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Breastfeeding Information
Does Your Older Baby Still Need Night Feedings?
Has somebody told you that your baby doesn't need to breastfeed at night past a certain age? This age often varies by advisor. However, science tells us that in many cases, this simply isn't true.
Why? Babies and mothers are different and these differences affect baby's need for night feedings. Some babies really do need to breastfeed at night, at six months, eight months, and beyond. This is in part because if their mother has a small "breast storage capacity" and tries to sleep train her baby, her milk production will slow, along with her baby's growth. To find out what this means and if this applies to you, you need to know the basics of how milk production works.
Degree of Breast Fullness
Two basic dynamics are major influencers of milk production. The first, "degree of breast fullness," refers to a simple concept: Drained breasts make milk faster and full breasts make milk slower. Whenever your breasts contain enough milk to feel full, your milk production slows.1 The fuller your breasts become, the stronger the signal your body receives to slow milk production.
Breast Storage Capacity
This second basic dynamic refers to a physical characteristic known as breast storage capacity, which varies among mothers.2 This physical difference explains why feeding patterns can vary so much among mothers and why one breastfed baby does not need to breastfeed at night while another one does.
Breast storage capacity is the amount of milk your breasts contain in your milk-making glands at their fullest point of the day. Storage capacity is not related to breast size, which varies mainly by how much fatty tissue is in your breasts. In other words, smaller-breasted mothers can have a large storage capacity and larger-breasted mothers can have a small capacity.
Both large-capacity and small-capacity mothers produce plenty of milk for their babies. But their babies feed differently to get the daily volume of milk they need.3 After baby's first month, a mother with a large storage capacity may notice that her baby:
- Is satisfied with one breast at most or all feedings.
- Is finished breastfeeding much sooner than other babies (sometimes just five minutes).
- Gains weight well on fewer feedings per day than the average eight or so.
- Sleeps for longer-than-average stretches at night.
If this describes your breastfeeding experience, your baby may already be sleeping for longer stretches at night than other babies you know. But if after the first month of life your baby often takes both breasts at feedings, feeds on average longer than about 15 to 20 minutes total, typically takes eight or more feedings per day, and wakes at least twice a night to breastfeed, your breast storage capacity is likely to be small or average.
Again, what's important to a baby's healthy growth is not how much milk he receives at each feeding, but rather how much milk he consumes in a twenty-four-hour day. Breastfed babies of both large- and small-capacity mothers receive plenty of milk, but their breastfeeding patterns will necessarily differ to gain weight and thrive.4 For example, a baby whose mother's breasts hold six ounces or more (180 mL) may grow well with as few as five feedings per day. But to get this same 30 ounces (900 mL) of milk, if a mother's breasts hold only three ounces (90 mL), a baby with a small-capacity mother will need to feed ten times each day. (This may not apply in the same way to a mother who's pumping.)
How These Dynamics Affect Night Feedings
How does this apply to night feedings? A mother with a large storage capacity has the room in her milk-making glands to comfortably store more milk at night before it exerts the amount of internal pressure needed to slow her milk production. On the other hand, if the baby of the small-capacity mother sleeps for too long at night, her breasts become so full that her milk production slows.
In other words, if you are a mother with an average or small breast storage capacity, night feedings may need to continue for many months in order for your milk production to stay stable and for your baby to thrive. Also, because your baby has access to less milk at each feeding, night feedings may be crucial for him to get enough milk overall. Again, what's important is not how much milk a baby receives at each individual feeding, but how much milk he consumes in a twenty-four-hour day. If a mother with a small storage capacity uses sleep training strategies to force her baby to go for longer stretches between feedings, this may slow her milk production and compromise her baby's weight gain.
Each mother-baby pair is unique. Babies will outgrow the need for night nursings at different ages, so a simple rule of thumb doesn't consider either the emotional needs of the baby or his physical need for milk.
1Daly, S. E., Kent, J. C., Owens, R. A., & Hartmann, P. E. (1996). Frequency and degree of milk removal and the short-term control of human milk synthesis, Experimental Physiology, 81(5), 861-875.
2Cregan, M. D., & Hartmann, P. E. (1999). Computerized breast measurement from conception to weaning: clinical implications. J Hum Lact, 15(2), 89-96.
3Kent, J. C., Mitoulas, L. R., Cregan, M. D., Ramsay, D. T., Doherty, D. A., & Hartmann, P. E. (2006). Volume and frequency of breastfeedings and fat content of breast milk throughout the day, Pediatrics, 117(3), e387-395.
4Kent, J. C. (2007). How breastfeeding works. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 52(6), 564-570.
2012 Breastfeeding USA, Inc.
Hand Expression
Getting Ready
First wash your hands well. Find a clean collection container with a wide mouth, like a cup. Or, you can express your milk into a spoon and feed it directly to the baby. Whenever possible, plan to express in a private, comfortable place where you can relax. Feeling relaxed enhances milk flow.
Find Your 'Sweet Spot'
There are many ways to hand-express milk. Whichever technique you use, the most important part is finding your "sweet spot," the area on your breast where milk flows fastest when your breast is compressed. Try different finger positions until you find it. If the dark area around your nipple (areola) is large, your "sweet spot" may be inside it. If it is small, it may be well outside it. When you find your "sweet spot," you may want to put a small circle bandage on it to make it easier to find it next time.
Do What Works Best
Always do what feels best and expresses the most milk. The following technique combines recommendations from the World Health Organization with other methods:
- Before expressing, gently massage your breasts with your hands and fingertips or a soft baby brush or warm towel.
- Sit up and lean slightly forward, so gravity helps milk flow.
- To find your "sweet spot," start with your thumb on top of the breast and fingers below it, both about 1.5 inches (4 cm) from the base of the nipple. Some mothers find it helpful to curl their hand and use just the tips of their fingers and thumb. Several times, apply steady pressure into the breast toward the chest wall. If no milk comes, shift finger and thumb either closer to or farther from the nipple and compress again a few times. Repeat, moving finger and thumb until you feel slightly firmer breast tissue, and gentle pressure yields milk. After you've found your "sweet spot," skip the "finding" phase and start with your fingers on this area.
- Apply steady pressure on areas of milk in the breast by pressing fingers toward the chest wall, not toward the nipple.
- While applying inward pressure on the breast, compress thumb and finger pads together (pushing in, not pulling out toward the nipple). Find a good rhythm of press—compress—relax, like a baby's suckling rhythm.
- Switch breasts every few minutes (five or six times in total at each expression) while rotating finger position around the breast. After expressing, all areas of the breast should feel soft. This process usually takes about 20 to 30 minutes.
If Needed, Adjust
Hand expression should feel comfortable. If not, you may be compressing too hard, sliding your fingers along the skin, or squeezing the nipple. If you feel discomfort, review the description above, and adjust your technique. It is important to find the method of hand expression that works best for you. This U.S. video shows a similar method of hand expression that works well for some mothers. This Norwegian video shows another simple hand-expression technique. (Disregard its suggestion you place your fingers on the "edge of your areola, as your "sweet spot" may be inside or outside of the areola.) If you need more information about hand expressing your milk, a Breastfeeding Counselor or International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) may be able to help.
WHO (2009) Infant and young child feeding: Model Chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Breastfeeding Your Adopted Baby
Yes, you can breastfeed a baby to whom you did not give birth. In fact, breastfeeding an adopted baby is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. It is even possible to breastfeed if you have never been pregnant or have reached menopause. Breastfeeding an adopted baby is different than breastfeeding a baby after being pregnant, but it can be achieved through the process of induced lactation.
There are several different methods used to induce lactation when you have not been pregnant. It may also be possible to breastfeed your adopted baby with no preparation at all. However, if you have advance notice that you will have a new baby joining your family, you may wish to explore methods that stimulate milk production before baby arrives. The same methods can be used by traditional adoptive mothers, mothers whose babies were born to surrogates, and even the female partners of birth mothers.
The physical connection of breastfeeding benefits both mother and child. ALL adoptions involve a loss for the child. Even a newborn infant who is placed right into the loving arms of his adoptive parents is being separated from the only mother he knows:
Adoption universally involves loss. Babies recognize their mothers at birth and at delivery healthy babies placed on the abdomen of their mother will crawl up onto her chest and, locating the nipple via its familiar smell, will attach to her breast and suckle. Newborn infants desire to remain with their mother and if removed from skin-to-skin contact with her will give a specific "separation distress cry/call" as an appeal for reunion. Maternal separation is stressful for infants, and all adopted children have experienced the loss of their birth mother (Gribble, 2006).
Inducing lactation before your baby arrives
When studying the various methods for inducing lactation, keep in mind that it is equally important to learn as much as you can about how the body is stimulated to make milk by the removal of milk from the breasts. Knowing the natural process of lactation can help you as you work to increase your milk production.
To prepare you can stimulate your breasts by hand or by pump for several weeks or months before your baby arrives. Hand expression requires no equipment and can be used to stimulate milk production.
If you use a breast pump it is recommended that you use the highest quality pump available to you when inducing lactation. The first choice would be a rental-grade pump, which you can find in your local area by contacting your birthing facility and asking what rental pumps are available near you and where. These pumps are often available for rent through hospitals, medical supply stores, WIC, private-practice lactation consultants, online vendors, and even some popular baby stores.
Whether you are using a pump, hand expression, or both, this method is most effective when done as many times a day as a baby would be breastfeeding, at least eight to ten times a day. Combining hand expression and breast massage with pumping has been shown to increase milk production more quickly (Morton, Hall & Wong, 2009). Many women begin to notice breast changes in the first 6 weeks of expression. Mothers may notice breasts that feel larger and firmer, breast tenderness, protruding nipples, and drops of milk.
Another strategy, which can be used in combination with others, requires you to take hormones and/or galactagogues daily to prepare your body for lactation (West, Marasco, 2009). A galactagogue is an herb or prescription medication that increases milk production, likely by increasing prolactin (the "milk making" hormone) levels in the blood. One method is called the Goldfarb-Newman Protocol. It involves first taking birth control pills to simulate pregnancy hormone changes and then both expressing and taking medication that increases hormonal levels. Herbal remedies such as fenugreek are available over the counter. You should discuss prescription medications and over the counter galactagogues with your health care provider. Variations in treatment may be appropriate according to the needs of an individual woman.
