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[quote:ShadowDancer:MV85MTM5MjBfMTQxNjgwOTlfOEY1MDI1OEQ=] [quote:Anonymous Coward 805575] Shadow your posts are the most frightening on GLP, though I know that is far from your intent. One question: How long before the shit really hits the fan, in your opinion? [/quote] It is going to keep increasing chronically I am sorry to say and I do not intend to frighten but inform-if one knows the lay of the land they can get past the hollywood version and make preparations-as I see they will force their nanny world and the ones who stand to strike back will not excel over what they have planned...but I know there is a Most High, no matter what they say-or how ever many mock Once you know, there is no deterrent from truth-no matter the consequences. Speaking out and letting it be known that WE DO NOT CONSENT Some major crap is already at work and soon many more will see. Also I see parallel lines... say we have a big push for rounding up the dirty in govt...then the forgiveness of debt(nesara-like) or whatever-the bait being the cashless system...with RFID-the WHO being the health nurse of the world and IMF being the treasury of the world-more deceptions while proclaiming all the cleaning up-the nanny world will have their own combo "religion" likely of lucifer...persecutions of many- all in all-it is for the best-as it must get to that to lock down the HIDDEN ones-the powers and principalities there are other beings-some are "angelic and holy" and some are fallen...they could still be angels but they are not at all how they seem Then we have the hidden octopus...and ties in with the 3 cities who never pay taxes:ROME,DC,London...and the clubOFroma...tied to CFR...symbolism throughout world religions agrees much more than many seem to portray. As far as I can see-many things started to implode after the less than an hour collapse, the stand down bringing in fraudulent laws-it seems pretty clear-the pressure builds and when more are being struck down still many will say: when will it happen...it is happening and will continue 2012 very intense...but 2013-2015 some very INTERESTING signs overhead...and NO ONE knows the time or the hour and even that which was planned will be cut short-or no one will be here...sacrifices(whether it be infant, adult, old, young or even selected goat...sacrifices are still important to primitives-and the usurpers regardless of their original stature are primitive overall-conquerors and prideful PIRATES who delight in BLOOD seriously- I do not want to believe it....denial provides insulation...but obstructs the truth from revealing-so I am constrained to what I C one way or the other-and compelled to not take from or add to...may I abide in that truth...regardless of personal distaste. strangely even then-I sense many who will think nothing is occurring-like a schism with PERSPECTIVE-seems more and more-some will not be seen, and others will not be seeing..strange sounding I know but it is like a star trek episode-where the higher frequency beings cannot be perceived by the lower density kind of thing...I think it will become clearer shortly There are so many people throughout the earth-and what these maniacs is so absurd in levels of control and difficulty-the only option will be by ELIMINATING many- [/quote]
Original Message
Seems the technology is taking over.
No matter what egregious wrongs IBM did in the WWII camps they would like to do that wrong even better...
RFID on all things even the items you bring into your house.
RFID is BeReFT of magnets...sadly they will be shielded devices brought forth that will limit such magnetic anomalies...assured it is...
The days of T3,T2,T1 and I am not referring to processional spins...are upon us-the last days of "man" is before us and already aberrations are continuing to be brought forth.
The technology far outweighs mans small understanding-even the hidden technology-far surpasses our ability to CONtrol it.
As I have said many times once they get whatever HR####)dial a number is the game THEY play) for healthcare is all set to EXPAND THE RFID utilization-all health information, all financial data, all LEGAL and philosophical beliefs will be contained. They will claim it helps security and to protect data and assure many of false HOPE as it will be HYPE...
Implanting this kind of thing in the body is OBSCENE and will cause health problems, adhesions, scarring, heat generated-they will say it is usually off unless it is powered up by the reader...false sense of safety will prove FALSE/FALSCH in all ways. In fact few are aware of the UPC being the BAR being the CONTROL with the 3 sixes hidden by bar width-all of them have it....ALL-and within many houses the RFID is being tracked through the wrappers on your cans or an RFID attached...whether you can find it or not...ALL PRODUCTS...with NAIS it will extend to all farm animals or husbandry aspects, including pets and the ULTIMATE GOAL IS AND WILL BE HUmans...all owing allegiance to a system that will be required to buy or sell-and prone to ENFORCEMENTS via CREDITS...carbon tax to milk bought to egg laid by hen.
Food and water are excellent motivators...monSATAN knows this...CODEX is their baby
MAV, Sensory weapons of ALL KINDS-capable to drive one insane are well understood as Dr Jose Delgado and his docile BULL...from the minute steps to the titan technology that cannot be controlled.
I have more naturally but as powers and principalities strive to obstruct beyond reason I will post and continue.
BIG DOGS roam and each day they are closer to the movies many have seen...terminator FRANKEN SCIENCE is taking over-soon the calls will be made by AI not man-as he is already being overwhelmed and not to his enhancement as it will be sold but to his demise, be assured this is not a game regardless of how they play it-but very real and your mind is on the line but more importantly your very soul-
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17 years of experience
Accepting new patients
17 years of experience
Accepting new patients
940 E 3rd St
Ste 205
Casper, WY 82601 Phone number & directions
Ste 205
Casper, WY 82601 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
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Dr. Shelley Springer, MD is board certified in Pediatrics.
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Dr. Springer graduated from Medical College of Ohio, Toledo.
Dr. Springer has 14 hospital affiliations:
- Scottsdale Healthcare-Shea
- CHRISTUS St. Joseph Hospital
Home > Find a Pediatrician > WY > Casper Pediatricians > Dr. Shelley Springer, MD
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Shelley C Springer MD is a female Pediatrician, has 17 years of experience and practices in Pediatrics.
- Where does Dr. Shelley C. Springer practice?
- Dr. Shelley Springer has 4 office locations.
Dr. Shelley Springer practices Pediatrics near Casper, WY.
Additional practice locations include: Mesa, AZ and Tucson, AZ.
See Casper Pediatricians.

