text:
A fiber optic ring interferometer, such as an interferometric fiber optic gyro (IFOG), with a sensing loop doubler. The IFOG device includes a light source, a circulator in optical communication with the light source and a photo diode, an integrated optical chip (IOC) capable of splitting light emitted from the circulator into two paths each of which is capable of being modulated, the IOC further being capable of combining light from each of the two paths when light travels in a direction towards the circulator, a fiber coil, and a polarization maintaining (PM) combiner/splitter disposed in between the IOC and the fiber coil. The PM combiner/splitter operates to send light through the fiber coil a first time in a first polarization state and to subsequently send the same light a second time through the fiber coil in a second orthogonal polarization state, whereby light travels twice the distance compared to a single loop IFOG device and, as such, effectively doubles the LD product.
1. A fiber optic ring interferometer comprising:
a light source;
a fiber coil having two ends, each being fed light from the light source; and
a combiner/splitter optically communicating with the light source and spliced to fiber of the fiber coil such that (i) at least one splice is a 90 degree splice that causes light from the light source traveling across the splice to change its polarization state and (ii) light from the light source incident on the fiber coil traverse the coil twice in different polarization states.
2. The fiber optic ring interferometer of
3. The fiber optic ring interferometer of
4. The fiber optic ring interferometer of
5. The fiber optic ring interferometer of
6. The fiber optic ring interferometer of
7. The fiber optic ring interferometer of
8. The fiber optic ring interferometer of
9. The fiber optic ring interferometer of
10. The fiber optic ring interferometer of
11. The fiber optic ring interferometer of
12. The fiber optic ring interferometer of
13. The fiber optic ring interferometer of
14. A device for doubling the length-diameter (LD) product of a fiber optic gyroscope (FOG), comprising:
a polarization maintaining (PM) combiner/splitter disposed between a fiber loop of the FOG and an integrated optical chip (IOC), the PM combiner/splitter being one of a fused type and a polished type, and having four connection points, two of which are connected to the respective ends of the fiber loop and another two of which are connected to respective optical paths defined by the IOC, the PM combiner/splitter configured to change a polarization state of light from the fiber loop for each pass through the fiber loop.
15. The device of
16. The device of
17. The device of
18. The device of
19. The device of
20. An apparatus for doubling the length-diameter (LD) product of an optical device, comprising:
a light source;
a circulator in optical communication with the light source and a photo diode;
an integrated optical chip (IOC) capable of splitting light emitted from the circulator into two paths each of which is capable of being modulated, the IOC further being capable of combining light from each of the two paths when light travels in a direction towards the circulator;
a fiber coil; and
a polarization maintaining (PM) combiner/splitter disposed between and in optical communication with the IOC and the fiber coil, the PM combiner/splitter comprising connection points for connecting the IOC and fiber coil, the PM combiner/splitter configured to change a polarization state of light from the fiber coil for each pass through the fiber coil.
21. The device of
22. The device of
23. The device of
24. The device of
25. The device of
26. An apparatus for doubling the length-diameter (LD) product of an optical device, comprising:
a light source;
a circulator in optical communication with the light source and a photo diode;
an integrated optical chip (IOC) coupled to the circulator and configured to split light emitted from the circulator into two paths each of which is capable of being modulated, the IOC further configured to combine light from each of the two paths when light travels in a direction towards the circulator, the IOC having an output;
a fiber coil having an input; and
a pair of polarization maintaining (PM) combiner/splitters having an input coupled to the output of the IOC and having an output coupled to the input of the fiber coil, at least one of the PM combiner/splitters configured to change a polarization state of light from the fiber coil for each pass through the fiber coil.
27. The device of
28. The device of
29. The device of
30. A fiber optic ring interferometer, comprising:
means for providing light;
means for passing the light towards a sensing loop and for extracting light returning from the sensing loop, the means for passing and extracting light coupled to the means for providing light; and
means for causing the light to traverse the sensing loop twice before traveling back to the means for passing and for extracting, the means for causing the light to traverse the sensing loop twice coupled to the means for passing and extracting and configured to change a polarization state of the light for each pass through the sensing loop.
31. The fiber optic ring interferometer of
32. The fiber optic ring interferometer of
33. The fiber optic ring interferometer of
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes (IFOGs). More particularly, the present invention relates to an IFOG having double the sensitivity, reduced angle random walk (ARW), and increased bias stability compared to an IFOG having the same fiber coil length and loop diameter. The present invention also relates to an IFOG that has the same gyro performance of a conventional IFOG, but that uses only half the fiber coil length of the conventional device.
2. Background of the Invention
As is well-known, in an interferrometric fiber optic gyroscope (IFOG), an optical fiber is wound in a circular or looped shape and acts as a sensing device to detect a Sagnac phase difference for two counter-propagating waves in presence of rotation. The product of the length and diameter (LD product) of the wound fiber sensing-coil determines, to a large degree, the sensitivity of the gyroscope. Generally speaking, the greater the LD product, the greater the sensitivity and stability of the device, and the lower the random noise. However, large coil volume resulting from greater fiber length or larger loop diameter (to achieve a higher LD product) requires increasingly bulky packages for the gyroscope device, especially when compared to other technologies such as the ring laser gyroscope (RLG) or hemisphere resonant gyroscope (HRG).
It is therefore an object of the present invention to improve the performance of an IFOG device without increasing its LD product by physically increasing dimensions, or, alternatively, to maintain the performance of a given IFOG device, but doing so with approximately only half the fiber coil length. The present invention is based on a new technique that routes light inside the fiber coil twice in two orthogonal polarization states, respectively. The polarization-state of the traveling light is preferably controlled by a polarization-maintaining (PM) combiner/splitter. This technique either doubles the sensitivity, and reduces the angle random walk (ARW) and bias instability with the same fiber coil length, or maintains the gyro performance of a given IFOG using only half of fiber coil length.
More specifically, polarization maintaining combiner/splitters are used to couple only one polarization state of light in and out of the fiber coil. The light traveling inside the fiber is rotated 90 degrees after one pass by using a 90 degree splice on the PM fiber coil. Light is then routed back to the fiber coil through the PM combiner/splitter for a second pass through the coil. After the second pass, the light is again rotated 90 degrees back to the original polarization state, and coupled out through the PM combiner/splitter to a phase modulator such as integrated optics chip (IOC). At least two embodiments using PM combiner/splitters can be implemented to achieve the functionality described. One embodiment uses only one PM combiner/splitter and one 90 degree splice. A second embodiment uses two PM combiner/splitters and one 90 degree splice. The first embodiment is relatively simple and requires minimal change to optical circuits. The second embodiment has more symmetry and is not subject to the drift of the PM combiner/splitter because the light travels along both the cross and through legs of the each PM combiner/splitter once.
A third embodiment relies not on PM combiner/splitters, but instead on a polarization beam splitter that can be implemented using, for example, bulk optics.