If you choose to use herbal or prescription galactagogues or hormones to facilitate lactation, it is important that you work with your health care provider. All of these substances have potential side effects and may be contraindicated for persons with certain medical conditions. Your health care provider can help you weigh any risks and benefits and decide what will work best in your situation. If you have questions about the safety of medications and herbs while breastfeeding or inducing lactation, contact the InfantRisk Center. The InfantRisk Center is dedicated to providing up-to-date, evidence-based information on the use of medications during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Inducing lactation after your baby arrives
If you do not prepare before your baby arrives, you can still begin breastfeeding and expressing milk right away. You can also discuss the use of a galactagogue with your health care provider.
Some moms use an at-breast supplementer so that their babies can receive supplemental milk through a small tube at the breast. There are two main brands available: the Lact-Aid Nursing Trainer and the Medela Supplemental Nursing System (SNS). Both products work by allowing your baby to get supplemental milk while breastfeeding, but there are some differences in how they work. The SNS allows milk to flow by gravity, and comes with a variety of sizes of tubing for faster and slower flow. The Lact-Aid does not allow milk to flow unless baby is sucking. It is worthwhile to do some research on the pros and cons of these products before investing in one.
Bringing your baby to the breast
If your baby is being carried by a surrogate or in an open adoption where adoptive parents have been matched with the birth mother before birth, you may be able to be at the delivery of your baby and put your baby to the breast immediately. Babies are hardwired to breastfeed at birth. If you are able to put your baby to the breast right away then the procedures you will follow will be the same as if you had given birth to your baby, like those described in Baby-Led Latch: How to awaken your baby's breastfeeding instincts.
Even if baby has only had bottles, he may still instinctively root, search for, and take the breast when placed skin-to-skin on his mother's bare chest. If your baby has a strong preference for bottles, it is still possible to teach him to breastfeed.
When you are working to teach your baby to take your breast, it is important to be patient and relax. The older your baby is, the more time it may take for him to be comfortable being skin-to-skin with you. A child who has experienced neglect or abuse will need time building trust and attachment before he will be ready to breastfeed (Gribble, 2006). There are many ways to get to know your baby and become comfortable being in the close physical contact required of breastfeeding:
- Spending lots of time lying down with your baby skin-to-skin
- Taking baths together
- Frequently carrying or wearing your baby during the day
- Sleeping near your baby
- Holding your baby while bottle feeding
- Sitting baby on your lap while giving solid foods
Maximizing milk production
Perhaps you have been preparing and inducing lactation for several months, or maybe you started when you met your baby. Either way, the key to establishing breastfeeding with your baby is time together. Research shows that adoptive mothers in developing countries are more successful at producing more milk than mothers in the West. These mothers in may have higher milk production due to cultural differences that are conducive to breastfeeding such as frequent breastfeeding and remaining in close physical contact with their babies. Their cultures may be more supportive of breastfeeding as well. Emulating the mothering styles of women in developing countries, and creating a support network for breastfeeding may help to maximize your milk production (Gribble, 2004).
The more your breasts are stimulated, and the more milk you remove, the more milk your body will produce. Be patient; the first milk you may notice will be a few drops, and the increase is very gradual. Nursing as much as possible is the best way to increase production and decrease the need for supplements.
- If at all possible, feed only at the breast using an at-breast supplementer.
- Offer both breasts twice at every feeding, and use breast compressions to maximize the amount of milk removed.
- Encourage comfort nursing between feedings. Offering the breast without supplemental milk flowing provides more stimulation to your breasts and keeps the baby interested and comfortable with nursing at a breast with less milk flow.
- If baby is unable or unwilling to nurse without the supplementer, consider expressing milk between feedings.
Finally, make sure you have built a support system. Consider contacting a Breastfeeding Counselor or International Board Certified Lactation Consultant to work with you. Read as much as you can about adoptive breastfeeding and induced lactation. The resources below will give you a place to start.
Adoptive Breastfeeding Stories
My Adoptive Breastfeeding Story
Breastfeeding My Adopted Child
We Are Breastfeeding
My Adoptive Breastfeeding Journey
Becoming Nana
Additional Resources
Breastfeeding an Adopted Baby and Relactation, by Elizabeth Hormann.
The Breastfeeding Mother's Guide to Making More Milk, by Diana West and Lisa Marasco.
Websites and online articles
Adoptive Breastfeeding Resource Website
Dr. Jack Newman: Breastfeeding your Adopted Baby or Baby Born by Surrogate
Buckley, K. & Charles, G. (2006) Benefits and challenges of transitioning preterm infants to at-breast feedings. International Breastfeeding Journal 1:13
Gribble, K. (2004) The influence of context on the success of adoptive breastfeeding: Developing countries and the west. Breastfeeding Review; 5-13.
Gribble, K. (2006) Mental health, attachment and breastfeeding: implications for adopted children and their mothers. International Breastfeeding Journal 1:5.
Horman, E. (2006) Breastfeeding an Adopted Baby and Relactation. Schaumburg, IL: La Leche League International.
Breastfeeding Your Adopted Baby or Baby Born by Surrogate/Gestational Carrier. (2009). Retrieved January 20, 2012, from http://www.nbci.ca/
Mezzacappa, E. S., and E. S. Katkin. (2002). Breastfeeding is associated with reduced perceived stress and negative mood in mothers. Health Psychology 21:187-193.
Moore ER, Anderson GC, Bergman N. (2009) Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants Cochrane Summaries
Morton J, Hall, J and Wong, R et. al. (2009, July, 2) Combining hand techniques with electric pumping increases milk production in mothers of preterm infants. Journal of Perinatology advance online publication; doi: 10.1038/jp.2009.87
West, D. and Marasco, L. (2009) The Breastfeeding Mother's Guide to Making More Milk. McGraw-Hill.
© Teglene Ryan 2012. All rights are reserved. No part of this article may be reproduced, copied, modified or adapted, without the prior written consent of Breastfeeding USA and the author.
How can I tell if my baby is full?
Satiety cues are your baby's way of showing he is satisfied and no longer hungry. Here are a few cues you might recognize at the end of breastfeeding:
- Baby's hands are open and relaxed
- Baby's body feels relaxed, "loose"
- Baby may have hiccups but is calm and relaxed
- Baby may fall asleep
- Baby may have a "wet burp" (milk can be seen dribbling out mouth)
- Baby seems peaceful
Note the newborn's open hand, a signal that he is relaxed and getting full!
More info: Breastfeeding on cue or baby led feedings
References: Wilson-Clay, B., Hoover. K (2005) The Breastfeeding Atlas Manchaca, Texas. LactNews Press
What Does Evidence-Based Mean?
Part of the mission of Breastfeeding USA is to provide evidence-based information. What does that statement mean? What is evidence? In the strictest sense, it is information that is backed by solid, peer-reviewed research based on established scientific principles. For a very long time, there was little strong empirical evidence related to breastfeeding, and most of the existing research was concerned with the components of breastmilk. Thankfully, there is now a growing body of research on many aspects of breastfeeding. Sometimes, the results affirm what we already suspected to be true, and sometimes they are surprising. The strongest information is provided by systematic review of randomized, blinded, controlled trials. The problem with waiting for this type of affirmation is that these types of trials are either very involved and expensive or impossible to conduct. Who will pay for this kind of investigation into best breastfeeding practices? And even with the best research, there can be questions about whether the results can be generalized to a large population.
So, what if there is no research on a particular topic? There are many common breastfeeding (and medical) practices that have no formal research to support them. From an editorial in the British Medical Journal in 1996, "The practice of evidence-based medicine means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research." This article stresses the need to customize the application of new information based on the client's circumstances and preferences. What are the implications for Breastfeeding Counselors? We should use the results of the latest and best research, our own observations, and the experiences of others working with breastfeeding dyads to make decisions when working with mothers and babies.
We have seen the problems inherent in using anecdotal information and poorly-designed research. For example, we no longer advise mothers to toughen up their nipples or to nurse their babies in only a few, very specific positions. Indeed, recent ultrasound studies seem to negate the very existence of the long-recognized milk sinuses that (we thought and taught) babies needed to compress in order to receive milk. Those individuals working with breastfeeding dyads need to more systematically document and share what they are seeing and how mothers and babies respond to various interventions so that we can advance our knowledge of what truly works and what doesn't. Counselors and health professionals should not routinely offer suggestions that many others have found are rarely successful. If we have access to the combined observations of many skilled counselors and health professionals, we can feel more confident in using information that is not backed by formal research. Also, we must be careful to differentiate between observation and interpretation. It is not unusual for two people to witness the same event and have different ideas about what they have seen: does a swaddled baby stop crying because he is calmed and happy or because he is overwhelmed and has shut down?
An evidence-based practice is balanced. We must consider the circumstances, values, and preferences of the mothers we serve as we share our evidence-based information. Without the best current and classic external research, practice and information become outdated and may be ineffective or even harmful. Without clinical and/or personal experience, practice and information risk becoming solely research-dominated and may not take an individual mother's needs into account. Without taking into consideration the mother's values, preferences, and realities of life, practice and information become irrelevant and may become unethical.
Maintaining current knowledge of the latest, peer-reviewed research is very important for anyone who is helping mothers and babies succeed with breastfeeding. In the absence of such research, we can include, thoughtfully, the body of experience that many counselors and professionals have developed in breastfeeding their own children and through helping other dyads. An evidence-based practice not only presents the best information available but also respects the mother's right to evaluate that information and use it to make informed decisions for her family. We must not forget that much of our role as counselors has nothing to do with facts and figures but is instead focused on making a connection with another mother and empowering her to make the best decisions for herself and her baby.
The Cochrane Collaboration is a great resource for finding out more about evidence-based research and practice.
Sackett, D., Rosenberg, W., Muir Gray, J.A., Haynes, R.B., & Richardson, S. (1996). Editorial Evidence Based Medicine: What it is and What it isn't. British Medical Journal 312:71.
