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Allyl acetate (AAC), allyl alcohol (AAL), and acrolein (ACR) are used in the manufacture of detergents, plastics, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals and as agricultural agents. A metabolic relationship exists between these chemicals in which allyl acetate is metabolized to allyl alcohol and subsequently to the highly reactive,α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, acrolein. Due to the weaker reactivity of the protoxicants, allyl acetate and allyl alcohol, relative to acrolien we hypothesized the protoxicants would attain greater systemic exposure and therefore deliver higher doses of acrolein to the internal organs. By extension, the higher systemic exposure to acrolein we hypothesized should lead to more internal organ toxicity in the allyl acetate and allyl alcohol treated animals relative to those treated with acrolein. To address our hypothesis we compared the range of toxicities produced by all three chemicals in male and female Fischer 344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice exposed 5 days a week for 3 months by gavage in 0.5% methylcellulose. Rats (10/group) were dosed with 0 to 100 mg/kg allyl acetate, 0 to 25 mg/kg allyl alcohol, or 0 to 10 mg/kg acrolein. Mice (10/group) were dosed with 0 to 125 mg/kg allyl acetate, 0 to 50 mg/kg allyl alcohol, or 0 to 20 mg/kg acrolein. The highest dose of allyl acetate and acrolein decreased survival in both mice and rats. The primary target organ for the toxicity of all three chemicals in both species and sexes was the forestomach; squamous epithelial hyperplasia was observed following exposure to each chemical. In both species the highest allyl acetate dose group exhibited forestomach epithelium necrosis and hemorrhage and the highest dose of acrolein led to glandular stomach hemorrhage. Liver histopathology was the most apparent with allyl acetate, was also observed with allyl alcohol, but was not observed with acrolein. All chemicals had effects on the hematopoietic system with allyl acetate having the most pronounced effect. When dosed at quantities limited by toxicity, allyl acetate and allyl alcohol produce higher levels of urinary mercapturic acids than the minimally toxic dose of acrolein. This observation is likely due to biotransformation of allyl acetate and ally alcohol to acrolein that occurs after absorption and suggests that these chemicals are protoxicants that increase systemic exposure of acrolein. Increased systemic exposure to acrolein is likely responsible for the differences in hepatic toxicological profile observed with these chemicals.
Allyl acetate is an important intermediate in the synthesis of many industrial chemicals and has several industrial applications and can be found in consumer products hair conditioners and detergents. Allyl alcohol is an industrial chemical used in synthesis of glycerol and acrolein (Liao et al 1969) and in pesticide formulations (Scorecard 2005). Human dietary exposure to allyl alcohol, as well as several allyl esters, has occurred through their use as food additives (1997). Acrolein is a naturally occurring chemical found in food and is also used as an industrial chemical and herbicide(Ghilarducci & Tjeerdema). Although the toxicology of acrolein has been studied extensively(Kehrer & Biswal 2000), less is known about allyl acetate and allyl alcohol.
Metabolism studies of allyl acetate and allyl alcohol strongly suggest these chemicals are protoxicants that are metabolized to acrolein, a highly reactive,α,β-unsaturated aldehyde. Upon oral administration allyl acetate is rapidly reduced by carboxyl esterases in the stomach, liver and blood to yield allyl alcohol and acetic acid. Allyl alcohol is then further oxidized to acrolein by alcohol dehydrogenase. Acrolein can subsequently be detoxified by aldehyde dehydrogenase to acrylic acid or be conjugated to glutathione. The glutathione adducts can potentially be converted by cytochromes P450 to the hard electrophile and known mutagen/carcinogen, glycidaldehyde (Barros et al 1994; Feron et al 1991). Alternatively, degradation products of glutathione adducts, S-(3-hydroxypropyl) mercapturic acid and S-(2-carboxyethyl) mercapturic acid, are found in the urine of rats administered acrolein, allyl alcohol, allyl chloride, allyl amine, or allyl bromide (Kaye 1973; Sanduja et al 1989). In support of this proposed mechanism of toxicity, pharmacological inhibition of carboxylesterase or alcohol dehydrogenase was shown to attenuate allyl ester mediated hepatotoxicity (Silver & Murphy 1978). Similar studies with allyl alcohol demonstrated that inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase leads to a reduction in hepatotoxicity (Reid, 1972). Furthermore, mice hypomorphic for alcohol dehydrogenase are resistant to allyl alcohol induced liver injury (Belinsky et al 1985). Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase enhances the toxicity of allyl alcohol suggesting that not only does the production acrolein affect toxicity, but its metabolic breakdown also plays a role in liver injury (Rikans 1987). Collectively, the data from previous studies strongly support the role of acrolein as the primary reactive species and toxicant following allyl acetate or allyl alcohol exposure.
Conflicting results have been obtained in studies assessing the carcinogenic potential of acrolein. Increased papillomas of the urinary bladder were observed in an initiation/promotion study in male F344 rats that involved 6 weeks of acrolein intraperiteneal injection followed by 28-week uracil (Cohen et al 1992). In another study increased incidences of adrenal cortical adenomas in F344 rats administered acrolein in drinking water (Lijinsky & Reuber 1987). In a more recent study, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were given doses of 0.05, 0.50, or 2.4 mg/kg acrolein in water by gavage daily for 24 months (Parent et al 1992). Although survival of the 2.4 mg/kg animals was reduced compared to vehicle controls, no chemical related increases in the incidences of neoplastic or nonneoplastic lesions were observed in this study. The carcinogenic potential of acrolein has also been examined in CD-1 mice (Parent et al 1991). Groups of 70 males and female mice received doses of 0, 0.5, or 2.0 mg/kg acrolein in distilled water daily by gavage for 2 years, and additional groups of 75 males or females received 4.5 mg/kg. Survival and mean body weights of the 4.5 mg/kg males were reduced, but survival and mean body weights of all groups of females were similar to those of the vehicle controls. Complete histopathology conducted on the 4.5 mg/kg animals and vehicle controls revealed no carcinogenic response associated with acrolein administration. Neither allyl acetate nor allyl alcohol has been evaluated for carcinogenic potential in a traditional bioassay.
Allyl acetate is mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535 and TA100 in the absence of activation, but not in the presence of activation (Dean et al 1985; Irwin 2006). Allyl alcohol was mutagenic in V79 cells, but there are no reports of bacterial mutagenicity (Smith et al 1990), however it was not mutagenic to four strains of Salmonella typhimurium with or without activation (Irwin 2006). Acrolein is a mutagen in bacteria and V79 cells and forms DNA adducts in human fibroblasts (Foiles et al 1989; Irwin 2006; Smith et al 1990; Wilson et al 1991). In the absence of S9 activation, acrolein has been demonstrated to be a clastogen in cultured CHO cells (Irwin 2006). Recently published cell culture studies have demonstrated preferential formation of acrolein-DNA adducts at lung cancer mutational hotspots in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in normal human bronchial epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts (Feng et al 2006). Because of the high production volume and widespread use of these compounds, the potential for occupational and consumer exposure, and the lack of adequate toxicity and carcinogenicity data, allyl alcohol and allyl acetate were selected for prechronic studies. Because allyl acetate and allyl alcohol are metabolized to acrolein, which is significantly more acutely toxic than either parent compound, similar toxicities between the three compounds would suggest that the effects are a byproduct of metabolism to acrolein. If this is the case, carcinogenicity studies of allyl acetate and allyl alcohol may not be necessary, because acrolein was not carcinogenic following oral exposure (Parent et al 1991; Parent et al 1992); however, substantially different toxicities would point to the need for additional testing. To address this question, a comparative toxicology study of allyl acetate, allyl alcohol, and acrolein was conducted in the same animal strains and at the same laboratory and the data are presented here. For a detailed breakdown of the study the reader is directed to the NTP Toxicity Report, TOX 48 (Irwin 2006).
Technical grade allyl acetate (CAS No. 591-87-7; lot 0425EF), allyl alcohol (CAS No. 107-18-6; lot 00501TF) and acrolein (CAS No. 591-87-1; lot 11163AG) were obtained in single lots from Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI). Based on the analyses performed by the manufacturer, allyl acetate, allyl alcohol and acrolein were a purity of approximately 93.3%, 98.8% and 98.8%, respectively. All preadministration dose analyses indicated concentrations were within 10% of the target concentration, except in one case in which a dose of allyl acetate was administered at 11% below the target dose.
All animals were obtained from Taconic Laboratory Animals and Services (Germantown, NY). F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were shipped at approximately 5 weeks of age, were quarantined for 10–14 days, and were approximately 6 to 7-weeks-old at the start of the study. Animals were randomly assigned to dose groups by sex and body weight. There were no statistically significant differences between group mean body weights prior to initiation of these studies. Rats and female mice were housed 5/cage. Male mice were individually housed. NIH-2000 pelleted diet (Zeigler Bothers, Inc, Gardeners, PA) and tap water were available ad libitum. The animal room temperatures were approximately 70 ± 3°F and humidity was 50 ± 15%. Fluorescent lights were on for 12 h/day, and there were a minimum of 10 room air changes per hour.
