text:
Roommate gave notice. Both of us on lease. My friends want to rent other bedrm. Landlady had them fill out rental app. Then a family calls roommate asking for appt to view unit and before he can answer their call, they just show up. He explains I will be staying. They leave. They call a week later saying maybe they'd like a roommate. He thinks landlady must be forcing us to accept this and says he'll get back to them for appt to see unit. We ask landlady, she says her son sent them and she didn't know. Accepts my friends' app to move in, says they just have to pay fee to cover bckgrnd check she did, they can move in. Then she calls, leaves voicemail that she didn't know he "refused" to let them in and now, I have to get out by end of month and her lawyer told her pick a family over adults.
She said in front of three other witnesses she was telling me to move BECAUSE her son's friends (who came over without notice) weren't let see the place. (They weren't refused entry, just told I was staying.) Pretty sure this is illegal retaliation. Also pretty sure stating in front of witnesses she wants a family rather than group of adults is discrimination. Asked for written notice, she said she'll have it in mailbox today. Can I make her let me stay? Can't afford to move!
Landlord / Tenant Lawyer
Best answer
I'm a little confused by the fact that your "Roommate gave notice." If your roommate said the two of you were going to terminate your lease, that notice could provide the basis for eviction.
The rest of the details seem a bit confusing, but generally without some form of notice you cannot be asked to leave, but during the first year of a month-to-month tenancy all that's required is 30-days written notice. Whether the notice given is sufficient or whether there's a retaliation claim or Fair Housing Act claim will depend on the specific facts, for which you should consult your own attorney. Familial status is a protected class under the Fair Housing Act, which may apply assuming this is not an owner-occupied structure.
Licensed in Oregon. Advice provided is general legal information relevant to the facts provided. It is not intended as legal advice applicable to your specific situation. No attorney/client relationship is created unless and until we have met and entered into a written representation agreement. Contact me at 541-250-0542 to discuss your matter further. www.MaugerLaw.com
Litigation Lawyer
LL would need to have valid legal reasons to terminate your possession (i.e. your lease is expired, or you are on a month to month lease, or you breached in some way). LL has no power to summarily evict tenants. Only a court does.
NOT LEGAL ADVICE. FOR EDUCATION AND INFORMATION ONLY. Mr. Rafter is licensed to practice in the Commonwealth of Virginia and the US Federal Courts in Virginia. There is no implied or actual attorney-client relationship arising from this education exchange. You should speak with an attorney licensed in your state, to whom you have provided all the facts before you take steps that may impact your legal rights. Mr. Rafter is under no obligation to answer subsequent emails or phone calls related to this matter.
Real Estate Attorney
Check to see if there is a local tenant's association who can help you with this. Attorney Rafter is correct.
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This used to be the best Bewertet mit 5 von 5 Sternen
It even worked nicely on linux. The best part was how it handled the bookmark menu. Please update for the latest firefox or hand off development to someone who can do it.
Bewertet mit 5 von 5 Sternen
Please upgrade to version 14!
Bewertet mit 5 von 5 Sternen
Хорошо подобрано сочетание цвета
Bewertet mit 1 von 5 Sternen
Firefox 13 support requierd
vista-aero Bewertet mit 5 von 5 Sternen
Мне понравилось это дополнение т.к. у меня такая операционная система и это дополнение стандартного браузера Internet Explorer.
Bewertet mit 5 von 5 Sternen
it's awesome & even better than the original IE 8, can u please update it to version 10 or u can At least put the IE8 Accelerator alone as an add-on please a lot of people well love it, believe me cause I'm one of them, thanks a lot for your effort, we appreciate.
Bewertet mit 2 von 5 Sternen
It looks too much like Internet Explorer. It is not compatible with Firefox 8.
Some replacement options Bewertet mit 4 von 5 Sternen
I loved this theme, but I don't think it's ever going to be updated for Firefox 4. I've found two extensions that do a decent job of replacing the right-click search functionality.
https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/context-search/ is what I'm using now.
http://twofoos.org/content/smartsearch/ looks promising also, but more complicated.
Neither of the above has the floating dictionary that Vista-aero has, showing a dictionary definition without leaving the page you're on. And unfortunately Google dictionary that Vista-aero uses is no longer available, so it no longer works either.
https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/firefox/addon/cleeki-instant-search/ does do the floating dictionary, but all of its searches pop up in new mini-windows instead of into full tabs. I prefer the functionality of the other Context Search and SmartSearch extensions over Cleeki.