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Publications (20)107.46 Total impact
Article: Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitor ibrutinib suppresses stem-like traits in ovarian cancer.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: According to a Prognoscan database, upregulation of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is associated with low overall survival in ovarian cancer patients. We found that spheroids-forming ovarian cancer cell, which highly expressed cancer stem-like cell (CSC) markers and Btk, were cisplatin resistant. We next treated CSCs and non-CSCs by a combination of ibrutinib and cisplatin. We found that chemoresistance was dependent on Btk and JAK2/STAT3, which maintained CSC by inducing Sox-2 and prosurvival genes. We suggest that addition of ibrutinib to cisplatin may improve treatment outcome in ovarian cancer.Oncotarget 03/2015; · 6.63 Impact Factor
Article: Pterostilbene inhibits triple-negative breast cancer metastasis via inducing microRNA-205 expression and negatively modulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among females in economically developing countries. Greater than 95% of breast malignancies are of epithelial origin; the induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to initiate the metastatic process in breast carcinoma and remains the key target for drug development. Here, we examine the anti-metastatic potential of pterostilbene in modulating EMT process in breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. The differential invasive ability among MCF7, Hs578t and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were closely correlated with the expression of EMT markers, determined by Western blots and Matrigel-coated transwells assay. Pterostilbene inhibited the migratory and invasive potential of triple-negative MDA-MB-231 and Hs578t cells, accompanied by the up-regulation of E-cadherin and down-regulation of Snail, Slug, vimentin and ZEB1. Mechanistic investigations revealed a significant up-regulation of miR-205, which resulted in the reduction of Src expression in pterostilbene-treated breast cancer cells. Importantly, pterostilbene suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in MDA-MB-231-bearing NOD/SCID mice by reducing Src/Fak signaling; this observation was consistent with the negative correlations between miR-205 and Src expression in both normal and malignant breast tissues. Our findings provide supports for the usage of pterostilbene as an inhibitor of EMT process and potential candidate for adjuvant therapy. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 03/2015; 26(6). DOI:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.01.005 · 4.59 Impact Factor
Article: Pterostilbene suppressed irradiation-resistant glioma stem cells by modulating GRP78/miR-205 axis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type characterized by relapse and resistance even with the combination of radio- and chemotherapy. The presence of glioma stem cells (GSCs) has been shown to contribute to tumorigenesis, recurrence and treatment resistance. Particularly, CD133-positive glioma cells have been shown to represent the subpopulation that confers glioma radioresistance and suggested to be the source of tumor recurrence after radiation. Thus, a better understanding and the development of agents which target GSCs could potentially lead to a significant improvement in treating GBM patients. Here, we demonstrated that GRP78 (an antistress protein) was highly expressed in GBM cells along with β-catenin and Notch and correlated to the development of GSCs. CD133+ GSCs exhibited enhanced migration/invasion and self-renewal abilities. When GRP78 was silenced, GSC properties were suppressed and the sensitivity towards irradiation increased. In addition, the level of microRNA 205 appeared to be negatively associated with GRP78 expression. Our previous study indicated that pterostilbene (PT) possessed anticancer stem cell properties in hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, we examined whether PT is also effective against GSCs. We found that PT-treated GSCs exhibited suppressed self-renewal and irradiation-resistant abilities. PT-mediated effects were associated with an increase of miR-205. Finally, we showed that PT treatment suppressed tumorigenesis in GSC xenograft mice. In conclusion, we provided evidence that GRP78/miR-205 axis played an important role in GSC maintenance and irradiation resistance. PT treatment suppressed GSC development via negatively modulating GRP78 signaling. PT may be considered for combined therapeutic agent to enhance irradiation efficacy in GBM patients. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 01/2015; 26(5). DOI:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.11.015 · 4.59 Impact Factor
Article: Destruxin B inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth through modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and epithelial–mesenchymal transition[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an important role in the carcinogenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling molecules are attractive candidates for the development of targeted therapies for this disease. The present study showed that destruxin B (DB) inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of HCC cells by decreasing the protein expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and increasing the expression of the proapoptotic protein Bax. More importantly, DB also attenuates Wnt-signaling in HCC cells by downregulating β-catenin, Tcf4, and β-catenin/Tcf4 transcriptional activity, which results in the decreased expression of β-catenin target genes, such as cyclin D1, c-myc, and survivin. Furthermore, DB affects the migratory and invasive abilities of Sk-Hep1 cells through the suppression of markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). A synergistic anti-proliferative and migratory effect was achieved using the combination of DB and sorafenib in Sk-Hep1 cells. In conclusion, DB acts as a novel Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor and reduces the aggressiveness and invasive potential of HCC by altering the cells' EMT status and mobility. DB in combination with sorafenib may be considered for future clinical use for the management of metastatic HCC.Toxicology in Vitro 01/2014; 28(4). DOI:10.1016/j.tiv.2014.01.002 · 3.21 Impact Factor
Article: A sesquiterpene lactone antrocin from Antrodia camphorata negatively modulates JAK2/STAT3 signaling via microRNA let-7c and induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and current therapies fail to treat this disease in majority of cases. Antrodia camphorata (AC), is a medicinal mushroom being widely used as food dietary supplement for cancer prevention. The sesquiterpene lactone antrocin is the most potent among more than one hundred secondary metabolites isolated from AC. However, the molecular mechanisms of antrocin-mediated anti-cancer effects remain unclear. In this study, we found that antrocin inhibited cell proliferation in two non-small cell lung cancer cells, namely H441 (wild-type EGFR, IC50= 0.75μM) and H1975 (gefitnib-resistant mutant T790M, IC50=0.83μM). Antrocin dose-dependently suppressed colony formation and induced apoptosis as evidenced by activated caspase-3 and increased Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Gene profiling studies indicated that antrocin downregulated JAK/STAT signaling pathway. We further demonstrated that antrocin suppressed both constitutively activated and IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and its subsequent nuclear translocation. Such inhibition is found to be achieved through the suppression of JAK2 and interaction between STAT3 and ERK. Additionally, antrocin increased microRNA let-7c expression and suppressed STAT signaling. The combination of antrocin and JAK2/STAT3 gene silencing significantly increased apoptosis in H441 cells. Such dual interruption of JAK2 and STAT3 pathways also induced downregulation of antiapoptotic protein mcl-1 and increased caspase-3 expression. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of antrocin significantly suppressed the growth of lung cancer tumor xenografts. Our results indicate that antrocin may be a potential therapeutic agent for human lung cancer cells through constitutive inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 pathway.Carcinogenesis 07/2013; DOI:10.1093/carcin/bgt255 · 5.27 Impact Factor
Article: Pterostilbene, a bioactive component of blueberries, suppresses the generation of breast cancer stem cells within tumor microenvironment and metastasis via modulating NF-κB/microRNA 448 circuit[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: SCOPE: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been shown to promote metastasis and malignancy. Pterostilbene, a natural stilbene isolated from blueberries, has been suggested for anti-cancer effects. Here, we explored the potential cancer stem cells (CSCs)/TAM modulating effects of pterostilbene in breast cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using flowcytometric and Boyden chamber assay, we showed MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells cocultured with M2 TAMs exhibited increased percentage of CD44(+) /CD24(-) CSC population and migratory/invasive abilities. RT-PCR results showed that CD44(+) /CD24(-) cells expressed an increased level of HIF-1α, β-catenin, Twist1, and NF-κB and enhanced tumor sphere forming ability. Additionally, pterostilbene treatment dose dependently overcame M2 TAM-induced enrichment of CSCs and metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, pterostilbene suppressed NFκB, Twist1, vimentin, and increased E-cadherin expression. Using siRNA technique, we demonstrated that pterostilbene-mediated NFκB downregulation was correlated to an increased amount of microRNA 448. Finally, pterostilbene-mediated suppression in tumorigenesis and metastasis was validated by noninvasive bioluminescence in mice bearing M2 TAM cocultured MDA-MB-231 tumor. CONCLUSION: Pterostilbene effectively suppresses the generation of CSCs and metastatic potential under the influence of M2 TAMs via modulating EMT associated signaling pathways, specifically NF-κB/miR488 circuit. Thus, pterostilbene could be an ideal anti-CSC agent in clinical settings.Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 07/2013; 57(7). DOI:10.1002/mnfr.201200549 · 4.91 Impact Factor
