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Statics and Kinematics of Granular Materials
R. M. Nedderman, quot;Statics and Kinematics of Granular Materialsquot;
Cambridge University Press | 1992 | ISBN: 0521404355, 0521019079 | 372 pages | File type: PDF | 7 mb
This book outlines the basic science underlying the prediction of stress and velocity distributions in granular materials. The nature of a rigid-plastic material is discussed and a comparison is made between the Coulomb and conical (extended Von Mises) models. The methods of measuring material properties are described and an interpretation of the experimental results is considered in the context of the Critical State Theory. Exercises and solutions are pred that will be particularly useful for the reader.
? Written in a pedagogic style with problems and solutions ? An invaluable text for all those working with or doing research into granular materials
1. Introduction; 2. The analysis of stress and strain rate; 3. The ideal Coulomb material; 4. Coulomb's method of wedges; 5. The method of differential slices; 6. Determination of physical properties; 7. Exact stress analysis; 8. Velocity distributions; 9. The conical yield function; 10. The prediction of mass flow rate; Problems; Appendices; Index.
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For myself, I didn't start taking on leadership roles until I was a sophomore, starting with getting involved in Student Government as class president. From there I also lead a service trip through Campus Ministry, both of which taught me so much about how to lead. Each of these came with their own triumphs and their own defeats, shaping the type of leader I am today.
Today I hold two major leadership roles on campus, something that became very stressful in the beginning. Learning how to handle both of these roles was something that took time, but something that will help me throughout the rest of my life. The leadership roles that you accept and that you are thrown into help to make you a better leader.
One of the most important skills to learn while in college is how to be a leader, not just a person with power and responsibility, but also a person who leads. If you are able to learn how to be a great leader, you will be able to carry that throughout your professionally career, no matter what path you choose. Leadership is a quality that can help you grow as a professional, so taking risks and learning how to lead in college will help you the rest of your days.
If you have ever taken on multiple leadership roles on at once, tell me your story below!

subset: commoncrawl


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Nats Add Scherzer To Their Stacked Starting Staff
Washington - Credit Jon Heyman of CBS Sports, who was the first to break the news, that the Washington Nationals, added the prize pitcher of the 2014 off season, right hander Max Scherzer. The 2013 Cy Young winner is now
Max Scherzer, Nationals Agree To Seven-Year Deal
The rest of the starting pitching market can start to take shape now, as Max Scherzer has reportedly agreed to a seven-year deal with the Nationals.
Strasburg, Nats Avoid Arbitration With $7.4 Million Deal
Stephen Strasburg and the Washington Nationals have agreed to a $7.4 million, one-year contract and avoided salary arbitration.
What If The Rays Don't Trade Ben Zobrist?
The rumors of the Rays trading Ben Zobrist have been swirling but what if the team doesn't trade him?
Does Injury To Jayson Werth Increase Nationals Pursuit Of Ben Zobrist?
The Nationals have been chasing Rays Ben Zobrist since the Winter Meetings but have balked at the Rays asking price. With surgery to Werth will this change?
Will The Wil Myers Trade Pay Off For The Rays?
The Front Office host Tom Veit, aka The GM, spoke to Sports Talk Florida MLB insider Steve Kinsella about a plethora of Rays topics including the recent trade involving Wil Myers.
What The Wil Myers Trade Wasn't
A More Balanced View Of The Wil Myers Deal Since late yesterday afternoon when the three team trade between the Tampa Bay Rays, San Diego Padres, and Washington Nationals was announced (pending physicals) there has been a lot of
Steven Souza's Humble Path To The Majors
Rays Steven Souza went from high school star to struggling minor league player who eventually left his team. He returned a new man and his career took off.
BREAKING: Rays To Trade Wil Myers To Padres In Three-Team Deal
The Rays have continued a busy offseason by trading away outfielder Wil Myers to the San Diego Padres as part of a three-team deal.
No Pressure for Daniel Snyder to Change Redskins Name
The NFL team in Washington is still the biggest sports franchise in town. The new mayor of Washington wants team owner Daniel Snyder to move back into the district despite the team's name and logo which some people think is a


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Considering David Hume wrote the "Standard of Taste" in the 1750s, and Toulouse-Lautrec wasn't born until 1864, I'm not quite sure about the 'originality' of the axiom - amd adulterated (or not), it is still an overused statement to justify (or otherwise) people's decisions about works of art.The "Beauty is in the eye" bit is one of the most adulterated quotations of all time. It was originally printed as a reply from Toulouse-Lautrec to an Art Critic of the day, who critiqued one of his works... a painting of a man in a chair, paying attention to a woman in a state of being half-dressed. The Critic was appalled, "Pornography!! The man is watching the woman undress!!". Lautrec replied, "The occasion is the couple's twenty-fifth Wedding Anniversary. The man is watching his wife *DRESS* prior to `going out on the Town' to celebrate." - and then, "The EVIL is in the eye of the beholder."
Why not???? To not even consider value judgments about most things would therefore make most things value-less, wouldn't it? And unfortunately, with todays post-modern slant on art, where everything is simply open to any interpretation, isn't that what we've got? Valueless art?"Value judgements can, and should be made about all things all the time."
Interesting. Why???
Absolutely not. There is nothing wrong with simply enjoying something. In fact, it should be encouraged.I HAVE been known NOT to expend energy on the idea of "What's it worth", and just "enjoy". Is there something wrong with that?
BUT - that does not mean that there isn't something that goes deeper within the enjoyment, that is a tangible and objective quality to the experience - whether this is pursued or not.
As an example, at a very basic level (and bringing it back to photography for a while) - when matting a work for presentation, many photographers will choose non-acidic board because of it's archival qualities, over and above the other, acidic options. While this is a practical decision based on archival needs, it is also a value judgment due to the inherent qualities within the object. Does it make the photographer elitist for choosing one over the other? Especially since the non acidic board is more expensive etc...?
And what about choice of paper? Resin coated multigrade, or fibre based 'art' paper? Is a photographer elitist if she opts for the fibre based, due to its percievable "quality" difference?
We make choices all of the time about inherent qualities in things that make them 'better' than other things - and why not???
That does not mean that everyone should also follow suit, and it also doesn't mean that everyone will agree on the choices made. But getting back to the original question of whether there is "Good" or "Bad" art - I think that to suggest that there isn't a qualification to be made drags everything down to a lowest common denominator - and if we are all happy for that to happen then so be it.
Sorry - gotta go - my next 'fix' of quality reality T.V. is about to start. 8)


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Tag: New York CityView All Tags
Business Class Travel / JetBlue / United / JFK / New York Travel / New York City / A321 / SFO / LAX / United ps / JetBlue Mint / EWR / Airline News / → All Tags
More Mint for JFK as JetBlue Picks Up What United's Dropping
While loyal United flyers may still be reeling from the airline's recent announcement that they'd be completely withdrawing from New York's JFK Airportmoving their "p.s." all-business-class transcontinental flights over to their Newark hubanother airline has quickly stepped up to fill the hole.
This morning, JetBlue stated that they'd be increasing their number of daily nonstop flights from New York-JFK to both Los Angeles-LAX and San Francisco-SFO, beginning October 25. That same date is, conveniently, the day United is scheduled to pull their six daily JFK flights to LAX and seven to SFO. And it's not just like JetBlue is throwing some extra flights onto the schedule; the boost will be exclusively Airbus A321s with JetBlue's premium "Mint" class onboard. Have a look around.
Travel Photography / New York City / Instagram / Manhattanhenge / Free NYC / Travel Tips / Summer Travel / → All Tags
Snap the Skyline: It's Manhattanhenge Weekend in NYC
Just in case you happened to be around 42nd Street in New York City last evening and noticed crowds of pedestrians with their smartphones held high, seemingly looking off into the horizon, and wondered what was going on...it's Manhattanhenge!
Two weekends every year, during the summer, the setting sun perfectly lines up with the grid of the city's east-west streets, creating a straight beam of sunset through the urban canyons of the streets. Photographers who wish to capture this phenomenon typically stake out the west end of of wide 42nd Street, and even head over the East River to Long Island City to capture the whole of the skyline.
Exhibitions / TV Travel / New York City / NYC Travel / → All Tags
Live From New York: It's 'Saturday Night Live: The Exhibition'!
Cue the "Weekend Update" music, because we have some breaking news to report: "Saturday Night Live" is about to open a museum-style exhibition, and it's going to rock your (Wayne's) world.
Opening on May 30 at New York City's Premier Exhibition 5th Avenue — a fancy new state-of-the-art events space — and coinciding with the iconic TV series' 40th anniversary, "Saturday Night Live: The Exhibition" basically sounds like a mini-Smithsonian dedicated to all things related to the show. And honestly, SNL kind of deserves that. The show is basically an American institution at this point. We forgive the lackluster seasons because every week, it plugs our finger into a socket of kinetic NYC energy. ("Saturday Night Live" might be the most successful accidental tourism campaign, like, ever.) And even the lame episodes become entertaining as reruns, when they take on the air of nostalgia – like televised yearbooks reminding us of the news events, pop culture chatter, and god-awful hairstyles of bygone eras.
New York City / Tourism / Skyscrapers / Architecture Travel / World Trade Center / Cheap NYC / How to Get Tickets to / Travel News / Travel Tips / → All Tags
How to Get Tickets to the One World Trade Center Observatory
Add May 29 to your iCal. That's the date the One World Trade Center's observatory opens to the public, for 100th-story views from the tallest building in the western hemisphere.
