text:
An engine block with one or more anti-friction coated cylinder bores, comprising an oil-attracting coating of grains fused to each other and to the bore wall, the grains comprising agglomerates of solid lubricant particles and hardened, fused particles, the solid lubricant particles being selected from the group consisting of graphite molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, lithium fluoride, and calcium fluoride, the coating having been finish-honed to expose certain margins of the fused particles.
1. An engine block, comprising:
(a) a cast aluminum-based cylinder block having at least one cylinder bore wall; and
(b) an oil-attracting coating of grains fused to each other and to said bore wall, said grains comprising comingled solid lubricant particles and hardened, fused particles, the solid lubricant particles being at least two elements selected from the group consisting of graphite, MoS2, BN, LiF, CaF2, NaF, and WS2, the coating having been finish-honed to expose edges of said hardened, fused particles.
2. A block as in claim 1, in which said bore wall is presented by a cast-in-place liner comprised of the same grains as in element (b).
3. A block as in claim 2, in which said liner and block are each comprised of a similar light metal selected from the group of aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and silicon.
4. A block as in claim 1, in which said bore wall is presented by a metal liner inserted into the cylinder bore of said block with essentially no bore distortion.
5. A block as in claim 1, in which the coating is smoothed to exact roundness of a piston operating therein by action of said piston with essentially zero clearance.
6. A block as in claim 1, in which said coating has a porosity of 2-10, a coefficient of friction at 700� F. of no greater than about 0.03, and a supporting hardness of at least Rc 50 at the hardened lacy network.
This is a Division of application Ser. No. 08/088,014, filed Jul. 6, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,422.
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to the art of fluid lubricated metal wear interfaces or contacts, and more particularly to the use of anti-friction solid film lubricants for such interfaces modified to withstand high unit scraping or bearing loads at high temperatures while functioning with either full or partial wet lubrication.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
The utility of certain solid film lubricants for bearings has been known for some time. U.S. Pat. No. 1,654,509 (1927) discloses use of powder graphite trapped or covered by a metal binder (i.e., iron, aluminum, bronze, tin, lead, babbitt, or copper) to form a thick coating; the metal is heated to at least a thermoplastic condition by melting or arc spraying to bury the graphite. The coating offers limited friction reducing characteristics. Unfortunately, (i) the graphite is not exposed except by significant wear of the metal, thus never realizing significantly lower friction; (ii) the metal is in a molten condition prior to trapping or burying the graphite, causing thermal effects and distortions; and (iii) oxides of the metal serve as the primary lubricant.
The prior art has also appreciated the advantage of thermally spraying (by oxy-fuel) aluminum bronze as a solid film lubricant onto cylinder bore surfaces of an engine as demonstrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,080,056. The lubricating quality of such patented coating at high temperatures is not satisfactory because (i) it lacks compatibility with piston ring materials which usually comprise cast iron, molybdenum coated cast iron, or electroplated hard chromium; and (ii) thermal spraying of the material by oxy-fuel is not desirable because of very heat input necessitating elaborate tooling to dissipate rapidly such heat to avoid distortion of the cooled part.
The author of this invention has previously disclosed certain solid lubricants operable at high temperatures, but designed for either interfacing with ceramics, not metals, and generally at low load applications in the absence of any liquids, or with metals in an oilless environment. One solid film lubricant disclosed comprises graphite and boron nitride in a highly viscous thermoplastic polymer binder spread in a generous volume onto a seal support comprised of nickel and chromium alloy. The formulation was designed to provide a hard coating which softens at the surface under the load, while at or above the operating temperature and while functioning only under dry conditions. Thermoplastic polymer based formulations are unsatisfactory, unless substantially modified, in meeting the needs of a highly loaded engine component, such as a cylinder bore, because the interfacing surfaces are subject to wet lubrication, the unit loads are significantly higher (approaching 500 psi) and the surface temperatures are far higher, causing scraping. Another solid film lubricant disclosed was halide salts or MoS2 (but not as a combination) in a nickel, copper, or cobalt binder; the coating, without modifications, would not be effective in providing a stable and durable anti-friction coating for the walls of an internal combustion cylinder bore, because the formulations were designed to operate under dry conditions and against ceramics (primarily lithium aluminum silicate and magnesium aluminum silicate), and thus the right matrix was not used, nor was the right combination of solid film lubricants used. Particularly significant is the fact that formulations were designed to produce a ceramic compatible oxide (e.g., copper oxide or nickel oxide) through partial oxidation of the metal in the formulation. These systems were also designed to also permit as much as 300-500 microns of wear. Under the present invention, only 5-10 microns of wear is tolerated.
It is an object of this invention to provide a plasma sprayable powder for coating cylinder bores of an internal combustion engine, the powder having agglomerated grains of different solid lubricants, the agglomerates being surrounded by ingredients that are fusable and yet air-hardenable to promote islands of high hardness.