Article: BlueBerry Isolate, Pterostilbene, Functions as a Potential Anticancer Stem Cell Agent in Suppressing Irradiation-Mediated Enrichment of Hepatoma Stem Cells[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: For many malignancies, radiation therapy remains the second option only to surgery in terms of its curative potential. However, radiation-induced tumor cell death is limited by a number of factors, including the adverse response of the tumor microenvironment to the treatment and either intrinsic or acquired mechanisms of evasive resistance, and the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this study, we demonstrated that using different doses of irradiation led to the enrichment of CD133(+) Mahlavu cells using flow cytometric method. Subsequently, CD133(+) Mahlavu cells enriched by irradiation were characterized for their stemness gene expression, self-renewal, migration/invasion abilities, and radiation resistance. Having established irradiation-enriched CD133(+) Mahlavu cells with CSC properties, we evaluated a phytochemical, pterostilbene (PT), found abundantly in blueberries, against irradiation-enriched CSCs. It was shown that PT treatment dose-dependently reduced the enrichment of CD133(+) Mahlavu cells upon irradiation; PT treatment also prevented tumor sphere formation, reduced stemness gene expression, and suppressed invasion and migration abilities as well as increasing apoptosis of CD133(+) Mahlavu CSCs. Based on our experimental data, pterostilbene could be used to prevent the enrichment of CD133(+) hepatoma CSCs and should be considered for future clinical testing as a combined agent for HCC patients.Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 06/2013; 2013:258425. DOI:10.1155/2013/258425 · 1.88 Impact Factor
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Drug resistance and tumor recurrence are major obstacles in treating lung cancer patients. Accumulating evidence considers lung cancer stem cells (CSCs) as the major contributor to these clinical challenges. Agents that can target lung CSCs could potentially provide a more effective treatment than traditional chemotherapy. Here, we utilized the side-population (SP) method to isolate lung CSCs from A549 and PC-9 cell lines. Subsequently, a high throughput platform, connectivity maps (CMAPs), was used to identify potential anti-CSC agents. An antibiotic, antimycin A (AMA), was identified as a top candidate. SP A549 cells exhibited an elevated stemness profile, including Nanog, β -catenin, Sox2, and CD133, and increased self-renewal ability. AMA treatment was found to suppress β -catenin signaling components and tumor sphere formation. Furthermore, AMA treatment decreased the proliferation of gefitinib-resistant PC-9/GR cells and percentage of SP population. AMA demonstrated synergistic suppression of PC-9/GR cell viability when combined with gefitinib. Finally, AMA treatment suppressed tumorigenesis in mice inoculated with A549 SP cells. Collectively, we have identified AMA using CMAP as a novel antilung CSC agent, which acts to downregulate β -catenin signaling. The combination of AMA and targeted therapeutic agents could be considered for overcoming drug resistance and relapse in lung cancer patients.Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 06/2013; 2013:910451. DOI:10.1155/2013/910451 · 1.88 Impact Factor
Article: Cisplatin Selects for Multidrug-Resistant CD133(+) Cells in Lung Adenocarcinoma by Activating Notch Signaling[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Platinum-based chemotherapy is the first-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer, but recurrence occurs in most patients. Recent evidence suggests that CD133+ cells are the cause of drug resistance and tumor recurrence. However, the correlation between chemotherapy and regulation of CD133+ cells has not been investigated methodically. In this study, we revealed that CD133+ lung cancer cells labeled by a human CD133 promoter-driven GFP reporter exhibited drug resistance and stem cell characteristics. Treatment of H460 and H661 cell lines with low-dose cisplatin (IC20) was sufficient to enrich CD133+ cells, to induce DNA damage responses, and to up-regulate ABCG2 and ABCB1 expression, which therefore increased the cross-resistance to doxorubicin and paclitaxel. This cisplatin-induced enrichment of CD133+ cells was mediated through Notch signaling as judged by increased levels of cleaved Notch1 (NICD1). Pretreatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor, DAPT, or Notch1 shRNAs remarkably reduced the cisplatin-induced enrichment of CD133+ cells and increased the sensitivity to doxorubicin and paclitaxel. Ectopic expression of NICD1 reversed the action of DAPT on drug sensitivity. Immunohistochemistry showed that CD133+ cells were significantly increased in the relapsed tumors in 3 of 6 lung cancer patients, who have received cisplatin treatment. A similar effect was observed in animal experiments as cisplatin treatment increased Notch1 cleavage and the ratio of CD133+ cells in engrafted tumors. Intratumoral injection of DAPT with cisplatin treatment significantly reduced CD133+ cell number. Together, our results demonstrated that cisplatin induces the enrichment of CD133+ cells, leading to multi-drug resistance by the activation of Notch signaling.Cancer Research 11/2012; 73(1). DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-1733 · 9.28 Impact Factor
Article: Trifluoperazine, an Antipsychotic Agent, Inhibits Cancer Stem Cell Growth and Overcomes Drug Resistance of Lung Cancer.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: RATIONALE: Cancer stem cell (CSC) theory has drawn much attention, with evidence supporting the contribution of stem cells to tumor initiation, relapse and therapy resistance. OBJECTIVES: To screen drugs that target CSCs to improve the current treatment outcome and overcome drug resistance in lung cancer patients. METHODS: We used publicly available embryonic stem cell and CSC-associated gene signatures to query the Connectivity Map for potential drugs that can, at least in part, reverse the gene expression profile of CSCs. High scores were noted for several phenothiazine-like anti-psychotic drugs, including trifluoperazine. We then treated lung CSCs with different EGFR mutation status with trifluoperazine to examine its anti-CSC properties. Lung CSCs resistant to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) or cisplatin were treated with trifluoperazine plus gefitinib or trifluoperazine plus cisplatin. Animal models were used for in vivo validation of the anti-CSC effect and synergistic effect of trifluoperazine with gefitinib. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We demonstrated that trifluoperazine inhibited CSC tumor spheroid formation and down-regulated the expression of CSC markers (CD44/CD133). Trifluoperazine inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling in gefitinib-resistant lung cancer spheroids. The combination of trifluoperazine with either gefitinib or cisplatin overcame drug resistance in lung CSCs. Trifluoperazine inhibited the tumor growth and enhanced the inhibitory activity of gefitinib in lung cancer metastatic and orthotopic CSC animal models. CONCLUSIONS: Using in silico drug screening via Connectivity Map followed by empirical validations, we repurposed an existing phenothiazine-like anti-psychotic drug, trifluoperazine, as a potential anti-CSC agent that could overcome EGFR-TKI and chemotherapy resistance.American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 09/2012; DOI:10.1164/rccm.201207-1180OC · 11.99 Impact Factor
Article: Correction to Sulforaphane Potentiates the Efficacy of Imatinib against Chronic Leukemia Cancer Stem Cells through Enhanced Abrogation of Wnt/ b -Catenin Function[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Sulforaphane (SFN) has been indicated for the prevention and suppression of tumorigenesis in solid tumors. Herein, we evaluated SFN's effects on imatinib (IM)-resistant leukemia stem cells (LSCs). CD34(+)/CD38(-) and CD34(+)/CD38(+) LSCs were isolated from KU812 cell line flowcytometrically. Isolated LSCs showed high expression of Oct4, CD133, β-catenin, and Sox2 and IM resistance. Differentially, CD34(+)/CD38(-) LSCs demonstrated higher BCR-ABL and β-catenin expression and imatinib (IM) resistance than CD34(+)/CD38(+) counterparts. IM and SFN combined treatment sensitized CD34(+)/CD38(-) LSCs and induced apoptosis, shown by increased caspase 3, PARP, and Bax while decreased Bcl-2 expression. Additionally, the combined treatment reduced BCR-ABL and β-catenin and MDR-1 protein expression. Mechanistically, IM and SFN combined treatment resensitized LSCs by inducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, β-catenin-silenced LSCs exhibited reduced glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1) expression and intracellular GSH level, which led to increased sensitivity toward IM and SFN. We demonstrated that IM and SFN combined treatment effectively eliminated CD34(+)/CD38(-) LSCs. Since SFN has been shown well tolerated in both animals and human, this regimen could be considered for clinical trials.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 06/2012; 60(28):7031-9. DOI:10.1021/jf301981n · 3.11 Impact Factor
Article: The effect of diminished osteogenic signals on reduced osteoporosis recovery in aged mice and the potential therapeutic use of adipose-derived stem cells[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been shown to be pluoripotent and explored for their usage in tissue engineering. Previously, we have established a cell-based approach comprised of platelet-enriched plasma and osteo-progenitor cells for treating osteoporosis in an ovariectomized-senescence-accelerated mice (OVX-SAMP8) model. In the present study, we intend to explore the feasibility of using ADSCs as a cell-based therapeutic approach for treating osteoporosis, and to examine the effects of aging on the pluoripotency of ADSCs and the efficiency of bone formation both in vitro and in vivo. Flow cytometry was used to characterize ADSCs isolated from young and aged female SAMP8 mice and showed that the highly positive expression of surface markers such as CD44 and CD105 and negative for CD34 and CD45. Therefore, to compare the aging effects on the growth kinetics and differentiation potential of young and aged ADSCs, we found that there was a significant decline in both the proliferation rate (approximately 13.3%) and osteo-differentiation potential in aged ADSC. Subsequently, young and aged ADSCs were transplanted into the bone marrow of osteoporotic mice (OVX-SAMP8) to evaluate their bone formation ability. ADSC transplants were shown effective in restoring bone mineral density in the right/left knees, femurs and spine, 4 months post-transplantation; mice which received young ADSC transplants showed significantly higher bone regeneration (an average of 24.3% of improved BMD) over those received aged ADSCs. In conclusion, these findings showed that aging impedes osteoporosis-ameliorating potential of ADSC by diminishing osteogenic signal, and that ADSC could be used as a potential cell-based therapy for osteoporosis.Biomaterials 06/2012; 33(26):6105-12. DOI:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.024 · 8.31 Impact Factor