Entry won't be cheap, at $32 for adults 13-64 and $26 for children 6-12 (children under 5 are free), but it is significantly more affordable than tickets for the Burj Khalifa's Observatory, which run $55 for adults during peak visitation hours.
The very first batch of tickets will go on sale tomorrow, April 8, at 10am EST. Of course complimentary admission is extended to family members of those killed on 9/11, and to the rescue and recovery workers who worked at the site in the months following the tragedy.
Events / Fleet Week / Fleet Week NYC / New York City / Spring Travel / Military Travel / → All Tags
New York and Five More Cities Announce 2015 Fleet Week Dates
Spring in New York City is a beautiful thing. Flowers are blooming (at bodega florists), people walk hand-in-hand (on film shoots in the West Village), and the temperature is neither too hot nor too cold (in subway stations). Furthermore, spring is when Fleet Week fills the streets with smiling sailors in their dress whites, and New York Harbor with military ships of all shapes and sizes.
The dates for Fleet Week NYC 2015 were announced today, so mark your iCal for May 20-26. While you're at it, type in a few more Fleet Weeks as well; the gathering of Navy, Coast Guard, and Marines does happen in cities other than New York City, and during other times of the year than just late spring.
In-Flight Meals / Photo Gallery / Cathay Pacific / Hotels / Mandarin Oriental / First Class Travel / Hong Kong Travel / New York City / → All Tags
Photos: Cathay Pacific's First Class Menu by Mandarin Oriental New York
You're in First Class on Cathay Pacific. The flight is a 16-hour nonstop from New York to Hong Kong, and you're looking forward to a little sleeping, a little working, and a little eating while watching that movie you've been meaning to catch. Then the flight attendant hands you a pair of soft pajamas and the in-flight meal menu, and it becomes quite clear that you're going to enjoy this flight.
The cherry on top of the experience? 2015 is the year Cathay Pacific has dedicated to featuring unique First Class menus created by chefs from Mandarin Oriental hotel properties around the world. And, oh yes, there will be caviar.
What began as a special feature for just the London route in 2014 expands throughout 2015 to 5 more destinations. The lucky routes: Between Hong Kong and New York-JFK, Boston, San Francisco, Paris, London, and Tokyo-Haneda.
Cheap NYC / Food Travel / New York Restaurants / New York City / Budget Travel / Restaurant Week / Travel News / → All Tags
Reservations Open Today for NYC's Biggest Restaurant Week Yet
Go and get 'em! Reservation booking has just opened up here for the semiannual NYC Restaurant Week, aka one of our favorite (and super highly recommended) city food events. NYC's Winter Restaurant Week(s) 2015 runs from February 16 to March 6.
Get over to OpenTable quickly to snap up the best and newest tables, lest you get stuck dining at some Theater District steakhouse that survives on tourists being loose with their money and not too particular about what's on their plate. The choices for winter 2015 are better than ever, with a record 340 participating eateries.
The official announcement gives a taste of what to expect:
Photo Gallery / Quantum of the Seas / Cruise Travel / Travel News / Ships / Royal Caribbean / New Jersey Travel / New York City / → All Tags
A First Look at the First 'Smartship': 210 Original Photos of the Quantum of the Seas
What's longer than five 747s and yet can turn on a dime in NYC's Hudson River?
The Quantum of the Seas, Royal Caribbean's newest cruise ship and the first to be branded a "smartship," is officially out on the ocean. Godmother Kristin Chenoweth christened her at Cape Liberty, New Jersey on November 14 and, with that crash of a massive bottle of Perrier-Jouët champagne, she begins a year of sailings out of New York Harbor to the Bahamas and Caribbean.
We spent the weekend onboard the Quantum, pushing buttons and opening doors to discover her secrets and put the much boasted about technology to the test. But first, let's take a long look at the shipall 168,000 tonnes of funwith completely original photos:
Photo Gallery / Airport News / Airports / New York City / JetBlue / T5 at JFK / T5i at JFK / JFK / Airline News / Travel News / Gensler / → All Tags
JetBlue Debuts Brand New 'T5i' International Zone for JFK Terminal 5
T5i's immigration and customs area sports the latest technology, like these automated passport processing kiosks
Next time you saunter through the market area at JetBlue's Terminal 5 at New York's JFK Airport and stand beneath the information halo wondering which way to go, you may notice there's a few more gates than usual. Go right or go straight ahead and it's all the same. Veer left, however, and you're heading for the spanking new international gate zone, dubbed T5i.
Yesterday marked the public opening of this, JetBlue's latest big project, and the first flights to arrive to the shiny new digs were JetBlue's non-stops up from Santo Domingo and Santiago in the Dominican Republic. Of course now it's open to all arriving JetBlue flights* from any of their nearly 25 international destinations from JFK.
Ebola / Africa Travel / Health Travel / Airports / Airport News / Airplanes / JFK / LOS / New York City / Travel Politics / Politics Travel / → All Tags
Another Day, Another Wave of Airport Ebola Panic
Boy this whole Ebola outbreak thing has been a real boon for travel journalism, eh? Nary a day goes by without an airport getting locked down because some nurse has a fever, or a plane getting emptied because some idiot makes a joke about feeling sick, or a state getting quarantined because some politician was psychologically scarred by watching Outbreak on a date in the '90s. We can't remember the last time there were so many stories about airports and airplanes and travel politics. It's really just a delight.
Seriously though, the only thing less fun than having Ebola is watching global commercial aviation try to scramble to deal with Ebola. People are not always very bright.
New York City / Cheap NYC / World Trade Center / Tourism / Skyscrapers / Architecture Travel / → All Tags
$32 for 100 Floors: One World Trade Center Announces Observatory Details
It seems like only yesterday the steel girders began to rise, but in reality that was 2010 and now NYC is on the cusp of welcoming the first tenants to One World Trade.
While Condé Nast (our publisher, in full disclosure) spends this winter moving downtown and into the tallest skyscraper in the western hemisphere, the topmost floors will be putting the finishing touches on the One World Observatory.
Due to debut in spring 2015, the attraction spans three floors (100-102) and 125,000 square feet, and promises "unique, panoramic views of New York City, its most iconic sites, and surrounding waters" after a zippy ride up in the elevators, or "Sky Pod" as One World Trade prefers to call them.
Health Travel / Africa Travel / Ebola / Airports / Airport News / JFK / BRU / New York City / Brussels Airlines / A330 / Doctors Without Borders / → All Tags
Why Brussels Airlines is a Central Figure in the Ebola Panic
A Brussels Airlines A330, like the one Spencer took on his BRU-JFK flight
"Freak out like it's Hurricane Sandy 2.0" - the Facebook status of a friend, after last night's news that a doctor in New York City had been diagnosed with Ebola.
Of course his status is tongue-in-cheek, but we won't be surprised to see a few face masks on subway straphangers this weekend, not to mention increased use of those teensy-weensy Purell bottle keychains.
Doctors Without Borders volunteer Craig Spencer flew Brussels Airlines for his travels to and from West Africa. Spencer returned from his trip to Guinea via Brussels, and arrived back in JFK on October 17 on Brussels Airlines flight 501.


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AFL boss Andrew Demetriou says the self-reporting drugs loophole will be closed
- From: Herald Sun
- January 30, 2013
AFL boss Andrew Demetriou has warned players the loophole allowing them to self-report to avoid a strike under its drug policy will be closed.
The Herald Sun today reported that clubs believe some players have activated the self-reporting loophole when alerted to the presence of a tester.
The Illicit Drugs Policy states: "A player may refer himself to the AFL Medical Officer for testing, education, counselling or treatment at any time. A player shall not be deemed to have recorded a positive test if he refers himself for such treatment prior to submitting a sample that subsequently returns a positive result."
A number of high-ranking club officials yesterday said they had been told players who become aware of a possible imminent test could immediately call AFL medicos to confess recent drug use.
