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For the production of lightweight reflectors or mirror structures, metallic silicon of sufficient thickness is applied to a CFC or CMC substrate preform structure having the dimensions of the component to be produced by a heat treatment process, in particular at temperatures between 1300° C. and 1600° C. and in a vacuum or in a protective atmosphere. In this way, reflectors or mirror structures are formed directly. It is possible to work at temperatures of 300°-600° C. when the silicon is applied in the form of wafers which are joined to the substrate preform by way a zone of a melt eutectic incorporating a nonferrous metal. Preferably the nonferrous metal is gold.
1. A method for the production of a reflector or a mirror for the reflection of electromagnetic waves, comprising the steps of:
producing a preform from a material resistant to high temperatures to define a substrate structure for the reflector or mirror,
applying an outer layer of metallic silicon to at least one surface of the substrate structure and bonding to said surface by a heat treatment to define a surface capable of reflecting electromagnetic waves in a defined direction, and
wherein the metallic silicon is applied to the substrate surface in several layers, the layers being differently doped and that with the greatest doping being applied as the layer next to the substrate surface.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein an additional layer of silicon is applied as the uppermost layer.
3. A method for the production of a reflector or a mirror for the reflection of electromagnetic waves, comprising the steps of:
producing a preform from a material resistant to high temperatures to define a substrate structure for the reflector or mirror,
applying an outer layer of metallic silicon to at least one surface of the substrate structure and bonding to said surface by a heat treatment to define a surface capable of reflecting electromagnetic waves in a defined direction, and
wherein said outer layer of metallic silicon comprises silicon preforms adhered to the substrate preform, and comprising the additional step of placing said substrate preform and attached silicon preforms in a bath of doped low-melting-point silicon with the side opposite that which will form the reflective surface downwards so that doped silicon rises by capillary action through the substrate preform up to the level of the silicon preforms and makes connection with the back side of the silicon preforms.
4. A method as claimed in claim 3, wherein a plurality of substrate preforms and attached silicon preforms are mechanically arranged into a structure which is then consolidated into a unit in the bath by the ascending silicon.
5. A method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the substrate preform comprises a carbon material or a carbon-containing material which has been carbonized or graphitized.
6. A method for the production of a reflector or a mirror for the reflection of electromagnetic waves, comprising the steps of:
producing a preform from a material resistant to high temperatures to define a substrate structure for the reflector or mirror,
applying an outer layer of metallic silicon to at least one surface of the substrate structure and bonding to said surface by a heat treatment to define a surface capable of reflecting electromagnetic waves in a defined direction, and
introducing pyrolytic carbon into the substrate preform by chemical vapor deposition.
7. A method for the production of a reflector or a mirror for the reflection of electromagnetic waves, comprising the steps of:
producing a preform from a material resistant to high temperatures to define a substrate structure for the reflector or mirror,
applying an outer layer of metallic silicon to at least one surface of the substrate structure and bonding to said surface by a heat treatment to define a surface capable of reflecting electromagnetic waves in a defined direction,
carbidizing the reflecting silicon surface in an atmosphere containing hydrocarbons at a temperature above 700° C., and
wherein the substrate preform contains between 5% and 50% inclusive by weight unconverted metallic silicon.
8. A method for the production of a reflector or a mirror for the reflection of electromagnetic waves, comprising the steps of:
producing a preform from a material resistant to high temperatures to define a substrate structure for the reflector or mirror,
applying an outer layer of metallic silicon to at least one surface of the substrate structure and bonding to said surface by a melting-on heat treatment to define a surface capable of reflecting electromagnetic waves in a defined direction, and
wherein prior to being melted onto the substrate preform, the metallic silicon is coated on its melting-on surface with a nonferrous metal that forms a melt eutectic with silicon.
9. A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein said nonferrous metal is gold and said melt eutectic is produced by heat treatment at a temperature between 300° C. and 600° C.
10. A method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the gold-coated metallic silicon is melted onto the substrate preform in an ambient atmosphere.
11. A method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the metallic silicon is coated with gold by the application of gold foil thereto.
12. A method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the metallic silicon is coated with gold by vapor deposition.
13. A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein said nonferrous metal is applied to the substrate preform.
14. A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the coated metallic silicon is melted onto the substrate preform at temperatures in a range from 300° C. to 600° C.
15. A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the melt eutectic of metallic silicon with a nonferrous metal is produced in a separate heating process, which is independent of the process of melting onto the substrate structure.
16. A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the melt eutectic of metallic silicon with a nonferrous metal is produced in a single heating process simultaneously with the melting-on heat treatment used for applying the metallic silicon to the substrate preform.
17. A method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the steps of eutectic formation and of melting-on are carried out in a vacuum or in a protective atmosphere to prevent formation of an oxide layer by the nonferrous metal.
The present invention relates to a method of producing reflectors or mirrors and to a reflector or mirror made according to the method.
Many optical materials are used for the orderly transmission of rays by refraction or reflection, and both properties can be employed simultaneously. Materials that function by refraction are mainly characterized by the wavelength-dependence of their refractive index and of their transmittance.
In the case of mirrors and reflectors, the feature of interest is the reflectance as a function of wavelength. A metal layer of adequate thickness will absorb the rays that are not reflected. With dielectric mirrors, which can be made nearly absorption-free, a crucial factor is their ability to resist atmospheric influences and the degree to which it can be increased by protective coatings.
Whereas a large number of highly transparent glasses are available for the visible region of the spectrum, this is not the case in the UV and IR regions. Here the glasses are supplemented by a small number of crystals and materials derived therefrom, the most important property of which is high transmittance. Some of these materials (e.g. BaF2, CaF2, LiF, Al2 O3, SiO2) are suitable for broad-band and multispectral systems, because they are transparent from the UV to the IR. A disadvantage of some of these materials is their high solubility in water, so that protective coatings must be applied and/or the mirrors can be used only in completely dry air.
Monocrystals (isotropic or anisotropic, depending on the kind of crystal) are obtained from natural deposits or cultured artificially (pulled from a molten mass). Polycrystalline material (isotropic) is produced by pressure sintering.
For most applications only isotropic materials are appropriate. Anisotropic crystals are used in polarization optics.
The semiconductor silicon, which is isotropic, acts as a long-pass filter with sharp cutoff, thus separating the visible from the near IR range. Polycrystalline silicon as normally employed, with a thickness of 2 mm (not treated to reduce reflection), has a transmittance τ of ca. 0.53. As wavelength increases, transmittance goes through a minimum at about 16 μmm and then increases again, until it reaches 0.4-0.5 in the range above 300 μmm. It is this property, in combination with its favorable thermal characteristics, that enables silicon to be used primarily in infrared optics and as a mirror substrate despite its brittleness. (Source 1: Naumann/Schroder: Bauelemente der Optik, 5th edition, p. 64, Hanser Verlag)
Surface mirrors offer many advantages over refractive systems, due to their achromatic imaging and the avoidance of other errors associated with passage through refractive materials. However, because the change in the deflection angle of a ray is twice as large as the change in angle of incidence, for given optical requirements mirror surfaces must meet stricter criteria than refractive interfaces with respect to accuracy of shape and microstructure. Another characteristic of a mirror is the shape of its spectral reflectivity curve. Although it is possible to polish the surface of a massive metal body so well that it can be used as a mirror directly, this method is used today only in exceptional cases. In general a mirror layer is applied to a mirror substrate. The metallic mirror substrate is previously polished and is responsible for the accuracy of the mirror's surface configuration. The mirror layer is applied to the substrate usually by sputtering in high vacuum or by chemical methods. The mirror layer then matches exactly the shape of the substrate surface and determines the spectral reflectance function and, in some cases together with protective layers, the temporal stability of the reflectance function. The preferred materials for mirror layers are metals such as aluminum, chromium, nickel, mercury, silver, gold, platinum and rhodium, but silicon monoxide (SiO) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) are also used (Source 1).
The materials used for mirror substrates and reflectors must have a high degree of mechanical and thermal stability. Large mirrors become deformed due to their own weight when their position changes; displacements by fractions of λ must be prevented or compensated by opposing forces. Temperature changes and nonuniform temperature distributions induce internal tensions and deformations. Hence crucial requirements for a substrate material for precision mirrors are a high modulus of elasticity Ε and a very low coefficient of thermal expansion α. Furthermore, the material must be polishable to an optimally smooth surface with a very low proportion of scattered light.
In this respect most metal surfaces are unfavorable, because their internal texture is such that inhomogeneous properties at the grain boundaries can produce surface inhomogeneities after polishing. Nevertheless several metals are used as mirrors, including pure copper, aluminum and molybdenum alloys and pressure-sintered beryllium, though it is necessary to improve their polishability with a layer of chemically deposited nickel phosphide. Metallic mirrors have high thermal expansion, but because of their favorable thermal conductivity they do find limited application, e.g. for high-performance lasers. At present glass and vitreous ceramics are of greater significance.
Certain structural components, especially for aerospace applications, are also required to have high mechanical and thermal stability combined with a low relative weight. Furthermore, good resistance to thermal shock must be accompanied by a low thermal expansion coefficient.
For example, future satellites are to be equipped with a mirror structure that rotates when in use. These mirrors will be large, for instance measuring 800×600 mm, and on the front side must have an optically reflecting surface.
Apparatus used in outer space can be expected to encounter cyclic temperature changes from 0 to 700 K, so that in addition to rigidity appropriate to their size they must be guaranteed to have thermal and thermal-shock resistance, a low weight per unit volume and, not least, low thermal expansion. The groups of materials that meet these criteria must also have surface properties of the quality required for reflecting optics.
Conventional mirror components at present are made of vitreous ceramic. The manufacturing process involves the melting of various oxide powders, such as LiO2, Al2 O3, MgO, ZnO and P2 O5, in platinum furnaces. After the melt has been homogenized, objects of the desired shapes are produced by pressing, casting and other glass-forming processes. The glass components are then suddenly cooled and removed from the molds, and subsequently tempered in a controlled manner to temperatures of ca. 700° C.; in this process crystal "seeds" form in noncrystalline (amorphous) glass. If the specified temperature is maintained for a suitable time, this seed formation leads to crystal growth and completes the "ceramization" of the glass, producing a vitreous ceramic.
This crystalline vitreous ceramic possesses the advantage of low thermal expansion, only 0±0.15×10-6 K-1 over the temperature range from 273 K to 323 K.
As a material for mirrors, however, this vitreous ceramic is of limited use, because it can be produced only by elaborate shaping procedures and furthermore has a relatively high weight per unit volume, 2.53 g/cm3, as well as low tensile strength and not least a brittle breaking characteristic. In addition, it can be employed for optical components only at a constant or maximal temperature of 423 K, because the crystalline structure of such vitreous ceramics is subject to tension hysteresis in the temperature ranges 200-300 K and 360-480 K. At temperatures above 700 K the internal structure of the material is irreversibly damaged (Source 2: SiRA; ESTEC-Contract No. 5976/84/NL/PR; October 1985).
Attempts have also been made to manufacture lightweight mirror components from economically favorable aluminum (relative weight 2.71 g/cm3). However, because of the low stiffness of aluminum it has been impossible so far to construct precision optics of this material. For use in corrosive surroundings, aluminum mirrors must be provided with a thick (0.2-0.5 mm) coating of nickel. Because of the massive differences in thermal expansion between aluminum (23×10-6 K-1) and nickel (13×10-6 K-1), these mirrors must not be exposed to any temperature fluctuations, which would cause thermally induced fracture.
Mirrors of pure aluminum, such as can be employed in a vacuum, exhibit local deformation under even slight thermal stress, due to the extremely high thermal expansion coefficients on the optical mirror surfaces. When they are used, e.g., as laser mirrors for distance measurement, such deformation can led to undefined results (Source 2).
Reflecting optics based on quartz glass are also state of the art. Because of their extremely low thermal expansion coefficients, nearly zero in the temperature range from 0 to 273 K, quartz-glass systems are eminently suitable for so-called cryogenic applications. In the range between 273 K and 373 K their thermal expansion coefficient rises to 5.1×10-7 K-1. Other disadvantages are the relatively high weight per unit volume, 2.2 g/cm3, the low rigidity, the low tensile strength of <50 MPa, high production costs and the restriction of the diameter to ca. 500 mm because of the complicated manufacturing process (Source: W. Englisch, R. Takke, SPIE, Vol. 1113, Reflective Optics II, 1989, pages 190-194).
Its mechanical and thermal characteristics and its low relative volume, only 1.85 g/cm3, make beryllium especially suitable for the manufacture of lightweight mirror structures. For example, beryllium is five times more rigid than aluminum or glass materials. Coated beryllium plates can be polished to a surface roughness (Ra) of less than 15 Ångstrom, so that they are very well suited for optically reflecting surfaces.
A particular disadvantage of beryllium structures, in addition to the high cost of the raw material and of the manufacturing process, is their general toxicity. To use them as optical components under atmospheric conditions, they must first be coated with nickel. Because of the different thermal expansion coefficients of beryllium (11.2×10-6 K-1) and nickel (15×10-6 K-1), it is essential for these components to avoid thermal shock. Therefore they can be employed only at constant temperatures or in very narrow temperature ranges.
It has also been discovered that beryllium components manufactured by the vacuum hot-pressing technique or by high-temperature isostatic pressing have an anisotropic character, such that they have different properties in different crystal directions.
Under outer-space conditions, uncoated mirrors can be used. However, because of the high thermal expansion coefficient the temperature fluctuations typically encountered there, between 0 and 700 K, produce local deformations of the optical surface that make beryllium unusable for precision optics (Source 1) and can also introduce serious transmission problems in the case of satellite mirrors.
Mirror structures of this kind are currently also constructed of monolithic ceramic based on silicon carbide, by the so-called slip casting technique. In this casting process, a suspension of silicon-carbide powder is placed in a plaster mold shaped as a negative. Depending on the time the suspension spends in the plaster mold, a ceramic body with variable wall thickness forms; this is the positive component in the green state. After the blanks have dried, a sintering process is carried out in vacuum or protective-atmosphere furnaces at temperatures as high as 2200° C. This manufacturing technology not only requires the construction of elaborate molds to produce the green compacts, it also has the disadvantage that only certain geometries and small sizes are achievable, and the entire process suffers from a high percentage of rejects. Because these formed silicon carbide bodies shrink during drying and sintering, the required accuracy of their dimensions can be ensured only by expensive machining with diamond tools. Furthermore, the heterogeneous texture of the sintered compact makes it necessary for the compact to be coated with silicon carbide by chemical vapor deposition, to reduce the surface roughness to less than 40 Ångstrom. Not only does silicon carbide require these elaborate manufacturing and machining processes, it also has a relatively high weight of 3.2 g/cm3 and is extremely brittle.