Thinking About Weaning?
NOTE: This is the third and final article in a series about weaning.
Depending on where you live, "weaning" may mean either introducing other foods or stopping breastfeeding. In this article, we are talking about weaning from the breast.
You may want to read the previous articles first:
When is the Best Time to Start My Baby on Foods Other Than Breastmilk?
Good Foods for Babies
Kendra was confused. "Before I had Jason, everyone was after me to breastfeed. They said it would be good for the baby. So why do they now keep asking me when I am going to wean him? Even some of the articles I read say that there is no reason to keep nursing after the first few weeks. Is this true?"
Tanya had a similar question. "When I was still pregnant with Davy," said Tanya, "I thought I would only nurse him for a few weeks before switching to formula. But now I have come to realize how much we both love breastfeeding, and I feel sad when I think about stopping. Davy is 9 months old and eating all kinds of other foods as well as nursing. When am I supposed to wean him?"
There is good news for both of these mothers: human milk does not suddenly turn to water after a certain length of time! Mothers can nurse their babies for as long as both they and their children wish to continue. Children will wean all by themselves when they are developmentally ready to do so.
Your milk continues to provide both food and health benefits even after your baby has begun to eat other foods. In fact, it continues to be the most important part of your baby's diet until he is about a year old. Did you know that the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that babies continue to nurse until they are at least a year old and that the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends continuing to nurse for at least two years?1,2
Many mothers are surprised to learn that during their baby's second year (12-23 months), 15 ounces of their milk provides:
- 29% of energy requirements
- 43% of protein requirements
- 36% of calcium requirements
- 75% of vitamin A requirements
- 76% of folate requirements
- 94% of vitamin B12 requirements
- 60% of vitamin C requirements 3,4
Why do so many mothers worry about weaning?
I'll bet you have never heard a mother say, "I will make him walk by the time he is xxx," or "I will make him talk by the time he is xxx." We KNOW that you cannot make a baby walk or talk before they are ready to do so! All babies are different, and there is no reason to set an exact date. The same goes for weaning; children wean when they are ready.
What can I say to people who ask when I am going to wean?
It depends who is asking. For example, you could:
- Explain that breastfeeding is the healthy option.
- Make a joke like, "Until she goes to an out-of-state college!"
- Tell them that your doctor recommends natural weaning.
- Share that natural weaning is a family tradition.
And if all else fails, ask why they need to know!
Weaning is a process, not an event!
As he gets older, your baby will gradually eat more table foods. You will notice that he needs to nurse less frequently or for shorter periods of time. However, babies nurse for many reasons besides the need for food. Even when he becomes a toddler, your baby may still need to nurse when it's time to go to sleep, when he wakes up, or when he has a boo-boo.
There will also be days when he needs to nurse more than usual: perhaps when he is teething or coming down with a cold. Nursing can help him cope with these upsets. In fact, many mothers say they could not imagine getting through the toddler stage without nursing to smooth the way. All too soon, as he progresses in natural weaning, your little one will be too busy exploring the world to nurse as often.
But what if I want a night out with my partner or friends or to go to the gym?
- You can pump or hand express some milk to leave for your baby while you are away.
- Be sure to nurse immediately before leaving, so that you both will feel comfortable.
For more information on leaving breastmilk for your baby while you are apart, see our article: Breast vs. Bottle: How much should baby take?
What if I have to go back to school or work?
- You do not have to wean completely from the breast!
- You can nurse when you are home and pump when you are away, and your sitter can give your baby your pumped milk.
- Even if you decide to use formula while you are away, you can still nurse when you are home. Even a little milk is important to your baby's health!
What if I get sick and need to take medicine?
Most medications are safe to use when breastfeeding. For those medicines that are not safe, there is almost always another, safer drug available. Your healthcare provider can look them up online at Lactmed, a free government service, before writing a prescription.
The InfantRisk Center www.infantrisk.com provides answers to questions about the use of drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Call (806)-352-2519 for information about the safety of using drugs, over-the-counter drugs, herbal products, chemicals, vaccines, and other substances.
Remember, you can always get a second opinion!
What if I want to have an alcoholic drink?
Here are some things you will want to know:
- Only a very small proportion of the alcohol will go into your milk.
- Nurse the baby before having your drink.
- There is no need to pump and dump, because the alcohol will pass out of your milk in the same way it passes out of your blood.
- It takes about two hours for complete metabolism of one standard drink (12 oz of 5% beer, or 5 oz of 11% wine, or 1.5 oz of 40% liquor (80 proof) 5
- If you are fit to drive, then you are fit to nurse.
- If you are planning on drinking a lot, express your breastmilk ahead of time so that your baby will have milk to drink until you are sober.
- Be sure to have somebody else care for your baby until you are able to do so safely.
- Do not sleep in the same bed as your baby if you have been drinking.
What if I get pregnant?
- It is usually safe to nurse through a pregnancy.
- According to Lesley Regan, PhD, MD, head of the Miscarriage Clinic at St. Mary's Hospital in London, the largest referral unit in Europe, and the author of Miscarriage: What every woman should know:
"Once a pregnancy is clinically detectable, breastfeeding should pose no added risk of pregnancy loss. There isn't any data suggesting a link between breastfeeding and miscarriage, and I see no plausible reason for there to be a link." 6
- Many women continue to nurse while pregnant. During early pregnancy, your milk production may go down as the milk changes back to colostrum. Your baby may not like the taste and wean on his own, but many babies continue to breastfeed throughout pregnancy. Some mothers develop sore nipples when they become pregnant. If you have this kind of soreness, you can think about offering shorter nursing sessions rather than weaning completely.
- It will not hurt the new baby if the older child also nurses. A mother who is "tandem nursing" makes enough milk for both children, just as if they were twins.
But people tell me that weaning will make life easier!
- As a general rule, babies who are weaning need MORE attention, holding, and comforting!
- Breastfeeding is much more than food: it is comfort and medicine, too. Your baby will still need to be held and cuddled when feeding. A propped bottle is a choking hazard, and there is a serious risk of aspiration pneumonia.
- Although some partners start off by doing the night feeds, most don't continue for long, and then it will be you getting out of bed every night to heat a bottle when your baby cries.
- Your baby is more likely to get sick if he is not getting antibodies from your milk, so you may be spending more time at the doctor's office and need more time off work.
If you need to wean before your baby is ready...
Do what feels right for you and your family. Each mother's circumstances are different!
- If your baby is under a year old, talk to your doctor about which formula to use and mention any allergies that run in the family.
- If your baby is over a year old, ask your doctor about using other milks instead of formula. You may be able to go straight to a cup.
Go slowly!
- Each time you are ready to drop another nursing, let your baby nurse briefly at that feeding before offering the bottle during the first couple of days. This process will help him get used to the bottle more gradually. It will also help to prevent you from becoming over-full and maybe developing mastitis. If you still feel uncomfortable, pump or hand-express JUST ENOUGH to relieve pressure.
- Let another person be the one to feed him the bottle if you will be only partially weaning. You will want your baby to associate you with breastfeeding only. Be prepared to backtrack. There will be days when your baby is not feeling well and needs to nurse. It is NEVER wrong to listen to your baby! Two steps forward and one step backwards is quite normal.
Bottle feed as much like breastfeeding as possible.
- Use a slow-flow soft bottle nipple that has a wide base and a shorter, round nipple (not the flatter, orthodontic kind.)
- Start by resting the tip of the nipple on your baby's upper lip, and allow him to take it into his mouth himself, just as if he was nursing.
- Keep the bottle only slightly tilted, with baby in a more upright position, so he has to work to get the milk out. If you hold the bottle straight down, the milk will come out too fast, and he may feel as if he is drowning.
Start by substituting a bottle for one nursing a day for about a week. Keep your baby's favorite nursing sessions for the last. Follow your baby's lead as much as possible. For example, if he is sick, you may want to nurse a little more often until he is feeling better again. Unless there is an urgent reason for immediate weaning, it is easier on both of you to go slowly.
Remember, you know your baby best, and you know what is best for your family. Trust your instincts, and you won't go far wrong.
Want to know more about weaning?
Here is a great book:
How Weaning Happens by Diane Bengson
Here are some articles you may find helpful:
"A Natural Age of Weaning" by Katherine Dettwyler, PhD
Breastfeeding Past Infancy: Fact Sheet
Comfort measures for mom during weaning
1. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
2. The World Health Organization (WHO)
3. Mandel D, Lubetzky R, Dollberg S, Barak S, Mimouni FB. Fat and Energy Contents of Expressed Human Breast Milk in Prolonged Lactation. Pediatrics. 2005 Sept; 116(3):e432-e435.
4. Dewey KG. Nutrition, Growth, and Complementary Feeding of the Breastfed Infant. Pediatric Clinics of North American. February 2001;48(1).
5. Texas Tech University Health Services Center (InfantRisk Center) http://www.infantrisk.com/content/alcohol-and-breastfeeding
6. Flower, H., Adventures in Tandem Nursing: Breastfeeding During Pregnancy and Beyond, 2003.
Good Foods for Babies
NOTE: This article is the second of a series about introducing solids and weaning. You may want to read the previous article first: When is the Best Time to Start My Baby on Foods Other Than Breastmilk? The final article in this series is: Thinking About Weaning?
As her baby approached his six month birthday, Joanna had lots of questions about starting her breastfed baby on other foods.
"Those jars of baby food are cute but so expensive. Besides, I would really prefer to feed my baby fresh food. Is it difficult to make your own baby food?"
It is very easy to make your own baby food and much cheaper, too. You do not even need special equipment, just a knife, fork and spoon.
"What are some good "starter" foods?"
Most babies like soft fruits and veggies. You can put tiny pieces of ripe banana on his tray, so he can pick them up and feed himself while you eat your dinner. Sweet potatoes are great for babies. Just scrub and prick the skin of the potato and bake it in the microwave until it is soft. After it has cooled down, you can throw away the skin and cut up the soft potato into little chunks.
"I have never heard of babies feeding themselves! I thought you had to feed them with little spoons!"