Bewertet mit 3 von 5 Sternen
Well since its obvious that he isnt going to update this i just ended up kinda cloning this UI with the firefox UI editor....just right click on the bars and click customize...i made the tabs back on the bottom removed bookmarks toolbar put the shortcuts for bookmarks and history and plus tabs on the tab bar plus the Home page print rss downloads and tab group thing aswell....i downloaded the status bar addon that brings back the status bar and added the download and zoom in and out buttons to it...i know its hard to envision but it looks close to vista aero besides a few work arounds...also put a persona to bring back the color
Vista Aero for FF4+ Bewertet mit 1 von 5 Sternen
Ok, so it seems that the original author is NOT going to update this theme for FF4+. Since this is FF, how come no one else who knows how to program has stepped up to plate to incorporate this into FF4???? I would do it, but I dont know how to program, yet we have all this open "source-ness" and a big community of people that ban together to put ideas together, which is how FF came into existence in the first place. How do we reach out to others in the community to advise that this theme should be continued? We have so many other options and different things we can do with FF, someone should be able to get on here and make this theme available.
Im just sayin.........
No update for FF4 Bewertet mit 4 von 5 Sternen
Looks like the author may have abandoned this add-on. But if you want the accelerator functionality that it had, Cleeki is a good substitute.
I think we can forget this for firefox 4 Bewertet mit 2 von 5 Sternen
I think he won't do it for firefox 4 .... so sad ,,Dieser Benutzer hat 2 ältere Bewertungen zu diesem Add-on.
Bewertet mit 5 von 5 Sternen
This is by far the best theme that I have found. I hope you will make it for the new 4.0 Firefox. And that it stays looking like IE8.
Keep up the good work
Vista aero Bewertet mit 5 von 5 Sternen
plz plz the developer of this theme, update to FF4, this has been the best of the best theme for me since ages, plz update to FF4.
thanx. in advance.
Bewertet mit 5 von 5 Sternen
Hello, do you Think of making an update of your topic Vista Aéro for Mozilla Firefox 4.0? By advance thank you of your answer and for the realization of your theme.Salutations.Fred
Bewertet mit 5 von 5 Sternen
I'd love to see this work for Firefox 4. It's the only reason I haven't upgraded to Firefox 4 yet.
Bewertet mit 5 von 5 Sternen
I upgraded to Firefox 4 without realizing your vista theme wasn't compatible with it, so i reverted back to 3.6. That is how important your add-on is! So I'm impatiently waiting for your Firefox 4 compatible Version.
Bewertet mit 5 von 5 Sternen
plz plz plz make it support for Firefox 4, we already wait very long time, now plz update it, im having a problems with 3.17 version i want use Firefox 4, but because only this add on can't use Firefox 4Dieser Benutzer hat 2 ältere Bewertungen zu diesem Add-on.
Bewertet mit 1 von 5 Sternen
maybe something happened?
why the author keeps silent?
Bewertet mit 5 von 5 Sternen
thank you for addon!!!
still waiting ff4 support


text:
I have just started learning Zend Framework 2 as a long time Zend Framework 1 developer. I am having a little trouble wrapping my head around the new terminology.
Back in ZF1, if I wanted to create a logger that was global to an application I would add the configuration into the application.ini file and the bootstrap would initialize it as a resource (I hope I am saying that right). So then from any of my module controllers I could access the logger through bootstrap resources.
Enter ZF2, Modules are a bit different beast, they are self contained, but I am a bit confused about how they interact with the application. It seems to me like this is where the ServiceManager comes into play. My goal is, to have my Module (not the controller, but the module itself), to check if the Application has defined a logger and if it has, utilize that logger throughout the module. If the application does not define a logger, I want the module to define the logger for module wide logging.
This question also relates to databases as well, let's say I want to have the application define the logic of the database connection, while I want the module to define the logic of the tables it requires. How exactly do I configure this, and how/where can I tell if there is already a database resource defined in the Application.
Note: I have gone through Rob Allen's Quickstart (quite information and the only resource I have found that lacks obscurity thusfar), and the ZF2 (readthedocs), and googled tons already. What I am finding is that the information is generally very obscure when it comes to 'where' certain pieces of the puzzle go.


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Winter Weather Advisory Today
Mountain passes could get very messy today in southwest Montana as heavy, wet snow is expected to fall along with strong, gusty winds until midnight.
Mountain passes could get very messy today in southwest Montana as heavy, wet snow is expected to fall along with strong, gusty winds until midnight.