Article: Preclinical evaluation of destruxin B as a novel Wnt signaling target suppressing proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer using non-invasive bioluminescence imaging[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In continuation to our studies toward the identification of direct anti-cancer targets, here we showed that destruxin B (DB) from Metarhizium anisopliae suppressed the proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in human colorectal cancer (CRC) HT29, SW480 and HCT116 cells. Additionally, DB induced apoptosis in HT29 cells by decreased expression level of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL while increased pro-apoptotic Bax. On the other hand, DB attenuated Wnt-signaling by downregulation of β-catenin, Tcf4 and β-catenin/Tcf4 transcriptional activity, concomitantly with decreased expression of β-catenin target genes cyclin D1, c-myc and survivin. Furthermore, DB affected the migratory and invasive ability of HT29 cells through suppressed MMPs-2 and -9 enzymatic activities. We also found that DB targeted the MAPK and/or PI3K/Akt pathway by reduced expression of Akt, IKK-α, JNK, NF-κB, c-Jun and c-Fos while increased that of IκBα. Finally, we demonstrated that DB inhibited tumorigenesis in HT29 xenograft mice using non-invasive bioluminescence technique. Consistently, tumor samples from DB-treated mice demonstrated suppressed expression of β-catenin, cyclin D1, survivin, and endothelial marker CD31 while increased caspase-3 expression. Collectively, our data supports DB as an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin/Tcf signaling pathway that may be beneficial in the CRC management.Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 03/2012; 261(1):31-41. DOI:10.1016/j.taap.2012.03.007 · 3.63 Impact Factor
Article: The development of a novel cancer immunotherapeutic platform using tumor-targeting mesenchymal stem cells and a protein vaccine.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: An ideal anticancer strategy should target only the malignant cells but spare the normal ones. In this regard, we established a platform, consisting of an antigen-delivering vehicle and a protein vaccine, for developing an immunotherapeutic approach with the potential for eliminating various cancer types. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated capable of targeting tumors and integrating into the stroma. Moreover, we have developed a protein vaccine PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3 which specifically recognized E7 antigen and elicited immunity against cervical cancer. Taking advantage of tumor-homing property of MSCs and PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3, we used E6/E7-immortalized human MSCs (KP-hMSCs) as an E7 antigen-delivering vehicle to test if this protein vaccine could effectively eliminate non-E7-expressing tumor cells. Animals which received combined treatment of KP-hMSCs and PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3 demonstrated a significant inhibition of tumor growth and lung-metastasis when compared to PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3 only and KP-hMSCs only groups. The efficiency of tumor suppression correlated positively to the specific immune response induced by PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3. In addition, this combined treatment inhibited tumor growth via inducing apoptosis. Our findings indicated that KP-hMSCs could be used as a tumor-targeting device and mediate antitumor effect of PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3. We believe this strategy could serve as a platform for developing a universal vaccine for different cancer types.Molecular Therapy 07/2011; 19(12):2249-57. DOI:10.1038/mt.2011.152 · 6.43 Impact Factor
Article: The balance between adipogenesis and osteogenesis in bone regeneration by platelet-rich plasma for age-related osteoporosis[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to develop a new diagnostic and therapeutic approach for the treatment of osteoporosis. Previously, we demonstrated that intraosseous transplantation of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treated-osteoblast-like cells into ovariectomized senescence-accelerated mice (OVX-SAMP8) prevented the development of osteoporosis. In continuation, we aimed to explore the complex etiology of osteoporosis using this platform. An inverse relationship between bone marrow adipogenesis and osteogenesis has been suggested in the development of osteoporosis but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly described. To address these issues, we used PRP to inhibit adipocyte differentiation by promoting osteoblastic differentiation in adipocytes. In addition, a positive correlation between an increase in bone marrow adipocytes and bone loss was established. We assessed this relationship using an osteoporotic animal disease model which consisted of young (for prevention) and old (for treatment) OVX-SAMP8 mice. This animal model demonstrated that PRP treatment mainly exerted its action via promoting bone regeneration but also appeared to suppress adipogenesis within the marrow. The findings and methodology of this study could potentially be applied in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Biomaterials 06/2011; 32(28):6773-80. DOI:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.080 · 8.31 Impact Factor
Article: Identification of Antrocin from Antrodia camphorata as a Selective and Novel Class of Small Molecule Inhibitor of Akt/mTOR Signaling in Metastatic Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cells[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is considered to be an attractive target for the development of novel anticancer molecules. This paper reports for the first time that a small molecule, antrocin (MW = 234), from Antrodia camphorata was a potent antagonist in various cancer types, being highest in metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells (MMCs) with an IC(50) value of 0.6 μM. Antrocin was a superior antiproliferator in MMCs as compared with doxorubicin and cisplatin, prevents colony formation, and was nontoxic to nontumorgenic MCF10A and HS-68 cells. Antrocin induced dose-dependent apoptosis in MMCs and caused cleavage of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Antrocin also caused a time-dependent decrease in protein expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, and their mRNA, with concomitant increase in pro-apoptotic Bax and cytosolic cytochrome c. In a mechanistic study, antrocin suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream effectors mTOR, GSK-3β, and NF-κB. Furthermore, down-regulation of Akt by small interfering RNA prior to antrocin treatment resulted in enhanced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. Thus, antrocin as an Akt/mTOR dual inhibitor has broad applicability in the development of a clinical trial candidate for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.Chemical Research in Toxicology 02/2011; 24(2):238-45. DOI:10.1021/tx100318m · 4.19 Impact Factor
Article: A Preclinical Evaluation of Antrodia camphorata Alcohol Extracts in the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Using Non-Invasive Molecular Imaging.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to provide a platform for the pre-clinical evaluation of anti-cancer properties of a unique CAM (complementary and alternative medicine) agent, Antrodia camphorata alcohol extract (ACAE), in a mouse model with the advantageous non-invasive in vivo bioluminescence molecular imaging technology. In vitro analyses on the proliferation, migration/invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis were performed on ACAE-treated non-small cell lung cancer cells, H441GL and control CGL1 cells. In vivo, immune-deficient mice were inoculated subcutaneously with H441GL followed by oral gavages of ACAE. The effect of ACAE on tumor progression was monitored by non-invasive bioluminescence imaging. The proliferation and migration/invasion of H441GL cells were inhibited by ACAE in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ACAE induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and apoptosis in H441GL cells as shown by flow cytometric analysis, Annexin-V immunoflourescence and DNA fragmentation. In vivo bioluminescence imaging revealed that tumorigenesis was significantly retarded by oral treatment of ACAE in a dose-dependent fashion. Based on our experimental data, ACAE contains anti-cancer properties and could be considered as a potential CAM agent in future clinical evaluation.Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 01/2011; 2011:914561. DOI:10.1093/ecam/nep228 · 1.88 Impact Factor
Article: Normoxically overexpressed hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha is involved in arsenic trioxide resistance acquisition in hepatocellular carcinoma.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to examine the underlying signaling mechanisms of arsenic trioxide (ATO)-mediated anticancer effects and the responsible biomarker(s) for the acquired resistance in human heptatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The therapeutic effects of ATO were examined using 2 characteristically distinct HCC cell lines, Hep-J5 (overexpressing HIF-1α/GRP78) and SK-Hep-1 (the matched control). ATO-mediated proliferation inhibition, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were analyzed using flowcytometric analysis and western blotting. The role of HIF-1α and GRP78 in HCC resistance to ATO treatment was determined using RNA silencing and inhibitor approaches. SK-Hep-1 cells, lacking both HIF-1α and GRP78 expressions were responsive to ATO-induced apoptosis via an oxidative-nitrosative mechanism. Intracellular glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation have been identified as the early cascade of events preceding apoptosis via cytochrome c release and the severe drop of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Conversely, Hep-J5 cells, with normoxic coexpression of HIF-1α and GRP78, were resistant to ATO-induced apoptosis. GRP78-silenced Hep-J5 cells remained resistant to ATO treatment. In contrast, ATO resistance in Hep-J5 cells was overcome by the addition of YC-1, a HIF-1α inhibitor. HIF-1α was identified as the major positive modifier for ATO resistance acquisition in HCC, and it represents a prime molecular target for overcoming ATO resistance.Annals of Surgical Oncology 12/2010; 18(5):1492-500. DOI:10.1245/s10434-010-1444-y · 3.94 Impact Factor