In an implementation of the present invention, an IFOG test bed with a single sensing loop was assembled first for establishing baseline performance. The proper frequency was measured at 24.6 kHz, and bias data were taken with ARW at about 500 μdeg/rt-hr. The test bed was then modified, in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention, for achieving a doubled sensing loop by incorporating a Polarization Maintaining (PM) combiner/splitter and applying at least one 90� splice to redirect light in fast and slow axes. Fast and slow axes are the two principal axes of PM fiber, in which light travels faster (slower) in the fast (slow) axis with smaller (larger) index of refraction. The double pass through the sensing loop was verified by the proper frequency measured at about 12.3 kHz, half of that of the single loop configuration. In other words, the loop-transit time (the time for light to travel from one side of an Integrated Optical Chip (IOC) through fiber coil to the other side of the IOC) doubles in the double sensing loop configuration. The bias data was measured with ARW at about 300 μdeg/rt-hr. Thus, the ARW result shows about 40% improvement compared to the single loop ARW measurement. The difference from the theoretical 50% improvement is due to the increase of the thermal phase noise for twice the fiber path.
A more complete understanding of the present invention can be gleaned from the following detailed description in combination with the accompanying drawings.
A detailed description of the present invention is set forth below in four sections. In section I, the structure of the sensing doubler is described. Section II shows measurements of a typical fused type of PM combiner/splitter. An optical test bed assembly is described in section III. Testing results of the sensing loop doubler and comparison with a single loop configuration are discussed in section IV. Finally, in section V, a second embodiment of the present invention is described.
I. Structure of the Sensing Loop Doubler
One way of effectively doubling the sensing loop (and thus the LD product), in accordance with the present invention, is to manage the polarization-state of the traveling light such that it will propagate inside PM fiber twice in two orthogonal states, respectively.
In a single sensing loop configuration, there is no Polarization Maintaining (PM) Combiner/Splitter 110, as there is in the preferred configuration of the present invention. In a conventional sensing loop, the counter-propagating waves pass through a fiber coil only once, and exit through an IOC. By adding PM Combiner/Splitter 110, it is possible to control the cross and through exit of the light based on the polarization of the incident light. In a preferred implementation, PM Combiner/Splitter 110 can be made by fusing two PM fibers together. Alternatively, PM Combiner/Splitter 110 can be made by pressing two fibers together after polishing, or can be made using free-space micro-optics. Depending on the configuration of PM Combiner/Splitter 110, incident light with 0� polarization direction will go across (through) PM Combiner/Splitter 110, while 90� polarization incident light will go through (across) the PM Combiner/Splitter, as shown in
The polarization of the light traveling inside PM fiber can be changed by splicing techniques. For example, the light polarization can be changed by 180� by breaking the fiber and splicing it back together at 180�. The light can also be rotated 90� with a 90� splice of PM fibers, similar to a half wave plate to rotate light by 90�.
II. PM Combiner/Splitter Measurement
A PM Combiner/Splitter was obtained for evaluation of its polarization performance. Two device samples were obtained from SIFAM Fibre Optics Limited (Torquay, Devon, England). Data for the SIFAM PM Combiner/Splitters is shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Measurement of extinction ratio and isolation ratio were performed for each sample. The extinction ratio is a measure of the polarization error out of the same output port with maximum output. The isolation ratio is a measure of the light leakage on the other output port. For the extinction ratio measurement, polarized light is incident on an input port (e.g., A), and the output port (e.g., X) is measured through a polarizer. The incident light and polarizer are adjusted such that the maximum light output is obtained. The polarizer is then rotated by 90�. The ratio of the two results determines the extinction ratio. The same procedure is applied for different input ports and output ports to obtain all the extinction ratios.
Samples of the SIFAM device show good extinction with an average of about 30 dB. This high extinction ratio is sufficient to ignore the polarization error due to the PM Splitter/Combiner because the PM fiber coil has higher polarization error, or lower extinction ratio (17.8 dB in a measurement on 4 km of fiber).
The same procedure for measuring the extinction ratio is followed for measuring the isolation ratio. After the maximum output at the exit port is obtained, the other exit ports are measured for leakage light. The ratio of the two results determines the isolation ratio. In the design of a PM Combiner/Splitter suitable for use in the present invention, the slow axis is the pass through axis. If there is incident light on the slow axis, there is higher isolation ratio on the through exit port than the cross exit port. If the incident light is on the fast axis, there is maximum light output on the cross exit port. The smaller isolation ratio on the fast axis gives more leakage on the through exit port. In other words, the slow axis isolation ratio is better than that of the fast axis.
In the SIFAM PM Combiner/Splitter isolation ratio measurement, there is a larger difference on the slow and fast axes. This is believed to be due to the wavelength difference between the FLS employed and the optimized wavelength in the manufacturing of the PM Combiner/Splitter. A fused type of PM Combiner/Splitter typically shows better stability over temperature and humidity compared to the polished type.
It is noted that free-space micro-optics can also be used to fabricate PM combiner/splitter in combination with other optical components to obtain a the compact package.
A test bed was assembled for demonstrating the sensing loop doubler illustrated schematically in
More specifically, with reference to
More specifically, for the first embodiment, since 0 deg polarization light will go cross leg, and 90 deg polarization will go through the same leg (which is preferred because of fewer 90 degree splices), then the following splices are possible.
If the PM Combiner/Splitter legs 1 and 2 are swapped (or legs 3 and 4 are swapped) then the following is also possible:
Also, it is noted that the PM Combiner/Splitter can be anywhere inside the fiber coil (although the described location between the coil and IOC is relatively simple to implement). Likewise, the 90 degree splice on either splice 2 or splice 3 can also be anywhere inside the fiber coil.
The measurement of splice loss and extinction (isolation) ratio was measured upon splicing PM Combiner/Splitter 110 with coil fiber 108 and IOC 106. Measurement indicates that coil fiber 108 has a loss of 5.12 dB and an extinction ratio of 17.8 dB. Polarization error causes light leakage to cross PM splitter before entering coil fiber 108 for the second pass. Single loop leakage has its own interferrogram, which is different from the one in the double loop configuration. The light leakage along the single loop is larger with lower extinction ratio of PM combiner/splitter. The higher loss on the coil fiber reduces the ratio between the double loop and single loop. In the configuration in accordance with the present invention, there is about 5% of single loop leakage compared to the double loop. Fortunately, the single loop leakage cancels out in the demodulation process. Table 3 shows data reflecting splice loss and extinction (isolation) ratio for the configuration shown in
In a preferred testing set up, a hot plate is used to control the temperature of optical components. An light source controller is used for controlling FLS 102 with constant pump current and constant temperature controller. A function generator is used to generate the modulation signal into IOC 106. Output from photo detector 112 is sent to a lock-in amplifier (LIA) for the demodulation processing. The data from the lock-in amplifier is then acquired by a data acquisition system (DAS) and saved with the rate information.