From German Patent Specification 32 46 755 A1 it is known that highly stable, lightweight composite materials can be constructed of various laminate layers combined with cellular or honeycomb layers. Among the raw materials used are fibrous mats soaked with artificial resin, webs of paper, plastic, foil or glass, carbon-fiber mats or polyimide. The cellular or honeycomb layer is intended to endow the formed object with better stability and increased resistance to bending.
Such bonded materials based on carbon- or glass-fiber reinforced plastics are restricted to room-temperature applications. The inhomogeneous structure of the fibrous or laminated components makes it impossible for an optical mirror surface to be created by superficial processing.
The object of the present invention is to provide a method for the production of a lightweight reflector or mirror, which has improved mechanical/thermal properties over those of the prior art and which overcomes or substantially reduces the complexity of the prior art methods.
According to the present invention there is provided a method for the production of a reflector or a mirror for the reflection of electromagnetic waves, comprising the steps of producing a preform from a material resistant to high temperatures to define a substrate structure for the reflector or mirror, and applying an outer layer of metallic silicon by a heat treatment to at least one surface of the substrate structure to define a surface capable of reflecting electromagnetic waves in a defined direction.
Preferably, said heat treatment comprises either a melting-on heat treatment or sinter-fusion.
Preferably also, the substrate preform comprises either a carbon-fiber composite (CFC) or a ceramic matrix composite (CMC).
These and other aspects of the present invention will be more fully described in the following detailed description and in the specific examples of preferred embodiments which are described with reference to the drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a cross- section of a polished silicon wafer fixed to a CMC substrate at 20-fold magnification;
FIG. 2 shows the cross-section of FIG. 1 at 40-fold magnification;
FIG. 3 shows the cross-section of FIG. 1 at 100-fold magnification;
FIG. 4 shows the cross- section of FIG. 1 at 200-fold magnification;
FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a large mirror composed of facets;
FIG. 5B is a perspective view to an enlarged scale of a section through part of the mirror shown in FIG. 5A;
FIG. 5C is a view similar to that of FIG. 5B but of another embodiment of mirror;
FIG. 6A is a longitudinal section through a preferred embodiment of a substrate preform;
FIG. 6B is a section along the line VI--VI in FIG. 6A;
FIG. 7 shows a silicon wafer fixed to a honeycomb structure enclosed in carbon-fiber web;
FIGS. 8A to 8D show different aspects of a preferred embodiment of an infrared telescope mirror;
FIGS. 9A to 9C show steps in the production of another preferred embodiment; and
FIGS. 10A and 10B show steps in the production of a further embodiment similar to that shown in FIGS. 9A to 9C.
In the following description, the use of carbon or carbon fibers is described as the basic material for construction of preforms for the reflectors. At this juncture, however, it should be stated expressly that the materials with similar fine-structural characteristics can also be used within the ambit of this invention. Any suitable material that can be "impregnated" in order to permit firm fixation of a silicon reflector layer onto the core structure can be used.
Furthermore, it should be pointed out that the following description refers in general to the use of preforms or wafers made of silicon for construction of the outer layer. It is also possible to use metallic silicon in granular or powder form, in which case subsequent mechanical processing such as grinding and/or polishing will be required. However, the method is especially simple when it employs wafers, which provide adequately reflective surfaces without further processing.
CFC composites consisting of a carbon matrix with carbon-fiber reinforcement are produced industrially by the resin-impregnation and carbonization method. The resulting materials are distinguished by an extraordinarily favorable combination of characteristics, such as high mechanical stability in space and at high temperatures, combined with low weight per unit volume (1.0-1.7 g/cm3) and low brittleness.
Set against the excellent material characteristics of CFC is its low resistance to oxidation, which greatly limits the possibilities for employing the material in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. At present its low resistance to oxidation restricts CFC to use in vacuum and protective atmospheres, because otherwise at temperatures above 400° C. it begins to burn away.
To increase the oxidation resistance of this material, the so-called ceramic matrix composites (CMC) were developed. Here refractory and ceramic components are infiltrated into the porous CFC matrix. It is also possible to manufacture short-fiber formed elements, in which short carbon-based fibers are dissolved in a phenolic-resin suspension and harden when the temperature is increased. When the temperature is further increased in the absence of oxygen, the resin binders of the two composite qualities are carbonized.
A reflector made in accordance with the present invention has as its basic structural element fiber-reinforced CFC or CMC or carbon-honeycomb composites plus superficial metallic silicon. Here metallic silicon is understood to mean elementary silicon that has been applied to CFC carrier substrates as silicon preforms or wafers or silicon powder, by processes of diffusion, sintering or melting-on. Silicon wafers are thin metallic pieces consisting of highest-purity silicon. The silicon can have an isotropic or polycrystalline structure.
The invention enables the manufacture of components with complex geometry, high temperature-shock resistance, low relative weight (0.5-2 g/cm3) and simultaneously high tensile strength (>150 MPa), low thermal expansion coefficient and surfaces suitable for reflecting optics.
Another advantage of the method in accordance with the invention is that economically priced, commercially available material can be used, which can be processed with any machine tools.
Furthermore, the density and strength of the component can be adjusted as desired, by suitable choice of substrate structures and of the quantity or quality of the infiltration processes. The thermal expansion coefficients of the groups of materials used in accordance with the invention closely resemble one another, resulting in very precise elements of stable form even when the dimensions are large.
Any CFC raw materials can be used advantageously, in particular those based on long or short fibers and with oriented or unoriented fiber structure. Moreover, the method in accordance with the invention can also be applied to known honeycomb structures based on paper, cellulose or carbon fiber.
The density of the CFC block is at most 1.4 g/cm3 ; that is, it has high porosity. Apart from the pores, the block body contains no cavities, so that with respect to its shape it is a massive body such as a plate, a brick or a solid cylinder. For multidimensionally oriented CFC qualities with long-fiber construction, as a rule, one begins with resin-impregnated carbon-fiber webs, so-called prepregs, which are compressed into CFC plates in heatable axial presses.
To produce CFC blocks on a short-fiber basis, carbon or graphite fibers are suspended in a thermosetting resin binder, as known in the art. The suspension is poured into a mold and then the solvent is removed, e.g. by heating, and the resin binder and hence the CFC block is hardened. In all CFC qualities the fiber reinforcement is intended to counteract embrittlement of the ceramized CFC material and maintain quasiductile fracture behavior. The honeycomb structures manufactured by the known molding methods, e.g. from hard paper or carbon fibers, are treated to increase the carbon yield by impregnation with a resin binder, preferably phenolic resin, and hardened by subsequent heat treatment.
The next step is common to all CFC or honeycomb structures: carbonization of the binder resin in vacuum or protective atmosphere at temperatures of, e.g., 900°-1300° C. The CFC block or honeycomb structures so obtained are then preferably heated in vacuum or protective atmosphere to temperatures of more than 2000° C., to achieve at least a partial graphitizing of the carbon matrix and fibers.
The block is then machined down to produce the CFC blank, which has the dimensions of the component to be manufactured, such as the basic mirror structure of a satellite or other optically reflecting system. The removal of material in this process can be done, for example, by turning, milling or grinding, with the same machines as are ordinarily used for the machining of metallic materials. To achieve further weight savings, during the machining of the CFC blanks pockets of any desired geometry can advantageously be milled, eroded or drilled into the back surface of the mirror structures. After carbonization the carbon honeycomb structures can be laminated to form a composite by attaching to the front surface carbon-fiber webs of any kind or web prepregs, by means of a resin binder. Furthermore, it is possible to press the honeycomb structures into the highly porous short-fiber CFC or to construct a sandwich system by pressing together several honeycomb structures, each encased in a CFC web. In this way, after carbonization a highly thermostable, lightweight construction material is obtained, with great rigidity and quasiductile fracture behavior.
The CFC or honeycomb blank obtained after machining, which like the block has a low density of 0.1-1.3 g/cm3 and hence a high porosity, up to 90 vol. %, can subsequently be further infiltrated and stabilized by impregnating it with resin binders and carbonizing them.
Another way to achieve the necessary strengthening of the CFC blanks and thereby increase the rigidity of the basic mirror structure is by infiltration with pyrolytic carbon by chemical vapor deposition, until the density reaches a maximum of 1.4 g/cm3 but preferably 0.3-1.0 g/cm3. Whereas in resin impregnation phenolic resins are preferred, in the chemical vapor deposition of carbon it is preferable to use a mixture of hydrocarbons, such as methane or propane, and an inert gas, such as argon or nitrogen, at a temperature between 700° and 1100° C. and a pressure of 1-100 millibar. The gas mixture diffuses into the porous structure and breaks down to form carbon and hydrogen, the carbon preferably being deposited as pyrolytic carbon on the surfaces or at the intersection points of the fibers and thereby strengthening the structure.
The CFC blanks obtained from either infiltration process are polished on the surfaces intended for reflection and fitted into a vacuum or protective-atmosphere furnace. One or several metallic silicon preforms are laid onto the polished side and the sample is heated to temperatures of 1300°-1600° C., preferably 1350°-1450° C. As the result of a chemical reaction between the carbon and the silicon, silicon carbide forms at the interfaces, creating a consolidation or joint and thereby attaching the silicon wafer to the the CFC substrate. In addition to the chemical reaction, melting-on of the metallic silicon and diffusion can also cause the wafer to become attached to the CFC blank, forming optically reflecting structures.
Metallic silicon wafers can be fixed to so-called ceramic-matrix composites (CMC), which for example contain silicon carbide and silicon in the matrix, at temperatures of 1300°-1600° C.
An especially advantageous version of the method in accordance with the invention also provides for the surfaces that are to be made reflective to be covered with one or more silicon preforms or silicon wafers and for the substrate thus prepared to be positioned with its lower end in a pool of molten doped silicon. Due to the capillary forces in the substrate structure, the molten silicon ascends in the blank until it reaches the preforms of high-purity silicon on its upper surface. Firstly, the blank is thereby upgraded to a CMC and the silicon preforms or wafers resting on it are joined to one another and fixed by their back surfaces to the substrate. In addition, substrate structures consisting of several discrete elements assembled by mechanical means can be consolidated into a single unit by the ascending silicon.
The amount of molten metallic silicon used to infiltrate the CFC blank should be such that the density of the latter is less than 2.0 g/cm3, preferably 1.5-1.8 g/cm3. It is advantageous for the commercially available metallic silicon-monocrystal wafers to have been pre-ground and polished in such a way that after application to the substrate they immediately form optically reflecting surfaces, so that machining cycles can be reduced to a minimum or eliminated altogether. To prevent massive melting-on, deformation and volatilization of the applied silicon elements, a maximal process temperature of 1550° C. must not be exceeded; the process temperature is preferably between 1350° and 1500° C. In a particularly advantageous version of the method in accordance with the invention, the silicon preforms are glued to the CFC or CMC or honeycomb substrate prior to fixation by means of adhesive or resin binder, which during the subsequent heat treatment facilitates the processes of diffusion, sintering or melting-on at the interface between the substrate and the silicon preforms.
As adhesives or resin binders it is advantageous to use precursors based on polysilane or silicon carbonitride and/or adhesives based on silicon, silicon carbide or carbon or silicones. Before the reactive fixation process the adhesives must be dried or hardened at temperatures between 100° and 200° C. Pyrolysis of the resin binders is carried out at 1000° C. in vacuum or in a protective atmosphere.
Polysilanes (polymethylphenylsilanes), for example, after pyrolysis under inert gas at 1200° C. give a ceramic solid yield of 30% to maximally 70% by weight, depending on the solvent.
For mirror and reflector applications in the temperature range of, for example, 250 and 330 K with no major temperature fluctuations, a sufficiently firm attachment between the substrate and the mirror layer can be achieved by gluing the silicon parts to the substrate structures with silicones.
Glass frits can also be used, with suitable tempering above 600° C., to fix the silicon preforms to the CFC or CMC substrates by melting-on processes.
The method in accordance with the invention further provides for several silicon preforms or Si wafers differing in doping or melting points to be applied as so-called multilayers to the CFC or CMC or honeycomb substrate structures, the silicon preforms preferably being arranged in such a way that the one with the lowest melting point is placed directly on the substrate and all the silicon preforms arranged above it have a higher melting point. Undoped highest-purity silicon, for example, has a melting point at 1412° C. Depending on the amount of impurities in silicon (doping), the melting point can be lowered by various amounts due to the formation of eutectics.
The components so produced can then undergo a further finishing process, for example to produce optically reflecting surfaces in the case of a satellite mirror. For finishing, the grinding, lapping and polishing machines and tools ordinarily used in metalwork can be employed, in particular diamond tools.
If the reflecting/mirroring surface consists of wafers, then the temperature for the melting-on process is made such that the smooth outer surface of the wafer does not melt. In the case of silicon preforms with non-smooth surfaces, or when Si powder is used, the reflecting surface is first created by solidification of the melt and is subsequently ground smooth and polished.
In another version in accordance with the invention, the silicon preforms applied to the CFC or CMC substrate, and wherein the substrate contains between 5% and 50% inclusive by weight unconverted metallic silicon, can be converted at least superficially to hard silicon carbide (SIC). Especially for the fields of application in which chemical attack or abrasion is likely to occur, the mirrors or reflectors with their silicon-mirror layer can be exposed to a carbon-containing atmosphere above 700° C., whereupon the silicon reacts with the carbon and forms a silicon carbide surface layer that is resistant to wear. For example, at temperatures of 1200°-1300° C. the silicon reacts with a gas mixture consisting of methane and argon or hydrogen to form silicon carbide. In the temperature range 900°-1200° C. a gas mixture comprising C2 H8 and H2 also leads to formation of silicon carbide.
Silicon mirror surfaces on CFC or CMC substrates can be produced not only by application of silicon preforms but also, in accordance with the invention, by applying silicon powder to the substrate. Here metallic silicon powder is scattered onto the surface of the CFC or CMC substrate to be made reflective and melted in vacuum or in a protective atmosphere at temperatures above 1000° C., preferably 1300°-1600° C. After cooling, the mirror or reflector structures of CFC or CMC bear a continuous superficial silicon layer, which can be made into a mirroring or reflecting surface by a polishing process.
A further advantageous version of the method in accordance with the invention provides for the silicon mirror layers on the CFC or CMC substrates to be converted superficially into silicon dioxide (SiO2) or quartz, for applications such as in a broad-band or multispectral system. For this purpose the whole mirror or reflector structure or other optical components with their reflective silicon surfaces are exposed to an oxygen-containing atmosphere, preferably air, at temperatures above 500° C., preferably 800°-1000° C., so that the metallic silicon is superficially oxidized to silicon dioxide (SiO2).