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WWE's YouTube channel is back with another episode of the popular Canvas 2 Canvas series, this time featuring "The Great One" and Mrs. Foley's Baby Boy.Read More »
Tag Archives: rob schamberger
Artist Rob Schamberger Talks WrestleMania Series, Painting at WWE Axxess and Getting in the Zone
Artist Rob Schamberger joins the podcast to talk about his WrestleMania Series of paintings with a piece for each event, his Canvas 2 Canvas YouTube videos for WWE which are posted every Monday, painting during WWE Axxess this year where he'll be working on a "Macho Man" Randy Savage piece, working in public, how special the Connor The Crusher work ...Read More »
Artist Rob Schamberger On Steve Austin Charity Auction, Ultimate Warrior Jacket
Artist Rob Schamberger talks about the "Stone Cold" Steve Austin portrait up for auction with all of the proceeds going towards ConnorsCure, meeting Austin during Summerslam weekend, doing live art at both Summerslam and WrestleMania, the Ultimate Warrior jacket he made for the man which he wore during his final appearance on Raw, his Champions Collection and how that is ...Read More »
Artist Rob Schamberger On Painting Wrestlers, WrestleMania 30 Work
Rob Schamberger has been making a name for himself by painting wrestlers. His work has become so popular that not only are the fans enjoying it but so are the wrestlers themselves. Rob talks about how he started painting wrestlers, when his work started to get noticed, his Champions Collection and how far away he is to completing it, who ...Read More »


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£385,000 Offers in Excess of
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Offers in Excess of £385,000
7 bedroom guest house for sale Caledonian House, Station Road, Fort Augustus, PH32Enjoying an elevated position with views sweeping over the Caledonian Canal, Caledonian House forms a spacious detached villa dating back to 1860. Full of character and in very good order, the property offers generous accommodation combining spacious owners quarters and en-suite letting rooms. More details ›
4 bedroom bungalow for sale Fort Augustus4 bedroom bungalow with a half acre building plot and additional woodland. We are delighted to offer for sale this four bedroom detached bungalow in this sought after and convenient location within easy reach of local amenities and public transport links. The impressive acc... More details ›
Added on 20/06/2014 by eMoov.co.uk, National. Call: 03301 011887 Local call rate
5 bedroom guest house for sale Corrie Liath Bed And Breakfast, Fort Augustus, PH32 4DSEstablished 3-Star STB Bed and Breakfast business within the IDYLLIC Great Glen village of Fort Augustus. Excellent and PROMINENT TRADING LOCATION on the A82, Inverness to Fort William route, providing a QUALITY OF LIFE BUSINESS opportunity. EXTREMELY well-presented 5 letting BEDROOM establishment. More details ›
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4 bedroom detached house for sale ARDHACHAIDH, FORT AUGUSTUS, PH32 4DGArdhachaidh is a large south facing four bedroomed detached two storey dwelling-house in the village of Fort Augustus with access taken immediately off the main A82 Fort William to Inverness roadway. The busy Highland village of Fort Augustus is located immediately on the southern end of Loch Ne... More details ›
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2 bedroom apartment for sale Flat 3, The Highland Club, St. Benedicts Abbey, Fort Augustus, Inverness-Shire, PH32 4BJSituated within the historic former Benedictine Monastery on the shores of Loch Ness, this two bedroom apartment forms part of the exclusive Highland Club and only by viewing can the discerning viewer fully appreciate this spacious property and idyllic location on offer. More details ›
£260,000 Guide Price
Guide Price £260,000
2 bedroom flat for sale 4 Old School, The Highland Club, St. Benedicts Abbey, Fort Augustus, Highland, PH32A beautifully presented ground floor apartment over three levels. A highly desirable complex of holiday homes and lets. Set in beautiful grounds on the shores of L Ness. Fantastic facilities including swimming pool, tennis courts and adventure playground. Ideal for families. More details ›
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4 bedroom cottage for sale The Old Almshouse, Fort AugustusNEW TO THE MARKET!!! Detached 4 bedroom cottage with development potential set in large garden grounds More details ›
Added on 29/05/2015 by Anderson, Shaw & Gilbert Ltd, Inverness - Sales. Call: 01463 568027 Local call rate
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3 bedroom detached house for sale Station Road, Fort Augustus, Inverness-Shire, PH32 4AYDETACHED BUNGALOW WITH SUBSTANTIAL GARAGE, WELL PROPORTIONED ACCOMMODATION IN A PEACEFUL LOCATION More details ›
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Fixed Price £199,500
2 bedroom semi-detached house for sale Robertson Cottage, The Highland Club, Fort Augustus, Highland, PH32PRICE REDUCTION. A delightful, semi-detached cottage in a riverside location set within the beautifully maintained, secure grounds of The Highland Club. Bright, spacious and extremely well appointed accommodation. Beautiful setting close to the River Tarff. Currently a successful holiday let. More details ›
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1 bedroom flat for sale St Benedicts Abbey, Fort Augustus, PH32A charming, attractive, second floor apartment that combines modern living with the attractive original structure and unusual unspoilt features of the abbey. The apartment boasts unrivalled, unspoilt views over the monastery gardens to the world famous Loch Ness in this highly popular yet tra... More details ›
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ICOQM-10 June 28-30, 2011 Private Equity Funding in India – Issues and Challenges Chowdari Prasad email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com Alliance Business School, Bangalore K S Srinivasa Rao email@example.com, email@example.com Alliance Business School, Bangalore 1. Introduction India is the largest democracy in the world. Its main strength is availability of abundant skilled and cheap manpower. The country has been on growth trajectory in all fields as a planned economy thus becoming a safe and attractive destination for foreign investment. Currently, in terms of Purchase Power Parity, it is the fourth largest economy and tenth most industrialized country in the world. Successive Governments had taken major initiatives for industrial development, simplification of investment procedures, enactment of investor-friendly laws, liberalization of trade policy, safeguards of intellectual property rights, liberalization of exchange regulations, reforms in Capital and Stock Markets, etc. Ever since Indian economy underwent series of reforms from 1991, there have been progressive steps in banking, finance, industry, investment climate, incomes, employment, legal environment, etc. India is shining with an average growth rate in GDP at about 9% pa. Investments from FIIs, increased FDI in several sectors, surging Foreign Exchange reserves, controlled inflation rate, deregulated interest rates, etc., have been witnessed in recent years. GOI recognizes the key role of FDI for economic development and as an important source of technology and global best practices. Capital Market has undergone dramatic changes, with SEBI as regulator, yielding returns to all segments of investors – retail or wholesale. Information Technology is playing a vital role in effective functioning of all the players. 2. Private Equity Private Equity, which is a sub-set of Venture Capital, is medium to long-term finance provided in return for an equity stake in potentially high growth unquoted companies. This informal method of financing became an industry globally in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the advanced western world when a number of private equity firms were founded and recognized as asset class. Throughout 1990s the technology hype, internet boom and massive capital investment propelled the New Economy revolution, but internet mania in the late 1990s caused IEC stocks to skyrocket until the dot com bubble burst in March 2000. Even though SEBI formulated guidelines for VCs on the basis of KB Chandrasekhar Committee, as on date there are no clear cut guidelines for Private Equity investment. In the post-reforms era, there is availability of abundant P E funds in India in almost all sectors including Technology and SME too surpassing certain Asian countries like China. GOI, CBDT, DIPP, SEBI and RBI are closely watching the phenomenon of inflow of PE Funds into Indian industries. US-based PE outfit, Argonaut is investing around Rs.50 Crores in menswear brand Koutons to fund its expansion plans. E-Planet announced a second global fund, which will have allocations for India. A Report on Venture Capital (VC) investment in India seems to be very bullish on the prospects and has estimated that as much as $4.4 billion will flow into India via VC funds over the next one year. Government of India is in talks with top global PE funds such as Citigroup, Blackstone, and other Institutional investors to team up and raise $7.0 Billion through a special fund to finance a stream of infrastructural projects. The above deals made the authors attempt to study recent trends, developments, issues and challenges with regard to Private Equity in India to sustain the current scenario. 2.1 What is Private Equity? Private Equity is medium to long-term finance provided in return for an equity stake in potentially high growth unquoted companies. Some commentators use the term "Private Equity" to refer only to the buy-out and buy-in investment sector. Others, in Europe but not the USA, use the term "Venture Capital" to cover all stages, i.e. synonymous with "Private Equity". In the USA "Venture Capital" refers only to investments in early stage and expanding companies. PE provides long-term, committed share capital, to help unquoted companies grow and succeed. If an investee is looking to start-up, expand buy-into a business, buy-out a division of a parent company, turnaround or revitalize a company, PE could help to do the same. Obtaining PE is very different from raising debt or a loan from a lender, such as a bank or a financial institution. Lenders have a legal right to interest on a loan and 1 ICOQM-10 June 28-30, 2011 repayment of the capital, irrespective of its success or failure. PE is invested in exchange for a stake in company and, as shareholders; the investors' returns are dependent on the growth and profitability of the business. To avoid confusion, the term "Private Equity" is used to describe the industry as a whole, encompassing both "Venture Capital" (the seed to expansion stages of investment) and Management Buy-Outs and Buy-Ins. Private Equity is a broad term that refers to any type of equity investment in an asset in which the equity is not freely tradable on a public stock market. Categories of Private Equity investment include leveraged buyout, venture capital, growth capital, angel investing, mezzanine capital and others. 