In the core toxicology study, groups of 10 animals of each species and sex were given allyl acetate, allyl alcohol or acrolein by gavage, once a day, 5 days/week, for 14 weeks. Doses for each chemical were selected following review of previous studies and are shown in Table 1. For a more detailed discussion of the dose selection process the reader is referred to the NTP toxicity report, NTP TOX 48 (Irwin 2006). All dosing volumes were 5 mL/kg for rats and 10 mL/kg for mice in 0.5% methylcellulose. Animals were checked twice each day for signs for moribundity or morbidity, and were examined once weekly for clinical signs of toxicity. The individual animal's body weights were recorded once weekly, and the most recent weight was used to determine the dosing volume. At study termination, survivors were weighed, anesthetized with carbon dioxide, and were bled for clinical pathology studies prior to euthanasia and necropsy. Animals received at least two consecutive dose administrations, with the last dose administered approximately 30 min prior to bleeding. Blood was collected into microcollection tubes (Sarstedt, Inc., Newton, NC) containing potassium-EDTA for hematology studies and into serum separator tubes to obtain samples for clinical chemistry. Clinical chemistry parameters included urea nitrogen, creatinine, total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and total bile salts. Hematological analyses included hematocrit; hemoglobin concentration erythrocyte, reticulocyte and platelet cell counts; mean cell volume; mean cell hemoglobin concentration; and total leukocyte counts and differentials.
In the clinical pathology study, groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were administered allyl acetate, allyl alcohol or acrolein in identical fashion to the core study rats. Blood was collected from the retroorbital sinus of these rats on days 4 and 23 and subjected to hematological and clinical chemistry analysis as described above.
All animals, including early death animals, received a necropsy. During each necropsy, all tissues were examined in situ for gross lesions. At study termination, selected organ weights (spleen, liver, thymus, heart, lung, right testis and kidney) were determined. All collected tissues were preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Tissue examined microscopically can be found in (Irwin 2006).
Urine was collected from all core study rats and mice after the first dose and again after 45 doses. Approximately 15 to 30 minutes after dosing, animals were placed in metabolism cages for a 24-hour period where feed and water were available ad libitum. Urine collection tubes were kept on ice throughout the 24 hrs collection period and were frozen at −20° C after conclusion of the collection period. Samples were analyzed for S-(3-hydroxypropyl) mercapturic acid levels using a liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy method (Irwin 2006).
Body weight and organ weight data were analyzed using the parametric comparison (Williams 1971; 1972) or Dunnett procedures (Dunnett 1955). Clinical pathology data and S-(3-hydroxypropyl) mercapturic acid concentrations were analyzed using the nonparametric comparative procedures of Shirley (Shirley 1977) or Dunn (Dunn 1964). The Fisher exact test, a procedure based on the overall proportion of affected animals, was used to analyze histopathology findings (Gart et al 1979). In all tables (unless indicated otherwise), values are expressed as group mean and SE. Significant differences from control are indicated by asterisks (*p ≤0.05, **p ≤0.01).
Survival of male and female rats that received 100 mg/kg was decreased by the last week of the study (Table 1). Final mean body weights and mean body weight gains of male rats administered 12 or 50 mg/kg and mean body weight gains of 6 mg/kg males were significantly less than those of the vehicle controls. The final mean body weights and mean body weight gains of the female rats were similar to those of the vehicle control group (Table 1). Clinical findings included pallor and eye or nasal discharge in males and females and ruffled fur lethargy, diarrhea and thinness in males in the 100 mg/kg groups.
All rats survived to the end of the study except one female in the 6 mg/kg group that was removed on day 57 in a moribund condition (Table 1). The final mean body weights of male and female rats were similar to those of the vehicle controls (Table 1). No clinical findings were observed in the dosed male or female rats.
Eight males and eight females in the 10 mg/kg groups died by week 9 of the study. Two males in the 2.5 mg/kg group and 5 mg/kg groups and one or two females in the 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg groups also died early. Survival data is shown in Table 1. Final mean body weights of the male and female rats in the 10 mg/kg groups were significantly less than those of the vehicle controls (Table 1). Clinical findings included abnormal breathing, eye and nasal discharge, ruffled fur, and thinness in the males and females in the 10 mg/kg groups; two females in this group were also lethargic.
The absolute and relative liver weights of the 50 mg/kg females were significantly greater than those of the vehicle controls.
Males administered 12 mg/kg or greater and females in the 25 and 50 mg/kg groups had significantly increased incidences of squamous epithelial hyperplasia in the forestomach compared to those of the vehicle controls (Table 2). The incidences of epithelial necrosis, hemorrhage, and inflammation of the forestomach in the 100 mg/kg males and females were significantly greater than those in the vehicle controls. Incidences of hemorrhage, inflammation, and epithelial necrosis were also increased in the large and small intestines of male rats in the 100 mg/kg group.
The incidences of periportal hepatocyte hypertrophy in the liver in males and females in the 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg groups were significantly greater than those in the vehicle controls (Table 3). Males and females in the 50 and 100 mg/kg groups generally had increased incidences of bile duct hyperplasia, hemorrhage, hepatocyte necrosis, periportal hepatocyte hydropic degeneration, mineralization, mitotic alteration, hemosiderin pigmentation, portal fibrosis and granulomatous inflammation when compared to vehicle controls. Females in the 25 mg/kg group also had significantly increased incidence of hemosidern pigmentation.
Incidences of hyperplasia in the bone marrow, hemorrhage in the mediastinal lymph node, lymphoid depletion, in the mandibular lymph node, hemorrhage and lymphoid depletion in the mesenteric lymph node, lymphoid follicular cell depletion and hematopoietic cell proliferation of the red pulp in the spleen, and hemorrhage and thymocyte necrosis in the thymus in the 100 mg/kg males were significantly increased relative to the vehicle controls. Incidences of hyperplasia in bone marrow, lymphoid depletion in the mandibular lymph node, lymphoid follicular cell depletion and hematopoietic cell proliferation of the red pulp in the spleen, and hemorrhage and thymocyte necrosis in the thymus in 100 mg/kg females were significantly increased relative to those in the vehicle controls
The absolute liver weights in the 25 mg/kg males were significantly greater than those of the vehicle controls. The relative liver weights in 6, 12 and 25 mg/kg males were significantly greater than those of the vehicle controls. No treatment related gross lesions were observed in the male or female rats administered allyl alcohol. The incidences of squamous cell hyperplasia in the forestomach of the males and females in the 6, 12, and 25 mg/kg groups were significantly greater than those in the vehicle controls (Table 2). The incidences of bile duct hyperplasia and periportal hepatocyte hypertrophy in the liver of the 25 mg/kg females were significantly greater than those in the vehicle controls. One male in the 25 mg/kg group also had bile duct hyperplasia and periportal hepatocyte hypertrophy (Table 4). One female in the 25 mg/kg group had hepatocyte necrosis.
The absolute and relative liver weights of the 5 and 10 mg/kg females were significantly greater than those of the vehicle controls. The absolute and relative thymus weights of the 10 mg/kg females and the absolute heart weights of 5 and 10 mg/kg females were significantly less than those of the vehicle controls.
Gross lesions related to acrolein treatment were observed in the forestomach and glandular stomach of the male and female rats, primarily in the 10 mg/kg groups and consisted of red or white discoloration. Microscopically, males in the 5 and 10 mg/kg groups and females in the 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg groups had increased incidences of squamous epithelial hyperplasia in the forestomach relative to those of the vehicle controls (Table 3). Incidences of hemorrhage in the glandular stomach of males and females in the 10 mg/kg groups were significantly greater than those in the vehicle controls.
On day 4, hematocrit values, hemoglobin concentrations, and erythrocyte counts were decreased in surviving 100 mg/kg males and females, and the decreases are consistent with mild to marked anemia. The decrease in the eythron was accompanied by the increases in reticulocyte and nucleated erythrocyte counts. Mean cell volume and mean hemoglobin in 100 mg/kg females were increased, and these increases are consistent with the increased numbers of circulating immature erythocytes on day 4; also mean cell hemoglobin concentration was increased. Platelet counts were markedly reduced in 100 mg/kg males (by approximately 77%) and females (by approximately 91%). There was also a mild platelet count decrease in the 50 mg/kg females; 50 mg/kg males were unaffected. Neutrophilia, evidenced by increased segmented neutrophil counts, occurred in the 50 and 100 mg/kg males and females. On day 4, there was evidence of hepatocellular injury, as demonstrated by and increases in serum alanine aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities and bile acid concentrations in 50 (approximately 1.5-fold to 4-fold increase) and 100 mg/kg (nine fold or greater increase) males and females. Albumin and, consequently, total protein concentrations were significantly decreased and urea nitrogen concentrations were increased in the 100 mg/kg males and females
On day 23 and or at week 14, there were minimal decreases in the mean cell volumes and mean hemoglobin values and increases in platelet counts in the 50 mg/kg males and females; the mean cell hemoglobin concentration was minimally decreased at each time point in the these females. The biochemical evidence of hepatocellular injury that occurred in the 50 mg/kg males and females at day 4 was also observed on day 23 and, to lesser extent at week 14. The increase in segmented neutrophil counts that occurred in the 50 mg/kg males and females on day 4 resolved with time, and by week 14 occurred only in males.
