text:
Town Square
A modest proposal to the APOA
Original post made by A modest proposal, Atherton: other, on Jan 15, 2012
Increased transparency can only be good for citizens.
On that vein, can we also get video posts of the police contract negotiations between the union and Atherton?
I hope that either Brad Mills, APOA President, or Sherman Hall, APOA Vice President, can respond. I have not locked this thread and we welcome their participation.
Comments (1)
a resident of Atherton: other
on Jan 15, 2012 at 10:28 am
You must be kidding. Neither the union attorney nor the Town attorney would agree to such a thing.
Don't miss out on the discussion!
Sign up to be notified of new comments on this topic.
OK I Changed The Title
By Laura Stec | 22 comments | 1,590 views
Family Outing - Inside Out
By Cheryl Bac | 0 comments | 817 views
Relay for Life, Menlo Park, August 8
By Chandrama Anderson | 0 comments | 584 views

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Home
- Women's World Cup
- Gold Cup
- TV Schedules
- Podcasts
- Live
- Leagues
- EPL News
For many years now a wage cap has been hailed as something that could rejuvenate football. But could a regimented wage structure really be something that would work and how would it change the Premier League? Obviously for a wage … Continue reading


text:
Video: TechnoServe and McDonald's Partner to Support Coffee Farmers in Guatemala
September 26, 2013
With support from McDonald's, TechnoServe is working to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Guatemala.
In Guatemala, smallholder farmers like Sandra Lopez face a number of challenges in earning a living from coffee. TechnoServe is working with Sandra and thousands of other farmers to train them in practices that help deliver higher yields – and higher incomes.
This work is happening thanks to generous support from McDonald's. Learn more about efforts by McDonald's to promote coffee sustainability, and watch the video below to see what this work means to Sandra.
Related Blog Posts
Designing Programs that Work in Diverse Settings
The Mobile Training Program demonstrates how innovative projects can be adapted to achieve success in different contexts and geographies.
How Young People Are Solving Africa's Agriculture Challenge
Through TechnoServe's STRYDE program, young entrepreneurs are adopting new agronomic and business practices to take advantage of market opportunities in agriculture.
Setting Benchmarks in South Sudan's Coffee Industry
Growing a coffee industry from the ground up, TechnoServe and Nespresso check off many firsts in the world's youngest country.


text:
Writing In Place Conference 2015
- Other
- 429 North Church Street, Spartanburg, SC, 29303
Screenwriting Workshop: The Elegant Adaptation
Hub City Writers Project
Saturday, November 10, 2012 from 10:00 AM to 12:00 PM (EST)
THE ELEGANT ADAPTATION: Filmmaking Simplified
A workshop presentation by Chris White and Emily Reach White of Paris MTN Scout.
$25 / $20 for Hub City Writers Project members
Often, the difference between artful and stressful filmmaking is found in the process of wise simplification. In this two-hour workshop, Chris White and Emily Reach White, filmmakers of Get Better, Taken In, and Dobra Ojca, share their practical approach (and a couple of trademarked secrets) to getting everything you want by embracing self-imposed project limitations.
The workshop is open to everyone interested in screenwriting.
Part of the EXPECTING GOODNESS SHORT FILM FESTIVAL.
The Hub City Writers Project is a nonprofit organization in Spartanburg, South Carolina, dedicated to cultivating readers and nurturing writers through its independent small press, community bookstore, and diverse literary programming.
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


text:
How cute is this "All About Me" book from Bri of The Art of Teaching?! Great for handwriting practice, this printable booklet is sure to become an instant keepsake with parents. Not only is it full...Read More »
This clever indoor bowling game was created by Kristina from Toddler Approved and we think it would make a fun addition to your Dr. Seuss unit! Supplies You'll Need Recycled soda bottles or...Read More »
We love this activity from Jo over at Making Learning Fun because, not only will it make a great addition to your Dr. Seuss unit {he is, after all, the 'King of rhyme'}, it is a fabulous activity...Read More »
Provide your kiddos with the opportunity to get out of their seats, as well as strengthen handwriting skills and sight/thematic vocabulary word recognition, with this fun Dr. Seuss write the room...Read More »
No Dr. Seuss celebration would be complete without a properly-themed snack! Check out these crazy cute snack ideas that were featured on Fairy Dust Teaching. They are super simple and sure to bring...Read More »
We are always looking for ways to draw out student's artistic abilities with an engaging activity that ties in to an upcoming event. The blog Teach Kids Art is quickly becoming one of our favorite...Read More »
Do your kiddos love to color, but they've reached the point where they need something a little more challenging than your traditional coloring page? If you find yourself in this boat, check out the...Read More »
How stinkin' cute are these truffula trees featured by Kathy over at First Grade a la Carte?!? With March 2nd quickly approaching, these adorable little guys would make a great addition to your Dr....Read More »
Check out these awesome Seuss inspired activities that we found over at Primary Press! Not only will they provide your kiddos with the opportunity for some fabulous learning, they're also free and...Read More »
Need a quick activity for Read Across America Week? Check out this awesome free printable created by Barbie Roper, kindergarten teacher and blogger over at Really Roper! Inspired by Seuss' Cat in...Read More »
Debbie over a Rainbows Within Reach is always finding the coolest projects, lessons, and bulletin board ideas! If we're ever lacking for inspiration, her blog has become a fast favorite! Naturally,...Read More »
Incorporate two of Dr. Seuss's most popular characters into your Dr. Seuss celebration with this adorable craft featured by Erin over at Creating & Teaching! Materials Red and White construction...Read More »
In preparation for Dr. Seuss's birthday on March 2, Stephanie over at Teaching in Room 6 put together a week's worth of lessons focused on digging deeper into the meaning of several of Dr. Seuss's...Read More »
Looking for a few Seuss-tastic ideas heading towards the birthday celebation? Look no further! How cute is this Dr. Seuss-inspired photo booth idea featured by Molly over at Lessons with Laughter?!?...Read More »
Here's another fun activity for your Read Across America plans, inspired by this lovely shared reading activity from Kristin over at I3: Imagine. Inspire. Innovate., that offers a great opportunity...Read More »
Great for practicing early math and reading skills, with it's simple rhymes and quirky characters, 10 Apples Up on Top offers a great addition to your plans for Dr. Seuss' birthday/Read Across...Read More »
The Foot Book is a Seuss classic and a great book to include in your Read Across America/Seuss birthday lessons! We found several great activities, games, and worksheets around the blogosphere that...Read More »
We've sifted through a lot of Seuss-tastic lesson plans this year and tried to find some fun exercises to go along with six of our Seuss favorites - The Foot Book, There's A Wocket in My Pocket, Fox...Read More »
Enter your email address below to receive creative teaching ideas PLUS exclusive discounts on your classroom supplies!


text:
*-- PRICE REDUCED -- **HIGHLIGHTS:*The famed Holley Roadrunner. Custom, nut-and-bolt rotisserie build by Muscle Car Restorations, Inc., Build featured in a 12-part series in... More
Beautiful Restoration of an Original GTX HEMI Hardtop (One of 410 Produced). This is a Full Numbers Matching Example with the 426ci 425hp Dual-Quad... More
1965 Plymouth Sport Fury convertible,just retrieved from lengthy museum display,a solid car,challenged somewhat,cosmetically,but nicely equipped with the 383 V8,automatic,P.S.,P.B.,and factory console.Runs great. ... More
In the mid-60s, Plymouth's full-sized Fury competed with the Ford Galaxie and the Chevy Impala, and despite the popularity of Mopar muscle, you just... More
Pro-touring 66' Plymouth Belvedere II, fresh 440 ci/385 HP engine, steel crank, flat top pistons and ported heads, Stage 2 cam, new Edlebrock carb... More
1969 1/2 Plymouth Road Runner 440 Six BBL with functional lift off hood, R4 Red exterior with black interior, Bench seat,Total restoration non matching... More
For sale is a 1969 Plymouth Satellite located in our Indianapolis showroom. This beautifully restored 1969 Satellite went through a three year long complete... More
This 1968 Plymouth Roadrunner has a 383 C.I. Holley 4BBL V8 (1967 Date Code), 3 Speed Automatic Transmission, 8 3/4'' Rear End w/ 3.73:1... More
This 1966 Plymouth Barracuda has a 273 C.I. (235 HP) 4BBL V8 (Date Code Correct), A-833 4 Speed Manual Transmission, 8 3/4'' Rear End... More
SUPER CLEAN SOUTHERN MOPAR!!1967 Plymouth satellite, clean straight body good paint clean inside, 440 engine, 727 auto trans, p/s p/b, factory a/c lots of... More
``GORGEOUS`` !!....1969 Plymouth Barracuda Fastback 2 DR.Coupe Survivor in fresh, amazing quality ``Alpine White``orig. factory color finish. Trimmed inside ... More
Engine: 440 V8 Stroked to 471 11.5 Compression Transmission: 727 Transmission/Racing Clutches/Reverse Valve Body Exterior Color: Black Interior Color: Black Will street run on 93 Octane 3800 Stall 411 Gear Holley 850 Double... More
Listen up Mopar purists! What you're looking at is a real-deal 426 Hemi-equipped 1966 Plymouth Belvedere II. Broken down by the RH23H61 serial number(denoting... More
1965 Plymouth Belvedere 11: 1 of 933 4-speed cars made for the year. Originally a barn-find (7 years ago), this Belvedere was "Ground-Up" restored... More
In 1969, Plymouth claimed to have a (completely new Fury) This 1969 Plymouth Fury 3 is very original under the hood and is powered... More


text:
Hi everyone,
Ive been trying to boot mac on my hackintosh PC with 2 monitors, but everytime I do I get 'No input signal' on both screens
However, mac will boot up just fine with 1 monitor connected and the other monitor will work fine if I connect it when mac has fuly loaded.
I have a ATI XFX HD 5700 with 2 montiors using VGA to DVI adapters.
Any help please?
No signal output when booting with 2 screens
Started by Airkey, Apr 04 2013 08:00 PM5770 Signal DVI TO VGA boot
1 reply to this topic
Posted 04 April 2013 - 08:00 PM
Posted 01 July 2013 - 12:08 PM
I'm having exactly the same issue. I have one display connected via HDMI and another connected via the DVI (using a DVI to VGA adaptor to connect to my second monitor). The VGA monitor works in Windows fine and also works up to boot with OSX (but it then loses input after the Apple logo and spinning loading wheel).
Did you find a solution?
Also tagged with one or more of these keywords: 5770, Signal, DVI TO VGA, boot
|Last Post Info
OSx86 Project →
OSx86 Installation →
OSx86 10.10 (Yosemite) →
HP Omen 15 USB Installer not booting
Started by wizkidweb, 24 Jun 2015 hp, omen, notebook, usb, boot and 2 more...
OSx86 Project →
New Users Lounge →
Booting 10.10
Started by Sinn, 30 May 2015 boot, problem, kernel, darwin
OSx86 Project →
New Users Lounge →
Hangs at "boot0:done" when trying to boot from USB
Started by lukethedonkey, 19 May 2015 USB, boot, boot0, test, GPT, done and 1 more...
OSx86 Project →
Post-Installation →
OSx86 10.10 (Yosemite) →
Slow boot 10.10.3 in clover (ssd or hdd)
Started by markinonnn, 03 May 2015 slow, boot, yosomite, loading and 2 more...
OSx86 Project →
Multi-booting and Virtualisation →
Steps to take before setting up a 10.10/Windows 7 dual boot system?
Started by loz_the_guru, 12 Apr 2015 windows 7, 10.10, yosemite and 4 more...
0 user(s) are reading this topic
0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users