High winds are expected to accompany snowfall in our next southwest Montana storm, possibly creating very hazardous travel conditions.
Are you feeling a little left out because the Northeast is getting pummeled with snow and your city isn't? One Massachusetts resident wants to help you out.
We might see rain in the valley today, turning to snow tonight over Bozeman and surrounding areas. (Up to 6 inches). It's about time!
After an icy few days in the Gallatin Valley, we are expecting more snow this weekend in the Bozeman area.
MORE snow is in the forecast for the Bozeman area through Tuesday. Are your arms tired from shoveling yet?
Bozeman woke up Sunday to light snow that continued to fall through the morning. Several inches may accumulate in the valley by Monday morning.
The high elevation snow advisory has been extended through Monday morning with as much as 20 inches possible in the mountain passes.
Southwest Montanans, if you are dreaming of a white Christmas, you are luckier than a lot of other people in the U.S.
That's according to information published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Climatic Data Center
Although Bozeman and Helena are not supposed to receive more than 2 inches, the majority of western Montana is expecting up to 8 inches in high elevations.
Snow and wind will be affecting SW Montana through Saturday night and hindering post holiday road travels.
A backcountry avalanche warning has been issued for the Gallatin National Forest Avalanche Center's entire advisory area.
Natural avalanche activity is likely on all slopes following heavy snowfall and strong winds that created widespread instability, according to the GNFAC.
The avalanche danger is rated high in the B


text:
Have you ever had a gut instinct that disagreed with scientific facts, and then found that you were correct and the facts wrong? You have inner guidance. Cancer is humbling. Like any life crisis, it is guaranteed to knock you down with its series of emotional and physical trauma, beginning with discovery [Read More...]
Your Community: Random Acts of Kindness
My guest blogger today is Rosalyn Kahn. Her insight into the positive aspects of community and the Random Acts of Kindness they perform is astounding. Often, in our busy lives of full schedules we forget the importance of community. In her article Rosalyn reminds us. I recently made some connections with local public libraries as [Read More...]
20 Pearls of Wisdom for a Stress Free Life: Wear Your Pearls with Pride!
As I was going through my e-amils I came across one sent to me by my sister-in law concerning stress. It caught my eye, touched my heart and then made me laugh- a rarity when dealing with STRESS. But the pearls of wisdom contained in this amusing little story were too important to delete. Have [Read More...]


text:
A circuit for reducing noise and increasing the reliability of touch panels involves the use of a supplemental noise or electromagnetic interference pickup lead which extends generally coextensively with the parallel connected outputs from a series of successively coupled photodetectors and a high pass filter for substantially reducing the noise signals created by variations in the level of ambient light. When the photodetectors output is connected to one of the inputs of a differential operational amplifier, and the compensating pickup lead is connected to the opposite polarity other input, the noise is substantially cancelled out, and a cleaned-up photodetector pulse is provided. A pulse forming circuit squares up the photodetector output signal pulse; and a hysteresis type storage or buffer 15 circuit is employed to indicate the presence or absence of photodetector output signals, from successive photodectors, thereby indicating whether or not the light beams are interrupted either fully or partially.
1. An interference reduction circuit comprising:
means for providing at least one pair of light emitting devices and photodetectors each disposed along a light beam path extending therebetween;
a photodetector output circuit;
switching means for successively coupling the output of said at least one photodetector to said photodetector output circuit;
an electromagnetic noise compensation pickup circuit extending generally coextensively with and electrically balanced with said photodetector output circuit; and
circuit means including combining means for differentially combining the outputs from said photodetector output circuit and said electromagnetic noise compensation pickup circuit to substantially eliminate the electromagnetic noise component present on the output signal of said photodetector output circuit.
2. a circuit as defined in claim 1 in which said circuit means comprises pulse forming circuitry and means responsive to the output from said combining means for forming a pulse signal corresponding to such output signal.
3. A circuit as defined in claim 2 in which said circuit means further comprising hysteresis type circuitry, and means for selectively changing the state of said hysteresis type circuitry only when there is a change in the state of successive output signals of a photodetector, from about a full light beam reception state to a state in which the successive light beam reception is about fully interrupted, and vice-versa.
4. A circuit as defined in claim 1 further comprising a high pass filter circuit means disposed to conduct signals from said photodetector output circuit and said electromagnetic noise compensation pickup circuit to said combining means, whereby the effects of variations in signal level which have a rate of change higher than the normally expected rate of change in the level of ambient light is so conducted.