3. Review of Literature Although it started in a modest way in mid-seventies, Indian companies received almost no PE / VC funding a decade ago as compared to present day inflows. This scenario began to change in the late 1990s with the growth of India's Information Technology (IT) companies and with the simultaneous dot-com boom in India. VCs started making large investments in these sectors; however the bust that followed led to huge losses for the PE and VC community, especially for those who had invested heavily in start-ups and early stage companies. After almost three years of downturn in 2001-2003, the PE market began to gradually recover towards the end of 2004. PE investors began investing in India in a big way, except this time they began investing in other sectors as well (although the IT and BPO sectors still continued to receive a significant portion of these investments) and most investments were in late-stage companies. Early-stage investments have been dwindling or have, at best, remained stagnant right through mid-2006. In the Indian context, VC funding is extended generally to idea-based, start-up and unlisted companies. The present trend of PE funding is flowing into existing growth oriented companies which may be listed or unlisted. Smolarski, Jan et. al. (2005) in their study examined how Indian VC and PE firms manage several dimensions of risk by making a comparison between Indian and U.K. funds. Kautilya Shastri (2005) suggested that India is experiencing a second wave of interest in PE; the first was in the late 1990s. But unlike the late-1990s boom of flows to technology companies, money is heading into a broad range of sectors, reflecting the strong performance of the economy and should continue to gather strength. Palmeri, Christopher, Sasseen, Jane (2006) have observed that the size and scope of the buyouts are raising concerns about a potential wave of credit defaults down the line. With so much money chasing deals, PE firms are pricing for perfection, even as they venture into unfamiliar areas. And if companies can't generate enough cash to meet mounting interest payments, bankruptcy may loom. They also explained why PE players are moving beyond their normal stomping grounds into areas where they may confront complex new issues, keeping in mind, 436 new funds had raised a record $300 billion worldwide as of early October, 2006, according to industry tracker - Private Equity Intelligence. Erica Duecy (2006) indicated that even though fueling restaurant companies' growth through strategic M & A has become tougher in recent years, as PE firms buy up more and more available brands, thus pricing acquisitive foodservice firms out of the market. Rosenbush, Steve (2006) opined that the big PE funds and pension funds are drawn to one another because of the dynamics of the industry. The players in the top quartile of private- equity funds tend to stay there, unlike the public markets, where the concept that past performance is no guarantee of future profits is accepted as common wisdom. Zaczkiewicz, Arthur (2006) looked at the business conditions facing PE firms in 2006 and indicated that it is a good time to borrow money to grow a business. With global M & A volume reaching $2.37 trillion in the first nine months of 2006, it was described that the current conditions are unprecedented. Walker, Jacqui (2006) in his research article discussed that the competition among PE firms for quality deals is deterring superannuation funds from investing in private equity based on the data collected from Australia. Wells, Kathryn (2006) finds out the cause for the stock market crash in the Gulf earlier this year which provided a clear illustration of the adage that one man's meat is another man's poison. Some market observers believe that many of the large number of firms that have begun raising PE funds in the region in recent months will struggle to produce good results for their investors without having any idea what PE is really about by hinting that there may a risk of a bubble developing in this market too. Li Shan (2006) forecasted the culmination of the state monopoly of the financial system in China. Efficient pricing across the credit spectrum and diversified investment products in each risk segment will aid allot capital over a wider cross section of the economy. The author also predicts that public and private equity will become commonplace, and the derivatives and commodities market will develop to enhance the diversity and efficiency of the Chinese financial system. Chaze, Aaron (2006) reported that in India there is an increasing trend in PE investment in the Finance industry. Subhash, K.B. (2006) has taken deep inside view of the Indian venture business firms both an historical and a comparison with other nations. Although small, India has been growing fast and appears to have significant potential. 2 ICOQM-10 June 28-30, 2011 Even though there were some researchers studied the PE funding in India, still there seems to be some possibility on the clarity between VC and PE. There was no attempt so far by any researchers about the factors influencing on the PE Funding in future. 4. Private Equity around the Globe PE in the UK originated in the late 18th century, when entrepreneurs found wealthy individuals to back their projects on an ad-hoc basis. This informal method of financing became an industry in the late 1970s and early 1980s when a number of PE firms were founded. PE is now a recognized asset class. There are over 170 active UK PE firms, which provide several billion pounds each year to unquoted companies, around eighty percentage of which are located in the UK. The main sources of PE in the UK are the PE firms (who may invest at all stages – VC and buy-outs) and "Business Angels" (private individuals who provide smaller amounts of finance at an earlier stage than many PE firms are able to invest). The attributes that both PE firms and business angels look for in potential investee companies are often very similar and so this should help entrepreneurs and their advisers looking for PE from both these sources. "Corporate Venturers" which are industrial or service companies that provide funds and/or a partnering relationship to fledgling companies and may operate in the same industry sector as the business can also provide equity capital. Throughout the 1990s the technology hype, Internet boom and massive capital investment propelled the new economy revolution, but Internet mania in the late 1990s caused technology stocks to skyrocket until the bubble burst in March 2000. There was over-optimism, too much easy money, proven ways of doing business were replaced by irrational exuberance and private and public company market valuations were driven to unsustainable levels. Post-bubble, PE firms are looking for investment opportunities where the business has proven potential for realistic growth in an expanding market, backed up by a well researched and documented Business Plan and an experienced management team – ideally including individuals who have started and run a successful business before. Excellent opportunities remain open to companies seeking PE with convincing business proposals. PE funding is about 50 years old but it was not until 1970s, when regulatory and tax law changes allowed US Pension Funds to enter the asset class, that PE became accepted as an institutional asset class. During the decade of 90s, there was a tremendous boom in the PE industry, with the emergence of brand name firms managing multi-billion dollar sized funds. Over this period, the pool of US PE funds has grown from $5.0 Billion in 1980 to over $203 Billion in 2005, outpacing the growth of almost every other financial asset class. The following table shows the comparative picture of PE funds invested and their percentage shares in last three years 2003-2005 across five continents: Table 1 Global Private Equity Funds during 2003-2005 Total Funds North Central/ Middle Asia Europe Year invested America South East Pacific America 2003 $ 115 bn 52 1 2 15 30 2004 $ 110 bn 41 1 3 16 39 2005 $ 280 bn 40 1 4 22 33 Source: PWC Global PE Report It may be seen from the above table that the absolute amount of funds invested by PE firms is on the increase. While the percentage share of North America and Europe is on the decline, Asia Pacific's share is on increase, which includes India and China. An estimated $17.5 Billion of PE / VC was invested in the Asia Pacific region in 2003 - a whopping 92% increase on 2002. Japan led the region accounting for $7.3 Billion of the value of deals completed, followed by Korea with $3.3 Billion and Australia with $2.8 Billion. In contrast, only $3.32 Billion of new funds were raised in 2003 (up only 10% on 2002 levels). The pool of PE capital under management rose to $97.6 Billion in 2003 up from $88.6 Billion in 2002. Start-up and early stage investment is estimated at $ 0.6 Billion and $1.4 Billion was invested in expansion stage companies in 2003. Telecommunication section had the highest percentage of invested capital with $3.7 Billion or 21% followed by financial services with $2.3 Billion or 18.3% (Business World, 2006). The Private Equity market has experienced robust growth over the last 15 years, during which nearly $1.7 Trillion was committed to PE partnerships. The following figure indicates relevant data between the years 1990 and 2005. 3 ICOQM-10 June 28-30, 2011 The commitment commenced with a modest figure of US $19 Billion in the year 1990 which went up to a peak of US $306 Billion in the year 2000. It came down to US $178 Billion in 2001, US $97 in 2002 and US $94 Billion in 2003 and again moved upwards to US $132 Billion in 2004 and finally to US $204 Billion in 2005 (Thomson Financial Venture Economics, 2006). Now the regulators are weighing in about PE firms. On November 6, 2006, Britain's Financial Services Authority (FSA) issued the first in-depth review of PE by a top supervisory body. Its preliminary conclusions are that the biggest buy-out firms and their lenders deserve closer surveillance in several areas, but pose no broad risk to the financial system. The European Central Bank has also voiced concern over the growing exposure of banks to debt-hungry buy-out vehicles; but it, too, sees no cause for panic. In America, the world's largest PE market, the Department of Justice is said to be expanding its investigation of "club" deals, in which big firms have teamed up to launch large bids. The worry is that they may be anti-competitive. Suddenly PE lawyers are popping up everywhere (Economist, 2006). Figure 1 Private Equity Capital Commitments by Year (in $ Billions) 5. Investors in Private Equity Funds Investors in PE generally stay invested for long-term horizons. Institutional investors such as foundations, endowments and Pension Funds represent vast majority of investors in PE. Besides, high net-worth individuals also invest in PE funds. The following table indicates PE Capital Commitments during 1995-2005 made by various investors' types: Table 2 Shares of Various Investors' Types (in percentage) Investor Type % Share Banks 8 Insurance Companies 7 Corporate Non/Pension 13 Private Pension Funds 13 Public Pension Funds 9 Family / Individuals 14 Endowment/ Foundations 17 Intermediaries 7 Others 12 Total 100 Source: Thomson Financial Venture Economics 4 ICOQM-10 June 28-30, 2011 It may be seen from the above table that the funds to PE are subscribed majority by Endowments / Foundations, followed by Family / Individuals and Pension Funds. 