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U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration • University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory A Concise History (1952-2004) Ensuring national security and applying science and technology to the important problems of our time National Nuclear Security Administration S • • UCRL-BR-133100 Rev 3 This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48. 1950 • H-bomb decision announced • Korean War begins • USSR and China sign 30-year alliance 1951 • Nevada Test Site begins operations • US achieves first thermonuclear reaction • British troops seize Suez Canal zone • Six nations agree to Schuman plan to pool European coal and steel 1952 • Eisenhower elected president • First US thermonuclear device tested at Eniwetok • First British A-bomb test conducted in Australia • Soviet "iron curtain" isolates Eastern Europe 1953 • Death of Stalin • Korean armistice signed • USSR "boosted" H-bomb tested • Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" speech 1954 • Dulles announces policy of massive retaliation • Deliverable US H-bomb tested at Bikini • French defeat in Indochina • Army-McCarthy hearings • Brown v. Board of Education • Oppenheimer hearings • Atomic Energy Act 1955 • Warsaw Pact signed • West Germany joins NATO • Eisenhower's "Open Skies" proposal • Montgomery bus boycott • First US commercial nuclear power plant 1956 • UK, France, and Israel attack Egypt • Polish uprising suppressed • Hungarian uprising suppressed • Eisenhower re-elected • Khrushchev denounces Stalin excesses • Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal 1957 • First UK H-bomb tested • First USSR ICBM tested • DEW line activated • USSR launches Sputnik 1 and 2 • International Atomic Energy Agency created • US troops sent to Little Rock, Ark. 1958 First US satellite launched First US ICBM test (Atlas) Quemoy-Matsu crisis NASA established Moratorium on nuclear weapons tests begins • First US missiles deployed in Europe (Thor IRBMs in UK) • • • • • 1959 • Castro victorious in Cuba • Saint Lawrence Seaway opened • First USSR ICBMs deployed 1960 • First French A-bomb tested • U-2 shot down over USSR • First Strategic Integrated Operational Plan developed • Kennedy elected president • First Polaris sea patrol 1961 • Berlin Wall erected • USSR puts first man in orbit • First American in space • US supports Bay of Pigs invasion by Cuban exiles 1962 • First American in orbit • McNamara announces policy of flexible response • Test moratorium ends • US nuclear testing resumes • Cuban missile crisis • Telstar satellite launched 1963 • Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed • Kennedy assassinated, succeeded by Johnson • Civil Rights Act signed • President of South Vietnam assassinated • US starts retaliatory bombing in Vietnam 1964 • First Chinese A-bomb tested • Johnson re-elected president • UN peace force takes over in Cyprus • Vietnam War escalates • Ranger VII returns close-up photos of moon 1965 • First US combat troops in Vietnam • Watts riot in Los Angeles • Medicare becomes law • Malcolm X assassinated • Martin Luther King leads civil rights march in Alabama 1966 • Brezhnev becomes general secretary of USSR • France withdraws from NATO • First Chinese nuclear missile tested • Freedom of Information Act passed • US Surveyor-1 lands on moon • International protest against US policy in Vietnam 1967 • First Chinese H-bomb tested • Israel wins 6-day war against Arabs • First successful heart transplant • Numerous anti-Vietnam War marches in US • J. Robert Oppenheimer dies 1968 • Nonproliferation Treaty signed • First French H-bomb tested • Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia • Martin Luther King assassinated • Robert Kennedy assassinated • Nixon elected president 1969 • Sino-Soviet forces battle on Manchurian border • Phased withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam begins • First manned lunar landing in Project Apollo • National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 • Mitchell and Calley stand trial for My Lai massacre 1970 • US/South Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia • US deploys MIRVed Minuteman III ICBMs • In antiwar protest, 4 Kent University students killed by National Guardsmen • Arab commandos hijack 3 jets bound for New York from Europe 1971 • US deploys MIRVed Poseidon SLBMs • Apollo 15 moon landing • India defeats Pakistan, Bangladesh becomes independent • Soviets put primitive space station into earth orbit • A number 40-digits long is factored 1972 • Vietnam peace agreement signed • Nixon visits China • SALT I accord signed • Congress ratifies ABM Treaty • Nixon re-elected • Supreme Court rules death penalty unconstitutional 1973 • French nuclear tests in the Pacific • Yom Kippur war • OPEC quadruples price of oil • Roe v. Wade • First US space station, Skylab, launched • Dixy Lee Ray becomes first woman chairperson of AEC 1974 • Threshold Test Ban Treaty signed • Nixon resigns, succeeded by Ford • India tests peaceful nuclear device • Congress strengthens Freedom of Information Act over presidential veto • Turkish forces invade Cyprus 1975 • Saigon falls, ending Vietnam War • ERDA and NRC created • Phnom Penh falls to Khmer Rouge • Exodus of thousands of Vietnamese • OPEC raises oil prices 10% 1976 • Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty • Carter elected president • Mao Zedong dies • "Tall Ships" from 31 nations parade up Hudson River as part of US Bicentennial celebrations 1977 • ERDA becomes DOE • Brezhnev becomes president of USSR • Czech human rights activists arrested by police • Carter warns of US energy crisis 1978 • First test-tube baby born • Panama Canal Treaty approved by Senate • Egypt-Israel Camp David summit • Millions march in protest against Shah in Iran • Karol Wojtyla becomes first Polish pope 1979 • Three Mile Island nuclearplant accident • South Atlantic "flash" observed by satellite • SALT II signed • Ayatollah Khomeini becomes leader of Iran • Americans taken hostage in Iran • USSR invades Afghanistan 1980 • Iran-Iraq War begins • Reagan elected president • Solidarity founded in Poland • Zhao Ziyang becomes Chinese prime minister 1981 • Israeli air attack on Iraqi nuclear reactor • Sandra Day O'Connor becomes first woman on US Supreme Court • US hostages freed in Iran • First space shuttle flight • President Sadat of Egypt assassinated • Reagan survives assassination attempt 1982 • Nuclear freeze movement • Falklands War • Israel invades Lebanon • Artificial heart implanted for first time • Andropov succeeds Brezhnev • Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) begin 1983 • Reagan's "Star Wars" speech • US invades Grenada • Benigno Aquino killed in Philippines • DOE proposes construction of supercollider • Proton-antiproton collider at CERN produces W+, Wand Z0 particles 1984 • Reagan re-elected • US deploys Tomahawk SLCMs • AIDS virus found • Indira Gandhi assassinated • Bhopal gas leak in India 1985 • Gorbachev becomes USSR secretary general • US-USSR summit in Geneva • Palestinian terrorists seize Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro 1986 • Chernobyl nuclear-plant accident • US space shuttle explodes on takeoff • US air strike on Libya • US-USSR summit in Iceland • Sakharov freed in USSR • Discovery of high-temperature superconductors at CERN 1987 • US-USSR sign Intermediate-range Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty • Gorbachev launches perestroika and glasnost • World stock market crash 1988 • Bush elected president • USSR sends army to quell unrest in Azerbaijan • India and Pakistan sign nuclear treaty • 100-digit number factored • Supercollider site chosen in Texas, estimated cost for SSC: $8 billion • Gorbachev reduces Red Army by 10% 1989 • Berlin Wall comes down • Cold War ends • Human genome project launched • Error discovered in Hubble Space Telescope • Exxon Valdez spills 11 million gallons of oil • Voyager 2 completes last planetary flyby 1990 • Germany reunified • Iraq invades Kuwait • Gene responsible for neurofibromatosis discovered • Gorbachev wins Nobel Peace Prize • Bell Labs demonstrates rudimentary optical computer 1991 • Operation Desert Storm (Persian Gulf War) • Yeltsin elected president of the Russian Republic, resists attempted coup • Serbo-Croat-Muslim battles erupt in Yugoslavia • Iraq sets fire to 732 Kuwaiti oil wells 1992 • Dissolution of USSR • Clinton elected president • Civil war in Bosnia • Rioting in LA following acquittal of 4 police officers in Rodney King beating • START I agreement ratified 1993 • Hazel O'Leary named Secretary of Energy • Clinton moratorium on testing • China violates test moratorium • Bomb at World Trade Center kills 5 • US space shuttle Endeavour repairs Hubble Space Telescope • Congress terminates funding for the SSC 1994 • Major earthquake