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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA No. 5-534 / 04-1610 Filed August 31, 2005 STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee, vs. THOMAS WILLIAM KUNDE, Defendant-Appellant. Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Clinton County, David H. Sivright, Jr., Judge. Thomas William Kunde appeals his conviction, following jury trial, for first- degree arson. AFFIRMED. Linda Del Gallo, State Appellate Defender, and James Tomka, Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant. Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Thomas Tauber, Assistant Attorney General, Michael L. Wolf, County Attorney, and Gary P. Strausser, Assistant County Attorney, for appellee. Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Miller and Hecht, JJ. 2 MILLER, J. Thomas William Kunde appeals his conviction, following jury trial, for first- degree arson. He contends the trial court erred in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal because there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction. We affirm. I. BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS. The record reveals the following facts. In the summer of 2003 Kunde, Raymond Cole, and some other men built a cabin in rural Clinton County for Maury Hill. The cabin was located on Highway 67 south of the town of Folletts and north of the Scott County towns of Princeton and LeClaire. It was a warm weather cabin furnished with electricity and running water but heated only by electric space heaters. Later in 2003 Kunde and Cole did a siding job together which resulted in a falling-out between the two men. According to Cole, when he got paid for the work he kept more than half of the money because Kunde did not finish the job. However, Kunde believed that Cole owed him $550 from that job. Kunde had several hundred dollars worth of Cole's tools in his truck when the dispute arose. Kunde kept the tools thinking that Cole would pay him what he owed him in order to get his tools back. Cole testified, however, he never contacted Kunde to get the tools back because Kunde was known to have a bad temper. Shortly after this incident Cole left for Florida where he remained until the spring of 2004 when he returned to Iowa. When Cole returned to Iowa he stayed at Hill's cabin during the first few days of April 2004 in order to do some plumbing work, clean up the cabin, and clear brush from the neighboring lot which Hill was 3 considering buying. Kunde was living with his girlfriend, Katherine Beuse, and her daughter, April, in LeClaire at this time. He was doing yard work in Folletts, both at the B & S General Store and on the property of one of the store owners. Cristina Lyons testified that around this time she had a conversation with Kunde at the B & S bar. Lyons told Kunde that Cole was back in town. Kunde seemed interested and asked if Lyons had talked to Cole or knew where he was staying. She had talked to Cole, but did not know where he was staying. Kunde told her he had been looking for Cole because Cole had been out of town and had owed him money for quite some time. Beuse testified Kunde was very angry because Cole had "stiffed him" on the siding job. She stated that Kunde had brought the subject up a lot, and had looked for Cole but could not find him. Beuse also testified that on April 3, 2004, Kunde, Beuse, and April were driving past Hill's cabin on their way from LeClaire to Folletts when April said, "Mom, look, there is Ray." Kunde replied, "Well, I can't do anything about it now because the dork [i.e. April] is with us." Kunde and Beuse proceeded to do yard work in Folletts, eat at a restaurant, shop in Clinton, and visit Beuse's parents before returning to their home in LeClaire that evening. Cole testified that on April 3 he did a carpentry job in Clinton and had a co- worker drop him off at the cabin around 4:00 p.m. Cole did not drive and did not have a vehicle at the cabin. Once at the cabin he cleaned up some brush, trimmed trees, cleaned inside the cabin, ate supper and watched some television. He fell asleep around 7:00 p.m. with the television still on, though he 4 got up later and shut if off. He testified that apart from the television, the lights were off once he went to bed. Kunde testified that on the evening of April 3 he left his house in LeClaire around 9:30 p.m. in his truck and drove to the B & S bar in Folletts, a drive which takes approximately fifteen minutes, and arrived there at about 9:45. Cheryl Brotherton was tending bar at the B & S that night. She testified at trial that Kunde did not arrive at the bar until around 11:00 p.m. She also stated that as she was closing out the cash register that night around midnight Kunde bought a gallon can of Ozark Trail camping fuel and a quart of oil. She and Kunde then left the bar together sometime between midnight and 12:30 a.m. Kunde, however, testified that he asked Brotherton about a can of kerosene but did not buy it because he thought it was too expensive. He also stated he left the bar by himself about 11:35 p.m. and got home around 11:50 p.m., but that Brotherton stayed to finish her work at the bar. Kunde admitted his route home took him past the Hill cabin but he testified he did not stop at the cabin and had no idea Cole or anyone else was staying there. Cole testified that during the night he was awakened by a noise and the motion detector light coming on. He heard a crackling sound, saw smoke, and looked out the window to see Kunde standing at the bottom of the steps that lead up to the deck of the cabin, looking up at the deck. He stated that Kunde was in the area illuminated by the motion detector light and so he had no doubt Kunde was the person he saw. There was an explosion and Kunde ran for his truck, which Cole recognized as Kunde's truck, and took off on the gravel road heading 5 toward the highway. Cole grabbed a rag to open the front door because it was hot, and by the time he got outside Kunde was heading south on the highway. Cole stated that flames were going all the way up on the outside of the door and there was a gas can sitting right in front of the door on the deck. Cole began to throw buckets of water on the fire and eventually hooked up the hose to get the fire under control. He also kicked the gas can partway down the steps. Two men who saw the fire from the highway stopped to help and called 911. The first deputy was dispatched to the scene at 12:19 a.m. Investigators found two matchbooks in front of the door to the cabin and a burned can of Ozark Trail camp fuel on the steps. The door of the cabin was blackened and the wood around it was charred, as was the soffit above the door. Beuse testified that a few days after the fire she heard rumors that Kunde had been involved and confronted him about the camping fuel. She stated Kunde admitted to her he had bought a can of fuel, and stated it was in his truck. However, he could not produce it for her. The State charged Kunde, by trial information, with arson in the first degree. Jury trial ensued. Kunde timely moved for a judgment of acquittal on the first-degree arson count, contending there was insufficient evidence and asking the court to find there was only sufficient evidence presented by the State on arson in the second degree. More specifically he argued the State failed to meet its burden to prove Kunde had any idea someone was in the cabin, the fourth element required to prove first-degree arson and the element which differentiates it from second-degree arson. The court denied the motion for judgment of acquittal, finding the evidence presented did generate a jury 6 question on this element. The jury found Kunde guilty as charged and the court sentenced him to a term of incarceration not to exceed twenty-five years. Kunde appeals, contending the trial court erred in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal because there was insufficient evidence to support a conviction for arson in the first degree. II. SCOPE AND STANDARD OF REVIEW. Our scope of review and many of the standards of review that apply in sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenges are set forth in State v. Webb, 648 N.W.2d 72, 75-76 (Iowa 2002) and need not be repeated here. The following additional standards are applicable as well. Inherent in our standard of review of jury verdicts in criminal cases is the recognition that the jury was free to reject certain evidence, and credit other evidence. State v. Anderson, 517 N.W.2d 208, 211 (Iowa 1994). A jury is free to believe or disbelieve any testimony as it chooses and to give as much weight to the evidence as, in its judgment, such evidence should receive. State v. Liggins, 557 N.W.2d 263, 269 (Iowa 1996); State v. Thornton, 498 N.W.2d 670, 673 (Iowa 1993). III. MERITS. Kunde's brief may be read as arguing not only that the evidence was insufficient to show he could have reasonably anticipated the presence of a person in the property and thus insufficient to prove him guilty of first-degree arson, but also arguing that the evidence was insufficient to show he was the person who set the fire and therefore insufficient to find him guilty of any degree of arson. However, in his motion for judgment of acquittal Kunde presented only the first of these two arguments. 