We used to think it was a good idea to start babies on solid foods when they were very young, maybe even just a few weeks old. Of course, babies that age could only eat pureed foods, which their mothers fed them with spoons. Now we know that babies are not ready for solid foods until they can sit up by themselves and use a pincer grasp with their fingers and thumbs. By that time, they can eat all kinds of things with only a little help from you. Your baby may like sitting in a high chair to eat, or he may prefer to sit on your lap or on the floor.
"Why do so many babies start with cereal?"
Cereal may be traditional, but it is not necessarily one of the best first foods. Iron-fortified rice cereal has been suggested as a first food in the past because of the belief that it was "hypoallergenic" and was a good source of iron. A review of research by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) finds those reasons to be invalid. 1 Newer thinking suggests beginning with foods that are naturally nutrient-rich. For example, meat is naturally rich in iron and zinc. In any case, breastfed babies usually get all the iron they need from their mother's milk up until at least six months of age. 2 If your doctor is concerned about iron levels, a simple blood test can be done right in the office.
"So what else could I feed my baby?"
Lots of things! Just make sure the food is soft enough not to catch in his throat and that it is cut into little pieces. So, for example, you will want to offer cooked, not raw, carrots, green beans, and peas.
- Try ripe avocados, pears, peaches or apples – whatever is in season.
- Beans can be mashed after the skins have been removed.
- If you eat meat, you can offer little pieces of chicken or maybe a meaty leg bone (with that thin sliver of attached bone removed).
- Tofu is an easy, soft food for a meat-free family with no soy allergies.
- As he gets closer to a year, your baby may also like to gnaw on a heel of whole wheat bread or a piece of bagel.
"Are there foods I should avoid feeding to my baby?"
- Don't give her anything that could get stuck in her throat, so avoid hard foods like popcorn and nuts and sticky foods like peanut butter.
- Any "round" foods, like carrots slices or grapes, should be cut into quarters.
- You may have heard that you should delay potentially allergenic foods, and you may have seen lists of such foods. Current research suggests that there is no benefit or reduction in the development of allergies due to delaying certain foods. 1
- Never give honey to a baby until he is over a year old because of the risk of botulism (food poisoning).
- If there are any foods or drinks to which members of your family are allergic or sensitive, talk with your health care provider before offering them to your baby.
"How much food does he need? How many times a day should I feed him?"
Start slowly, just once a day. If you miss a day, don't worry. Table foods may be offered whenever it is most convenient. It is not necessary to stick to a strict daily schedule. At first he will mostly play with his food. If any of it gets in his mouth, consider it a bonus! Start with about a teaspoon of food and add more when he asks for it. You might want to put an old shower curtain under his chair to catch the crumbs. Wait about a week before introducing each new food. That way it will be easy to see if anything upsets his stomach or gives him a rash.
"What about juices? Won't he need extra water too?"
Whole fruits contain fiber and are much more nutritious than juices. It makes sense to either limit juices or even avoid them completely. Some mothers like to offer a little water in a sippy cup with meals.
"Wow, I am excited to start! But I was wondering, if I start on other foods, won't he nurse less often? I don't want to lose my milk, and I am not ready to stop nursing."
Your milk remains the most important part of your baby's diet until he is about a year old. Always nurse him before offering other foods and afterwards as well if he is interested. Nursing before offering solids will both ensure that baby gets enough breastmilk and maintain your milk production.
Babies need only their mother's milk for about the first six months. Your baby will continue to receive the same nutrition and protection from your milk as long as you continue to nurse.
The continuing protection from illness is important for your baby, because when babies become more mobile, they are toddling around and picking up all kinds of germs, some of which go straight into their mouths.
It is fun to see your baby begin to explore the different tastes and textures of various foods.
You may also like to read:
Baby Led Weaning and More on Baby Led Weaning http://www.babyledweaning.com/
Whole Foods for Babies and Toddlers by Margaret Kenda
Mash and Smash Cookbook by Marian Buck-Murray
Sugar-Free Toddlers by Susan Watson
My Child Won't Eat! by Carlos González, MD
1. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Pediatric News, November 2009: "Rice Cereal Can Wait, Let Then Eat Meat First: AAP committee has changes in mind"
2. Raj, S et al. "A prospective study of iron status in exclusively breastfed term infants up to 6 months of age", International Breastfeeding Journal, 2007.
© Copyright Breastfeeding USA, Inc. 2012. All rights are reserved. No part of this article may be reproduced, copied, modified or adapted, without the prior written consent of Breastfeeding USA and the author.
When is the Best Time to Start My Baby on Foods Other Than Breastmilk?
NOTE: This article is the first of a series about introducing solids and weaning. The next articles in the series are:
Good Foods for Babies
Thinking About Weaning?
The World Health Organization and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommend that babies be exclusively breastfed for six months before other foods are introduced. Some babies are ready to start new foods around this time, while others show no interest until they are a bit older. The Recommendations on Breastfeeding by the AAP also state:
"Unique needs or feeding behaviors of individual infants may indicate a need for introduction of complementary foods as early as four months of age, whereas other infants may not be ready to accept other foods until approximately eight months of age.
Introduction of complementary feedings before six months of age generally does not increase total caloric intake or rate of growth and only substitutes foods that lack the protective components of human milk."1
As you can see, there is no clear cut age when it is best to start solids. The best time to start offering your baby other foods is when he shows signs of being ready.
Of course this time will be different for each baby. We do not expect all babies to crawl or walk or potty train on a certain day of their lives, and we should not expect them all to need solid foods at the same time either. You are the expert on your baby!
Here are some of the signs that your baby may be ready for solids.
He will be able to:
- sit up on the floor for about ten minutes without support 2
- use his finger and thumb to pick up toys and put them in his mouth
- swallow a tiny bit of soft food, like ripe banana, without pushing it out of his mouth with his tongue
At this stage, he will probably also seem to be more hungry than usual. If you have already tried nursing him more frequently, and he still does not seem to be satisfied, he may be ready to start adding other foods to his diet. Babies sometimes also want to nurse more because they are teething or not feeling well or going through a growth spurt, so be sure to rule those things out first.
Mothers sometimes wonder if their babies are ready for solids at about four months because of the way their babies are behaving.
Four months is about the time that many babies start to become more interested in the world around them. They are taking everything in. For example, they may pull away from the breast in response to a sudden noise. They may even try to take the breast with them! They may not seem to be as interested in nursing so often or may learn to gulp down their milk quickly to get back to more fun activities.
These are all normal and common ways for four-month-olds to behave. You may find it helpful to nurse your baby in a quiet, dark room a couple of times during the day in order to avoid distractions. Some mothers like wearing a nursing necklace (beads strung and knotted on extra-strong cord that the baby can hold while nursing) because it can help him stay focused on breastfeeding.
Have you noticed your baby watching you very carefully while YOU eat? Does he pretend to chew? This behavior shows how babies learn and practice, and it is one of the signs that they will soon be ready to start eating table foods.
Just follow your baby's cues and your own instincts.
There is no rush. Nothing magical happens on the very minute/hour/day of the sixth month birthday. A switch does not suddenly turn off and make mother's milk suddenly inadequate! In fact, some babies have no interest in other foods until much later, sometimes not until they are about a year old.
As long as your baby is happy and healthy, gaining weight, and meeting all his milestones, he is doing fine!
Some parents are told that they must introduce solids by a certain age to provide extra iron and prevent anemia. If there is a concern about your baby's being anemic, your doctor can do a simple blood test. It only takes a few minutes to see if your baby has enough iron. It is almost unheard of for a completely breastfed baby to have low iron stores or low hemoglobin values before six to nine months. One study, by Piscane, 1995 3, found infants who were exclusively breastfed for seven months (not given iron fortified cereals or iron supplements) had significantly higher hemoglobin values at one year old than breastfed babies who had received solid foods before seven months. None of the babies who were breastfed exclusively for 7 months were anemic at one year, while some of the babies who did receive solids before seven months were found to be anemic. Research like this suggests that delaying solids can reduce the risks of anemia.
Enjoy this special time with your completely breastfed baby. You may be interested in reading the next article in this series, Good Foods for Babies, where I share some suggested first foods and ways to introduce your baby to the delights of a wide variety of healthy foods.
You may also like to read:
Starting Solids-The Facts Behind Today's Media Hype
1. American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy Statement on Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk, PEDIATRICS Vol. 115 No. 2 February 2005, pp. 496-506 (doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2491)
2. Hassink, Sandra G. MD, FAAPA Parent's Guide to Childhood Obesity: A Road Map to Health, American Academy of Pediatrics, 2006 http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/feeding-nutritio...
3. Pisacane A, et al. Iron status in breast-fed infants. J Pediatrics 1995 Sep;127(3):429-31
© Copyright Breastfeeding USA, Inc. 2012. All rights are reserved. No part of this article may be reproduced, copied, modified or adapted, without the prior written consent of Breastfeeding USA and the author.
Disaster Preparedness: Breastfeeding Matters During an Emergency
One of the things that we can depend on, unfortunately, is that disasters and emergencies will continue to happen around the world. From tornadoes and hurricanes to earthquakes and floods to the effects of war, few people are immune to the possibility of dealing with at least one or more of these situations sometime in their lifetime. During a disaster or emergency, breastfeeding becomes even more important and has been proven to save lives.
The American Academy of Pediatrics states:
In an emergency
• There may be no clean drinking water.
• There may be no sterile environment.
• It may be impossible to ensure cleaning and sterilization of feeding utensils.
The cleanest, safest food for an infant is human milk.
Below is a list of resources for those looking for detailed information about breastfeeding during emergencies:
Emergency Nutrition Network: http://www.ennonline.net/resources/6
IBFAN (International Baby Food Action Network): http://www.ibfan.org/fact-feeding_emergency.html
American Academy of Pediatrics: http://www.aap.org/breastfeeding/files/pdf/InfantNutritionDisaster.pdf
WellStart: http://www.wellstart.org/Infant_feeding_emergency.pdf
Transcript from WHO podcast from 2009: The importance of breastfeeding during emergencies
Australian Breastfeeding Association: https://www.breastfeeding.asn.au/bfinfo/infant-feeding-emergencies
My power went out and I have breastmilk in the freezer – Help!