rocks Los Angeles • Russian ecological damage: 15% of nation • North Korea resists atomic inspections • Clementine satellite makes complete map of the moon • Secretary of Energy announces Key Decision 1 for NIF 1995 • Tokyo subway nerve-gas attack kills 12, injures 5000 • Oklahoma City Federal Building bombed, 168 killed • Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty extended indefinitely • US commits to negotiate a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 1996 • President Clinton re-elected for second term • Boris Yeltsin re-elected President of Russia • US barracks in Saudi Arabia bombed, 19 killed • DOE moves National Energy Research Supercomputing Center (NERSC) from LLNL to LBNL 1997 • Federico Peña named Secretary of Energy • Americans and Russians partner in space • Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping dies • Presidents Clinton and Yeltsin hold Helsinki summit • Hong Kong returns to Chinese rule • Sojourner explores Mars 1998 • Bill Richardson named Secretary of Energy • John Glenn returns to space aboard the Discovery • LLNL physicist Robert Laughlin wins Nobel Prize • India and Pakistan conduct underground nuclear tests • Operation Desert Fox (Iraq) • President Clinton impeached by House of Representatives 1999 • Congress establishes National Nuclear Security Administration • NATO conducts bombing campaign against Serbia • World tries to stamp out Y2K computer "bug" • Columbine High School shootings kill 13 • Senate acquits President Clinton of perjury and obstruction of justice charges 2000 • George W. Bush wins extremely close Presidential race • Cerro Grande fire devastates area near LANL • Vladimir Putin elected President of Russia • Suicide-bombers kill 17 sailors on board USS Cole • Russian submarine Kursk sinks with 118 aboard • Wen Ho Lee conviction focuses attention on security at national labs 2001 • Spencer Abraham named Secretary of Energy • Plane hijacked by terrorists destroys World Trade Center Sept. 11 • Operation Enduring Freedom hunts terrorists in Afghanistan • Anthrax spores delivered in mail kill several Americans • U.S. spy plane makes emergency landing on Chinese Island 2002 • Euro coins and notes enter circulation Jan. 1 • President Bush and Russian President Putin sign the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty • Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City • Department of Homeland Security created • LLNL celebrates 50th anniversary of its founding Sept. 2, 1952 2003 • U.S.-led coalition liberates Iraq; no WMD found, exIraqi President Hussein captured • Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates over Texas • Outbreak of SARS virus • Edward Teller dies at age 95 • Robert Dynes named UC President 2004 • President Bush re-elected • NASA rovers land safely on Mars • Devastating tsunami strikes Southeast Asia • Bomb attacks on Madrid trains kill 200 • First private piloted spaceflight 9000 E. O. Lawrence, Co-Founder 8000 7000 Ernest Orlando Lawrence received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939 for his invention of the cyclotron, a device which accelerates charged atomic or subatomic particles to high energies. Lawrence was the architect of large-scale team research in basic science, a merging of fundamental research and practical engineering that has escalated the pace of both scientific exploration and technological development. Herbert York, Director 1952–1958 Edward Teller, Director 1958–1960 Harold Brown, Director 1960–1961 John Foster, Director 1961–1965 Michael May, Director 1965–1971 Roger Batzel, Director 1971–1988 John Nuckolls, Director 1988–1994 Bruce Tarter, Director 1994–2002 M — Making History, Making a Difference When Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory opened in 1952, it consisted of a few wooden Baseball II, first confined arc plasma Advanced Test Accelerator Operation Morning Light, Canada Flash X-ray B83 Modern Strategic Bomb Design X-ray laser Russian weapons scientists visit LLNL Pit-reuse workstation Clementine: multispectral mapping of the moon National Ignition Facility groundbreaking Stroke (early onset) Forensic Science Center partners with FBI Record-breaking fast-growth crystal L-Gel decontaminant W87 Life Extension 6000 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES Early laser work at the Lab Tapestry Event at NTS Aluminum/air battery for electric vehicles AEC Chair Schlesinger (right) visits the Lab Livermore becomes a national laboratory Dixy Lee Ray (right) visits the Lab buildings on a deactivated U.S. Naval Air Station in Lab certified for analyzing chemical weapons JASPER has banner year Remote sensing devices Livermore, California. More than 50 years later, Lawrence Livermore is a premier national laboratory that is part of the Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration. With its 5000 Alzheimer's (late onset) Myotonic dystrophy exceptional capabilities, the Laboratory helps to ensure the nation's security (including homeland 4000 Univac, the Lab's first computer Duane Sewell (left), first Operations Manager One of the first women technicians at the Lab Operation Dominic, Central Pacific President Kennedy visits UC Lab directors Biomedical Program established Super Kukla, a prompt burst reactor Early diamond turning machine Shiva laser system Environmental science W79 Artillery Shell Design Cray supercomputers Conflict simulation with Janus Cabra Event Fibers: energy storage flywheel Brilliant Pebbles DYNA3D computer modeling program High Explosives Applications Facility Human Genome Project, chromosome 19 Contained Firing Facility Institute decodes chromosomes 5, 16, 19 International Security Research Facility groundbreaking ASCI White unveiled First 4 NIF beamlines commissioned Terascale Simulation Facility dedicated security) through advances in science and technology. It also makes important contributions to fields such as energy, environmental protection, and biomedical technology. Today, the Laboratory's focus remains as clear as it was in 1952: ensuring our country's national MACHOs: searching for dark matter 3000 Livermore Pool-Type Reactor Polaris A-1 missilebody launch test Science teachers study at Lab Levitron III, a toroidal pinch machine Tory II-C Reactor Visit of California Governor Reagan Summer Institutes for Teachers LESSON Program for grade schools Cannikin Event W62 and W68: First MIRV'd Warhead Designs Rotating Target Neutron Source W84 Design for Ground Launched Cruise Missile Science education Laser Guide Star Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Radar on a chip PEREGRINE takes aim at tumors 2000 security through scientific research and engineering development, responding to new world threats, and developing new technologies that will benefit people 1000 everywhere. This is "making history, making a UC Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, 1952 Ruth Tower, Nevada Test Site Hood Event, Plumbbob Operation, NTS Plowshare Program, Cowboy Event Queen of Greece visits Lab Livermore Advanced Research Computer difference" and the course of the Laboratory's future. First Family Day Gnome nuclear test cavity Operation Dominic, test diagnostics Sedan Event, a cratering experiment at NTS Minuteman with Lab warhead Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions Demand Occupational Training Forty-one for Freedom Award Computers applied to chromosome analysis Electron-Positron Linear Accelerator CDC 7600 Octopus Shallow Solar Pond, wintertime version Laser Isotope Separation Lance Missile with Lab warhead Biomed cell sorter Tandem Mirror Experiment Rockefeller arrives to dedicate Hertz Hall Chromosome biomarker studies MFE magnet AVLIS separator demonstration facility Nova laser facility ARAC tracks Chernobyl "Superkids" Science Honors Program Aerogels: "frozen smoke" Chromosome sorting project President Bush visits Lab LLNL scientists inspect Iraqi installations Digital mammography Stockpile Stewardship Program Beamlet — prototype of a single NIF beamline ASCI's next-generation supercomputer Visalia accelerated cleanup EUVL: Imaging the future Subcritical underground experiments at NTS NIF conventional facility completed BASIS at Winter Olympics Site security enhancements Fire Department celebrates half a century W W W he Laboratory's first mission was to meet the Soviet challenge while preserving the peace. Our world-class science and technology helped to win the Cold War. The panorama of our history shows the Laboratory's responsiveness to changing national needs over the decades. We continue to ensure national security and apply science and technology to the important problems of our time. T Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1952-2004 Duane Sewell (left), first Operations Manager Sewell is shown going over plans of the Redwing Event (1956). Under Sewell's leadership the