisories to farmers (e) Plant energy, low‐smoke fuels, biomass, breeding programme main focus is to develop heat wind and renewable energy tolerant crops sources. 44 | P a g e • The National Treasury plans to Climate Response Options for Agricultural production undertake specific incentive and (DAFF) subsidy measures that promote The focus areas include: documenting information investments in cleaner energy such relating to GHG emission from the agriculture sector; as renewable electricity and fuels elaborating on climate change and models and in support of Climate Change and management practices that can reduce dependence environmental objectives. on irrigation and promote the "crop per drop" approach to farming without reducing crop yields; identifying crop suitability models and input parameters as well as time scales for inputs for these models; a regional/ South African NPP/NEP map; and modeling1st to 4th order impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector of South Africa Agricultural Position paper on Climate Change The department of Agriculture , forestry and fisheries developed a national and international position on climate change for the agricultural sector Climate Change and Water Programme The programme focuses on (a) Water conservation practices including rainwater harvesting. (b) Water harvesting and optimisation main focus issues are: water storage, water use efficiency and water management. Wetlands programme main focus wetlands conservation, wetlands management Health's Malaria Control Programme This programme focuses on (a) Potential malaria outbreaks due to the impacts of Climate Change, (b) Long term human and environmental consequences of the use of DDT. Wetlands Programme (Peat lands) This programme focuses on rehabilitations of peat lands DAFF Climate Change Sector Plan DAFF is currently developing a Climate Change Sector 45 | P a g e Plan Climate Change Adaptation Sector Plan This programme focus on development of sector plan and strategy for the various adaptation sectors Climate Change Programmes in Local Government On the local government front the City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality and the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality carry out monitoring of changes in the composition of the atmosphere that triggers climate change. It is envisaged that once adequate time series data have been collected, it will be used to compile green house gas emission and dispersion atlases, and to prepare air quality management plans Planned activities include: • Strengthening Climate Change Adaptation Scenario Planning • Revitalisation of all irrigation schemes in the country (responsible institution DAFF) • Disaster Risk Reduction (responsible institution, NDMC and Dept of cooperative governance and Traditional Affairs) • The development of a national strategy aimed at incentivising activities that increase protected wetland management by subsidising one farming activity for those farmers that protect and manage wetlands that fall within and/or border their properties (e.g. water allowances to reduce drainage from wetlands etc.) <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF and Carbon Markets> <Technology Transfer> 46 | P a g e Use of Economic Instruments Forestry Programme Long‐term Mitigation Scenario (LTMS) The Department of Trade and Industry has This programme focuses on (a) Planting a million trees, process: commissioned a study to provide an overview of the (b) Sustainable forestry management, (c) Carbon Implementing the Business Unusual Call for use of economic instruments and develop sectoral stocks Action (investments in R+D for electric and plans to mitigate the effects of climate change hybrid vehicles, new solar technologies, Mkuze Carbon Sink Reforestation Project clean coal technologies, carbon capture and Planned activities: The project aims at achieving increased sink/ storage) • The Department of Trade and Industry will sequestration potential from a community ensure that Climate Change considerations reforestation perspective Climate Change Technology Needs are incorporated in the Industrial policy Assessment Project mechanisms (particularly the NIPF and IPAP) Buffelsdraai Landfill Site Reforestation Project This project aims to introduce technologies so that it could assist in generating The project aims at reforesting the landfill site as a that can improve South Africa's information about specific industries means of adding to the carbon offsets for the greening developmental and environmental integrity. of the 2010 soccer world cup The main objective is to identify and assess environmentally sound technologies that LEAP Project have synergy between reducing the impact Restoring mining areas with indigenous vegetation and of climate change and the rate of GHG building a green economy for miners who have no jobs emissions in South Africa within national currently development objectives Planned activities include: Basa Njengo Magogo (BnM) Programme • Establishing afforestation programme The BnM technique/art is a top‐down (responsible institution, DAFF) method of lighting a fire which reduces • Greenhouse gas emmission reporting by particulate emissions by up to 80% in industries to be mandatory ambient air. Particulate emissions are a • significant contributor to the causes of respiratory diseases within households that use coal as a domestic energy source. Demand Side Management Programme Demand Side Management (DSM) is a process implemented by Eskom to encourage consumers to modify patterns of electricity usage, including the timing and level of electricity demand. Eskom's Demand Side Management efforts include the roll‐out of CFL (energy efficient) lightbulbs, solar water heaters, and energy efficiency and load management projects. Planned activities: • The Department of Science and 47 | P a g e Technology plans to develop a national solar energy technology roadmap • The Department of Energy together with SABS will finalised the standards on boilers, AC Motors and thermal pipes. All these standards would cover the codes of practices and would also be made mandatory by the Energy Bill and the Air Quality Act. Civil Society Driven Initiatives Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> South Africa Wind Energy Programme (SAWEP), Climate Change Capacity Development Phase I (C3D) project SAWEP is a GEF‐funded project. Its aim is to reduce This project addresses capacity needs for GHG emissions generated by thermal power climate change through an innovative generation in the national inter‐connected system. The training and capacity building partnership. objective is to install and operate up to 5.2 MW at Research themes relating to global climate Darling Wind Farm and prepare the development of 45 change include: mitigation, greenhouse gas MW combined wind farms inventories, the impact of potential future allocation schemes on South Africa, Clean Cleaner Production Group (CPG) Development Mechanism, and capacity The Cleaner Production Group (CPG) comprises a building and adaptation to the impacts of collection of leading experts from several organisations climate change involved in cleaner production‐related activities. It Funded by The European Commission covers all aspects of cleaner production ‐ water and through EuropeAid Co‐Operation Office, energy efficiency, waste reduction and recycling, and Irish Aid, Swiss Federal Aid for Environment sustainable consumption and event greening. It aims and DANIDA and implemented by Climate at preventing waste and pollution at source, Change Programme of the United Nations minimizing the use of hazardous raw materials , Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) improving water and energy efficiency, reducing risks South Africa. (Energy and Research Centre to human health and Promoting sustainable (ERC) ‐ Faculty of Engineering and the Built development Environment at the University of Cape Town). http://www.c3d‐ unitar.org/?q=node/2 48 | P a g e The Institute of Security Studies (ISS) plans to extend its research work to focus on mitigation issues such as agriculturally derived biofuels which are intended to USAID Programme on Climate Change replace the traditional oil derived petroleum. This is This programme supports the design, important because there is likely to be a major push implementation, and evaluation of programs for such 'clean' fuels in maize and sugarcane rich