6. Regulatory Guidelines & Framework for VC in India According to some experts, the share of the US in world GDP is expected to fall (from 21 to 18 per cent) and that of India to rise (from 6 to 11 per cent) by 2025, and hence the latter will emerge as the third pole in the global economy after the US and China. By 2025 the Indian economy is projected to be about 60 per cent the size of the US economy. By 2035, India is likely to be a larger growth driver than the six largest countries in the European Union (EU), though its impact will be a little over half that of the US. India, which is now the fourth largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity, is expected to overtake Japan and become third major economic power within 10 years. High growth rates in Industry and Services sector and the changing world economic environment provided a conducive backdrop to the Indian economy. Another positive feature was that the growth was accompanied by continued maintenance of relative stability of prices. India had over 15 years of economic reforms spanning five governments. These reforms achieved a higher growth path; reduction in poverty; made the external sector more comfortable; restored industrial growth; and with financial stability in the country. As a consequence of all these momentous changes there is a new respect for India in the world and, even more important, Indians in all walks of life have found a new level of self confidence. The main organizing principle of most reforms carried out so far has been that of freeing the private sector from the myriad government controls that had existed for a long time. The economic reforms process has brought forth a burst of new entrepreneurial energies across the board in almost all sectors. As a consequence, the country is now recording substantial economic growth in excess of eight per cent. The above changed scenario of Indian economy is attracting more and more investment from within the country as well as from external sources. The Foreign Exchange Reserves are swelling; FDI and FII investments are on increasing trend and now the Private Equity is flowing in rapidly into various sectors. A study was undertaken by the World Bank to examine the possibility of developing VC in the private sector, based on which the Government of India took a policy initiative and announced guidelines for Venture Capital Funds (VCFs) in India in 1988. However, these guidelines restricted setting up of VCFs by the Banks or Financial Institutions only. Thereafter, the Government of India issued guidelines in September 1995 for overseas investment in Venture Capital in India. For tax-exemption purposes, guidelines were also issued by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) and the investments and flow of foreign currency into and out of India have been governed by the Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) requirements. Further, as a part of its mandate to regulate and to develop the Indian capital markets, the Securities and Exchange Board of India framed the SEBI (Venture Capital Funds) Regulations, 1996. Given the proper environment and policy support, there is undoubtedly tremendous potential for VC activity in India. "For boosting high-tech sectors and supporting first generation entrepreneurs, there is an acute need for higher investment in VC activities" announced by the Finance Minister, in his 1999 Budget speech. The SEBI committee on VC was set up in July, 1999 to identify the impediments and suggest suitable measures to facilitate the growth of VC activity in India. Also keeping in view the need for a global perspective, it was decided to associate Indian entrepreneurs from Silicon Valley in the committee headed by K B Chandrasekhar. These guidelines were further amended in April 2000 with the objective of fuelling the growth of VC activities in India. Pursuant to the regulatory framework mentioned above, some domestic VCFs were registered with SEBI. Some overseas investment has also come through the Mauritius route. However, the VC industry, understood globally as "independently managed, dedicated pools of capital that focus on equity or equity-linked investments in privately held, high-growth companies", was relatively in a nascent stage in India. Till 1998, around Rs. 30 billion had been committed by domestic VCFs and offshore funds which are members of IVCA. Private sources indicate that overall funds committed are around US$ 1.3 billion. Investible funds are less than 50% of the committed funds and actual investments are lower still (Indian Venture Capital Association). The Advisory Committee on Venture Capital, set up under Chairmanship of Dr. Ashok Lahiri, submitted its report to SEBI in the year 2003. The Committee consisted of 14 members representing Government of India (Ministry of Finance, Central Board of Direct Taxes), Reserve Bank of India, Ernst & Young, Indian Venture Capital Association, IIM-Lucknow, SIDBI Venture Capital Ltd., UTI Venture Funds, ICICI Venture Fund Management Ltd., IL&FS Investment Managers, Kotak Mahindra Venture Capital, a Private Chartered Accountant and SEBI Representative. It helped SEBI in considering the amendments to the regulations that facilitated the further development of vibrant venture capital industry in India. The report broadly dealt with aspects like Operational issues, issues common to VCF and FVCI, issues relating to VCFs, issues relating to FVCIs; Tax related issues; and Foreign Exchange control related issues. It also covered (a) Regulation of VC 5 ICOQM-10 June 28-30, 2011 Industry in India (b) Size of Venture Capital Industry in India (c) Need to regulate Venture Capital Industry (d) International Scenario (e) Definition of Venture Capital in India, China, Malaysia, Taiwan, UK, etc. 7. Phased Development and Sectoral Investment of VC / PE in India Having regard to the chronological developments in VC industry in India, we may divide the same into four Phases from the beginning till now. These are: Phase I - Formation of TDICI in the 80's and regional funds as Gujarat Venture Fund Limited & Andhra Pradesh Industrial Development Corporation in the early 90s Phase II - Entry of Foreign Venture Capital funds between 1995 and1999 Phase III - Emergence of successful India-centric VC firms (2000 onwards) Phase IV – Increasing appetite of investing in India by US VCs / PE Companies (around 2003). In India, PE funding has been growing in the last few years rapidly. It was US $865 Mn in 2003 which has gone up to US$ 1.3 Billion in 2004, US $2.3 Billion in 2005 and US $6.0 Billion in 2006. Between 2003 and 2005, PE and VC firms invested US $505 Billion globally. Of this, VC firms accounted for around $100 Billion. The three-year period represents a critical phase for both classes of investors. Specifically, year 2003 marks the year when global PE markets started emerging from the ravages of the Internet era (dot com bust) and the subsequent US economic slowdown. By early 2004, fund raising in the US, which accounts for more than 60 per cent of the world's PE market, had begun to stabilize. The ripple effects were soon felt in other parts of the world, including emerging markets like China and India (Survey conducted by Business World magazine in August 2006). The total number and value of PE / VC investments have come down between the years 2000 to 2003 where as they are in upward trend during the years 2004-06. The following figure depicts the year-wise position at a glance. It may seen from the above, that while there was a steady upward trend between years 2003-05, the estimated growth during the eight-month period of 2006 is very steep. The year-end performance is expected to be at 311 deals of the value of US $6300 Million. The major PE/VC players like Warburg Pincus, Actis, IDFC PE, Carlyle and Sequoia entered intoin all 22 PE and VC deals worth $472.46 million during the month of July 2006. The following is a table showing top 15 Private Equity and Venture Capital deals. Private Equity investments between Jan-Oct 2006 have been valued at $5.93 Billion comprising 230 transactions. This is a 250% increase on an annualized basis over the $2.03 Billion invested in 2005. IT & ITES has garnered the maximum investment during year-to-date 2006 followed by real estate & infrastructure, banking & financial services and telecom. The value of PE investments in 2005 saw an 85% growth over the $1.1 Billion investment in 2004. Table 3 Top 15 VC/PE deals in India during July 2006 Investor Investee Deal Size Stake ($ mn) (%) Warburg Pincus Aryan Coal 66.00 NA Morgan Stanley Alpha G Corp 66.00 NA Blackstone Group Emcure Pharma 50.00 NA Warburg Pincus Lemon Tree Hotels 46.66 NA Credit Suisse Binani Cements 33.25 10.90 Actis Phoenix Lamps 28.90 36.70 Goldman Sachs NCDEX 23.00 7.00 Sequoia Capital Amalgamated Coffee 20.00 NA Carlyle Group Allsec Technologies 17.40 NA IDFC Private Equity Unitech Group 16.60 NA Warburg Pincus Red Fox Hotels 15.55 NA Actis Add Life Medical 15.50 41.00 ChrysCapital Titagarh Wagons 15.00 10.00 IDFC Private Equity Healthcare Global 10.80 NA Peqot Ventures IMI Mobile 10.00 NA Source: Business World, August 14, 2006 VCs and PE funds have been investing in the later years of 1990s and presently in the following sectors: (Amount in $ Millions) 6 ICOQM-10 June 28-30, 2011 Sector CY 2005 CY 2006 H1 2007 Automotive 194 450.8 88.5 Aviation 51 93.1 20.1 Banking & Financial Services 185 657.3 2151.5 Cement 88 115.8 -- Energy & Power 128 113.1 66.1 Food & Beverages 114 154.1 8.0 Hotels 61 125.2 187.2 Infrastructure related -- 171 -- IT & ITES 244 1608.6 498.4 Manufacturing 67 217.8 97.6 Media & Entertainment 142 166.3 715.9 Pharma, Health Care and Bio Tech 374 467.9 220.6 Real Estate related -- 1117.1 2190.7 Retail -- 161.2 68.8 Telcom 15 1393.4 170.0 Textiles & Apparel 107 212.9 125.7 Others 233 633.9 209.1 TOTAL 2033 7859.4 6818.2 Source: Grant-Thornton From the above table, it may be seen that PE investment in Banking and Financial Services sector, Media & Entertainment, Real Estate & Related sectors and Hotel Industry are growing rapidly; while Automotive and Aviation sectors have received lesser amounts in the two years 2005 and 2006 as also the Half year 2007. 