There were minimal decreases in the mean cell volume and increases in platelet counts in the 25 mg/kg males. There were no other changes in hematology data that indicated a treatment related effect. At week 14 alkaline phosphatase activities were decreased and bile acid concentrations were increased in the 12 mg and 25 mg/kg males and females.
On day 4, the hematocrit values, hemoglobin concentrations, and erythrocyte counts were generally significantly increased in the 10 mg/kg males and females. Also on day 4 platelets were notably increase in the 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg males and females and remained elevated at day 23 and week 14. In the 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg/kg males and females alkaline phosphatase levels were increased while albumin levels were decreased at all three time points. Increases in total serum protein closely paralleled the observed increases in albumin.
All males and females in the 125 mg/kg group died during the first week of the study (Table 4). Final mean body weight gains of males and females were similar to those of the vehicle controls (Table 4). Clinical findings included lethargy, abnormal breathing, thinness, and ruffled fur among the mice that died early.
All animals with the exception of one female survived to the end of the study; all other animals survived to the end of the study (Table 4). Final mean body weights of the dosed male and female mice were similar to those of the vehicle controls; the mean body weight gains in all other male and female dosed groups were similar to those of the vehicle control groups (Table 4). No clinical findings were evident in the dosed animals.
All males and females administered 20 mg/kg died during the first week of the study (Table 4). All other early deaths, except one male and one female administered 10 mg/kg, appeared to be unrelated to chemical administration. Final mean body weights and mean body weight gains of all the dosed groups were to those of the vehicle controls (Table 4). No clinical findings were evident in the dosed animals.
Gross lesions related to allyl acetate treatment included red discoloration in the forestomach and granular, mottled livers in the male and female mice and red foci in the glandular stomach of a male mouse. Microscopically, males in the 32 and 62.5 mg/kg groups and females in the 16, 32, and 62.5 mg/kg groups had significantly increased incidences of squamous epithelial hyperplasia in the forestomach compared to those of the vehicle controls (Table 5). The incidence of hemorrhage of the forestomach in the 125 mg/kg males was significantly greater than that in the vehicle controls. Males in the 62.5 group and males and females in 125 mg/kg group had significantly increased incidences of hemorrhage in the glandular stomachs compared to vehicle controls. In general, males in the 62.5 and 125 mg/kg groups had increased incidences of fibrosis, hepatocyte necrosis, and mineralization in the liver. The incidences of portal cytoplasmic vacuolization of the 62.5 mg/kg males and females were significantly greater than those in the vehicle control groups as was the incidence of hepatocyte necrosis in the 125 mg/kg females (Table 6).
No treatment-related gross lesions were observed. Microscopically, males and females in the 12, 25, and 50 mg/kg groups had significantly increased incidences of squamous epithelial hyperplasia in the forestomach (Table 5). Incidences of portal cytoplasmic vacuolization in the liver were significantly increased in the 50 mg/kg males and females and 25 mg/kg females (Table 6). One male and one female in the 50 mg/kg groups had hemosiderin pigmentation; one 50 mg/kg female also had granulomatous inflammation and hepatocyte necrosis.
The absolute liver weights of the 10 mg/kg males were significantly increased. Gross lesions related to acrolein treatment included red or white discoloration in the forestomach and glandular stomach of the female mice in the 20 mg/kg group. Microscopically, males and females in the 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg groups had significant increased incidences of squamous epithelial hyperplasia in the forestomach (Table 5). Incidences of hemorrhage in the glandular stomach in the 20 mg/kg males and females significantly exceeded those of vehicle controls. The incidences of epithelial necrosis and chronic active inflammation in the glandular stomach in the 20 mg/kg females were significantly increased.
In allyl acetate treated mice there were no biologically significant differences in hematology parameters between dose groups. Minimal increases in platelet counts occurred in the 50 mg/kg allyl alcohol treated males and in all dosed females; the increases in females were not dose related. At week 14, in acrolein treated mice, there were minimal increases in hematocrit values, hemoglobin concentrations and erythrocyte counts in the 10 mg/kg males and in the 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg females; in females the increases were considered to be dose related. Platelets were significantly increased in the 10 mg/kg acrolein treated males.
The concentrations of S-(3-hydroxypropyl) mercapturic acid in the urine of male and female rats after one or 45 doses of allyl acetate or allyl alcohol increased linearly with the dose (Table 7). In the rats dosed with acrolein, the concentrations increased nonlinearly with dose at the first time point and linearly with the dose at the second time point (except 10 mg/kg).
In male and female mice, the concentration of S-(3-hydroxypropyl) mercapturic acid in the urine after one or 45 doses of allyl acetate or allyl alcohol increased linearly with the dose (Table 8). In mice dosed with acrolein, the concentrations increased nonlinearly with the dose at the first time point and linearly with dose at the second time point (except at 10 mg/kg).
When near equimolar doses of the chemicals were administered to male rats there were slight, yet significant differences in urinary mercapturic acid production. In male rats doses of 12 mg/kg of allyl acetate, 6 mg/kg allyl alcohol and 5 mg/kg acrolein yielded 63.87 ±3.77, 44.47±2.39 and 52.17±3.68 µg/ml of mercapturic acid conjugate, respectively (Table 7, Figure 1a). A similar pattern was observed in female rats (Table 7, Figure 1b). However, when the levels of urinary mecrapturic acids in the groups representing the minimally toxic dose (MTD; as determined by terminal weight and survival) for each chemical were compared dramatically higher levels were observed in the allyl alcohol and allyl acetate treated rats relative to those treated with acrolein. For example, in male rats doses of 50 mg/kg of allyl acetate, 25 mg/kg allyl alcohol and 2.5 mg/kg acrolein yielded 355.10±15.76, 239.20±18.73 and 63.85±9.45 µg/ml of mercapturic acid conjugate, respectively (Table 7, Figure 1a). Similar comparisons were not performed in the mouse metabolism studies due to reduced numbers of animals, however trends that parallel those observed in the rat are clearly present in the mice.
Via enzymatic metabolism, allyl esters are metabolized to allyl alcohol, which is then converted to the highly toxic, α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, acrolein. Acrolein can be further oxidized to acrylic acid, conjugated to glutathione, or react with cellular macromolecules to cause toxicity. Because of the metabolic relationship between allyl acetate, allyl alcohol and acrolein a comparative 90-day toxicity study was performed to allow simultaneous comparison of all three compounds in the same strain of rats and mice. Oral dosing was chosen to mimic human ingestion of these and related compounds.
In the present studies, acrolein was clearly the most toxic of the three compounds in rats, causing reduced survival in the 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg groups and reduced body weight in the 10 mg/kg groups. Over the same dose range, allyl acetate administration caused only a marginal reduction in body weight and allyl alcohol administration had no effect on survival or body weights of rats. Marginal increases in absolute or relative liver weights occurred in all three rat studies, mostly higher dose concentrations; however, no pattern of treatment-related changes was apparent in other organs.
Acrolein was also the most toxic of the three compounds in mice, causing reduced survival in the 20 mg/kg groups. Neither the allyl alcohol nor allyl acetate caused reduced body weights or survival over the same dose range. Absolute and relative liver weights of the male mice and relative liver weights of female mice were increased in the groups that received 10 mg/kg acrolein, and relative liver weights were increased in groups that received 50 mg/kg allyl alcohol.
The major toxic response in both mice and rats for all three compounds occurred in the forestomach. Exposure to allyl alcohol was associated with only a mild response characterized by squamous epithelial hyperplasia. In rats, the severity was minimal in all dose groups, but in mice the severity was mild in the 25 and 50 mg/kg allyl alcohol groups. A mild response also occurred in rats and mice administered 6 or 8 mg/kg of allyl acetate, respectively; however, the incidences and severities of forestomach lesions increased with increasing dose. In the allyl acetate studies, epithelial necrosis, hemorrhage and chronic active inflammation in the forestomach of 100 mg/kg rats and 62.5 mg/kg mice likely contributed to the moribund condition in these animals. Epithelial hyperplasia of the forestomach was present in all groups of male mice exposed to acrolein and in females that received at least 2.5 mg/kg. Epithelial necrosis and/or hemorrhage also occurred in the glandular stomach of mice exposed to 20 mg/kg acrolein and contributed to the reduced survival in those groups. The primary toxicity observations are largely in agreement with previous studies that demonstrate gastric and hepatic toxicities with repeat doses greater than 2.5 mg/kg in rats and 4.5 mg/kg in mice. (Parent et al 1991; Parent et al 1992).