text:
At NAB2007, Modulation Sciences showed the new msi-4400A offering performance improvements and feature enhancements.
The added features, available locally and via remote control, keep station engineers informed about the performance of their transmitters.
The new msi-4400A's most significant performance enhancement is in the signal-to-noise ratio measurement. ATSC recommends performance at 27dB. The msi-4400A is designed to measure transmitters that meet ATSC recommendations.
SNR with equalizers off deliver:
Deviation of SNR from equalizer on is -4.0dB typical.
The new packet error rate feature displays on both host and client PCs. Packet error rate data is conveniently viewable from the main screen of the mis-4400A's operating software.
For more information, visit: www.modsci.com.
An Inside Look at Four Virtual Reality Start-Ups
What Moves the Social TV Needle?
Mark Kudsi Directs 'Art of Patron Virtual Reality Experience'
BT Renews Intelsat Deal
Top Twitter TV Shows for 2014-15 Season Unveiled
comScore Introduces MobiLens Plus
North Korean Propoganda Art Inspires the Credits of 'The Interview'
Imaginary Forces Creates Kaleidoscopic Titles for 'Bosch'
Filmmaker Embraces Short Documentary Format with Oscar-Nominated 'Crisis Hotline'
North Metro Television Goes Wireless with Comrex LiveShot
Spectra Logic and HauteSpot Networks Introduce Body-Worn Camera Video Surveillance Solution
Huge Ultra HD Display Lights Up Times Square


text:
Space Invaders Cutting Board: Love It or Leave It?
by Tech
Like us on Facebook
Video game obsession? What video game obsession? Why should your fun end when you leave the living room and have to get to the kitchen for a snack? It so doesn't have to. Remind yourself of all the fun your thumbs have been having with this Space Invaders Cutting Board ($130)! No goofy colors, just the simple graphic in walnut blocks integrated into maple to make a sick-looking butcher block. Just throw on this dress before you start chopping, and you'll be cooking. And worrying your friends.
POPSUGAR, the #1 independent media and technology company for women. Where more than 75 million women go for original, inspirational content that feeds their passions and interests.
monday 6 years
very cute! (rather pricey though :S )
codewhiz 6 years
I prefer plastic cutting boards.
rabidmoon 6 years
Way too much money, but I do think it's cute.
supercharger5150 6 years
I could make my own for about $40... $130? No way!
arinasimona 6 years
arinasimona 6 years
kcwebgirl 6 years
130? seriously
kcwebgirl 6 years
130? seriously
havok636 6 years
what's with all the space invader stuff?
allinavhcnerf 6 years
loooove it! too pricey though!
neko 6 years
Love it, definitely love it :D
neko 6 years
Love it, definitely love it :D
ayuninur 6 years
i love it!
ayuninur 6 years
i love it!
BloodyFuFu 6 years
Cute. The price really isn't bad if you're getting handmade butcher block. I've been pricing some out and that's about what I've been finding.
Soni78 6 years
I think it's waaaaay too expensive!
chicobo 6 years
Cute idea...but 130 BUCKS?!
chicobo 6 years
Cute idea...but 130 BUCKS?!


text:
The Godfather of go-go Chuck Brown's home going brought hundredsof residents to the Walter E. Washington Convention Center to celebrate his life and legacy earlier today. Many notables were in attendance, including Councilman Marion Barry, Doug E. Fresh, Mike Epps, Raheem DeVaughn, and others.
Mayor Vincent Gray, Congresswoman Eleanor H. Norton and Chairman Kwame Brown were also present. These three D.C. heavy-weights wanted to make sure Brown was not remembered just for his upbeat music, but also for his significant role in the community.
Stay tuned for more photos…
Latest Galleries
- 2015 BET Awards Red Carpet Arrivals
- 2015 BET Award Performances
- Relive BET Awards 2015 With The Best Photos Of The Night!
- Celebrities Attend Tidal X: MEEK MILL In Los Angeles
- 25 Of Drake's Best Courtside Fan Girl Moments
- The Kardashians & More Take The South Of France
- 25 Pictures Of Scott Storch When He Was Rich As F*ck


text: Home > Medical > Depression > FAQs FAQs All sections in Depression » About Depression » Antidepressants » Anxiety Disorders » Care » Depression in... » ECT » FAQs » Health Tips » Living with Depression » Medico-legal Aspects » Depression News » Post-natal Depression » Psychotherapy » Real-life Story » Suicide » Support Groups What is a psychiatrist? A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who has specialised in psychiatry. Psychiatrists can prescribe medication and psychotherapy to treat depression and other mental illnesses. Is depression more common amongst women? Yes. Twice as many women than men are affected. Some estimate that as many as one in five women will experience an episode of depression during any given year. Can children suffer from depression? Yes. Depression in children is common. It may, however, be difficult to identify depression in children because it can manifest differently. Can depression be prevented? One cannot alter a genetic vulnerability or a history of loss but much can be done to decrease stressors. Read the articles in the "Living with depression" section for some important lifestyle tips. Warning signs of suicide Have a look at the signs you should look out for. "Baby blues"? Will antidepressants affect my libido? Many people who take antidepressants report that their libido, or sex drive, becomes much lower than it used to be. Does depression run in families? Yes. Having a close relative who has suffered from a depressive disorder, especially Bipolar Disorder, increases the likelihood of developing depression. load more Ask the Expert Depression expert Michael Simpson has been a senior psychiatric academic, researcher, and Professor in several countries, having worked at London University in the UK; McMaster University in Canada; Temple University in Philadelphia, USA.; and the University of Natal in South Africa. Ask a question Questions posted to Depression expert questions answered by the expert Q: Poor quality of life posted on 30-06-2015 Q: Depression not responding to SSRI's/SSNIRI's posted on 30-06-2015 Q: Will shock therapy help for depression? posted on 27-06-2015 Q: Unsympathetic son posted on 25-06-2015 Q: Is a generic for Wellbutrin SR 150g available in South Africa? posted on 25-06-2015 Q: Success rate for ECT treatment for depression posted on 23-06-2015 Q: Is electro-convulsive therapy helpful? posted on 17-06-2015 Q: MRI posted on 15-06-2015 2 comments Q: Psychiatrist posted on 12-06-2015 Q: Treatment no longer working posted on 11-06-2015 Q: Guilt over receiving medication and treatment for depression and PTSD posted on 10-06-2015 Q: Can't stop my affair as I am in love with my mistress posted on 10-06-2015 Q: Severe depression and suicidal thoughts posted on 09-06-2015 Q: Extreme agitation and heightened senses posted on 07-06-2015 1 comment Q: Suffering from hallucinations posted on 03-06-2015 load more × Still have a question? Get free advice from our panel of experts Your question More detail Your name (optional) The information provided does not constitute a diagnosis of your condition. You should consult a medical practitioner or other appropriate health care professional for a physical exmanication, diagnosis and formal advice. Health24 and the expert accept no responsibility or liability for any damage or personal harm you may suffer resulting from making use of this content. I agree * You must accept our condition To prevent spam please solve this simple math problem: Forum Rules


text:
- Find a rental
- Manage your booking
- Praiano rentals
- Waterfront Praiano Rentals
- 2 Bedroom Praiano Rentals
- Kid Friendly Praiano Rentals
- 5-Star Praiano Rentals
- Praiano Beach Rentals
- Last Minute Praiano Rentals
- 3 Bedroom Praiano Rentals
- Praiano Rentals with Pool
- Cheap Praiano Rentals
- Praiano Mountain View Rentals
- 4 Bedroom Praiano Rentals
- Pet Friendly Praiano Rentals
- See more rentals
- How to book
- Help Center
- Write a review
Villa Michara Praiano luxury house garden sea view
From $332 / night
Payment Protection
Description from the owner
Description from the owner
Bedrooms: 3/
Bathrooms: 3/
Sleeps: 7/
Type: Villa
Casa Michara is located in the centre of Praiano in a lovely, ancient building dated 1600, right in the middle of the village hub. Here guests are within close proximity to the main bus stop, many of Praiano's restaurants and bars and the Church and the stunning square of San Gennaro. The beach of La Gavitella is only a 15 minute walk down the characteristic stone pathway, it's about 350 steps.
The property features everything a traveler away from home could desire. Internet Wi-Fi throughout, SKY-TV with English speaking channels, air conditioning and heating, a prime location for panoramic, breathtaking sea views from the terrace and the gardens. ...Read more
About the owner
About the owner
Federico De Luca
Federico De Luca
- Response rate: 100%
- Response time: A few hours
- Calendar updated: 4 days ago
Overall rating:
4.4 / 5.0
Villa Michara Praiano luxury house garden sea view Praiano, Campania, Italy
Additional Location Information
During your stay in this lovely place there is much to see and do. Visit the church of S. Luca Evangelic, unique among dozens of churches erected in past centuries. You will discover some paintings of Giovanni Bernardo Lama (XVI). You must visit the enchanted Marina of Praia where the palms wave welcome at the entrance to the tremendous gorge.
Praiano is divided into two sections. The "Antica Plagianum", facing east, allows you the opportunity to enjoy the sun and moonrise, while "Vettica Maggiore" facing west endows the pleasure to admire gorgeous sunsets against the background of the "Faraglioni" of Capri. The centre of the village offers many wonderful restaurants specializing in local dishes of sea food and fresh vegetables grown in Praiano. You will find bars and nightclubs in the village centre as well as the beautiful, intimate beaches of Praiano.
More About This Location
City vacations, Waterfront
Show rates details
Also consider
- FlipKey has rentals in over 11,000 destinations around the world:
- Myrtle Beach vacation rentals - 1,212 rentals from $43/night
- Gatlinburg cabins - 1,552 rentals from $102/night
- Poconos cabins - 483 rentals from $138/night
- Big Bear Lake vacation rentals - 1,140 rentals from $161/night
- Smoky Mountains cabins - 872 rentals from $105/night