5. A circuit as defined in claim 1 wherein said combining means is an operational amplifier having diode feedback means disposed between the output and input thereof for increasing the amplification of photodetector output pulses which are of a predetermined polarity and for significantly reducing the amplification of pulses of the opposite polarity.
6. A circuit as defined in claim 1 wherein said electromagnetic noise compensation pickup circuit is an electrically equivalent circuit to said photodetector output circuit.
7. A circuit as defined in claim 2 wherein said electromagnetic noise compensation pickup circuit is a loaded lead line which is electrically equivalent to said photodetector output circuit.
8. A circuit as defined in claim 3 wherein said circuit means includes comparator means for comparing the level of the output signal from said combining means and actuating said hysteresis type circuitry to change states in response to each output signals only when the level of such output signal changes from greater than a first reference level to less than a second reference level and vice-versa.
9. A circuit as defined in claim 3 wherein said hysteresis type circuitry includes at least one flip-flop disposed to receive and store a signal corresponding to the change in the level output signal from said combining means and to remain in its previous stored state when the light beam reception state is between about full light beam reception and interruption.
10. A circuit as defined in claim 3 wherein said hysteresis type circuity includes two flip-flops disposed to receive and store a pair of signal coresponding to the change in the level of the output signal from said combining means to store first condition signals if the light is about fully interrupted, second condition signals if the light beam is about fully received, and third condition signals if the light beam condition is therebetween.
11. A circuit as defined in claim 1 further comprising hysteresis type digital storage circuitry, and means for selectively changing the state of said hysteresis type circuitry only when there is a change in the level of the output signals of said photodetectors between successive couplings thereof from close to a full light beam reception state to a state where the next successive light beam reception is close to fully interrupted, and vice-versa.
12. A circuit as defined in claim 2 further comprising high pass filter cirucit including a capacitor and resistor coupled in series and a shunting load resistor all disposed along a circuit path between said photodetector output circuit and said combining means, whereby the conduction of signals corresponding to changes in the level of ambient light at the rates of changes which ambient light is expected to change is effectively eliminated.
13. A system as defined in claim 8 wherein said circuit means includes clamping diode means coupled to inputs of said hysteresis type circuitry for setting the first reference level and the second reference level.
14. A system as defined in claim 10 wherein said light emitting devices are infrared light emitting diodes.
15. A system as defined in claim 11 wherein circuit means includes compartor means for controlling the state of said hysteresis type digital storage circuitry in response to output signals from said pulse forming circuitry such that the hysteresis circuit indicates a first reception state if, on successive couplings, the level of the input signal thereto remains greater than the levels of two reference signals operatively applied thereto, remains the same if the level of such output signal moves between the two reference level signals, and indicates a second beam reception state if the level of such output signal moves from greater than the first reference level to less than the level of the two reference signals and vice versa.
16. A system as defined in claim 11 wherein said hysteresis type storage circuitry includes at least one flip-flop disposed to receive and store a signal state corresponding to the last change in the level of the output signal from said combining means.
17. A system as defined in claim 11 wherein said hysteresis type storage circuitry includes two flip-flops disposed to receive and store a signal state corresponding to the last change in the level of the output signal from said combining means.
18. A light beam responsive circuit with interference reduction circuitry comprising:
means for providing a plurality of pairs of photoemitters and photodetectors each pair being disposed in spaced apart relationship on a beam path and about the periphery of a face plate;
a photodetector output circuit;
switching means for successively coupling the outputs from a plurality of said photodetectors to said photodetector output circuit;
compensation pickup circuit disposed substantially coextensively with said and electrically balanced with said photodetector ouptut circuit; and
means coupled to differentially combine signals from said phototector output circuit and said compensation circuit to substantially eliminate electromagnetic noise which is present on said photodetector output circuit.