7 Issues must be presented to and ruled upon by the trial court before they can be raised and decided on appeal. Metz v. Amoco Oil Co., 581 N.W.2d 597, 600 (Iowa 1998); Conner v. State, 362 N.W.2d 449, 457 (Iowa 1985). We do not consider issues not presented to or decided by the district court in the first instance. State v. Gogg, 561 N.W.2d 360, 368 (Iowa 1997). Kunde's motion for judgment of acquittal did not argue the evidence was insufficient to identify him as the perpetrator of the arson, and the trial court did not address or decide such an issue. Kunde asserted only that the evidence was insufficient to prove first- degree arson because the State failed to show he could reasonably have anticipated the presence of a person in the cabin. This is also the only issue the trial court ruled upon. Therefore, we conclude this is the only issue preserved for our review. When the record contains substantial evidence, we are bound by the jury's finding of guilt. State v. Button, 622 N.W.2d 480, 483 (Iowa 2001). Substantial evidence is evidence which could convince a rational trier of fact that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Sutton, 636 N.W.2d 107, 110 (Iowa 2001). For the reasons set forth below, we conclude the evidence in the record was sufficient to convince a rational factfinder that Kunde could have reasonably anticipated Cole was in the cabin at the time of the fire. First, and perhaps most importantly, there is evidence in the record that Kunde saw Cole at the cabin on the day of the fire. Beuse testified that when she and Kunde were driving by the cabin Beuse's daughter April pointed out that Cole was there and Kunde stated he could not do anything about it at the time because April was with them. Kunde did testify he had driven by the cabin four 8 times on April 3 and twice the day before. In addition, Cole testified that he was familiar with Kunde's truck and saw him drive by at least twice either on April 3 or the day before. One of the times Cole saw him drive by Cole stated he was on the deck of the cabin and saw that Kunde's girlfriend was with him. Second, Lyons testified she had told Kunde that Cole was back in town. Kunde seemed interested in that fact and asked if she knew where he was staying, but she did not. Kunde had proceeded to tell Lyons he had been looking for Cole for some time because Cole had been out of town and owed him money. Beuse confirmed that Kunde had been very upset about the fact Cole owed him money from the siding job, that he talked about it a lot, and had been looking for Cole but could not find him. Thus, despite Kunde's assertion that he never saw Cole at the cabin any of the times he drove by and had no idea he was at the cabin, a reasonable factfinder could have found Kunde had in fact seen Cole there on one or more recent occasions, including on April 3, and could have reasonably anticipated Cole's presence at the time of the fire. As set forth above, a jury is free to believe or disbelieve any testimony as it chooses and to give as much weight to the evidence as, in its judgment, such evidence should receive. Liggins, 557 N.W.2d at 269. Finally, Kunde testified that he would have no reason or motivation to burn Hill's cabin. As set forth above, Kunde's motion for judgment of acquittal did not challenge the evidence that he was the perpetrator of the arson, but instead only challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to prove he could have reasonably anticipated Cole's presence in the cabin. The jury could reasonably find that if 9 Kunde had no other reason to burn Hill's cabin, then the only reason he did so was because he believed Cole was there and he was still upset at him for not paying him the money he believed he was owed. IV. CONCLUSION. We conclude the evidence in the record was sufficient to convince a rational factfinder that Kunde could have reasonably anticipated Cole was in the cabin at the time of the fire. Thus, there was sufficient evidence to support Kunde's conviction for arson in the first degree. The trial court did not err in denying Kunde's motion for judgment of acquittal. AFFIRMED.
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text: Video: Feist & Blue Rodeo rock the Juno red carpet Add to ... CP Video Published Sunday, Apr. 01, 2012 11:55PM EDT Last updated Monday, Apr. 02, 2012 8:32AM EDT Feist and Canadian Music Hall of Fame inductees Blue Rodeo were among the stars to walk the red carpet at the Junos Sunday. They liken the event to a high school reunion Watch More Video: Rolling Stones to stage major career exhibit at London gallery Leonard Nimoy's son is making a documentary on his dad Jennifer Lawrence visits 'Hunger Games' exhibition in New York Donald Trump suing Univision for pulling Miss USA pageant Ben Affleck and Jennifer Garner announce plans to divorce ShowBiz News: NBC dumps Donald Trump Herbie Hancock and George Benson bring smooth jazz to the Ukraine How Paul Rudd unleashed his inner child for 'Ant-Man' Why Arnold Schwarzenegger returned to the 'Terminator' franchise Soul legends applaud Barack Obama's version of 'Amazing Grace' ShowBiz News: Yes bassist Chris Squire dead at 67 Interactive theatre is turning audience members into performers Amy Winehouse's life celebrated in Los Angeles Harry Potter play to hit London stage next year One Direction's Zayn Malik spotted at Men's Fashion Week in Paris Univision drops Miss USA Pageant over Donald Trump remarks James Taylor tops U.S. album charts for first time in four decades Bobbi Kristina Brown in hospice, placed in 'God's hands' Ex-Playboy bunny Holly Madison dishes on life with Hugh Hefner How Channing Tatum prepped for 'Magic Mike XXL' Comments AA More Related to this Story Music Is Feist among Canada's greatest of all time? Video: Surprise winners at Juno awards Juno Awards Video: Shatner rolls out red carpet for Junos


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Town Hall
The Town Hall of Basel simply breathtaking. The red facade dominates the Market Square.
The most parts of it were built 1504 - 14 and 1606 - 08 (Middle wing seen from the Market Square). 1898 - 1904 the left wing with the alcove and the tower were added - in the same style.
The stunning paintings on the facade are works of Hans Bock (1608 - 11, restored 1977). The clock was constructed by Master Wilhelm 1511 -12. In the vaulted entrance hall you can see paintings depicting stories of the jewish history (by Hans Bock again).
The yard fascinates again with painting by Hans Bock, restored 1978 - 83 (e.g. the gods Hermes and Diana, Prometheus waiting for the eagle etc.) Very impressive is the figure of Munatius Plancus (the Roman founder of Augst and Basel) on the foot of the staircase (1574).
I was very fortunate to have a friend in Basel who made the guide for a tour of the rooms in the town hall. For example I was able to see the magnificent government hall (16th century) with excellent stained glass windows, wooden panels and a stunning wood-carved ceiling. He also showed me the huge parliament hall (around 1900) which was fascinating.
Finally he got the key for the tower, we climbed up and enjoyed the fantastic views of the city.
- Architecture
- Historical Travel
The town hall or Rathaus is found in Marktplatz. This is one of the old towns main squares. There are sitll daily markets in this square with fruit and vegetalble vendors. The Rathaus is red in color and catches your eye the minute you step into the square. The central arcade section dates back to the sixteenth century. The tower was added in the late nineteenth century.
Rathaus (City Hall)
1. Marktplatz with market and City Hall
2. Rathaus (City Hall)
This distinctive red sandstone building is the City Hall, dating from the early sixteenth century.
It is located directly on the Marktplatz (Market Square), where outdoor markets are still held and currently lots of construction work is going on.
In the Markplatz is City Hall (Rathaus) the seat of the Government of the Canton of Basel - City.
It has beebn located here since the 14th Century. It was enlarged in the 17th Century and the facade was painted by Hans Brock.
In 1900 the Rathaus was extended with an addition of a wing on the left and a tower on the right.
Das Rathaus & Markplatz
The brightly colored Rathaus dominates the Markplatz. The Markplatz was always busy day and night. Even though separated from the the Markplatz by the Rhein river, Hotel Europe (see my hotel tip) is a 10-15 minute walk along Clarastrasse.