text:
Sources of Weapon Systems Innovation in the Department of Defense: The Role of In-House Research and Development, 1945-2000
Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo
Plotting a True Course: Reflections on USAF Strategic Attack Theory and Doctrine : the Post-World War II Experience
Examining wars from the allied victory in World War II to the conflict in Viet Nam, and finally to the operations in the Gulf and Kosovo, this book presents a comprehensive look at the evolution of strategic air attack theory and doctrine over the years.
The Strategic Air Command: Evolution and Consolidation of Nuclear Forces, 1945-1955
This work analyzes the evolution of the U.S. strategic air force from 1945 to 1955. As commander of the Strategic Air Command (SAC) from 1948 through 1955, Curtis LeMay shaped U.S. strategic forces to survive the new world. He insisted that the Air Force have access to atomic energy information for strategic planning. He struggled to find, promote, and retain the most qualified pilots and support personnel in the Air Force. This work describes the evolution of Air Force strategic forces, describes the importance of personnel to the SAC mission and how LeMay addressed the problem, examines the development of specialized maintenance in SAC, traces the transition from the B-47 to the B-52, and explores the importance of intelligence and targeting.
A Grandstand Seat: The American Balloon Service in World War I
The little-known American Balloon Service worked in combat to help direct artillery fire more accurately and provide essential intelligence on enemy troop movements during World War I. German use of observation balloons to direct artillery fire in August of 1914 forced the Allies to develop a similar force. With the U.S. entry into the war in 1917, the balloon service, starting from scratch, evolved into an effective, disciplined fighting unit, whose achievements are unfortunately overshadowed by those of the flying aces. Reminiscences from balloon veterans form the basis of this book, the first to picture life as a gasbagger in the three major American engagements of the war.
Amazingly, life as an observer suspended in a wicker basket under an elephantine hydrogen balloon proved less deadly than piloting an airplane. From his grandstand seat, the observer kept tabs on the war below him and telephoned vital information to headquarters command. These reports were often the only accurate intelligence available. Balloonists remember the war as a great adventure, one which many of them lived to tell about.
Pucker Factor 10: Memoir of a U.S. Army Helicopter Pilot in Vietnam
The author was drawn into the United States Army through ROTC, and went through training to fly helicopters in combat over Vietnam. His experiences are notable because he flew both Huey "Slicks" and Huey "Gunships": the former on defense as he flew troops into battle, and the latter on offense as he took the battle to the enemy. Through this book, the author relives his experiences flying and fighting, with special attention given to his and other pilots' day-to-day lives--such as the smoke bombing of Disneyland, the nickname given to a United States Army-sponsored compound for prostitution. Some of the pilots Joyce served with survived the war and went on to have careers with commercial airlines, and many were killed.
Flying Through Time: A Journey Into History in a World War II Biplane
Flying through Time is the story of these experiences, told within the framework of the author's own challenging flight retracing the wartime journeys of his plane - a restored 1941 Stearman. Twice crossing the country and touching down on each of the eight bases at which it served, Doyle recounts the uncertainties of piloting a sixty-year-old biplane almost 8,000 miles, as well as his experiences in meeting, talking to, and flying with the men who piloted a Stearman and went on to fight the war.
Chained Eagle: The Heroic Story of the First American Shot Down Over North Vietnam
Hitler's Ambivalent Attaché
A loyal German, von Boetticher had strong ties to America. His mother was American-born, he spoke English fluently, and he was enamored of American military history. He was also anti-Semitic and believed that "Jewish wire-pullers" had undue influence over the U.S. government and its policies. His professional ties to U.S. Army officers in the War Department were so strong—supplying them, for example, with details on German air strength and operations during the Battle of Britain in 1940—that they survived until August 1941 and long after the German ambassador himself had been recalled. Torn between his duty to Germany (though the Nazi regime had attempted to harm his son) and his deep affection for America, von Boetticher stood among the broad middle range of German officials who were neither perpetrator nor victim.


text:
Kindling the fire: Product innovations and new technologies will spur further industry growth
IBISWorld's Online Computer & Tablet Sales market research report offers insightful industry analysis and research into the market at the national level. IBISWorld's in-depth industry market research is presented in a logical and consistent format. The industry report contains key industry statistics, market size, industry trends, and growth and profit forecasts for a 5-year outlook period.
Rapid technological change, combined with increased production efficiency, has resulted in falling retail prices for industry products, making them more attractive and affordable for consumers. Over the next five years, improving per capita disposable income and rising consumer confidence about the convenience and security of online purchases will likely secure repeat sales. In addition to improving economic conditions, product innovations and new technologies will further bolster industry growth. Nevertheless, the looming threat of online sales tax may hamper sales and slow profit growth.... purchase to read more
The Online Computer and Tablet Sales industry has a moderate level of market share concentration. IBISWorld estimates the four largest operators in the industry account for 61.5% of total industry revenue. Amazon, the world's largest online only retailer, dominates the industry. In addition, Apple Inc. has increasingly garnered market share during the since its introduction of the iPad in 2010. According to the International Data Corporation, the iPad accounts for just under 30.0% of the tablet market, with Samsung's Galaxy Tab in second at about 15.0%... purchase to read more
This industry retails desktop, notebook and tablet computers via the internet. While most players purchase goods from domestic and international manufacturers and wholesalers, and then sell them to end consumers, there are also manufacturers that bypass the middleman and directly sell their goods to end consumers.
Industry Definition
Main Activities
Similar Industries
Additional Resources
Executive Summary
Key External Drivers
Current Performance
Industry Outlook
Industry Life Cycle
Supply Chain
Products & Services
Major Markets
Business Locations
Competitive Landscape
Market Share Concentration
Key Success Factors
Cost Structure Benchmarks
Barriers to Entry
Capital Intensity
Industry Data
Annual Change
Key Ratios


text:
Product Details
Would you like to update product info or give feedback on images?
The cover art contained herein is captivating, nostalgic, and used to good effect. I like the way the author makes connections among the cover art sampled in the book. Read morePublished 5 months ago by G.A.
I thought this book was going to be 12" X 12" like album size but it's about singles so it makes sense it is smaller. Read morePublished on April 29, 2013 by Knit-Head
It has a lot of useful information about the similarities of cd covers of past artists!A great book to have in any music collection!Published on March 4, 2013 by Michael T.Kurtz
HAD BEEN HEARING ALOT ABOUT THIS BOOK AND BEING AN 80"S MUSIC LOVER I JUST HAD TO HAVE IT. THE QUALITY OF THE BOOK IS VERY IMPRESSIVE WITH ITS PICS OF SOME OF MY FAV'S ON THE... Read morePublished on January 22, 2012 by SANDRA
And by that I mean it should be put in a time machine and taken back to the '80s themselves. Ah, the memories this brings back of the years of truly great acts, vintage new wave... Read morePublished on January 18, 2012 by B. A Varkentine
There are many different spins to take before flipping over this book. You could be a fan of 80s music, an audiophile, a designer - or a remix of all. Read morePublished on January 5, 2012 by webtesta


text:
Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read.
Start by marking "The Hegel Reader" as Want to Read:
Enlarge cover
Open Preview
See a Problem?
We'd love your help. Let us know what's wrong with this preview of The Hegel Reader by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
Not the book you're looking for?
Preview — The Hegel Reader by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
The Hegel Reader
The Hegel Reader is the most comprehensive collection of Hegel's writings currently available in English. It contains four important 'early writings', as well as selections from Hegel's mature writings and lectures which are central to his system and also have special relevance for post-Hegelian thinkers. There is also an extensive bibliography listing the main German edit ...more
Paperback, 568 pages
Published October 19th 1998 by Wiley-Blackwell
Friend Reviews
To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up.
Reader Q&A
To ask other readers questions about The Hegel Reader, please sign up.
Be the first to ask a question about The Hegel Reader
Community Reviews
(showing 1-30 of 95)
Feb 06, 2012 Joshua Nomen-Mutatio rated it 2 of 5 stars
Shelves: philosophy
There once was a time in college when I took a fellow student's copy of this book and literally ripped it to shreds. I believe I'd consumed a pint of Bacardi 151 (alcohol content 75.5%) beforehand. In any case, I wasn't sober at the time, although my actions reflected real, albeit, exaggerated feelings about the largely overstated brilliance of his contributions to Western Philosophy.
Hegel's writing is extremely and unnecessarily complicated and a supreme pain in the ass to make sense of. This ...more
Hegel's writing is extremely and unnecessarily complicated and a supreme pain in the ass to make sense of. This ...more
Aug 09, 2011 Szplug rated it 4 of 5 stars
For those with neither the time nor the funds to invest in Hegel's prodigious corpus of philosophic viscera, Stephen Houlgate has performed a commendable service in assembling choice selections from said body and reproducing them here, along with opening and chapter introductions that shed a considerable light upon the contents. Hegel's all-encompassing metaphysical purview, his mystical, mysterious construct of Idealistic complexity has always struck me as both supremely impressive and wildly r ...more
Oct 17, 2010 Ashley added it
I don't think I can really give a rating to this book. Hegel is one of the hardest philosophers I have ever personally read (and if you ask a lot of people's opinions, I'm sure it's going to be the same). I thought his arguments were interesting (we are all god, we must recognize each other's subjectivity and our own limits in order to live successfully, infinity exists at every point - even on the tip of your finger, etc), but very difficult to grasp. And honestly, I had a hard time even pullin ...more
Jan 08, 2014 Jesse rated it 5 of 5 stars
Shelves: own, philosophy
Houlgate's expertise and knowledge of Hegel is rivaled only by that of the master himself.
German philosopher and one of the founding figures of German Idealism. Influenced by Kant's transcendental idealism and Rousseau's politics, Hegel formulated an elaborate system of historical development of ethics, government, and religion through the dialectical unfolding of the Absolute. Hegel was one of the most well-known historicist philosopher, and his thought presaged continental philosophy ...moreMore about Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel...
Share This Book
No trivia or quizzes yet. Add some now »


text:
According to newly released data tracking October's unemployment rates across the state's 100 counties, Western North Carolina makes the headlines.
New disclosures about the Pentagon's program for sharing surplus equipment with local law agencies reveal that at least 44 agencies in Western North Carolina have participated.
Questions raised during the Newsmakers forum with some of Western North Carolina's top forest and wildlife managers and advocates included queries about logging proposals, designated areas for recreational and hunting use and the use of tax ...
At its Newsmakers forum held on Nov. 13, Carolina Public Press hosted some of the region's top national forest managers and advocates for a live interview and public question and answer forum about the future management of the Pisgah and Na ...
Monthly data released by the N.C. Department of Commerce shows that September may have been a good month for job seekers across most - but not all - of the 18 westernmost counties of North Carolina.
In a race where the vast majority of WNC's state legislators kept their seats, Buncombe sent two incumbents home.
Even as some heated disputes played out in yesterday's election, 15 of 18 Western North Carolina counties will keep their top law officer in place.
Four incumbent state legislators from Western North Carolina are facing a tough battle to hold their seats.
Do you know where your precinct is? This year, North Carolina voters must go to their assigned polling location on Tuesday to cast their vote. Here's a quick-and-easy way for you to find out where your precinct is located.
On the cusp of the Nov. 4 election, the documents detail all of the candidates' receipts and expenditures for the third quarter of 2014, which saw a frenzy of fundraising in many districts.