Another object of this invention is to provide a coating composition that economically reduces friction for high temperature applications, particularly along a cylinder bore wall at temperatures above 600� F. when oil lubrication fails or in the presence of oil flooding (while successfully resisting conventional or improved piston ring applied loads).
Another object is to provide a lower cost method of making coated cylinder walls by rapidly applying a coating by plasma spraying at reduced or selected areas of the bore wall while achieving excellent adherence and precise deposition, the method demanding less rough and finish machining of the final bore surface.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a coated aluminum alloy cylinder wall product for an engine that (i) assists in achieving reduced piston system friction and reduced piston blow-by, all resulting in an improved vehicle fuel economy of 2-4% for a gasoline powered vehicle; (ii) reduces hydrocarbon emissions; and (iii) reduce engine vibration by at least 20% at wide-open throttle conditions at moderate speeds (i.e., 1000-3000 rpm).
The invention, in a first aspect, is a thermally sprayable powder (particularly by plasma) for coating surfaces such as cylinder bores of an internal combustion engine. The powder comprises grain size agglomerates of (i) a plurality of solid lubricant particles selected from the group consisting of graphite, MoS2, hexagonal BN, CaF2, LiF, and eutectic mixtures of LiF/CaF2 or LiF/NaF2 ; and (ii) fusable ingredients adjacent the solid lubricant particles, the ingredients being air-hardenable upon friction-promoting-use, and the lubricants and fusable ingredients being agglomerated together by a low melting medium in the grains.
The invention, in a second aspect, comprises a solid lubricant coating system for use with a metal interface subject to high temperatures. The coating system comprises agglomerates of particles forming grains adhered to a metal substrate or interface, said particles being comprised of (i) solid lubricant particles selected from the group consisting of graphite, hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, lithium fluoride, calcium fluoride, and eutectic mixtures of LiF/CaF2 or LiF/NaF2 ; and (ii) steel particles fused together and bounding said solid lubricant particles at least at certain intersections, certain portions of said steel particles being air-hardened to a-high hardness upon exposure of the coating to the interface at high temperatures. It is desirable that the steel particles be of a stainless steel character consisting preferably of 70% iron, 15-24% chromium, and about 8% nickel. The agglomerates preferably comprise by volume: 15-25% solid lubricant particles and 74-84% stainless steel particles. The air-hardened hardness of the steel is about Rc 60, and the coefficient of friction achieved by the coating system is about 0.14 dry and 0.060-0.08 under partially wet lubricated conditions.
Another aspect of this invention is a method of making anti-friction coated surfaces subject to sliding wear. The method comprises: (a) forming grains of agglomerated solid lubricant particles and air-hardenable, fusable ingredients such as steel particles, the particles being agglomerated by a low melting, easily combustible, ash-free binder or medium such as wax; (b) providing a light metal-based component surface; (c) thermally spraying such grains onto said surface in a thickness range of 100-250 microns to form a coating substantially devoid of the binder (the temperature of said thermal spraying eliminating the wax by ash-free combustion); (d) removing at least a portion of the fusable particles by honing to expose edges of such particles; and (e) subjecting the exposed particles to air hardening (i.e., by available interfacing friction resulting from the thermal spray deposition process).
Yet another aspect of this invention is an engine block with one or more anti-friction coated cylinder bores. The block comprises: (a) a cast aluminum based cylinder block having at least one cylinder bore wall; (b) an oil-attracting coating of grains fused to each other and to said bore wall, said grains comprising agglomerates of solid lubricant particles and hardened, fused particles, the solid lubricant particles being selected from the group consisting of graphite molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, lithium fluoride, calcium fluoride, and eutectic mixtures of LiF/CaF2 or LiF/NaF2, the coating having been finishhoned to expose certain margins of the fused particles.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a microscopic section of a coating system embodying the principles of this invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional illustration of a grain of powder in accordance with this invention;
FIG. 3 is a view like FIG. 2, but illustrating an alternative powder grain composition;
FIG. 3a is a further enlarged view of one type of particle forming part of the grain of FIG. 3;
FIG. 3b is a further enlarged view of another type of particle forming part of the grain of FIG. 3;
FIG. 4 is a greatly enlarged schematic illustration of a microscopic section of a freshly deposited plasma sprayed coating;
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the forces that influence coulomb friction;
FIG. 6 is a highly enlarged microscopic view in cross-section of interfacing surfaces showing the irregularities of normal surfaces that affect coulomb friction;
FIG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 6 showing the incorporation of solid films on the interfacing surfaces that affect coulomb friction;
FIG. 8 is a graphical illustration of the onset of plastic flow of surface films as a function of stress and temperature;
FIG. 9 is a graphical illustration of surface energy (hardness) as a function of temperature for surface films;
FIG. 10 is a graphical illustration of the coefficient of friction for block graphite as a function of time;
FIG. 11 is a graphical illustration of the coefficient of friction and also of wear as a function of time for the coating system of this invention tested at the temperature of 500� F.;
FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing schematically the steps involved in the method of making the coated components of this invention;
FIG. 13 is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of a liner in position for being installed in a cylinder block bore and carrying the coatings necessary to this invention;
FIG. 14 is a schematic illustration of the mechanics involved in reciprocating a piston within a cylinder bore showing the travel of the piston rings which promote a loading on the cylinder bore coating system;
FIG. 15 is a view of the coating apparatus for depositing at high temperatures a plasma metallic-based coating on a cylinder bore shown in cross-section; and
FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional illustration of an internal combustion engine containing the product of this invention showing one coated cylinder bore in its environment for reducing the total engine friction, vibration, and fuel consumption for such engine.