Toxicity to the liver also occurred following exposure to allyl acetate and in mice and female rats administered allyl alcohol. Treatment with 25 mg/kg allyl alcohol, the highest dose evaluated, significantly increased the incidences of bile duct hyperplasia and periportal hypertrophy in female rats, but not in males. In the groups of mice administered allyl alcohol, females were somewhat more responsive than males, and increased incidences of portal cytoplasmic vacuolization occurred in 12 mg/kg or greater females; this lesion was first observed at 25 mg/kg in male mice. Rikans and Moore reported a sex difference in allyl alcohol hepatoxicity in rats that appeared to be correlated with the greater alcohol dehydrogenase activity in female rats than in male rats (Rikans & Moore 1987). As the male rats aged, the alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the liver increased, and their sensitivity to allyl alcohol hepatoxicity also increased, although neither the alcohol dehydrogenase activity nor hepatotoxic response in older males became equal to that observed in the young or older females.
In contrast to allyl alcohol, the hepatotoxic response to allyl acetate did not differ between males and females. Lesions similar to those that occurred in animals administered allyl alcohol also occurred in male and female rats administered 25 mg/kg allyl acetate; at higher doses the toxic response was more significant and included hepatocellular necrosis and hypertrophy, among other toxic lesions. A similar response occurred in male and female mice administered 62.5 mg/kg or greater. Recent metanalysis of NTP data suggests both hepatocellular necrosis and hypertrophy in 90-day studies are predictive of hepatocarcinogenic potential (Allen et al 2004). The increased alanine aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities in the serum of the rats administered allyl acetate but not in rats administered allyl alcohol were consistent with microscopic findings in the liver.
The periportal hepatotoxicity associated with allyl alcohol exposure is well documented (Badr 1991), and, based on a number of observations is likely due to the biotransformation of allyl alcohol to acrolein. However, acrolein administered at doses used in the present studies was not hepatotoxic in either rats or mice. After oral administration, acrolein is eliminated primarily in the urine as a glutathione conjugate or oxidized acrylic acid, which in turn is rapidly metabolized to carbon dioxide by the propionic acid pathway (Parent et al 1996). S-(3-hydroxypropyl) mercapturic acid, the major metabolite of acrolein, was present in the urine of all groups of rats and mice exposed to allyl acetate or allyl alcohol, demonstrating the formation and detoxification of acrolein in vivo in these animals. However, Parent et al. showed that acrolein also reacts with food in the intestinal tract (Parent et al 1996). This is not surprising because acrolein is a relatively soft electrophile and therefore reacts preferentially with soft nucleophiles such as sulfylhydryl groups on proteins and peptides (Carlson 1990). Therefore, although the local concentration of acrolein in the gut may have been sufficient to produce forestomach lesions, reaction with contents of the gastrointestinal tract must have reduced the systemic bioavailability to levels low enough to permit effective detoxification in the liver without causing a hepatotoxic response. Because neither allyl acetate nor allyl alcohol is as reactive as acrolein, their bioavailability would not have been reduced in the same way. Allyl acetate and alcohol are substantially less electrophic than acrolein and, consequently, their tissue distribution will be relatively broad.
Polymorphic metabolism of allyl esters and their metabolites, allyl alcohol and acrolein, caused by genetic variation is likely to affect the outcome of exposure to these agents in humans and should therefore be considered in any risk assessment done on these chemicals. The 2 major forms of carboxylesterase, CES1 and CES2, perform xenobiotic ester hydrolysis. Depending on the acyl group either isoform can play a significant role in ester hydrolysis (Imai 2006). Although CES1 seems to exhibit little functional polymorphism a number of nucleotide changes have been identified that have yet to characterized (Marsh et al 2004). Unlike CES1, genetic variants of consequence have been identified in CES2 that exhibit compromised activity towards the anticancer agent irinotecan, p-nitrophenol acetate and 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate (Marsh et al 2004). An extensive number of studies have documented the polymorphic metabolism of alcohols by the pyrazole sensitive class I alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes that are responsible for ally alcohol metabolism (Crabb et al 2004). In particular, allelic variants in ADH1B and ADH1C have been associated with phenotypic differences in ethanol metabolism in a large portion of the human population and, although not currently documented, these polymorphic enzymes are likely to impact the metabolism of allyl alcohol to acrolein (Crabb et al 2004). Allyl alcohol toxicity is reduced by cyanamide- and disulfuram-sensitive aldehyde dehydrogenases from both cytosol and mitochondria (Rikans 1987). These enzymes likely correspond to ALDH1 and ALDH2. A hypomorphic allele of ALDH2, ALDH2*2, has been extensively studied in relationship to acetylaldehyde metabolism and is anticipated to play a role in the detoxification of acrolein. Conjugation of acrolein with glutathione, the primary pathway of detoxification, is largely a nonezymatic process therefore polymorphisms in enzymes that are involved in the maintenance of glutathione levels (as opposed to glutathione conjugating enzymes) would be expected to have an effect on acrolein toxicity. GCLM encodes a modifier subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate limiting, mutlimeric, enzyme in glutathione synthesis. Polymorphism in this gene causes decreased expression that is associated with the manifestation of vascular disease and schizophrenia (Nakamura et al 2002; Tosic et al 2006). GCLC encodes the catalytic subunit of the GCL complex. A trinucleotide repeat polymorphism in GCLC was associated with decreased expression of glutamate cysteine ligase activity and risk of schizophrenia (Gysin et al 2007). In the human population there is a significant degree of documented functional polymorphism in the allyl ester metabolic pathway that has the potential to influence outcomes of exposure to allyl esters, allyl alcohol and acrolein.
Acrolein has been evaluated for carcinogenic potential in gavage studies in both rats and mice. In the rat study, doses 0, 0.05, 0.5, or 2.5 mg/kg were used (Parent et al 1992). In the present rat study, 2.5 mg/kg caused some alteration in clinical chemistry parameters and epithelial hyperplasia in the forestomach of males and females. Moreover, the incidences of forestomach hyperplasia increased substantially, especially in males, at the next highest dose concentration, 5 mg/kg. Therefore, the results of the present rat study indicate that the 2.5 mg/kg used in the Parent et al. rat study was an adequate high dose (Parent et al 1992). In the present mouse study the incidences of forestomach hyperplasia were significantly increased in 2.5 and 5 mg/kg males and females; therefore, the 4.5 mg/kg used in the Parent et al. study was an adequate high dose (Parent et al 1991). Acrolein was not carcinogenic in the Parent et al. rat and mouse studies (Parent et al 1991; Parent et al 1992); therefore, it is a strong possibility that allyl alcohol and allyl acetate would also be negative in properly conducted carcinogenicity studies. However, the prospect remains that allyl acetate and allyl alcohol due to their greater gastrointestinal tolerability are capable of delivering higher systemic doses of acrolein through post-absorption metabolism; doses that would not be achievable through administration of acrolein itself. In tissues that may be more sensitive to mutagenesis (Bedard et al 2005) this higher rate of delivery may lead to carcinogenesis. Notably, another allyl ester, allyl isovalerate, the toxicity of which is correlated with its hydrolysis to allyl alcohol and subsequent conversion to acrolein (Butterworth et al 1975), was tested by the National Toxicology Program and was shown to be a carcinogen in male rats and female mice (1983). Because of the high reactivity of acrolein the previous carcinogenicity studies (Parent et al 1991; Parent et al 1992) are of limited use in assessing the risk from acrolein exposure away from the point of contact that is due to post-absorbtion metabolic breakdown of protoxicants such as the allyl esters. Exposure to acrolein that is manifest due to post-absorption metabolic breakdown of allyl esters may pose a significant carcinogenic hazard to internal organs and tissues; an observation supported by carcinogenesis studies involving intraperitoneal injection of acrolein (Cohen et al 1992). Furthermore, although it is arguable that the soft electrophile, acrolein, is carcinogenic in vivo through a direct mutagenic mechanism it certainly plausible that cytochrome P450 dependent formation of the epoxide glycidaldehyde (a much harder electrophile and powerful mutagen) from the glutathione adducts of acrolien would lead to direct DNA damage (Barros et al 1994; Feron et al 1991). Due to higher internal dose levels of acrolein glutathione adducts that are achievable with allyl acetate and allyl alcohol there is notably greater risk of exposing the internal organs to glycidaldehyde. The plausibility of such a mechanism of genotoxicity is supported by studies that demonstrate the mutagenicity and DNA reactivity of acrylamide is limited by its ability to form its epoxide metabolite, glycidamide (Besaratinia & Pfeifer 2004). For these reasons caution should be exercised in when determining carcinogenic risk of compounds that yield acrolein through metabolic breakdown.