For a single loop configuration, a pump current of 67 mA is required to obtain 2V un-modulated signal at photo detector 112. After initial set up, the proper frequency was measured first. An oscilloscope was used to measure the output of photo detector 112. IOC 106 was driven with π/2 square wave modulation. In addition to the bias modulation, a sinusoidal wave with 64-times the proper frequency measurement was applied as the eigen-frequency modulation (EFM) signal. The bias frequency (and EFM frequency, accordingly) was adjusted to obtain the minimum side lobes on the spectrum analyzer at the EFM frequency. The proper frequency was measured at about 24.6 kHz.
After the proper frequency measurement, the gyro was stabilized in a temperature-controlled oven for about two days, in preparation for the bias measurement. The bias data was taken when square-wave modulated at π/2. The bias data is shown in
For the double loop configuration, the pump current required to reach 2V un-modulated signal was 174 mA.
V. Second Embodiment
Possible splices configuration for the symmetric configuration according to the second embodiment include the following:
Since 0 deg polarization light will go cross leg, and 90 deg polarization will go through the same leg (which is preferred because of fewer 90 degree splices), the following are possible splice arrangements:
If the PM Combiner/Splitter legs 1 and 2 are swapped (or 3 and 4 are swapped), both splice 1 and 4 are preferably 90 degree splices, splice 5 is 0 deg, splice 3 or splice 4 are 90 degrees.
If splice 2 (or 3) goes to the other leg of PM Combiner/Splitter, Splice 2 and 3 are 0 deg, Splice 5 is 90 deg, Splice 1 (or 4) are 90 deg.
VI. Third Embodiment
Referring to
The polarization beam splitter can be made using two optical materials with different indexes of refraction. The refraction index is chosen such that one polarization of the 45� incident light on the interface passes through, and the other reflects back at the interface.
In view of the foregoing, those skilled in the art will appreciate that it is possible, in accordance with the present invention, to increase the sensitivity of an IFOG without increasing its LD product in a physical sense. Alternatively, it is possible, in accordance with the present invention, to halve the LD product of a conventional IFOG device, yet still maintain the same performance sensitivity.
Moreover, the present invention can be used on both low cost, low accuracy gyros and higher cost, higher accuracy gyros. Therefore, in some implementations a circulator and/or IOC may be eliminated. Also, the present invention should be considered applicable to any type of sensor, that uses a ring interferometer. That is, the invention is not limited to IFOG devices.
Also, as mentioned previously, circulator 104 can be replaced with any device that combines or splits light waves, such as a fiber coupler or a free-space micro-optic beam splitter that is part of a highly integrated, multi-function, optic-optic device. Similarly, IOC 106 could also be replaced by a fiber optic coupler or possibly a micro-optic device.
The foregoing disclosure of the preferred embodiments of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many variations and modifications of the embodiments described herein will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the above disclosure. The scope of the invention is to be defined only by the claims appended hereto, and by their equivalents.
Further, in describing representative embodiments of the present invention, the specification may have presented the method and/or process of the present invention as a particular sequence of steps. However, to the extent that the method or process does not rely on the particular order of steps set forth herein, the method or process should not be limited to the particular sequence of steps described. As one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, other sequences of steps may be possible. Therefore, the particular order of the steps set forth in the specification should not be construed as limitations on the claims. In addition, the claims directed to the method and/or process of the present invention should not be limited to the performance of their steps in the order written, and one skilled in the art can readily appreciate that the sequences may be varied and still remain within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
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Piezoelectric devices with excellent high temperature operation capabilities are described, including piezoelectric sensors and actuators that use a rare earth calcium oxyborate or langanite as the piezoelectric material.
1. A piezoelectric device having a maximum operational temperature of at least 800� C., the piezoelectric device comprising a piezoelectric material, the piezoelectric material being a langanite,
the langanite being an aluminum substituted lanthanum niobium gallium oxide.
2. A piezoelectric device having a maximum operational temperature of at least 800� C., the piezoelectric device comprising a piezoelectric material, the piezoelectric material being a langanite,
wherein the langanite is an aluminum substituted langanite represented by La3Nb0.5Ga5.5x AlxO14, wherein 0.5>�≧0.
3. The piezoelectric device of
4. A piezoelectric device comprising a piezoelectric material, the piezoelectric material having a maximum operational temperature of at least 800� C.,
wherein the piezoelectric material is a rare earth calcium oxyborate,
wherein the piezoelectric material has a time constant τ=ε0Kρ, where K is the relative permittivity, ρ is the resistivity, and ε0 is the permittivity of free space, the time constant being equal to or greater than approximately 3700 microseconds at 600� C.
5. The piezoelectric device of
6. The piezoelectric device of
7. The piezoelectric device of
8. A piezoelectric device, comprising an (zyw)-θ cut single crystal of a rare earth calcium oxyborate,
the (zyw)-θ cut single crystal having a cut angle θ between approximately 30� and approximately 60�.
9. The piezoelectric device of
10. The piezoelectric device of
11. The piezoelectric device of
12. The piezoelectric device of
13. The piezoelectric device of
14. A piezoelectric device, comprising an (zyw)-θ cut single crystal of a rare earth calcium oxyborate,
the (zyw)-θ cut single crystal having a cut angle θ between approximately 30�and approximately 60�,
wherein the rare earth calcium oxyborate has a time constant τ=ε0 Kρ, where K represents relative permittivity, ρ represents electrical resistivity, and ε0 represents permittivity of free space,
the time constant being equal to greater than approximately 100 microseconds at 800� C.
The invention relates to piezoelectric materials and devices, in particular to piezoelectric devices having high temperature operation.
A piezoelectric material generates electrical charge in response to a stress, which is termed the piezoelectric effect. The electrical charge produced is generally proportional to the applied force, changes sign between tensional or compressional stress, and determined by the piezoelectric coefficient. A larger piezoelectric coefficient is usually desirable in order to obtain a larger electric signal.
Piezoelectric sensors provide an electrical response to pressure, and act as pressure transducers. Piezoelectric sensors include acoustic sensors (such as noise, vibration, sound and ultrasound sensors), along with sonar devices, imaging devices, and the like. Pressure signals may be transmitted through a fluid from a monitored medium to a piezoelectric element of a sensor.
Piezoelectric crystals also exhibit dimension changes in response to electrical potentials, the inverse piezoelectric effect. Hence, piezoelectric devices include piezoelectric sensors, using the piezoelectric effect, and actuators that use the inverse piezoelectric effect.
If a piezoelectric material within a sensor has a low electrical resistivity, the generated charge rapidly drains away and electronic detection of the charge is therefore compromised. This is a problem for low frequency or static measurements. Hence, a high electrical resistivity is desirable. The length of time the charge is maintained is proportional to an RC time constant of the piezoelectric element (typically a piezoelectric material sandwiched between first and second electrodes). The minimum useful frequency of a piezoelectric sensor, the lower limiting frequency fLL, is inversely proportional to the time constant. Below fLL, the electrical charge drains away before it can be efficiently detected. Using improved materials with a low fLL, the sensor dynamic bandwidth can be extended into audio frequencies. Therefore, a large time constant is desirable for many applications.