Emergency Baby carriers (broken glass is a real concern!)
Breastfeeding USA. All Rights Reserved.
Find a Breastfeeding Counselor
Accredited Breastfeeding Counselors are listed by state and location. They are volunteers working from their homes, so please be considerate of the time of day when calling. Please note the type of service offered in italics. These services may include telephone helping (phone), support gatherings (meeting), and electronic helping (email).
Metro Phoenix Chapter
meeting, phone, email
Charlene (480) 543-9162 firstname.lastname@example.com
Michelle email@example.com
New meeting time and location coming soon!
Connect with other mothers in the Metro Phoenix area on Facebook.
Alameda Chapter
phone, email, home visits
Patty (510) 410-7752 email@example.com
Facebook: San Francisco Bay Area Chapter
Amador, Calaveras, Tuolumne Counties Chapter
Motherlode Moms
meeting, phone, email
Teglene (209) 795-4393 email@example.com
Jen (209) 985-9284 firstname.lastname@example.com
Facebook: Motherlode Moms
Breastfeeding USA/Antelope Valley
phone, email, meetings, in-person, text
Angela Hayes (323) 450-7969 firstname.lastname@example.com
Meeting info coming soon.
Inland Empire Chapter
email, face to face, home visits, meetings
Tamika Simpson firstname.lastname@example.com
Greater Sacramento Area Chapter
meetings, phone, email
Jewel (530) 318-1097 firstname.lastname@example.com
Facebook: Greater Sacramento Area
Los Angeles - South Bay Chapter
phone, email, online
Karen (626) 318-8218 firstname.lastname@example.com
Genevieve (818) 980-5090 firstname.lastname@example.com
Redlands Chapter
phone, email, in-person
Cristy (909) 521-0746 email@example.com
Meetings held 2nd Thursday of every month at 10AM.
San Francisco Bay Area Chapter
phone, email, home visits
Patty (510) 410-7752 email@example.com
Facebook: San Francisco Bay Area Chapter
Santa Clarita Chapter
in-person, email, text, phone
Nina Withers (661) 977.6872 firstname.lastname@example.com
Meeting Information: Coming Soon
Silicon Valley Chapter
in-person, email, text, phone
Kristy Johnson (734) 377-4417 firstname.lastname@example.com
Meetings coming soon!
Castle Rock Chapter
phone, email, meetings
Kari Wheeler (303) 880-4534 email@example.com
Meetings: First Friday of every month, from 11am to 12pm, at the Family Enrichment Center, 107 5th Street, Castle Rock
Front Range Chapter
phone, email
Sharon (315) 331-2140
Grand County Breastfeeding Network
phone, email, in-person visits, monthly meetings
Rosalie (303) 478-2054 firstname.lastname@example.com
Meeting information: 4th Thursday of the month, from 2-3 pm, at the Pregnancy Resource Connections building in Granby Colorado.
Morgan County Nurslings
phone, email, home visits
Cassie Potts (970) 370-4948 firstname.lastname@example.com
meeting, phone, email
Nicky Prince (860) 729-2970 email@example.com
1st Monday of each month, 6:30pm: Colchester Library, 8 Linwood Ave Norton Room B
Facebook: Connecticut Chapter of Breastfeeding USA
East Hartford
meeting, phone, email
Jennie Bernstein (860) 372-5276 firstname.lastname@example.com
Mia Gonzalez firstname.lastname@example.com
Sherri Witherell (860) 595-2358 email@example.com
2nd Monday of each month, 6pm: With Women Wellness, 87 Church Street Suite 204, East Hartford
Facebook: Connecticut Chapter of Breastfeeding USA
meeting, phone, email
Carol Delaney (860) 644-4109 firstname.lastname@example.com
Joy Delaney (860) 375-0569 email@example.com
Kora Gilbert (860) 468-5790 email@example.com
3rd Monday of each month, 7:30pm: Indian Valley YMCA (childcare room), 11 Pinney Street
Facebook: Connecticut Chapter of Breastfeeding USA
meeting, phone, email
Becca Dean (860) 916-5543 email@example.com
Spencer Joslin-Montlick (860)580-9630 email@example.com
2nd Saturday of each month, 10:15am: 7 Elm Street (St. Francis Access Center), room 301
Facebook: Connecticut Chapter of Breastfeeding USA
New Britain
meeting, phone, email
Alexis Hennessey (860) 281-1121 email@example.com
Shiyrah S (860) 880-0817 email@example.com
Last Thursday of each month, 6:00pm: YWCA New Britain, 19 Franklin Square
Facebook: Connecticut Chapter of Breastfeeding USA
New Haven
phone, email
Meredith Sinclair (860) 468-5270 email@example.com
Facebook: Connecticut Chapter of Breastfeeding USA
South Windsor
phone, email
Jaime Lyn Procaccini (860) 644-2117 email@example.com
Facebook: Connecticut Chapter of Breastfeeding USA
phone, email
Jennifer Olynyk (860) 690-9853 firstname.lastname@example.com
Facebook: Connecticut Chapter of Breastfeeding USA
West Hartford
meeting, phone, email
Erica Grossman email@example.com
Shiyrah S (860) 880-0817 email@example.com
1st Wednesday of each month, 7pm: Outer Peace Wellness, 12 North Main Street
Facebook: Connecticut Chapter of Breastfeeding USA
East Central Chapter of Florida
email, meetings
Rachel firstname.lastname@example.com
Meetings: Monthly, Third Saturday from 10:00 to noon. Email for address.
North Central Florida Chapter
meetings, phone and email
Stormy (352) 247-2333 firstname.lastname@example.com
Cynthia (352) 247-2333 firstname.lastname@example.com
Facebook: North Central Florida Chapter
Northeast Florida Chapter
phone, email, text, in-person
Cara Piper (904) 891-4941 firstname.lastname@example.com
Southwest Florida Chapter
phone, email, in-person
Lauren (850) 491-3001 firstname.lastname@example.com
Facebook: Southwest Florida Chapter
Meetings: Coming soon!
Middle Georgia Chapter
phone, email, in-person
Evelina (919) 619-0965 firstname.lastname@example.com
phone, email, text, in-person
Denise (478) 952-9151 email@example.com
Monthly breastfeeding support meetings hosted in collaboration with the Middle Georgia Breastfeeding Alliance.
Southeast Georgia Chapter
phone, email, in-person
Megan (337) 277-1885 email@example.com
West Oahu Chapter
phone, email
Naomi S. (808) 221-3179 email@example.com
BFUSA West Dundee
phone, email, meetings
Beth & Aimee (630) 220-0765 firstname.lastname@example.com
Babies and children always welcome. Meetings always free of charge.
Weekday Chapter meetings: Second Monday of each month from 10am-12noon at Radiant Heart Yoga, 647 S 8th St, West Dundee, IL 60118.
Nursing Beyond Infancy meetings (for those seeking support for nursing older babies (over 5 months) and toddlers, 2015: January 26, March 16, April 27, June 15, July 20, August 31, October 19, November 30, January 11, 2016 at Radiant Heart Yoga, 647 S 8th St, West Dundee, IL 60118.
Facebook: BFUSAWestDundee
Champaign-Urbana, IL
phone, email
Ashley Price (217) 391-3946 firstname.lastname@example.com
Chicago - Northside
Aimee Barker firstname.lastname@example.com
Chicago - North Suburbs
email, meetings
Susan Urbanski email@example.com
Contact Susan for meeting information.
Chicago - West
(Serving the areas near Chicago's western suburbs)
phone, email, meetings, in person, text
Maura Frauenhofer (716) 799-3290 email@example.com
Meeting Info:
First Saturday of the month, 9am-11am
Third Monday of the month, 10am-noon.
Both take place at Mission House Cafe located at 6818 W 34th St, Berwyn IL 60402
Facebook Page: Please check our page the day of meetings in case of changes or cancellations.
Chicago Area
phone, email
Danika Amusin (773) 510-3416 email@example.com
Chicago Area
phone, email
Shevy Lowinger (773) 240-1762 firstname.lastname@example.com
DuPage County Chapter, Mother-to-Mother
email, phone
Lisa (630) 474-4815 email@example.com
Facebook: DuPage Mother to Mother
Elmhurst Area Chapter
email, meetings
Elise Fulara: firstname.lastname@example.com
Heather Dvorak: firstname.lastname@example.com
Group website & meeting calendar: elmhurstbreastfeedingusa.wordpress.com
Facebook page: Elmhurst Area Chapter
Joliet Chapter
meeting, email, phone
Colleen and Karyn
(815) 317-6065 firstname.lastname@example.com
Facebook: Breastfeeding USA- Joliet Chapter
Meetings are held the 4th Monday of the month, 7:00 PM. No RSVP required. Meetings held at ANEW Medical and Rehabilitation 115 Republic Ave. Joliet, IL 60435
Mt. Vernon Chapter
meeting, phone, email
Rose (618) 204-9081 firstname.lastname@example.com
Meeting time and location: 2nd Tuesday evening of each month 6:30 pm
Hosted at: First United Methodist Church 1133 Main St. Mt. Vernon, IL (enter through back door)
Schaumburg Area Chapter
Tracy Torgerson (224) 200-7031
Spring Grove, IL Chapter
phone, email
Kristy Hinz (847) 533-5361 firstname.lastname@example.com
Facebook: Spring Grove, IL Chapter
Tri-Cities Chapter
Serving Batavia, Geneva, St Charles, and surrounding areas
phone, email, text, meetings
Krista (630) 934-6214 email@example.com
Meeting details: second Tuesday of every month from 10-12am. Located in the basement youth room of the Geneva United Methodist Church at 211 Hamilton St. Geneva, IL 60134. Babies and children always welcome.
Hamilton County Moms Breastfeed
meeting, email, phone
Amie (317) 674-3237 firstname.lastname@example.com
Elissa (317) 674-3237 email@example.com
Chapter Meetings:
Morning meetings second Wednesdays of each month, 10 a.m.-12 p.m. Please see our Facebook page for additional meeting times and locations.