linked to climate change; provides training countries across Southern Africa. However, this could for decision‐makers and stakeholders; also have a negative impact on food security in the disseminates information to local officials; region. and supports pilot activities using renewable energy technologies Partners in climate change activities in South Africa include: Ecoserv, The Alliance to Save Energy (ASE), The Johannesburg Roads Agency (JRA), The Louis Berger Group, Inc (LBG), The National Energy Efficiency Agency (NEEA), The SAG's Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), The South African Cities Network (SACN), The South African Government (SAG)'s Department of Provincial and Local Government (dplg) http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/environm ent/climate/country_nar/safrica.html South African Climate Action Network (SACAN) is a network of like‐minded Non‐ Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and individuals working on climate change issues in South Africa. It facilitates local civil society organisations' participation in responding to climate change at national, regional and international levels. It also coordinates information exchange on national, regional and international climate policies and issues, amongst civil society organisations and with other interested institutions; and formulates national, regional and international policy 49 | P a g e options and position papers on climate related issues. It further initiates civil society capacity building and public awareness raising to promote government and individual action, to limit human‐induced climate change to ecologically sustainable levels and develop capacity to adapt to climate change. www.earthlife.org.za Climate Change Research Programmes at Universities The Universities of Cape Town, Johannesburg, KwaZulu‐Natal, Limpopo, Witwatersrand and Pretoria have fully established climate change‐related monitoring and research programmes. The foci of their programmes range from the scientific fundamentals of climate change, through the assessments of vulnerability and impacts, to the development of mitigation and adaptation technologies and strategies. Meteorological, Atmospheric and Oceanographic Programmes The Climate and Environment Research and Monitoring (CERM) Unit at SAWS, the Climate Systems Analysis Research Group at UCT, the Hydrology and Water Resources Section at the UKZN, the Climate Research Group at the University of Witwatersrand and Department of Geography, Geo‐informatics and Meteorology at the University of Pretoria are the ones involved in major meteorological and atmospheric observation, monitoring and research programmes. The focus themes include determining historical climate change and climate variability; observing and monitoring 50 | P a g e long‐term trends in atmospheric composition of green houses gases, ozone depleting gases etc. South African Fruit and Wine Climate Change Program This Program includes plotting GHG footprint of the Fruit and Wine Industry supply chain. It involves an audit of all emissions from source to port, and source to shelf (through the supply chain) and analyzing the results to assess emission "hotspots" throughout the supply chain & on‐farm activities planning. A Climate Change Response & Strategic Framework for fruit and wine export industry and recommendations for reduction options applicable at farm and supply chain level; and for biological adaptation options for future regional agricultural planning will be developed. <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> Managing Climate Risk to Agriculture and Water Change and the Governance of Carbon Trade Resources in South Africa Programme Initiatives in Africa‐ Corruption and Governance Given the potential overlap between climate change Programme (Institute Of Social Security Studies) and existing forms of climate variability, this project As part of a commitment to stimulate the debate on seeks to integrate the current treatment of seasonal policy initiatives designed to mitigate the impact of and annual climate variability with decadal forecasts climate change, the Programme is engaged in a multi‐ and long‐term scenarios (up to 2050) generated by country study (Ethiopia, South Africa and Uganda) on global climate models, also known as general the implementation of carbon 'off‐set' projects in circulation models (GCMs). The project will feature a Africa. Three of the four projects form part of the clean previously tested model, extensive stakeholder development mechanism under the auspices of the engagement and capacity‐building for local scientists. Kyoto Protocol. The research aims to investigate the The idea is to enable private and public institutions in sustainability of such projects – and understand the the Western Cape and the country to better integrate opportunities they may create for corrupt behaviour information on climate change and climate variability http://www.iss.co.za/index.php?link_id=1&slink_id=15 51 | P a g e into water resources policy, planning and 9&link_type=13&slink_type=12&tmpl_id=3 management. Funded by IDRC and covers South Africa (University of the Free State) http://www.idrc.ca; http://www.uovs.ac.za; http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev‐113692‐201_104150‐1‐ IDRC_ADM_INFO.html <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF and Carbon Markets> <Technology Transfer> Carbon Disclosure Projects The National Business Institute 'is assisting South African companies to address some of the challenges through the Carbon disclosure Projects. The Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) has challenged the companies to measure and report their carbon emissions, integrating the long‐term value and cost of climate change into their assessment of the financial health and future prospects of their business. 6. Seychelles Government Driven Initiatives The Government of Seychelles, being a State party to the UNFCC, has undertaken certain mandatory activities pursuant to its obligations under the Convention. These include Participation in UNFCCC Processes‐ Initial Communication ‐ GHG Inventories; mitigation and adaptation measures; Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> 52 | P a g e Civil Society Initiatives Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> Marine Conservation Volunteer Program ‐ Global Vision International (GVI) GVI Seychelles uses two methodologies (coral recruitment and coral monitoring) to measure the health and recovery potential of the reefs around shores, in response to the worldwide bleaching events of 1998 and the more localized events of 2002 and 2003. Predicted increases of sea surface temperatures due to climate change may result in more frequent and severe bleaching events in the south‐western Indian Ocean. The monitoring program studies provide a record of the magnitude and frequency of these events, and the subsequent recovery or degradation of the reef. Over one hundred people a year from different countries participate in our programs, learning about the potential effects of climate change and spreading our concerns worldwide. Funded by Global Vision International (GVI) the volunteer programme covers Seychelles www.gvi.co.uk <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> 53 | P a g e 7. Swaziland Government Driven Initiatives The Government of Swaziland, being a State party to the UNFCC, has undertaken certain mandatory activities pursuant to its obligations under the Convention. These include Participation in UNFCCC Processes‐ Initial Communication ‐ GHG Inventories; mitigation and adaptation measures; Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> <Building Economic and Social Resilience > <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> Civil society initiatives Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> <Sectoral planning and implementation> <REDD> <Finance> <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> 54 | P a g e 8.Tanzania Government Driven Initiatives The Government of Tanzania, being a State party to the UNFCC, has undertaken certain mandatory activities pursuant to its obligations under the Convention. These include Participation in UNFCCC Processes‐ Initial Communication ‐ GHG Inventories; mitigation and adaptation measures; and the development of National Adaptation Programmes of Action. Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> Development of climate change scenarios‐ Analysis of Programme on Systematic Observations rainfall and temperature trends focuses on assessing the capacity of Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA) to participate in Assessment of Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate systematic climate data observation and Change in order to: identify areas of potential station networks vulnerability to climate change of natural resources and ecosystems etc; evaluate policy options to reduce Programme on awareness for policy makers vulnerability to impacts of climate change; analyse the and the general public on impacts of climate feasibility, viability, cost and benefits of the change. alternative options <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> Development of National Action Plan on Climate National REDD Programme aims to Change for Tanzania that takes account of and is • adapt forest management systems, complementary to Tanzania's national economic and • establish financing mechanisms and associated environmental policies and plans monitoring and verification systems that are attuned to the country needs Programme on Assessment of Vulnerability and • manage forests sustainably while responding to Adaptation to Climate Change also focuses on poverty reduction initiatives assessing the impact of climate change in economic sectors of national development; REDD policy development and inclusion into UNFCCC framework <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> GHG Mitigation Study‐ Greenhouse gas emissions mitigation‐ GHG inventory for five modules (energy, agriculture, waste, LULUCF, and industrial processes 55 | P a g e Civil Society Driven Initiatives Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> Programme to Support climate change activities Programme to Support climate change linked with the NAPA process in Tanzania activities linked with the NAPA process in The programme focuses on, amongst other things, Tanzania analysis of climate change trends and its impacts, and The programme focuses on, amongst other support to the prioritization of actions in NAPA things, general awareness raising on climate change and potential responses Danish Embassy. Tanzania http://amg.um.dk/en/menu/PoliciesAndStrategies/Cli mate+and+Development/ <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> Managing Risk, Reducing Vulnerability and Enhancing Productivity under a Changing Climate Project Opportunities exist to reduce the impact of drought and poverty in the region by capitalizing on the inherent adaptability of small‐scale farmers. Using case studies this action‐research project seeks to contribute to the development of adaptive strategies by gathering knowledge on vulnerability to drought within different social, political and economic contexts, and designing decision‐making tools to reduce vulnerability Funded by IDRC and covers Tanzania (Sokoine University of Agriculture), http://www.idrc.ca <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> Greenhouse Gases Mitigation Programme (Deutsche Gesellscheaft fur Technische Zusanimenarbeit (GTZ) The programme focuses on identifying 56 | P a g e technologies that are associated with GHG emissions for various sectors, together with technical possibilities of minimising of GHG emissions. It also analyzes the technical characteristics of various technologies identified as well as evaluating their reduction potentials 9. Zambia Government Driven Initiatives The Government of Zambia, being a State party to the UNFCC, has undertaken certain mandatory activities pursuant to its obligations under the Convention. These include Participation in UNFCCC Processes‐ Initial Communication ‐ GHG Inventories; mitigation and adaptation measures; and the development of National Adaptation Programmes of Action. Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> Documentation of National Methodological development, National Implementation Mitigation Analysis and Institutional Capacity Plans (NIPS)‐ Building Programme Management of This programme aims to: persistent organic • establish and enhance national pollutants (POPs) framework for developing climate change under the mitigation in Zambia in line with general Stockholm development objectives. Convention • establish or enhance the national capacity to comply with the requirements of the framework convention on climate change, primarily with regard to mitigation, but including enhancement of greenhouse gas inventories where necessary, and • develop and test a methodological framework for sub regional climate change mitigation analysis and strengthen regional awareness and responses to climate change. National capacity self assessment for implementation of Rio Convention. The 57 | P a g e programme focuses on identification of gaps in national capacity for effective implementation of UNCBD, UNCCD and UNFCCC Comprehensive national climate change awareness program‐ It aims to ensure national ownership and success of future climate change related efforts <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> NAPA submitted to UNFCC in 2007‐ Addresses immediate pressing adaptation priorities in the food security and public health sectors Economic impact of climate change in Zambia‐ Importance of climate change to short, medium and long term development priorities for Zambia as set in the FNDP Clean Development Mechanism‐ Designation of a national authority to oversee CDM projects <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> Civil Society Driven Initiatives Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> United States Country Study Programme (US CSP). National Studies and Regional Collaboration (DANIDA) United States Country Study Programme (US This focuses on, amongst other things, models for programme. It focuses on research on the economy, CSP). The programme focuses on, amongst predicting adaptation and vulnerability scenarios and overview of the institutional set up for national planning other things, capacity building with particular capacity building with particular emphasis on related to environment, organisation overview for the emphasis on modelling. modelling. existing climate change activities, review of existing studies and plans on climate change, energy supply and demand, and environmental issues in major sectors of the economy and mitigation. 58 | P a g e <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> 10. Zimbabwe Government Driven Initiatives The Government of Zimbabwe, being a State party to the UNFCC, has undertaken certain mandatory activities pursuant to its obligations under the Convention. These include Participation in UNFCCC Processes‐ Initial Communication ‐ GHG Inventories; mitigation and adaptation measures. The second communication is being prepared Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> Coping with Drought and climate change Project The project seeks to develop and pilot a range of long‐ term adaptation measures in the agriculture sector to reduce the vulnerability of small‐holder farmers and pastoralists in rural Zimbabwe to current and future climate change related shocks. It also seeks to develop long term policy oriented approaches for adaptation to climate change among rural men and women in agriculture through: developing and implementing a range of viable pilot demonstration measures in response to identified climate risks , and developing local capacity to use climate early warning systems to strengthen adaptation/livelihood strategies Funded by UNDP the project covers the Chiredzi district in Zimbabwe. www.undp.org <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> 59 | P a g e Civil Society Driven Initiatives Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> Coping with Drought and Climate change UNEP Greenhouse Gas Project This project focuses on, amongst Abatement Costing Studies‐ other things, developing local level capacity to Assessment of inventories, expand the knowledge base on climate options and cost of reducing change to support effective adaptation in greenhouse gases. The agriculture sector and disseminating project project was in three phases, generated lessons and fostering public which cover GHG inventories awareness about potential impacts of climate and mitigation change implementation of options. Funded by UNDP the project covers the Chiredzi district in Zimbabwe. www.undp.org <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> 11. Angola Government Driven Initiatives The Government of Angola, being a State party to the UNFCC, has undertaken certain mandatory activities pursuant to its obligations under the Convention. These include Participation in UNFCCC Processes‐ Initial Communication ‐ GHG Inventories; mitigation and adaptation measures; and the development of National Adaptation Programmes of Action. Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> 60 | P a g e <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> Civil Society Driven Initiatives Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> 12. Botswana Government Driven Initiatives The Government of Botswana, being a State party to the UNFCC, has undertaken certain mandatory activities pursuant to its obligations under the Convention. These include Participation in UNFCCC Processes‐ Initial Communication ‐ GHG Inventories; mitigation and adaptation measures Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> Civil Society Driven Initiatives Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> 61 | P a g e 13. Democratic Republic of Congo Government Driven Initiatives The Government of Democratic Republic of Congo, being a State party to the UNFCC, has undertaken certain mandatory activities pursuant to its obligations under the Convention. These include Participation in UNFCCC Processes‐ Initial Communication ‐ GHG Inventories; mitigation and adaptation measures; and the development of National Adaptation Programmes of Action. Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> Civil Society Driven Initiatives Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> 14. Mozambique Government Driven Initiatives The Government of Mozambique, being a State party to the UNFCC, has undertaken certain mandatory activities pursuant to its obligations under the Convention. These include Participation in UNFCCC Processes‐ Initial Communication ‐ GHG Inventories; mitigation and adaptation measures Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> 62 | P a g e <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> Civil Society Driven Initiatives Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> Danish Action Program – This focuses on: awareness raising about national and local impacts of climate change; capacity building related to climate data and forecasting; interdisciplinary Master's and PhD training, and case study analysis at provincial level, where climate information, socioeconomic impacts and policy implementation are considered in an integrated way Danish Embassy. Mozambique. http://amg.um.dk/en/menu/PoliciesAndStrat egies/Climate+and+Development/ <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> Development Policy Planning and Implementation in Eastern and Southern Africa (ACCESA) The programme focuses on, amongst other things, promoting the mainstreaming or integration of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change into sustainable development plans and planning processes through a pilot project in Mozambique. Community‐based fire management in central Mozambique will reduce the area of forests that currently burn on an annual basis, and provide the skills necessary to address the rise in fire outbreaks anticipated as a result of climate change. Funded by the United Nations Environmental Programme Global Environmental Facility (UNEP‐GEF) the project covers Mozambique. www.acts.or.ke/ 63 | P a g e <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF and Carbon Markets> <Technology Transfer> Adaptation to Climate Change in Eastern and Community based carbon project in Mozambique Southern Africa (ACCESA) Project ‐ IIED This programme aims to, amongst other things, The aims of this project was to formulate a reduce the vulnerability of communities to the programmatic forestry sink project in Zambézia impacts of climate change, thereby improving their Province, Mozambique which will benefit poor well‐being and protecting their livelihoodsCommunity smallholder farmers and be managed locally in line based fire management in Central Mozambique. Bush with the national decentralization policy. Drawing fires are an issue of increasing concern in from the experience of existing payment for Mozambique, and their frequency and intensity could ecosystem services (PES) schemes, including the rise due to climate change. AMBERO‐IP and Deutsche voluntary carbon market, to design a payment Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) scheme, which will keep to a minimum the costs have responded to this situation by providing training involved in contracting, monitoring carbon, in fire prevention and management at the community transferring payments to individual farmers and level, helping district governments develop and enforcing contracts. implement policies and processes for monitoring and responding to fire threats and occurrences, and Funded by PROFOR and DANIDA and covers encouraging policy coherence at the national level Mozambique's Zambézia Province. around fire management. http://www.iied.org/natural‐resources/key‐ Funded by The Global Environment Facility's Strategic issues/forestry/community‐based‐forest‐carbon‐ Priority on Adaptation, The Government of the project‐mozambique Netherlands and The Government of Norway. Mozambique. www.iisd.org/climate/vulnerability/adaptation.asp 15. Madagascar Government Driven Initiatives The Government of Madagascar, being a State party to the UNFCC, has undertaken certain mandatory activities pursuant to its obligations under the Convention. These include Participation in UNFCCC Processes‐ Initial Communication ‐ GHG Inventories; mitigation and adaptation measures; and the development of National Adaptation Programmes of Action. Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> 64 | P a g e <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change : Agricultural Systems in Madagascar This project focuses on facilitating dialogue between decision‐makers and researchers at the national, regional and local level; to produce spatial information on the factors affecting vulnerability to climate change on the whole island of Madagascar; to better understand existing and possible adaptation strategies; to explore various intervention strategies under different scenarios; and to reinforce national capacity in analysis of climate change vulnerability and adaptation Funded by IDRC and housed at the Université d'Antananarivo in Madagascar. http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev‐113691‐201_104143‐1‐ IDRC_ADM_INFO.html; http://www.univ‐ antananarivo.mg <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> Civil Society Driven Initiatives Adaptation Mitigation Supporting Measures Others <Risk and Disaster Mgt> <Energy> <Capacity Building> <Sectoral Planning and Implementation> <REDD> <Finance> <Building Economic and Social Resilience> <LULUCF> <Technology Transfer> 65 | P a g e 4. Gap Analysis4 One of the objectives of this study is to assess the existing climate change programmes in southern Africa in order to identify gaps or focus areas that are not being addressed (or not receiving enough attention, as the case may be) within the framework of indicative focus areas as outlined in the comprehensive framework. A gap analysis is an important planning tool for governments, regional economic communities and development organizations working on climate change, to understanding the priority areas they should concentrate their investments on in terms of time, funds and human resources. However, for the analysis to be useful, it should not merely describe the areas that are not receiving attention in comparison to the others. It should also juxtapose those areas within the broader context of existing sub‐regional and national developmental challenges impacting or being impacted by climate change, and assess whether the identified gaps, if enhanced, will contribute towards addressing those challenges holistically. Ideally, the results of the analysis should prompt a more targeted and relevant climate change programmatic response. To achieve this objective this section: (a) highlights the focus areas that are weak by evaluating whether existing programmes are comprehensive and addressing envisaged activities under the focus areas, and (b) recommends priority focus areas based on existing climate change‐ related developmental challenges in the sub‐region. 