Another aspect of the developed method is that to manufacture especially complex mirror or reflector systems or other optical components based on a CFC or CMC substrate, the mirroring or reflecting silicon surfaces are joined by high-temperature isostatic pressing (HIP) to form a composite material with continuous surface fixation. The technology of high-temperature isostatic pressing is based on the combined, simultaneous application of pressure and heat to the mirror components. The pressure is exerted on all sides of the reflector structure by way of a gas and can reach 2000 bar. Because of the all-round gas pressure, there are no restrictions on the geometry of the mirrors and reflectors. However, care must be taken that no gas penetrates into the silicon layers coupled to the CFC or CMC substrates and hinders joining at the interfaces. Therefore the mirror structures are, for example, enclosed in steel containers prior to high-temperature isostatic pressing, so that the surfaces to be joined are sealed off from the gas pressing on them from outside. The temperature during silicon mirroring of the CFC or CMC substrates is below the melting point of silicon. The HIP process is carried out below 1412° C., preferably at 1100°-1412° C. A diffusion bond between the superficial silicon layer and the CFC or CMC substrate is produced. The all-round gas pressure accompanied by uniform heat distribution in the object guarantees a homogeneous and thorough joining of the surfaces, even in complex structures.
Here, just as in the previously described pressureless application of silicon preforms to CFC or CMC, by sintering under pressure the Si mirror layer and the substrate components are pressed into one another and form indissoluble anchorings, interlockings and undercuttings.
Here, again, silicon preforms or wafers, in any geometry or chemical composition, as well as silicon powder can be used advantageously to produce the mirroring or reflecting silicon surfaces.
Fixation of the silicon preforms to the substrate structures is made possible at considerably lower process temperatures (so that in the case of certain applications, it is possible to work in a normal atmosphere, without protective gas or vacuum) by coating the silicon preforms with gold before they are attached to the substrate structure. In the temperature range 350°-400° C. silicon forms a plastically deformable melt eutectic with gold. As a result, it is possible to attach the silicon preform, e.g. wafer, to the substrate structure by melting-on at temperatures of 300°-600° C. If desired, the melt eutectic of metallic silicon with a nonferrous metal may be produced in a separate heating process, which is independent of the process of melting onto the substrate structure.
Gold offers the advantage that its thermal expansion coefficient is similar to that of silicon, so that there is no danger of thermal damage as a result of temperature fluctuations. Another advantage of gold is that, because of its chemical inertness, it reacts only with silicon. As a result, in the limiting case gold-coated silicon preforms can be melted onto the substrate structures in a normal atmosphere in the low temperature range of ca. 300°-450° C., which considerably reduces the cost in comparison to melting-on in a protective atmosphere or in vacuum. Where the contact between the silicon preform and the substrate structure must be of very high quality, however, sintering in vacuum is preferable.
The silicon preforms can be coated with gold, e.g., by applying gold foil or by physical vapor deposition (sputtering), and the thickness of the coating should be about in the range 0.5-50 μmm. In principle the gold layer can be applied to the surface of the substrate that is to be made reflective, rather than to the silicon preform.
Instead of gold it is also possible in principle to use other nonferrous metals or materials that form a plastically deformable melt eutectic with silicon. An example is aluminum, which forms a melt eutectic with silicon in the temperature range ca. 500°-650° C. However, because aluminum can oxidize to form an Al2O3 layer which would inhibit sintering, it must be applied under vacuum or in a protective atmosphere. Furthermore, aluminum has a higher thermal expansion coefficient than silicon, which limits its use for applications involving marked temperature fluctuations.
The choice of a coating material in any individual case will depend on the conditions of use, quality considerations and the costs of materials and manufacturing processes.
Several examples of methods according to the invention will now be described with reference to the drawings.
40 carbon-fiber web prepregs with sateen weave, a phenolic-resin component amounting to 35% by weight and a diameter of 150 mm are compressed for 8 minutes in a heatable axial press at a temperature of 200° C., producing a CFC preform with a diameter of 150 mm and a wall thickness of 12 mm. The object produced by the forming process, for example this disk, is then carbonized in a reactor with oxygen excluded, i.e. in vacuum or a protective atmosphere, at ca. 1000° C. To minimize the reactivity of the carbon fibers and/or to influence the modulus of elasticity, the block is exposed to a temperature of more than 2000° C. in the absence of oxygen, i.e. in vacuum or a protective atmosphere, as a result of which the matrix carbon formed by carbonization of the phenolic resin is at least partially graphitized. This graphitization is produced, for example, by heating at a rate of 30 K/min and holding for 2 hours at 2100° C. The CFC block thus obtained has a thickness of 1.0 g/cm3.
The block is then machined by turning, milling or grinding to produce the blank shown in FIG. 6, which serves as the substrate for optically reflecting mirror structures.
The blank is again impregnated with phenolic resin, in a pressure autoclave at 500 bar. After the pressure impregnation, a preform made of metallic silicon (diameter 123 mm, wall thickness 0.8 mm) is stuck to the component. As the adhesive, for example, a commercially available silicon carbide adhesive of type known as RTS 7700 made by the firm of Kager is used, which dries at 100° C. in air without shrinking. The impregnated component is carbonized anew in a reactor at 1000° C. and a pressure of 10 mbar. The rate of heating is 2 kelvin per minute, and the holding time is 12 hours.
The blank with attached silicon preform and a density of 1.18 g/cm3 is now heated in a vacuum furnace at a rate of 20 K per minute to a temperature of 1390° C. and held there for 30 minutes. After it has cooled to room temperature, the silicon disk is firmly interlocked with the CFC, without deformation.
Microscopic examination of the surface of a section through a reference component confirmed that the silicon preform was joined to the CFC substrate by firm interlocking with no discernible fissures and pores. Polishing trials employing submicron diamond suspensions showed that the silicon surface can be polished with no difficulty so as to reduce the surface roughness Ra to less than 15 Ångstrom, so that it is eminently suitable for optically reflecting structures.
Short carbon fibers, 10-30 mm in length, are reduced to a slurry in a phenolic-resin suspension. The fiber content of the suspension is 40% by weight. The suspension is poured into a cylindrical mold with a diameter of 150 mm and a height of 100 mm. The solvents contained in the phenolic resin are removed at 60°-70° C. in vacuum. When the temperature is raised to 180° C., the phenolic resin hardens. After removal from the mold, the cylindrical CFC block is carbonized in the absence of oxygen, as in Example 1.
The CFC block so obtained, with a quasi-isotropic internal structure, has a density of 0.55 g/cm3 and a porosity of about 70 vol. %. To minimize the reactivity of the carbon fibers and/or to convert the matrix carbon formed from the phenolic resin at least partially to graphite, graphitization is carried out at temperatures of more than 2000° C., as described in Example 1.
From the cylindrical block the components illustrated in FIG. 6, which can serve as substrates for the satellite mirror structures, are produced by machining in a lathe, milling machine and/or polisher.
The components are infiltrated with pyrolytic carbon by chemical vapor deposition. This process is carried out in a vacuum furnace for 50 hours at 750° C., with a partial pressure of 2 mbar, the gas phase comprising propane and argon in the ratio 1:5. When it has been completed, the density of the components is 0.90 g/cm3 and their open porosity has been reduced to ca. 30%.
Now the components are placed in a high-temperature vacuum chamber in a graphite vessel, the floor of which is covered with molten metallic silicon. The molten silicon rises within the blank by capillary action, filling its pores almost entirely with silicon. When the temperature is raised further, to about 1750°-1800° C., some of the metallic silicon is converted to silicon carbide by combination with pyrolytic carbon.
After cooling to room temperature, the component has a density of 1.75 g/cm3, 20% of the matrix being composed of unreacted, free metallic silicon.
The resulting ceramic-matrix-composite (CMC) component 10, with recesses 16 and drilled holes 17, is now polished with a polishing machine on its front side, the side intended for the mirror surface. A silicon preform 11 with a diameter of 123 mm and a wall thickness of 1.0 mm is laid onto the polished surface, with no application of adhesives or resin binders, and the structure is fitted into a protective-atmosphere furnace. In an argon atmosphere the component is heated to 1405° C. at a rate of 30 K/min. After a holding time of 20 minutes the structures are cooled to room temperature.
To check the fixation or joining of the silicon parts, a component was sawn apart and the cut surfaces polished. That the silicon had been sinter-fused without fissures, pores or other gaps is illustrated by the photomicrographs reproduced as FIGS. 1 to 4. The interlocking has evidently been brought about by processes of diffusion and sintering between the silicon in the CMC substrate and the silicon preform.
After processing, the mirror structures are examined with respect to their resistance to thermal shock. In a hundred trials the structures were exposed to cyclic temperature fluctuations in the range 0-700 K, after which they were polished to reveal the internal structure. No fissures had formed in substrate or silicon, or at the interface between them.
A rod with the dimensions 50×4×4 mm was sawn out of the superficial part of a mirror structure and subjected to dilatometer measurement. In the temperature range 0-700 K the mirror material exhibited a thermal expansion coefficient of only 2.0×10-6 K-1.
A CFC cylindrical block is produced according to Example 1. After carbonization, graphitization and infiltration by chemical vapor deposition, the CFC cylinder is machined to the configuration shown in FIG. 6. A silicon wafer with a wall thickness of 0.8 mm is glued to the highly porous CFC component by means of polysilane precursors supplied by the firm of Wacker. After the resin has dried and hardened in an argon atmosphere at 180° C., the component is heated further at a rate of 3 kelvin per minute until it reaches 1200° C., so that the polysilane precursors are pyrolyzed.
The CFC structure is then put into a vacuum furnace, within a graphite crucible filled with pulverized metallic silicon. At a heating rate of 20 K per minute the system is brought to 1400° C., and after 30 minutes at that temperature it is cooled to room temperature. Due to doping, the silicon melts at only about 1350° C. and diffuses into the porous CFC matrix as far as the substrate-wafer interface, bringing about a so-called reactive fixation of the silicon wafer to the composite. Inspection of the structure in a polished section shows that some of the infiltrated silicon has combined with pyrolytic carbon to form silicon carbide and that the content of unbound silicon in the component is 21%. The silicon wafer has no pores, fissures or other gaps and is joined to the CMC composite in a firmly interlocking manner. This optically reflecting structure, with a density of 1.7 g/cm3, is polished briefly with a lapping machine to reduce the surface roughness to the required level.
In this method in accordance with the invention it is especially advantageous that the conversion to CMC and the reactive fixation or joining of the silicon wafer to the CFC blanks both occur in situ, thus forming highly reflective mirror structures.
A commercially available honeycomb material made of hard paper, with a relative weight of 0.2 g/cm3 and a cell (inscribed circle) diameter of 6 mm is impregnated with a phenolic-resin binder and dried at 70° C.
To each face of a disk of the resulting honeycomb structure, measuring 400 mm in diameter and 10 mm in thickness, three layers of carbon-fiber web prepregs are now pressed on or laminated in a heatable press at 200° C.
The resulting CFC structure is carbonized by heating to 1000° C. in the absence of oxygen, with a heating rate of 2 kelvin per minute. After a holding time of 6 hours the structure is cooled to room temperature, producing a carbon-based honeycomb structure which, apart from a linear shrinkage of ca. 17%, corresponds to the original CFC component. The still-porous honeycomb structure is further strengthened by infiltration with pyrolytic carbon, performed by chemical vapor deposition as described in Examples 1 and 3. The component so obtained, with a relative weight of 0.22 g/cm3, has 4-point bending strengths of more than 150 N/mm2.
One of the faces laminated with carbon-fiber web is superficially polished and two silicon wafers are glued to it. The resin binder used is a mixture of phenolic resin and silicon powder in the proportions 2:1 by weight.
This procedure is followed by silicon infiltration as described in Example 3, whereby the wafer is fixed to the honeycomb structure. The honeycomb-based mirror structure obtained after cooling, with a real weight per unit volume of 0.42 g/cm3, is shown in FIG. 7.
The resulting extremely light construction material is distinguished not only by its great rigidity and compression strength but also by low thermal conductivity. It is also particularly advantageous that the inner flexible honeycomb structures compensate for the expansion caused by thermal shock because of their thin walls, so that thermally induced fissures are kept to a minimum.
FIG. 5 shows how a large-area mirror can be put together from subunits. Here it is especially advantageous that basic elements consisting of silicon wafers 11 and substrate structures 10 of matching dimensions can be combined to produce mirrors of any desired size. The substrate structures 10 are held together by bridging units 14 (preferably of CFC material). If the presence of gaps between the individual elements is permissible, the mirror can be constructed of ready-made single reflectors. It is also possible, of course, to join the "blanks" to one another and subject them all together to the procedure described above, so that all the parts are integrated together.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5C, no bridging units 14 are necessary because the substrate structures 10 are so constructed as to form tongue-and-groove joints 15.
In the embodiment of the invention shown in the FIGS. 8A to 8D, the CMC component forming the substrate structure 10 is provided with honeycomb-like recesses. Furthermore, in this sample embodiment three mounting recesses 117 are also included, into which connection pins or the like can be fixed to mount the finished mirror. The other reference numbers for this embodiment of the invention apply to the same parts as previously or to parts with the same function. Manufacture can be carried out as described above.
Another version of the method of the invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10.
As shown in FIG. 9A, the first step here is to coat a preform 11 of metallic silicon (a wafer) on the side opposite the reflecting surface 12 with a nonferrous metal, in particular with gold. This coating can be achieved by applying gold foil or by sputtering. The element so produced is shown in FIG. 9A.
This element is now heat-treated so that the gold layer 2 forms a melt eutectic with the silicon 11. This eutectic is indicated by the number 3 in FIG. 9B.
The element thus produced, shown in FIG. 9B, is now attached to the substrate structure 10, and then the whole apparatus is subjected to further heat treatment in a temperature range between 300° and 600° C. As a result, the upper (in FIG. 9C) silicon preform 11 becomes intimately joined to the lower substrate structure 10 over the whole region of the melt eutectic 3.
It is also possible to avoid a separate processing step for forming the melt eutectic on one surface of the wafer 11 (as in FIG. 9), by applying a wafer 11 directly to the substrate structure 10 with an intervening gold layer 2 (FIG. 10A). Then, in a single step, the two elements 10 and 11 are joined to one another by formation of a zone 3 of melt eutectic, as shown in FIG. 10B.
In this version of the method, the connection between the silicon preform (the wafer) and the substrate structure can be made at temperatures between about 300° and 600° C., whereas in the other versions of the method in accordance with the invention described above, the process temperatures are between ca. 900° and 1500° C. Furthermore, especially when gold is used as the nonferrous metal, it is possible to operate in a normal atmosphere and/or at normal pressure.
It will be appreciated that in the above description various steps of the method can readily be combined with one another.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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A Book Club Full Of Novel Entrées...
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
G2D Games
Most Played Games
New Games
Dressup Games
Makeover Games
Girls Games
Celebrity Games
Cool Games
Cooking Games
Baby Games
Fun Games
Game Name
Sweet and Sour Chicken
Cooking Games
Game Tags
Click Here to Play
Game Details :
If you love sweet and sour flavors, you will enjoy this dish! Its a fresh chicken taste. Hurry and follow the steps and learn how to prepare a quick and excellent recipe. Bon appetit!
New Games
Winter Streetshot Anim
Barbie Princess Design
Hot 16 Dress Up
Kitty Princess
Peach Princess
Black Laces
Seeing Jewelry
Loose Denim Anime
Bikini Season
Neutral Pastel
Comfy Cozy Anime
Pleated Fashion