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Kaneville looks back on 2014
KANEVILLE—As 2014 recently came to a close, the village of Kaneville reflected upon its biggest moments and accomplishments of the past year. Some of the village's completed projects in 2014 were in the works for years beforehand; others just a light-hearted effort. As a whole, 2014 was a proactive year for Kaneville. Perhaps the village's… Keep Reading


text:
ResearchSector Roadmap: Work Media Tools
Mobility, digital-work culture, and collaboration own the ever-evolving work-media landscape in 2015, and influence the business tools we use each day. Read more »
Mobility, digital-work culture, and collaboration own the ever-evolving work-media landscape in 2015, and influence the business tools we use each day. Read more »
True insight into how today's businesses will come from tools that visualize work based on live data and the social networks within and across organizations. Read more »
A set of economic, political, and societal forces is currently causing profound changes in work and in the relationship between workers and the businesses that benefit from their labor. Read more »
I have used a paradoxical phrase a great deal in recent months, because it gets at the heart of something important. The line is Mobile first, Cloud first, Connection first. These… Read more »
Global economic and societal forces are so pervasive and encompassing that that it's hard to back up far enough to get a big-picture view. We are reduced to building up our… Read more »
I have uncovered several new research papers on team success, so I will be writing a short series exploring the topic. In a paper released this month, Michael Klug and James Bagrow… Read more »
File sync-and-share platforms are remedying a defect in today's operating systems, which have yet to implement virtual distributed file systems. Read more »
We're now transitioning to a new economic model where the exploding scale of both mobile and cloud has shifted real value to the services that connect us. At the same time… Read more »
There are several drivers for the adoption of chat-influenced conversational tools and their replacement of less-conversational communication tools, and their rise will affect the enterprise-collaboration space in a number of ways. Read more »
We have moved into an era in which we simply cannot do our jobs without the tools originally envisioned as supporting work; these tools have become the work itself and not… Read more »


text:
A Century of Jewish Life
A Century of Jewish Life
Text by Saul Austerlitz
During its century of operation, the Yiddish newspaper the Jewish Daily Forward (known to its readers as the Forverts) and its English-language sibling The Forward have accumulated a remarkable collection of photographs of Jewish life.
In their photos--now collected for the first time in "A Living Lens: Photographs of Jewish Life from the Pages of the Forward"--we can see the evolution of Jewish life over the course of the 20th century--moving from Europe to the United States and Israel, incorporating tradition and modernity, ancient religious practice and contemporary celebrity culture.
In these photos, Jewish life is captured for eternity, bringing together movie stars and Zionist pioneers, college students and rabbinic scholars. Judaism, continuous and ever-evolving, pauses here to pose for the camera.
Photo Credit: The Forward Association
Hollywood Faith Facts: Marvin GayeSoul legend Marvin Gaye led a life that many only dream of. His early Christian...
Success Sundays: Debbie Sterling, Founder of GoldieBloxGirls like to play with more than just dolls and dresses - and Debbie Sterling...
5 Spiritual Vacations That Will Elevate Your FaithNeed a getaway? Take a cruise that will bring new life to your spirit, draw...
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text:
Thanks—in a somewhat roundabout way—to Arts Council England funding, I had the chance to meet with Eric Abrahamsen and Nikki Harman from Paper Republic at the London Book Fair. Paper Republic is one of the best online sources for information about Chinese literature, especially thanks to resources such as their lists of books to (re)translated.
A relatively new feature, the site now offers three short lists: Five Books in Need of Retranslation,, Five Best Untranslated Books of the Past Five Years, and Five Best Untranslated Books of the Past Fifty Years.
They're still in the process of adding information about each of these fifteen books and authors, and, in some cases, even making sample translations available. You can visit the links above to see the complete lists, but here are a couple titles that caught my eye:
Founded in 1960 by such creative pioneers as George Perec, Raymond Queneau and Italo Calvino, the Oulipo, shorthand for Ouvroir de littérature potentielle, came about in when a group of writers and mathematicians sought constraints to find new structures and. . .
There's little to say about a series of prose poems that willfully refuse to identify pronoun antecedents. Or perhaps there are a million things. The poems in Morse, My Deaf Friend— the chapbook by Miloš Djurdjević published by Ugly Duckling. . .
The Crimson Thread of Abandon is the first collection of short fiction available in English by the prolific Japanese writer and all-around avant-garde trickster Terayama Shūji, who died in 1983 at the age of 47. This collection would be important. . .
Last year, NYRB Classics introduced English-language readers to Catalan writer Josep Pla with Peter Bush's translation of The Gray Notebook. In that book, Pla wrote about life in Spain during an influenza outbreak soon after World War I, when. . .
"Your bile is stagnant, you see sorrow in everything, you are drenched in melancholy," my friend the doctor said.
bq. "Isn't melancholy something from previous centuries? Isn't some vaccine against it yet, hasn't medicine taken care of it yet?" I. . .
What to make of Vano and Niko, the English translation of Erlom Akhvlediani's work of the same name, as well as the two other short books that comprise a sort of trilogy? Quick searches will inform the curious reader that. . .
The opening of Jón Gnarr's novel/memoir The Indian is a playful bit of extravagant ego, telling the traditional story of creation, where the "Let there be light!" moment is also the moment of his birth on January 2nd, 1967. Then. . .
Mahasweta Devi is not only one of the most prolific Bengali authors, but she's also an important activist. In fact, for Devi, the two seem to go together. As you can probably tell from the titles, she writes about women. . .
The prolific Spanish author Benito Pérez Galdós wrote his short novel, Tristana, during the closing years of the nineteenth century, a time when very few options were available to women of limited financial means who did not want a husband.. . .
Pedro Zarraluki's The History of Silence (trans. Nick Caistor and Lorenza García) begins with the narrator and his wife, Irene, setting out to write a book about silence, itself called The History of Silence: "This is the story of how. . .


text:
The Nismo GT-R GT3 Has Air Conditioning For Your Butt
Some endurance racing series are now requiring air conditioning as a way to prevent driver fatigue. How do these systems work? In the Nismo GT-R GT3 car, one pipe goes into the helmet, one goes into the seat and the other pipe goes wherever the driver wants to stick it. »


text:
With Instructables you can share what you make with the world and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
share what you made with text, photos, video, and files
Create »
gather your favorite instructables together
In this instructable I'll show how to make lightning.
First off make a gradient going black to white. It doest matter which way its goes.
Go to Filters Render Difference clouds.
Easy enough, click control+i, or go to image adjust invert.
It's kinda looking like lightning already! Now, go to image adjust levels (or control+l). Move the middle slider to the right. The farther left it is,...
Make a new layer above the lightning layer. Fill it in with a light blue (alt+backspace). Set the layer mode to overlay (in the layers pallette, right...
Your done your lightning. Play safe and don't electrocute anyone! :D
We have a be nice comment policy. Please be positive and constructive.
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text: Chicago continued its dominance over new music last week as Preston Oshita, better known to the world as Towkio of the SaveMoney hip-hop collective, unveiled his highly anticipated ".Wav Theory" project to the world. Part of the group that brought us Vic Mensa and Chance The Rapper, Towkio here steps out with a talented, genre-bending release that comes packed with local intonations while looking optimistically outward, as the world opens up for the young artist. Formerly know locally as Tokyo Shawn, Towkio has always been the outlying presence in a collective that boasts some diagonal personalities. A former quarterback at Lane Tech High School, he's been a leader for a new school of fashion-forward rhymesayers who have paced the Chicago scene. ".Wav Theory" is his magnum opus—at least to this point in his career. Read the rest of this entry »


text:
Domain kbks.pl can be yours!
KBKS is a well known name is synonymous with short arms and more specifically with carabiner sports, but not only ....
Is not that KBKS stands among the most recognizable sports shooting, military enthusiasts and hunters.
About the domain you can resist eg .:
- Shop of Americ
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... Ideas can be a lot can be eg. A "sensational" product or "strong" radio ... think how easy to remember domain kbks.pl and how easy they hit the site potential customers of your business.
Domain kbks.pl is also a lot easier in positioning on the phrase kbks or sporting rifle, 4 400 people per month closely fits the phrase "kbks" and 12 100 people in the approximate phrase search google (check yourself in KeywordTool)
... And you like you've come to this site ???
Consider how easily your customers will remember this domain and thus how much you will save on advertising costs.
Do you know what opportunities will give your business domain and how much kbks.pl thus earn?
Kbks.pl domain can have a 575zł
it's really a small amount for such a characteristic (short and easily recognizable) domain ... compare himself with offerings from other domains.