4.1 Identifying the Gaps In order to have an accurate appraisal of the current strength of existing programmes, or lack of it, as the case may be, it is important to compare envisaged activities with what currently exists. 4.1.1 Under Adaptation, programme activities on risk and disaster management are expected to ensure a shift in approach from reactive disaster management to preventive and multi‐sectoral disaster reduction initiatives (DRR). Some of the important components of this approach include focusing on vulnerability, pro‐activeness, creation of partnerships with stakeholders especially with those at risk, risk management, understanding the causes of potential impacts, and applying responses to a broader context (Salter, 1998). The Bali Action plan also recognizes 'DRR‐like' approaches to adaptation (APF, 2009). Programme activities on sectoral planning and implementation are expected to focus on adaptation in key sectors including water, agriculture, coastal zones, health, infrastructure, biodiversity and ecosystems, forests, energy, urban management and tourism, taking into account the cross‐sectoral implication (AMCEN, 2009). On building economic and social resilience, the programme activities are expected to enhance resilience through the diversification of 4 The results of the gap analysis and recommendations ensuing from the analysis are based on the information presented under section 2 and 3 of this report. i.e. information researched and extracted from questionnaire responses received to date. Therefore if more questionnaire responses are received and incorporated into the report, the results of the analysis and the recommendations may also change. economies to reduce dependence on climate‐sensitive sectors, including through the use of indigenous knowledge and practices and the strengthening of community organizations (AMCEN, 2009). Some of the indicative activities necessary to achieve these adaptation activities include understanding climate and climate change processes, vulnerability and risks, including, through monitoring and observation systems; understanding the economics of adaptation; understanding the social and cultural dimensions of adaptation; policy setting and planning, including climate‐proofing of future development; piloting and demonstrating; and full‐scale implementation (AMCEN, 2009). Existing sub‐regional programme activities under the adaptation pillar mainly focus on risk and disaster management and on building economic and social resilience. While some programmes on sectoral planning exist, they are generally limited to the water and agriculture sectors, leaving other sectors under‐represented. Activities on risk and disaster management generally tend to focus on relief and capacity enhancement for early warning systems and integrating risk management into existing national programmes. Although the geographic spread of these programmes is limited to a few countries in the sub‐region, their activities are in tandem with the DRR approach. With regards to building resilience, the major activities currently focus on reducing vulnerability of local communities and farmers through the identification and application of adaptive livelihood strategies. These activities concentrate of strengthening the adaptive capacities of communities and farmers with regards to their existing sources of livelihoods, but do not go further to address the issue of diversification of economies to reduce dependence on climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture. Existing national programme activities under the adaptation pillar, for the majority of the countries, are generally centred on UNFCCC mandated activities such NAPAs for least developing countries. However some countries have government programmes and civil society driven projects working on sectoral planning and enhancing economic and social resilience. Except for South Africa that has an elaborate network of programmes across these two areas, the other countries have isolated programmes concentrated more on sectoral planning and implementation than enhancing economic and social resilience. For these countries the programmes focus disproportionately more on the agriculture and water sectors than other sectors. Furthermore, apart from the existence of SADC coordinated national early warning systems, there are generally very few programmes on risk and disaster management across the countries. 126.96.36.199 Gaps in sub‐regional programmes under the adaptation pillar: (i) The scope of activities focusing on sectoral planning and implementation are limited mainly to water and agriculture sectors only. There are very few programmes (and at times none) working on coastal zones, health, infrastructure, biodiversity and ecosystems, forests, energy, urban management and tourism from a climate change adaptation perspective (ii) The geographic 67 | P a g e spread of risk and disaster management sub‐regional programmes is limited to a few countries in the sub‐region and (iii) The scope of activities focusing on building economic and social resilience are not addressing the issue of diversifying economies to reduce dependence on climate sensitive sectors. Resilience and adaptive mechanisms are being considered mainly within one sector, namely agriculture. 22.214.171.124 Gaps in national programmes under the adaptation pillar: (i) The portfolio of national programmes on adaptation is generally low across the countries except for South Africa (ii) There are generally very few programmes focusing on risk and disaster management and enhancing economic and social resilience. Programmatically, the focus area on risk and disaster management is under‐represented in comparison to the other areas across the countries (iii) With regards to sectoral planning and implementation work, most programmes are focusing on agriculture and water sectors only. Very few (and these are found mainly in South Africa) focus on other sectors. 4.1.2 Under Mitigation, programme activities on the energy sector are expected to focus on: scaling up investment to provide access to affordable cleaner energy, especially for rural communities; developing appropriate alternative energy sources; formulating policies and measures to increase energy efficiency; and using the precautionary approach in the development of bio fuels for mitigation and energy security (AMCEN, 2009). Programmes on REDD are expected to focus on: the development of market based mechanisms to reward or provide incentives for forest conservation or the avoidance of deforestation and sustainable forest management practices (AMCEN, 2009). Programmes on LULUCF are expected to contribute towards mitigating GHG emissions through the use of best practices to enhance carbon sequestration and reduced emissions (AMCEN, 2009). Generally the number of sub‐regional programmes under the mitigation pillar are few in comparison to the other pillars. The ones that exist are mainly focusing on the energy sector and on REDD‐related activities. The programme scope of those focusing on the energy sector is limited to bio fuel energy production at household and community level, and the development of sustainable energy policies. For instance, there are few or no sub‐regional programmes focusing on scaling up investment on cleaner and affordable energy sources, or researching and developing alternative energy sources. These activities are not only limited in scope, but they are also limited in geographic scale. The activities are found in a few countries in the sub‐region. With regards to the REDD programme activities, the focus is mainly on awareness raising on carbon trading, building capacity, policy development, and on governance of carbon trading companies. It is important to note however that the sub‐ region has three countries that are participating in the UN‐REDD programme, namely DRC, Tanzania and Zambia. 68 | P a g e Like with the case of sub‐regional programmes, there are generally few national programmes under the mitigation pillar. Outside South Africa, the national programmes that exist generally focus on LULUCF‐related work mainly on forest conservation and carbon sequestration, and to some extent REDD‐related work such as the UN REDD programme in DRC, Tanzania and Zambia. South Africa, on the other hand, has a very complex portfolio of programmes focusing on the energy sector. These programmes include issues related to energy policy reform processes, access to cleaner and affordable energy and, alternative energy sources including biofuels. 