To achieve a significant reduction in the coefficient of friction at high temperatures between normally oil-bathed metal contact surfaces, loaded to at least 10 psi, the coating system cannot rely on graphite or any one lubricant by itself, but rather upon a specific combination of solid lubricants entrained in an air-hardenable metallic framework that, when honed to a smooth interfacing surface, will function as wear-resistant, anti-friction bearing surfaces.
As shown in FIG. 1, the inventive system comprises a layer A of powder grains adhered to a metal substrate or wall 10, each grain containing an agglomeration 11 of oil-attracting solid lubricant particles and air-hardenable, fusable ingredients surrounding each of the solid lubricant particles. The oil-attracting solid lubricant particles are selected from the group consisting of graphite, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, calcium difluoride, lithium fluoride, and eutectic mixtures of LiF/CaF2 or LiF/NaF2. The fusable air-hardenable ingredients are preferably a stainless steel consisting of about 4-24% chromium, 6-12% nickel when used, 4-6% manganese when used, 0-4% Al, and the remainder iron. The solid lubricants are stable at 600�-800� F. and give the coating high temperature stability for use in the cylinder bores of internal combustion engines. The grains adhere to the substrate as a result of fusion when the shells 12 of the fusable particles are softened as a result of thermal spraying. The unfused portion 13 of the air-hardenable particles provides an encapsulation in part for the solid lubricant-containing core.
The powder, useful as a raw material in creating the coating system, is comprised of powder grains 14, such as shown in FIG. 2, which are agglomerates 11 of solid lubricant particles 15, here being boron nitride 15a, molybdenum disulfide 15b, graphite 15c, calcium difluoride 15d, and lithium fluoride 15e. Such solid lubricant particles are interspersed with air-hardenable steel particles 16 which are held together by a low melting medium or binder, such as wax, 17. The steel particles are selected from iron alloys containing (i) 8-20% chromium and 1-4% aluminum; (ii) 4-20% chromium, 4-6% Mn, and 6-12% Ni; and (iii) stainless steel having 15-24% Cr, and 8% nickel. The wax binder can be a wax having the following composition: 0.5-2.0% conventional carbowax, gum arabic, and poly vinyl alcohol. The solid lubricant particles preferably have a size in the range of 5-40 microns; the steel particles have a starting average particle size in the range of 20-50 microns. The agglomerated particles (in the wax binder) form grains having a size in the range of 40-55 microns. Such particle and grain size ranges are important because they make possible a flowable powder useful in the thermal spray deposition process. When the size is substantially below 40 microns, the powder will not flow freely; when significantly above 55 microns, stratification of the different particles will occur. The particles of solid lubricant desirably should be in a proportion of 15-25% of each grain with the steel particles being 74-84% by volume, the wax binder constituting less than 4% of the grains. However, the wax binder burns off during thermal spraying.
Alternatively, the metal encapsulation may be provided by hydrometallurgy whereby solid film lubricant particles are suspended in a solution of the easily decomposed salt of the metal at higher temperatures and pressure, the metal deposits on the surface of the particles.
As shown in FIG. 3, the solid lubricant particles 15 may be alternatively encapsulated within a metal shell 18 prior to agglomeration by wax; shell metal or metal alloy is selected from the group consisting of nickel, copper, iron, and cobalt. Such encapsulated particles are created by a prior treatment wherein solid lubricants are placed in a molten bath of the metal and stirred, and then the slurry is comminuted so as to form the encapsulated lubricant particles 20 (FIG. 3a). Similarly, the steel particles 16 may be encapsulated in the same type of shell 18 by a similar process to form a particle 21 (see FIG. 3b). The encapsulated particles then are bound together by the wax 17 to form the grains as previously discussed (see FIG. 3). Other hard particles 19 may be incorporated along with the encapsulated particles. The optional hard particles or encapsulated particles facilitate harder bearing surfaces or silts uniformly distributed throughout the coating. The powder may be made alternatively by spray drying; to this end, a water-based slurry of very fine particles is prepared (the particles are solid lubricants and soft metals (Ni, Co, etc.). The slurry is blended with 0.5-1.5% by weight water soluble organic binder such as gum arabic and/or polyvinyl alcohol or carbowax. The blended slurry is then atomized into a hot circulating air chamber at or about 300� F.