text:
Loading stream...
Now Playing
Podcasts & RSS Feeds
|All Content
|View all podcasts & RSS feeds
Connect with Us
KVNF Staff
Program Director
Membership Director
Senior Reporter
News Producer
Music Director
Morning News Host
Operations Manager
5:58 am
Fri February 1, 2013
China's Incoming Leader Bans Extravagant Banquets
By editor
Originally published on Tue February 12, 2013 9:26 am
Good morning. I'm Renee Montagne. China's incoming president wants to be seen as a man of the people. And he seems to know what the people don't want from their politicians. So for this year's opening of parliament, the president has banned extravagant banquets, gifts, flowers in rooms.
And in a parliament filled with hand-picked delegates used to launching to endless praise of the party, also banned are long-winded speeches; plus, empty talk is discouraged.
It's MORNING EDITION. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


text:
Longest Ear Hair
Anthony Victor holds the record of the longest ear hair, measuring 7.12 inches.
Most Stretchy Skin
Garry Turner can stretch his skin up to 6.25 inches.
Most Rattlesnakes Held In The Mouth
Jackie Bibby held eight live rattlesnakes in his mouth for 12.5 seconds.
Longest Fingernails, Female
In 2008, Lee Redmond's fingernails measured a collective 28 ft 4.5 in length. She lost her nails in a 2009 car accident.
Heaviest Weight Pulled With Eye Sockets
Chayne Hultgren pulled 907 pounds (humans and cycle) on the Lo Show Dei Record show in Italy in 2009.
Farthest Squirting Milk From The Eye
Ilker Yilmaz can squirt milk from his eyes up to 9 ft 2 in. Eww.
Contortionist Who Can Fit Through A Tennis Racquet
Captain Frodo can squeeze head and shoulders through the head of a tennis racquet. Click here for more info (and videos) on this and several other bizarre human records.
Via all-that-is-interesting.com
This post was created by a user and has not been vetted or endorsed by BuzzFeed's editorial staff. BuzzFeed Community is a place where anyone can post awesome lists and creations. Learn more or post your buzz!


text:
Search Results: ''
Led By Conscience
Paperback: $24.99
Ships in 3-5 business days.
Work life had turned into impossible financial targets, management by numbers, mind-numbing paperwork, demoralizing meetings and, finally, layoffs. Unemployed and challenged by health problems... More > from a corporate job that had sapped his energy, Bob Ganter emerged a different man, determined to teach others about sustainable business practices conducted with integrity. His premise is simple: Service to others forms the foundation of a successful business culture. And that is precisely the advantage that sets any business apart from its competitors. With humor, enlightening examples, and "playground rules" acknowledging that we all need to feel respected, included, and in control, this book challenges and empowers you to work every day consistent with your understanding of what life—and the business of life—is about.< Less
Top 10see more >
All That Glisters and...
Paperback: $12.99
UMass Dartmouth Engaged...
Paperback: $10.00
Spotting the Trend: An...
Paperback: $12.99
Finding Meaning with...
Paperback: $29.95
Reformation and Revival...
Paperback: $12.99
Vision Changes Lives: A...
Paperback: $13.68
Paperback: $25.00
Fitness Blender's 4 Week...
eBook: $14.99
Fortunate Member Of A...
Paperback: $15.00
Age Verification
The page you are attempting to access contains content that is not intended for underage readers.
Please verify your birth date to continue.


text:
Sorry, no Black Eyed Peas Flute Licks and Riffs available for at present.
Please try another option.
About Black Eyed Peas
Old Armstrong Heritage Al...
Conduct for two
My newest symphony
Hi,everyone this is jolin...
trimming the reed
Music theory Evolution
PianoPricePoint.com ~ Fir...
just re started clarinet...
Getting a new trombone
My arrangement of themes ...
Halifax Trumpet ??
New concerto for flute
Learning to play using on...
Conn 6D authentication he...
Top Videos by Black Eyed Peas
Sheet Music to Buy by Black Eyed Peas
Search for other pieces by Black Eyed Peas by entering text in the box below:
8notes in other languages:


text:
Contact Us
Enter Your Search:
Search tips
Search criteria
Journal titles
Results 1-25 (997469)
« Previous
Go to page number:
Next »
Clipboard (0)
Related Articles
The extracellular matrix of Xenopus laevis eggs: a quick-freeze, deep- etch analysis of its modification at fertilization
The Journal of Cell Biology
Eggs of the amphibian, Xenopus laevis, were quick-frozen, deep-etched, and rotary-shadowed. The structure of the extracellular matrix surrounding these eggs, including the perivitelline space and the vitelline envelope (VE), was visualized in platinum replicas by electron microscopy. The perivitelline space contains an elaborate filamentous glycocalyx which connects microvillar tips to the plasma membrane, to adjacent microvilli, and to the overlying VE. The VE is comprised of two layers, the innermost of which is a thin network of horizontal fibrils lying on the tips of the microvilli. The outermost is a thicker layer of large, cable-like fibers which twist and turn throughout the envelope. Upon fertilization, three dramatic modifications of the matrix occur. A thin sheet of smooth material, termed the smooth layer, is deposited on the tips of the microvilli and separates the egg from the overlying envelopes. The VE above is transformed from a thick band of cable-like fibers to concentric fibrous sheets, the altered VE. Finally, an ornate band of particles, corresponding to the fertilization layer in previous studies, is deposited at the altered VE/jelly interface. The altered VE and the fertilization layer comprise the fertilization envelope, which effects the structural block to polyspermy.
Related Articles
Egg water from the amphibian Bufo arenarum induces capacitation-like changes in homologous spermatozoa
Krapf, Darío
Visconti, Pablo E.
Arranz, Silvia E
Cabada, Marcelo O
Developmental biology
Mammalian sperm acquire fertilizing capacity after residing in the female tract, where physiological changes named capacitation take place. In animals with external fertilization as amphibians, gamete interactions are first established between sperm and molecules of the egg jelly coat released into the medium. Since dejellied oocytes are not normally fertilized, the aim of this study was to determine if the jelly coat of the toad Bufo arenarum promotes a "capacitating" activity on homologous sperm. We found that sperm incubation in diffusible substances of the jelly coat (Egg Water) for 90–180 sec is sufficient to render sperm transiently capable of fertilizing dejellied oocytes. The fertilizing state was correlated with an increase of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and a decrease of sperm cholesterol content. Inhibition of either the increase in tyrosine phosphorylation or cholesterol efflux affected the acquisition of fertilizing capacity. Phosphorylation and fertilization could be promoted with NaHCO3, and also by addition of beta cyclodextrin. Moreover, sperm could gain the ability to fertilize dejellied oocytes in the presence of these compounds. These data indicate that sperm should undergo a series of molecular changes to gain fertilizing capacity; these changes are reminiscent of mammalian sperm capacitation and take place before the acrosome reaction.
fertilization; spermatozoa; capacitation; jelly coat; amphibia; phosphorylation
Related Articles
Baxandall, Jane
Perlmann, P.
Afzelius, B. A.
The Journal of Cell Biology
The response of unfertilised Paracentrotus lividus eggs to γ-globulin fractions of antisera against isolated homologous jelly coat substance or homologous homogenates of jellyless eggs has been studied at the ultrastructural level. The antijelly γ-globulin caused precipitation of the jelly layer, the density of precipitation varying between different eggs and being proportional to the γ-globulin concentration. Agglutination of the jelly substance of adjacent eggs, which is species specific, occurred frequently with higher γ-globulin concentrations. Antiegg γ-globulins (from antiserum against total homogenates of jelly-free eggs or the heat-stable fraction thereof) did not produce these effects. Instead, these γ-globulins caused various structural alterations mostly representing stages in parthenogenetic activation. This species-specific activation was induced by the reaction of antibodies with some heat-stable egg antigens different from those involved in jelly precipitation. Surface alterations included the formation of small papillae, membrane blisters, hyaline layer, and activation membrane, the release of material from the cell surface, and the breakdown of cortical granules. These alterations were dependent on both γ-globulin concentration and the variable reactivity among different females. Aster formation, found intracellularly, verified that the surface responses represented real parthenogenetic activation and were not the result of immune lysis. No such alterations appeared in the controls.
Related Articles
Royal jelly modulates oxidative stress and tissue injury in gamma irradiated male Wister Albino rats
Azab, Khaled Shaaban
Bashandy, Mohamed
Salem, Mahmoud
Ahmed, Osama
Tawfik, Zaki
Helal, Hamed
North American Journal of Medical Sciences
Royal jelly is a nutritive secretion produced by the worker bees, rich in proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals.
The present study was designed to determine the possible protective effects of royal jelly against radiation induced oxidative stress, hematological, biochemical and histological alterations in male Wister albino rats.
Materials and Methods:
Male Wister albino rats were exposed to a fractionated dose of gamma radiation (2 Gy every 3 days up to 8 Gy total doses). Royal jelly was administrated (g/Kg/day) by gavages 14 days before exposure to the 1st radiation fraction and the treatment was continued for 15 days after the 1st irradiation fraction till the end of the experiment. The rats were sacrificed 3rd, equivalent to 3rd post 2nd irradiation fraction, and equivalent to 3rd day post last irradiation fraction.
In the present study, gamma- irradiation induced hematological, biochemical and histological effects in male Wister albino rats. In royal jelly treated irradiated group, there was a noticeable decrease recorded in thiobarbituric reactive substances concentration when compared to γ-irradiated group. Also, the serum nitric oxide concentration was significantly improved. The administration of royal jelly to irradiated rats according to the current experimental design significantly ameliorates the changes induced in serum lipid profile. Moreover, in royal jelly treated irradiated group, there was a noticeable amelioration recorded in all hematological parameters along the three experimental intervals. The microscopic examination of cardiac muscle of royal jelly treated irradiated rats demonstrated structural amelioration, improved nuclei and normal features of capillaries and veins in endomysium when compared to gamma-irradiated rats.
It was suggested that the biochemical, hematological and histological amelioration observed in royal jelly (g/Kg/day) treated irradiated rats might be due to the antioxidant capacity of royal jelly active constituents.
Royal jelly; gamma-irradiation; oxidative stress; hematology; heart
Related Articles
Structure determination by MALDI-IRMPD mass spectrometry and exoglycosidase digestions of O-linked oligosaccharides from Xenopus borealis egg jelly
Li, Bensheng
Russell, Scott C
Zhang, Jinhua
Hedrick, Jerry L
Lebrilla, Carlito B
Differences in the fertilization behavior of Xenopus borealis from X. laevis and X. tropicalis suggest differences in the glycosylation of the egg jellies. To test this assumption, O-linked glycans were chemically released from the egg jelly coat glycoproteins of X. borealis. Over 50 major neutral glycans were observed, and no anionic glycans were detected from the released O-glycan pool. Preliminary structures of ∼30 neutral oligosaccharides were determined using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) infrared multiphoton dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (MS). The mass fingerprint of a group of peaks for the core-2 structure of O-glycans was conserved in the tandem mass spectra and was instrumental in rapid and efficient structure determination. Among the 29 O-glycans, 22 glycans contain the typical core-2 structure, 3 glycans have the core-1 structure and 2 glycans contained a previously unobserved core structure with hexose at the reducing end. There were seven pairs of structural isomers observed in the major O-linked oligosaccharides. To further elucidate the structures of a dozen O-linked glycans, specific and targeted exoglycosidase digestions were carried out and the products were monitored with MALDI-MS. Reported here are the elucidated structures of O-linked oligosaccharides from glycoproteins of X. borealis egg jelly coats. The structural differences in O-glycans from jelly coats of X. borealis and its close relatives may provide a better understanding of the structure–function relationships and the role of glycans in the fertilization process within Xenopodinae.
exoglycosidase; MALDI-IRMPD mass spectrometry; O-glycan structure; tandem MS; X. borealis
Related Articles
Costello, Donald P.
The Journal of General Physiology
1. The problem of the relation of the plasma membrane to the extraneous coats and cortex of the Nereis egg is discussed in the light of the observations of Lillie, Chambers, and Novikoff. 2. Evidence obtained from experiments with the centrifuge, and by treating eggs with alkaline sodium chloride, indicates that the plasma membrane of the unfertilized egg is external to the jelly precursor granules of the cortex. 3. Experiments with alkaline sodium chloride indicate that the perivitelline space of the fertilized egg is extraovular after jelly extrusion is complete. 4. The cortical behavior (membrane elevation) of the Nereis egg in alkaline sodium chloride and the cortical response (jelly extrusion) following activation of the egg in normal fertilization or parthenogenesis are attributed largely to the properties of the jelly, and presumably, to its reactions with calcium and hydroxyl ions.
Related Articles
Changes in the topography of the sea urchin egg after fertilization
The Journal of Cell Biology
Changes in the topography of the sea urchin egg after fertilization were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs were treated with dithiothreitol to modify the vitelline layer and to prevent formation of a fertilization membrane. Dithiothreitol treatment caused the microvilli to become more irregular in shape, length, and diameter than those of untreated eggs. The microvilli were similarly modified by trypsin treatment. This effect did not appear to be due to disruption of cytoskeletal elements beneath the plasma membrane, for neither colchicine nor cytochalasin B altered microvillar morphology. Thus, it appears that the vitelline layer may act in the maintenance of surface form of unfertilized eggs. Since dithiothreitol-treated eggs did not elevate a fertilization membrane, scanning electron microscopy could be used to directly observe modifications in the egg plasma membrane after fertilization. The wave of cortical granule exocytosis initiated at the point of attachment of the fertilizing sperm was characterized by the appearance of pits that subsequently opened, releasing the cortical granule contents and leaving depressions upon the egg surface. The perigranular membranes inserted during exocytosis were seen as smooth patches between the microvillous patches remaining from the original egg surface. This produced a mosaic surface with more than double the amount of membrane of unfertilized eggs. The mosaic surface subsequently reorganized to accommodate the inserted membrane material by elongation of microvilli. Blebs and membranous whorls present before reorganization suggested the existence of an unstable intermediate state of plasma membrane reorganization. Exocytosis and mosaic membrane formation were not blocked by colchicine or cytochalasin B, but microvillar elongation was blocked by cytochalasin B treatment.
Related Articles
Twin Xenopus laevis embryos appearing from flattened eggs
SATO, Eiji
Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences
Remarkable progress has recently been made in molecular biology of double axis formation in Xenopus laevis. Leaving aside, for the time being, the problem of the gene expressions regulating Xenopus laevis development, here I show that pulse treatment could induce formation of a secondary axis in a fertilized Xenopus laevis egg. At 3 min after insemination, metal oxides were added to Xenopus fertilized eggs, and then twin embryos appeared. Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) was the most effective metal oxide for producing twin embryos. ZrO2 was added to the fertilized eggs, and 30 sec later, the eggs were dejellied with cysteine solution and washed within 7 min after insemination. The fertilized eggs began flattening at around 15 min after insemination. When the degree of flattening (the vertical length of the egg divided by the horizontal length) of the eggs at the 16- and 32-cell stages became less than 0.4 degrees, production of twin embryos occurred. Many flattened eggs at less than 0.4 degrees formed twin embryos. The third cleavage of eggs treated with metal oxides was meridional, while the normal third cleavage was horizontal.
Xenopus laevis; twinning; flattened eggs; Zirconium oxide; pulse treatment
Related Articles
Lillie, Ralph S.
The Journal of General Physiology
The jelly surrounding the eggs of the starfish, Asterias forbesi, is insoluble in normal sea water, but rapidly swells and dissolves when the eggs are washed in a pure isotonic solution of NaCl. In the presence of a small proportion of CaCl2 this solvent and disintegrative action of the NaCl solution is entirely prevented, and in the mixed solution the jelly exhibits the same insolubility and other properties as in normal sea water. 2. This action of CaCl2 in preventing the dissolution of the jelly runs parallel with its action in preventing certain definite effects of the pure NaCl solution on the living egg (agglutination, cytolytic action, membrane formation, prevention of maturation). 3. The inference is that the essential factor in these and similar antagonistic and protective actions is the formation of solid water-insoluble colloidal salts (e.g., soaps and proteinates) of calcium (or other metal) with the structural colloids of the protoplasm. Apparently the presence of a certain proportion of such compounds is necessary to the structural stability of the living protoplasm, and especially to the water-insolubility and semipermeability of its external layer or plasma membrane. When the cell is immersed in the pure NaCl solution, water-soluble Na compounds are substituted for the insoluble Ca compounds which normally provide the necessary insolubility and coherence, and disintegration results.
Related Articles
Whitaker, D. M.
The Journal of General Physiology
1. The rate of oxygen consumption by eggs may not merely undergo no change at fertilization, as in the case of the starfish, but it decreases to about half in Chaetopterus and in Cumingia. 2. The absolute rate of oxygen consumption in mm.3 O2 per hour per 10 mm.3 eggs differs widely in several species of unfertilized eggs. It is very low in the sea urchin, intermediary in Nereis, and high in Chaetopterus and Cumingia. The range for these eggs is approximately 0.4 to 3.1 mm.3 O2 per hour per 10 mm.3 eggs at 21°C., in the ratio of about 1:8. 3. The absolute rates of oxygen consumption by the same fertilized eggs are much more nearly the same. They lie within the range 1.3 to 2.0 mm.3 O2 per hour per 10 mm.3 eggs at 21°C., in the ratio of approximately 1:1.5. Within this same range lie the values obtained by a number of investigators using a variety of eggs of invertebrates from several phyla. Amoeba proteus and frog skin also are within this range (see Fig. 2). 4. The changes in rate of oxygen consumption at fertilization by the different species of eggs, differing both in direction and magnitude, appear to be such as to bring the rate, when development is initiated, to about the same rate, which is also the rate of other comparable normally growing cells. 5. The direction and magnitude of the change in rate at fertilization therefore appears in the cases cited to be primarily a function of the absolute rate of oxygen consumption by the unfertilized eggs, which are characterized in their peculiar inhibited condition, among other things, by a wide range of respiratory rates. 6. It is not to be supposed that this range of rates will apply at all universally to eggs, especially to eggs of extremes in proportional content of inert materials, such as large yolky eggs. Fish and amphibian eggs for example respire at a much lower rate per unit volume. The effect on surface: volume ratios attending extremes of cell size might also be expected to shift the absolute rate. 7. The absolute rate of oxygen consumption by the eggs of the alga Fucus vesiculosus is considerably higher than the rates of the animal eggs measured. It is of the same order of magnitude as the rates of several other small-celled algae, which respire at a greater rate per unit volume than most non-motile animal cells. 8. The comparatively high rates of oxygen consumption by the inhibited (unfertilized) eggs of Chaetopterus and Cumingia are not directly associated with nuclear or morphological activity of the cell since they continue at the high rate for hours after cessation of the brief initial nuclear activity, which takes place when the eggs are placed in sea water. 9. It is concluded that the rate of oxygen consumption is not necessarily and probably not generally the limiting factor which causes inhibition of the unfertilized egg. Increase in rate of oxygen consumption is not directly related to the initiation of development, in general, nor even necessarily concomitant. It is not improbable that the low rate of oxygen consumption is an immediate part of the cause of inhibition of the unfertilized sea urchin egg, but this is a special case. 10. This thesis, that the rate of oxygen consumption is not necessarily nor ordinarily the limiting factor in the inhibition of the unfertilized egg, and conversely that increase in the rate of oxygen consumption is not usually the essential feature of fertilization, is quite in agreement with the general relations between the rate of oxygen consumption on the one hand and anesthesia, growth, and development on the other in fertilized eggs and other organisms. 11. This conclusion is opposed to Loeb's explanation of the essential feature of fertilization, as an increase in oxidation rate or more strictly to generalization of his hypothesis to include eggs other than those of the sea urchins (or of other similar special cases which may be discovered). It extends to fertilization (the initiation of development) his and Wasteney's well established conclusion that "oxidation is not the independent variable in development." 12. It is suggested that the crux of the problem of fertilization lies in the nature of the inhibition of the unfertilized egg. Certain similarities between this condition, arrived at spontaneously in the case of the egg cell, and the condition of cells in narcosis or anesthesia are pointed out. 13. Although the rate of oxygen consumption by the unfertilized eggs of Chaetopterus and Cumingia cannot be regarded as the limiting factor which causes the inhibition of the eggs, in these and other cases with different absolute rates, it appears highly probable that the rate of oxygen consumption is in some way, at present obscure, tied up with or related to the condition of inhibition. This seems probable especially in view of the sharp change in rate which in most cases immediately attends cessation of the inhibition, but the relationship may be a non-causal one, as in narcosis. 14. It must be borne in mind that oxygen consumption is not necessarily a complete measure of oxidation, and that other measures such as of heat and metabolite production are necessary before the complete amount of oxidation is known. When these are completely worked out, if free energy relations are known, it is probable that more direct and inclusive relations may be found between oxidation, growth, development, and anesthesia. Generalization of Loeb's hypothesis, using "oxidation" in the broad sense might then turn out to hold, with fertilization fitting into the general scheme, but there is no basis for it at the present time.
Related Articles
Subcellular Metabolite and Lipid Analysis of Xenopus laevis Eggs by LAESI Mass Spectrometry
Shrestha, Bindesh
Sripadi, Prabhakar
Reschke, Brent R.
Henderson, Holly D.
Powell, Matthew J.
Moody, Sally A.
Vertes, Akos
PLoS ONE
Xenopus laevis eggs are used as a biological model system for studying fertilization and early embryonic development in vertebrates. Most methods used for their molecular analysis require elaborate sample preparation including separate protocols for the water soluble and lipid components. In this study, laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI), an ambient ionization technique, was used for direct mass spectrometric analysis of X. laevis eggs and early stage embryos up to five cleavage cycles. Single unfertilized and fertilized eggs, their animal and vegetal poles, and embryos through the 32-cell stage were analyzed. Fifty two small metabolite ions, including glutathione, GABA and amino acids, as well as numerous lipids including 14 fatty acids, 13 lysophosphatidylcholines, 36 phosphatidylcholines and 29 triacylglycerols were putatively identified. Additionally, some proteins, for example thymosin β4 (Xen), were also detected. On the subcellular level, the lipid profiles were found to differ between the animal and vegetal poles of the eggs. Radial profiling revealed profound compositional differences between the jelly coat vitelline/plasma membrane and egg cytoplasm. Changes in the metabolic profile of the egg following fertilization, e.g., the decline of polyamine content with the development of the embryo were observed using LAESI-MS. This approach enables the exploration of metabolic and lipid changes during the early stages of embryogenesis.
Related Articles
Effects of Rearing Systems on Performance, Egg Characteristics and Immune Response in Two Layer Hen Genotype
Küçükyılmaz, Kamil
Bozkurt, Mehmet
Herken, Emine Nur
Çınar, Mustafa
Çatlı, Abdullah Uğur
Bintaş, Erol
Çöven, Fethiye
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
White (Lohmann LSL) and Brown (ATAK-S) laying hens, were reared under organic and conventional cage rearing systems, and the effects of the rearing system on performance parameters, egg production, egg characteristics, and immune response were investigated. For this purpose, a total of 832 laying hens of two commercial hybrids, i.e., 416 white (Lohmann LSL) and 416 Brown (ATAK-S) layers, were used. The experiment lasted between 23 and 70 wk of age. In this study, the white layers yielded more eggs as compared to the brown layers in both organic and conventional production systems. Egg weight exhibited a similar pattern to that of laying performance. However, the total hen-housed egg number for the white birds in the organic system was fewer than that of white birds in the conventional cage facility; conversely, a contradictory tendency was observed for the brown birds. Livability of the white layers in the organic system was remarkably lower (14%) than that of the brown line, whereas the white line survived better (3.42%) than their brown counterparts in conventional cages. The feed conversion ratio of the white hens was markedly inferior in the organic system as compared to that of the white hens in the conventional system, whereas relatively lower deterioration was reported in brown layers when reared in an organic system. The organic production system increased egg albumen height and the Haugh unit in eggs of the brown layers. The yolk color score of organic eggs was lower than that of conventional eggs for both brown and white hens. The egg yolk ratio of eggs from white layers was found to be higher in organic eggs as compared to those obtained in the conventional system. All organic eggs had heavier shells than those produced in the conventional system. Eggs from brown layers had more protein content than eggs from white layers. Neither housing systems nor genotype influenced egg yolk cholesterol concentration. When compared to conventional eggs, n-3 fatty acid content was lower in organic eggs, and the n-6:n-3 ratio was higher in organic eggs. In conclusion, two hen genotypes showed different responses in terms of performance and egg quality to two different rearing systems. A commercial white strain produced more eggs with higher egg quality as compared to a native brown strain. The brown strain was found to have adapted well to organic production conditions when survival and total egg number was taken into consideration.
Organic; Cage; Genotype; Laying Hen Performance; Egg Characteristics; Immune Response
Related Articles
Unlaid Xenopus eggs degrade by apoptosis in the genital tract
Iguchi, Sho
Iwasaki, Tetsushi
Fukami, Yasuo
Tokmakov, Alexander A
BMC Cell Biology
In several species with external fertilization, including frogs, laid unfertilized eggs were found to die by apoptosis outside of the animal body. However, there is no apparent reason for the externally laid eggs to degrade by this process, considering that apoptosis developed as a mechanism to reduce the damaging effect of individual cell death to the whole organism.
Here, we demonstrate that a number of eggs are retained in the genital tract of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis after gonadotropin-induced ovulation. The majority of these eggs exit meiotic arrest within 24 hours of hormone administration. Subsequently, post-meiotic eggs die in the frog genital tract by a well-defined apoptotic process. The hallmarks of egg degradation include prominent morphological changes, cytochrome c release, caspase activation, increase in ADP/ATP ratio, progressive intracellular acidification, egg swelling and all-out proteolysis of egg proteins. The sustained presence of post-apoptotic eggs in the genital tract of ageing frogs evidenced age-associated worsening of apoptotic clearance.