Lab's matrix system evolved—a cross-disciplinary process that has proven tremendously successful. First Family Day Family Day has been held regularly since 1957. Tours and exhibits are hosted by Lab employees during a weekendlong open house for Lab employees, relatives, and friends. Hood Event, Plumbbob Operation, NTS In this 1957 event at the Nevada Test Site, a nuclear device was detonated from a balloon tethered at 1500 feet. This was the biggest atmospheric test ever conducted at NTS. Livermore Advanced Research Computer Three Lab employees were responsible for bringing LARC to UCRL in 1960: Sid Fernbach, Harold Brown, and Edward Teller (left to right). LARC expanded the Lab's already impressive capabilities for simulating nuclear explosions on computers. Livermore Pool-Type Reactor The LPTR was in operation from 1958 to 1980. It was one of the longest operating research reactors on the West Coast. A versatile facility suitable for general research by all departments of the Lab, it was used for a broad range of projects, from fundamental physics to investigations of the effects of radiation on biological systems. One of the first women technicians at the Lab From its inception, the Laboratory has strived for a diverse workforce. This 1958 photo shows a woman technician operating the control board of the Livermore Pool-Type Reactor. Plowshare Program, Cowboy Event This program explored the use of nuclear explosives for industrial applications. The Cowboy Event in 1957 was a high-explosives experiment conducted in the Carey Salt Mine, Winnfield, La. Polaris A-1 missile-body launch test This is one in a series of tests of the launch of the Polaris A-1 missile. Development of the W47 megatonclass warhead for Polaris began before the 1958 moratorium on nuclear weapons tests. The moratorium put a three-year halt to the traditional design-and-test process of the W47. However, work on the project continued by means of a Lab-developed code that ran on the IBM 704 computer, the first electronic brain capable of handling such a complex code. Queen of Greece visits Lab Already known worldwide, the Lab was visited in 1958 by Queen Frederica of Greece. Ruth Tower, Nevada Test Site A picture famous in Lab history: the remains of the test tower after the first device fielded by UCRL was detonated in 1953. The test failed. Science teachers study at Lab From its earliest years the Laboratory has worked to improve and enlarge science education at all grade levels. In this photo, California science teachers who joined Laboratory staff in a 1959 summer teacher-training program are shown learning how to operate the IBM 650 computer. UC Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, 1952 UCRL opened in 1952 as part of the UC Berkeley Radiation Laboratory on the one-square-mile site of a World War II Naval Training Station. In 1958, after the death of E. O. Lawrence, the Livermore Lab was renamed Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (LRL). Univac, the Lab's first computer Once the talk of the computing world, the Univac predicted Eisenhower's victory in 1952. The Lab's first electronic brain, it was installed in 1953. From the earliest days, Livermore's scientists and engineers recognized the premier importance of computing power in research and development. AEC Chair James Schlesinger (right) visits the Lab Dr. Schlesinger, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), is shown on his 1968 visit. Biomedical Program established Dr. John Gofman (second from left) was the first Associate Director for the Biology and Medicine Program established in 1963. He is shown discussing an abnormal chromosome pattern in malignant cells with Frederick Hatch, Bernard Shore, and Jason Minkler (left to right). Computers applied to chromosome analysis In this 1969 photo, Lab researchers are using a computerbased system called CYDAC to calculate the amount of DNA present in any given chromosome. CYDAC "sees" each chromosome as 100,000 bits of information, which the computer then checks against what it knows about healthy chromosomes and then reports abnormalities, a feat impossible to match with human vision. Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions The goal of the CTR program has been to design a fusion reactor that could provide a virtually inexhaustible source of cheap and safe power. CTR research began at the Lab in 1958 and work on magnetic fusion continues. Photo date: 1967. Demand Occupational Training This unique training program, brainstormed by a Lab affirmative action committee in 1968, sought out minority and underprivileged young people (ages 18 to 25) with a knack for science and equipped them for careers in real demand on the employment market. Early laser work at the Lab Lab researchers began exploring uses for the laser soon after its invention in 1960. Early ideas included laserinduced fusion and a laser interferometer, a device used for precision measurements. The photo shows an early exploration of the laser's use in communications. Forty-one for Freedom Award This award was presented to the Lab in 1967 for distinguished service in the development and deployment of the Fleet Ballistic Missile System. (Left) Carl Haussman; (second from right) Lab Director Michael May. Gnome nuclear test cavity The 1961 Gnome nuclear test, detonated in a dry salt bed 360 meters below the surface near Carlsbad, NM, was the first nuclear test in the US Plowshare Program for peaceful uses of nuclear explosives. The cavity pictured is 60-80 feet high and 160-170 feet in diameter. Levitron III, a toroidal pinch machine The levitron was used in magnetic fusion energy research. It contained a large current-carrying copper ring, enveloped by plasma, resting inside the toroidal pinch tube. Photo date: 1963. Minuteman with Lab warhead In addition to the Minuteman warhead, the Lab also developed the W48 warhead for the 155-millimeter howitzer. Both entered the US weapons stockpile in 1963-64. Operation Dominic, Central Pacific This 1962 test series consisted of high-yield events—air drops in the Christmas Island area and rocket-launched high-altitude tests in the Johnston Atoll area of the Central Pacific. Dominic was the last atmospheric test series conducted by the US. Operation Dominic test diagnostics Test diagnostics—the recording of experimental results as they happen—was an analog process. Dozens, perhaps hundreds, of traces streaking across instrument screens in a fraction of an instant had to be photographed with splitsecond timing. The photo shows camera adjustments being made before an Operation Dominic (1962) test. President Kennedy visits UC Lab directors In March 1962 President John F. Kennedy met with the directors of UC Berkeley Radiation Laboratory and Lawrence Radiation Laboratory at the Berkeley Rad Lab. Sedan Event, a cratering experiment at NTS Sedan (1962) was an excavation experiment conducted at the Nevada Test Site. It was one of 27 tests conducted between 1957 and 1973 in the Plowshare Program to develop technology for using nuclear explosives in earth-moving projects such as the creation of harbors and canals. The crater is 1,280 feet in diameter and 320 feet in depth. Entered in the National Register of Historic Places in 1994, the crater attracts more than 10,000 visitors each year. Summer Institutes for Teachers Dr. Eugene Goldberg shows the Lab's linear accelerator, one of the world's most sophisticated scientific tools for physics research, to high school teachers participating in a 1960s' Summer Physics Institute. Super Kukla, a prompt burst reactor In 1964 Super Kukla began operation at the Nevada Test Site. The reactor was used for critical assembly tests. Tapestry Event at NTS This 1966 event at the Nevada Test Site was part of Operation Flintlock. Tapestry was one of the most heavily instrumented nuclear tests ever conducted by the Lab. Tory II-C Reactor This full-size reactor, part of the Pluto Program, was designed to power supersonic cruise missiles. It was successfully tested in 1964, but the Pluto Program was canceled due to the lack of a firm commitment from the military. Visit of California Governor Reagan In 1967 California Governor Ronald Reagan (center) visited the Lab. Standing next to him is Lab Director Michael May. Aluminum/air battery for electric vehicles A Lab chemist is shown with an aluminum/air battery being developed at the Lab in the late 1970s as a rapidly refuelable source for electric vehicles. Cannikin Event Cannikin confirmed the Lab's success in its most demanding design challenge: the enhanced x-ray warhead for the Spartan antiballistic missile. The event took place in 1971 on Alaska's barren Amchitka Island. CDC 7600 Octopus This photo shows the heart of Octopus, the Lab's timesharing computations facility, at the time the world's most powerful research computer facility. The Lab's CDC 