19. A circuit as defined in claim 18 further comprising hysteresis type digital storage circuitry, and means for selectively changing the state of said hysteresis type circuitry only when there is a change in the state of photodetectors on sucessive couplings, from at least about a full light beam reception by a photodetector state to situations where the successive light beam reception state by such photodetector is at least about fully interrupted, and vice-versa and said hysteresis type circuitry remains in its stored state resulting from the previous coupling when the light beam reception is between these two conditions.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to detection circuits that can be used with optical touch panels and more particularly to a circuit which compensates for the noise signals created by ambient light variations and by electromagnetic interference.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Prior arrangements which have been proposed for touch panels are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,764,813, granted Oct. 9, 1973, U.S. Pat. No. 3,775,560, granted Nov. 27, 1973, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,198,623, granted Apr. 15, 1980. In systems of the type disclosed in the above patents, the interruption of closely spaced beams of light is employed to locate the coordinates of a point which is being pointed to on the invisible opto-matrix; and semiconductor switching circuits are often employed to sequentially turn on successive pairs of opposing photosource and photodetectors, to thereby scan across the face of the display, both horizontally and vertically. A common output circuit is connected from all of the photodetectors sampling switches which are sequentially energized to sense whether or not there is anything, such as a finger, blocking one or more of the light beams. The photodetector output circuit normally extends substantially along two edges of a circuit board, and therefore, can be subject to electromagnetic interference, from voltages, currents and radiation typically within the proximity of the touch panel housing. In addition, the photodetectors are affected by variations in the ambient lighting conditions where the unit is located, and these may also adversely affect the operation of the unit.
Heretofore, one approach disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,243,879, granted on Jan. 6, 1981, used a digital sample and hold technique to mitigate the effects of variations in the level of ambient light by sampling ambient light level as seen by the phototransistor just before the photodetector is energized. While some protection was provided for variation in ambient light it does not compensate for electromagnetic interference.
Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide an improved photodetection circuit which is more reliable and more readily compensates for both electromagnetic interference and ambient light variations than those which have been employed heretofore.
In accordance with one important aspect of the invention, the photodetector output circuit is coupled to one input of a differential amplifier circuit, and a noise signal compensation circuit extending substantially coextensively with the photodetector output circuit is connected to the opposite polarity input to the differential amplifier. Accordingly, the desired photodetector output signals are transmitted through the differential amplifier, while the noise signals which are picked up substantially equally both by the photodetector output circuit and the compensating circuit, cancel one another out to substantially eliminate the noise signal component on the output signal of the differential amplifier.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the input from the photodetector circuit is fed through a high pass filter circuit to substantially eliminate the relatively low frequency effects of the more slowly changing variations in ambient lighting, while transmitting the relatively higher frequency pulses produced by the gating of light impulses from selected successive photodetectors. By eliminating the need to compensate for variations in ambient light each time a photodetector output is sampled, it is possible to operate the system at a much higher scan rate. Consequently larger detector arrays can be built and faster response time can be attained.
In accordance with still another aspect of the invention, the differential amplifier may be provided with a diode in the feedback circuit so that the desired photodetected signal pulses of one polarity are amplified at high gain levels; whereas pulses of the opposite polarity are not amplified, in accordance with the feedback characteristics of the diode.
A still further aspect of the invention involves the use of hysteresis type output circuitry for the photodetected pulse sensing circuits, which only changes state when a change is encountered when going from a beam transmission to a beam interruption, or vice-versa, as successive pairs of light emitters and photodetectors are scanned across the face of the touch panel faceplate.
One advantage resides in the reference sample hysteresis circuit wherein the data sampled from the position of the finger or other object which interrupts the beam is smoothed in spite of slight irregular movement (such as tremors) of the finger, or slight variation in the signal level due to changes in ambient light, or electromagnetic noise. Consequently, more stable data is obtained on the position of the finger.
Other advantages of the invention includes significant reduction in sensitivity to ambient lighting noise and increased reliability as a result of noise compensation by a substantial elimination of the noise component from the photodetector output signal. As a result, relatively inexpensive light emitting diodes and phototransistors may be employed to significantly reduce the overall cost of the touch panel.
Another advantage is that the higher attainable signal to noise ratio permits the use of smaller photoemitter and photodetector devices since it is not necessary to overpower the ambient light level because the devices are capable of operating at a level below the intensity of the ambient light.
Other objects, features, and advantages of the invention wil become apparent from a consideration of the following detailed description and from the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 represents a touch panel unit of the type to which the present invention relates;
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a preferred embodiment illustrating the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is idealized plot of a photodetector current pulse during gating and the receipt of a beam of illumination;
FIG. 4 shows a typical noise signal component which might be superimposed upon a photodetector output pulse in a touch panel unit of the type shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 shows an idealized amplified and limited pulse derived from the photodetector output pulse of FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is a representation of an actual output pulse as amplified and limited, with the low level of residual noise following compensation in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing of a second embodiment at the hysteresis portion of the circuit;
FIG. 8 is a schematic of a second embodiment of the detection portion of the circuit of FIG. 2.