8. Issues and Challenges Despite these attractions, there are several constraints on Private Equity firms operating in India. Ironically, although rising valuations have helped existing PE investors to earn high returns, they are now making it difficult to find new investments. This is because many Indian firms that are chased by PE funds are demanding a high valuation at the outset, making them less attractive to the funds. Another constraint is the strong attachment of many Indian entrepreneurs to their ventures, which makes them reluctant to sell their stakes and accept minority ownership – even when it is clear that the ventures would be managed better by new owners. For this, the incidence of private equity buy-outs has been much smaller in India than in any other developed countries. The relatively slow pace of reforms in India's state sector is also a limiting factor. In many emerging markets, the privatization of state owned firms has offered rich opportunities for private equity investors. In India, however, progress with privatization has been halting, providing far few opportunities for PE funds in this area. 9. Future of Private Equity Funding in India The real GDP growth in the country is calculated in the range of 7.5-8.0 per cent during the year 2006-07. Presently the Indian Economy is coming across various risks both in the domestic scenario as well as in the international scenario. The global economy suffers from the problem of record level of international crude oil prices, overall inflationary pressures and rising international interest rates. In the same direction, the Indian 7 ICOQM-10 June 28-30, 2011 economy also suffers from the problem of monsoon, infrastructure bottlenecks, and fiscal imbalances. Though there are a larger number of on-going imbalances continuing over the world, still to what extent different sectors in the Indian economy have responded in the period of 2006-07. The main reasons for the increasing trend of VC and PE investment in India can be attributed to the following reasons:- Knowledge-based industries growing fast and mostly global; less affected by domestic issues World class engineers, professionals, entrepreneurs – their success is evident in the US as well 2nd largest English speaking population; India has advanced rapidly in the 90's, catching up with global markets in many sectors 25% of small IT companies in the US have Indian founders Large presence of Indians in the US Software Sector The equity investor today has a very wide choice of investment vehicles with a menu of alternatives. 10. Conclusions There has been a significant change in global and Indian economy in particular that investment climate has been conducive and attracting huge foreign and domestic funds in the shape of PE. There appears to be a thin line of demarcation between PE and VC funds. All the guidelines and regulations from Government of India (Foreign Investment Promotion Board, Central Board of Direct Taxes, Department of Industrial Promotion and Policy, etc), Reserve Bank of India or Securities Exchange Board of India generally define and refer to VC funds (both domestic and foreign) with regard to investment, mergers and acquisitions, taxation, repatriation of funds in foreign exchange, etc. With the fast developments that are taking place, PE funds seem to be taking benefit of those guidelines and operating in large scale investments. The increasing trends of PE investments in different growing sectors in India are welcome. However, this should not lead to mushrooming of such funds resulting in reckless lending merely because of the favorable economic conditions. Already in countries like UK, Australia and Gulf, the government authorities have realized the need for surveillance and taken measures to watch the PE industry closely. Keeping in view the past experiences with South East Asian financial crisis of 1997-98 and subsequent dotcom bust in 2000, the Policy makers and Regulators in India may have to supervise the current boom in the PE funding. Also, due to the general elections in the next year in India, in case if there is a possibility that the change in the Government, this may leads to some changes in the policy decisions made by the existing government. Also, as per the prediction of the RAW chief and also by the Financial Minister, there is possibility for some Economy Blast as some terrorists investing in India directly or indirectly. The only solution that the authors suggest is that the PE Funding should be controlled by introducing some regularities just similar to VC. 11. Scope for Further Research The authors are of the view that there is a scope for in-depth studies to be conducted not only on the PE industry, but also the utilization of these funds invested in various sectors and their growth. As just now the PE Funds are entering into India for the last few years, the authors felt that there is a scope for further Research on PE Funding in terms of sectorial study and the comparative study of Companies doing business with and without PE Funding. 12. References 1. Chaze, Aaron (2006), "Private Equity Investing in India Shifts into High Gear", Global Finance; March, Vol. 20 Issue 3, p10-10 2. Daksesh Parikh (2006), "A Very Private Affair", Business India, 12 th Feb., pp.56-63 3. Dossani (2003), "Reforming Venture Capital in India: Creating the Enabling Environment for Information Technology", International Journal of Technology Management; Vol. 25 Issue 1/2, pp151- 165 4. Economist, "Under the Microscope", 00130613, 11/11/2006, Vol. 381, Issue 8503 5. Erica Duecy (2006), "Money to Grow – Chains Show Acquired Taste for Upstart Brands", Nation's Restaurant News, 16th Oct., pp.132-134 6. Gujarat Venture Finance Limited, "Exploring the Wealth of Unchartered Ideas", Brochure, 2000 7. James McGovern (2006), "An Overview of Private Equity: Evolution of the Asset Class, Rationale and Considerations for Investing and Keys to Success, Franklin Park, Feb. 8. Kautilya Shastri (2005), "Indian Private Equity Takes a Wider View", Euromoney, 00142433, Nov., Vol. 36, Issue 439 8 ICOQM-10 June 28-30, 2011 9. Khan, M.Y., Financial Services, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2001 10. Li Shan (2006), "Toward Financial Efficiency", Far Eastern Economic Review; Nov2006, Vol. 169 Issue 9, p50-53. 11. Palmeri, Christopher, Sasseen, Jane (2006), "Private Equity: A Bid Too Far?", Business Week, 00077135, 16th Oct, Issue 4005 12. Prathima IVN and Prof. Chowdari Prasad (2006), "Private Equity – Is it Here to Stay?", TAPMI Research – Learning through Inquiry and Investigation – Compendium of Research Papers through Faculty – Student Partnership, March, pp.91–104. 13. Rakesh Mohan (2006), "Economic Reforms in India: Where are We and Where Do We Go?", Lecture by Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India at a Public Seminar organized by Institute of South Asia Studies in Singapore. 14. Rosenbush, Steve (2006), "The Money Behind the Private Equity Boom", Business Week Online, 11th Oct. 15. Mishra, A.K. (2004), "Indian Venture Capital Industry – Testing Times Ahead", ICFAI Reader, Jan., pp.12-18 16. Namitha Jagadeesh (2006), "Hot Jobs", Business World, 27 th February, pp.42-44 17. Nelson Vinod Moses (2006), "Technology's New Entrepreneurs", Business World, 2 nd Oct., pp.28-41. 18. Sanjay Anandaram (2004), "Venture Capital: The Writing on the Wall", ICFAI Reader, Jan., pp.19-21 19. Shishir Prasad (2004), "Private Equity Funds in India", Entrepreneurial Finance, ICFAI Press, pp.119- 138. 20. Snigdha Sengupta (2006), "The Dark Horses", Business World,15th May, pp.14-15 21. Snigdha Sengupta (2006), "The $550 Million Man", Business World, 27th March, pp.30-40 22. Snigdha Sengupta (2006), "The New World of Private Equity", Business World, 14th August, 2006, pp.16-17, pp.30-46. 23. Snigdha Sengupta (206), "Two Launchers, and a Mega Deal", Business World, 6th Nov., pp.24-25. 24. Smolarski, Jan et. al. (2005), "Risk Management in Indian Venture Capital and Private Equity Firms: A Comparative Study", Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 25. Sridharnan, R., "India is the Flavour of the Month, but It has a Long Way to Go", Business Today, 26th Feb., pp.119-123 26. Special Issue, (2004), "Venture Capital : On the Threshold of Growth", ICFAI Reader, May, pp.25-38 27. Subhash, K.B. (2006), "How to Teach the Big Baby to Walk: Case of the Indian Venture Capital Industry", Journal of Private Equity; Fall, Vol. 9 Issue 4, pp.76-91 28. Tanuja R Nemivant (1999), "Venture Capital – Venturing Back?", Chartered Financial Analyst, ICFAI, Nov. pp.33-36 29. Walker, Jacqui (2006), "Super Funds Spurn Venture Capital", Vol. 28 Issue 42, pp.61-61 30. Wells, Kathryn (2006), "Collapsing Stock Markets Boost Private Equity", Euromoney, 00142433, Nov2006, Vol. 37, Issue 451 31. Zaczkiewicz, Arthur (2006), "Private Equity Firms Let the Good Times Roll", WWD: Women's Wear Daily; 15th Nov., Vol. 192 Issue 103, Special Section pp.30-30. 9
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The iOS software development kit (SDK) includes the popular SQLite library, a lightweight yet powerful relational database engine that is easily embedded into an application. In this course, Bill Weinman teaches you how to build an RSS reader for iOS devices, integrating XML data and a streamlined interface. He explains how to use the SQLite database, display information in a table view, code view controllers, and create a preferences pane for your app. The resulting application is optimized for all iPhone and iPad displays.
SQLite is a full featured relational database. It's small, it's fast, it's lightweight, and it's perfectly suited for mobile applications. The SQLite Database Management System lives entirely in a driver. This means that there is no server and no client. You access the database directly. The database itself is fully contained in one file. This makes it very convenient to use in a mobile environment. To say that iOS supports SQLite natively is to say that the driver is built-in, the interface to the driver is written in C, so it's not Object Oriented, and it's not an Objective-C Interface.
To make it easier to use, we will build a Native Object Oriented Interface for SQLite in Objective-C. This kind of interface is sometimes called a Wrapper as it wraps one interface around another. It's designed to be convenient and easy for our development purposes. It's general purpose, so you can use it in your future projects. You have the source code, and you may modify it and expand it to suite your needs. To further support the iOS Model-View-Controller architecture, we will build a more specific interface on top of our general interface.
We will do this by subclassing our general interface and adding methods to specifically support this application. This makes it very easy for us to integrate the database into our application. Subclassing a normalized interface like this is a common and valuable technique in an object-oriented environment. As you follow along with the development process in this chapter, think about how you will use and expand on these techniques in your own projects.
Find answers to the most frequently asked questions about iOS SDK and SQLite: Building Data-Driven Apps (2013) .
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A: The RSSDB library had to be updated to work around a bug in the iOS 7 SDK.
There is a bug in the iOS 7 SDK that prevents the BWDB fast enumeration implementation from working on a device. The symptom is code that runs fine on the emulator, but not on a device. iOS devices use an ARM processor, while the emulator runs on your Mac's Intel processor. This points to the LLVM ARM code generator as the source of the bug. Because the bug appears to be in the LLVM compiler, it may be some time before it is fixed.
As a workaround we have changed the getFeedIDs and getItemIDs methods in the RSSDB library so they don't use Objective C fast enumeration.
Please note that this same bug also affects some of the BWDB testbed code in Chapter 2. The result is that it will run on the emulator but not on a device.
"Used type va_list (aka_builtin_va_list) where arithmetic or pointer type is required"
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ShawnLiv iPhone iPod iPad Guides, Free Apps Download, Review, Tips and Tricks
Watch Japan TV Programs Online on iphone Download
KeyHoleTV is an online free television gateway that connects to Japanese television channels, radio stations, and user-made channels. Accordingly, KeyHoleTV is part of a project by Japan's Ministry of Internal Affairs testing out P2P (peer to peer) technology.