220.127.116.11 Gaps in sub‐regional programmes under the mitigation pillar: (i) Although there may be some sub‐regional programmes that have a bearing on LULUCF, there are very few that are aiming to develop best practices to enhance carbon sequestration and reduced emissions. (ii) The current focus of existing programmes working on energy is not comprehensive. It is limited to bio fuel development, and to a lesser extent to the development of energy policies. There are no programmes that focus on affordable and clean energy, or developing appropriate alternative sources of energy. Furthermore these programmes are not well spread out through‐out the sub‐region. (iii) Although there are a few big REDD‐related programmes such as the UN‐REDD and the COMESA Bio Carbon Initiative, there are very few other sub‐regional programmes working on this focus area in the sub‐region. 184.108.40.206 Gaps in national programmes under the mitigation pillar: (i) Outside South Africa, there are very few national programmes that focus on the energy sector. In some countries there are no recorded programmes working on this area (ii) The extent of activities under REDD and LULUCF are generally limited in terms of geographic scope and thematic areas. For REDD, the activities are only limited to DRC, Tanzania and Zambia, and for LULUCF the activities are limited to work on forests and carbon sequestration. 4.1.3 Under Supporting Measures, programme activities on capacity building are expected to: enhance human resource development through focused training, mentoring and learning‐by‐doing approaches, among other measures; empower relevant institutions at various levels; enhance observation, research and knowledge management; strengthen communication, education and awareness raising at all levels, especially at the local and community levels; strengthen and use sub‐regional networks of information and knowledge sharing; develop tools, methods and technologies and support their application; encourage and strengthen participatory and integrated approaches in planning and decision making, including the meaningful participation of civil society; share experiences, information and best practices of African countries; and assess, strengthen and mobilize the capacities of existing relevant facilities and institutions in Africa (AMCEN, 2009). Programme activities on finance are expected to scale up sources of financing through: harnessing domestic investment, multilateral funding, bilateral investment and donor funding; use of insurance 69 | P a g e and other risk management instruments; private sector instruments; market‐based instruments, e.g., carbon finance; and improving access to financing. Such financing mechanisms should be based on certain principles such as equity in the allocation of funds based on need and, including the use of vulnerability criteria in resource allocation decision‐ making; transparency and accountability in the use of funds mobilized; and reliability (AMCEN,2009). Programmes on technology transfer are expected to: enhance technology development and transfer, including hard technologies such as drip irrigation, drought resistant crop varieties, renewable energy technologies etc, and soft technologies such as knowledge, best practices etc; addressing technology transfer barriers, including rules of trade tariffs, intellectual property right‐barriers and technical trade barriers (standards, ecolabelling); enhance and support the research and development capacity in southern African countries to foster the development and local manufacture of cleaner mitigation and adaptation technologies; and enhance technology cooperation between Southern African countries and others5 (AMCEN, 2009). Existing sub‐regional programmes under the supporting measures pillar are generally biased towards capacity building and finance. While there are some programmes with activities touching on technology transfer, these are generally isolated initiatives. Capacity building is perhaps the focus area with the largest portfolio of existing sub‐regional programmes on climate change in the sub‐region. The scope of these activities are diverse and cover almost all the expected activities envisaged under this area. These are currently focusing on: strengthening stakeholder and institutional capacity through training; enhancing observation, research and knowledge management systems; strengthening communication and awareness raising at various levels; inculcating learning‐by‐doing approaches and facilitating sharing of knowledge between communities and other stakeholders; and integrating climate change issues in planning and implementation. The activity areas that are not receiving much attention under capacity building include strengthening and using sub‐regional networks of information and knowledge sharing; and developing tools, methods and technologies. With regards to finance, the existing programmes are focusing on developing market‐based financing mechanisms; engaging the private sector for financial resources; accessing grants from multilateral and bilateral sources; and implementing integrated financing mechanisms. This notwithstanding, it is not clear (from the information gathered) whether such financing mechanisms are being guided by the principles of equity in the allocation of funds, transparency, accountability and reliability in their 5 Cooperation is expected to be strengthened through the Africa‐European Union joint strategy, Africa‐China, Africa‐India, Africa‐South America and the Tokyo International Conference on African Development cooperation programme with Japan 70 | P a g e implementation. The single set of instruments that is not being fully utilized is the use of insurance and other risk management instruments. National programmes under the supporting measures pillar, like sub‐regional programmes, are highly concentrated in capacity building activities. However, except for South Africa, the scope of capacity building activities of national programmes is not as diverse as those for sub‐regional programmes. For instance, most countries' capacity building activities are limited to awareness raising, research and enhancement of capacity of communities to adapt to climate change. There are very few (and in some cases none) national programmes outside South Africa, focusing on institutional capacity building activities, knowledge management systems and participatory approaches to decision‐making. Similarly, except for South Africa, there is very limited focus on finance and technology transfer as supporting measures for implementation. Finance mechanisms that exist are generally 'traditional' sources of funds i.e. multilateral and bilateral funding. Technology transfer initiatives are also very limited. South Africa, on the other hand, has capacity building programmes that are extensive in scope. However they are generally biased towards the energy sector. Its technology transfer initiatives are closely linked to the energy sector, as they are designed to enhance the development of alternative sources of energy and to increase energy efficiency. South Africa has financing programmes that place emphasis on mobilizing funds from internal or national sources. Examples of such mechanisms include subsidies from national treasury, financial incentives schemes, and the development of national climate‐ related funds. 188.8.131.52 Gaps in sub‐regional programmes under the supporting measures pillar: (i) While capacity building activities are strong, there is still need to focus on strengthening and using sub‐regional networks of information and knowledge sharing; and to develop tools, methods and technologies to enhance climate change mitigation and adaptation (ii) The financing mechanisms being explored are generally focusing on scaling up of 'traditional/conventional' sources of funding i.e. multilateral and bilateral sources of funding. Although there are some innovative mechanisms being employed particularly in securing private sector funds and establishing market‐based mechanisms, these activities are not prevalent in the sub‐region. Furthermore other innovative mechanisms such as insurance and other risk management instruments, and not being fully explored (iii) Technology transfer programmes are under‐represented in the sub‐region. Where they exist, they are isolated and not clearly linked to specific areas of implementation. 