Piezoelectric sensors include static sensors, and acoustic sensors that are used to monitor sound waves, vibration, and noise signals. Piezoelectric sensors have been used at normal ambient temperatures, and commonly include the piezoelectric material lithium niobate, (LiNbO3). However, single crystal lithium niobate has a limited operating temperature of 650� C. because of the low resistivity, restricting uses of such sensors (T. R. Shrout et al. Piezoelectric Materials in Devices, Ed. N. Setter, Ceramics Laboratory, EPFL, 2002, p. 413). Another commonly used piezoelectric material is the mineral tourmaline. However, this is relatively expensive, cannot easily be synthesized, and the piezoelectric coefficient is relatively low. Hence, there is a need for high temperature piezoelectric materials for improved piezoelectric sensors that can operate at temperatures above 650� C.
An improved piezoelectric device has a maximum operational temperature of at least 800� C., and includes a piezoelectric material that is a rare earth calcium oxyborate or langanite. The piezoelectric device may be a piezoelectric sensor and/or a piezoelectric actuator. Rare earth calcium oxyborates include materials of the form ReCa4O(BO3)3, where Re represents one or more rare earth metals, such as materials of the composition Re′1-xRe″xCa4O(BO3)3 where Re′ and Re″ are different rare earth metals and 0≦x<1. Rare earth metals include Gd, Y, La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb. Rare earth calcium oxyborates also include materials in which calcium is partially substituted with strontium and/or barium.
The term "langanite" refers to lanthanum gallium niobium oxides such as La3Nb0.5Ga5.5O14. The term langanite also includes oxides having additional substituent elements such as aluminum. An example langanite is lanthanum niobium gallium aluminum oxide (LNGA, an aluminum substituted langanite), for example La3Nb0.5Ga5.5-xAlxO14, where 0.5>x≧0, e.g. x≈0.2.
Example piezoelectric devices include gadolinium calcium oxyborate (GdCOB), including compounds in which gadolinium may be partially substituted with one or more other rare earth metals, and yttrium calcium oxyborate, including compounds in which yttrium may be partially substituted with other one or more other rare earth metals. The piezoelectric coefficient of a rare earth calcium oxyborate (ReCa4O(BO3)3) piezoelectric material can be significantly enhanced using (zyw)-θ cut crystals, with a cut angle θ of between approximately 30 degrees and approximately 60 degrees. For example, the cut angle may be approximately 45 degrees for gadolinium calcium oxyborate, and approximately 30 degrees for yttrium calcium oxyborate.
An improved piezoelectric device includes a piezoelectric material having a time constant τ=∈o K ρ, where K is the relative permittivity, ρ is the resistivity, and ∈o is the permittivity of free space, the time constant being equal to greater than approximately 3700 microseconds at 600� C., and/or equal to greater than approximately 100 microseconds at 800� C. Such a device can be made using a rare earth calcium oxyborate as the piezoelectric material.
The transition temperature of a piezoelectric material puts a maximum on the operating temperature of a piezoelectric device, such as a piezoelectric sensor, using that material. For the lithium niobate, the limited operating temperature is 650� C. However, applications exist in which a much higher operating temperature is required. The piezoelectric coefficient increases as temperature increases, and falls at or below the crystal phase transition temperature. Hence, preferably the phase transition temperature is somewhat greater, such as 100� C. greater, than the desired maximum operating temperature.
Rare earth calcium oxyborates include materials of the general formula ReCa4O(BO3)3 where Re represents one or more rare earth metals, including materials such as Re′1-xRe″xCa4O(BO3)3 where Re′ and Re″ are first and second rare earth metals, and 0≦x<1. Rare earth metals (Group 3 of the periodic table) include yttrium (Y), lutetium (Lu), and lanthanides such as La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb. Further, calcium may be partially substituted with strontium and/or barium, for example in materials of the type ReCa4-xMxO (BO3)3, where M represents Sr and/or Ba, and Re represents one or more rare earth metals.
As representatives of these materials, gadolinium calcium oxyborate (GdCOB, GdCa4O(BO3)3) and yttrium calcium oxyborate (YCOB, YCa4O(BO3)3) were studied, and shown to be extremely well suited for application in piezoelectric sensors, particularly at high temperatures.
Single crystals of rare earth calcium oxyborates are readily grown using CZ (Czochralski method) crystal growth. CZ crystal growth of GdCOB is discussed in more detail in Zhang et al., J. Crystal Growth, 205, 453 (1999). Other papers include Zhang et al., J. Crystal Growth, 206, 197 (1999) which describes CZ growth of neodymium doped gadolinium calcium oxyborate NdxGd1-xCa4(BO3)3 (Nd-doped GdCOB, or NdxGd1-xCOB), and Zhang et al., J. Crystal Growth, 208, 482 (2000), which describes CZ growth of samarium calcium oxyborate SmCa4(BO3)3, SmCOB.
For x-cut and z-cut GdCOB crystals, the measured d33 values were found to be around 1 pC/N. However, the oxyborate crystals have the m point group symmetry, and the value of d33 was enhanced by cutting the crystals differently.
Hence, the piezoelectric coefficient of rare earth calcium oxyborates can be enhanced using an (zyw)-θ cut crystal, where θ is approximately 45� for GdCOB and 30� for YCOB crystals (for example, with cut angles within �5� of these values). For a rare earth calcium oxyborate, the (zyw)-θ cut single crystal cut angle θ is preferably between approximately 30� and approximately 60�.
Table 1, below, compares various properties, including piezoelectric coefficient d33, permittivity K, g33 (relating to electric field strength generation), resistivity ρ, dielectric loss (tan δ), and time constant for various high temperature piezoelectric single crystals. In the crystal growth column, CZ is the relatively inexpensive Czochralski method, HT is hydrothermal, and tourmaline was a naturally occurring mineral.
The time constant RC for the piezoelectric material can be calculated from the values of resistivity and dielectric permittivity. The time constant τ of a material is calculated from the permittivity K, the relative resistivity ρ (in ohm.m), and the permittivity of free space ∈o (8.854�10−12) using the equation: τ=∈o K ρ. The time constant is often referred to as the RC time constant, as it predicts the RC time constant of a capacitive element (such as a sensor element) including the piezoelectric material, where R is the resistance through the material and C is capacitance. A low value of R leads to rapid discharge of any generated charge.
Table 2, below, shows the time constants in microseconds at 600� C. and 800� C. for the high temperature piezoelectric single crystals. A larger time constant facilitate the use of the materials in sensor applications. These data show that the oxyborates have excellent performance at high temperature when compared to the conventional materials, gallium phosphate and tourmaline.
As shown above in Table 1 and Table 2, the oxyborate single crystals YCOB and GdCOB possess the following advantages: low cost as the CZ method can be used for the crystal growth; a high temperature usage range at least up to 800� C.; high resistivity and large RC time constants; high piezoelectric coefficient; low dielectric loss; and a dielectric permittivity that is largely temperature independent. LNGA shares many of these advantages, also being grown by the CZ method, having a high value of piezoelectric coefficient, and a high temperature usage range.