Facebook Page: Hamilton County Moms Breastfeed
Facebook Chat Group
Indy Breastfeeding Moms
meeting, phone, email
Ali, Amie, Megan, Jillian, Jasmine, Ann, & Sara
(317) 782-5819
Facebook Page: Indy Breastfeeding Moms Chapter
Facebook Chat Group: Indy Breastfeeding Moms Chat Group
Website: IndyBreastfeedingMoms.org
Morning Chapter Meetings: Second Friday of each month,10:15 AM
College Avenue Branch Library, 4180 N. College Ave.
Evening Chapter Meetings: First Wednesday of each month, 6:00 PM
Nora Library, 8625 Guilford Avenue.
Lawrence (East Indy) Chapter
meeting, email, in person
Erin email@example.com
Chapter Meetings:
Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library LAWRENCE Branch Meeting Room:
August 6, September 17, October 1, November 19, December 17
ALL meetings will start at 6:00 pm
Panera, located at 9145 East 56th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46216:
September 3, November 12, December 3
ALL meetings will start at 6:00 pm
Southeastern Indiana Breastfeeding Moms
meeting, phone, social media, email
Cara (812) 212-9512 email@example.com
Breastfeeding USA Eastern Iowa Chapter
meeting, email, text, home visits
Natalie Goyette (319) 329-6875 email@example.com
Sarah Bengtson email@example.com
Meetings are held at Birth, Baby & Beyond, 4330 Czech Square, Cedar Rapids, IA 52402. We meet the second Thursday of the month at 7 pm and the 4th Monday at 10 am.
North Iowa Chapter
calls, text, email, meetings, in-home help by appointment
Alissa Gomez-Dean (641) 512-6614 firstname.lastname@example.com
Wichita Kansas Chapter
phone, email, text
Chris Clark (316) 747-9652 email@example.com
Breastfeeding Moms of Ashland
meeting, phone, email
Alissa Parker (925) 297-KIDS firstname.lastname@example.com
Meeting Info: First Saturday of the month, 10:00am
Visit us on Facebook
Central Kentucky Chapter
phone, email
Elizabeth (502) 209-9513 email@example.com
Northeast Louisiana Chapter
phone, email, in-person
Nina (318) 348-7999 firstname.lastname@example.com
Greater Western MA Chapter
meeting, phone, email
Kate N. (413) 213-0843 email@example.com
Meeting Information: 2nd Friday of each month at 6:30pm at the Belchertown Family Center
Visit us on Facebook
Carroll/Baltimore County Chapter
meeting, phone, email, in-person, text
Brittany (410) 800-7048 email@example.com
Julie KL (703) 395-8957 email@example.com
Meeting information: First Saturday of each month at Amazing Spiral, 5851 York Road, Baltimore, MD 21212, 10:30-11:30 am
Visit us on Facebook
Montgomery County Chapter
meeting, phone, email
Beth (301) 326-4715 email@example.com
Leah (301) 593-2082 firstname.lastname@example.com
Dorothy firstname.lastname@example.com
Chapter meetings are the third Tuesday of each month at Holy Cross Resource Center, 9805 Dameron Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20902. 6:00 pm
Visit us on Facebook
Genesee County Chapter
Toi L. email@example.com
Kalamazoo Chapter
phone, email, meetings
Jennifer (269) 317-8581 firstname.lastname@example.com
Michigan Chapter
phone, email
Shannon (616) 295-1128 firstname.lastname@example.com
Greater Twin Cities Chapter
phone, email, home visits
Becca Morgan (320) 333-4496 email@example.com
Twin Cities Chapter
phone, email
Alison (612) 314-5504 firstname.lastname@example.com
Visit us on Facebook
St. Louis Metro Breastfeeding USA
phone, email, home visits
Dorothy (314) 635-8692 firstname.lastname@example.com
Visit us on Facebook
Mineral County
email, phone, in-person, meetings
Amy L. (406) 207-4020 firstname.lastname@example.com
Breastfeeding USA of Kearney
phone, email, meetings
Victoria Narcisse (402) 413-8811 firstname.lastname@example.com
New Hampshire
Monadnock-Brattleboro Chapter
email, text, phone, in-person, meetings, online support group
Clarissa Murch (929) 322-3872 email@example.com
Meeting information: Please check our Facebook page for current meeting times and locations
Facebook Page: Monadnock-BrattleboroBFUSA
Online Support Group: Monadnock Breastfeeding Group
Babies and children and partners always welcome. Meetings always free of charge.
New Jersey
Central NJ Chapter
phone, email, meetings
Jessica M. (732) 674-0348 email@example.com
North Jersey Chapter
phone, email, in-person
Steph Stohrer (973) 534-9368 firstname.lastname@example.com
Gina (516) 713-6576 email@example.com
Allyson Murphy (908) 331-0243 firstname.lastname@example.com
Please visit our Facebook page for meeting details.
New Mexico
Curry County
email, phone
Tiffany (850) 496-6163 email@example.com
Greater Albuquerque Area Chapter
Robin email@example.com
New York
Capital Region
meetings, email
Anne O. email@example.com
Norma email@example.com
Facebook: Capital Region Chapter
Chapter meetings:
-Clifton Park: Second Saturday each month, 10:15am to 11:30am. For meeting location, email Anne firstname.lastname@example.com
-Glenville: Second and Fourth Tuesdays of the month, 10:15am to noon. East Glenville Fire Department, 433 Saratoga Road (Rt 50), Glenville, NY 12302 firstname.lastname@example.com
Mechanicville Chapter
Erica Svatek firstname.lastname@example.com
Meetings: First and third Thursday mornings of the month, 9-10:30 am at the Mechanicville Community Services Center, Mechanicville NY, starting Thursday, December 4th
Tompkins/Cortland Chapter
phone, email, in-person, meetings
Brenda (315) 510-5760 firstname.lastname@example.com
Facebook: tompkins.cortland.mothers
Meeting Schedule Still Evolving, Please check our facebook page or email Brenda for up to the date information!
North Carolina
Cary Chapter
phone, email, text
Anna (919) 593-4681 firstname.lastname@example.com
Lindsay (860) 389-6262 email@example.com
Meetings are held on 2nd and 4th Tuesdays at 10am in downtown Cary. Contact Anna for directions.
Lake Norman Chapter
email, phone, text, meeting
Volunteer Breastfeeding USA Counselors: Rebecca, Kate, Brittany
Central Mooresville meeting, 3rd Thursdays 7pm-9pm
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Warmline: (704) 761-8238 -- call or text
Facebook: Lake Norman Chapter
East Mooresville meeting, 1st Tuesdays 10am-noon
Email: email@example.com
Warmline: (704) 980-8238 -- call or text
South Charlotte/Fort Mill
email, phone, meetings
Amie (704) 619-9469 email@example.com
Meeting info: 3rd Saturday of each month at 10am
Cincinnati Breastfeeding Moms
meeting, email, phone, text
Suzanne Please send text to (513) 226-9272 email@example.com
Krista (513) 377-6328
Chapter meetings are the third Thursday of each month.
Cincinnati Breastfeeding Mothers Yahoo! Group
Greater Cleveland West Chapter
phone, email, meetings
Spanish speaking - contact Samantha
Facebook - BFUSA.CuyahogaWest
(216) 618-5265
Angela email@example.com
Samantha firstname.lastname@example.com
Lisa firstname.lastname@example.com
Chapter meetings are 4th Tuesday of every month at 7pm.
Toddler meetings on the First Friday of each month.
Meetings are held at 15800 Detroit Avenue, Lakewood, OH 44107, Suite D
Clintonville Breastfeeding Support Group (Columbus Area)
phone, text, meetings, email
Rachelle Lesteshen (614) 500-3862 firstname.lastname@example.com
Meeting Information: Second Wednesday of every month at 10:00am at CHOICE - Center for Humane Options in Childbirth Experiences 5721 North High Street Worthington, Ohio 43085
Visit our Facebook Group
Dayton Area: Wright-Patt Nature & Nurture Nursing Support Group
phone, email, text, meetings, in-person
Mary (937) 405-6103 email@example.com
Meetings: 1st Wednesday of month at 5:30pm; 3rd Tuesday of month at 7pm (contact Mary for locations)
Facebook: Wright-Patt Nature & Nurture Nursing Support Group
Oklahoma County Chapter
in-person, phone, email, text
Nikki (405) 651-2880 firstname.lastname@example.com
Visit us on Facebook for meeting details.
Silverton Breastfeeding USA Chapter
phone, email, and in-home support
Bethany (503) 419-4151 firstname.lastname@example.com
Facebook: SilvertonOregonBFUSA
Central Pennsylvania Chapter
phone, email, monthly meetings and classes
Ruth (570) 884-4398 email
Please contact Ruth for more information on monthly meetings and classes.
Central PA Facebook Page
Southwestern Pennsylvania Chapter
email, phone, text, home visits, classes and meetings
Mallary Powell, (724) 557- 0857 firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone messages will be returned after 6pm (generally) Monday- Friday. Times will vary on Saturday and Sunday.
Facebook group: Breastfeeding USA Southwestern Pennsylvania Chapter
Meeting information: Please contact Mallary or refer to Facebook for meeting information
Upcountry South Carolina Chapter
phone, email
Carol (864) 558-5020 email@example.com
South Dakota
Breastfeeding USA General Support
phone, email, text
Jacklyn Rymer (816) 457-3069 firstname.lastname@example.com
Monroe/Loudon Nursing Mamas
email, facebook group
Lisa Paul firstname.lastname@example.com
Facebook facebook.com/bloomlisapaul (friend me, and I will add you to the private group)
Murfreesboro Mom-to-Mom Breastfeeding Support
phone, email
Melissa (615) 567-3890 firstname.lastname@example.com
DFW Chapter
phone, email, meetings, in-person ,text
Aly Colman (817) 925.5206 firstname.lastname@example.com
North Dallas Chapter
phone, text, email, meetings, in-person
Melanie Louise (972) 802-8265 email@example.com
Facebook Page: BFUSANorthDallas
El Paso Chapter
phone, email, in-person, meetings
Bonnie Rutkowski (915) 490-3407 email@example.com
In-Person counseling available on Thursdays from 9a-5p at 2301 N. Lee Trevino Middle Door Pregnancy Resource Center
Meeting information will be posted soon.