The direct observation of egg degradation in the Xenopus genital tract provides a clue to the physiological relevance of frog egg apoptosis. It works to eliminate the mature unlaid eggs retained in the animal body after ovulation. Our findings establish egg apoptosis as a major physiological process accompanying ovulation in frogs.
Apoptosis; Unlaid eggs; Maturation; Ovulation; Meiotic exit; Xenopus laevis; Genital tract
Related Articles
Growth of etiolated barley plants in weak static and 50 Hz electromagnetic fields tuned to calcium ion cyclotron resonance
Pazur, Alexander
Rassadina, Valentina
Dandler, Jörg
Zoller, Jutta
Biomagnetic Research and Technology
The effects of weak magnetic and electromagnetic fields in biology have been intensively studied on animals, microorganisms and humans, but comparably less on plants. Perception mechanisms were attributed originally to ferrimagnetism, but later discoveries required additional explanations like the "radical pair mechanism" and the "Ion cyclotron resonance" (ICR), primarily considered by Liboff. The latter predicts effects by small ions involved in biological processes, that occur in definite frequency- and intensity ranges ("windows") of simultaneously impacting magnetic and electromagnetic fields related by a linear equation, which meanwhile is proven by a number of in vivo and in vitro experiments.
Barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare, L. var. Steffi) were grown in the dark for 5 and 6 days under static magnetic and 50 Hz electromagnetic fields matching the ICR conditions of Ca2+. Control cultures were grown under normal geomagnetic conditions, not matching this ICR. Morphology, pigmentation and long-term development of the adult plants were subsequently investigated.
The shoots of plants exposed to Ca2+-ICR exposed grew 15–20% shorter compared to the controls, the plant weight was 10–12% lower, and they had longer coleoptiles that were adhering stronger to the primary leaf tissue. The total pigment contents of protochlorophyllide (PChlide) and carotenoids were significantly decreased. The rate of PChlide regeneration after light irradiation was reduced for the Ca2+-ICR exposed plants, also the Shibata shift was slightly delayed. Even a longer subsequent natural growing phase without any additional fields could only partially eliminate these effects: the plants initially exposed to Ca2+-ICR were still significantly shorter and had a lower chlorophyll (a+b) content compared to the controls. A continued cultivation and observation of the adult plants under natural conditions without any artificial electromagnetic fields showed a retardation of the originally Ca2+-ICR exposed plants compared to control cultures lasting several weeks, with an increased tendency for dehydration.
A direct influence of the applied MF and EMF is discussed affecting Ca2+ levels via the ICR mechanism. It influences the available Ca2+ and thereby regulatory processes. Theoretical considerations on molecular level focus on ionic interactions with water related to models using quantum electrodynamics.
Related Articles
Osterhout, W. J. V.
The Journal of General Physiology
Unfertilized eggs of the marine worm Nereis limbata subjected to electrical currents (direct or alternating) undergo remarkable changes. Certain minute granules just inside the surface of the egg absorb water and swell to more than 300 times their original size and thereby produce a mass of jelly which surrounds the egg with a zone about as wide as the original diameter of the egg. The amount of direct current is too small to produce any change of color in eggs stained with neutral red. In direct current the jelly appears first on the side toward the anode and moves toward the anode. In alternating current it appears on opposite sides facing the electrodes. It might be thought that the current changes the chemical character of the granules so that they are able to absorb very large quantities of water but this seems unlikely. If the current is shut off after 1 minute the swelling continues. This might be explained on the ground that each jelly precursor granule is covered with a waterproof film which is removed by the current. It does not seem probable that the effect is due to heat produced by the current since the exposure is so short. It seems possible that the current may strip off micelles from the waterproof covering of the granules and allow water to penetrate. The fact that alternating current is more effective than direct current might be explained on the ground that the egg may be represented as a capacity in parallel with a resistance so constituted that relatively little direct current can enter. The non-aqueous film which covers the surface of the protoplasm appears to be liquid rather than solid.
Related Articles
Evidence for the involvement of microtubules, ER, and kinesin in the cortical rotation of fertilized frog eggs
The Journal of Cell Biology
During the first cell cycle, the vegetal cortex of the fertilized frog egg is translocated over the cytoplasm. This process of cortical rotation creates regional cytoplasmic differences important in later development, and appears to involve an array of aligned microtubules that forms transiently beneath the vegetal cortex. We have investigated how these microtubules might be involved in generating movement by analyzing isolated cortices and sections of Xenopus laevis and Rana pipiens eggs. First, the polarity of the cortical microtubules was determined using the "hook" assay. Almost all microtubules had their plus ends pointing in the direction of cortical rotation. Secondly, the association of microtubules with other cytoplasmic elements was examined. Immunofluorescence revealed that cytokeratin filaments coalign with the microtubules. The timing of their appearance and their position on the cytoplasmic side of the microtubules suggested that they are not involved directly in generating movement. ER was visualized with the dye DiIC16(3) and by immunofluorescence with anti- BiP (Bole, D. G., L. M. Hendershot, and J. F. Kearney, 1986. J. Cell Biol. 102:1558-1566). One layer of ER was found closely underlying the plasma membrane at all times. An additional, deeper layer formed in association with the microtubules of the array. Antibodies to sea urchin kinesin (Ingold, A. L., S. A. Cohn, and J. M. Scholey. 1988. J. Cell Biol. 107:2657-2667) detected antigens associated with both the ER and microtubules. On immunoblots they recognized microtubule associated polypeptide(s) of approximately 115 kD from Xenopus eggs. These observations are consistent with a role for kinesin in creating movement between the microtubules and ER, which leads in turn to the cortical rotation.
Related Articles
The Iron Distribution and Magnetic Properties of Schistosome Eggshells: Implications for Improved Diagnostics
Karl, Stephan
Gutiérrez, Lucía
Lucyk-Maurer, Rafael
Kerr, Roland
Candido, Renata R. F.
Toh, Shu Q.
Saunders, Martin
Shaw, Jeremy A.
Suvorova, Alexandra
Hofmann, Andreas
House, Michael J.
Woodward, Robert C.
Graeff-Teixera, Carlos
St. Pierre, Timothy G.
Jones, Malcolm K.
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum are the most frequent causative agents of human intestinal schistosomiasis. Approximately 200 million people in the world are infected with schistosomes. Diagnosis of schistosomiasis is often difficult. High percentages of low level infections are missed in routine fecal smear analysis and current diagnostic methodologies are inadequate to monitor the progress of parasite control, especially in areas with low transmission. Improved diagnostic methods are urgently needed to evaluate the success of elimination programs. Recently, a magnetic fractionation method for isolation of parasite eggs from feces was described, which uses magnetic microspheres to form parasite egg – magnetic microsphere conjugates. This approach enables screening of larger sample volumes and thus increased diagnostic sensitivity. The mechanism of formation of the conjugates remains unexplained and may either be related to specific surface characteristics of eggs and microspheres or to their magnetic properties.
Methods/Principal Findings
Here, we investigated iron localization in parasite eggs, specifically in the eggshells. We determined the magnetic properties of the eggs, studied the motion of eggs and egg-microsphere conjugates in magnetic fields and determined species specific affinity of parasite eggs to magnetic microspheres. Our study shows that iron is predominantly localized in pores in the eggshell. Parasite eggs showed distinct paramagnetic behaviour but they did not move in a magnetic field. Magnetic microspheres spontaneously bound to parasite eggs without the presence of a magnetic field. S. japonicum eggs had a significantly higher affinity to bind microspheres than S. mansoni eggs.
Our results suggest that the interaction of magnetic microspheres and parasite eggs is unlikely to be magnetic in origin. Instead, the filamentous surface of the eggshells may be important in facilitating the binding. Modification of microsphere surface properties may therefore be a way to optimize magnetic fractionation of parasite eggs.
Author Summary
In the present study, we investigated the mechanism underlying a novel diagnostic method for Schistosoma – one of the most widespread and frequently occurring parasites infecting humans in tropical countries. In recent years, the world has seen significant reduction in the burden of Schistosoma infections in many countries due to improved control and sanitation. However, it is becoming increasingly difficult to evaluate and monitor the progress of control towards elimination. At the moment it is extremely difficult to determine whether the parasite has been eliminated from a region. This is due to the absence of a sensitive and inexpensive method to detect the parasite. A series of recent studies describes a method with vastly improved diagnostic sensitivity based on the magnetic fractionation of parasite eggs from fecal samples. However, the mechanisms of action of this new diagnostic are not currently known. To further optimize and improve this method, we studied the magnetic properties of parasite eggshells and their binding characteristics to magnetic microspheres.
Related Articles
Biological effects of power frequency magnetic fields: Neurochemical and toxicological changes in developing chick embryos
Rajendra, P
Sujatha, HN
Devendranath, D
Gunasekaran, B
Sashidhar, RB
Subramanyam, C
Biomagnetic Research and Technology
There are several reports that indicate a linkage between exposure to power frequency (50 – 60 Hz) magnetic fields with abnormalities in the early embryonic development of the chicken. The present study was designed to understand whether power frequency electromagnetic fields could act as an environmental insult and invoke any neurochemical or toxicological changes in developing chick embryo model.
Fertilized chicken eggs were subjected to continuous exposure to magnetic fields (50 Hz) of varying intensities (5, 50 or 100 μT) for a period of up to 15 days. The embryos were taken out of the eggs on day 5, day 10 and day 15. Neurochemical (norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine) and amino acid (tyrosine, glutamine and tryptophan) contents were measured, along with an assay of the enzyme glutamine synthetase in the brain. Preliminary toxicological investigations were carried out based on aminotransferases (AST and ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase activities in the whole embryo as well as in the liver.
The study revealed that there was a significant increase (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) in the level of norepinephrine accompanied by a significant decrease (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) in the tyrosine content in the brain on day 15 following exposure to 5, 50 and 100 μT magnetic fields. There was a significant increase (p < 0.001) in glutamine synthetase activity resulting in the significantly enhanced (p < 0.001) level of glutamine in the brain on day 15 (for 100 μT only). The possible mechanisms for these alterations are discussed. Further, magnetic fields had no effect on the levels of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain. Similarly, there was no effect on the activity of either aminotransferases or lactate dehydrogenase in the whole embryo or liver due to magnetic field exposure.
Based on these studies we conclude that magnetic field-induced changes in norepinephrine levels might help explain alterations in the circadian rhythm, observed during magnetic field stress. Also, the enhanced level of glutamine can act as a contributing factor for developmental abnormalities.
Related Articles
Baxandall, Jane
Perlmann, P.
Afzelius, B. A.
The Journal of Cell Biology
The immunological properties of the surface layers of Paracentrotus lividus eggs have been studied further by using ferritin-labelled antibody to localise specific antigenic sites. In order to detect a wider spectrum of antigenic determinants, several antisera against egg and jelly substance have been employed in combination with absorption procedures using lyophilised antigen. This use of absorbed antisera was made feasible by adding ferritin label in a second antiserum layer of ferritin-anti-γ-globulin. Eggs were treated with antibody for short periods to detect antigenic sites without incurring structural changes (shown in previous paper) resulting from long antibody treatment. Unspecific ferritin uptake, found in pinocytotic vesicles and yolk granules, is considered in relation to yolk formation. The jelly layer, found to be immunologically heterogeneous, included one component interacting with antijelly γ-globulin and one with antiegg γ-globulin. The vitelline membrane proved to be rich in egg antigens (heat-stable and heat-labile). The role of this layer in specificity of fertilisation, parthenogenetic activation, and the possibility of being analogous to a basement membrane are discussed. Few antigenic sites were found on the plasma membrane with antiegg γ-globulin. This γ-globulin resulted in some specific labelling of cortical granules and its action is considered in relation to the permeability properties of the egg.
Related Articles
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced calcium release in the organelle layers of the stratified, intact egg of Xenopus laevis
The Journal of Cell Biology
Using double-barreled, Ca2(+)-sensitive microelectrodes, we have examined the characteristics of the Ca2+ release by inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) in the various layers of Xenopus laevis eggs in which the organelles had been stratified by centrifugation. Centrifugation of living eggs stratifies the organelles yet retains them in the normal cytoplasmic milieu. The local increase in intracellular free Ca2+ in each layer was directly measured under physiological conditions using theta-tubing, double-barreled, Ca2(+)- sensitive microelectrodes in which one barrel was filled with the Ca2+ sensor and the other was filled with Ins(1,4,5)P3 for microinjection. The two tips of these electrodes were very close to each other (3 microns apart) enabling us to measure the kinetics of both the highly localized intracellular Ca2+ release and its subsequent removal in response to Ins(1,4,5)P3 injection. Upon Ins(1,4,5)P3 injection, the ER- enriched layer exhibited the largest release of Ca2+ in a dosage- dependent manner, whereas the other layers, mitochondria, lipid, and yolk, released 10-fold less Ca2+ in a dosage-independent manner. The removal of released Ca2+ took place within approximately 1 min. The sensitivity to Ins(1,4,5)P3 and the time course of intracellular Ca2+ release in the unstratified (unactivated) egg is nearly identical to that observed in the ER layer of the stratified egg. Our data suggest that the ER is the major organelle of the Ins(1,4,5)P3-sensitive Ca2+ store in the egg of Xenopus laevis.
Related Articles
Influence of body parameters on gastric bioelectric and biomagnetic fields in a realistic volume conductor
Kim, J HK
Pullan, A J
Bradshaw, L A
Cheng, L K
Physiological Measurement
Electrogastrograms (EGG) and magnetogastrograms (MGG) provide two complementary methods for non-invasively recording electric or magnetic fields resulting from gastric electrical slow wave activity. It is known that EGG signals are relatively weak and difficult to reliably record while magnetic fields are, in theory, less attenuated by the low-conductivity fat layers present in the body. In this paper we quantified the effects of fat thickness and conductivity values on resultant magnetic and electric fields using anatomically realistic torso models and trains of dipole sources reflecting recent experimental results. The results showed that when the fat conductivity was increased there was minimal change in both potential and magnetic fields. However, when the fat conductivity was reduced the magnetic fields were largely unchanged, but electric potentials had a significant change in patterns and amplitudes. When the thickness of the fat layer was increased by 30 mm the amplitude of the magnetic fields decreased 10 % more than potentials but magnetic field patterns were changed about 4 times less than potentials. The ability to localize the underlying sources from the magnetic fields using a surface current density measure was altered by less than 2 mm when the fat layer was increased by 30 mm. In summary, results confirm that MGG provides a favourable method over EGG when there are uncertain levels of fat thickness or conductivity.
Related Articles
Activators of protein kinase C trigger cortical granule exocytosis, cortical contraction, and cleavage furrow formation in Xenopus laevis oocytes and eggs
The Journal of Cell Biology
Prophase I oocytes, free of follicle cells, and metaphase II eggs of the amphibian Xenopus laevis were subjected to transient treatments with the protein kinase C activators, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, and 1-olyeoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol. In both oocytes and eggs, these treatments triggered early events of amphibian development: cortical granule exocytosis, cortical contraction, and cleavage furrow formation. Surprisingly, activation of oocytes occurred in the absence of meiotic resumption, resulting in cells with an oocytelike nucleus and interior cytoplasm, but with a zygotelike cortex. PMA-induced activation of oocytes and eggs did not require external calcium, a prerequisite for normal activation of eggs. PMA-induced activation of eggs was inhibited by retinoic acid, a known inhibitor of protein kinase C. In addition, pretreatment of eggs with retinoic acid prevented activation by mechanical stimulation and inhibited activation by calcium ionophore A23187. The results suggest that protein kinase C activation is an integral component of the Xenopus fertilization pathway.
Related Articles
Detection of Schistosoma mansoni Eggs in Feces through their Interaction with Paramagnetic Beads in a Magnetic Field
Fagundes Teixeira, Candida
Neuhauss, Erli
Ben, Renata
Romanzini, Juliano
Graeff-Teixeira, Carlos
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
Diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis in low endemic areas is a problem because often control measures have reduced egg burdens in feces to below the detection limits of classical coproparasitological methods. Evaluation of molecular methods is hindered by the absence of an established standard with maximum sensitivity and specificity. One strategy to optimize method performance, where eggs are rare events, is to examine large amounts of feces. A novel diagnostic method for isolation of Schistosoma mansoni eggs in feces, and an initial evaluation of its performance is reported here.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Known amounts of S. mansoni eggs were seeded into 30 g of normal human feces and subjected to a sequence of spontaneous sedimentation, sieving, Ritchie method, incubation and isolation through interaction with paramagnetic beads. Preliminary tests demonstrated the efficacy of lectins as ligands, but they also indicated that the paramagnetic beads alone were sufficient to isolate the eggs under a magnetic field through an unknown mechanism. Eggs were identified by microscopic inspection, with a sensitivity of 100% at 1.3 eggs per gram of feces (epg). Sensitivity gradually decreased to 25% at a concentration of 0.1 epg. In a preliminary application of the new method to the investigation of a recently established focus in southern Brazil, approximately 3 times more eggs were detected than with the thick-smear Kato-Katz method.
The novel S. mansoni detection method may significantly improve diagnosis of infections with low burdens in areas of recent introduction of the parasite, areas under successful control of transmission, or in infected travelers. It may also improve the evaluation of new treatments and vaccines.
Author Summary
Schistosomiasis mansoni is a parasitic infection that affects approximately 200 million people, mainly in the tropics. The worms live inside the veins of intestines and liver and produce eggs that are eliminated within feces. If the eggs reach water, a ciliated larva is released and enters snails to develop into a larva infective to man and other vertebrates. Most infections evolve without overt disease, but severe intestinal, hepatic, pulmonary and cerebro-medulary dysfunctions may occur after many years. Definitive diagnosis is made through the identification of eggs in stool. Classical diagnostic methods fail to detect infection when the number of eggs is low (e.g., in areas where control measures have decreased the intensity of infection or in the case of light infections in travelers who have had only brief exposure). A new and very sensitive method is reported here, in which eggs are isolated from large amounts of feces through their interaction with magnetic beads. After incubation with the fecal sediment, eggs co-migrate with the beads towards a magnet attached to the test tube. This improvement in diagnostic methodology will strengthen efforts to control schistosomiasis.
Related Articles
Topical royal jelly alleviates symptoms of pruritus in a murine model of allergic contact dermatitis
Yamaura, Katsunori
Tomono, Ayana
Suwa, Eriko
Ueno, Koichi
Pharmacognosy Magazine
Royal jelly is widely used as a health tonic, especially in Asia. Royal jelly is commonly used in cosmetics as well as in dietary supplements and beverages. Little is known, however, about the pharmacologic efficacy of topical royal jelly. Therefore, we investigated the antipruritic activity of topical royal jelly on chronic pruritus in experimental allergic contact dermatitis in mice.
Materials and Methods:
Hairless mice (HOS: HR-1), with chronic allergic contact dermatitis induced by 5 weeks of repeated application of 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene (TNCB) to the entire back skin were treated topically with royal jelly (0.01% or 1%) for 5 weeks after sensitization with TNCB. The effects of royal jelly on pruritus and inflammation were evaluated by measurement of scratching behavior and skin inflammation score, respectively.
Repeated application of TNCB to the back skin of mice elicited frequent scratching behavior immediately and 24h after challenge. Topical royal jelly (0.01% or 1%) and betamethasone (0.01%) significantly ameliorated this chronic pruritus throughout the experimental period. The level of nerve growth factor mRNA in back skin was increased in the mice with dermatitis and reduced by betamethasone, but not by royal jelly.
The inhibitory effect of royal jelly on chronic pruritus may occur through different mechanisms from those of betamethasone. Topical application of royal jelly, as used in cosmetics, might be beneficial for the alleviation of chronic pruritus.
Allergic contact dermatitis; chronic pruritus; hairless mice; royal jelly; topical application
Related Articles
Kemp, Norman E.
Istock, Nancy L.
The Journal of Cell Biology
The folded cortex of the growing oocyte of the frog extends as microvilli into the substance of the developing vitelline membrane and, internal to the folds, possesses a layer of cortical granules. Free ribosomes, smooth-walled vesicles, coated vesicles, tubules, and electron-opaque granules are abundant in the peripheral zone of the cortex. Mitochondria, lipochondria, pigment granules, and electron-opaque granules are conspicuous between cortical granules and in the underlying endoplasm. Yolk platelets are restricted to the endoplasm. Cortical granules contain neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides, and possibly protein. In the mature oocyte, microvilli are withdrawn and the surface folds eliminated. Cortical granules now lie close to the plasma membrane, sometimes contacting it. Fertilization or pricking causes a wave of breakdown of cortical granules lasting 1–1½ min. Breakdown begins immediately after pricking but not until about 10–15 min after insemination, because the fertilizing sperm takes that long to penetrate the jelly and vitelline membrane. Cortical granules erupt through the surface and discharge their contents into the perivitelline space. Cortical craters left at sites of eruption soon disappear, and pseudopodial protrusions retract. By 30 min after insemination, the surface of the egg is relatively smooth.
Related Articles
Results 1-25 (997469)
« Previous
Go to page number:
Next »
Remove citation from clipboard
Add citation to clipboard
This will clear all selections from your clipboard. Do you wish proceed?
Clipboard is full! Please remove an item and try again.
PMC Canada
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
(CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's
Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information
in cooperation with the
National Center for Biotechnology Information
at the
U.S. National Library of Medicine
(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the
PubMed Central International archive
by participating publishers.