Referring more particularly to the drawings, FIG. 1 is an overall view of a touch panel unit 12 which has a faceplate 14. In addition, a series of photoemitters such as light emitting diodes are located, for example, at one side 18 of the faceplate to direct beams of infrared light across the faceplate 14 to photodetectors such as phototransistors located at the opposite edge 20 of the faceplate 14. Similarly, an additional set of light emitting diodes may be provided to direct illumination from the lower edge 22 of the faceplate upwardly to phototransistors located at the upper edge 24 of the faceplate. Preferably the pairs of light emitting diodes and phototransistors are energized sequentially to scan across the faceplate both in the horizontal direction and in the vertical direction such that they intersect to form a grid pattern. The light from each light emitting diode is directed across the faceplate to impinge on the opposing phototransistors locating the coordinates of where a finger 26 may be pointing, for example, either to a switch point or a portion of a display. Of course, the interruption of one or more of the beams in each direction, serves to locate the position of the finger 26.
A set of four circuit boards 32, 34, 36 and 38 may serve to mount the light emitting diodes and the phototransistors, along with their associated electronic circuitry. In practice, the opposing pairs of light emitting diodes and phototransistors are switched on and off concurrently, with sequential energization of the successive pairs of phototransistors and light emitting diodes serving to scan across the face of the faceplate in both the horizontal and vertical directions. In practice, the output from the phototransistors may be connected in parallel to detection and processing circuits, with the particular phototransistor from which a pulse is being received being identified by the timing of the switching circuitry which sequentially turns on the paired light emitting diodes and phototransistors.
Reference will now be made to the circuit diagram of FIG. 2 which includes a circuit illustrating the principles of the present invention. More specifically, in FIG. 2, a phototransistor 42 is shown connected by switch 44 to a phototransistor output lead 46. A plurality of additional switches 48 are also shown, and are representative of a series of parallel semiconductor switches which sequentially gate a series of parallel phototransistors to their conducting states, simultaneously with the energization of the opposite paired light emitting diode 40 which directs light onto the phototransistors 42. The sequential energization of the switch 44 and the many switches indicated at 48, and their precise timing, identifies for the system which phototransistor is generating (or not generating) an output pulse 52 of FIG. 3. The current associated with this pulse 52 flows through the load resistor 49 which has one end connected to a reference voltage -V. This causes the voltage level at the end of the load resistor 49 to rise producing the output pulse 52.
FIG. 3 shows an idealized positive going output pulse such as might be recovered from the phototransistor 42 when the beam is not interrupted. However, as mentioned above, because the phototransistor output lead 46 extends a considerable distance across the printed circuit board, for example printed circuit boards 34 and 36 of FIG. 1, a great deal of electromagnetic noise is picked up and added to the phototransistor output signal. This is indicated for example in FIG. 4 of the drawings where the phototransistor signal 52 may be relatively small, in the order of ten to fifteen millivolts, while the noise signals 54 may be substantially greater and may for example be even 100 to 150 millivolts.
In order to substantially cancel out these undesired noise signals, a differential operational amplifier 56 is used with the signal from the phototransistor output lead 46 fed through a high pass filter circuit, which includes load resistor 49, series capacitor 58 and resistor 60, to the negative (-) input terminal of the amplifier 56; and a compensating signal equivalent to the noise signal components picked up on the noise compensating pickup lead 62 is coupled to the positive (+) input terminal of operational amplifier 56 through a high pass filter circuit which includes load resistor 65 and series connected capacitor 64 and resistor 66.
The compensation pick-up lead 62 indicated schematically at 62 in FIG. 1 is a long electrical conductor extending for substantially the full length of the circuit boards 34 and 36, commensurate in extent with the phototransistor output circuit 46, as indicated at the left in FIG. 2. The lead 62 can be in the form of a wire, a printed circuit, plating, planar etch, etc. The end of the lead 62 has a load termination circuit 63 equivalent to a phototransistor 42 and a switch 48 coupled to it. This equivalent load circuit 63 can be in the form of a capacitor and a diode connected in parallel with one another. Accordingly, the noise signals picked up on lead 62 results in current flow through load resistor 65 which will be substantially the same as the electromagnetic noise signals on phototransistor output lead 46. As a result of the two equivalent and balanced input circuit branches to the operational amplifiers 56, these two sets of noise signals will substantially cancel one another out, while leaving only the desired characteristics of the phototransistor output signal 52 to be amplified and shaped by the time it arrives at test point TP-2 as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.