WRITE, we will discuss the details of the handover: CONTACTS
Domain paid to 10.15.2015 r.
Domain registered in ovh.pl, the cost of extension for another year is only: 40.64PLN net (49.99 zł gross)
Would you like to buy this domain by Allegro, write will leave it for you (check that I'm serious counterpart - only positive comments).


text:
New! Mr. Heater Propane "Steak Saver" Adapter
Easily screws into POL or Acme nut
Connects to 1-lb. cylinder or distribution post
Size: 1"; weight: 1 lb.
New! Mr. Heater 5' Oil-Free Propane Hose Assembly
2 1" throwaway cylinder threads
Hand-tighten swivel on both ends
For use with a variety of alternate connections
Hose pressure tested to 600 psi
Mr. Heater Portable Buddy Heater
Two heat settings: 4000 9000 BTUs
Heats up to 200 square feet
Safety shutoff switches prevent fires
Compact, portable design
Mr. Heater Little Buddy Propane Heater
Radiant heating technology
Safety shut-off
Mr. Heater BIG Buddy Indoor Safe Propane Heater
Three BTU settings
Blower fan
CSA certified for indoor and outdoor use
Mr. Heater Propane Tank Refill Adapter
Universal propane bottle adapter
Refills 1 lb. bottles in just 1 minute
Mr. Heater Tabletop Grill Regulator, F273769
Portable propane tabletop regulator
Use with most tabletop grills
New! Mr. Heater Cylinder Adapter w/Appliance End Fitting, F276495...
For type 1/QCC-1 gas grill systems
Coupling nut x 1/4" male pipe thread
Converts old grill connection for type 1/QCC-1
New! Mr. Heater Buddy Fuel Filter
Universal fit for Buddy Heaters
Attaches to bulk cylinder and hose assembly
Traps oil particulates when necessary
Strong all-metal construction
Includes: 1" x 20 female and 1" x 20 male
Mr. Heater Buddy Hose Connector, 10'
Connects 5 lb. to 20 lb. tanks.
10 connecting hose
Easy to tighten handwheel with swivel
Eliminates need for fuel filter
Mr. Heater 5' Propane Hose Assembly, F273703-60
5 Propane Hose Assembly with Acme Nut
1"-20 Male Throwaway Cylinder Thread
Connects portable appliances to 20-lb. tanks
Mr. Heater 6V/800mA Power Adapter, F276127
6v/800mA power adapter for use with the Big Buddy
Plugs into any standard 110V outlet
Uses household electricity
Up to 800mA current
Plastic, copper, and steel construction
Mr. Heater Regulated Propane Converter
Variable rate control delivers perfect gas amount
Pressure regulator ensures consistent operation
Convert liq-gas stove to run on 1-lb. propane tank
Mr. Heater Propane Low Pressure Regulator, F273767
1/4" female pipe thread (inlet)
3/8" female pipe thread (outlet)
Low Pressure 11" W.C. setting
1/2 PSI output
Mr. Heater Propane Tank Refill Adapter
Refills 1-lb. propane bottles in 1 minute or less
Solid brass construction
Brass nipple opens safety valve
Rubber gasket for sealing
Made in the USA
Mr. Heater Buddy/Big Buddy Fuel Filter
Keeps fuel line clean
Recommended by Mr. Heater
Mr. Heater 22" LP Replacement Grill Hose, F273716
22" LP Grill Replacement Hose
3/8" male pipe thread x 3/8" female flare
Fits most barbecue gas grills
Mr. Heater 30/15 in LP Distribution Post, F271741
Connect 3 propane appliances to a propane cylinder
Three 1" to male throwaway cylinder threads
Full flow soft nose P.O.L.
30" and 15" post in one
Plastic caps for thread protection included
Mr. Heater Propane Adapter Tee
For use with Mr. Heater hose assemblies
Hose material stretch tested to 400 psi
Hose material pressure tested to 600 psi
Solid brass fittings
Rubber gasket for sealing
Mr. Heater Bulk Adapter with Acme Nut, F276133
Connects a portable appliance to a bulk cylinder
For use with propane hose assembly


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© 2015 Local Corporation - US Patent 7,231,405
Some data provided by Acxiom. Questions and Comments?


text:
Grid List
Innerconnet ToteITEM: 9884 Stunningly striking with its double handle and antiqued silvertone trim, this great bag has a top snap closure, two outer side pockets, three inside pockets, and even expansion side snaps. Wipe clean durable glazed distressed PVC. 12"h x 18"w x 6"d. Imported.Learn More
Regular Price: $100.00
Special Price $40.00
Knit Beret with Rabbit PomPomITEM: 9864 The power of a pompom. What can a fluffy, genuine rabbit pompom do for your day? It will make you feel happy and warm. This beret with a retro vibe is crafted by Betmar® of 100% acrylic knit in a unique,youthful, interesting design. One size fits most. Imported.Learn More
Regular Price: $45.00
Special Price $18.00
Ladies 3/4 Length Lambskin JacketITEM: 5067 3/4-length lambskin coat features quilting on the collar, cuffs and pockets, an inner drawstring and adjustable snap cuffs. Quilted diamond zip-out poly liner is poly filled. Imported. Leather clean.Learn More
Regular Price: $393.73
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Ladies 3/4 Length Leather AnorakITEM: 6640 We call our 3/4-length nappa leather stadium jacket an "anorak" because of its windproof protection. When you consider the wind flap with snap treatment, detachable hood and zip-out lining, we'd also have to call it the ideal jacket for outdoor activities. 2 hand-warmer pockets outside, 1 chest pocket inside. Imported. Leather clean.Learn More
Regular Price: $220.00
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Ladies 3/4 Quilted ParkaITEM: 8045 Our cushy car coat with a sensational hood features a sturdy zipper and seven-snap placket closure with princess seaming and dramatic twobutton accenting. Drawstring hood, hidden knit cuffs, poly satin lining with poly fill. Two outside pockets. Imported.Learn More
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Ladies 42" Double Breasted Faux Wool CoatITEM: 8065 For the woman who wants a chic, urbane coat that can carry her from work to evening. This poly plush double-breasted coat features the popular military inspired look in a versatile 42" longer length. Perfect three-season weight. Invisible back slit holds belt so you can wear with or without the belt. Details like epaulettes and buckle tab at cuffs complete the look. Polysatin lining. Imported. Dry clean. COLORS: Camel, Black. AVAILABLE SIZES:* MISSES' (S-XL) WOMEN'S (1-3X)Learn More
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Ladies 5 Button Leather Swing CoatITEM: 6049 Our luxurious lambskin leather swing coat is detailed with a 5 button front with slash pockets and adjustable roll-cuffed sleeves. The princess seaming adds a touch of elegance. Poly lined. Imported. Leather clean.Learn More
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Ladies 9in Leather Scallop BootITEM: 9715M 9" western scallop boot These genuine leather soft deer cow boots feature detail stitching on the shaft, cushioned insoles for comfort, a feminine scallop top, and western heel and toe. Imported. Leather clean. Whole and half sizes, medium and wide widths.Learn More
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Ladies Authentic Cowgirl Boots-Medium Width9751M Boot scootin' fun for everyone. Western ways come to town in these sleek leather boots, perfect for dress or casual. Soft and luxurious,they feature western-style angled heels, pointed toes and decorative stitching. Imported. Leather clean. Womens whole and half sizes. Colors: Black, Distressed Brown, Red, White 9751M Ladies' Med.Width (6-10)Learn More
Regular Price: $230.00
Special Price $92.00


text:
This infographic shows an illustrated history of key milestones that have been accomplished in the world of supply chain management.
Category Archive: Operational efficiency
May 21 2015
The Evolution of the Supply Chain [INFOGRAPHIC]
Permanent link to this article: http://www.apriso.com/blog/2015/05/the-evolution-of-the-supply-chain-infographic/
May 12 2015
Conveyor Belt Innovations [INFOGRAPHIC]
This Infographic portrays the various ways a modern conveyor belt can help improve operational excellence across manufacturing operations.
Permanent link to this article: http://www.apriso.com/blog/2015/05/conveyor-belt-innovations-infographic/
May 08 2014
Efficient Warehousing (Infographic)
Permanent link to this article: http://www.apriso.com/blog/2014/05/efficient-warehousing-infographic/


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Investment banks hit by across-the-board declines
28 August 2012
Investment banks had almost nowhere to hide in the first half of this year, with revenues at the biggest institutions falling across 10 of their 13 largest business lines.