As shown in FIG. 4, the preferred coating, when operatively used, will have a glazed or polished outer surface 60 as a result of engine start-up use and will have edges 61 of the steel particle network 62 exposed as a result of honing to function much like needle bearings within the coating. The coating has a significantly useful porosity 23 which retains fluid oil for additional lubrication.
Friction in an oil-bathed environment will be dependent partly upon fluid friction and the oil film (layers in the fluid sheared at different velocities, commonly referred to as hydrodynamic friction), and, more importantly, dependent on dry or coulomb friction between contacting solid, rigid bodies (also referred to as boundary friction). Dry friction is tangential and opposed to the direction of sliding interengagement. As shown in FIG. 5, there is a visualization of the mechanical action of friction. The weight of a block (or applied load) imposes a normal force N on table C that is spread across several load forces N-1 at each interengaging hump 22 (see FIG. 6). The composite of all the tangential components of the small reaction forces F-1 at each of the interengaged humps 22 is the total friction force F. The humps are the inherent irregularities or asperities in any surface on a microscopic scale. When the interengaging surfaces are in relative motion, the contacts are more nearly along the tops of the humps and therefore the tangential reaction forces will be smaller. When the bodies are at rest, the coefficient of friction will be greater. Friction is influenced by the deformation and tearing of surface irregularities, hardness of the interengaged surfaces, and the presence of surface film such as oxides or oils. As a result, actual friction will be different from idealized perfect contact friction and will depend upon the ratio between shear and yield stresses of the interengaged surfaces. Thus, the presence of a film on each of the interengaging surfaces (see FIG. 7) will serve to change the coefficient of friction depending upon the shear and yield stress capacities of the films and their relative hardness.
Friction is also influenced significantly by temperature because high local temperatures can influence adhesion at the contact points. As shown in FIG. 8, as temperature goes up, the critical stress for slip goes down, exposing more surface to sliding and thereby increasing friction. As shown in FIG. 9, as the temperature approaches melting, the hardness (E) goes down, resulting in galling and scuffing. This is accounted for in the friction equation:
f is proportional to 1/(Ts-T), Ts being the surface temperature and T being the bulk temperature of the sliding part
The influence of temperature is particularly evident on graphite as shown in FIG. 10. The coefficient of friction for block graphite rapidly increases to above 0.4 at 500� F. and above 0.5 at 800� F., and even higher at 1000� F. The coefficient of friction for graphite at 400� F. or lower becomes generally uniform at: below 0.05. Contrast this with the coefficient of friction performance and wear performance of the coating system of this invention represented in FIG. 11. You will note that the coefficient of friction generally uniformly stays below 0.1, and wear is generally uniform at about 0.001"/100 hours at 500� F. (see FIG. 11). The coating for FIG. 11 comprises only particles of graphite, boron nitride, and a thermoset polymer.
At least two different solid lubricant particles must be present in the powder grains. Graphite, when selected, should be present in an amount of 20-70% by weight of the solid lubricants. Graphite, as earlier indicated, is effective as a solid lubricant only up to temperatures around 400� F. and possesses very poor load bearing capability such as that experienced by a piston ring scraping against the graphite itself. Molybdenum disulfide, when selected, should be present in an amount of 20-70% % by weight of the solid lubricants, and, most importantly, is effective in increasing the load bearing capability as well as the temperature of low friction stability of the mixture up to a temperature of at least 580� F., but will break down into molybdenum and sulfur at temperatures in excess of 580� F. in air or nonreducing atmospheres. Molybdenum disulfide reduces friction in the absence of oil or in the presence of oil, and, most importantly, supports loads of at least 10 psi at such high temperatures. Molybdenum disulfide is also an oil attractor and is very useful in this invention. Boron nitride, when selected, should be present in an amount of 5-40% by weight of the solid lubricants, and increases the stability of the mixture up to temperatures as high as 700� F. and concurrently stabilizes the low friction temperature limit for the ingredients of molybdenum disulfide and graphite. Boron nitride is also an effective oil attractor. Calcium difluoride and lithium fluoride are oil attractors, and are stable up to temperatures of 1500� F. and 1200� F., respectively, and resist loads of at least 10 psi. The coating A must be porous, having a pore volume 23 of at least about 2-10%, as shown in FIG. 4. Porosity allows fluid oil to be retained in the pores of the coating as an impregnant during operation of the engine. Such temperature stability is important because typical engine cylinder bore wall will experience, at certain zones thereof and under certain engine operating conditions such as failure of coolant or oil pump), temperatures as high as 700� F. even though the hottest zone of the cylinder bore surface in the combustion chamber, during normal operation, is only about 540� F. The optimum mixture contains all of such solid lubricant ingredients, which will provide for a temperature stability up to temperatures as high as 800� F., load bearing capacities of at least 10 psi, and excellent oil attraction capability. The coefficient of friction for the grains in the deposited condition will be in the range of 0.07-0.08 at room temperature, and a coefficient of friction as low as 0.03 at 700� F.