It is also noted that the high pass filter including series capacitor 58, and resistor 60 and the load resistors connected in shunt to the capacitor discriminates against the relatively slowly changing levels of ambient light which will be received by the photodiodes and which might otherwise vary the output signal from the operational amplifier 56. For example, in one embodiment the high pass filter would pass 4% of the signal at 400 cps (cycles per second), 40% at 2000 cps, and 90% at 6000 cps. The circuit formed by capacitor 64, resistor 66, and load resistor 65 in the compensation pickup lead branch is equivalent to the high pass filter.
Attention is also directed to the diode 72 in the feedback loop of the operational amplifier 56. When the signal received by the differential amplifier (-) input terminal is negative relative to a reference level, the diode is forward biased, the feedback resistance is very low, and the gain at the operational amplifier 56 is very low whereupon the negative input signal is not amplified. However when the input to the (-) input terminal of operational amplifier 56 is positive, the diode 72 is back biased raising the feedback resistance and the gain of the operational amplifier 56 whereupon the input signal is amplified.
A first test point, designated TP-1 in FIG. 2, is the point at which noisy signals such as those shown in FIG. 4 may be observed. Similarly the representative signal of FIG. 5 at test point TP-2 was clamped by diodes 75 and 77 (which do not conduct negative pulse signals or signals of more than +0.7 volts such as might be caused by switching transients and noise) and was amplified by operational amplifiers 56 and 74. The actual signal with some slight residual uncompensated noise, is shown in FIG. 6. The diode 75 also serves to provide a path of conduction when the feedback diode 72 is forward biased. The resistor 79 connected to clamping diode 77 serves to terminate the input to the (+) terminal of operation amplifier 56 and to aid the circuit in comming up to operation when the power is turned on. Incidentally both of the operational amplifiers 56 and 74 as shown in FIG. 2 may, for example, be of the types known as TL072 or LS353 operational amplifiers, and which are available from a number of manufacturers. Incidentially, the comparators 80 and 82 to be discussed below may, for example, be of type LM393. The high and low voltages for the system may, by way of example but not limitation, be either the commonly available plus and minus five volts or plus and minus twelve volts. However it has been determined that the higher the voltages, within limits, the more effective the circuit becomes.
The comparators 80 and 82 each have one input terminal (-) connected to receive the amplified output pulse from operational amplifier 74 and the other input terminal (+) coupled to receive reference signals VREF-1 and VREF-2 respectively. Thus an output pulse from comparator 80 is fed to the D input terminal of flip-flop 76 after it is processed and limited by the clamping diode 81 and pull up resistor 83. Incidently, the flip-flops 76 and 78 may, for example, be of the type LS74. Similarly the output of comparator 82 is fed to the D input terminal of flip-flop 78 after it is processed and limited by clamping diode 85 and pullup resistor 87.
In operation the hysteresis portion of the circuit of FIG. 2 which includes flip-flops 76 and 78 evaluates the pulse level on the output lines from comparators 80 and 82 during gate pulse or clock pulse LED and stores it as data depending upon the levels of the signals. For example if the levels of the signal on these two output lines are both higher in amplitude than the reference voltages VREF-1 and VREF-2 (noninterrupted beam) such as at time t1 in FIG. 6 or both lower in amplitude than the referenced voltages VREF-1 and VREF-2 (interrupted beam) such as at time t3 that state of the data is stored in the flip-flops 76 and 78 and used as the output data Q and Q on output lines 92 and 94.
If however the state of two signals from comparators 80 and 82 are not both low or both high relative to the reference voltages VREF-1 and VREF-2, such as at time t2 (as might occur if a beam is only partially interrupted), the states of the flip-flops typically stored by an external data receiver (not shown) from the preceding scan or beam would typically be used.
Similarly a hysteresis circuit can be implemented with a single J-K flip-flop 98 such as an LS 109 in the manner illustrated in FIG. 7. In this embodiment, if the inputs to the J input and the K input to the flip-flop 98 are both low, the output Q is low. If however the signal to the J and K inputs are both high the output Q is high. However if the signal of the J input is low and the signal to the K input is high the output signal Q remains in its stored state from the preceding beam. Moreover if the signal of the J input is high and the input signal to the K input is low the flip-flop cannot toggle and the output Q will remain in the same state it was in from the preceding beam.
Consequently, if the finger should move only slightly, such as might occur as a result of a slight finger tremor, and result in pulses such as the times t2, t3, tn+1 and tn+2 shown in FIG. 6, the state of the circuit of FIG. 2 will indicate or, in the case of FIG. 7, will remain stable in response to such slight irregular movements. At the same time the circuit will be able to rapidly detect the desired finger movements. Of course such transient conditions could also be caused by partial eclipsing of the beam by a finger, low level uncompensated electromagnetic noise signals, and slight variations in the level of ambient light.