text:
Are there any other April 09 Mommas on here!!! It is awesome that we will all have LOs the same distance apart. How many are there of us?? What are you hoping for this time around, I would be happy with either a DD or DS. I have a DD now. What do you have?
Where are my April 09 Mommas???
Bethany, DH Eric 1-14-06, Christian Homeschooling SAHM, Abigail 4-9-09, Rosie 6-21-12, EDD 12-16-15
April '09 momma here! I have a DS and would love to have a DD in Feb but of course will be happy as long as the baby is healthy.
I'm here too! I have a DS and I know that DH wants a DD, but either way I will be happy :)
Mom to Max ~April 19, 2009~
EDD for Baby Bean ~February 11, 2011~
I have an April 09 daughter. I'm hoping for another girl so she has a sister close in age. My hubby wants another boy. we'll see!
Shoshana, USAF�Wife to Sonny
SAHJewish�Mommy to Nathaniel Benjamin 11/06, Naomi Rose, 04/09, and Natalie Olivia 1/11
Me too!!! It was a nice Father's Day surprise!!!! We currently have DD, so I will be happy with either.
Mama to M (4/09) and A (02/11).... 2 and thru!!
I have an April 09 daughter, and I'm hoping for another girl, but my DH wants a boy, guess we'll see!
Angel Baby 5/12/07 12 weeks
Brooke Anika 4/18/09! Couldn't be more in love!!!
Jack Reagan 1/29/11 The world's best boy!!!
I have an April 09 DD. We have a 1DS and 2DD so for even numbers sake (and so DH and DS aren't totally estrogen overloaded) another DS would be nice, but I really don't care, just praying for healthy!!
Happy wife of Brian 8/5/2000
Joshua Brian born 7/29/2003, Sydney Mary born 5/5/2006, Madison Lynne born 4/7/2009, Conner Leon born 2/3/2011
meeeeeeeeeee! so excited to be pregnant again!
Jess and Aaron (both 29) - married for 5 years
Mom & Dad to a beautiful daughter, Allie Grace. born 04/06/2009
2nd BABY due Feb 10th!!! Can't wait!
Great to see you gals over here too! I'm hoping for a girl just so that we have one of each, but I'd be just as happy with another sweet little boy.
Laura ~~~ISLAND MOMMA~~~
DH Scott 6/22/02
DS Beckett Mason 4/13/09 & DS Christian Michael 6/3/11
I have an April 09 DD. Hoping for DS so we can close the factory.
Nereyda married to Daniel 11-22-08
DD Brianna ( my clomid baby) 4/26/09
Angel Babies 7/10 & 11/11.
Yay!! There are so many of us? I wonder if its because our LOs hit that one year mark and we all got the pregnancy itch! lol
I have an April 09 DS and would love a little girl just to have one of each. However, if this baby is a little boy, I'll be happy because he and DS would be buddies!!
Jackson Edward 04.07.09, Lucas Jeffrey 01.19.11
And our rainbow pumpkin Parker Ryan born 9.23.14!