Method of Making Coated Surfaces
As shown in FIG. 12, the comprehensive method of making coated surfaces such as cylinder bore walls, according to this invention, comprises the series of steps: (a) forming grains of agglomerated particles, the particles including solid lubricants and air-hardenable metals; (b) providing a light metal or light metal alloy surface, the metal being selected from the group of aluminum, magnesium, silicon, and titanium; (c) thermally spraying the agglomerated particles onto the surface, the cylinder surface may be the parent bore surface of a cylinder block; (d) honing the sprayed coating on the surface to a predetermined thickness and smoothness to expose edges of the metallic fused network of the coating as well as smear the solid lubricants across the honed surface; and (e) subjecting the honed coating to frictional use to harden at least some portion of the metallic content of the grains of the coating.
Such method provides several new features that should be mentioned here. Plasma sprayed powder (i) will form a controlled porosity that allows for impregnation of wet oil; (ii) the encapsulated powder grains create asperities in the surface such that, when honed, the edges of the shell metal provide a smaller localized area of hard supporting asperities where boundary layer shear will take place in the smeared solid lubricant thereover to further reduce friction (similar to microgrooving); and (iii) the adherent metal network created as a result of melting only the outer skin of the soft metal shells during plasma spraying.
As shown in FIG. 13, if a liner 14 is used as the surface to be coated, the liner 14 would preferably be constituted of the same material as that of the parent bore surface 15. However, the liner can be any metal that has a higher strength as the metal of the parent bore wall; this is often achieved by making an alloy of the metal used for the parent bore wall. For example, C-355 or C-356 aluminum alloys for the liner are stronger than the 319 aluminum alloy commonly used for aluminum engine blocks. The liner must have, generally, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion characteristics essentially the same as the block. Preferably, only the liner is coated interiorly at 18, as will be described subsequently, and the liner then assembled to the parent bore by either being frozen to about a temperature of -40� F. while maintaining the parent bore at room temperature, or the parent bore may be heated to 270� F. while the liner is retained at room temperature. In either case, a shrink-fit is obtained by placing the liner in such differential temperature condition within the parent bore 15. Preferably, the liner is coated at 17 on its exterior surface 16 with a copper flake epoxy mixture (70-90% copper flake), the epoxy being of the type described for use in coating. The copper flake within such epoxy coating assures not only an extremely solid bond between the liner and the light metal parent bore, but also increases the thermal transfer therebetween on a microscopic scale. The liner may also be cast-in-place when the block or bore wall is being formed; such liner would then be treated as the parent bore surface. In such case, the liner can also be made from the solid film lubricants and air-hardenable metal powder composition and formed into a liner shape by conventional powder metal forming and sintering techniques.
Plasma spraying of a flowable powder is carried out to form an adherent porous layer of powder grains on the bore wall or surface, the powder consisting of particles of solid lubricant selected from the group of graphite, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, calcium difluoride, and lithium fluoride. The flowable powder can be and often is a composite of the solid film lubricant and the soft metal powder produced by spray drying in which a combustible, ash-free, organic binder (such as 1% carbowax) and/or 0.5% gum arabic are used to produce the slurry from which the spray-dried powder is produced. The coating is also subjected to high temperature frictional use to harden at least a portion of the metallic contents of the grains.
It is desirable to not only have powder grains of solid lubricant encased in a soft metal shell, such as nickel, but also powder grains of solid hard metal such as FeCrMn or FeMn. The outer shells of these two different grains will melt and alloy-fuse during plasma spraying to create an even harder alloyed metal network such as FeCrNiMn and FeNiMn.
It may be possible, in some cases, to coat only a segment 25 of the entire cylinder bore surface 15. As shown in FIG. 14, the location of conventional sliding piston rings 26 moves linearly along the bore wall a distance 27. The locus of the piston ring contact with the coating is moved by the crank arm 28 during an angle representing about 60� of crank movement. This distance is about one-third of the full linear movement of the piston rings (between top dead center (TDC) and bottom dead center (BDC)). The distance represents the hot zone of the bore wall where lubrication can vary and the bore wall is most susceptible to drag and piston slap, which is the source of a significant portion of engine friction losses, and also the cause of scuffing of the bore wall in case of wet lubricant failure. The segment 25 would desirably be undercut to receive the thermally sprayed coating in a thickness that fills at least the undercut. Then, on honing simultaneously both the filled undercut and aligned bore wall, a smooth surface for the piston rings is created.