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Osteoarthritis is characterized by an imbalance in cartilage homeostasis, which could potentially be corrected by mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies. However, in vivo implantation of undifferentiated MSCs has led to unexpected results. This study was undertaken to establish a model for preconditioning of MSCs toward chondrogenesis as a more effective clinical tool for cartilage regeneration. A coculture preconditioning system was used to improve the chondrogenic potential of human MSCs and to study the detailed stages of chondrogenesis of MSCs, using a human MSC line, Kp-hMSC, in commitment cocultures with a human chondrocyte line, hPi (labeled with green fluorescent protein [GFP]). In addition, committed MSCs were seeded into a collagen scaffold and analyzed for their neocartilage-forming ability. Coculture of hPi-GFP chondrocytes with Kp-hMSCs induced chondrogenesis, as indicated by the increased expression of chondrogenic genes and accumulation of chondrogenic matrix, but with no effect on osteogenic markers. The chondrogenic process of committed MSCs was initiated with highly activated chondrogenic adhesion molecules and stimulated cartilage developmental growth factors, including members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily and their downstream regulators, the Smads, as well as endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Furthermore, committed Kp-hMSCs acquired neocartilage-forming potential within the collagen scaffold. These findings help define the molecular markers of chondrogenesis and more accurately delineate the stages of chondrogenesis during chondrocytic differentiation of human MSCs. The results indicate that human MSCs committed to the chondroprogenitor stage of chondrocytic differentiation undergo detailed chondrogenic changes. This model of in vitro chondrogenesis of human MSCs represents an advance in cell-based transplantation for future clinical use.Arthritis & Rheumatology 02/2009; 60(2):450-9. DOI:10.1002/art.24265 · 7.87 Impact Factor
Article: A Novel Cell-Based Therapy for Contusion Spinal Cord Injury Using GDNF-Delivering NIH3T3 Cells with Dual Reporter Genes Monitored by Molecular Imaging[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This aim of our study was to evaluate a novel cell-based therapy for contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) using embryonic-derived NIH3T3 cells, which endogenously express glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Proliferation and differentiation of transplanted NIH3T3 cells and their anti-apoptotic effects were examined after their engraftment into the spinal cords of Long-Evans rats subjected to acute SCI at the T10 vertebral level by a New York University impactor device. NIH3T3 cells were initially engineered to contain dual reporter genes, namely thymidine kinase (T) and enhanced green fluorescence protein (G), for in vivo cell tracking by both nuclear and fluorescence imaging modalities. Planar and fluorescence imaging demonstrated that transplanted NIH3T3-TG cells at the L1 vertebral level migrated 2 cm distal to the injury site as early as 2 h, and the signals persisted for 48 h after SCI. The expression of GDNF by NIH3T3-TG cells was then confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis both in vitro and in vivo. GDNF-secreting NIH3T3-TG transplant provided anti-apoptotic effects in the injured cord over the period of 3 wk. Finally, NIH3T3-TG cells cultured under neuronal differentiation medium exhibited both morphologic and genetic resemblance to neuronal cells. GDNF-secreting NIH3T3-TG cells in combination with molecular imaging could be a platform for developing therapeutic tools for acute SCI.Journal of Nuclear Medicine 10/2008; 49(9):1512-9. DOI:10.2967/jnumed.108.051896 · 5.56 Impact Factor
Top Journals
Taipei Medical University
T'ai-pei, Taipei, Taiwan
- • College of Medical Science and Technology
- • School of Medicine
Taipei Medical University HospitalT'ai-pei, Taipei, Taiwan


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The most expensive season is here, according to a new CIBC report.
Pollen Forecast
3 Day Pollen Outlook
Updated: Wednesday, July 1, 2015, 7:00 AM
Reported at: Saskatoon,SK Data provided by Aerobiology Research
Wed. Jul. 1Moderate
True Grasses - Low
Pine, Fir, Spruce - Low
Mustards - Low
Thu. Jul. 2Moderate
True Grasses - Low
Cattail - Low
Mustards - Low
Fri. Jul. 3Moderate
True Grasses - Low
Pine, Fir, Spruce - Low
Nettles & Pellitory - Low
|Low 0-20 grains/m³
|Moderate 21-80 grains/m³
|High 80+ grains/m³
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Ball Mills
Ball Mills for Sale
Savona Equipment is a new and used ball mill supplier worldwide. A ball mill is a type of grinder used to grind materials into extremely fine powder for use in mineral dressing processes, paints, pyrotechnics, ceramics and selective laser sintering. The ball mill is a key piece of equipment for grinding crushed materials, and it is widely used in production lines for powders such as cement, silicates, refractory material, fertilizer, glass ceramics, etc. as well as for ore dressing of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Please click here for complete ore processing plants. The ball mill grind various ores and other materials either wet or dry. There are two kinds of ball mill, grate type and overfall type due to different ways of discharging material. There are many types of grinding media suitable for use in a ball mill, including ceramic balls, flint pebbles and stainless steel balls. Please contact us if you are looking to buy or sell a ball mill.
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http://crunchbanglinux.org – I see that #! Skype works fine and old CrunchEEE worked with issues, but is anyone using VOIP on a Statler netbook? Overheating or CPU load problems?I'm thinking voice-only, not video conference. (HowTos)
http://crunchbanglinux.org – I see that #! Skype works fine and old CrunchEEE worked with issues, but is anyone using VOIP on a Statler netbook? Overheating or CPU load problems?I'm thinking voice-only, not video conference. (HowTos)
http://forums.opensuse.org – This tutorial should also work for OpenSUSE 11.1 and 11.2. Its written for 32bit but should be the same for 64bit. The only problem you might have is you need to download the following files which should be in the OSS repo: (Distributions)
http://forums.opensuse.org – Hello to everybody !!! Im writing because i have a little problem to configure my Webcam. Im using a notebook with an incorporated camera, the problem is that it seems to be detected ( lsusb here ): Bus 001 Device 004: ID 0402:5602 ALi Corp. Video Camera Controller ... and configured in /dev/video0 (Distributions)
http://www.linuxquestions.org – Hey there and thanks for reading this. i have a elonex webbook which is running what can only be an early version of UBUNTO. it is certainly pre feisty! Now i dont have a problem with ubunto and up until now it has been fine, but i am travelling to india on tuesday and i need to have skype on the webbook. *when i tried to install skype it gave me a librasound2 error messages. (HowTos)
http://crunchbanglinux.org – hi guys,i'm using :Linux jjc 2.6.34-0.dmz.8-liquorix-686 #1 SMP PREEMPT Mon May 31 09:10:12 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/LinuxOnce in a while, when running skype d-bus via pidgin, transmission, virtualbox, opera, firefox, the system will just freeze. also once in a while the system will make an alarm noise and freeze. I'm running on a thinkpad x60s (HowTos)
http://crunchbanglinux.org – Trying to map the user key to an action without success. I do:xev: which tells me the key is XF86Launch3 keycode 210.vi ~/.Xmodmapkeycode 210 = XF86Launch3 (HowTos)
http://www.itwire.com – Skype has finally released Skype 2.0.1 for iPhone with full multitasking support, including the decision to drop charges for calls made over the 3G network, but in what is a massive disappointment, there is still no support for Bluetooth headsets. (IT news)
http://forums.opensuse.org – Hi everybody, (Distributions)
http://forums.opensuse.org – When I talk to anybody on Skype, the sound is really slow, it sounds like I am a robot. Its running at maybe 1/2 normal speed. I am using Xine backend and internal microphone. http://bolin.org.uk/skype_sound_options.jpg (Distributions)
http://www.ubuntugeek.com – (HowTos)


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December 22, 2012
Photo: Brendan Sullivan Members of Bethlehem First United Methodist Church Steve Smith as Joseph looks on as his wife Jessica Smith as Mary holds baby Jesus during the 50th annual Live Nativity on the Square in Bethlehem on Saturday. Steve Smith has been participating in the live nativity since he was 5-years-old.
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As a truly independent family business serving the coffee market for the last 24 years supplying New Beginners to large Government Organizations and Commercial Enterprises, we understand that each of our customer's needs is different. It is our priority to understand each customer's requirements and to advise and deliver the right solution for single operations or multi-site portfolios.
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Most of our coffee machine prices would include installation, training, starter pack of ingredients, cleaning products, manufacturers parts and labour warranty plus telephone technical help line and in addition with traditional espresso units a knockout drawer and barista kit.
All our machines are available to purchase or alternatively as a company regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) we can offer lease/rental subject to status.
We are a friendly team who will be more than happy to discuss any requirements for your business.