text:
Because Cartoon Review Patrick was received so well and because people thought I should, here's the Alex 5 star scale I made up.
Once again, here they are individually.
And once again what do you guys think?
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text:
Michael Steele's No Good, Low Down, Rotten, Very Bad Week
A lot of readers sent me a link to Michelle's post on Steele, Hughley, and the Nazis. Good Lord did Steele really botch this interview. I thought he was an articulate spokesman. Hughley tells Steele the Republican Convention looked like a Nazi party gathering in Germany. Steele's response? Well, here's the unedited transcript from CNN covering that portion of the interview: HUGHLEY: Well, Michael, I | Read More »


text:
LAS VEGAS -- Katie Gearlds had 17 points and eight rebounds, and Lindsay Wisdom-Hylton scored 16 points in No. 13 Purdue's 75-50
victory over Texas-San Antonio on Wednesday night in the Duel In The Desert.
Erin Lawless had 14 points and seven rebounds, and FahKara Malone scored 12 points for the Boilermakers (10-2). Purdue will play Boise State in the championship game Thursday night.
Vivian Ewalefo led Texas-San Antonio (1-8) with 20 points, and Monica Gibbs had 13 points, seven rebounds and five assists.


text:
Hi there,
I have noticed an error that appears on my site when I should be getting a 404 error. The error is at the top of the page and reads:
Warning: Illegal string offset 'clone' in /home/lifeskil/public_html/wp-content/themes/dms/dms/editor/editor.handler.php on line 357
The header and footer render Ok but the actual 404 detail does not.
Strangely this doesn't happen when I am logged in to the site using Chrome, but does when I log out. It happens on all other browsers logged in or out.
Any ideas?