7600 computer became operational in 1969. In 1975 the Lab was chosen as the center of the national computer network for magnetic fusion energy. Dixy Lee Ray (right) visits the Lab Dr. Ray was the first woman Chairperson of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). During her 1973 visit she met with her former student, Lab biologist Florence Harrison. Dr. Harrison was a role model for numerous women scientists. Early diamond turning machine This 1974 machine was the forerunner of the Large Optics Diamond Turning Machine (LODTM), the most accurate machining tool in the world—capable of working to tolerances of less than 1 millionth of an inch. The LODTM was dedicated in May 1983. Electron-Positron Linear Accelerator This 1977 photo is taken at the injection system. At the far end is the electron gun, which fires electrons into the injector. Power from one of the Klystrons pours into the accelerator through the vertical structure at left. Environmental science The principal focus of the Biomedical Research Division's environmental effort was the determination of relationships between pollutant-source strengths and their dose to receptors. The 1976 photo shows a Lab physiologist inserting a Ponderosa pine needle into the test chamber of a portable Lab-developed instrument that determines effects of smog on plant photosynthesis. Lance Missile with Lab warhead In 1973 the Army's short-range Lance missile was deployed with the Lab-designed W70 warhead. Three years later the Lab was asked to modify this warhead with an enhanced radiation capability. The modified version was deployed in 1981. Laser Isotope Separation The Laser Isotope Separation (LIS) Program was established in 1973. LIS developed a process to separate uranium-235 from the more common uranium-238, then enrich it. Uranium-235 is the fuel for US nuclear power plants. The LIS process has the potential to increase production efficiency and cut costs by a factor of two or more. LESSON Program for grade schools As part of the LESSON Program's inaugural year in 1977, a Lab scientist prepares an experiment for grade school children at Oakland's Emerson Elementary School. Livermore becomes a national laboratory In 1971 the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory became a separate organization—no longer part of the UC Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. The University of California continued to manage LRL for the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), forerunner of DOE. In 1979 the Laboratory's name was changed to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Operation Morning Light, Canada When the Soviet satellite Cosmos 954 fell to Earth in northern Canada in 1978, Lab researchers joined a multinational team to locate radioactive debris from the satellite. Rockefeller arrives to dedicate Hertz Hall In 1977 former US Vice President Nelson D. Rockefeller dedicated newly completed Hertz Hall, which houses the Davis Department of Applied Science (DAS). Established at the Lab in 1964, DAS is part of the University of California, Davis, College of Engineering. The on-site location provides unique educational opportunities for UC students and Lab employees. Rotating Target Neutron Source RTNS-I was the most intense source of 14-megavolt fusion neutrons in the world when it became operative in 1978. A multipurpose machine, the RTNS could produce either an intense, steady flux of neutrons for irradiation experiments or a pulsed source of neutrons for nuclear physics experiments. Shallow Solar Pond, wintertime version A Lab scientist is shown at Fort Benning, Georgia, in 1975 inspecting wintertime configuration of shallow solar ponds developed at LRL. Aluminized plastic spread over a plywood panel (left) reflects the low-angled light from the winter sun on the pond, increasing its efficiency. Labdesigned solar ponds still heat water for the Army installation at Fort Benning. Shiva laser system When the 20-beam Shiva laser was completed in 1978, it was the world's most powerful laser. It delivered more than 10 kilojoules of energy in less than a billionth of a second in its first full-power firing. About the size of a football field, Shiva was the latest in a series of laser systems built over two decades, each five to ten times more powerful than its predecessor. Tandem Mirror Experiment Designed to test the stability of confining superhot fusion fuel—a plasma—in a new geometry, TMX demonstrated a marked improvement in terms of plasma confinement over previous Lab magnetic fusion schemes. The photo shows the facility in 1978. Success with TMX led the Lab to design the Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF). W62 and W68: First MIRV'd Warhead Designs In 1970 production began of two LLNL warhead designs, the W62 and the W68. These were the first warheads for multiple independent re-entry vehicles (MIRV). The W62 was assigned to the Minuteman III ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile) and the W68 was used on the Poseidon C-3 SLBM (submarine-launched ballistic missile). W79 Artillery Shell Design The W79 nuclear warhead design for the Army's 8-inch artillery gun was assigned to the Lab in 1975. The design included an "enhanced radiation" option. Nuclear artillery shells were part of the U.S. arsenal from the mid-1950s until 1992. Advanced Test Accelerator The ATA was the world's most advanced electron accelerator for defense applications. It is used to evaluate the potential of electron beam technology for defensive weapons. The accelerator was dedicated in January 1981. AVLIS separator demonstration facility The atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) process was developed to separate and enrich uranium-235, needed to fuel fission reactors, from inert uranium-238. The AVLIS Program, begun at the Lab in 1973, led to largescale experiments by 1985. The superiority of the AVLIS process led to its adoption as the "technology of choice" for future production of enriched uranium for reactors. Brilliant Pebbles These small, lightweight, and low-cost space-based interceptors were designed to knock out strategic missiles by colliding with them at very high speeds. Under development at the Lab starting in 1983, Brilliant Pebbles were proposed as the earliest element of the Strategic Defense Initiative to defend against missile attacks. Sensors and cameras developed for Brilliant Pebbles became components of Clementine's moon-mapping project, described in the 1990-99 panel. B83 Modern Strategic Bomb Design The warhead design for the B83 Modern Strategic Bomb incorporates advanced features such as insensitive high explosives. The design also includes features that enhance electrical nuclear detonation safety and that make the weapon safe in the event of fire. The Laboratory received the design assignment in January 1979; the first unit was produced in 1983. (The photo shows a mock B83 dropped from a B-2 bomber.) Cabra Event Detonated at the Nevada Test Site in 1983, Cabra was one of the most heavily instrumented nuclear explosive tests ever conducted by LLNL. Over 213 downhole cables were used, and more than 300 oscilloscopes recorded the data. Chromosome biomarker studies Chromosome biomarker studies began with laboratory studies of genetic damage in cultured animal cells in the 1970s, then progressed to studies of human cells in the early 1980s. The ability to sort chromosomes using the high-speed sorter led to chromosome painting in 1988, a rapid method to measure damage to specific chromosomes. The goal of these studies is to measure the genetic effects of exposure to toxic chemicals and radiation. Chromosome sorting project The Livermore high-speed cell sorter was developed between 1985 and 1992. The sorter expedites studies of human chromosomes by reducing the time needed for accurate sorting from one or two weeks to one or two days. As a joint member with Los Alamos National Laboratory for the National Laboratory Gene Library Project, the Lab is producing chromosome-specific gene libraries and distributing them worldwide to the scientific community. Conflict simulation with Janus This Lab-designed interactive computer code allows players to simulate combat situations. It has been used by military personnel as an analysis tool to explore the effectiveness of modern weapons systems. Cray supercomputers When Cray-1 was installed in 1981, it was one of the fastest and most powerful scientific computers available. The Lab acquired six more Crays, including several new generations—Cray II, Cray XMPs (1984) and Cray YMP (1989). DYNA3D computer modeling program One industry observer wrote: "DYNA is to finite-element codes what Hershey is to chocolate bars and Kleenex is to tissue." Originated at LLNL in 1979, DYNA3D is an explicit finite-element code for analyzing transient dynamic responses of three-dimensional