Basel shares her border with France and Germany. Karlsruhe is less than a two hour drive on the autobahn, however watch your speed and PLEASE, if you are doing the speed limit, stay out of the far left lane! The far left lane is for passing and speeding. I have heard that the German police have really cracked down on speeders. Mulhouse is less than a 30 minute drive into France and the "Route de Vin" through Alsace is less than an hour away from Basel.
- Family Travel
- Business Travel
City Hall
The Rathaus (city hall) is an outstanding highlight of any visit to Basel. Its rich splendour speaks to the battle between citizens and church for the control of the city. It's a testament to the power of the people, through its guilds, through the outpouring of creative excellence in its deeply polished mosaics, proud statues and an outer facade that dominates Basel's marketplace, itself a symbol of the power of citizens through industry and trade. It's an architectural spectacle strategically positioned away from the power of the church to emphasise its separation. It shouldn't be missed.
Basel Rathaus (Town Hall)
The first thing that struck me with this building is just how brilliantly bright and red it is - it must be the reddest building I've ever seen, in fact. Rather magnificent, and we only had time to see the outside and inner courtyard.
The Rathaus houses the government of the canton of Basel.
Most parts of this building were built between 1504-14 & 1606-08. The stunning paintings on the facade are works of Hans Bock (1608)
- Historical Travel
Basel Rathaus (Town Hall)
Tought extended once in the 18th and once in the early 20th century, the early 16th century town hall has maintained its traditional, medieval flair. The structure replaced the old town hall which was built at the same place in the 15th century. The inner court is accessible to visitors as well as some richly decorated staircases with beautiful paintings. Most of them were made by Hans Bock in the early 17th century. Basel's town hall is mainly built out of striking red sandstone giving it an interesting contrast with neighbouring buildings.
There are guided tours through the rooms of the town hall as well, please refer to the official site for more information on that.
- Architecture
Basel Town Hall
My first visit in Basel was to a square with stalls selling fruits where is located the City Hall. It was beautiful. I was allowed to visit it inside. I saw frescoes and the statue of the founder of Basle: the Roman senator Lucius Munaties Plancus.
The Town Hall is a five hundred years old building, and houses the meetings of the Cantonal Parliament as well as the Cantonal Government of the canton of Basel-Stadt.
- Budget Travel
- Adventure Travel
- Backpacking
It has nothing to do with rats. It is what we call "town hall".
This building is amazing. It is the middle of town so you won't miss it. Take a look from inside and try to get to as much information as you can getting a guide. The paintings and the sculptures in the inside have a lot of history.
- Historical Travel
- Arts and Culture
- Castles and Palaces
Rathaus Basel
The red-brick old townhall of Basel is a spectacular building that dates back to the 16th century. Another townhall of Basel was destroyed in an earthquake in 1356; it was then replaced by the old townhall as we now it now between 1501-1514, shortly after Basel joined the Swiss Confederacy. In the inner courtyard, colourful paintings with scenes from the Bible and Swiss history can be found. Under the clocktower, on the multi-coloured tile roof, a statue of a Swiss pikemen is testimony to the warlike history of Switzerland in the Middle Ages.
Town Hall
The Town Hall has been located in Marktplatz since the 14th century. The market offers from Monday to Saturday, fresh vegetables, fruit and flowers.
Basel Town Hall
The Town Hall, with its red walls, overlooks the town centre's Market Square. Its oldest parts are almost five hundred years old.
This is a little more of a closeup up of the Rathaus. You can make out the detail and bright coloring better in this picture.
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MrTuner19701 Stars Out Of 5Great cover, but poor printing qualityApril 27, 2015MrTuner1970Quality: 0Value: 0Meets Expectations: 0This review was written for Biblia Bilingüe NVI/NIV, Piel Especial Rojiza (NVI/NIV Bilingual Bible, Bonded Leather Burgundy).The overall look of this Bible was great, and I wish I could have kept it. However, I tried two different copies and each had the same problem. The printing was faint in various places throughout the Bible. In a couple places in each Bible, it was nearly illegible. The customer service person checked the other Bibles in their warehouse and found similar problems. Hopefully this will be resolved in future printing. Would be perfect except for that.
JohnRMarylandAge: 45-54Gender: male5 Stars Out Of 5Perfect for learning new languageNovember 25, 2013JohnRMarylandAge: 45-54Gender: maleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5This review was written for Biblia Bilingüe NVI/NIV, Piel Especial Rojiza (NVI/NIV Bilingual Bible, Bonded Leather Burgundy).I'm finding this bilingual Bible is perfect for helping someone learn English. I gave it as a gift to a young Spanish speaker and they tell me it's really helping them with learning English. I'm sure it works in reverse (learn Spanish), too; I just haven't had a lot of time to spend with my copy yet.
WillieBAge: 35-44Gender: male5 Stars Out Of 5Better than expected, good quality, nice size fontOctober 19, 2012WillieBAge: 35-44Gender: maleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5This review was written for Biblia Bilingüe NVI/NIV, Piel Especial Rojiza (NVI/NIV Bilingual Bible, Bonded Leather Burgundy).Better than expected. Good quality, nice size font and not overly huge to have 2 translations in one. I'll be using this to help me learn Spanish for missions to Spanish speaking countries/areas. I love it! :-)
No NametexasAge: 55-65Gender: male3 Stars Out Of 5it was all rightApril 4, 2012No NametexasAge: 55-65Gender: maleQuality: 3Value: 4Meets Expectations: 5This review was written for Biblia Bilingüe NVI/NIV, Piel Especial Rojiza (NVI/NIV Bilingual Bible, Bonded Leather Burgundy).it was all right. it has both english and spanish in the new international version. it doesn't have anymore in terms of help (concordance, cross reference, maps, etc). the binding is all right. we'll see after a few months/years but for now the binding looks fine. i do like the look and feel of the "imitation leather". overall it was average and i expected to receive what i found in this product. as far as shipping, it was mailed to me in the amt of time promised. the price for this product was great as compared to other venues both on the internet and at a local store.
billLos Angeles, CaliforniaAge: Over 65Gender: male4 Stars Out Of 5size of font make it a hard to read Bible.February 13, 2012billLos Angeles, CaliforniaAge: Over 65Gender: maleQuality: 4Value: 4Meets Expectations: 2The Publisher chose two great NIV translations and did a nice job of parallel printing them. . . . HOWEVER!
This Publisher chose the wrong font and size for this Bible.
The font size AND the font itself make this Bible, NOT reader friendly.
This definitely will simply become a study Bible but I don't think it will be my daily Bible.
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Product Description
C-Clamp, Body Material: Alloy Steel, Duty Rating: Regular Duty, Anvil Shape: V-Grooved, Throat Shape: Standard, Body Color: Black, Max. Opening: 8", Throat Depth: 4-1/2", Clamping Pressure: 6900 lb., Min. Opening: 0", Swivel Pad: Yes, Spindle Finish: Black Oxide, Standards: OSHA Safety Color Standard #1910.144
From the Manufacturer
Drop Forged, Heat Treated Steel Frames, Black Oxide Coated Spindle & Swivel Pad to Resist Corrosion. 8" Capacity x 4-1/2" Throat Depth.


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Gloria and Emilio Estefan Jr. Renew Publishing Deal With Universal
To promote the new worldwide deal, UMPG will release a sampler of songs from the Estefan catalog, including hits by Ricky Martin, Shakira, Jennifer Lopez and Paulina Rubio.