In piezoelectric actuators, an electrical potential is converted to movement of a crystal surface or a pressure provided by the surface using the inverse piezoelectric effect. The high temperature materials described herein can also be used in high temperature piezoelectric actuators. Larger values of resistivity (and RC time constant) are useful to prevent applied electrical signals from leaking away through the piezoelectric material and compromising actuator performance. Hence, the oxyborates and LNGA are also very useful for high temperature, high performance actuators. Actuators include positioning devices and the like.
Compared with ferroelectric ceramics and single crystals, the oxyborate and LNGA crystals do not have a ferroelectric phase transition until they melt, which greatly expands the operational range of applications. The high resistivity, large RC time constant, and large piezoelectric coefficient at high temperatures make these materials particularly valuable for aerospace, aircraft, and automotive industrial applications.
Single crystal piezoelectric materials were machined into single crystal rings, which can be used as the piezoelectric component of a sensor.
The invention is not restricted to the illustrative examples described above. Examples are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Methods, apparatus, compositions, and the like described herein are exemplary and not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art. The scope of the invention is defined by the scope of the claims.
Patents, patent applications, or publications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as if each individual document was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
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Results for 2013
MasterCard Gets Social for New Year's Eve
by Erik Sass on Dec 31, 4:16 PM
It's hard to think of an annual event that beats New Year's Eve for inherent sociability, and it's no surprise that big brand marketers are unveiling all kinds of social media programs for the big day (or rather, night). One of the high-profile campaigns centered on the New Year's festivities comes from MasterCard, which is using social media to bring images from celebrations around the world to digital billboards around New York's Times Square.
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Facebook Growth Stalls Among Young Adults
by Erik Sass on Dec 30, 4:41 PM
All the rumors, hunches, and anecdotal evidence got some confirmation this week: Facebook's growth among teenagers and young adults is stalled and possibly on the decline, according to the latest figures from the Pew Research Center, which show that Facebook's growth in that age demo has flattened out, albeit at a high level.
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Tagged Sharks Tweet Locations for Real Time Warnings
by Erik Sass on Dec 27, 1:30 PM
Here's another one of those headlines about social media that would have been completely incomprehensible ten years ago. According to The Drum, which first reported the story, a group called Surf Live Saving Western Australia has combined location data from transmitters attached to sharks with its Twitter feed to enable live, automatic alerts when the big toothy fellas get a little too close to popular beaches.
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Social Scams on the Upswing
by Erik Sass on Dec 26, 4:46 PM
If you feel like you've been seeing more scammy spam on social media, it's not just your imagination: social media scammers redoubled their shady efforts as 2013 drew to a close, according to online security firm Bitedefender.
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Journos Not So Thrilled with Social Media
by Erik Sass on Dec 24, 1:17 PM
Attention-grubbing, self-centered egomaniacs journalists are supposed to be natural power-users of social media, and broadly speaking, they are -- but that doesn't necessarily mean they like it. In fact a survey of 412 Australian journalists by Newsmaker, which distributes press releases, found some decidedly mixed emotions about social media's impact on the gathering and dissemination of news.
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Are Social Nets Changing Too Much?
by Erik Sass on Dec 23, 4:48 PM
Some would say that the history of Facebook has been one long, uninterrupted succession of tweaks -- additions, subtractions, new features, new formats and looks, new advertising units, and of course let's not forget new privacy policies. Twitter had also been through an impressive number of revamps in its somewhat shorter life. And while many of these changes have stirred users to high dudgeon, so far there doesn't seem to be any evidence of long-term alienation of users, who typically complain about the new look for a while and then forget it was ever any other way.
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Okay, Let's Just Wallow In Adorable Dog Stories
by Erik Sass on Dec 20, 3:19 PM
Cats may dominate the world of memes, what with their agility, misplaced dignity and general inherent absurdity, but if you really want to grab a person by the heartstrings and just yank 'em until they cry, you need a dog. And as it's the holiday season and I am in an appropriately maudlin mood (and I know I'm not the only one) I hope you're prepared for some syrupy sweet social media dog stories. It's Kleenex and Bailey's time, people.
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Ron Burgundy Tops Real Newscasters In Social Buzz
by Erik Sass on Dec 19, 5:17 PM
I guess it's some sort of comment on American society that a fictional newscaster famous for his clueless preening is both better known than his real counterparts (also famous for their clueless preening). That's according to some amusing, if slightly depressing, data collected by Marketwired's social listening software, powered by Sysomos.
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What Do You Think of Facebook's Video Ads?
by Erik Sass on Dec 18, 3:33 PM
As a self-centered, self-absorbed blogger (oh wait, that's redundant) I am more than happy to air my opinions about all and sundry. But on a topic like Facebook's new auto-play video ads, whose success will rise or fall depending on how they are perceived by a wide variety of consumers, I am more curious to hear what you, gentle reader, think of them -- both as a social media user and also from a marketing perspective. So: if you've seen one of the new video ads (or merely seen them demonstrated), what do you think? Please share your thoughts in ...
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Cannibals Using Social Media to Find Willing Victims
by Erik Sass on Dec 17, 1:18 PM
Ah, it's that time of year again: the air is crisp, snow is falling outside, and inside the fire is crackling. Yes, children, it's time to get cozy and gather round with cups of cocoa, to hear stories about how cannibals are using technology to find people to eat.
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Ben Affleck: The US Must Help Resolve the Conflict in Congo
Ben Affleck's interest in foreign affairs goes way beyond movies like "Argo." Speaking about the deadly conflict in the Congo on "This Week with George Stephanopoulos," Affleck stressed that the U.S. should intervene in the central African country. "There's a huge amount that the U.S. can do, frankly," said Affleck, who founded the Easter Congo Initiative to advocate for peace and economic and social development in the region. We can engage in the kind of high-level, shuttle diplomacy that you saw be so effective in Gaza." He added that "people are hiding out" in some of the schools his organization funds and that the "hospitals are completely overwhelmed." (Us)
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Everton boss Martinez enthuses: Lukaku a thinker, a real knowledgeable man
Everton boss Roberto Martinez is excited working with Chelsea striker Romelu Lukaku.
Lukaku struck in victory at West Ham United.
Martinez said: "He's a thinker, a real knowledgeable man. He is someone who looks at games in a very different way and is like a manager in the way that he looks at movement.
"Sometimes you have to look at experience and at this stage it's perfect for both clubs. Chelsea know that Romelu will be looked after, allowed to grow. I'm sure Romelu will be very important for whatever team he plays for in the next 10 or 15 years."


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Three Bulldogs named All-AmericansPublished 10:01pm Tuesday, May 17, 2011
C.J. Lindsey, Bubba Robinson and Eddie Waters were named USCAA first team All-Americans at the Small College World Series banquet held in Old Orchard Beach, Maine on Thursday.