solids and structures. More than 500 companies, labs, and universities have applied DYNA3D to transient dynamic problems from crash dynamics to human artery simulations. Fibers: energy storage flywheel As part of a 1983 joint Lab–University of Wisconsin effort to develop a "flywheel hybrid" automobile, composite fibers are being prepared for a test of longitudinal tensile strength. The flywheel is a lightweight disk that is spun at very high speeds to store energy that would otherwise be wasted and to deliver added power for acceleration. Flash X-ray The Flash X-ray (FXR) machine was dedicated in April 1982 as the nation's most powerful linear-induction electron beam accelerator. It is one of the most important diagnostic tools in the US weapons research community, enabling scientists to see into the heart of test objects at the very moment they are detonated. The FXR is located at Site 300, LLNL's 7,000-acre high explosives research center, some 15 miles east of Livermore. Baseball II, first confined arc plasma The quest for fusion power—controlled fusion reactions similar to those that account for the sun's energy—were the goal of experiments in 1971 with Baseball II, a large superconducting magnet shaped like the seams of a baseball. The photograph shows the Baseball magnet and the first confined arc plasma from an electrical discharge. Biomed cell sorter Over the years, technology has played an increasing role in biomedical research: controlling instruments, collecting data, and helping scientists analyze experimental results. Lab biologists work with engineers, computer scientists, and chemists to join human and machine in the fight against cancer and other diseases. Aerogels: "frozen smoke" The Laboratory is at the forefront in developing materials that provide special properties. Aerogels, one of the lightest solids ever made, have been produced at the Lab since 1985. Aerogels have the highest heat resistance of any material tested and thus are outstanding candidates for insulation in buildings, vehicles, filters, and appliances. They are also fireproof and extraordinarily strong, able to support more than a thousand times their own weight. ARAC tracks Chernobyl LLNL's Atmospheric Release and Advisory Capability began development in 1972 as an emergency response service for the federal government, responsible for doing real-time assessments of the consequences of accidental radionuclide releases to the atmosphere. ARAC proved extremely useful in predicting and tracking radiation dispersion from such major releases as Three Mile Island (1979) and Chernobyl (1983) and the Richmond, Calif., release of sulfuric acid (1993). Computer capabilities that support ARAC are also involved in global climate modeling. High Explosives Applications Facility Shown is the 10-kilogram spherical explosives firing tank, the largest of seven explosives firing tanks at the High Explosives Applications Facility (HEAF). The $50-million facility was activated in 1989. HEAF is a nonnuclear, moderate-hazard research facility dedicated to long-term research and development of energetic materials. MFE magnet The Magnetic Fusion Energy Program's huge Yin-Yang magnet was installed in 1981 to produce the strong magnetic field needed for fusion experiments. The fusion reaction releases a large amount of energy that would be used to heat steam and turn conventional electrical generators. Nova laser facility When this facility was dedicated in 1985 it was the world's most powerful laser. The $176-million Nova, outgrowth of a 12-year program at LLNL, was a complex laser occupying four rooms at LLNL. The largest room was nearly the length of a football field, the tallest room is five stories high. "Superkids" Science Honors Program In 1985 the Lab's "Superkids" program began, bringing to LLNL one high school student from each state, the Department of Defense Dependents Schools, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa or Guam, and eight foreign nations. Students, working directly with LLNL scientists, had hands-on supercomputer training and programming experience on such projects as climate modeling codes, sophisticated telecommunications, and scientific visualization. W84 Design for Ground Launched Cruise Missile The W84 was developed for the Air Force Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM). The design assignment was given to the Laboratory in 1978; the first warhead was produced in 1983. The design includes advanced features such as insensitive high explosives, enhanced fire safety, and improved defense against unauthorized use. X-ray laser During the late 1980s the Lab developed a powerful, compact X-ray laser. Related technological breakthroughs hold the promise of X-ray microscopes for high-resolution imaging of living cells, X-ray lithograpy for producing the next generation of integrated curcuits, and high-density sensors for exploring stellar-like matter in the laboratory. ASCI's next-generation supercomputer In 1996 President Clinton announced LLNL's contract to IBM to build the world's fastest computer (called Blue Pacific) as part of the DOE's Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative. Here, LLNL Director Bruce Tarter, Assistant Secretary of Energy for Defense Programs Vic Reis, and IBM Vice President Bob Greenberg (R to L) perform ribbon-cutting duties for the first Blue Pacific installment. The complete machine was dedicated in October 1999. Beamlet — prototype of single NIF beamline Beamlet, a single-beam scientific prototype for the National Ignition Facility, served as a full-scale testbed for NIF optics and laser architecture. Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry The Lab's Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (CAMS) offers unique capabilities for detecting isotopes at attomole (10-18) levels. The center provides valuable data for studies of DNA damage, global climate change, and the detection of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons activites. Clementine: multispectral mapping of the moon In 1994 the space probe Clementine carried cameras and other equipment developed by the Lab. Imaging in 13 different spectral bands, Clementine's cameras mapped 99.9% of the lunar surface. Many of the 1.7 million lunar images are available on the Internet. Contained Firing Facility Construction began in April 1999 on the Contained Firing Facility at LLNL's remote Site 300. The facility plays an important role in DOE's Stockpile Stewardship Program by allowing scientists to conduct non-nuclear, high-explosive tests indoors with improved environmental controls, waste minimization, safety, and operational flexibility. Digital mammography In 1993 the Lab and Fischer Imaging Corp. began work under a $3.2 million Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) to develop a new mammography unit that will produce clearer images using less radiation. Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography: Imaging the future LLNL is collaborating with private industry and DOE laboratories to make extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) the technology of choice for manufacturing the next generation of computer chips. By using the EUVL portion of the spectrum, manufacturers will be able to produce microprocessors 100 times more powerful and memory chips with 1,000 times greater capacity than those made today. Forensic Science Center partners with FBI DOE Energy Secretary Bill Richardson announced in August, 1998 a partnership between the FBI and the Lab's Forensic Science Center. Under the new partnership, LLNL research scientists support the FBI in law enforcement, detecting and resolving terrorist incidents, and protecting America's infrastructure. The photo shows the FBI's Randall Murch with Rep. Ellen Tauscher, Secretary Richardson, and LLNL Director Bruce Tarter. Human Genome Project In 1990 the third DOE Human Genome Center was established at LLNL to map and sequence the human genetic code. In 1996 Lab researchers completed mapping chromosome 19. In April 1999 the Joint Genome Institute's Projection Sequencing Institute, in Walnut Creek, Calif., was dedicated by Secretary of Energy Richardson to unite the genome-mapping efforts of Lawrence Livermore, Los Alamos and Lawrence Berkeley national laboratories. Laser Guide Star The Lab's Laser Guide Star adaptive-optics system greatly increases the resolution of ground-based telescopes by correcting for the blurring caused by atmospheric turbulence. In the mid-1980s, the guide star was successfully demonstrated at the Lab. In 1995 a Laser Guide Star system was installed at the Lick Observatory near San Jose, Calif. LLNL scientists inspect Iraqi installations Six Lab employees were members of the 1991 United Nations inspection teams that provided proof that the Iraqis had built an electromagnetic isotope separation