Universal Music Publishing Group has renewed and extended its administration deal with Gloria Estefan and Emilio Estefan Jr. and their various publishing entities, including Estefan Music Publishing and Foreign Imported Production & Publishing. The deal has been extended to include North America, in addition to handling all foreign territories.
As part of the now worldwide deal, UMPG will soon be servicing a CD sampler and e-sampler to various music users to help promote the Estefans' catalog, which features hits from Latin superstars such as Ricky Martin, Shakira, Jennifer Lopez, Thalia, Jon Secada, Paulina Rubio, and Alejandro Fernandez.
UMPG President and CEO David Renzer commented: "Gloria and Emilio are icons who not only have created some of the most enduring hits of the past several decades, but continue to create exciting new music that will become the standards of the future. We are so proud to continue our wonderful working relationship with Gloria and Emilio and staff, and their wonderful publishing catalogues."
Emilio Estefan added: "We couldn't be happier to extend our publishing agreement with UMPG. Their expertise in administering our catalog has proven to be extremely successful for us outside of America and now I am excited to have them represent our catalog in the US & Canada. As the music business continues to evolve I am happy to be working with a company that is always ahead of the curve."
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Frank Ramz' Quite Frankly has finally arrived. Working with Ramz over the past few years has given me a lot of insight into what he's all about, and one of the things that stands out most... Read more »
When you're a professional drummer, why not get a giant head tattoo? Travis Barker already has most of his skin covered, so the giant head tat was the logical next move. The tat was done by... Read more »
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Top Chef: Last Chance Kitchen
Whitney vs. Chuy
- Episode Description
Still smarting from her elimination in front of mentor Hugh Acheson, Whitney would love to get back into the competition. But Chuy also wants to win, and he won't let his affection for Whitney affect his game. The challenge to create a moist burger from exotic lean meat, however, could hurt them both. Unless the short timer gets them first. Challenge: Create the American Classic Burger with Selected Protein
- Cast & Crew
Tom Colicchio
Whitney Otawka
Chuy Valencia
Andrew Curren
Keith Rhodes
- Fan Reviews (0)
- Be the first to write a review!
- Trivia & Quotes
Quotes (1)
(Andrew, Keith and Richie observe the chefs' extensive prep.)
Keith: Leave that sh*$ alone!
Andrew: Yeah.
Keith: So, right now we've got 10 minutes just prepping aïoli, and we've still seen no meat being seasoned or demoed.
Notes (2)
This episode introduced an audience of previous Last Chance Kitchen contestants who would be kept "around to root you on," as Tom told Whitney. All previous chefs involved in LCK were part of subsequent episodes until the finale, interacting with the two competing chefs and critiquing their choices.
This 6:55 minute webisode was available for streaming after the broadcast of Top Chef "Higher Steaks."
- There are no comments yet. Be the first by adding your thoughts above.


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While pretty much everybody agrees that the U.S. tax code is a mess, nobody does anything about it. Oh, politicians talk about doing something, but mainly what they do is make it worse. There's a reason for this. You. You're the reason. People, alas, tend to be greedy and selfish and their attitude toward taxation …
Tag Archive: devil
Aug 16 2013
The devil is in the taxes-My foolproof plan will rescue our society from the sleazy grasp of special-interest politics.
Tags: Apple, business lunch, business lunches, code, Congress, conservative, corporate income tax, corporations, deductions, devil, dishonest, dollar, don't tax me, don't tax you, Donald Kaul, dummy corporations, economic, employ, employmeny, fancy, fix taxes, government, income, income-tax, interest, interests, investment expenses, legislators, liberal, liberals, Lobby, lobbying, lobbyist, middle class, middleclass, money, pay, politicians, run the government, Satan, skyboxes, solve, solved, special interests, subsidize, success, tax, tax code, tax lawyers, tax shelter, tax shelters, tax that fellow behind the tree, tax the poor, tax the rich, taxes, the devil is in the taxes, travel expense, u.s. tax code, us tax, us tax code
Permanent link to this article: http://www.easttexasreview.com/the-devil-is-in-the-taxes-my-foolproof-plan-will-rescue-our-society-from-the-sleazy-grasp-of-special-interest-politics/
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Posted by Josh Katzowitz
Giants WR Hakeem Nicks has impressed this season, becoming Eli Manning's go-to-guy and racking up 51 catches for 653 yards and nine touchdowns – all team-highs. But he's feeling a different kind of spotlight today.
The University of North Carolina sent out a release today noting that Nicks (seen on the right in his old Tar Heels uniform) was one of three former players who allegedly gave $3,330 in improper benefits to his former school.
A passage from the New York Daily News story:
The "impermissible benefits" given by Nicks, the two players, and two others, "includes the estimated value of lodging provided in their homes," the release stated, "some of which was repaid by the involved student-athletes before they or their hosts knew that receipt of the benefits violated NCAA rules."
The benefits also included "gifts of cash and jewelry and impermissible assistance with lodging, travel, transportation and entertainment expenses."
The released added that "Although the investigation remains ongoing, there is no evidence that links (Nicks or the others) to inappropriate relationships with agents, prospective agents or runners."
So, what was Nicks' thinking behind the donation? According to the school's release, the trio "thought they were helping out friends and fellow Tar Heels."
For more NFL news, rumors and analysis, follow @cbssportsnfl on Twitter and subscribe to our RSS Feed .
Blog Entry
Hakeem Nicks involved in UNC mess
Posted on: November 11, 2010 8:47 pm
Category: NFL
Tags: Hakeem Nicks, New York Giants
Since: Dec 2, 2011
Posted on: January 30, 2012 11:12 am
Hakeem Nicks involved in UNC mess
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Since: Dec 2, 2011
Posted on: December 13, 2011 2:00 pm
Hakeem Nicks involved in UNC mess
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Since: Dec 2, 2011
Posted on: December 3, 2011 1:09 am
Hakeem Nicks involved in UNC mess
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Since: Nov 7, 2008
Posted on: November 13, 2010 1:01 pm
Hakeem Nicks involved in UNC mess
They do need to police some of these programs far more strictly than they are, but I think putting a price tag on letting a dude sleep in your house is getting a bit petty. Did they also price out the food he gave him, the cost of the sheets, maybe even a share of the cost of the dog he might have played with? And what if he watched tv, does the NCAA have an algorithm for part of Nicks' DirectTv bill?
Since: Sep 18, 2006
Posted on: November 13, 2010 12:59 pm
Hakeem Nicks involved in UNC mess
Smchap, comments like that definitely show that you have never played a college sport in your life... Not saying they should be paid big $$ ovre their scholarship but it is far from more than enough... I loved playing college football but please don't act like players have some huge advantage over normal students... normal students can study abroad, work interships during the semster, work programs, etc that players can not... Plus with the amount of hard work it takes to play college sports, a normal student couldn't even comprehend how hard it is...
This all comes down to how the NCAA makes billions off of these kids and then goes overboard when an athlete stays over a former teammates house... Or a former teammate treats them to a meal, dinner, etc... Give me a break... There are real issues in the NCAA and this isn't one of them
Since: Oct 1, 2006
Posted on: November 13, 2010 11:56 am
Hakeem Nicks involved in UNC mess
Full scholarship athletes get more than enough from playing football. There is more to it than the education. It's like an internship. Play football and create some incredible social networking ties that non-athletes do not get. If the players are not smart enough to take advantage of this than they will more than likely screw up in life anyways.