text:
Standard Delivery: Delivered in 3 - 7 days
_ [ 1078 x 24 Month 1396 x 18 Month
EMI Details
100% Authentic Brands
Product Covered Under Trustpay
TrustPay protects customers with a 100% moneyback guarantee if there is an issue with product quality, size or delivery
Seller Endorsed by brand for trusted and genuine product always
Sony Xperia M Dual Purple
Experience one touch magic with this new Sony Xperia M which comes with the latest NFC technology that allows you to share data simply with just a touch. Xperia M is a stylish mid-range smartphone from Sony which is packed with an impressive range of features and available at a very affordable price. The smartphone is driven by an Android 4.1 Jelly Bean operating system and powered by 1 GHz Qualcomm dual-core processor with 1GB RAM. The advanced processor and operating system gives you maximum performance and speed to smoothly run multiple apps simultaneously.
View every detail in vivid colours with the Xperia M's 4-inch display screen that comes with a visual resolution of 854x480 pixels. The sleek and stylish device lets you view incredibly sharp and crisp pictures and videos with superior brightness.
This elegantly designed smartphone is loaded with a Li-Ion 1700 mAh battery type and promises more than 10 hours of talk time. With your fabulous Xperia M smartphone storage will never be a problem as the device has an inbuilt storage of 4 GB which can further be expanded up to 32 GB through a micro SD card.
With your Sony Xperia M it will never be difficult to get a great shot. The phone sports a 5 MP rear camera with LED flash for you to click stunning pictures and has a 0.3 MP front camera in the handset for you to make video calls. The smartphone is preloaded with range of other media features like music player, video player, social networking apps and entertainment games etc.
Rich in connectivity features, the phone allows you to connect to the internet through 2G, 3G, Wi-Fi anytime anywhere at a faster speed. Also with its Bluetooth connectivity you can instantly share files, data and your stunning images as well.
Ask your Question :
Question Type :
Nick Name :
Your Question :
Question Type :
Nick Name :
Cool! Your question has been submitted.
Our masterminds are working on getting an answer. We will send you an email about it within 48 hours.POST A NEW QUESTION
Error While Submitting the Question. Please Try AgainTry Again
Displaying questions