Robinson led the Bulldogs this season with a .433 batting average, 8 home runs and 31 RBIs. He is the team captain and hit cleanup for the potent Bulldogs offense. On Feb. 19 against Morehouse College, Robinson was 4-4 with two home runs, two doubles, four runs scored and seven RBIs. On March 31 against Edward Waters College he was 3-4 with a homerun and four RBIs.
He was also named blackcollegebaseball.com player of the week ending Feb. 20 hitting .474, scoring nine runs and knocking in 11.
He also had four doubles, two homeruns, and two stolen bases. His .982 fielding percentage leads the team's starters. He also leads the team in homeruns, batting average, slugging percentage and is tied for the team lead in runs batted in. He was the first recruit for Selma University when the program was reinstated in 2010.
Lindsey hit .404 with five home runs and 31 RBIs. He hits third in the line-up for the Bulldogs. Lindsey had an amazing game on March 2 against NCAA Division I foe Alabama A&M.
He was 6-6 with three home runs and eight RBIs. He also scored four runs during the contest. On Feb. 21 he hit for the cycle against Tuskegee and finished the day 5-6 with four RBIs.
He was named bcb.com player of the week after the cycle. He showed his patience and versatility on Feb. 19 against Morehouse where he was 1-1, scored four runs, and walked four times.
He had nine assists and three putouts in a doubleheader against Miles on Feb. 26. This is Lindsey's second All-American award in two years.
Waters hit .400 with six home runs and 27 RBIs.
The leadoff hitter for the Bulldogs, he was named USCAA player of the week after hitting a walkoff grandslam against Albany State on March 8.
He was named BCB.com player of the week after going 4-5 with two home runs and five RBIs and five runs scored against Div. I opponent Alabama A&M.
He leads the Bulldogs in runs scored (34), hits (44) and stolen bases (19). He is second on the team in triples (4) and home runs.
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Sterling Heights
Church rallies behind baby born without vocal cords
By Eric Czarnik
September 25, 2013
STERLING HEIGHTS — A Sterling Heights congregation recently pitched in financially to bring meaning out of CHAOS.
St. Blase Parish held a Sept. 6 fundraiser on behalf of Grant Hasse, a 1-year-old baby who was born with congenital high airway obstruction syndrome, or CHAOS.
Due to the expense of surgery and care, the church congregation met at the Century Banquet Center in Sterling Heights to hold a benefit concert that included music by the band Blackthorn, raffles and "speed painter" Dave Santia.
St. Blase's business manager, Tim Doppel, said the event sold out an estimated 400 tickets and "came out huge." Doppel said the final amount raised was in the thousands of dollars.
"About a year ago, we baptized Baby Grant while he was still on a ventilator," Doppel said. "Our priest asked the community, 'Will you support this family?'
"Well, this was a chance for our community to come together and show support in a very tangible way that we normally don't have the opportunity to do."
According to the church, most babies who are diagnosed with CHAOS don't survive. In Grant's case, the condition completely obstructed the airway of his throat and prevented him from having vocal cords. As a result, he couldn't breathe in a normal way and had to initially be on a ventilator at all times.
Grant's mother, Andrea Hasse, said she found out about Grant's condition during the 18th week of gestation. She said she gave birth to him at week 27, when he was taking in a large amount of fluids, causing his organs to swell.
Before the umbilical cord was even cut, the doctors gave Grant a tracheotomy tube so he could breathe.
"The likelihood of him surviving was less than a 5 percent chance," she said.
Hasse said doctors told her that Grant is the first known case of a child who had no vocal cords whatsoever due to CHAOS. She said Grant has endured around 13 surgeries altogether — including 10 since last June.
The most recent surgeries have made progress toward removing the airway obstruction to help him breathe.
"They always thought he would be ventilator-dependent if he survived, but he is proving them wrong," Hasse said. "He is able to breathe on his own. He is withstanding all the procedures."
According to Hasse, the doctors' care might make it possible for Grant to speak, despite his lack of innate vocal cords. She said they actually built him vocal cords and inserted them, and the cords are now vibrating, which means that Grant may one day speak and make sounds.
Hasse called Grant's medical journey "indescribable."
"Both my husband and I feel that we are blessed to be Grant's parents," she said. "It is not a hindrance. It's more of a blessing. We feel that we are blessed beyond measure. Grant has taught us life lessons even in his short life so far."
One of those lessons, she said, is that the impossible is possible with even the smallest amount of faith.
"The human spirit is stronger than we give it credit for," she said. "Miracles exist all around."
Additional donations for Baby Grant can be made by check payable to Grant Hasse through St. Blase Parish, 12151 E. 15 Mile Road, in Sterling Heights. Call (586) 268-2244 for more information.
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Cows perish in Green Oaks dairy farm fire
Updated on July 02, 2015 - [Green Oaks, NS] - Many dairy cattle were lost in a barn fire Monday morning (June 29).
Updated on July 02, 2015 - While expenditures on silviculture activities over the past 30 years will contribute to increases in the future timber supply, there are deficiencies in the oversight, management and administration of New Brunswick's silviculture program..1
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The Life of Lucie de La Tour Du Pin, Eyewitness to an Era
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"I can't just storm in and proclaim my intentions. I can't steal' you away. I just have to wait and hope that, someday, you'll ask," Tamani said.
"And if I don't?" Laurel said, her voice barely above a whisper.
"Then I guess I'll be waiting forever."
Although Laurel has come to accept her true identity as a faerie, she refuses to turn her back on her human life and especially her boyfriend, David to return to the faerie world.
But when she is summoned to Avalon, Laurel's feelings for the charismatic faerie sentry Tamani are undeniable. She is forced to make a choice a choice that could break her heart.