Orange County Chapter-Breastfeeding USA
phone, meetings, email
Erin Sanderson (409) 466-8303 email@example.com
Facebook Page: orangecountybfusa
Facebook Group: orangecountybfusa group
Waco Chapter
phone, email, meetings
Ashley Jones (254) 744-6984 firstname.lastname@example.com
Meeting Info: Free weekly breastfeeding support meeting at My Little Play Place (7524 Bosque Blvd Waco, Tx 76712) on Fridays at 11 am.
Facebook Group: TXBfUSA
Monadnock-Brattleboro Chapter
email, text, phone, in-person, meetings, online support group
Clarissa Murch (929) 322-3872 email@example.com
Meeting information: Please check our Facebook page for current meeting times and locations
Facebook Page: Monadnock-BrattleboroBFUSA
Online Support Group: Monadnock Breastfeeding Group
Babies and children and partners always welcome. Meetings always free of charge.
Fredericksburg Chapter
Mishka email@example.com
Shenandoah Valley Chapter
phone, email, monthly meetings, free courses
Megan Hartless (540) 860-0567 email@example.com
Facebook Page: Breastfeeding USA: Shenandoah Valley Chapter
Facebook Group: Breastfeeding USA Shenandoah Valley Circle
Website: Shenandoah Valley Chapter
Tacoma Area Chapter
phone, email, meetings
Sarah Harding: (515) 201-6418 email@example.com
Meetings: Email for dates and location
Facebook: Tacoma Area Breastfeeding Moms
Whatcom Breastfeeding Moms
phone, email, in-person
Elizabeth (360) 474-7286 email@example.com
Website: Whatcom Breastfeeding Moms
Facebook Chat Group: Whatcom Breastfeeding Moms
Facebook Page: whatcombreastfeedingmoms
Burlington Chapter
phone, in-person, email, meetings
Kristy Hinz (847) 533-5361 firstname.lastname@example.com
Facebook Page
Chapter Meetings: Second Friday of the month 10am
Drop In Support: Monday and Wednesday 9-5
Located at 101 S. Pine St. Burlington WI
Madison-area Chapter
phone, email, in-person
Katherine (608) 285-2650 email@example.com
Marinette Chapter
phone, email
Phenix Mieko Patrick (715) 732-1658 firstname.lastname@example.com
Watch us grow! More chapters opening soon.


text:
Decolonization: the Role of Changing World Factor Endowments
European colonialism had two key economic aspects: the extraction of colonial wealth by colonizers, and the relevance of trade for colonial economies. I build a simple model of colonialism which puts these two elements at centre stage. By controlling policy in the colony, the colonizer can appropriate part of her wealth; the colony, however, can stage a successful revolution at a stochastic cost. I assume there is some exogenous, non-contractible policy gain from independence, so that the colonizer is forced to concede it when the cost of revolution is low. I incorporate this mechanism in a three-country, Heckscher-Ohlin model where countries (the colonizer, the colony and a third independent country) can decide whether to trade with each other, and the colonizer can threaten to stop trading with the colony if she rebels. Thus, the attractiveness of revolution and the sustainability of colonial power come to depend on the capacity of the colony to access international markets against the will of the colonizer which, in turn, depends on the distribution of world factor endowments. I present historical evidence in support of my theory. My results have important implications for the debate on the economic legacy of colonialism.
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|Date of creation:
|Sep 2008
|Date of revision:
|Contact details of provider:
| Web page: http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/_new/publications/default.asp
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- William Jack & Roger Lagunoff, 2003.
"Dynamic Enfrachisement,"
Working Papers
gueconwpa~03-03-03, Georgetown University, Department of Economics.
- Jack, William & Lagunoff, Roger, 2006. "Dynamic enfranchisement," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(4-5), pages 551-572, May.
- Roger Lagunoff & William Jack, 2004. "Dynamic Enfranchisement," 2004 Meeting Papers 466, Society for Economic Dynamics.
- William Jack & Roger Lagunoff, 2003. "Dynamic Enfranchisement," Levine's Bibliography 666156000000000030, UCLA Department of Economics.
- William Jack & Roger Lagunoff, 2003. "Dynamic Enfranchisement," Public Economics 0306002, EconWPA, revised 01 Jul 2003.
- Roger Lagunoff & William Jack, 2004. "Dynamic Enfranchisement," Econometric Society 2004 North American Summer Meetings 24, Econometric Society.
- William Jack & Roger Lagunoff, 2003. "Dynamic Enfranchisement," Wallis Working Papers WP36, University of Rochester - Wallis Institute of Political Economy.
- Ralph Davis, 1954. "English Foreign Trade, 1660–1700," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 7(2), pages 150-166, December.
- Rafael LaPorta & Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes & Andrei Shleifer & Robert Vishny, .
"The Quality of Government,"
Working Paper
19452, Harvard University OpenScholar.
- La Porta, Rafael & Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio & Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert, 1999. "The Quality of Government," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, Oxford University Press, vol. 15(1), pages 222-79, April.
- Andrei Shleifer & Robert W. Vishny, 1998. "The Quality of Government," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 1847, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research.
- Rafael La Porta & Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes & Andrei Shleifer & Robert Vishny, 1998. "The Quality of Goverment," NBER Working Papers 6727, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Regina Grafe & Maria Alejandra Irigoin, 2006.
"The Spanish Empire and its legacy: fiscal re-distribution and political conflict in colonial and post-colonial Spanish America,"
Economic History Working Papers
22467, London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Economic History.
- Grafe, Regina & Irigoin, Maria Alejandra, 2006. "The Spanish Empire and its legacy: fiscal redistribution and political conflict in colonial and post-colonial Spanish America," Journal of Global History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 1(02), pages 241-267, July.
- Ralph Davis, 1962. "English Foreign Trade, 1700–1774," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 15(2), pages 285-303, December.
- Grossman, Herschel I & Iyigun, Murat F, 1997. "Population Increase and the End of Colonialism," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 64(255), pages 483-93, August.
- Herschel I. Grossman & Murat F. Iyigun, 1995. "The Profitability Of Colonial Investment," Economics and Politics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 7(3), pages 229-241, November.
- Roemer, John E, 1985. "Rationalizing Revolutionary Ideology," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 53(1), pages 85-108, January.
- Acemoglu, Daron & Johnson, Simon & Robinson, James A, 2003.
"The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change and Economic Growth,"
CEPR Discussion Papers
3712, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Daron Acemoglu & Simon Johnson & James Robinson, 2005. "The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 95(3), pages 546-579, June.
- Daron Acemoglu & Simon Johnson & James Robinson, 2002. "The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change and Economic Growth," NBER Working Papers 9378, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Acemoglu, Daron & Johnson, Simon H. & Robinson, James A., 2003. "The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutioanl Change and Economic Growth," Working papers 4269-02, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Sloan School of Management.
- Charles Wilson, 1960. "Cloth Production And International Competition In The Seventeenth Century," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, vol. 13(2), pages 209-221, December.
- Dos Santos, Theotonio, 1970. "The Structure of Dependence," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 60(2), pages 231-36, May.
- repec:cup:cbooks:9780521855266 is not listed on IDEAS
- Flynn, Dennis O., 1982. "Fiscal Crisis and the Decline of Spain (Castile)," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 42(01), pages 139-147, March.
- Grossman, Herschel I, 1991. "A General Equilibrium Model of Insurrections," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 81(4), pages 912-21, September.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
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text:
Sidney Sam's Frankfurt move off after failed medical
Sidney Sam's proposed move from Schalke to Eintracht Frankfurt is off after the player failed a medical, according to his club.
Sam, 27, was seeking a way out of Gelsenkirchen after earning a club suspension for ill-discipline at the end of last season, but now faces an uncertain future after a medical with Eintracht revealed a kidney problem.
A Schalke statement said: "In the past few days, FC Schalke 04 and Eintracht Frankfurt have been in discussion over the transfer of Sidney Sam.


text:
Articles tagged amor de días
19 May 2011 // 9:00 AM
Amor de Días feels a lot like a summery hiatus with an open-ended return ticket for Alasdair MacLean from his main gig, the Clientele.READ more
//Mixed media
Colette Carr "Static" (video) (Premiere) // Music
House of Blondes "First of July" (audio) (premiere) // Music
Digisaurus 'No More Room For Love' (EP stream) // Music
Eszter Balint 'Airless Midnight' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.