program for building nuclear weapons. The inspections also led to important changes in protocols for the nuclear nonproliferation treaty. MACHOs: searching for dark matter In 1992 a team of astronomers from the Lab and several universities began searching for MACHOs (massive compact halo objects) using a camera and computer software designed by LLNL. In 1996 the team announced that MACHOs may constitute at least half of dark matter, the material that makes up 90% of the universe. Observations at Australia's Mount Stromlo Observatory (seen in photo) in 1998 suggested that MACHOs are invisible white dwarfs that never ignited. National Ignition Facility groundbreaking Calling it "one step closer to a better future," Energy Secretary Federico Peña joined LLNL Director Bruce Tarter, Congresswoman Ellen Tauscher, and other dignitaries at the NIF groundbreaking ceremony May 29, 1997. The NIF will be a cornerstone facility for DOE's Stockpile Stewardship and Management Program, which ensures the continuing safety, security, and reliability of the US nuclear stockpile in the absence of nuclear testing. PEREGRINE takes aim at tumors PEREGRINE is a revolutionary tool for analyzing and planning radiation treatment for cancer patients that minimizes the radiation damage to healthy tissue. It was created by LLNL scientists using their knowledge of nuclear science and radiation transport. In 1999 the FDA gave approval for PEREGRINE to be marketed. Pit-reuse workstation Developed for DOE in 1991, our innovative pit-reuse workstation incorporates environmental, safety, and health concerns into the weapon-production process and avoids the need for a plutonium fabrication facility. Reusing pits from retired warheads simplifies the production of pits for replacement nuclear warheads President Bush visits Lab Addressing Lab employees during his 1990 visit, the President said, ". . . the US nuclear deterrent . . . has helped guard . . . peace and freedom. . . . The scientific expertise of the laboratories like Livermore will also serve the national interest in other areas—problems like economic competitiveness, education, energy, space exploration, waste cleanups, sound environmental practices." Radar on a chip Our patented micropower impulse radar (MIR) technology has generated widespread industry attention. It has been licensed for such applications as electronic stud finders, automotive safety products, and industrial automation. Remote sensing devices Remote sensing and chemical analysis devices, such as this portable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, are being developed to help detect and counter the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Russian weapons scientists visit LLNL Russian science leaders visited LLNL in 1993 as part of a tour of DOE weapons labs to review collaborative research projects and to explore further cooperation, especially in the areas of weapons dismantlement and nuclear nonproliferation. Science education Through collaborative efforts with the education community, LLNL helps improve the teaching of science and mathematics. Programs like the Biotechnology Education curriculum and Fun with Science presentations have been distributed nationwide. Stockpile Stewardship Program In the 1990s, with a moratorium in place on nuclear testing, the Department of Energy launched the stockpile stewardship program to ensure that nuclear weapons remain safe, secure, and reliable as they continue to age. LLNL's stockpile stewardship activities support annual certification of the weapons and weapon refurbishment programs. Photo shows the camera room of the Lab's Contained Firing Facility at Site 300. Visalia accelerated cleanup Livermore technologies are being used to clean up contaminated groundwater and soil at a utility pole treating facility in Visalia, California. The technology injects steam and oxygen and vacuums out vaporized contaminants to drastically speed up the cleanup process. W87 Life Extension The W87 warhead for the Peacekeeper ICBM, first deployed in 1986, was modified for extended stockpile life on the Peacekeeper and eventually the Minuteman III. The W87 Alt 342 is the first warhead with modified nuclear components to be certified using the new technologies of stockpile stewardship. ASCI White unveiled ASCI White was dedicated in August 2001. At 12 trillion operations per second, it ranked as the world's fastest supercomputer. The machine is part of the National Nuclear Security Administration's Advanced Simulation and Computing Program (formerly known as Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative). Pictured is a simulation of a microscopic high-explosive particle; large and small grains are accurately represented. 4 First 4 NIF beamlines commissioned The first four (of an eventual 192) beamlines for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) were commissioned in 2003. In June 2003, NIF set a world record for laser performance, producing 10.4 kilojoules of ultraviolet laser light from a single beamline. Institute decodes chromosomes 5, 16, 19 Researchers at the Joint Genome Institute announced in 2000 they had decoded in draft form the genetic information of human chromosomes 5,16, and 19. The chromosomes contain 10,000 to 15,000 genes, whose defects may lead to diseases such as diabetes, leukemia, and atherosclerosis. International Security Research Facility groundbreaking In April 2002 the Laboratory broke ground on a two-story, 64,000 square-foot facility that will consolidate Livermore's nonproliferation and intelligence-related operations into a single building. At the groundbreaking ceremonies Director Tarter said the International Security Research Facility would serve as the Laboratory's "command post for connectivity to Washington" and its efforts to fight terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. JASPER has banner year JASPER (Joint Actinide Shock Physics Experimental Research) Facility's two-stage gas gun recorded 15 successful shots during 2004. Located at the Nevada Test Site, JASPER allows experimenters to investigate plutonium at extreme pressures and temperatures. The gun is patterned after Livermore's two-stage gas gun, which does not use hazardous materials. L-Gel decontaminant Laboratory researchers developed L-Gel, a safe, convenient, and easy-to-apply material that is effective at decontaminating chemical and biological agents that might be used by a terrorist. L-Gel is a mixture of an oxidizing agent and a silica gel. It is applied with a paint sprayer and then vacuumed up after drying. Lab certified for analyzing chemical weapons In 2003 Livermore's Forensic Science Center became the second U.S. facility certified to analyze samples collected during challenge inspections conducted under the Chemical Weapons Convention. The convention forbids the development, production, acquisition, and use of chemical weapons. The certification was made by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, located in the Netherlands. NIF conventional facility completed After five years of construction, the NIF conventional facility was completed in September 2001. The event was one of several key milestones achieved in 2001, including installation of much of the laser beampath. Record-breaking fast-growth crystal The world's largest fast-growth crystal, for use on the National Ignition Facility, was unveiled at the Lab in 2000. The KDP (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) crystal weighed 701 pounds and was grown in 52 days. Site security enhancements Livermore's physical security continues to be strengthened. Enhancements during 2003 included closing East Ave. between Lawrence Livermore and Sandia national labs to the general public and constructing a truck inspection station, a facility for badging and permits, new security officer kiosks, and pop-up barriers to prevent vehicles attempting to run a checkpoint. Pictured are newly constructed security officer kiosks. Subcrit BASIS at Winter Olympics Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos employees deployed a biological agent detection system called Biological Aerosol Sentry and Information System (BASIS) during the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. BASIS reduces the time for detecting a bioagent release from days or weeks to less than a day, giving public health officials much more rapid warning. Fire Department celebrates half a century In 2004 the Laboratory's Fire Department marked 50 years of service to the main site and Site 300 and almost as many years of service to the surrounding community. The Fire Department provides mutual aid to the LivermorePleasanton, Alameda County, and Tracy fire departments. Laboratory firefighters have helped out at most major incidents (wildfires, floods, earthquakes, and riots) in California in the past several decades.