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text: Home Gallery Video NBA Durant NBA: Durant Young Steve Nash gets a visitor Editor's Pick Time travelers drop in on NBA stars in their younger days in this NBA campaign from Goodby. Here, we travel to Vancouver, 1996 where a skeptical Steve Nash gets a visit from a kid from the future whose life was changed by the multi-talented Suns star. Rate this Ad You must be registered to rate the ad. Please Login or Register Now About CreditsDateJan 19, 2011Agency:Goodby Silverstein & Partners Client:NBAProduction Company:Park PicturesProduction Company:BicoastalDirector/Director of Photography:Chris SargentExecutive Producer/Owner:Jackie Kelman BisbeeExecutive Producer:Mary Ann MarinoLine Producer:Ahnee BoyceHead of Production:Dinah RodriguezCreative Director:Jamie BarrettAssociate Creative Director:Paul CharneyAssociate Creative Director:Stefan CopizArt Director:Andy DaoCopywriter:Eric BoydAgency Producer:Conor DuignanAgency Executive Producer:Tod PuckettOriginal Concept:Eric BoydOriginal Concept:Andy DaoNBA EVP:Danny MeiselesEditorial Company:Final CutEditorial Company:BicoastalEditor:Matt MurphyAssistant Editor:Arianna TomasettigEditorial Executive Producer:Saima AwanEditorial Producer:Suzy RamirezPost Production/VFX:A52VFX Supervisor:Pat MurphyLead Flame Artist:Glyn TebbutVFX Executive Producer:Jennifer Sofio HallVFX Producer:Heather JohannSound Design:740 Sound DesignSee more credits Tagssports sports CategoryTVC GenreSports Latest Creativity News on Ad Age Creativity Top 5: The Best Brand Ideas of the Week The Inside Story on Why Burger King Sells Red Burgers in Japan Moondog Signs McMorrow, Bieler Joins Reset and More Advertisement Ad Age Creativity Video Creativity Top 5 Learn more Related work Xfinity: Jury Duty Goodby Silverstein & Partners Tostitos: Really Goodby Silverstein & Partners Tostitos: Cart Goodby Silverstein & Partners Want to see your work in our gallery? Submit now


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Apr 9, 2014; Augusta, GA, USA; during the Par 3 Contest before the 2014 The Masters golf tournament at Augusta National Golf Club. Mandatory Credit: Jack Gruber-USA TODAY Sports
Soccer 1hr ago
Guatemala scores ridiculous own-goal during friendly with USMNT
It's a week for own-goals.
Tennis 2hr ago
Jason Whitlock still believes Serena and Venus Williams' matches are rigged by their father
Here's why he's full of hot air.
NBA 3hr ago
Spurs assistant Becky Hammon to be first female NBA Summer League head coach
The team announced on Friday.
Sports 4hr ago
Doc Rivers' son says DeAndre Jordan has no shot at a championship with Mavericks
He took to Twitter on Friday.
Sports 5hr ago
Celebrate the 4th of July with the government's masterful fireworks safety video
Are you laughing? Terrified? Both?
MLB 6hr ago
Everyone wins in settlement between the Yankees and their best hitter, Alex Rodriguez
The team will donate $3.5 million to charity as part of the resolution.


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Game Stats
Game Stats
W: J. Verlander (10-4) L: T. Ohka (0-3)
|2nd Inning
Thomas tripled to center, Thames scored.
|4th Inning
Clete Thomas (5) 3 run shot to left center off Ohka, Cabrera, Thames scored.
Brandon Inge (20) solo shot to left center off Ohka.
|5th Inning
Thomas singled to right, Thames scored, Thomas to second advancing on throw.
Brandon Inge (21) 2 run shot to left center off Gosling, Thomas scored.
|6th Inning
Thames reached on an infield single, Laird and Santiago scored, Cabrera to second on shortstop Cabrera's fielding error.
|9th Inning
Carroll walked, Peralta scored, Valbuena to third, Francisco to second.


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I just upgraded from a BlackBerry Curve to a BlackBerry Bold. Every time I use the web browser, I receive Error 413: Request Entity Too Large. Never had this problem with the Curve. What's wrong?
Try opening your browser then menu, options, browser configure, change browser identity to something different. may not work. if not try a search on google. lots of hits on this problem.
Check out a fun infographic that teaches you how to increase storage, enhance security,
improve battery life and clean your device.


text:
- Newsarama is the best source for comic book and genre entertainment news online. Find out everything there is to know about Dark Horse Comics and stay updated on the latest Dark Horse news with the comprehensive articles, interactive features, images and
EXPLORE Dark Horse Comics
Dark Horse is launching an all-new TOMB RAIDER series in conjunction with the launch of the new rebooted video game franchise.
From the Just for Fun department, we have new pin-ups of two new Dark Horse Heroes done by each other's creators!
Francesco Francavilla's BLACK BEETLE miniseries debuts, INDESTRUCTIBLE HULK rampages on, plus more quick reviews
It's day-of-release reviews for NEW AVENGERS #2, BATMAN AND ROBIN #16, BLACK BEETLE #1, BATMAN #16 and PATHFINDER #4
Does AVENGERS ARENA #3 claim another victim? How does Brian Wood's STAR WARS perform? These and more get reviewed
We have an exclusive look inside the WORLD OF THEDAS, the new encyclopedia from Dark Horse and BioWare.
Aaron Duran from Best Shots traveled to a galaxy far, far away for the first issue of the new ongoing STAR WARS & loved it.
Gordon-Levitt, Brolin and Meloni are official for the SIN CITY sequel, which means no GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY for JGL
Here's the full Dark Horse April 2013 Solicitations featuring Hellboy in Hell, Star Wars, and so much more!
A character who had a short life at DC Comics is now showing new life at Dark Horse with a collection and all-new stories on the way.
We have a full Rapid Review column once more, with reviews of HELLBOY IN HELL, NEW AVENGERS, and much more!
Dennis Hopeless & Mike Norton have high-profile gigs at Marvel, but they're also making new Creator Owned comics at Dark Horse.
We launch our new ongoing STAR WARS column with the new ongoing STAR WARS comic and writer Brian Wood!
Dark Horse for March 2013 is here, with a major guest star in BUFFY, more HELLBOY IN HELL, and more!
It's a busy week for the big column, evaluating the Marvel NOW! AVENGERS #1, ACTION COMICS, HELLBOY IN HELL and more
Dark Horse's March 2013 solicitations are coming later this week, but we've got an early look at a few books.
Star Wars has their own AGENT OF THE EMPIRE; take an exclusive look at HARD TARGETS #3 here!
The artist talks about his work, Ghost, Aquaman, and his homeland of Brazil.


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Originally written on Mets Merized Online | Last updated 3/25/13
Updated by Joe D. at 1:45 PM A team source told Adam Rubin that veteran righthander LaTroy Hawkins has made the Opening Day roster. This comes as no surprise given manager Terry Collins' propensity to lean towards players with more experience as long as they are healthy. Hawkins, 40, has not allowed a run over five innings during Grapefruit League action. He is coming off a season where he posted a 3.64 ERA in 48 relief appearances. The Mets signed him to a minor-league deal in late January and will have to cut someone from the 40 man roster to make room for him. Originally Posted by Mitch at 9:35 AM Pedro Feliciano has been advised that he will not be with the Mets' big league club when spring training breaks in a week. The Mets want him to head to Triple-A to build up his arm strength. Marc Carig of Newsday tweeted that Feliciano hasn't ruled out starting the season in the minors, but thinks he is ready for major league competition now. According to ESPN New York, Feliciano stated...
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7/6/201516 Kansas Credit Union Staff Earn Financial Counselor Designation
6/29/2015Frontier Community's Skip-A-Payment Campaign Raises $9,801 For United Way
6/29/2015Credit Union of America Announces 80th Anniversary Donation Winners
7/7/2015Skip Tracing QuickBite
7/7/2015Regional Compliance Updates Webinar
7/7/2015Compliance Regulations for the Frontline Webinar
7/8/2015Marketing Conference Call
7/8/2015Lending Conference Call
Overview:How important is that account signature card to the credit union? Believe it or not, that simple card operates as a contract! It spells out who the parties are on the account, plus the rights and liabilities of each. Coupled with the account agreement and disclosures, it makes a contract between the credit union and the accountholders. Use the wrong card for the type of account the owner needs and it can lead to improper account handling, even to the point of going to court. For example, custodial accounts should not be established using your traditional pay-on-death with right-of-survivorship account cards, just as estate and business accounts should not have beneficiaries or pay-on-death provisions. This webinar is designed to answer important questions that arise on minor, business, fiduciary, and consumer accounts.