Plasma spraying may be carried out by equipment, as illustrated in FIG. 15, which uses a spray gun 30 having a pair of interior electrodes 30a and 30b that create an arc through which powdered metal and inert gas are introduced to form a plasma. The powder may be introduced through a supply line 31 connected to a slip ring 32 that in turn connects to a powder channel 33 that delivers to the nozzle 34. The plasma heats the powder, being carried therewith, along the shells of the powder only. The gun is carried on an articulating arm 35 which is moved in a combined circular linear movement by a journal 36 carried on an eccentric positioner 37 which in turn is carried on a rotating disc 38 moved by motor 39. The nozzle 34 of the gun is entrained in a fixed swivel journal 40 so that the spray pattern 41 is moved both annularly as well as linearly up and down the bore surface 15 as a result of the articulating motion of the gun.
Variations of the plasma spray coating can be obtained by mixing particles consisting of nickel or cobalt encapsulating solid lubricants along with hard particles such as ferro-chrome or ferro-manganese. The hard particles will produce a very hard matrix deposit due to the interaction alloying with nickel in the hot plasma flame to create intermetallics. This is a very desirable condition for decreased wear without any increase in friction. In such cases, only a very thin upper solid film lubricant coating is needed.
The thickness of the coating should be controlled to about 120-140 microns allowing for the subsequent removal of about 100 microns by honing. Honing should be carried out by conventional honing stones to not affect the chemistry of the coating.
Proper selection of the metallic content of the particles in the powder material will allow for an important feature of this invention, which is the air hardening of a portion of such metallic content to a very hard condition while the other metallic portion resides in situ in the coating itself. To this end, the coating is subjected to high temperature frictional use, such as engine usage itself, whereby combustion gases and the frictional scraping of the piston rings subjects the exposed portions of the coating to heat and pressure that causes hardening to take place within the exposed steel itself. It is the carbon in FeCr and in the solid film lubricant that makes such hardening possible. The hardness conversion can be explained as follows: the fused particle, as it cools through melting and solidifying, will form an air-hardenable steel composition such as Hadfield manganese steel.
Yet another aspect of this invention is the completed product resulting from the practice of the method and use of the chemistry described herein. As shown in FIG. 16, the product is an engine block with at least one anti-friction coated cylinder bore. The product comprises: (a) a cast aluminum alloy based cylinder block having at least one cylinder bore wall; (b) a hard, load-supporting face on the wall; and (c) a mixture adherent on said face, which mixture comprises oil-attracting solid lubricant particles and fused, air-hardened steel particles, the mixture supporting loads of at least 10 psi at temperatures of 600�-800� F. while being stable at such temperatures, the mixture having at least two elements selected from the group consisting of graphite, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride, calcium difluoride, sodium fluoride, tungsten disulfide, and lithium fluoride.
Such product is characterized by a reduction in engine friction resulting from reduction of piston system friction of at least 25% because of the ability to operate the engine with near zero piston/cylinder bore clearance as well as a reduction in mechanical boundary friction. Furthermore, such product provides for reduction in the hydrocarbon emissions from the engine by at least 25% because of the adaptation of the piston ring designs disclosed in concurrently filed patent applications and thereby reduce the top land crevice volume. The blow-by of the engine (combustion gases blowing past the piston rings) is reduced also by 25% because of the near zero clearance combined with the piston ring design just cited. Furthermore, the temperature of the coolant used to maintain proper temperature of the engine can be reduced by 20� F. because a significantly lower viscosity oil can be used with such change. The oil temperature can be reduced by at least 50� F., when coupled with the avoidance of tar deposit formation on the combustion chamber surfaces, and an increase in the compression ratio of the engine by at least one with the attendant improvement in fuel economy and power.
Another significant aspect of the coated block, in accordance with this invention, is the ability for resisting formic acid formation using flex fuels containing methanol. Typically, an engine would have its surfaces degrade at 20,000 miles or greater as a result of the formation of formic acid under a peculiar set of engine conditions with such flex fuels. With the use of the coated bore walls as herein, such resistance to formic acid corrosion is eliminated. Moreover, the coated product obtains greater accuracy of roundness within the cylinder bore as the conventional rings ride thereagainst, contributing to the reduction in blow-by as mentioned earlier.