text:
Stock Photo:
Open and Empty Cardboard Box isolated on a white background
- Image ID: 59378488
- Copyright: franco's photos
High quality images curated from over 150 countries.
Over 50 million photos, vectors, illustrations, and more.
Simple and flat pricing by image or by month.
Over 230,000 images downloaded every day.


text:
HOME College BCS National Championship Gear BCS National Championship T-Shirts (115 items) Product ID: 1085889
Main Content
This item ships within one business day.
$4.99 flat rate shipping. See other shipping options.
The Crimson Tide have dominated the SEC, and now they're looking to add another National Championship title to their record. Support your Tide as they travel to Sun Life Stadium for the 2013 BCS National Championship Game with this Pro Helmet tee! It features a team logo, a team helmet, a BCS National Championship logo, and "Alabama Crimson Tide" graphics printed on the front.
- Lightweight ribbed T-shirt
- Officially licensed collegiate product
- Rib-knit collar
- Screen print graphics
Reviewed by 1 customer
- Authentic Look
- Quality Construction
- Shows Off Team Pride
- Stylish Design
Best Uses
- Anytime
- Around Town
- At The Game
- Watching The Game on TV
Comments about Alabama Crimson Tide 2013 BCS National Championship Game Bound Pro Helmet T-Shirt - Black:
The best products ever!
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


text:
The Top 10 In Action Sports
01Brick By Brick: Camping Lego Style
02Booze and Bikes: 14 Tours That Let Combine Two of the Best Things in the World
03Who Needs Hollywood? These Incredible Videos Were All Filmed on the Simplest Cameras
04Sam Pilgrim vs. The World: The Champion Aiming To Reclaim His Crown In A New Era Of Biking
05Eccentric Adventures Episode 2: Britain's Most Brutal Illegal Event is All About Cheese
06A Journey Into Darkness: We Went Mountain Biking in the Abandoned Mines of Slovenia
07After the Apocalypse: Inside The World's Most Breathtaking Ghost Towns
08Debate: Let's Stop Hating On Parents Who Want To Raise Adventurous Kids
09Guns, Roses, And Eating Insects: Adventure Cycling in Vietnam
10From Intense Trails to Intensive Care: Dicing with Death In a Mountain Biking Paradise
A Skateboarding video by nixoneurope - 701 views
Nixon is proud to welcome German street skater Alex Mizurov to the Nixon Team. Born in Kazakhstan, Alex was previously on the Nixon flow program for several years. During that time, he made a very strong impression on the Nixon pro team riders whenever he joined them on skate jaunts around Europe. The 25-year-old's outstanding technical ability and clinical skate style, coupled with his good-humored nature and determined attitude to getting the job done, made it almost too easy for the rest of the Nixon team to rubber-stamp his promotion to the pro ranks. If anything, Alex's new status is overdue recognition for one of Europe's most promising talents, who first burst on to the international skate scene as a teenager in 2006 when he went toe-to-toe with legendary US skater Chris Cole before winning eS Game of SKATE at ASR. Since those early days, the recently married regular-foot skater has continued to refine his skills and grow his devastating arsenal of tricks. Consistently recognized as Germany's top skater, the 2013 German Champion is a veritable trick machine who performs when it matters most, not only in contests but also when shooting stills and filming parts. "I'm hyped to join the pro team," said Alex. "It's been an honor to be part of the Nixon family for as long as I have been. The guys have always welcomed me with open arms, and I'm excited to join them as a fellow pro on the team and skate with them all a whole bunch more. Psyched to step up!" Footage from: Jon Wolf Patrik Wallner Julien Deniau Julius Krappe Julio Sola Music: "Grandfather" by lo-fi is sci-fi (lofiisscifi.com) More: nixon.com facebook.com/nixon instagram.com/nixon_now twitter.com/nixon_now


text:
I am somewhat confused about the SVG linear gradient specification. Suppose, I want to fill a 100x100 rectangle with linear gradient which is slanted at 45 deg. The straightforward way is to specify the gradient points like x1 = 0, y1 = 0, x2 = 100 and y2 =100. But, I am not clear about what happens when I provide points like x1 = 86, y1 = 0, x2 = 100 and y2 = 14. Note, the gradient vector is still parallel to the previous one, but the gradient vector length does not cover the entire bounding box. So, I am having the following doubts:
- Are these two gradient definitions equivalent?
- In the second case, does svg standard specify about what happens for the points like 100, 100, will it use the extrapolated colors from the gradient vector?
- I know svg gradient has an attribute
spreadMethod, but according to documentation it plays a role only when gradient starts or ends inside the bounds of the target rectangle. Since the second definition is not the same case (the start and end points lie on bounding box edge), will
spreadMethodstill play a role here?


text:
Brand Columbia
Style CHUTE-C639-63-15
Series Chute
Style Sports
Size Eye: 63/Bridge: 15/Arm: 125
Frame Plastic
Color Black
Lens Gray Gradient Scratch/impact resistant
Protection 100 percent UVA and UVB
Hinge Flexible
Arms Silver tone with logo on outer left arm
Nose Pads None
Manufactured China
Dimensions 7 inches from temple to temple
Other Polarized Lens with logo signature at upper right lens
Material Plastic
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text:
The Rosco Cinegel #3032 Light Grid Cloth Filter (48"x25' Roll) is meticulously manufactured on a heat-resistant base polymer utilizing a patented deep-dyed technology. On-line computerized colorimetry continuously monitors color and density against strict standards, thus assuring a reliable and consistent product.
Reviewed by 1 customers
14 days after order, the gridcloth filter never arrived. Customer service said they would check in on it but never responded. There is a receipt of purcahse and my credit card was charged, but no shipping confirmation (as I received for each of the other items which shipped seperately from the same order).


text:
dortdesigns is taking a short break.
Each summer we take a few weeks where are children and grandchildren come home together because they all live so far away- and enjoy what they have named "Camp Jacoby". It is a time for the cousins to play together and all of us to enjoy the wonderful summer weather. So thank you for your understanding during these weeks off.
Please feel free to contact me~if there was something you were interested in last minute or had contacted me about a special request. I check for emails. Thank you!


text:
We offer discount to nonprofits, government agencies, and federal contractors
In just the last two weeks, congressional calls to #EndFamilyDetention have turned the tide of momentum significantly.
AILA Doc No. 09110661 | Dated November 6, 2009 | File Size: 98 KDownload the Document
On 11/1/09, USCIS issued an update and Q&A on the recent revisions to Form I-693, Report of Medical Examination and Vaccination Record, and changes to the tuberculosis testing requirement for adjustment of status applicants.
[[To print the PDF on this page please use the print function in the PDF reader.]]
Cite as AILA Doc. No. 09110661.Open the Document
American Immigration Lawyers Association
1331 G Street NW, Suite 300
Washington, DC 20005
Copyright © 1993-2015
American Immigration Lawyers Association.


text:
guitar tabs, guitar chords and lyrics
Public books
My songbook
Hectorious songbook
you rated this:
Currently 3.5/5 Stars.
Currently 3.5/5 Stars.
average: 3.5
A bunch of simple songs for anyone a couple of months into playing.
Mad World ( Roland Orzabal (Tears For Fears))
500 MILES ( The Proclaimers)
A Little Less Conversation (Elvis Presley)
AINT NOISE POLLUTION (Ac/Dc)
All Shook Up (Elvis Presley)
American Pie (Don McLean)
Angel Of Harlem (U2)
Bad moon risin (Creedence Clearwater Revival)
Blowin' In the Wind v1 (Bob Dylan)
Blowing in the Wind (Bob Dylan)
Blue Suede Shoes (Elvis Presley)
Breakfast at tiffanys (Deep Blue Something)
Brothers in Arms (Dire Straits)
Canon In D Major (Johann Pachelbel)
Champagne Supernova (Oasis)
Closing time (Semisonic)
COME AS YOU ARE (Nirvana)
CROSSROADS (Cream)
Dont Be Cruel (Elvis Presley)
Dust In The Wind (Kansas)
Dust in the wind (Kansas)
Every Rose Has Its Thorn v2 (Poison)
FAT BOTTOMED GIRLS (Queen)
Folsom Prison Blues (Johnny Cash)
Free Falling v1 (Tom Petty)
Gin And Juice (Gourds)
Good Riddance (TOYL) (Greenday)
Hallelujah (Jeff Buckley)
Heroes (David Bowie)
Hey There Delilah (Plain White T's)
Hey There Delilah (Plain White T's)
Highway To Hell (Marilyn Manson)
Highway to Hell v6 (Ac/Dc)
Honky Tonk Women (Rolling Stones)
Hotel California (Felder, Henley & Frey)
Hotel California (Eagles)
Hound Dog (Elvis Presley)
HOUSE OF THE RISING SUN (Bob Dylan)
I Will Follow You Into The Dark (Death Cab For Cutie)
Jezebel (Iron and Wine)
Knockin On Heavens Door (Avril Lavigne)
Lightning Crashes (Live)
Lookin out my back door (Creedence Clearwater Revival)
Losing My Religion (REM)
Mission Impossible Theme (Misc. Soundtrack)
Mother (Pink Floyd)
Oh Canada (Misc. Traditional)
One (U2)
One Acoustic (U2)
REDEMPTION SONG (Bob Marley)
Ring Of Fire (Johnny Cash)
Stand By Me (Various Artists)
stuck in the middle (Steelers Wheels)
Stuck In The Middle With You (Gerry Rafferty)
Suzanne (Leonard Cohen)
Sweet Child O Mine Acoustic (Guns N'Roses)
Sympathy for the Devil (Rolling Stones)
Sympathy for the devil (Rolling Stones)
Wagon Wheel (Old Crow Medicine Show)
Wholl stop the rain (Creedence Clearwater Revival)
Wonderwall (Oasis)
You can't always get what you want (Rolling Stones)
You're Beautiful (James Blunt)
Youre Beautiful (James Blunt)
Note: If you log in, you can add this book to
your private collection and edit the content.
Return to main list
play their songs - buy their music - support the artists
copyright © 2011
guitar chords
5 popular songs
Down On The Corner
Creedence Clearwater Revival
Every Rose Has Its Thorn
Get Back!
Bad Moon Rising
Creedence Clearwater Revival
New songbooks
Acoustic setlist
This is the setlist that I wish I could just sit down and play from memory
My albums
albums that are fun to play along with because: 1. They're easy guitar 2. They have space for MORE guitar
These are songs that my Spider amp has nice sounding presets for.
Vinces setlist
These are songs that Vince and I used to talk about playing.
all public songbooks