Attendance verification for CE credits provided upon request.
Who Should Attend?This informative session is designed for membership officers, new accounts representatives, branch managers, tellers, compliance officers, auditors, and anyone responsible for opening, closing, or changing ownership on accounts.
ABOUT THE PRESENTER – Mary-Lou Heighes, CUCE, Compliance Plus, Inc.Mary-Lou Heighes is President and founder of Compliance Plus, Inc. Involved in the financial services industry since 1989, she has worked in numerous positions, including loan officer, marketer, and collector. She also worked at a state trade association for seven years providing compliance assistance and advising on state and federal legislative issues that affect financial institutions.
Compliance Plus, Inc. was founded in 2000 to provide compliance assistance to financial industry. Since then, Mary-Lou has helped financial institutions with developing compliance programs, provided compliance training nationwide, and spoken at numerous conferences throughout the country. She has been an instructor at regulatory compliance schools, conducts dozens of webinars and conferences throughout the country, and has written articles for Credit Union Magazine.
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Sorry, no cancellations are allowed after connecting instructions and handout materials are distributed to registrants. Substitutions are welcomed and encouraged.
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text:
We developed a plan to increase the safety of spot-on pesticide products for flea and tick control for dogs and cats and requested public comments on how best to implement the actions that we are pursuing. This document provides our response to the comments we received during the 60-day comment period. More information about this comment period is available in the docket (EPA-HQ-OPP-2010-0229).
- Response to comments on pet spot-on plan (PDF)(11 pp, 219 K)


text:
Google Launches New Channel On YouTube
Ellen Ko of Google's Open Source Team announces the creation of a new Google YouTube channel, googleOSPO, created to house all the Google and open source related videos in one place.
Playlists on the googleOSPO channel include Google Tech Talks and Geek Time series and more.
Google also has a student programs channel that includes footage from the Google Summer of Code community and soon will include video from the Google Code-in project.
More information on this new channel can be found on the Open Source at Google Blog.
Issue 177/2015
Buy this issue as a PDF
NoScript Flaw
Mozilla's script blocker add-on could be putting malware sites on the whitelist.
RIP SSLv3
The Internet community officially banishes the notoriously unsafe Secure Sockets Layer protocol.
Mate 1.1 Arrives
Popular desktop environment continues the Gnome 2 legacy – with new support for the Gnome 3 toolkit.
US Government Requires HTTPS
The Obama White House has issued a memorandum telling all US government agencies they must use HTTPS for all websites and web communication.
Mozilla Signs Firefox Add-Ons
New program will dial up security for the Firefox browser.
Fedora 22 Arrives
Red Hat's community distro embraces the cloud.
Code.org and College Board Team Reach Out for Talented High School Coders
New partnership will bring more and better CS training to US schools
A Peek Inside TeslaCrypt Ransomware
Criminals offer online help over Tor network
Mumblehard Still Spams
Sophisticated malware is still present on Joomla and WordPress sites around the world.
Launchpad Gets Git
Future versions of Ubuntu's code service will support the popular Git version control system used with Linux and other open source projects.


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This paper describes a surface mounted PM motor with the ratings of 5 kW and 150000 RPM for super high speed drive applications such as a machine tool. A much larger air gap, compared with that of the existing PM motors, is utilized to reduce the slot ripples and hence the resultant eddy current loss in the metallic sleeve that retains the permanent magnets, otherwise this loss would be objectionable at such high speeds. The motor is supplied from a quasi-current source inverter with the DC current controlled by a chopper and operated at a near unity power factor by the use of a simple position sensor-less control, to improve the motor efficiency. The analytic results are presented to show the slot ripple reducing effect of increasing the air gap length. To investigate the losses of the sleeve, several motors with different sleeves were manufactured and tested. Typical experimental results on these prototypes are given, which show that motor efficiency of higher than 90% can be realized at the rated torque over a wide speed range


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Best Answer Mindovermaster , 13 September 2013 - 20:41
Yeah, I'd say your board is toast.Go to the full post
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Posted 12 September 2013 - 22:57
Best Answer Mindovermaster , 13 September 2013 - 20:41
Yeah, I'd say your board is toast.Go to the full post
Posted 13 September 2013 - 17:31
I do at least 2 passes, but as most say, it is best to run overnight.
It's run for nearly four hours now with no errors popping up. If I don't find an error with Memtest, would that mean the problem definitely lies with the motherboard? If so, then I'll contact MSI and get the motherboard exchanged ASAP (and try to find my thermal paste as well for when the new one arrives).
Posted 13 September 2013 - 20:34
Did you try each stick by itself? (if 2 or more)
Unfortunately I can't; I can't go past the "CPU or Memory Changed !!!" message when I try that, as the motherboard isn't allowing any input from any keyboard (I've tried three different USB keyboards, and I don't have a PS/2 adapter anywhere).
Posted 13 September 2013 - 23:52
Yeah, I'd say your board is toast.
Good enough for me. Just shut down the PC now, had two instances of the test running (as recommended by the program) for ten hours with no errors. I'll contact MSI in the morning and arrange for a replacement motherboard. Thanks for your help.


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25 year old woman | El Paso, TX, USA | Seeking men 25-30 within 20 miles of Mountain View, CA
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Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering
Dancing, Other types of exercise, Running, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
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Paul L. Foster School of Medicine at Texas Tech in El Paso


text:
Early Warm Temperatures Reflect Little Snowpack Left in Montana – Rain Considered Last Hope for a Not-So-Dry Summer
Recent warm temperatures has put Montana snowpack at some of its lowest levels ever this April.
Recent warm temperatures has put Montana snowpack at some of its lowest levels ever this April.
Jimmy Fallon had Bill Gates on NBC's "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" on Wednesday night to talk about his foundation's new invention that turns sewage into drinking water.
That is something we talked about a couple of weeks ago on "The Free Beer & Hot Wings Morning Show."
The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge and its videos just keep on rolling.
The latest to take on the challenge is the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush.
A woman that fell into McDonald Creek in Glacier National Park on Saturday, died yesterday as a result of the incident.
Have fun and be safe this summer on the water.
Whether you're a kid or a grown-up, there are plenty of places to get wet and wild in Missoula. Here is a guide to some of our city's top water attractions:
It's more likely than you think.
New images released by NASA suggest that this pic over here that looks like your ex-girlfriend's eyelashes with three-day-old makeup may actually be remnants of saltwater flows on the Red Planet


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