Anywhere, not applied to all the channel as certain channels are passwords protected. Initially, we stil can access TV Asahi, Fuji TV, TBS, TV Tokyo, and Japan TV. On the other hand, it does have the US Military's AM radio station in Japan AFN Tokyo Eagle 810
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BREAKING: Indiana Explosion has been Identified!!! Must Read!!
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In accordance with industry accepted best practices we ask that users limit their copy / paste of copyrighted material to the relevant portions of the article you wish to discuss and no more than 50% of the source material, provide a link back to the original article and provide your original comments / criticism in your post with the article.
[quote:Anonymous Coward 22882715:MV8yMDQ4NjgyXzM0NDI2MjU3XzcxMzEwOUMz] [quote:Anonymous Coward 27329750:MV8yMDQ4NjgyXzM0NDI2MjI3XzNFNzA5RjA0] man can you people just let the whole shill thing rest? focus on the issue. who cares about shills. at this point, we're all so used to it, just let them make their stupid comments, it bumps the thread. if you're an experienced poster here, you'll ignore it. also, you do deserve one star for saying explosions source has been identified...clearly, you did not 'identify' it, you simply posed a theory. that said... clearly several things don't add up. the 'authorities' say it WAS NOT GAS. ok, NOT GAS. meteor? BAD theory. people would have seen it coming in. also, debris would have been found. if you live in the area, go see for yourself. i don't get why people carry on about events half a mile from them but have NOT explored it personally. get your fucking boots on the ground. use your intelligence to track it down, there are many ways you can research it locally. why would anyone drone attack a residential area in indianapolis? makes no sense whatsoever. any sort of attack like that would target a 'symbolic' area...like oh i don't know, the twin towers. not the home of a school teacher. let's analyze: 1) people being found unconscious. a) show me the link, info, evidence of this. screw hearsay. 2) no reported odor or warning. a) again, people reporting weird emergency signals and such...ok....go to the station and find the broadcast, if possible. prove this. 3) was there any underground explosion? if it was methane, it would have to have come from underground. did the house even have a basement? 4) meth lab RULED OUT. think, people. THINK. [/quote] :bsflag: [/quote]
Original Message
credit for this goes to the Nika team.
WOW what an interesting thread I have found!! this was like reading a book. Very entertaining. Here's my 2 cents. THERE IS NO WAY THAT WAS A GAS EXPLOSION. I am 1/2 mile directly east. In the neighborhood just south of hospital. There is one tidbit of info that may be important. I know of people in the immediate area that
saw multiple emergency response vehicles at the Mary Bryant Elem School literally 2 minutes after explosion.
So many that there had to be foreknowledge of something. This comes from someone who was just casually repeating his story of the events. When that was mentioned I pointed out the possible flaw and then they realized what they had really seen. Maybe that's why there was such a quick response that they kept pointing out that night in interviews. People in this area WILL NOT LET THIS GO!!! THERE WILL BE QUESTIONS ANSWERED!! MY GOD THE INTENSITY AND CRISPNESS OF THE BOOM. I swore lightning had struck next door and blew the house up. That's how intense it was here a 1/2 mile away. I find it interesting that most of the other people who experienced it were East of the explosion. And WAY East. Just about everyone knows the "official not really a story" is BS. I'd imagine if the final outcome isn't acceptable there are going to be a lot of pissed off people around here. It's ALL just TOO FISHY!!!!
Tooclosedamn!! 4087038
Thread: Sinkhole and Gulf Oil Disaster Connection...Also tied to New Madrid fault! Must see video!! (Page 29)
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ok, are they computer tracking methane releases since synthia and other things are melting giant methane slabs? and strange foam rupturing from sinkholes and unknown fluid is coming off of the coast. the drone thing could really be an intentional blow of a methane bubble, and they didn't want it released because it would cause mass illness (rob the population of air instantly), so they blew it as it emerged from the ground and blamed it on a natural gas explosion. But as you can read, many people are still falling ill.
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Pallekele International Cricket Stadium, Kandy ,7/3/2015, 10:00 (IST)
Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur ,6/24/2015, 14:30 (IST)
India beat Bangladesh by 77 runs
P Sara Oval, Colombo ,6/25/2015, 10:00 (IST)
Sri Lanka beat Pakistan by 7 wickets
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Satyajit Ray (Bengali: সত্যজিত রায় or সত্যজিৎ রায় Shottojit Rae (help·info)) (2 May 1921–23 April 1992) was an Indian Bengali filmmaker. Ray is regarded as one of the greatest auteurs of 20th century cinema and the last of the Bengal Renaissance movement which had started at the beginning of the nineteenth century.[1] He was born in the city of Calcutta (now Kolkata) into a Bengali family prominent in the world of arts and letters. Starting his career as a commercial artist, Ray was drawn into independent filmmaking after meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and viewing the Italian neorealist film Bicycle Thieves during a visit to London. Ray directed thirty-seven films, including feature films, documentaries and shorts. He was also a fiction writer, publisher, illustrator, graphic designer and film critic. Ray\s first film, Pather
Which is the best fashion magazine?


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Hospital for Special Care (HSC) is, a private, not-for-profit 228-bed rehabilitation long-term acute and chronic care hospital, widely-known and respected for its expertise in physical rehabilitation (including outpatient rehabilitation), respiratory care and medically-complex pediatrics. Special programs for spinal cord injuries, pulmonary rehabilitation, cardiac care, acquired brain injuries, stroke, ventilator management and geriatrics, make HSC an important regional resource for patients with special healthcare needs.
Hospital for Special Care provides a full spectrum of medical treatment for complex rehabilitation and chronic disease for both children and adults. Our bright, modern hospital is set amid a campus of walking paths and flower gardens. It is augmented by a range of outpatient rehabilitative services. For people with disabilities, Hospital for Special Care has made a special commitment to assure that they strive to achieve their fullest physical and recreational potential.
|Sep 24, 2013
Hospital for Special Care to Open Parkinson's Disease and Movement Center; Appoints Adam Simmons, M.D. as Director [19]
NEW BRITAIN, Conn. (Sept. 24, 2013) – Beginning Oct. 1, Hospital for Special Care (HSC) will offer comprehensive evaluation and treatment for...
|Aug 20, 2013
Hospital for Special Care Receives Quality of Life Grant from Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation [20]
Grant funds to be used towards racing wheelchairs in HSC's Adaptive Sports Programs NEW BRITAIN, Conn. (Aug. 20, 2013) – Hospital for Special Care (...
|Aug 5, 2013
Hospital for Special Care Appoints New Chairman of its Board of Directors [21]
NEW BRITAIN, Conn. (Aug. 05, 2013) – Center of Special Care, Inc. (CSC), parent company of Hospital for Special Care and its affiliated operating...
|Jul 6, 2015
I'mPOSSIBLE presentation by Cameron Clapp [33]
I'mPOSSIBLE presentation by Cameron Clapp HSC R&E Center To register, please email Kwabena Afum, firstname.lastname@example.com
|Jul 6, 2015
Informal amputee peer support group [34]
Informal amputee peer support group HSC R&E Center To register, please email Janet Connolly, firstname.lastname@example.com
|Jul 30, 2015
The Loud Crowd [36]
Beginning later this summer: The Loud Crowd For patients who have completed the LSVT LOUD program and are interested in learning techniques to maintain their current level of function. The course will focus on maintaining LSVT LOUD technique while interacting with other patients with Parkinson's in a social environment. Cost: $75 for the 6 week session Thursdays: July 30, August 6, 13 20, 27, and September 3; 1:00 – 2:00 pm Contact: Alexandra Carso, HSC Speech Language Pathologist, 860.612.6354
There are no events at this time. Please check back shortly for a list of the most recent events at Hospital for Special Care.
[1] http://hfsc.org/about-us
[2] http://hfsc.org/areas-specialization/pulmonary-care
[3] http://hfsc.org/areas-specialization/acquired-brain-injury-care
[4] http://hfsc.org/areas-specialization/complex-pediatric-care
[5] http://hfsc.org/areas-specialization/neuromuscular-care
[6] http://hfsc.org/areas-specialization/spinal-cord-care
[7] http://hfsc.org/node/474
[8] http://hfsc.org/autism
[9] http://hfsc.org/media-exchange
[10] http://hfsc.org/about-us/partners-and-affiliations
[11] http://www.crowdrise.com/HospitalforSpecialCare
[12] http://hfsc.org/giving/donate-now
[13] http://hfsc.org/giving/Eversource-Hartford-Marathon
[14] http://hfsc.org/areas-specialization
[15] http://hfsc.org/print/3?quicktabs_1=0#quicktabs-1
[16] http://hfsc.org/print/3?quicktabs_1=1#quicktabs-1
[17] http://hfsc.org/print/3?quicktabs_1=2#quicktabs-1
[18] http://hfsc.org/print/3?quicktabs_1=3#quicktabs-1
[19] http://hfsc.org/newsroom/press-releases/hospital-special-care-open-parkinson's-disease-and-movement-center-appoints-
[20] http://hfsc.org/newsroom/press-releases/hospital-special-care-receives-quality-life-grant-christopher-dana-reeve-fou
[21] http://hfsc.org/newsroom/press-releases/hospital-special-care-appoints-new-chairman-its-board-directors-0
[22] http://hfsc.org/print/3
[23] http://hfsc.org/print/3?page=6
[24] http://hfsc.org/print/3?page=3
[25] http://hfsc.org/print/3?page=4
[26] http://hfsc.org/print/3?page=5
[27] http://hfsc.org/print/3?page=8
[28] http://hfsc.org/print/3?page=9
[29] http://hfsc.org/print/3?page=10
[30] http://hfsc.org/print/3?page=11
[31] http://hfsc.org/print/3?page=29
[32] http://hfsc.org/newsroom
[33] http://hfsc.org/newsroom/event/i'mpossible-presentation-cameron-clapp
[34] http://hfsc.org/newsroom/event/informal-amputee-peer-support-group
[35] http://hfsc.org/newsroom/calendar
[36] http://hfsc.org/newsroom/event/loud-crowd


text:
OPI Princesses Rule
124 reviews
83% would repurchase
Package Quality: 4.5
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 4.5
Price: $$$
on 3/2/2015 3:34:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Normal, Medium, Cool
Hair: Black, Wavy, Fine
Eyes: Brown
I got this as a mini in a travel set. I was prepared for a juvenile polish given its name, but was pleasantly surprised how sophisticated this looks. The base is an opalescent pink with lots of white shimmer in it, and with two coats it is visibly pink. Perfect for those days when you want low maintenance nails that won't show chips and makes your fingers look clean and pretty. Love it.