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NY Jets - Page 6
Where Should Rex Ryan Go Next?[Poll]
Heart-To-Heart: Woody Johnson Still Doesn't Get It [VIDEO]
The Latest: Jets Candidates for GM and Head Coach
Bills Kyle Orton Set To Retire
Woody Johnson's Full Statement
"After extensive thought and reflection about the current state of our football team, this morning I informed Rex Ryan and John Idzik that they will not be returning for the 2015 season. Both Rex and Jo
Rex Ryan and John Idzik Fired
Ndamukong Suh Suspension Looming? [Poll]
Folk's Late FG Short as Jets Lose to Pats
Week 16 Celebrity Picks With John Buccigross
With his lead down to only one game, Armen Williams returned trying to extend his lead in the Celebrity Picks. His foe is a formidable one this week, though, as he and I - sitting in for Levack - were joined by ESPN's John Buccigross.
Check out who we picked below, and hear our full conversation, including some hockey talk, too!


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The post Forbes: Corporations Fund Deltaic Wetland Restoration With Carbon Credits appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>
For some in Louisiana, the catastrophe became an opportunity. People received monetary settlements for their business and land loss. The state continues to receive funding to expand water management efforts and restore the Louisiana Coast, which had been eroding long before BP 's unfortunate accident. The oil spill only accelerated the disappearance of the delicate coastline, and local leaders and entrepreneurs in the water management industry have been working hard to find more long-term solutions to help restore and protect the coastline and the ecosystem.
Read the full article
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The post Two Year Study Reveals Carbon Finance Revenue Can Create Up to $1.6 Billion for Wetland Restoration Projects appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>
The Gulf South regional players, along with Portland-based The Climate Trust, are building expertise on research, education, business development and job creation in the coastal restoration and environmental space.
Read the entire article at siliconbayounews.com Article written by Julia Ballard siliconbayounews.com
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The post News from Ecosystem Marketplace appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>
But a new study says it's possible to not only restore the wetlands – but generate a lot of money doing so: Wetland restoration in Louisiana could be worth between $540 million and $1.6 billion dollars over the next five decades, according to the Louisiana Blue Carbon study.
The study, supported by Entergy Corporation through their Environmental Initiatives Fund, and prepared in partnership by New Orleans-based Tierra Resources and Portland-based nonprofit The Climate Trust, looks at Louisiana's potential to produce blue carbon offsets.
But the high costs of wetland restoration may surpass the value of carbon finance in projects – which means that project developers are looking at pooling finance from other quarters: stacking environmental credits, eligible types of conservation easements, and federal funds are all on the table.
Leveraging finance across ecosystem markets and funding sources is like a unicorn: often talked-about but rarely seen. But activities in the Gulf – and in California, where rice farmers this year for the first time may be able to draw finance for conservation from both a new habitat exchange and the California carbon market – suggest that we may be getting closer to a successful sighting.
Conservation finance got more good news with the launch of the European Investment Bank's new Natural Capital Financing Facility, which will seek to support sustainable ventures – and attract additional investors – with an initial US$135M purse.
And it wouldn't be Mitmail without some lawsuits and colorful language. This month, they're in New South Wales, California, and Alaska.
—The Ecosystem Marketplace Team
The post News from Ecosystem Marketplace appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>
The post Industrial carbon credits could help Louisiana restore its coastline, report says appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>
The ability of coastal wetlands to absorb, and retain, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases could be a means to help restore parts of Louisiana's disappearing coastline, according to a new report released Thursday.
The amount of carbon credits that could be generated by some coastal restoration techniques could produce between $400 million and $1 billion in revenue that could go toward coastal restoration in the state. An additional $140 million up to $630 million could be generated by preventing wetlands loss, which would stop carbon stored in these wetlands from being released.
"I don't see carbon fully funding a coastal restoration project, but I see it could help fund projects," said Sarah Mack, one of the report's authors and president and CEO of Tierra Resources.
Read more from THE ADVOCATE
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The post Carbon credits could generate $1.6 billion for Louisiana coastal restoration, study says appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>
Louisiana could earn up to $1.6 billion for coastal restoration projects over the next 50 years by selling credits for storing carbon in wetland plants and soils, according to a new study by New Orleans-based Tierra Resources, Entergy Corp. and the ClimateTrust.
The credits could be sold by private landowners and businesses in Louisiana that create their own restoration projects or participate in publicly-financed projects. Buyers would include businesses that must reduce carbon emissions in California under the nation's first "cap and trade" program aimed at reducing greenhouse gases, said Tierra Resources president and chief executive Sarah Mack.
The credits could also be sold in an existing voluntary market to businesses or individuals looking to offset their carbon "footprint," Mack said.
The result would be an increase in the dollars available for at least some parts of the state's $50 billion, 50-year coastal Master Plan, which has about half of its cost allocated to coastal restoration projects, the study says.
The carbon credit program, mandatory in California and voluntary in the rest of the nation, seeks to reduce the amount of gases that scientists say are causing long-term changes in the world's climate. In Louisiana, those changes have brought more rapid sea level rise, which is one of the causes of coastal erosion.
California's regulatory program is the first in the nation, but a similar program has been adopted by countries in the European Union.
Efforts to adopt a mandatory cap-and-trade program nationwide have failed in Congress, although President Barack Obama has implemented a number of regulatory changes in recent years aimed at reducing carbon emissions by utilities and other major industries.
The study estimated Louisiana could earn from $550 million to $1.6 billion for coastal restoration in the next 50 years.
Mack said Tierra Resources hopes to have the California Air Resources Board approve the first "blue carbon" credits — based on wetland restoration efforts — for storage of carbon in a test project in Luling by the end of the year, said Tierra president and chief executive Sarah Mack. It would be the first time wetland-related carbon credits had been approved for the California program.
The Luling Oxidation Pond Wetlands Assimilation System project is a partnership effort with Tierra Resources, Entergy and St. Charles Parish. Treated wastewater from the parish sewage treatment plant adds freshwater and nutrients to an adjacent 950-acre coastal swamp wetland forest, where carbon is incorporated into the soil as wetland plants die or into cypress and tupelo trees as they grow.
Tierra won approval of its methodology for measuring carbon offset credits in wetlands from the American Carbon Registry, the first private greenhouse gas registry, in 2012. California also has approved American Carbon Registry as a registry under its compliance program.
Mack said her organization also is attempting to gain approval of credits for keeping existing wetlands from eroding and losing their carbon, which represents between $140 million and $630 million of the estimated 50-year value of the carbon offsets in Louisiana.
Under the California cap and trade program, industries must reduce carbon emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, with dropping limits set on greenhouse gas emissions from carbon sources each year. That is the cap portion of the program.
The industries can buy carbon offset credits from projects that remove and store carbon or other greenhouse gases from the atmosphere to offset part of that required reduction, which constitute the trade portion of the program.
The emissions reduction program is being phased in, and since the beginning of this year, covers 85 percent of California's greenhouse gas emissions.
Industries covered by the California law include investor-owned and publicly-owned utilities, producers and importers of gasoline, diesel and other transportation fuels, and natural gas producers. Those companies represent more than 25,000 metric tones of carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide equivalent emissions each year.
The new study finds that four major types of restoration projects in Louisiana could produce more than 1.8 million carbon equivalent offset tons a year, and close to 92 million over 50 years.
River diversions, which send sediment and freshwater into open water areas to rebuild wetland soils and plant life, and major efforts to plant mangrove trees in coastal areas each could produce the bulk of the carbon sequestration — 40 million tons each over 50 years.
Wetland assimilation, which creates and improves freshwater wetlands using wastewater treatment discharge, could create about 10 million credits over 50 years. Hydrologic restoration, which restores the flow of freshwater through wetlands to help reduce salt water intrusion, would produce less than 5 million credits.
The study eliminated marsh creation, or using sediment dredged directly from the Mississippi River and piped overland to rebuild wetlands, as a potential credit source for a variety of reasons: a lack of modeling data on the method's ability to store carbon, concerns about how long such projects last, and the need to deduct the use of fossil fuel emissions that occur when the sediment is pumped through pipelines.
However, California has yet to approve the use of so-called "blue carbon" offset credits that would be created by the removal of carbon from the atmosphere by wetland plants, mangroves or trees, with the storage of the carbon in the plants or within the new soils created by the projects.
Entergy, which has no power plants in California, has been a partner with Tierra since 2009, as part of its own voluntary efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, said Steve Tullos, manager of environmental initiatives for the company.
Tullos said the sale of carbon credits could be a financial game-changer for the state's coastal restoration efforts, by providing opportunities for private landowners and businesses to earn money from what could be expensive restoration efforts.
"Right now, it's an upside-down business case. When you're spending $3 for $1 of benefit, its not that much money," he said. "But if you can generate a revenue stream, you're adding that to storm surge protection and natural resources and socioeconomic impacts that the projects can provide."
The report says surveys in 2012 and 2013 identified 50 wetland landowners in Louisiana who control more than 2.3 million acres. Meetings with landowners who own more than half of those wetlands showed interest in participating in the wetlands carbon efforts, including through public-private partnerships, through dedicating acreage to restoration projects, and as potential locations for restoration sites.