126.96.36.199 Gaps in national programmes under the supporting measures pillar: (i) The scope of existing capacity building programmes outside South Africa is limited. They are currently only focusing on awareness raising, and capacity strengthening of communities for adaptation. However, even these areas are not being extensively implemented across the countries. (ii) Outside South Africa, there are no innovative mechanisms of financing being 71 | P a g e implemented by countries. There is over‐reliance on 'traditional sources' of funding such as bilateral and multilateral funds (iii) Outside South Africa, there are very few technology development and transfer initiatives being implemented by countries. (iv) South Africa's programmes on capacity building, finance mechanisms, and technology transfer are generally biased towards the energy sector. There are very few of these supporting measures that are linked to other 'climate sensitive' sectors. 5. Recommendations Having established the climate change programmatic gaps that exist in the sub‐region, it is important to contrast these gaps with the sub‐region's existing climate change‐related developmental challenges. This is particularly essential for ensuring that recommendations are targeted, responsive and relevant to specific challenges. 5.1 Recommendations on Adaptation Programmes Perhaps, the single critical climate change‐related challenge being faced by the sub‐region is its socio‐economic vulnerability to extreme climatic events. This is because the sub‐region is pre‐dominantly dependent on climate‐sensitive sectors, such as agriculture, fisheries and natural resources for, livelihoods. According to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), climate change and variability will have significant impacts on food security and malnutrition (IPCC, 2007), as a result of the sensitivities of these sectors. It has been noted for instance that recent droughts in the sub‐ region exposed approximately 14.4 million SADC citizens to hunger and malnutrition (UNEP & ICRAF, 2006). Droughts and water scarcity diminish dietary diversity and reduce overall food consumption. This may lead to malnutrition including under‐nutrition, protein‐energy malnutrition and/or micronutrient deficiencies (Cohen et al, 2009). The risk of flooding of human settlements may increase, from both sea‐level rise and increased heavy precipitation in coastal areas (Cohen et al, 2009). This is likely to result in an increase in the number of people exposed to diarrhoeal and other infectious diseases, thus lowering their capacity to utilise food effectively (Cohen et al, 2009). Rain‐fed agricultural yields in some countries may be reduced by 50% of a result of climate change (PICC, 2007). Furthermore, it has also been noted that there is an inextricable link between climate variability and macro‐ economic performance, and this has caused some national economies to contract because of effects on the agriculture sector which is the backbone of most SADC economies. This critical challenge will require priority to be placed on adaptation programmes. This is made more imperative by the fact that the sub‐region's capacity to address these climate change challenges is very low (SADC, 2008). The current composition of adaptation programmes that exist in the sub‐region at both sub‐regional and national programme level reflects this need. The focus of the sub‐regional programmes are skewed towards risk and disaster management, perhaps as a response to the frequency of natural climatic disasters such as droughts and floods. Sub‐regional programmes are also focusing on building 72 | P a g e economic and social resilience, probably as a result of susceptibility of the sub‐region's population to the impacts of climate variability. Although both sub‐regional and national level programmes on sectoral planning and implementation mainly focus on water and agriculture sectors at the expense of other sectors, these are extremely relevant in light of the sensitivity of these sectors to extreme climatic events. However, other sectors that are currently not receiving programmatic attention such as coastal zones, health, biodiversity and ecosystems and forests are also highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change with negative repercussions on the socio‐economic well being of the sub‐region. For instance droughts aggravate environmental degradation through ecosystem and climatic effects, including through deforestation; livestock overgrazing; soil erosion; wild fires; biodiversity loss; and water pollution (SADC, 2008). Social effects emanating from this include reduced potable water supplies with negative health and sanitation consequences (including disease incidents like vector‐based malaria and schistomiasis, and water‐borne cholera and dysentery), especially for the vulnerable groups (SADC, 2008). Recommendations: Sub‐regional programmes on climate change should place adaptation as a priority area for implementation. o Emphasis should be placed on increasing the number and geographical coverage of sectoral planning and implementation activities, as this area is heavily under‐represented in some socio‐economic important sectors such as health, infrastructure and tourism, biodiversity and ecosystems, energy and coastal zones. National programmes should place adaptation as a priority area for implementation. Emphasis should be placed on: o Up scaling risk and disaster management especially the adoption of the DRR‐ like approaches; o Enhancing economic and social resilience programmes especially focusing on diversification of economies to reduce dependence on climate sensitive sectors; and o Mainstreaming cross‐sectoral implications of adaptation activities in all sectors, namely water, agriculture, coastal zones, health, infrastructure and tourism, biodiversity and ecosystems, energy and urban management. 73 | P a g e 5.2 Recommendations on Mitigation Programmes Africa, as a continent, is estimated to have contributed approximately 3.8% of historic anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to the Earth's atmosphere (COMESA, 2008). The contribution of the SADC sub‐region to global GHG emission without factoring in land use change emissions (such as deforestation etc) is relatively minimal. However its contribution slightly increases if land use change emissions are factored in, as illustrated by the table below. Table 2: Per Capita GHG emissions of SADC Countries Country Emissions without Land Use Emissions with Land Use Change Change (Year 2000, Tonnes of (Year 2000, Tonnes of CO2e6/capita) CO2e/capita) Angola 5.4 6.7 Botswana 6.5 17.8 DRC 1.0 7.4 Lesotho 1.5 1.5 Madagascar 2.3 6.0 Malawi 0.6 3.0 Mauritius 3.2 3.2 Mozambique 1.1 1.6 Namibia 5.1 6.3 Seychelles 7.4 7.4 South Africa 9.5 9.5 Swaziland 3.2 1.5 Tanzania 1.9 2.4 Zambia 2.6 24.6 Zimbabwe 2.7 6.5 Source: Adapted from WRI, CDIAC and USEPA Although fossil fuel burning (liquid fuels and especially coal in the thermal power stations of South Africa) is often cited as an important source of CO2 emissions from the sub‐region, a significant proportion of it emanates from one country, namely South Africa. The other SADC countries' GHG emissions are mainly from deforestation and land degradation, which includes loss of carbon from the soil. Deforestation is rife in the sub‐region. For instance, between 1990 and 2000, forest cover in the sub‐region fell from 3.8 million km² to 3.57 million km². This represents an average decrease of 0.6% per annum, or a total of 23 million Ha of forest lost per year (FAO. 2003). The deforestation is characterized by a combination of forests cleared for agriculture or for commercial purposes and the increasing demand for fuel wood. Rates of deforestation depend on, among other things, the combined effects of conservation policies, ecological conditions, the fertility of ecosystems and the social 6 CO2e refers to CO2 equivalence 74 | P a g e environment such as the size and economy of the rural people and intensity of use (NFDS, 2006). The sub‐region's contribution to GHG global emissions is minimal in comparison to emissions from developed countries. This understanding would, primae facie, suggest that climate change programmes on mitigation would not be a priority because the sub‐region is not a significant contributor. That notwithstanding, the sub‐region has potential for carbon sequestration through reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), and through sustainable land use practices (such as sustainable agriculture, forest management, and other land uses ‐ AFOLU). Besides having a major impact on global climate change by reducing carbon emissions, these activities can also reduce the sub‐ region's vulnerability and help to stimulate poverty reduction and growth. This is because agricultural practices and land‐use decisions (including reliance on firewood and charcoal), together with their impacts on agricultural productivity and soil conservation, are connected to the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation (NFDS, 2006). Therefore in implementing REDD and LULUCF including AFOLU‐related programmes, poverty and development‐related issues are inevitably addressed as well. There are generally very few sub‐regional and national programmes focusing on mitigation in the sub‐region, as compared to adaptation. The ones that exist are mainly focusing on the energy sector and on REDD. Given the developmental challenges in the sub‐region and the opportunities presented by REDD and AFOLU discussed above, there is need for a more calculated approach towards implementing mitigation programmes to achieve the twin goals of reducing emissions and addressing poverty. Because existing programmes on REDD are only focusing on awareness raising and capacity building, there is need to expand the scope of such programmes to include the development of market based mechanisms to reward or provide incentives for forest conservation or the avoidance of deforestation and sustainable forest management practices; and contributing towards mitigating GHG emissions through the use of best practices to enhance carbon sequestration and reduced emissions. In addition there should also be promotion of sustainable agriculture, sustainable forest management, afforestation and reforestation thereby enabling "greener agriculture" and promoting agricultural productivity in a way that improves resilience and adaptation to climate change. COMESA, of which all SADC countries except South Africa, and members, is critically advocating for this approach. It's position is, amongst other things, that countries (including SADC countries) should be allowed to re‐design REDD to include the rural realities on the ground. This will mean balancing the need to ensure concrete rewards for measures aimed at reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. These measures include increasing the productivity of climate‐resilient agricultural systems, promoting sustainable land management, exploring sustainable bio‐energy approaches, enhancing value‐chain 75 | P a g e integration, alleviating poverty and addressing food security. It is also moving for the use of both market and non‐market means to support capacity development for, and the design and deployment of, nationally appropriate mitigation actions that are focused on the full range of AFOLU activities, either in conjunction with the development of a REDD mechanism or as part of a comprehensive terrestrial carbon approach (COMESA, 2009). Recommendations: Sub‐regional programmes should strategically embrace mitigation activities that do not only contribute towards reducing global GHG emissions, but also and perhaps more importantly contribute towards poverty alleviation and rural development as well. Therefore emphasis should be placed on: o REDD plus activities i.e. activities that go beyond the current thinking around the REDD concept to include agriculture, forests and other land use issues (AFOLU). o Adopting a sub‐regional approach to implementing REDD plus activities, especially given the transboundary nature of forests and forest management under transboundary natural resources management initiatives (TBNRM) in the sub‐region National programmes should also give attention to REDD plus activities, as discussed above. However, because of the nature of some of forests that are transboundary, the national programmes on REDD plus activities should also be linked with sub‐ regional programmes. National programmes should pay attention to the socio‐economic opportunities that come with adopting appropriate mitigation programmes in the energy sector, such as availing affordable energy for rural communities, or using the precautionary approach to bio fuels (as a cautious way of exploring alternative energy sources) 5.3 Recommendations on Supporting Measures The capability of most SADC countries to implement the above‐discussed programmes on adaptation and mitigation is low. There is generally a need for such implementation to be supported through capacity building, use of appropriate financing mechanisms, and technology transfer. Because the capability is low, capacity building is perhaps a major priority focus area. Since financing is a pre‐requisite for the implementation of most of activities, it also ranks as a priority area. Technology development and transfer on the other hand, while important, should be need driven to respond to the realities of the sub‐region. Recommendations: Sub‐regional programmes should further enhance capacity building activities, especially on strengthening and using sub‐regional networks of information and knowledge sharing, developing tools, methods and technologies to enhance climate change mitigation and adaptation. 76 | P a g e Sub‐regional programmes should strive to: o Identify and implement innovative mechanisms of financing. o Ensure that technology transfer needs of the sub‐region are relevant to the realities on the ground, and that they are in response to a clear climate change‐related developmental challenge. National programmes should put emphasis on: o Enhancing all major aspects of capacity building including institutional strengthening through training, mentoring and learning‐by‐doing approaches; enhancing observation, research and knowledge management; strengthening communication, education and awareness raising; developing tools, methods and technologies and support their application and strengthening participatory and integrated approaches in planning and decision making. o Developing innovative ways of accessing funds for national programmes especially from non‐traditional sources. o Identifying, developing and accessing technologies that are needs driven to respond to the climate change‐related developmental challenges of the country. 77 | P a g e References • Amcen 2009; Report of the Ministerial Segment of the Special Session on Climate Change of the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment; AMCEN/SS/III/6 • Cohen M.J, Tirado C, Aberman N. and Thompson B.; Impact of Climate Change and Bio energy on Nutrition; FAO (2009) • Cumming, D., 1999; Study on the Development of Transboundary Natural Resource Management Areas in Southern Africa • Glantz, M.H., Betsill, M. and Crandall, K., 1997; Food security in Southern Africa. Assessing the Use and Value of ENSO Information. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA. • Government of Botswana, 2001. Botswana Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. • Government of Namibia, 2002. Namibia Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change • Government of Zimbabwe, 1998. Zimbabwe Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change • Kandji S.T, Verchot L. and Mackensen J 2006; Climate Change Climate and Variability in Southern Africa: Impacts and Adaptation in the Agricultural Sector; UNEP and ICRAF • NCAR, 2005. A Continent Split by Climate Change: New Study Projects Drought in Southern Africa, Rain in Sahel. National Center for Atmospheric Research Press Release, May 24, 2005, Boulder, CO • Ragab, R., Prudhomme, C., 2002. Climate Change and Water Resources Management in Arid and Semi‐arid Regions: Prospective and Challenges for the 21st century. Biosystems Engineering 81: 3‐34 • SADC, 2002. Annual Report 2001‐2002, Southern Africa Development Community www.sadc.int. • SADC/IUCN/SARDC, State of the Environment in Southern Africa, 1994 • SADC/IUCN/SARDC/ZRA, State of the Environment Zambezi Basin 2000 • SADC/IUCN/SARDC, Biodiversity of Indigenous Forests and Woodlands in Southern Africa, 2000 • SADC; The Impact of Climate Change on the Poverty Situation in the SADC Region • Proceedings from the SADC International Conference on Poverty and Development 18‐20 April 2008, Mauritius (2008) 78 | P a g e
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