In addition while the photodetector circuit of FIG. 2 shows one type of circuit it is possible to use another type illustrated in FIG. 8 such as load resistors 100 and 102 coupled between the collector of each phototransistor 42 and in common to the lead 62. The emitters of phototransistors 42 are switched to ground to select the desired beam. These load resistors 100 and 102 would be tapped with a reference voltage +V: such as 5 volts, with the last load resistor tapped to ground. The collectors of each of the phototransistors 42 are ganged to the lead 46 so that a negative going pulse is produced in response to an unblocked beam when the switches 48 are sequentially closed.
While the circuit of FIG. 2 has been described as generating and processing positive going phototransitor output pulses 52 it is possible to handle negative going output pulses 52 that would be produced by the circuit of FIG. 8 by reversing the polarity of clamping diodes 75 and 77 and feedback diode 72.
In summary, in the appended drawings and the foregoing detailed description, one preferred embodiment of the invention has been described. It is to be understood that minor variations in the implementation of the invention are contemplated. For example, alternative forms of output circuitry, and circuits for the differential combining of the signal and compensating noise voltage signals, may be utilized; and the invention is applicable to other systems including parallel output photosensitive elements. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown in the drawings and described hereinabove.
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text:
I always wonder why I must write
foreach my $x (@arr)
instead of
foreach my $x @arr
What is the purpose of the parentheses here?
Flippant answer: Because that's the way Larry
More serious answer: It helps to disambiguate between "iterate over
I can only think of one concrete reason for it. The following code is valid:
If you were to change that to
Then you would really be saying
(i.e. a hash lookup). Perl 6 gets around this issue by changing the way whitespace works with variables (you can't say
BTW, you can use the expression form of the
Perl has two types of functions - one works in scalar context and another works in list context.'Foreach' works in list context so parentheses indicate the its context.
like assume a array:
So we can write -
David B,
In this context they should be equivalent, however many times parentheses either change the order of operation in which something is performed, or the type of variable returned (a listing). Different functions may handle lists vs arrays/hashes differently.
Order of Operation
During a foreach loop, it's typical to sort a listing:
This could also be written as:
On the other hand, you should look at the difference between a list, array, and hash. Lists are generally the base type, where hash/arrays have additional functions/abilities. Certain functions will only operate on lists, but not their scalar counterpart.
I think I should also add, as Randal Schwartz (co-author of the first Camel book) has pointed out in previous citings, that the "for" loop is from C and the "foreach" loop is from Csh. What is inside the parentheses is used to determine which loop is used by perl. The for/foreach can be used interchangeably only because perl examines the contents in the


text:
- //Home
- //Music
- //Skiggy Rapz
When "killing them with kindness" turns to genocide...
Skiggy Rapz
(Beats Broke)
US: 29 Jan 2013
UK: 24 Jan 2013
The sort of competent rapper that would have stayed well-fed in the late '90s, when scores of big beat also-rans strived to be the next Apollo 440 or Lo Fidelity Allstars, Skiggy Rapz has undeniable ambition. Tragically, the Dutchman's zeal and pulsating positivity yields exponentially more cringes than cheers on Satellites.
Something this strategically commercial and unreservedly saccharine shouldn't sound so downright dreadful in the execution. An abominable amalgamation of rap cliches with outright gibberish, "Shilly Tilly" could liberate hostages in a bank heist if played loud enough. The title track mawkishly mimics Lupe Fiasco's "Superstar" like above average karaoke, its diabolically mechanical chorus dependent on Tienus's insistently cruel yelp.
The weaponized schmaltz never lets up, from Skiggy's pleading proposals to an apparently French love interest on "T.A.N.Y.A." to the '90s-referencing New Order synths of "Superhoney". On the almost hilariously self-serious confessional of "Natural Born", he confesses to his shortcomings such as an "average" sized penis. Surely there's myriad better ways to spend 49 minutes than with Skiggy Rapz. Slobodon Milosevic had more fun at the Hague.
- "Circle Round" Soundcloud
The Dolomites "Wakannai" (video) (premiere) // Music
A Crooked and Unseen Highway: lowercase - "You're a King"
// Sound Affects
"Like too many great bands, Lowercase have never received their full due. Ragged, deeply, sometimes even awkwardly, personal music like theirs typically becomes the property of small but passionate fanbases.READ the article