Since: Oct 30, 2006
Posted on: November 13, 2010 10:17 am
Hakeem Nicks involved in UNC mess
How about give every player on every Div-1 and II team $1000 per month for the entire year. That should more than cover sneaks, snacks, dates, etc.
Since: Nov 7, 2008
Posted on: November 13, 2010 10:06 am
Hakeem Nicks involved in UNC mess
How about instead of playing up the joke that most of these kids are there for an education, you just get rid of the "student" in student athlete? The NCAA makes billions off of these kids, they should make some money. Make them paid members of the university staff, give em insurance, etc. and tuition waivers like the rest of the university personnel. If they want to go to school, great, go on the school's dime as part of your employment. If they don't, then don't waste their professors time since the player is only there as long as they have to be (1 yr bb, 3 years fb and baseball).
Nicks seems like a guy who just tried to help. No point in vilifying the guy for that.
Since: Sep 3, 2006
Posted on: November 12, 2010 11:36 pm
Hakeem Nicks involved in UNC mess
u can keep ur free education and ill take split of the tickets sales. % of my jersey numbers sales and cut from the 13 million bucks from making bcs game. ncaa is a out dated model. ill pay my 30000 a yr college tuition
Since: Sep 25, 2008
Posted on: November 12, 2010 8:20 pm
Hakeem Nicks involved in UNC mess
Ummm, what the hell? Fair market value of spending the night at someone else's house? The NCAA has truly lost it.


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The interviewed is also referred to as a "source". It is used for getting information from a suspect after a crime scene.
Interviewing is not necessarily to force a confession, but rather to develop sufficient rapport as to prompt the source to disclose valuable information.
US Air Force General Jack L. Rives (Deputy Judge Advocate General) advised a US government task force that many of the extreme methods of interrogation would leave service personnel open to legal sanction in the US and foreign countries.
US officers were previously allowed interrogation techniques classified as torture including:
See also How to Break a Terrorist: Veteran FBI interrogator Jack Cloonan has broken some of al Qaeda's toughest operatives. In this special interview with FP, he shares some of his methods for making a terrorist tell all. Foreign Policy Television (FPTV) video.


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Jesus is Coming Back for His Bride without Spot or Wrinkle
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Post Content
"and heaven can't be meant, since there is no suffering ("fire") there. The Catholic doctrine of purgatory alone explains this passage."
This claim is false. You are equating the word fire with
"But who can endure the day of His coming? And who can stand when He appears? For He is like a refiner's fire and like fullers' soap.
"He will sit as a refiner and a purifier of silver; He will purify the sons of Levi, and purge them as gold and silver, that they may offer to the Lord an offering in righteousness." (Malachi 3: 2-3)
"My son, do not despise the chastening of the Lord, nor be discouraged when you are rebuked by Him; For whom the Lord loves He chastens, and scourges every son whom he receives."(Heb. 12: 6)
"In this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while, if need be, you have been grieved by various trials,
"that the genuineness of your faith, being much more precious than gold that perishes, though it is tested by fire, may be found to praise, honor, and glory ot the revelation of Jesus Christ." (1 Peter: 6-7)
Anonymous Coward 24909996
Another Protestant heresy,
private interpretation of
. The reader gets to decide what every verse
means saying the Holy Spirit guides them. Nonsense, there
are not 30,000 meanings to the Gospel. God gave the
authority to interpret Scripture to the Church. She
canoized Scripture...doesn't it figure? The Bible did
not fall from Heaven complete.
Purgatory is the teaching for 2000 years and before in the
Old Testament, 2 Maccabees. By whose authority do you
declare "fire" does not mean hell or a place of purgation?
Heretical teachihngs, the easy way, "imputation', OSAS, of course you don't understand but do you see we account for all our actions, whether here in this life or over the veil in a final place before Heaven, Purgatory? It use to be
more souls went straight up. The times.
God is perfectly just and perfectly loving.
blessings to you,
Anonymous Coward 20541213
My Bible has many books by different writers......and 1393 pages of Scripture.
Praying for the dead is not mentioned anywhere.
Christ did not instruct this in the Gospels.
It cannot be confirmed anywhere.
These are the thoughts of a single person.
God is not the author of confusion......and important doctrines are confirmed in many different places.....with different writers.....and even over the course of many years.
To be a Catholic....it would be very difficult to sell to people.....without the notion of purgatory......where people can pay money or pray you out a temporary holding area.....after you are dead.
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What Goes Into A SlimJim?
Blue eyed-people at higher risk for alcohol dependency
Destroying America 101: The Blueprint Exists
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Weird Crop Patterns Appear In England (Video)
This Flag Represents The Principle, "Fight For What You Believe In."
This Is The Rebel Flag, "You're Either Free Or You're Not."
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Why the fear after great NBA start?
Updated: October 29, 2010, 4:05 PM ETBy Scoop Jackson | ESPN.com
The read: For Immediate Release, Oct. 27, 2010. TNT has record-setting ratings for NBA season opener. Miami Heat vs. Boston Celtics is most-watched regular-season game ever on cable.
What if LeBron James decided to stay? You know, what if he had not made a drastic decision? What if he had not done "The Decision?" What if he'd decided to just stay in Cleveland? Would the above press release ever have been drafted?
Answer: Hell to the no. Cue Whitney Houston.
Three ...
Read full story
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38 year old man | Rockport, TX, USA | Seeking women 26-40 within 100 miles
Active within 24 hours
Hello. What do you say that stands out from everybody else? We all like laughing. We all want to be happy and find someone who will only drive us cazy sometimes. If I say that I am someone who is respectful, loyal to a fault, fun to be with and knows how to love would you believe it? Hmm...
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing sports , Religion/Spiritual , Travel/Sightseeing , Wine tasting
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I exercise 5 or more times per week.
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A little embarrassed about it but have not read a book for some time now. Do read magazines, news articles on the internet.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
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|6'0" (182cms)
|4'8" (142cms) to 6'0" (182cms)
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|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
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Tampa Bay Homers Past Dodgers
Posted: 06/24/2007 - Dioner Navarro hit a tiebreaking solo homer in the seventh inning as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays beat the L-A Dodgers 4-to-3. It's his first homer since September 4th.
Posted: 06/24/2007 - Dioner Navarro hit a tiebreaking solo homer in the seventh inning as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays beat the L-A Dodgers 4-to-3. It's his first homer since September 4th.
Posted: 06/24/2007 - Freshman Jorge Reyes gave Oregon State another strong pitching performance in the Beavers' 11-to-4 win over North Carolina in Game 1 of the College World Series championship.
Posted: 06/23/2007 - Tony Thomas, Jr. and Bryan Henry earned first team honors, while Buster Posey and Mark Hallberg received third-team accolades.
Posted: 06/23/2007 - O'Dell has posted a 2-0 record with a 0.75 ERA in the FCSL in 2007.
Posted: 06/23/2007 - The South Georgia Peanuts remained perfect at the Charlotte Sports Park this season with a 5-3 win over the Charlotte County Redfish.
Posted: 06/23/2007 - Walter Dix's competition was a bit stiffer than the NCAA Championships in Indiana.
Updated: 06/23/2007 - The four Titans played key roles in the South's late run.
Updated: 06/22/2007 - Jimmy Johnson and Hendrick Teammate Jeff Gordon fail inspections.
Posted: 06/22/2007 - Indoor Archery marks it's debut in Tallahassee this weekend.
Posted: 06/22/2007 - The Biggest Swim Meet in the Area kicks off it's 27th invitational.
Posted: 06/22/2007 - The Thomasville Bombers offer collegiate baseball players an opportunity to play in the summer.