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Bat, according to sources, officials in the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) hesitated on two counts: Malala did not possess valid travel documents, which could have easily been addressed, and such a move might seem like a ploy on India's part to score a brownie point on the back of a human tragedy.
When contacted, a PMO official said "there were indeed informal talks on the issue, but there was no formal proposal from any individual or group" to allow Malala to travel to Mumbai for treatment. Asked if India could have made the offer, he declined to comment.
Indian mediators were asked by the PMO to urge the Pakistani civil society groups and/or the Awami National Party to "make a request to India", sources told HT.
The process should begin from Pakistan, the mediators were told.
But by this time, Malala received preliminary treatment in a Peshawar hospital, where surgeons had managed to remove the bullet that had hit her skull.
She was then shifted to a military hospital and, significantly, a military statement reproduced by the BBC said that Malala be "shifted abroad to a UK centre, which has the capability to provide integrated care to children who have sustained severe injury".
The air ambulance was arranged by the United Arab Emirates and she was flown to London.
Sources said key doctors in a super-specialty hospital had been spoken to and had shown willingness to take up Malala's case after addressing security considerations.
"Had India made the offer to treat her, it would have resonated throughout the world and helped build trust on both sides. We should have shed the timidity," said Mahesh Bhatt, filmmaker and a campaigner for people-to-people connect between India and Pakistan.
The Taliban has threatened to attack Malala again. Two other girls, who were in the school bus with her, were also injured in the October 9 attack.


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Fed up with my abominable abdominals, I turned to lab docs for help in separating fact from flab. Here's what to know to lose the excuses — and the crunches.
Want to rid yourself of belly flab and get bikini-ready abs once and for all? Try these abs exercises and get the sexy stomach you've been dreaming about, no matter what your fitness level.
We squatted, thrusted, and crunched, crunched, crunched to bring you the best abdominal-toning exercises on FitnessMagazine.com.
Looking for a fast way to snap into shape? Get a flat stomach without resorting to boring sit-ups with this ab workout. And get firmer arms, butt, and thighs while you're at it too!
These five awesome variations will take your plank routine (and abs, butt, and arms!) to the next level.
Research from the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse shows that the crunch activates the rectus abdominis and external obliques better than any other common core exercise.
If you've ever looked at a trainer and thought, "I. Want. Those. Abs.," then these are the moves for you.
Reverse crunches can be the best thing that ever happened to your abs, or, if you don't do them right, a complete waste of time.
We asked Shaun T, creator of INSANITY and celebrity fitness trainer at DietBet, to put together the ultimate intense ab workout that targets every major ab muscle, so you can carve your core from ever
Not down with the latest waist-training trend? Yeah, us either. Skip the too-tight (not to mention uber unhealthy) corsets for these exercises.
Spent more time comfort eating than core carving this winter? No fear. We teamed up with SHAPE and Kira Stokes, creator of The Stoked Method, to bring you the Ultimate Plank Challenge.
Ever talked yourself through a killer ab set by imagining a six-pack at the finish? No shame—but there are more benefits that come with having a rock-solid core than meet the eye.
You don't go to the gym wanting to waste your time or throw out your back. But if you're cranking out these ab exercises, that could be exactly what you're risking.
Slaving away at the gym but still haven't achieved the strong, sexy core you're striving for?
Dread crunches and planks? There are other ways to carve your core, according to FITNESS advisory board member Michele S. Olson, PhD, professor of exercise science at Auburn University Montgomery.
Check it—these compound moves will get you sexy arms faster than those old one-spot-at-a-time sets.
Even on your laziest, most blah days, there's no excuse not to get in a mini-sweat. Try these easy exercises the next time you're just not feeling your usual routine.
- 1 of 5
- ››


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|Reviews for Leap of Faith
| Teekee-Cha chapter 3 . 5/31
*squeals* Oh My God! I love this story. Molly's sadness, Sherlock's death, it was all so heartwrenchingly beautiful. Amazing as always Alydia. Thank you for writing this.
| Melissa Hodde chapter 3 . 12/14/2014
Aah! I love this story - Molly and Sherlock stay so true to themselves, and yet this isn't quite the kind of story you'd get from the BBC, so it's really something special.
"I have come to the tenuous conclusion that you write wonderful Sherlock fanfics after all.
However, I am unwilling to make a definitive decision before further study."
| Libraryland chapter 3 . 7/24/2014
Oh this brilliant, prickly, difficult man and this gentle, loving, adorable woman... What a great, warm story, full of sadness, worry and then the thrum of deep, sudden joy.
Thank you for the lovely, slow burn of his attraction to her, and the awkward yet charming kisses... and the later texts, kisses of a sort too...and completely Sherlock. Nice job, I smile every time I read this one...
| Sarah chapter 3 . 6/17/2014
Wow-I can't tell you enough how HAPPY this made me. ;)
Please, can we have more Sherlolly?
| ijustsigneduptofollow chapter 3 . 4/6/2014
| Sumi Anzu chapter 3 . 3/12/2014
I have come to the tenuous conclusion that you have a pretty mouth after all. –S
She stared at the message, her heart skipping a beat
However, I am unwilling to make a definitive decision before further study. –S
Lol when he nees further study it mean there going to be round two of kissing or intimate way of her mouth at plays. Lraving us to imagine what it could be hee heee.
Very creative, subtle and seductive
| Sumi Anzu chapter 1 . 3/12/2014
I jusy watch 2 season of sherlock, i luv since that scene where he was whipping ,with intense but mercy-less expression, a corpose using riding crop.
I didnt see season 3 eveb though it came out this year jan. 1
I love love all fanfic u wrote and which i read.
| Guest chapter 3 . 3/11/2014
All hail to you, Fanfiction Goddess. You who continues to produce perfection after perfection, all my favorite ships, all my favorite fandoms, with such eloquence, humor, and OMG TEH FEELS.
Uh. Feelings. Many of them. That is what I meant. Your eloquence steals mine away, apparently.
All that to say...you are my favorite fanfiction author. I have run across no one else who is so consistently GOOD, and so prolific! Thank you for your contribution to make the internet a better place.
| MathildeJova chapter 3 . 3/1/2014
I can't express how much you bewitched me with your talent. You deserve every awards available on this bloody planet. Would it be insane to hope that there will be a next chapter to this incredible story? Because seriously, seriously. Seriously though... Damn, write the next chapter! You know... please :D
| Dodge1989 chapter 3 . 1/28/2014
I'm such a crybaby! Seriously! I could not hold back tears while reading the second chapter! It's gorgeous and touching! Would be more such stories :)
| Kitty Grace chapter 3 . 1/22/2014
Is there more to this? Or are you ending it here? i LOVE the way you describe their kisses. so intimate and so .. sweet. i don't know how to put it in words. i just love it.
| Kitty Grace chapter 1 . 1/22/2014
"he had closed them". that's a nice touch. :)
| abracadaver chapter 3 . 1/11/2014
I love your writing of course, I have made that perfectly obvious in all my previous reviews. As usual you some how manage to completely encompass the most complex characters so eloquently I wonder if you may not be the creater of these characters at times. Personally, writing Loki and Jane as a couple seems difficult simply due to the nature of the universe they are in because it is very Jane/Thor. But writing Sherlock in love with someone could never be done, I thought. That there was no way to characterize him in such a way. But DAMN do I love it when you prove me wrong, Rackham! I really loved this short piece, it was beautiful and I haven't seen any of season 3 yet. But I also think Molly had a huge part in his subterfuge (:
| BabyIWasMadeToBreakYourHeart chapter 3 . 1/2/2014
oooooooooooooooooooh god. oh god. o-h-g-o-d I bloody love you.
| Val chapter 3 . 12/10/2013
I don't know what to say. Words are inadequate. I felt so happy reading this, I smiled through my tears as I fell deeper in love with my OTP. You're fabulous, do you know that? Really, I've never read a fanfiction with such understatement. But with understatement comes this allure, this power that is very riveting, at least to me. Needless to say I honestly take delight in your well-crafted words.


text:
Change Location »
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Customer ServiceWhat are your Customer Service hours and phone number?
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Note: Parts available at our distribution center may take 3-5 days for delivery by ground mail. All other Items may take 3-5 weeks for delivery and are shipped directly from the manufacturer to your home delivery address.
Delivery/ShippingWhere does Rooms To Go deliver
If you need to change your delivery date please contact one of our Customer Service Representatives. They are available to take your call Monday-Friday 8:00am-6:00pm, and Saturday 8:00am-4:30pm EST.?Please remember to report all problems immediately so that we can correct the problem in a timely manner.
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The next time that you log on, please use the user id and password that you selected during the registration process.
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After your order is completed, Bill Me Later? will send you a statement in the mail. You can pay the entire balance with no additional charges or you can pay a portion of the balance and regular interest charges will apply. Bill Me Later? is a safe and convenient payment method offered through WebBank, Salt Lake City, Utah. It is available to U.S. customers who are of legal age in their state of residence. It is subject to credit approval. The terms of the account include interest charges and late fees if payments are not made by the payment due date. Additional terms and restrictions also apply. You'll have 25 days from the date of the statement to pay for your purchase.
Customers will begin to receive statements from the finance company within 60 days following the date of delivery. You will not be billed or receive a statement prior to accepting the furniture into your home.<
Privacy and SecurityIs your site secure
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non-fiction book
Book Description The California condor has been described as a bird "with one wing in the grave." Flying on wings nearly ten feet wide from tip to tip, these birds thrived on the carcasses of animals like woolly mammoths. … see full wiki
What did you think of this review?
non-fiction book
2005 non-fiction book by Tim Gallagher
2007 non-fiction book by Bridget Stutchbury