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Newcomers to the Southwest usually find that their favorite landscape plants aren't suited to the hot, dry climate. Many books offer advice on adapting plants to the desert; this one tells how gardeners can better adapt themselves to the challenge.
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Portland Happy Hour Archives | Portland Dining | The Original Dinerant
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Welcome to Burger Month, our fourth and final round. As we've been saying all month, May is National Burger Month, so we're celebrating it by offering different lunch and dinner Blue Plate Burger Specials every week. So what's Chef AJ up to...Continue Reading »
You will get sticky. Yes, our bacon maple donut cheeseburger is a mouthful to say, and likewise, it's a mouthful to eat. It has the same fixins as our standard burger (lettuce, tomato, red onions, shallot aioli and a house-ground 6-ounce patty),...Continue Reading »
Welcome to Burger Month, Round 2. As we mentioned last week, May is National Burger Month, so we're celebrating it by offering different lunch and dinner Blue Plate Burger Specials every week. Up this week? Our take on In-N-Out's famed Double Double. Here's how...Continue Reading »
Beer: It's the world's most democratic adult beverage. Wine can make you feel uneducated and dumb, and a craft cocktail's many ingredients can make you feel overwhelmed, but beer—beer is always there for you. It'll never judge you, and it'll never...Continue Reading »
March is National Nutrition Month and we're choosing to celebrate it—even if we are known for hawking donut cheeseburgers on the regs. Choosing to eat healthy when you eat out is a tricky sticky wicket, especially when it comes to dessert. Well,...Continue Reading »


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Hi friends! Happy happy Friday! What are you up to this weekend? I'm excited to spend some time with the fam (especially since the Pilot is back!), teach Zumba, yoga, and take Liv to a school beach party. It's going to be a good one. This morning, Liv and I are off to the midwives, and I'm so excited for her to hear her little sister's heartbeat for the first time.
In standard Friday style, here are some faves from the week and around the web! This is where I share some delicious things, random/hilarious/health-related/tearjerker reads, new beauty product or fashion-y finds, and some of the highlights of the week. As always, I love hearing what you ate/wore/danced to/read too, so please shout it out in the comments section if you'd like!


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I find it both ironic and funny that you think that Romney whos party wants to SLASH Medicare should attack …
Obama will most likely back out from this in 2012 which is sad.
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1974 Porsche 911 Targa '74 Porsche 911 Targa chassis#9114300132 engine6149159 in its original color code#036 special order salmon metallic with black and grey interior. Great... More
1988 Porsche Carrera Targa '88 Porsche Carrera Targa with matching numbers chassis#WP0EB091XJ5160730 engine#64J02810 in its original color code#700 black with tan interior. Excellent color combination.... More
Up for sale in our Tampa Showroom is this amazing piece of pure German Engineering the 2007 Porsche 911 Carrera. The ultimate combination of... More
1977 Porsche 911 Carrera 3.0, Real European Carrera 3.0 targa, runs and drives great, just serviced, solid floors, has carrera owners manual, sport seats,... More
1969 Porsche 911E, VIN and engine numbers matching car with Porsche Certificate of Authenticity (body 119220035, engine 6290156). It even has the original suspension.... More
Porsche 914 1970 first paint, one owner imported from California Fully original 1970 Porsche 914. First paint, one owner. Porsche drives good and is fully... More
?1978 Porsche 911SC '78 Porsche 911SC Sunroof Coupe with matching numbers chassis#9118200816 engine#6280824 in color code#936 silver matallic with black interior. Very presentable car. Equipped... More
This is the year Porsche won the great LeMans Endurance Race. A 1979 Porsche 911SC Targa, all original with matching numbers and paint, original... More
?1979 Porsche 930 Turbo '79 Porsche 930 Turbo with matching numbers chassis#9309800442 engine#6891150 in its original color code#700 black with black interior. Equipped with... More
1987 Porsche Carrera Sunroof Coupe 1987 Porsche Carrera Sunroof Coupe with 60,006 on the odometer with matching numbers chassis#WP0AB0918HS1222888 engine#64H09230 in its original color code#36P... More
1986 Porsche 911 Carrera "Sunroof" Coupe VIN: WP0AB0917GS122556 Engine No. 64G07216 3.2 Liter Carrera Engine, 5-Speed Manual Offered with Original Books, Records & ID Tags Verified Matching-Numbers Example as per Porsche... More
1988 Porsche Carrera Targa '88 Porsche Carrera Targa with matching numbers chassis#WP0EB0915JS160585 engine#64J02214 in its original color code#80K guards red with tan interior. Equipped with... More
Sometimes buying your vintage dream car can be problematic. That is not the case here. This impeccably maintained 1977 911S is just a new... More
1959 Porsche 356A Coupe Two Owner Survivor, 2nd Owner Bought This Car For His 50th Birthday and Passed Away at 97 Years Old. Well... More
1965 Porsche 356C Cabroilet, Rare, Red on Black, Nice 356 Cab, Runs and Drives Great, Have the COA, Matching Numbers, No Rust, Great Driver.... More


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Underwater Dogs
By Seth Casteel (Photographer)
(Little Brown and Company, Hardcover, 9780316227704, 132pp.)
Publication Date: October 2012
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The exuberant, exhilarating photographs of dogs underwater that have become a sensation
From the water's surface, it's a simple exercise: a dog's leap, a splash, and then a wet head surfacing with a ball, triumphant.
But beneath the water is a chaotic ballet of bared teeth and bubbles, paddling paws, fur and ears billowing in the currents. From leaping Lab to diving Dachshund, the water is where a dog's distinct personality shines through; some lounge in the current, paddling slowly, but others arch their bodies to cut through the water with the focus and determination of a shark.