Updated: 06/22/2007 - Swimming is a popular summer activity for many. It's a time to cool off, but some competitive swimmers heat up in the pool as they practice year around to try and come out on top. There is one little girl making a big splash as she tries to rule the pool.
Updated: 06/22/2007 - Some children in Georgia are becoming pretty good golfers thanks to a grant allowing them to learn how to play the game.
Posted: 06/21/2007 - FSU football hall-of-famers, former NFL stars ready for gridiron battle with local 'Joes' at Pros & Joes Celebrity Football Game.
Posted: 06/21/2007 - The Tallahassee Fastpitch Softball Association has taken over Messer Park this Summer... Tons of talent, but few teams are more competitive than a team in grey that has ties to the Garnet & Gold.
Posted: 06/21/2007 - The Seminoles will once again face the best of the best as they try to compete in the ACC.
Posted: 06/21/2007 - Just a year ago, the Bainbridge YMCA Extreme Team competed part-time, now the champions compete year round.
Posted: 06/21/2007 - The Titans might have been eliminated in the first round of the playoffs, but 4 Titans will be in action on Championship Weekend.
Posted: 06/21/2007 - Will a baby slow down Jeff Gordon? We'll find out on Sunday in California.
Updated: 06/21/2007 - On Wednesday Florida Gov. Charlie Crist signed a bill allowing for random steroid testing in three high school sports. Find out what local coaches think of the bill.
Updated: 06/21/2007 - Leon High School Head Crew Coach Dan Newman and team captain James Crowley visited WCTV at Live at 5 to discuss their national title.
Posted: 06/21/2007 - Florida A&M Men's Track announced the signing of South Florida ace middle distance specialist Daquam Lee to a National Letter of Intent this week.
Posted: 06/21/2007 - The South Georgia Peanuts, presented by Security Bank, moved their record to 19-8 on the season with a rain-shortened game against the Bradenton Juice.
Updated: 06/20/2007 - The Noles lose their star player, and now must build a contender for 2008.
Updated: 06/20/2007 - Bowles signed with the Florida State men's tennis team back in November to begin in the 2007-08 season.


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- 152Promote
Art Print
Circular treeby Viviana Gonzalez
Collect your choice of gallery quality Giclée, or fine art prints custom trimmed by hand in a variety of sizes with a white border for framing.
love it!
Thank you, Wendy! ^_^
Fabulous work :)
Lovely design!! : )
Faye Godwin, Thubakabra, thanks so much! ^_^
very nice work, Viviana!
beautiful tree, Viviana!
Klara, Paula, Pame, thanks so much!. ^_^
Thank you, Lars :-)
Excellent! Love the colors!
Thanks so much! ^_^
cool! :)
Thank you :)
Very lovely.
Love it, Viviana.
Rachel, Ann, ephemera, thanks so much! ^_^
Love the colors especially!
Thank you!. :-)
So nice!
Thank you, Eduardo
Gorgeous! Nice details, colors and composition :)
Thanks so much! :-)
I really like your art style!
Thank you! :)
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Furinno HiDUP 360 Degree Tablet Floor Stand
Furinno HiDUP 360 Degree Tablet Floor Stand
Weights & Dimensions
Adjustable Height
Additional Weights & Dimensions
|Product Type: Mounting system
|Application: Floor
|Device Compatibility: iPad; Tablet
|Finish: Silver
|Primary Material: Metal
|Additional Materials: Plastic
|Hardware Material: Aluminum
|Number of Items Included: 1
|Attachment Type: Clamp
|USB Ports Included: No
|Rotatable: Yes
|Speaker Included: No
|Ergonomic: Yes
|Commercial Use: Yes
|Product Care: Do not use strong liquid cleaners
|Country of Manufacture: China
|Assembly Required: Yes
|Installation Required: No
|Additional Parts Required: No
|Product Warranty: 1 Year limited manufacturer's warranty
About the ManufacturerFurinno (Furniture-Innovation) introduces the new trend of RTA (Ready To Assemble) modern furniture to the consumer in the Americas, providing quality and an affordable price. Furinno has grown to be one of the world's largest RTA manufacturers, exporters and suppliers. Focused on innovation, quality and consumer cost, Furinno is a category leader in RTA home office furniture and storage.
Furinno HiDUP 360 Degree Tablet Floor Stand
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OUR SKU # FVD1325HiDUP 360 Degree Tablet Floor Stand is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: IP04


text:
2005 Ford Focus Q&A
2005 Ford Focus Question: Hearing sounds
I hear very slight metal clinging sounds as i'm driving. - seeale
Answer 1
Noises are most difficult to find because you can hear them but not see them. Diagnosing noises over the computer is near impossible. What is needed is much more information to try to narrow down the possibilities. Driving conditions, speed, engine rpm, temperature, road surface, engine temp, and load all have a part in diagnosing. The more information you can give a technician the better they can narrow down the possibilities. - rdude135
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Dicky Palyama
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Dicky Palyama
|Personal information
|March 26, 1978
|Men's Singles
|Highest ranking
|18 (January 21, 2012)
|Current ranking
|46 (March 1, 2012)
|BWF profile
Dicky Palyama (born March 26, 1978 in Gouda) is a male badminton player from the Netherlands.
In 2002 he won the Spanish International Badminton Tournament and in 2003 the Bitburger Open International.
2007 European Cup[edit]
As a part of the BC Amersfoort team Palyama reached the final of the European Cup 2007 held in Amersfoort. Together with Lotte Bruil-Jonathans, Yao Jie, Larisa Griga, Chris Bruil and Eric Pang the final was lost against the team of NL Primorje. In the semi finals they were too strong for CB Rinconada.
|This biographical article relating to Dutch badminton is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
A short arc lamp comprises front and back subassemblies including mating weld rings, whereby the lamp can be assembled and sealed through welding of the weld rings. Each subassembly includes a number of self-aligning components to facilitate assembly and improve alignment accuracy. The metal body of the lamp can have a cooling projection portion, which can be received by a heat sink to remove heat from near the anode. A heat sink also can be formed as part of the metal body. The lamp reflector can be a drop-in reflector, or can be formed as part of the metal body through a process such as metal injection molding. A single strut can be used to position the cathode, which can be part of the sleeve or received by a portion of the sleeve. A trigger electrode can be used to simplify the power supply for the lamp.
1. An arc lamp, comprising:
a sealed beam arc lamp having a cathode, an anode, and a reflector; and
a sleeve portion in the arc lamp containing a window mount and having a single strut with one end thereof being connected to the sleeve portion at a single point and with the other end thereof being unconnected to the sleeve portion and extending into a sealed gaseous atmosphere of the arc lamp, the strut axially and radially aligning one of the anode and cathode.
2. An arc lamp according to
the sleeve portion and single strut are formed from tungsten-copper composite.
3. An arc lamp according to
the sleeve portion and single strut are formed using a MIM process.
4. An arc lamp according to
the strut extends approximately to a center axis of the sleeve portion.
5. An arc lamp according to
the sleeve portion includes cooling fins integrally formed as part of the sleeve portion.
6. An arc lamp according to
the sleeve portion includes cooling fins brazed to the sleeve portion.
7. An arc lamp, comprising:
a sealed beam arc lamp having a cathode, an anode, and a reflector;
a sleeve portion in the arc lamp containing a window mount for the lamp; and
a single strut with one end thereof being received by a slot at a single point of the sleeve portion and with the other end thereof being unconnected to the sleeve portion and extending into a sealed gaseous atmosphere of the arc lamp, the strut axially and radially aligning one of the anode and cathode.