The coated block plays an important role in the overall operation of engine efficiency. As shown in FIG. 16, the block has an interior cooling jacket 45 along its sides, and cooperates to receive a head 46 containing intake and exhaust passages 47, 48 opened and closed by intake and exhaust valves 49, 50 operated by a valve train 51 actuated by camshafts 52. The combustible gases are ignited by spark ignition 53 located centrally of the combustion chamber 54 to move the piston 55, which in turn actuates a connecting rod 56 to turn a crankshaft 57 rotating within a crank case 58. Oil is drawn from the crank case 58 and splashed within the interior of the block to lubricate and bathe the piston 55 during its reciprocal movement therein. The cooling fluid circulates about the cylinder bore wall to extract heat therefrom, which influences the efficiency of the engine by reducing the heat input into the air/fuel charge during the intake stroke, and thus increases volumetric efficiency as well as power and fuel economy.
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April 2, 2014 | 2:18 pm
Petition Congress: Give shalom a chance! Give diplomacy with Iran a chance!
January 29, 2014 | 11:36 am
Give shalom a chance!
Give diplomacy with Iran a chance!
Dear friends,
That is not just a slogan. We need to act on it, because others are acting against it – trying to torpedo diplomacy. And they might win, unless we act.
If they do win, they will actually make it more...
Obama, Netanyahu discuss Iran, Middle East talks by phone
October 29, 2013 | 11:11 am
President Barack Obama and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu spoke by phone on Monday and discussed recent developments on Iran, Israeli-Palestinian negotiations, and other regional issues, the White House said on Monday.
"The two leaders agreed to continue their close coordination on a range of security issues," the White House said.
Reporting by Roberta Rampton; editing by Christopher Wilson
Lew: Sanctions relief may be 'proportionate'
October 21, 2013 | 11:54 am
Freshman congressmen call on Obama to enforce Iran sanctions
October 8, 2013 | 9:47 am
Netanyahu warns: If necessary, Israel will stop Iran on its own
October 1, 2013 | 10:14 am
After U.N. speeches, Israel strikes wary tone on Iran
September 25, 2013 | 9:42 am
No 'half measures': Bibi's video message to Iran
September 24, 2013 | 5:31 pm
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu threw down the gauntlet on Iran in a video message for the opening of the U.N. General Assembly.
"Israel will welcome a genuine diplomatic solution that truly dismantles Iran's capacity to develop nuclear weapons, but we will not be fooled by half measures that merely provide a smokescreen for Iran's continued pursuit of nuclear weapons and the world will not be fooled either," Netanyahu said in the video.
Netanyahu: Talking with Iran must result in dismantled nukes
September 24, 2013 | 3:04 pm
The cost of doing nothing in Iran
September 13, 2013 | 1:59 pm
U.S. names 4 Iranian companies to sanctions list
May 10, 2013 | 9:18 am
Iran, world powers 'far apart' after new nuke talks
April 8, 2013 | 9:11 am
Remarks by Vice President Joe Biden to the AIPAC Policy Conference [FULL TEXT]
March 4, 2013 | 10:51 am
Iranian Guards commander killed in Syria
February 14, 2013 | 1:01 pm
U.N. nuclear inspection team to visit Tehran
December 13, 2012 | 11:14 am
Iranian nuclear challenge must be tackled in 2013, Netanyahu says
December 10, 2012 | 4:45 pm
Ross, Abrams and Jeffrey see strike by '14 if Iran does not comply
December 10, 2012 | 1:59 pm
Do Iran sanctions work?
March 12, 2012 | 4:01 pm
Russia to Israel: Attacking Iran would be 'catastrophic'
February 22, 2012 | 8:04 am
Opinion: History lessons
January 18, 2012 | 10:58 am
Dennis Ross: US and Israel mostly in agreement on Iranian threat
December 15, 2011 | 1:28 pm
U.S. official says no sign Iran shot down drone
December 4, 2011 | 5:24 pm
Iranian media reported on Sunday that their country's military had shot down a U.S. reconnaissance drone in eastern Iran, but a U.S. official said there was no indication the aircraft had been shot down.
NATO's U.S.-led mission in neighboring Afghanistan said the Iranian report...
Iran: Explosion occurred during research on weapons that could strike Israel
November 16, 2011 | 9:06 am
Iran assisting Syria in crackdown, according to U.S. intelligence
April 14, 2011 | 11:13 am
Iran reportedly is providing material assistance to the Syrian government in its effort to quell protests.
The Wall Street Journal on Thursday quoted Obama administration officials as saying that they have intelligence showing that Iran is providing the Assad regime in Syria with...

subset: commoncrawl


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Good Products - Recommendations And Product Reviews
Want to find some good products?
The most interesting and innovative products selected by the writers of InventorSpot as products worth highlighting or recommending to our readers are featured here. Product reviews of some of the good and bad stuff for sale on the market are also covered.
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- 5 Best Vacuums For Pet Owners
- 5 Best Slow Cookers That Are Better Than All The Rest
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- Top 10 Best New Spy Cameras For The Sneaky Surveillance Enthusiast
Subscribe here for our latest articles on "Good Products - Recommendations and Product Reviews".