on 2/8/2015 10:27:00 AM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Fair, Cool
Hair: Blond, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Green
Such a pretty pink shade! I only need 2 coats and they go on perfectly. Great opacity with this colour I like to use Seche Vite as a top coat and my polish doesn't budge till I remove it. Such a pretty girlie spring shade. I love sparkly pinks and this one is excellent for pale or dark skintones. I like this shade too because I like pale pinks with some shimmer. It dries very quick and doesn't chip or anything. Lasts till I take it off as well. It's just a great colour that I would recommend for pretty much every skintone. It is a definite favorite of mine. So Recommended!
on 1/28/2015 4:35:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair, Warm
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Brown
I am onto my second bottle of this product, and while it is certainly wearable on it's own, I much prefer it as a top coat. It looks stunning over pinky colours, no matter how dark or light. It is very sheer and can be worn over colours from a different colour family (e.g. blue or green) without showing up pinky. This is due to the fact that the pink base is very sheer. I really like this colour but would not wear it alone. It costs $20AUD and is probably quite dupable.
on 1/6/2015 4:35:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I love this polish so much! I recently took Off my acrylics and it left my nails in pretty lousy condition. I couldn't decide what color to buy at target but when I reached for this off the shelf I instantly fell in love! 😍 one coat is enough to give my nails a nice shine without looking like little girl nails. The glitter can be sort of a mess when it gets onto your skin but with a swipe of a q tip and some nail polish remover you should be golden. Cost around 9.99 or so at target and plenty in stock when I picked it up. Also the drying time was pretty quick so that's a plus 💅
on 12/18/2014 9:04:00 PM
Age: 44-55
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
This is such a pretty delicate color... Baby pink with tons of sparkle. Yes it could be used for a little girl but also very classy for a adult woman. Love to wear it when I want a non fuss color.
on 11/2/2014 6:52:00 PM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Oily, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Coarse
Eyes: Brown
This formula is great, the color is just a little too light and sheer for my taste. This would be super-cute for young girls, though. I'll use this up, but wouldn't repurchase.
on 3/22/2014 7:38:00 PM
Age: Unknown
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Other, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Other
I can't believe I haven't reviewed this yet. Princesses Rule is a light pink micro shimmer polish that I love and have re-purchased thanks to OPI not d/c it. It originally debuted with the "Charming Collection in 2009.
Now you may be thinking it's for little girls, wrong, it is a cool toned pastel pink with subtle micro glitter that is pretty and feminine but not juvenile.
It goes on sheer but with two coats you'll get bottle color. Great for a top coat also and it removes easily. In the light it looks like an opal gemstone with micro shimmer flashes of blue, green, pink, ...sigh! Go get it!
on 3/21/2014 3:31:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Normal, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
This is one of my very many favourite gorgeous colour sheer and girly would highly recommended
on 3/8/2014 5:23:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Dry, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Black
This is one of my favorite nail polishes of all time. A light ballerina pink with a LOT of very fine green & white glitter, it looks great as a top coat on any warm colored nail polish (never tried it on a blue... YET) or as a stand alone color. To achieve full opacity it takes ~4 coats, but looks beautiful.
The formula isn't super pigmented, but goes on streak-free, and the brush is great, as always with OPI.
As a note, more recent formulations have a more pigmented base and pearlescent (rather than iridescent) shine, which may or may not be your cup of tea.
on 10/11/2013 3:53:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I knew this would be super sheer , so I bought it to use on top of my other polishes . Finding the right base color is quite hard . I also do not like how this applies . It does not apply super evenly , hence when this I used on top of other polishes , the flaws and unevenness is made more obvious .
Popular Polishes


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PHILADELPHIA — A former Philadelphia Water Department mailroom worker is heading to prison after pleading guilty to a million-dollar scam involving ink and toner cartridges.
Federal prosecutors say 63-year-old Calvin Duncan was sentenced Tuesday to two years in prison. Duncan admitted in 2013 to using city funds to place more than $1.3 million in excess orders for ink and toner cartridges.
Prosecutors say from 2006 to 2012, Duncan sold the cartridges to an Arkansas print supply company for more than $545,000.
The owners of the supply company, Derek and Danita Willis, pleaded guilty in the case last year. Derek Wills was sentenced to three years in prison and his wife received a one-year sentence behind bars.


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At the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, CNET'S Brian Cooley checks out Samsung's new IT Cam Gadget, a pocket-size camcorder with a hard drive and MPEG-4.
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| January 11, 2003 -- 00:02 GMT (16:02 PST)
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BlackBerry Venice may be the company's first Android slider


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Women and Technology Today Training 110: Free and Low-Cost Cloud Solutions for Your Business
by AKallay, Window Shopper
- Created: January 24, 2012, 12:11 pm
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WATT 110: Free and Low-Cost Cloud Solutions for Your BusinessGet effective and efficient content organization (documents and email), regardless of your business size.
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Course Instructor: Joy Spicer, Preisdent & CEO, Elegrity, Inc.Register here: http://www.wipp.org/events/event_details.asp?id=209352
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Very often, your Windows 7 computer can be performing very slow compared to what it once was. Thankfully, there are many very effective solutions to this even though there is an unlimited number of reasons to why your computer may be running slowly. I am going to explain in detail, the best, and most effective ways to make Windows 7 run faster on your computer. win 7 boot disk Uninstall Unused Programs Pretty much everyone who uses their computer on a regular basis will have programs on their computer which they simply don't use Having programs on your computer which you don't use means that you are putting unnecessary strain on your computer for no reason that benefits you whatsoever The fix this, all you have to do is uninstall any programs which you don't use by using the instructions below: Click Start, then click Control Panel When the control panel screen appears, click Uninstall a Program You will now see a list of the programs which are installed on your computer Now you should click any program name which you feel you don't use or need, and then click Uninstall Now you will be promoted to an uninstall screen, and all you have to do from here is follow the instructions which are shown to you by the uninstaller Repeat this process for all and any programs you don't use or need Delete Unused Files This is really simple, and can be really effective No doubt you will have files such as pictures, music, or videos on your computer which you know yourself you probably will never look/listen to again Having too many files on your computers hard win 7 boot disk drive can cause your computer to slow down due to the limited memory it can work with To delete unused files, all you have to do is go to your documents or desktop and find files you wont have any use for, and that are worthy of deletion Right click, and click Delete to fully remove the file, and free space Closing Task Tray Programs More often than not, you will have programs running on your computer when you don't even know it! Programs which are running in your task tray will still be causing speed decreases of your computer even if you aren't actually properly using the program! You should close all programs which are running in your task tray which you are not using Closing programs which you are not using in your task tray is unbelievably simple Simply goto the bottom right of your screen, right click, and close any programs which you are not using Although these methods of making your computer running Windows 7 faster may seem too simple, you would be surprised to how much they actually affect the performance of your computer! If you still see no change in the speed of your computer after using these methods, then it's probably because your computer simply can't handle all that you want it to do, and that it's time for you to upgrade to a more powerful computer win 7 boot disk
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Capital Markets
Company Overview of Bozano Investimentos
BOARD MEMBERS AFFILIATED WITH Sérgio Eraldo de Salles Pinto *
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1 bedroom houses for sale in PL19
Guide price £160,000
1 bed terraced house for saleHorsebridge, Devon PL19
***guide price £160, 000 - £170, 000 *** We are delighted to be marketing this delightful character cottage with panoramic views across the River Tamar towards the Tamar Valley and situated in the sought after hamlet of Horsebridge. (contd...) More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Gunnislake (3.0 miles)
- Calstock (4.3 miles)
Marketed by Fulfords, PL19. Call 01822 678011
Latest PL19 1 bedroom houses for sale
Zoopla is one of the UK's leading property portals, helping you to find property for sale and to rent and make smarter decisions when buying and renting homes in the UK. Discover information on homes in PL19 by researching PL19 property values, PL19 house prices paid, our PL19 property market overview and find PL19 agents.