In more than eighty portraits, award-winning pet photographer and animal rights activist Seth Casteel captures new sides of our old friends with vibrant underwater photography that makes it impossible to look away. Each image bubbles with exuberance and life, a striking reminder that even in the most loveable and domesticated dog, there are more primal forces at work. In Underwater Dogs, Seth Casteel gives playful and energetic testament to the rough-and-tumble joy that our dogs bring into our lives.


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Gossip Girl is coming to an end tonight, but before we say goodbye, let's take a look back at the hookups that made our jaws drop! From Dan and Serena's sweet Cotillion moment to Chuck's philandering deed, we are counting down the top five in this episode of The Buzz with editors Becky Kirsch and Shannon Vestal. Did your favorite moment make the list?
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text: Publications Search Results Users may wish to consult What's Included in the Bibliography. Results 1 - 2 Results per page: 25 50 100 Sort by: Pub Date (newest) Title Recent Additions Author Clear All Pub. Year Citation 2012 Grant, Monique, Osho, G. Solomon . An empirical investigation of adolescent depression, alcohol use, and health issues: Evidence from family structure and gender. American Journal of Health Sciences. 3, (4), 247-256. Full Text Options: Worldcat Google Scholar Export Options: RIS EndNote XML 2013 Osho, G. Solomon, Williams, Fay . An investigation of offender and victim relationships in a sample of juvenile homicides in California. Journal of Sociological Research. 4, (1), 185-194. Full Text Options: DOI Worldcat Google Scholar Export Options: RIS EndNote XML [1]


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Comprehensive Kids is built on the philosophy that all children can learn. Established in March, 2007, we began with one classroom serving 12 children. We initially shared space with our parent organization, Comprehensive Center. The small staff of an Education Director, one teacher, teacher assistants and therapists proudly accepted the responsibility – more... of developing this first classroom and setting the standard for future growth. The parents of our first group of children believed in our mission and provided us the opportunity to work with their children. We faced many unique challenges during our first year and are proud of our accomplishments.
In April 2008, the State Education Department approved our new facility located at 383 - 387 Grand street. We now have 4 classrooms, each designed and equipped to implement best practices in Early Childhood Special Education. Our new site includes private rooms where speech, counseling and occupational and physical therapy services are delivered. As we understand the importance of gross motor activities and the need for children to play and explore outdoors, we have developed a private playground for our children. The equipment provided is designed specifically to meet the developmental needs of our children while assuring a safe, fun experience.
Our language and literacy based curriculum addresses each child's Individualized Education Program (IEP) while assisting them toward mastery of the New York State Learning Standards for Early Childhood.
Goals and objectives from all developmental domains are addressed through a balance of teacher-directed and child-initiated activities.
Our Goal is Simple:
To ensure that our students enter kindergarten as well prepared as possible.
We strive to identify the strengths and interests of each individual child. This information allows us to create an exciting learning environment designed to enable the children to reach their maximum potential. All classrooms are designed as interactive environments where children are encouraged to become independent. Learning centers provide the core of experiences, but educational field trips are also commonplace. The curriculum reflects an understanding and appreciation of multiculturalism and diversity.
The Comprehensive Kids Developmental School's Board of Directors is as follows:
Nathan Sklar
Boris Kogan, Esq.
Akiva Kobre
Sireesha Jain
Avigdor Horowitz – less – More from ZoomInfo »


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Fall Schedule
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For Kids Ages 12 months - 4 years old
Grammy-winner Dan Zanes, whose music is a hit with kids and their families across the world, has partnered with the Brooklyn Conservatory of Music to launch an innovative new music education program for kids. Children and their parents will sing, dance, listen, and learn to make music an integral part of their everyday lives while interacting with the music and stories of the diverse cultures that make up America's neighborhoods.
Songs from Dan's extensive recorded catalog including The Welcome Table, ¡Nueva York!, Catch That Train and Sea Music, will be used as the starting point in a variety of activities.
In Dan Zanes House Party children will explore the rich tapestry of American folk traditions
through songs, stories, movement, puppetry and games.
Financial Aid is available for qualifying familiies. Click for the application.
Licensing opportunities are available for individuals and organizations to bring the Dan Zanes House Party to your neighborhood. We will provide you with the music, tools and training become an official Dan Zanes House Party location.


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Fun Stuff
We features all the crazy, cool and funny stuff we have on InventorSpot.com here. We write about all the unusual, original, creative, odd, unique, wacky, bizarre products and ideas from around the web and the world.
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Calling All Inventors! Casting Invention TV Show In Chicago!by Myra Per-Lee
If you can create an amazing gadget out of anything... If you love tinkering with crafts... If you go by the nickname 'mad scientist'... Then, an Emmy-nominated production company is looking for you to interview for a new series with a major cable network.
Colorful Pocket Ashtray Snuffs Your Ciggiesby Steve Levenstein
Smokers will love the stylish, functional, portable Mistletoe Pocket Ashtray that keeps used cigarette filters out of sight and scent. Non-smokers will love it for the same reason.
Pet Umbrella Keeps Your Canine Companion Coveredby Steve Levenstein
Raindrops keep falling on my pet... no more! The rather blandly named Pet Umbrella is just what you and your raincoat-hating dog have always wanted.
Tron Legacy Marketing: Disney Changes Monorails Into Lightcycles.by J. Barker
The viral marketing of Tron: Legacy continues - this time on the sides of Disney's very own monorails.
Music Note Tea Filter Sounds Great For Single Sippersby Steve Levenstein
This cute Music Note Tea Filter adds a 'note' of whimsy to solo sipping. It's ideal for those who prefer loose leaf tea but don't want to brew a whole pot.
Desktop 'Magic Sakura' Cherry Tree Springs Into Bloomby Steve Levenstein
Spring is almost here, and for those in Japan (and Washington D.C.) that means the cherry blossoms are about to bloom! Now the rest of us can get in on the fun, thanks to the Magic Sakura fake flowering tree!
Japan's Train Buffs Yell For Dr. Yellowby Steve Levenstein
Riding the pain train? The doctor is in... Dr. Yellow, that is. Folk wisdom among Japanese train buffs states that a glimpse of the bright yellow diagnostic bullet train is all that's needed to cure the blues.
The 'Wipe Shirt' Keeps Eyeglasses And Shirts Cleanby Steve Levenstein
The "Wipe Shirt" - say that carefully - combines a stylish white dress shirt with a microfiber pad. Both your eyeglasses and your shirts will stay cleaner though wearing it may cause you to look geekier.
The Samurai Maid Cafe... Stop In For A Slice!by Steve Levenstein
Maid cafes? Tokyo's full of 'em. Samurai cafes? Seen it on TV. Wouldn't it be cool if there was a Samurai Maid Cafe? Yes it would... and yes there is!
Hello Kitty Tartan Celebrates Cute Icon's 35th Birthdayby Steve Levenstein
Hello Kitty is 35 and brand owner Sanrio is celebrating the event with the introduction of an official Hello Kitty Tartan - and of course, a line of goods decked out in eye-watering pink plaid.


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Keeping Up AppearancesEpisode Guide »
Hyacinth is at her wits' end, what with the charity shop, Councilor Nugent, Rose's love life and her Daddy! Can she cope?
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Vermont PBS Announces First Recipient of Public Media Ambassador Award


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