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Maybelline New York
From a small, family-owned business to the number one cosmetics company in America, Maybelline New York takes trends from the catwalk to the sidewalk, empowering women to make a statement, explore new looks, & flaunt their own creativity & individuality.
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Blue Ocean Innovative Solutions, Inc
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Look Inside | Enlarge Cover
Archie Comics | Dec 24, 2013
| 104 Pages
| 6-5/8 x 10-3/16
| Middle Grade (8-12)
Archie Comics
| Dec 24, 2013
| 104 Pages
| 6-5/8 x 10-3/16
| Middle Grade (8-12)
Team Rose vs. Team Hooligan vs. Team Babylon vs. Team Dark in a winner-take-all battle royal! The race is on for the missing Sol Emeralds as the heroic Amy Rose teams up with the fiery Blaze the Cat and the charming Cream the Rabbit in this, super-fun, action-packed hit story! It may take two to tango, but it takes 12 to Treasure Team Tango in this latest installment of Archie's successful Sonic Universe graphic novel series!Sonic Universe 6 collects the entire "Treasure Team Tango" SEGA game character-centric storyline from the Sonic Universe comic book issues #21-24.
"The legacy of the beloved blue hedgehog continues strong at Archie Comics" –IGN"Archie's fan-favorite comic book series" –IGN
Visit other sites on the Penguin Random House Network


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this girl can definitely hear them :)
just found about them, SWEET sounds!
i have a feeling these guys are gonna be huge soon :D
that would be pretty awesome!
nevermind.. July 31: The Piston, Toronto
Aug 7: Trinity Lounge, Sarnia
Aug 21: Toronto
Aug 27: Vestal, NY
Sept 2: The Fez, Sk
Sept 4: Louis', U of Sask
Sept 8: Jacks, London
Sept 17:King West,London
Sept 18: Waterloo
Sept 24: Zappas, Kingston
Sept 25: Ottawa
anyone know of any upcoming shows in GTA area?
they make the best remixes
Friend showed me you guys yesterday. Gotta say the music is Savage!
All the way from Ireland
Looking forward to your album release
You guys are amazing!
I can't stop playing "All I need is you"


text:
MARION - Police now believe a Carbondale man was responsible for the stabbing death of 37-year-old Tina Pickens in her Marion home late Wednesday night.
Patrick K. Williams, 47, of Carbondale was charged Friday with the murder of Pickens. Police announced Williams faces two charges of murder during a news conference at Marion City Hall.
Pickens of Marion was found dead at about 11:50 p.m. Wednesday in her home at 408 S. Van Buren St. A criminal pathologist performed an autopsy Thursday and found the cause of death was multiple stab wounds.
Williams, who was Pickens' boyfriend, was taken into custody Thursday on charges that he violated an order of no contact with Pickens. He was charged with two counts of first-degree murder after evidence was presented to the Williamson County state's attorney's office, and it was determined there was enough probable cause for a formal arrest warrant for murder.
Williams is being held in Williamson County Jail on a $1 million bond and the investigation is ongoing, police said.
Marion Police Department was assisted by the Williamson County Major Case Squad, Illinois State Police Crime Lab, Carbondale Police Department and the SIU Police Department.
- Caleb Hale contributed to this story.


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VIEWS: 85 PAGES: 12 CATEGORY: Education POSTED ON: 3/5/2010 Public Domain
LECTURE NOTES: OCEANOGRAPHY (MARSC 100), SNYDER, L. CH. 15 Marine Animals Earth's Early Atmosphere contained little O2 (mostly: CO2, nitrogen, water vapor) Oxygen Revolution: ~2 BYA (Billion years ago) photosynthetic autotrophs produced O2 By ~900-700 MYA (million years ago), Enough O2 was produced to support Animals Ozone layer also developed: Oxygen rising up from the troposphere & into the stratosphere form Ozone (O3) when exposed to increased ultraviolet radiation. o Ozone blocks out harmful UV sun from reaching the troposphere where we all live. The Invertebrates 90% of all living & fossil animals Lack a rigid skeleton for muscle attachment Soft bodies, many with hard covering 33 Phyla Phylum: group of organisms with common architecture, complexity, evolution Phylum Porifera (Sponges) Most primitive animals (asymmetrical) Benthic, sessile (attached, don't move) Reefs, rocks, sandy bottom, & on other organisms Suspension feeders: strain plankton, organic debris from water Sponges Body: simple or complex bag w/ many holes Water & food (dissolved nutrients, plankton) enters central cavity through holes where food is digested. Excess water is expelled out the top of the sponge ("bag"). o Collar cells (with tail-like flagella) aid this process by whipping water & food into sponge Body (Bag) held rigid by small imbedded spicules (skeletal fragments) Phylum Cnidaria Sea anemones, coral, sea jellies Radial symmetry (wheel) 2 forms: medusae (free-swimming upside-down bag) Ex: Sea jellies (jellyfish) polyp (sessile, right-side up bags) Ex: Anemones (often solitary), Coral (individual polyps live in colonial groups Cnidarians are Carnivores: Prey on small fish & zooplankton Nematocysts: Special organelles inside cnidoblast cells Function like harpoons (sticky or armed with strong toxins) Found on feeding tentacles Coral Polyp One opening/exit for food & waste (Bottle gut) Zooxanthellae: symbiotic algae live in tissues o Zooxan. Provide coral with: O2, proper pH, carbohydrates (glucose from photosynthesis) o In return, Zooxan. Receive from coral: CO2, nutrients, substrate & protection Coral polyps Secrete a hard calcium carbonate skeleton (colony) that individual polyps live in (like an apartment complex) Worm Phyla Several distinct Phyla & classes Bilateral symmetry (left & right side mirror images) Selected Phyla Examples: o Platyhelminthes (flatworms): Free-living scavengers & predators, many very colorful o Nematoda (roundworms): Often parasitic (fish, marine mamals) o Annelida (segmented worms): Some mobile, some predators, many immobile EX: Sedentary Tubeworms: build stony tubes for protection of soft body that lives inside (often colonial) EX: Feather duster worm (tube worm) filter feeds on plankton & dissolved nutrients with a colorful, feathery appendage Phylum Mollusca Several distinct classes: Snails, clams, squid Bilateral Symmetry Heads & developed nervous system Tube digestive tract (mouth & anus) Class Gastropoda (Snails & slugs): "Belly-foots" (walk on belly with a muscular foot) Many with Calcium carbonate shell (snails, limpets) Some shell-less (Sea hare, nudibranch) Mostly herbivores (sharp tongue called a radula used to graze on algae) Class Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, nautilus): "Head-foots" – head, foot, tentacles Most "shell-less" except nautilus & squid has an internal shell remnant called a pen that is a slim, long, plastic-like rod that provides some support to the squid. Predators Suction cups on tentacles & arms aid in movement, prey acquisition, & feeding Move by creeping (octopus) or jet propulsion (squid & nautilus) Class Bivalvia: "Two-door (shell)" Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops Suspension (filter) feeders – filter plankton & dissolved nutrients from water Some have siphon (tube): collects water & expells waste (clams) Mussels: byssal threads hold to rock Phylum Echinodermata: "Spiny skin", marine only Sea stars, brittle stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, & sea cucumbers 5-sided radial symmetry (like a wheel or pie) Water-vascular system for movement & feeding via water pressure o Water that enters the body is distributed by muscular contractions o Water taken in from outside is circulated through canals & allows for movement of tube feet Skeleton (not cucumbers) made of calcite plates Sea stars (carnivores): Have external digestion! o Stomach comes out of their mouth so they can digest food outside of their bodies (insert stomach into a mussel) Phylum Arthropoda: Most numerous animals [mostly terrestrial (on land) - Class Insecta] Many marine (Class Crustacea): Copepods, krill, lobsters, shrimp, crabs, & barnacles Soft, segmented body & legs covered by exoskeleton Exoskeleton (hard, outside skeleton) is often molted (shed) & re-grown to allow for growth Higher Animals: The Chordates Phylum Chordata – have a "spinal cord" at some stage of life All chordate embryos have: 1. Notochord: flexible rod for support (95% replace w/ vertebral column) 2. Dorsal, Hollow Nerve cord: Develops into central