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Public High Schools in San Jose
Middle College High School
Public • Grades 10-12
41 students • 20 student/teacher
Leland High School
Public • Grades 9-12
1799 students • 23 student/teacher
Evergreen Valley High School
Public • Grades 9-12
2715 students • 23 student/teacher
Pioneer High School
Public • Grades 9-12
1648 students • 21 student/teacher
Prospect High School
Public • Grades 9-12
1297 students • 20 student/teacher
Silver Creek High School
Public • Grades 9-12
2368 students • 21 student/teacher
Which schools are assigned to my home?
About San Jose
San Jose has 36 schools. One of the best schools is Middle College High School, with a rating of 10. It has 41 students. Public schools in San Jose belong to San Jose Unified School District or East Side Union High. Franklin-Mckinley Elementary School District is close and has lesser ratings than San Jose Unified School District. Nearby Mt. Pleasant Elementary scores lower, with a rating of 4.
School Districts Near San Jose
Disclaimer: School attendance zone boundaries are supplied by Maponics and are subject to change. Check with the applicable school district prior to making a decision based on these boundaries.


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Groups tagged 'moon'
Darkness_KnightspublicCreated 09/01/102
We are the Darkness Knights!We let no one stand in our path to victory!We will help darkness PREVAIL!
Tri-FactionpublicCreated 01/06/121
In comparable guild!
WolfHowlpublicCreated 02/06/131
We Are the Lycans We Will get Our Respect Back! We Will Fight And Leave No Wolf Behind!
SnowWolfspublicCreated 02/16/1427
This group is The Clan of the SnowWolfs. We rule top and the bottom of the earth and we are a gentle as ice but we are very kind and caring to pack members and you will get promoted easily. We also ...


text:
You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser to improve your ReverbNation experience.
Bio: This site is for all the SURF bands on ReverbNation. We encourage any Surf...Surf Instrumental...Spy...Spagetti Western.. to sign in.
The purpose of this site is to round up all the surf bands on RN and make them available for all to see in one place. Hopefully we will all benefit and become bi...See Full Bio
Starting a site for all Surf Rock bands on Reverbnation. Sign in if you will.
"99 Surf Bands discovered so far on ReverbNation....possibly more to help save the critical shortage of reverb and twang!!"


text:
FinCon / XY Planning Network Meetup w Special Guests Derek & Carrie Olsen
- Business & Professional
- Fort Worth, TX
#FinCon14: Where Money and Media Meet
FinCon (PT Money Conferences, LLC)
Thursday, September 18, 2014 at 10:00 AM - Saturday, September 20, 2014 at 10:00 PM (CDT)
Learn more at www.finconexpo.com
FinCon is a peer conference for the financial media community. Attendees connect, learn to create compelling online content, and discover the latest trends in the world of money.
When: September 18-20, 2014
Where: New Orleans Marriott, New Orleans, LA
Compare FinCon Passes Side-by-Side
Terms and Conditions
The simple and straight-forward terms and conditions you agree to when purchasing a #FinCon14 pass. By purchasing a #FinCon14 pass, you understand that:
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


text:
Details and Shopping
Customer Favorite
- FP Exclusive :
- Only sold thru Free People
Form-fitting and super femme allover lace midi dress. Skirt features wrap elements, and a Hi-Lo hem that hits above the knee in front and drapes gracefully behind the calves.
*60% Cotton
*40% Nylon
*Dry Clean
*40% Nylon
*Dry Clean
In This Pic:
- Model's Height:
- 5' 10"
- Wearing Size
- 6
In This Pic:
- Model's Height:
- 5' 10"
- Wearing Size
- 6
Measurements for 6:Bust: 38 in = 96 1/2 cm
Waist: 29 1/8 in = 94 cm
Length: 31 in = 71 3/4 cm
Sleeve Length: 2 1/2 in = 6 1/2 cm
Rated 4 out of 5Â by 1 reviewer.
Rated 4 out of 5Â by pineapplebasil Very Pretty The dress itself is very pretty. The hi-lo hem actually comes with a bit of fit and flare. It's definitely a summer dress because the material is pretty thin and the cotton is a light weight. I think the pictures are actually pretty accurate. The material is a bit on the rigid cotton side, I think mostly because of how the fabric is manufactured. I found that the dress sat higher on my collarbone than it does in this picture. Overall, a great casual dress. 7.16.2014
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text:
'Couples Retreat' Actress Joins Queen Latifah's 'November Rule' (Exclusive)
Mo McRae, Macy Gray and Tatyana Ali star in the romantic comedy.
Kali Hawk, whose recent roles include Peeples and Couples Retreat, has joined the cast of November Rule, the upcoming film executive produced by Queen Latifah.
Starring Macy Gray, DJ Qualls (Hustle & Flow), Tatyana Ali and Sons of Anarchy's Mo McRae, the romantic comedy follows a sports shoe entrepreneur (McRae) who has made a "November rule" in order to keep his distance from women. Every November, he breaks up with the woman he's seeing using a whopping lie. But when he realizes he has let go of the woman of his dreams, he tries everything to get her back.
PHOTOS: The Musings of a Queen: Inside Queen Latifah's Empire
Mike Elliott is producing the pic, while Queen Latifah will exec produce under her production company Flavor Unit Entertainment.
Hawk, whose previous films include Bridesmaids and Get Him to the Greek, was last seen in the Lionsgate comedy Peeples with Kerry Washington and was recently introduced on this final season of USA's Psych. She's repped by Resolution, Luber Roklin Entertainment and Hirsch Wallerstein.
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Hollywood Insiders Descend on Havana
CBS Entertainment Chief and "Loudmouthed Feminist" Nina Tassler Reveals the Strategy Behind 'Supergirl' Gamble
Paul Rudd and Marvel's Kevin Feige Reveal 'Ant-Man's' Saga, from Director Shuffle to Screenplay Surgery to Studio's "Phase Three" Plans
Comic-Con 2015: THR's Full Guide to Parties in San Diego
HBO's Real-Life Game of Thrones: The Fight to Stay Rich, on Top and Score Bill Simmons
Taraji P. Henson, Viola Davis and Drama Actress A-List Tackle Race, Sexism, Aging in Hollywood
Lena Dunham, Amy Schumer and Comedy Actress A-List in Raunchy, R-Rated Roundtable
Bob Odenkirk, David Oyelowo and Drama Actor A-List on Oscar Snubs, Bad Scripts and Getting Ignored by Robert Redford


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Gallery: Hearst Tower Wins the 2008 International Highrise Award
Recently New York's visionary Hearst tower was honored as the winner of the prestigious 2008 International Highrise Award. Constructed by Inhabitat favorites Norman Foster and Partners, the LEED gold-certified structure showcases a stunning array of sustainable strategies that have led to it being hailed as the greenest skyscraper in the New York skyline. We got the scoop on the Hearst tower's sustainable features at last weekend's Net Impact conference, where Hearst Director of Corporate Real Estate and Facilities Planning Brian Schwagerl gave an in-depth look at the iconic tower's innovative solutions.
3 Comments
November 20, 2008 at 8:38 pm
Congratulations to the winners of this prestigious award; the Hearst Tower is definitely a landmark in the NYC skyline. I think another great upcoming addition will be the Visionaire (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJs1BKV518I), which is aiming for platinum LEED certification.
November 17, 2008 at 6:07 pm
Great post! I'm with a company called BuildDirect in Vancouver, Canada. I live in North Van and the city has just unveiled a new library which has a LEED Gold rating for sustainable building design. My company didn't have anything to do with it, but as a person who grew up on the North Shore I'm very proud the city has gone in this direction.
You guys might want to write about it. I found a blog post about it at http://urbanshore.ca/2008/11/15/the-north-vancouver-city-library/ which includes some pics.


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Jakub Gulyás is a photographer, his work has been exhibited ; Figurama, Praha , Czech Republic, Reštaurovanie / Veda/ Umenie – Galéria MEDIUM , Slovakia, Tender about gender, gallery Médium, Bratislava, Slovakia. To see more stunning work by Jakub take a look at his site.
Beautiful Fashion Photography by Joanna Kustra
Joanna Kustra is a self taught photographer, her works include mostly portraits and fashion. All of her photographs are extremely well lit and compositioned. Take a look at her website to see more beautiful images.
Fantastic Fashion Photography by Emily Soto
Emily Soto is a Fashion Photographer, her images are well compositioned and beautifully lit. I could spend hours looking through her work! Some of Emily's clients include; Glamoholic Magazine, Fashion 5.0 Magazine, YOU Magazine and more.
Unique and Inspiration Photography by Caesar Lima
Caesar Lima is very versatile, his portfolio includes: Fashion, Conceptual, Sports and more types of Photography. Caesar has many awards such as; 2011 IPA Awards, 2011 Archive 200 Best Ad Photographer, 2011 PX3 in Paris and more! If I were you, I would definitely check …
Breathtaking Cinemagraphs by Jamie Beck and Kevin Burg
Jamie Beck and Kevin Burg are two talented artists, turning images into beautiful moving ,gifs. "A Cinemagraph is an image that contains within itself a living moment that allows a glimpse of time to be experienced and preserved endlessly." There work has been in the …
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