text:
Get a behind-the-scenes look at the making of Big Sean's cover story...Read More
Nas Visits "The Angie Martinez Show"
Angie Martinez had her birthday yesterday and she invited a special guest on "The Angie Martinez Show." Nas joined her on air to ...Read More
Talib Kweli Announces New Release Date for "Prisoner of Conscious"
Talib Kweli and Yasiin Bey (formerly Mos Def) are sticking to their solo projects. In an interview with Rolling Stone, Kweli announced that Prisoner of ...Read More
Check Out the Artwork and Tracklist for Ace Hood's "Starvation 2″
Ace Hood is just a day away before releasing his new mixtape, Starvation 2. He decided to let loose of the tracklist, which features guest ...Read More
Chief Keef's Probation Hearing Moved Again, Set for January 15
Chief Keef will be finding out his fate sooner than expected. According to Complex, the Chicago rapper's probation hearing ...Read More
Styles P, N.O.R.E., Ghostface & Scram Jones Enjoyed Themselves at the 2012 Cannabis Cup [Video]
Akon Says He'll Talk To Justin Bieber About Him Smoking Weed [Video]
Unfortunately your browser does not support IFrames. Akon -- Justin Bieber Smokes Pot? I'll Talk to Him ... - Watch More Celebrity ...Read More
A$AP Rocky Decodes His Verse on "Long.Live.A$AP" [Video]
Pretty Flacko sits down with Life+Times and breaks down the title track off his debut...Read More
Nas Says He's Already Recording His Next Studio Album
While many hip-hop heads are still praising Life is Good, Nas is already has his sights sets on another album. During an interview with AP, Nas ...Read More
- 24 Rappers Who Don't Have Their Own Artists
- 26 Photos of Bad Boy Over the Years
- Here's a History of Scott Storch's Troubles
- Diddy's Been a Regular at the UCLA Campus the Past Few Months
- 9 Rappers Called Out by Their Exes
- Best Hip-Hop Instagrams of the Day
- 10 of Chris Brown's Emotional Moments Over Karrueche Tran
- 19 Rappers Who Performed in Africa
- Chris Brown's Major Meltdowns Over the Years
- 3 Rappers Who Saved Someone's Life
- 49 of the Most Recent Leaked Songs by Young Thug
- 5 Rap Videos Shot in Africa
- 11 Rappers Giving Lectures at Universities
- 29 Rappers Celebrate Their Mothers On Instagram
- Best Hip-Hop Instagrams of the Day