nervous system 3. Gill Slits: Gas Exchange (filter feeding for early chordates) 4. Postanal tail Invertebrate Chordates: Urochordates (Tunicates): o Notochord & tail absorbed in adult form: No more swimming, become Sessile (immobile), sac-like filter-feeders Cephalochordates (Lancelets) o Retains notochord o Lacks vertebrae o Filter feed with their gill slits as adults Vertebrate Chordates: have notochord, nerve cord, gill slits AND backbone (vertebral column) Protects nerve (spinal) cord Endoskeleton (inside skeleton): made of Bone, cartilage, or both Bilateral symmetry Complex Brain Fishes are the most successful vertebrate – most numerous Fishes: Most species & individuals of all vertebrates 60% are marine Most ectothermic (cold-blooded): cannot regulate own body temp. = body same temp. as external environment Have Gills (gas exchange) & fins (movement) 3 classes: Agnanthans, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes Class Agnantha: Lampreys & hagfishes Most primitive of fishes Feed by suction (round, muscular mouth & rows of teeth) Cylindrical body (like eel, snake) Cartilagenous skeletons Lack paired fins & scales Ex: Lamprey: attach to other fish & suck their blood Ex. Hagfish: eats dead & dying fish, bore into fish & eat from the inside out Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilagenous Fish Sharks, skates, rays, chimeras Cartilage skeleton Alive for ~280 million years w/ little change Movable jaws with teeth Paired fins Skates & Rays: Flattened bodies Wing-like pectoral fins, fused with head Gill slits on underside, eyes on top of head Often Live on bottom Skates: Lack whip-like tail & stinger, lay eggs: "horns" secure capsule in algae Rays: some with stingers (stingrays) o Venomous spines w/ serrated barbs o Sting for defense o Some lack stingers: Guitarfish: Spines, but no stinger Electric rays: shock their prey Manta Rays: Pelagic (open water) swimmers (at surface) Eat Plankton! Large: Pacific Manta up to 25 ft. Sharks o Fast swimming, predatory o Most swim continuously (or drown): force water over gills (oily liver helps buoyancy) o Some rest on bottom (nurse, horn sharks) o Internal fertilization, some live birth, some lay eggs o Tiny, tooth-like scales (denticles) on skin o Rows of teeth constantly replaced Why do sharks have a bad reputation? 375 shark species: only 30 reported to ever attack a human Only ~12 potentially dangerous if encountered, including: o White (Carcharodon carcharias), Bull (Carcharhinus leucas), Tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier) 80% harmless (including horn, swell, leopard, bamboo, smoothound, basking, & whale sharks (Whale & basking sharks eat plankton) Worldwide Avg: 50-70 shark attacks/year Increased in recent decades due to: o INCREASED Human population (6.5 billion) – 1 billion people prior to 1850 o Increased Use of ocean for recreation BUT, Fatalities have DECREASED substantially o Due to Education, medicine Humans kill ~ 1 million sharks for every human killed by a shark You're 30 times more likely to be killed by lightning than a shark! Sharks are killed for a variety of reasons: o Meat & fins, skin (leather), liver (vitamin oil), Sport, Fear, caught in fishing nets (bycatch) o Few killed are eaten Or just their fins are eaten (Shark Fin Soup) Finning (used to collect fins for shark fin soup): Sharks are caught alive, their fins are cut off & then the rest of the shark is thrown back into the sea to slowly bleed to death. An Enormous number of sharks are killed for shark fin soup Unprovoked White Shark Attacks: 1874-2004 (130 years!) Territory Total Fatal Last Attacks Fatal World 212 61 2004 West 80 7 2004 USA Australia 37 26 2004 California (White Shark Attacks): 2004: 6 Attacks ( 1 Fatal) World Shark Attacks 1990-2004: Florida: 40%, Calif: 4.3% (most are isolated around Monterrey & San Francisco = "Red Triangle") Why Do Sharks Sometimes Attack Humans? 1. Misidentification Diver & surfer silhouettes resemble pinnipeds (seals & sea lions), which are the preferred prey of sharks (rich in blubber & fat) 2. Sharks strike unfamiliar objects to test for food potential Decide a prey's palatability while in its mouth Prefer prey rich in energy (fat): marine mammals Spit out energy-poor prey (not fatty): Humans Avoiding Shark Attacks Stay in groups (sharks attack individuals) Don't go too far from shore (away from help) Sharks are most active & have sensory advantage at twilight & night Avoid water if bleeding (sharks can smell blood) Avoid areas used by: marine mammals, fisherman, bait fish, feeding seabirds (sharks are likely to be hunting in these areas) Why Should We Protect Sharks? Apex predators (top of the food chain): control prey populations & maintain ecological balance Crucial part of complex food web: o Feed on fish, shellfish & mammals o Sick & dying o Larger animals (whales, seals, tuna) that have few predators If removed, ecosystem balance is altered o If shark numbers decrease, population sizes of seals & sea lions increase, which causes fish populations to decrease because there are too many seal/sea lions. o This ultimately will decrease the fish availability for other species including humans (results in crashes of commercial fisheries – no fish dinner for you) Class Osteichthyes (Bony fish) Skeleton at least partially made of bone 98% of all fishes (> 50% marine) ~75–100 new species described each year Most have scales protected by mucus Operculum: bony plates that cover & protect gills 2 sub-classes: 1. Coelacanths & Lungfishes 2. Ray Fins Order Teleost (Ray Fins) Most vertebrates are fish in the order Teleost 90% of all fish Neutral Bouyancy (swim bladder) Great camouflage Movable fins = controlled swimmers Incredible diversity & adaptability to different habitats Fish Problems: Living in Seawater 1. Water is 1000X more dense (heavy) & 100X more viscous (thick) than air Water's resistance to flow causes: o Drag (resistance to movement) o Turbulence around swimmer (large fish) Both slow fish down Minimize by streamlining (bullet shape) o Retractable fins that can tuck close to body in fast fish (tuna) 2. 5% denser than sea water (bone, muscle) Must maintain bouyancy or sink Strenuous to swim constantly Swim bladder: gas-filled sac in abdomen to adjust buoyancy (Gas lighter than H2O) Picks up oxygen & nitrogen from blood or mouth Rise or sink by regulating amount of gas in bladder 3. Gas exchange in water (O2 in & CO2 out) Fish take in oxygen dissolved (DO) in water There is a lower percentage of oxygen in water than in air But, many Active fish (tuna) are better at extracting oxygen than terrestrial (land) animals: Tuna Extract 85% DO in water (25% Air breathers) Oxygen Extraction by Fish Gills Countercurrent flow: water & blood flow in opposite directions a. Water enters mouth b. Passes over gills c. O2 flows into gills to blood, CO2 flows out of blood to gills d. CO2 & water out of gills 4. Regulate salts (Osmoregulate) Osmosis: movement of water from areas of high to low concentration Body fluids: High water, low salt concentration compared to seawater Results in water moving out of fish by osmosis (leads to dehydration & a build up of salts in fish tissues) To counteract this: Fish drink seawater, but excrete salts by special salt glands in the gills & produce concentrated urine (recycle water through kidneys) 5. Feeding & avoiding predation, competition Most of ocean is dark Fish have many well-developed senses: o Well developed sight & hearing o Lateral Line System = can detect movement & vibrations in water Small canals with receptors (connect to brain) Detect predators or prey Used by schooling fish to move in unison (provides camouflage b/c many fish together look like one big fish = less likely to be attacked by a predator) Ampullae of Lorenzini (sharks detect electrical fields of prey) Fish have many ways to camouflage: o Cryptic Coloration: blend in with background (sediment, algae, coral reef) o Countershading: Dark back (blends in w/ dark seafloor), Light belly (blends in with light from sea surface) o Extremely common in free-swimming pelagic (open ocean) species o Schooling (safety in numbers) Tetrapods (Four-limbed vertebrates): Class Reptilia (Sea Turtles, Sea Snakes, Marine Crocodile, Marine Iguana) Land reptiles that returned to the Sea Ectothermic (cold-blooded = body temp. same as external environment) Breathe air with lungs, scales Salt glands excrete excess salt Most live in tropics or subtropics Marine Iguana (1 species) Endemic to Galapagos Islands (found nowhere else) Eat marine algae Long claws to hang on rocks Wide