The report points out that work remains on how to coordinate the rules of the regulatory and voluntary carbon credit programs with the regulations that will govern financing of individual projects.
"The majority of our wetlands are privately owned, so this presents an incredible opportunity to create more revenue and more wealth for the owners," said Robin Barnes, executive vice president of Greater New Orleans Inc.
Barnes said the carbon credit programs increases the chances that coastal restoration will create jobs in southeast Louisiana, too.
"To the extent we can identify new financing strategies, we can implement the coastal Master Plan and be able to put our local residents and local companies to work," she said. "This is another innovation happening in Louisiana that further illustrates how we are becoming a leader in resilience."
Participation in the California market also increases the financial value of the credits, said Dick Kempka, vice president of business development for the Climate Trust, a non-profigt that matches businesses and potential carbon projects at a number of locations across the nation.
Kempka said the present California regulated market credit price is about $9 per ton, and has ranged between $8.50 and $10 over the past year. The voluntary market produces a smaller return, about $4 to $6 per ton this year, he said.
But Kempka said his organization also is interested in the potential of what he calls "stackable" credits. Some projects may be able to receive money for carbon credits, while at the same time be eligible for producing credit dollars for similar voluntary water pollution reductions.
An example, he said, would be a Midwest ranch that agrees to allow land to revert to pristine grasslands, rather than be converted into farmland. Such a conversion might result in greater carbon storage, but also a reduction in nutrient runoff that might be eligible for financial credits.
The state of Louisiana has proposed a similar strategy, without the dollars, as part of its long-term plan to offset nutrients on state farmland with the nutrients that will be captured in wetlands, once major sediment diversions are building new land.
Louisiana State University researchers John Day and Rob Lane also participated in the study.
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The post Tierra Resources featured in Ecosystem Marketplace News appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>
Though everyone here at Ecosystem Marketplace is complaining about the bitterly cold winds sweeping through (from Siberia!), at least the gales aren't stronger. Hurricane season causes even more grief something that Gulf of Mexico-based energy utility Entergy has not forgotten.
The company just funded a two-year assessment of the potential to develop blue carbon projects on Louisiana's coast. The findings from the report, scheduled to be shared in a free webinar on March 5, estimate that carbon finance revenue can provide up to $1.6 billion in critical funding to assist with wetland restoration over the next 50 years. Restoration efforts in Louisiana could potentially produce more than 1.8 million offsets per year and almost 92 million offsets over 50 years — the equivalent of taking about 350,000 cars off the road each year or 20 million cars off the road over 50 years.
New Orleans-based developer Tierra Resources and Portland-based nonprofit The Climate Trust did most of the legwork for this report, examining existing wetland restoration techniques, river diversions, hydrologic restoration, wetland assimilation, and mangrove plantings and identifying areas for future scientific investigation to support carbon offset programs. Of the restoration techniques studied, forested wetlands that receive treated municipal waste have the highest net offset yield per acre.
However, the high cost of wetland restoration is the primary barrier to wetland carbon commercialization identified in the report. Carbon finance will likely lead to new public-private partnerships that leverage carbon funds with government restoration dollars to stimulate investment into wetland projects.
Ecosystem Marketplace will continue to cover critical developments related to wetlands projects on our website and in our annual State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets report . We would like to remind all of you that our annual carbon markets survey closes on March 4th!
We're calling for every organization's participation, be it a project developer or broker/retailer. If you haven't received an invitation, go check it out here . If you've already seen the email, expect follow-up phone calls soon (very soon, unless you fill out the survey — then we'll leave you alone).
The shorter data collection period will allow us to produce more reports, including a new report specially focused on exploring the North American carbon markets. Contingent on receiving sufficient data, we'll break down North American demand for carbon offsets in 2014 according to price, project type, voluntary versus compliance, and by state or province.
A gentle reminder that this critical, thought-provoking work will only be possible with the financial support of our loyal and eager audiences. Sponsors benefit from exposure logo placement on reports that are downloaded tens of thousands of times and shout-outs in this news brief as well as further insight into our findings through tailored briefings. And that's not to mention influence: Ecosystem Marketplace's reports have been cited in the development of emerging carbon pricing programs from South Africa to South Korea, and supporting our research is a good opportunity to influence these discussions. To sponsor one of these exciting Ecosystem Marketplace products, contact Gloria Gonzalez .
The post Tierra Resources featured in Ecosystem Marketplace News appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>
The post WEBINAR: Carbon Market Opportunities for Louisiana's Coastal Wetlands appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>
Space is limited, so REGISTER NOW for this free webinar
The American Carbon Registry (ACR) modular offset methodology "Restoration of Degraded Deltaic Wetlands of the Mississippi Delta", was designed to be broadly applicable to develop carbon offset projects in the four million acres of wetlands of the Mississippi River Delta.
Tierra Resources and The Climate Trust are now releasing their two-year assessment "Carbon Market Opportunities for Louisiana's Coastal Wetlands." The report, supported by Entergy through their Environmental Initiatives Fund, will be available in early March at www.tierraresourcesllc.com.
Please join the American Carbon Registry and guest speakers Dr. Sarah Mack of Tierra Resources, Drs. Robert Lane and John Day of Louisiana State University and Dick Kempka of The Climate Trust to learn about the carbon offset potential of Louisiana's wetlands, the carbon impacts of preventing wetland loss, which restoration techniques show the most potential as wetland offset projects, and the estimated revenue potential that carbon finance can contribute to wetland restoration in coastal areas of the Mississippi River Delta. The presentation will include a Q&A session.
The post WEBINAR: Carbon Market Opportunities for Louisiana's Coastal Wetlands appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>
The post EVENT – COASTAL WETLAND RESTORATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN LOUISIANA appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>
How can we better connect entrepreneurs with opportunities to restore Louisiana's coast? Join Propeller and GNO, Inc to discuss the sneak preview of a report prepared by past Water Challenge winner, Tierra Resources, and supported by Entergy through their Environmental Initiatives Fund, that depicts the emerging wetland carbon market.
"Carbon Market Opportunities for Louisiana's Coastal Wetlands," a two-year assessment of the potential to develop blue carbon projects on Louisiana's coast, predicts up to $1.6 billion in wetland restoration funding over the next 50 years. Representatives from Entergy, the Environmental Defense Fund, ConocoPhillips, the Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority, and St. Charles Parish will join the discussion on how the results of the report will affect current and future coastal restoration efforts, and where entrepreneurs can tap into this market.
The event will be held from 6:00-7:30pm at Propeller (4035 Washington Avenue, New Orleans, LA) with refreshments and networking opportunities to follow.
RSVP Here
Photo of Louisiana Lost Lands Environmental Tours
The post EVENT – COASTAL WETLAND RESTORATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN LOUISIANA appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>
The post One Simple Idea That Could Revolutionize Wetlands Conservation in New Orleans appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>
The post One Simple Idea That Could Revolutionize Wetlands Conservation in New Orleans appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>
The post Out to Lunch with Sarah Mack appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>
Check out the entire interview here.
The post Out to Lunch with Sarah Mack appeared first on Tierra Resources LLC.]]>


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Taylor Swift and January Jones Eye Makeup
Beauty Battle: January Jones and Taylor Swift's Aquamarine Eyes
Already we have seen marine-hued eye makeup on the runways and red carpet, and last night both January Jones and Taylor Swift tried on the trend. At the Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards, January lined her eyes with an iridescent emerald eyeliner with a cat-eye flick and a shimmer finish. The emerald hue also matched January's glittering green earrings for a polished look. Taylor wore a similar eye makeup look at the FiFi Awards. The singer mixed bronze shadow with shimmering blue eyeliner. Both women chose a winning combination with the blond hair, blue eyes, and sea-themed makeup. But who wore the look best?
January Jones
Taylor Swift
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Bartolo Colon gave up three runs (two earned) in six innings, taking the loss on Tuesday versus the Giants.
Gregor Blanco went 3-for-4 and scored a run as the Giants topped the Mets on Tuesday.
Hunter Pence, in his return from the disabled list, went 1-for-4 with a pair of runs batted in to help the Giants beat the Mets on Tuesday.
Chad Billingsley turned in a solid performance for a win against the Dodgers on Tuesday, yielding two runs in six innings of work as the Phillies won 7-2.
Jason Motte allowed a run on three hits but recovered to earn the save in the Cubs' 5-3 win over the Cardinals in the second game of Tuesday's doubleheader.
Brett Anderson earned a loss on Tuesday, surrendering four runs (three earned) in five innings against the Phillies.
Ben Revere knocked in two runs, walked, and stole a base in a 2-for-4 performance on Tuesday as the Phillies took down the Dodgers.
Jason Heyward went 2-for-4 with an RBI and a run scored in the second game of Tuesday's doubleheader against the Cubs.