8. An arc lamp according to
cooling fins integrally formed as part of the sleeve portion.
9. An arc lamp according to
cooling fins brazed to the sleeve portion.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/634,561, filed Dec. 9, 2004, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates generally to light sources and particularly to arc lamps and methods of manufacturing such lamps.
Short arc lamps provide intense point sources of light for applications such as medical endoscopes, instrumentation, and video projection. Short arc lamps also are used in industrial endoscopes, such as in the inspection of jet engine interiors. More recent applications have included dental curing systems, as well as color television receiver and movie theater projection systems, such as is described in pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/634,729, entitled "SHORT ARC LAMP LIGHT ENGINE FOR VIDEO PROJECTION," filed Dec. 9, 2004, hereby incorporated herein by reference. A typical short arc lamp comprises an anode and a sharp-tipped cathode positioned along the longitudinal axis of a cylindrical, sealed concave chamber in a ceramic reflector body that contains xenon gas pressurized to several atmospheres. Descriptions of such arc lamps can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,721,465, 6,181,053, and 6,316,867, each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The manufacture of high power xenon arc lamps involves the use of expensive and exotic materials, as well as sophisticated fabrication, welding, and brazing procedures. Reduction in parts count, assembly steps and tooling requirements provides cost savings and improved product reliability and quality.
Exemplary prior art arc lamps are shown in
Problems with arc lamps such as these include the relatively large number of parts needed to manufacture the lamps, which increases manufacture time and cost. Also, it can be difficult to achieve the precision alignment needed for the arc gap dimensions to assure consistent lamp operation in these arc lamps. Additional tooling typically is used for alignment, which increases the time necessary for manufacture and increases the probability of damaging a lamp during manufacture.
Various attempts have been made to reduce the number of parts and improve the lifetimes and efficiencies of these lamps. Attempts were made to reduce the number of welds, such as by brazing pieces together, but the materials and brazing techniques available often did not provide the necessary strength for pressurized operation. The types of materials being used and processes for manufacturing components were varied, but often resulted in designs that could not meet the cost target of the intended applications, due to the high costs of materials such as ceramics. Further, components such as a heat conductive mounting that were fabricated from a ceramic material to facilitate high temperature operation had poor heat conduction properties and did not facilitate heat transfer from the enclosed atmosphere. This limit on the operating temperature placed a constraint on the power at which the lamps could be operated.
There also were many attempts to redesign the reflector in order to keep the reflector cool. A conventional reflector is electroformed, with a heat conductive mounting that is built up by electroplating, then machined to the proper size. Alternatively, the reflector can be brazed to a metal heat conductive mounting then machined. These steps require a significant amount of additional machining and cost. Another approach was to machine the reflector directly into the heat conductive mounting, using a machine such as a precision diamond tool lathe. The reflector then is coated with a material such as silver. This still required a significant amount of machining, and the lathe-produced reflector typically had grooves or surface roughness that did not produce an optical reflector.
Due to the increasingly large numbers of xenon arc lamps being produced and marketed, opportunities to save money on the materials, manufacturing, and/or assembly procedures are constantly being sought. Being the low-cost producer in a market typically translates into a strategic competitive advantage.
Systems and methods in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention can overcome these and other deficiencies in existing short arc lamp assemblies. Arc lamps in accordance with these embodiments can have fewer parts, use less expensive materials, utilize simpler tooling, and require fewer assembly steps than existing short arc lamps. These arc lamps can provide for a better yield, with lower labor costs and optimized automation.
For discussion purposes, arc lamps in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention can be divided into a pair of sub-assemblies, which will be referred to herein as a "front" assembly and a "back" assembly. These lamps then can be constructed by joining the front and back assemblies. In one such arc lamp, an arc is struck between an anode of the back assembly and a cathode of the front assembly in an enclosed atmosphere, typically containing xenon gas. In other embodiments, the anode can be placed in the front assembly and the cathode in the back assembly. It should be understood when the electrodes are discussed herein that the anode and cathode electrodes could be reversed in different embodiments, and that the descriptions given are only meant to be exemplary. Ways of configuring electrodes in order to determine the flow of electrons across the arc gap are well known in the art and will not be discussed in detail herein. The lamp includes a window or other transmissive element for emitting the light generated therein, and typically uses a reflector opposite the window for reflecting light toward the window. A DC power supply can be used to apply a voltage across the gap between the anode and cathode as known in the art.
An exemplary back assembly 300 is shown in
The metal body 304 can have a projection portion 316, or cooling cylinder, at an end opposite the first end. The cooling cylinder in one embodiment has a length of about 0.75 inches and a diameter of about 0.5 inches, the diameter being about twice the diameter of the anode 302. The diameter of the cooling cylinder can be at least 33% of the diameter of the metal body, but less than the diameter of the metal body, such as a diameter that is less than 67% of the diameter of the metal body. The cooling cylinder 316 can include a blind hole 308 for receiving the anode 302. The blind hole can serve as a stop and allow for an easy but precise placement of the anode relative to a central axis of the reflector 306, and can help to position the anode at a proper depth relative to the position of the cathode upon assembly. This can help to minimize the amount of tooling needed to seat the anode. For example, in one embodiment the blind hole has a depth of 0.3 inches, which allows a 0.75-inch long anode to extend approximately 0.45 inches into the gaseous atmosphere. In this example, approximately 40% of the anode is in contact with the blind hole for heat transfer, and about 60% of the anode is exposed to the plasma in the arc lamp. The amount of anode contact with the blind hole in this embodiment can help to ensure that electromagnetic interference generated by the lamp is not present at nominal operating powers. The use of a blind hole instead of a through hole eliminates an evacuation path from the gas interior to the outside environment, such that it is not necessary to seal the hole. The cooling cylinder 316 can have a smaller diameter than the bulk of the metal body 304, allowing a heat sink (not shown) to be attached directly to the metal body near the anode 302. The diameter of the cooling cylinder 316 can be larger than projecting features found in existing lamps, in order to provide a surface area capable of sufficiently conducting heat away from the lamp. The projection also can lessen the distance between the exterior of the metal body 304 and the anode 302, which improves the removal of heat from the anode. This can be important, as most of the heat generated by the arc can be conducted away by the anode during operation.
Due to the high operating temperatures, tungsten often is used for the anode and cathode electrodes. Tungsten can still erode at high power operation, however, and does not provide the amount of thermal conductivity of other materials such as copper. As such, it can be desirable to utilize electrodes that are not made of a single material, but might have regions of different materials. In one embodiment, a tungsten pill is used in a copper anode. The copper provides beneficial thermal conduction for cooling, and the tungsten provides the desired heat resistance. It can be desirable to form the blind hole 308 of a diameter that is large enough to allow the anode 302 to easily be positioned into the blind hole, but small enough that heat can be transferred from the anode into the sides of the blind hole 308. The anode can be brazed into the blind hole with the braze material filling the voids between the body and the electrode, thus ensuring adequate thermal contact therebetween.
In order to facilitate the assembly of the front and back subassemblies, a weld ring 310 can be attached to the first end of the metal body 304. The weld ring can be attached to the metal body by any appropriate attachment process, such as by brazing. Brazing is a process well known in the art and will not be discussed in detail herein. In order to facilitate assembly and to ensure the proper placement of the weld ring 310 relative to the metal body 304, the weld ring can be made to be self-jigging. Particularly, the weld ring 310 can have a lip region 314 that is formed to mate with a recess region 312 of the metal body 304. The weld ring can have a knife edge 318 on one end to facilitate welding of the ring to a mating weld ring as discussed below. The weld ring can have approximate dimensions in one embodiment of 1.7 inches in diameter by 0.2 inches in length. The weld ring can be made of any appropriate material, such as a nickel alloy.