tail acts like rudder Sea Turtles (7 living species) Live up to 80 yrs. Warm & temperate water Food: sea jellies, algae, crustaceans, molluscs Threatened with extinction (5 of 7 species listed as endangered): Hunted (meat, shell, eggs); beach & nest destruction; tangled in nets; pollution; eat plastic (mistake for their sea jelly prey) o Avoid using plastic (ask for paper bags at grocery store) & be sure to recycle it Sea Turtles Lay Eggs on Beaches (~70-170 eggs at a time) Hatched Babies Must Return over beach to the Sea Class Aves (birds) Evolved from dinosaurs (160 MYA) Scaly legs, claws Endotherms, Feathers Flyers have light, hollow bones All lay eggs on land Salt excreting glands 3% of birds are seabirds Marine birds include shorebirds Gulls & Terns Coastal Successful fishers & scavengers Terns are plunge divers Shorebirds Estuaries, shore Eat fish & marine invertebrates Most migrate from northern (summer) breeding grounds TO Southern, winter grounds Rest & winter in estuaries Pacific Flyway: Shorebirds (& many other marine bird species) breed & nest in Alaska & NW Canada during summer (warm, sunlight = a lot of vegetation & insects to eat) Fly along Pacific Coast in fall to S. Calif, Mexico, & S. America where they spend winter in estuaries Penguins & Allies (Puffins, auklets, murres) Great Swimmers Penguins can't fly & live in Southern Hemisphere only Pelicans & Allies (Cormorants) Throat pouch Brown Pelican: Endangered species in Calif. (DDT) White Pelican: Cooperative feeders Cormorants: Deep diving birds (Great divers & swimmers, but Bad flyers), Great Solid bones & oily feathers help them to dive, but make flying difficult Tubenoses (Albatross, shearwater, jaeger) Come on land only to breed, rest of time spent at sea Albatross: Great flyers Horrible at landing Jaegers are kleptoparasites = steal food on wing from other birds Marine Mammals Marine Mammal Characteristics 1. Large Brain 2. Internal fertilization 3. Live young (Viviparous) 4. Body hair 5. Few young (raise until mature) 6. Embryo nourished via a placenta 7. Young fed milk (mammary glands) 8. Tetrapods (2 pairs of limbs) 9. Lungs for respiration (breathe air) 10. Endothermic (warm blooded): maintain a high internal body temp by metabolic processes Marine Mammal Taxonomic Classification: Class Mammalia: o 4 Orders (Pinnepedia, Carnivora, Sirenia, Cetacea) o 2 Suborders (Order Cetacea: suborders: Odontoceti, Mysticeti) Evolved from land mammals Returned to sea 50 MYA Marine Mammal Adaptations Diving Adaptations 1. Respiratory system collects/retains O2: 2. Excellent O2 storage in blood (High Myoglobin + Hemoglobin concentration O2 carrying pigments in blood) 3. Bradycardia- slows heart rate while underwater to conserve O2 4. Collapse lungs when diving (decreases Nitrogen gas dissolving blood = "the bends") Temperature Maintenance: 1. Thick blubber (except otters), some have thick fur 2. Few blood capillaries at surface 3. Shunt blood away from extremities (Pinnipeds) 4. Huge blood volume for body size Osmotic regulation (No salt glands): 1. Concentrated urine (water recycled through kidneys) 2. Don't drink seawater, skin impervious, prey supplies freshwater Order Pinnepedia (Pinnepeds): Seals, sea lions, walruses Predators, have Blubber, Breed on land Seal & sea lion identification: o Sea Lions: earflaps, large, rotational front flippers, long neck, walk well on land o Seals: no earflap (just hole for ear), short front flipper, short neck, walk poorly on land (sausages) Walruses: Eat benthic invetebrates, use whiskers as feelers Order Carnivora (Polar Bears, sea otters) Not closely related (polar bears related to land bears – grizzly, sea otters are mustelids = related to weasels, skunks, etc,) Polar Bears (Marine bear) Semi-aquatic (will swim out to sea up to ~ 40 miles) Rely on sea ice to hunt for prey (seals, small whales, etc.) Thick fur & blubber Threatened by Global Warming: melted sea ice will inhibit hunting Sea Otters Range: Pacific Coast from Baja California to Alaska/Russia (especially around Aleutian & Russian islands) Hunted to near extinction for fur Keep warm with: o Dense fur (densest of all animals), little blubber o Air between fur & skin o High metabolic rate: Eat 15-20 lbs/day (25-30% of body wt.) Use tools (rocks, shells) to eat urchin, shellfish Order Sirenia (Manatees, Dugongs, Steller's Sea Cow – extinct) Warm, shallow, tropical seas (Manatee – Caribbean, Dugong – SE Asia) Herbivores (seagrasses, algae) Severely Endangered Boat propellers kill & injure Elephant are closest relatives Order Cetacea: Whales, Dolphins, Porpoises Suborder: Mysticeti (Baleen Whales) Blue, finback, gray humpback, right, minke, sei 2 Blowholes Baleen = fibrous protein (keratin): o Filters plankton from water or invertebrates from mud o Tongue pushes food to throat, excess water/mud spit out o Strains water: plankton, krill, sm. Fish, benthic inverts. Communicate with low frequency sounds (songs). Humpback over very long distances Gray Whale Migration o ~ 6,000 mi. each way (Dec-April) o calving & breeding (Baja, Mexico) TO o Summer feeding (Alaska & Siberia) o East. Pacific Gray's Pop. is increasing (numbers have increased from ~1000 to ~25,000) o West. Pacific Pop. till endangered Suborder: Odontoceti (Toothed Whales) Sperm, pilot, orca, dolphin, porpoise, narwhale, beluga 1 Blowhole Peg Teeth Social (live in family pods) Echolocation: Produce sounds (clicks) with melon, sounds bounce of prey, objects in sea, & sound wave is received in their jaw, then transferred via nervous system to brain (interprets image) Allows them to "See" 3D picture of environment Detect food (type & size of prey) May stun prey Are Orcas Speciating? Residents & transients (two distinct groups) o Live in same area (sympatric) o Differ in: morphology (outer body structure – fins) , behavior, social habits, foraging o On genetic path towards speciation Reproductively isolated o Studies based on Pacific Northwest Major Differences Residents o Piscivorous (eat fish) o Cooperative feeding o Travel in large pods (5-50) o Use a lot of Vocalization Transients o Eat marine mammals o Feed alone or with only slight cooperation (Mom may help offspring until they learn) o Travel in small pods (1-7) – 3 is most common o Little vocalization
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Natural herbal remedies occupy an important role in Alleviating Hemorrhoids . There are many natural treatment & remedies available which are very natural and not so ruthless than the conventional medical treatment and can provide relief from Hemorrhoids.
Cranberry poultice preparation
If you want to achieve fast relief from Hemorrhoids, cranberry poultice is the most suitable research. To prepare cranberry poultice you have to take four teaspoonfuls of cranberries and mingle it in a mixer. After merger enfold this powder along with cheese and push it into the anus for the next one hour. This will facilitate a patient to get rid from Hemorrhoids cure.
Use onions and garlic Using onions and garlic is another natural way to treat Hemorrhoids. The onions and garlic also minimize swelling The process to use the onions and garlic is very easy, you just have to remove the outer cover of the garlic or of the onion and insert it into the rectum. Next day in morning the used garlic/onion will be pushed out along with fecal matter.
Patients who are suffering from bleeding hemorrhoids would not allow using this method.
Use the mixture of germanium and almond oil To use this natural method, we have to mix the correct ratio of these two oils. After combining systematically, apply it all the affected areas around the anus. This will assist In slaughtering the microbes and keeps the areas cool.
Ice Pack This pack can be easily prepared at home and it is one of the best way to get rid of Hemorrhoids.For this pack we collect some small ice piece in a bag and then apply the bag on all affected areas. Repeat this process at least 15 minutes and see quick results.
Lemon Juice This juice helps in increasing the blood vessels and also the capillary tubes. We just have to separate the whole lemon into four parts without removing the skin. Then transfer half liter of water into a pot and boil it with the lemon for 15 minutes. Let it to freezing and drink this mixture as and when required.
So you can take the benefit of these natural remedies easily at home and alleviate the effects of Hemorrhoids to get some quick relief. These natural methods do not have side effects and are safe compared to medical drugs.


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