// Announcements
"PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.READ the article


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|new regimens
Jul 2, 2003
are the new classes of drugs expected to work against hiv-2?
| Response from Dr. Young
I don't think that newer classes of medications have yet been tested against HIV2, but it is definitely worth knowing. BY
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text: Oct 22, 2012 17:46 Presidential race rumbles into final 4 weeks Presidential race rumbles into final 4 weeks President Barack Obama shakes hands with supporters at a campaign event at the Nokia Theater, Sunday, Oct. 7, 2012, in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill) Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney delivers a foreign policy speech at Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in Lexington, Va., Monday, Oct. 8, 2012. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak) A supporters of President Barack Obama holds a photo of Cesar E. Chavez, while waiting for the president to announce the establishment of the Cesar E. Chavez National Monument, Monday, Oct. 8, 2012, in Keene, Calif. The property is recognized worldwide for its historic link to civil rights icon Cesar Chavez and the farm worker movement. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill) Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney delivers a foreign policy speech at Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in Lexington, Va., Monday, Oct. 8, 2012. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak) BEN FELLER and STEVE PEOPLES| Associated Press Oct. 22, 2012 Comments LOS ANGELES (AP) — Rumbling into its final four weeks, the presidential campaign is playing out on both coasts and multiple fronts, with Republican Mitt Romney seeking stature on foreign affairs and President Barack Obama raising political cash by the millions. Negative ads, charges of dishonesty and dwindling time are all setting the tone. Romney delivered a detailed foreign policy speech that answered criticism that he has not been specific enough in describing how he would lead the country and drew sharp distinctions with Obama's approach. "Hope is not a strategy," Romney said in the address at Virginia Military Institute. He argued Obama's leadership has been especially lacking in the Middle East as chaos continues to grow. "It's clear that the risk of conflict in the region is higher now than when the president took office," Romney argued. Joining celebrities for fundraising in Los Angeles on Sunday, Obama for the first time needled himself over a poor debate performance. But he declared he had the right focus and "I intend to win." The campaigns also were eyeing the next debate, the sole faceoff between Vice President Joe Biden and the GOP running mate, Wisconsin Rep. Paul Ryan, which will grab even more attention as the Thursday night event nears. Ryan's challenge is to overcome his lack foreign policy expertise or national debate experience against Biden, who has extensive experience on both fronts. Ryan said voters are paying closer attention as Election Day approaches and accused the Democratic ticket of distorting the GOP ticket's record. "Believe you me, I understand this man is extremely experienced, he's a gifted speaker, he's a proven debater," the Republican vice presidential nominee said on The Frank Beckman Show on Detroit radio station WJR. "So we definitely have our work cut out for us. But the problem the vice president has that he just can't get around is he has to try and defend Barack Obama's record and it's not a very good record to defend." The election hangs as ever on persuadable voters in fewer than 10 states, with Iowa, Ohio, Virginia and Florida all set for candidate visits this week. In an election-year display of an incumbent's power, Obama on Monday was declaring a national monument at the home of Latino labor leader Cesar Chavez, the United Farmworkers Union founder who died in 1993. Sure to appeal to Hispanic voters in swing states, Obama's move comes at the start of a day in which he will later raise political cash at events in San Francisco. Romney was after the bigger stage of the day. His foreign policy speech sent tough signals to Iran and Syria and portrayed Obama as weak for his administration's changing explanation for the deadly attacks on the U.S. Consulate in Libya. "We're not going to be lectured by someone who has been an unmitigated disaster on foreign policy," Obama campaign spokeswoman Jen Psaki said. Voters give Obama higher marks than Romney on questions of national security and crisis response, and world affairs in general are a distant priority compared with economic woes, polling shows. Romney, though, is seeking to broaden his explanation about how he would serve as commander in chief. He said he would not hesitate to impose new sanctions on Iran to prevent it from obtaining a nuclear weapon and promised to help arm opposition forces in Syria. "We cannot support our friends and defeat our enemies in the Middle East when our words are not backed up by deeds," Romney said. After polls recently suggested Obama had narrow leads in several swing states, the Romney campaign says the race is tightening following his strong performance in last week's debate. To help maintain his momentum, Romney has tweaked his message over the last week, highlighting his compassionate side and centrist political positions. Beyond his speech, Romney has a Virginia rally scheduled for Monday evening, followed by events in Iowa and Ohio later in the week. Obama displayed a little self-deprecation Sunday night to account for his own showing in last Wednesday's debate. Taking to the Nokia Theatre stage after some musical stars performed, Obama said the entertainers seemed to have flawless nights all the time. "I can't always say the same," he said. Everyone in the crowd of thousands seemed to get the joke. Later in the Los Angeles evening, with actor George Clooney among those attending a $25,000-per-person fundraising dinner, Obama reminded donors that Wednesday's debate had fallen on his 20th wedding anniversary. "There was some speculation as to whether this had an impact on my performance," he said to laughter. Obama also used that occasion to say he still had his focus on the people he is hired to help as president. Obama said he was reminded of the point by the waiter who spoke to him when he took his wife to dinner over the weekend. After serving the Obamas, the waiter thanked the president for a health care law he said saved his mother's life after she sustained a stroke. Summarizing his case against Romney, Obama said, "Nothing that my opponent offers will create more jobs, reduce our deficit, grow our middle class, improve our education system, improve our environment or make us safer around the world." He gave thanks for the help to the wealthy crowd but added: "We're not finished yet, and I'm a big believer in closing the deal." Both candidates were getting help for the final push from outside groups. A pro-Obama super political action committee released a TV ad Monday accusing Romney of seeking to slash education funding and college financial aid. The Priorities USA Action spot says Romney would have to make the cuts in order to keep tax breaks for families making more than $250,000 a year. The ad will run in Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Virginia and Wisconsin as part of a $30 million campaign the super PAC launched earlier this year. After the California cash rush, Obama was on to Ohio on Tuesday and was expected to campaign in Florida later in the week. He was then to hunker down over the weekend for another round of preparation for the second debate against Romney on Oct. 16 in New York. Since the first debate, the Obama campaign has settled on a line of criticism that Romney is dishonest with voters; the Romney camp has returned fire. Romney, campaigning in up-for-grabs Florida on Sunday, sought to build on the momentum from a debate performance that even Democrats conceded was "masterful." He told a crowd of about 12,000 that he had exposed Obama's shortcomings. "And next January," he said, "we'll be watching him leave the White House for the last time." ——— Peoples reported from Lexington, Va. Associated Press writers Nedra Pickler, Julie Pace and Kasie Hunt in Washington contributed to this report. ——— Follow Ben Feller on Twitter at www.twitter.com/benfellerdc and Steve Peoples at www.twitter.com/sppeoples More Politics stories Gov. Bobby Jindal won't participate in Republican presidential forum in New Orleans Jul 7, 2015 11:48 Advocate story Advocate reporter named one of Louisiana, the country's top political writers Jul 6, 2015 09:39 Advocate story How Bobby Jindal will govern Louisiana in next 6 months: Help of cellphone, computer, aides Jul 6, 2015 16:17 BY MARK BALLARD and MARSHA SHULER| email@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com Only slight changes in polling for Bobby Jindal support since presidential announcement Jul 2, 2015 17:29 ELIZABETH CRISP | email@example.com After toying with idea of Louisiana gubernatorial bid, Russel Honore' says he won't run Jul 2, 2015 17:29 Advocate story Bobby Jindal adds more N.H., Iowa events to his town hall series Jul 1, 2015 13:59 ELIZABETH CRISP | email@example.com Critics take Bobby Jindal's #AskBobby effort in an unintended direction: 'Did you like Marcia, Jan or Cindy better?' Jul 1, 2015 16:03 ELIZABETH CRISP | firstname.lastname@example.com Bobby Jindal's executive order challenged by ACLU, other gay rights advocates Jul 1, 2015 13:58 BY Elizabeth Crisp| firstname.lastname@example.com Gov. Bobby Jindal's lawyer says individuals don't have to issue same sex marriage licenses Jun 30, 2015 16:40 by mark ballard| email@example.com Bobby Jindal may find Hillary Clinton's politics distasteful, but her recipe for chocolate chip cookies ... Jun 30, 2015 12:02 Advocate story New Iowa ad touts Bobby Jindal's aversion to 'hyphenated American' designations; T-shirts tout his tan Jun 30, 2015 08:49 Advocate story Bobby Jindal as a high school student: Not valedictorian, nor salutatorian; 'most polite,' Equations team captain Jun 29, 2015 14:41 by tyler bridges | firstname.lastname@example.com LSU coach Les Miles in crowd at Bobby Jindal event that raises half a million dollars Jun 29, 2015 13:36 BY Elizabeth Crisp| firstname.lastname@example.com Poll: More than half of Republican voters say Bobby Jindal's unlikely to be their nominee in 2016 Jun 29, 2015 10:29 ELIZABETH CRISP | firstname.lastname@example.com 'Creepy,' 'bleak' used to describe ridiculed Bobby Jindal family video; campaign responds Jun 27, 2015 22:11 ELIZABETH CRISP | firstname.lastname@example.com LSU coach Les Miles, Saints coach Sean Payton to be part of Bobby Jindal's first major presidential campaign events in Baton Rouge Jun 27, 2015 22:11 ELIZABETH CRISP Bobby Jindal's statement against being labeled an 'Indian-American' causes backlash on Twitter Jun 26, 2015 14:05 Advocate story Stephanie Grace quick take: Five big storylines from Bobby Jindal's campaign rally Jun 25, 2015 22:02 STEPHANIE GRACE | email@example.com See full text of Bobby Jindal's speech from his presidential rally: 'We can rock the boat, and we will' Jun 27, 2015 22:11 ADVOCATE STAFF REPORT FiveThirtyEight analysis: Why Bobby Jindal missed his chance to contend for presidency in 2012 Jun 25, 2015 15:21 Advocate staff report Sources reveal what macro-manager Bobby Jindal is really like: Intense. Sarcastic. Relentless. Jun 28, 2015 19:33 by mark ballard | firstname.lastname@example.com Bobby Jindal draws about 1,000 at presidential rally, promises to 'rock the boat' Jun 29, 2015 22:50 BY Elizabeth Crisp| firstname.lastname@example.com After Bobby Jindal makes his presidential campaign official Wednesday, here's what he'll face next Jun 27, 2015 22:11 BY Elizabeth Crisp| firstname.lastname@example.com Timeline: See how Bobby Jindal went from 'Brady Bunch' enthusiast to presidential hopeful Jun 27, 2015 22:11 capitol news bureau Photos: A look at the 12 biggest changes Gov. Bobby Jindal made to Louisiana government Jun 27, 2015 22:11 ADVOCATE STAFF REPORT White supremacist who influenced Charleston shooter also contributed to Bill Cassidy, Rob Maness' campaigns Jun 24, 2015 15:03 Advocate story Bobby Jindal to hit up early-voting states New Hampshire, Iowa after Wednesday's announcement Jun 27, 2015 22:11 Advocate story Washington Post: From Piyush to Bobby, has Jindal distanced himself from his Indian roots? Jun 27, 2015 22:11 ADVOCATE STAFF REPORT Team compiled for Bobby Jindal's expected presidential run full of faces familiar to Louisiana Jun 27, 2015 22:11 BY Elizabeth Crisp| email@example.com Bobby Jindal 'unafraid' of deficit he faces in 'wide open' presidential race Jun 27, 2015 22:11 by gregory roberts| email@example.com Get The Advocate in your inbox Subscribe