A back assembly 400 in accordance with another embodiment is shown in
The metal body component of the back subassemblies, such as component 304 in
In either of the embodiments shown in
For each back subassembly described with respect to
The dimensions of an exemplary sleeve are on the order of about 1.6 inches in diameter (tapering to about 0.8 inches) and about 0.25 inches in length. As discussed above, the window can be made of any appropriate material capable of transmitting light and surviving at the high operating temperatures, such as sapphire, which also is capable of being joined to the sleeve material by a process such as brazing. A sapphire window can be coated, such as with a dichroic coating to reflect and/or absorb certain bandwidths of light. The sleeve on the front assembly also can provide support and positioning for a cathode 606 of the lamp. The cathode can be any appropriate material, such as is described with respect to the anode above. The positioning of the cathode can be controlled through use of a single strut 608. The strut 608 can have a shape at a receiving end for at least partially surrounding an end of the cathode 606. The cathode can be attached to the strut by any appropriate mechanism, such as by brazing. The single strut 608 can be received by a slot 610 in the sleeve 604, such that a precise positioning of the strut and cathode can be obtained. The strut 608 can be made with a stop or a notch to control the axial position of the cathode 606 with respect to the anode of the back assembly, in order to ensure a proper arc gap distance between the electrodes. The sleeve also can have an additional number of struts extending to support the cathode. Each of the struts can extend to approximately a central axis of the sleeve in one embodiment, forming a half-bar strut that only connects to the sleeve at a single location.
The sleeve 604 can have a circumferential lip 620 that can self-align the sleeve with respect to an insulating spacer 612. An insulating spacer typically is used to electrically isolate the anode and the cathode as known in the art, and can be formed from a ceramic material such as aluminum oxide. The insulating spacer can have a cylindrical step, or an outer diameter, that is designed to be received by the circumferential lip 620 of the sleeve 604, such that the insulating spacer and sleeve are maintained in a desired orientation with respect to each other. An exemplary spacer can be about 2.2 inches in diameter. The spacer and sleeve can be joined by any appropriate means, such as by brazing the cylindrical step of the spacer 612 to the circumferential lip 620 of the sleeve 604, or by face brazing the flat region 622 of the sleeve 604 to a mating flat region (not shown) on the spacer. The insulating spacer 612 also can have another cylindrical step 616 positioned on the side opposite the sleeve 604. This step 616 can be shaped to receive a weld ring 614, such as a nickel-iron-cobalt controlled-expansion alloy weld ring described with respect to
The sleeve 604 also can be shaped to receive a second heat sink (not shown) that can be brought into contact with the front assembly in order to remove heat from the area near the window-sleeve and sleeve-insulator interfaces, thus reducing the stress in these joints. The reduction in stress can lower the likelihood of a joint failure during operation at the expected high powers.
The insulating spacer also can have a circular recess 618 shaped to receive the circumferential ridge 418 of a drop-in reflector described with respect to
The arrangement shown in
An alternative embodiment is shown in
Once the front and back subassemblies are finished, the subassemblies can be mated and connected by a process such as TIG welding to form a lamp assembly 1300 as shown in the embodiment of
In order to operate the lamp, it can be desirable to supply a separate trigger electrode capable of applying a trigger voltage to spark the xenon gas. The use of a trigger electrode can provide for a lower cost ignition system, as the ignition transformer does not need carry a high DC lamp current during operation. Further, a trigger electrode can provide for lower power losses (such as resistive losses) in the ignition transformer, which often are in the 2-5% range. The gap between trigger electrode and cathode (or anode) can be smaller than the arc gap between the anode and cathode, allowing for a lower ignition voltage requirement. This lower ignition voltage requirement can ease the design of the ignition system, and can provide an extra safety factor as less isolation is required in the wiring system between the igniter and the lamp assembly. A lower ignition voltage and a smaller ignition transformer allow for faster and easier repeated/pulsed ignition of the lamp, as there is less energy stored in the discharge capacitors. The trigger electrode can be formed of any appropriate material and design, and can utilize a separate power supply (not shown) if needed. The trigger electrode can be used to supply a spark on the order of 5 kV-40 kV in order to ignite the plasma, although a voltage on the order of 20 kV to 30 kV can be more common in present lamps. Trigger electrodes are known in the art and will not be discussed in detail herein. It can be necessary, however, to design the trigger electrode in such a way that the plasma can be ignited but arcing between the electrodes at the trigger can be prevented.
Due to the metal body construction, various lamp embodiments described herein can provide a unique means of controlling the power delivered to the lamp from a DC power supply, and thus the amount of luminous flux emitted from the lamp. A lamp will operate at a certain temperature, depending on the external cooling level (determined by the ambient air temperature and the air speed across the lamp) and the power delivered to the lamp. For a constant cooling level, the temperature of the lamp becomes a sensitive function of the lamp power. In some embodiments, the lamps exhibit a substantially linear operating voltage temperature coefficient, with the operating voltage increasing with an increase in body temperature. Since the function is linear, this effect can be used to predict the operating temperature of the lamp. It therefore is possible to build some "intelligence" into the power supply, such as to determine whether the lamp is operating within optimal conditions or whether the cooling is still adequate. This could be implemented as a safety feature to ensure adequate cooling is applied to the lamp to prevent explosions. Currently, such a determination requires extra components and logic in the system. Using the lamp itself as the temperature sensor also could save the use of a detector and the associated system cost.
A system 1400 in accordance with one embodiment wherein the lamp setup acts as a temperature sensor is shown in
By monitoring the ambient temperature and the cooling applied by the cooling device 1414, the processor 1410 can predict the operating temperature of the lamp 1402 using the power level applied by the power supply 1408 as described above. The control unit 1406 can include a predetermined temperature threshold for the lamp 1402, such that if the predicted temperature approaches or reaches that temperature based on a change of operating voltage, the control unit can direct the cooling device 1414 to increase (or decrease) cooling of the lamp. The control unit also, or alternatively, could direct the power supply 1408 to lower the amount of power applied to the lamp, thereby reducing the operating temperature of the lamp. If the power is lowered, however, the control unit may need to use the information from the intensity sensor 1418 to ensure that the light is still outputting light with an intensity above a predetermined operating intensity level.
Similarly, the lamp operating voltage can be altered by changing the external cooling conditions. For example, the control unit 1406 can direct the cooling device 1414 to increase the amount of cooling, such as by increasing the speed of a cooling fan to increase the speed of air flowing across the lamp and/or heat sink(s). By increasing the amount of cooling, the effective operating voltage of the lamp will be decreased. This is in contrast to ceramic-based reflector lamps, in which the greater thermal insulating properties of ceramic limit the sensitivity of the lamp operating characteristics (voltage and current) to external cooling conditions. This property of metal-based reflector lamps can allow for several useful lamp control schemes when combined with an appropriately configured power supply.
It should be recognized that a number of variations of the above-identified embodiments will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the foregoing description. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited by those specific embodiments and methods of the present invention shown and described herein. Rather, the scope of the invention is to be defined by the following claims and their equivalents.
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text: We stayed here for 3 nights and used it as a base to explore San Sebastian, Pamplona and St Jean De Luz. The room was good even though the ensuite was a little small. The shower was excellent but a shelf to place soap and shampoo would have been much appreciated. A good air-conditioning system added greatly to our comfort.... More