Hang Out In The Mosquito Free Hammock Bliss And Don't Worry About Bugsby Samantha Pankey
Hammocks are perfect for relaxing. Perfect for napping. Perfect for lounging with a good book. Perfect for enjoying a nice spring day. However, they're not perfect for keeping bugs out of your face...unless you have the Mosquito Free Hammock Bliss.
The Night Riderz Lighted Zipline Is A Backyard Sensationby Samantha Pankey
If you have adventurous kids, or if you're a kid at heart, I bet your backyard is full of fun toys and hideouts. Maybe you're looking for something fun and new. The Night Riderz Lighted Zipline would make a great addition to an adventurous family's backyard.
Top 5 Products To Help Your Training Recoveryby Samantha Pankey
Training for any athletic event or sport or just following a fitness routine requires commitment and work, and often it means sore muscles. That's why athletes and gym-goers alike take measures to help their bodies recover after training. These 5 products will aid in your recovery, so that your muscles aren't as sore and you can train harder more often.
Mimish Storage Beanbag, A Stylish Storage Solutionby Amber Leventry
As small as kids are, they take up a lot of space. Baby equipment is bulky and toddler toys spread throughout the house faster than wildfire. Our kids get older and they keep acquiring stuff. And that stuff is usually anywhere than its designated place, i.e., on the floor. Our children's things can take over the house and leave little room for our own things if we are not careful. Mimish Storage Beanbags solve many of these problems in a fun and stylish way.
Goji Play Turns Your Workout Into A Gameby Samantha Pankey
I have never been a fan of cardio equipment. However, with my training routine, sometimes I have to suck it up and use the bike or treadmill. For those, like me, with cardio-equipment-ADD or those who just can't get motivated to workout, the Goji Play is a dream come true.
With Oozzie Jig, You Can Load Chum Or Scent Straight Into The Jigby Samantha Pankey
If you enjoy fishing, and you're looking for that one lure that will catch any type of fish, you may want to check out the Oozzie Jig. The Oozzie Jig is a one of a kind jig--one in which you can inject chum or oil to attract all species of fish.
Jabra Sport Pulse: Wireless Earbuds With Heart Rate Monitor And Virtual Personal Trainerby Samantha Pankey
Whether you're having trouble staying motivated during your workouts or you want to take your workouts to the next level, the Jabra Sport Pulse Wireless Earbuds offer features that make it easier to stick to your regimen--features like a built in heart rate monitor and a virtual personal trainer.
7 Adult Trikes, From Tame To Game For Anythingby Boomer Babe
How about a trike ride? An adult trike ride. Trikes provide a more relaxing ride than bikes, and if you get a recumbent trike, it's less stressful on your joints and your back than a bike. Either way, the trike's the trip right now.
Top 5 Best Ellipticals Worth Buyingby Samantha Pankey
There are many elliptical machines available in the market and most of them do a decent job of giving you a good workout. But if you are looking to invest in a serious machine packed with great features, I think these 5 ellipticals offer the best combination of features and value. Check them out and see if any of these could suit your fitness needs.
Ricoh WG-M1 Is A Rugged Action Camera Designed For The Outdoorsby Samantha Pankey
Currently GoPro dominates the action camera industry. However, there are alternatives to this big name in capturing a first-hand glimpse of the nail biting action in sports and other activities. The Ricoh WG-M1 is a durable, affordable alternative to the GoPro cameras.


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Bazargan Favorites
Favorite thing: Bazargan is a small village at the border Iran-Turkiye.
We charted a taxi in Tabriz and went there. After 3 hours , watching snow peaks , lunar landscapes , colourful fields , mountains and rocky canyons , we arrived.
Unfortunately there were a misty envolving Ararat and little Ararat at that day (june,2nd.2009) , but anyway we could take good photos.
Fondest memory: ARARAT!!
Instant Answers: Bazargan
Get an instant answer from local experts and frequent travelers


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StupidVideos posted an amusing recorded helicopter's view of of cops chasing down a runaway driver on the freeway. They tried to spin the car a few times, but it didn't work out for a few times.
o/~ spin me round like a record o/~ -- A car chase video clip...Submitted by ant on Sat, 01/15/2005 - 3:59pm. Audio | Funny Videos/Animations | Sight Seeings | Transportation/Travel
Ant's 2 Viral Videos & Ads Picks for 1/15/2005 [Double DOHs]Submitted by ant on Sat, 01/15/2005 - 12:41pm. Funny Videos/Animations | Sight Seeings | Television (TV) Show/Movie
Viral Videos & Ads posted some new TV commercials and advertisements today for download and viewing:
Remember to download them fast before the new videos take over since they are not archived online.
The first 10K digits of "pi" into a music sequence.Submitted by ant on Sat, 01/15/2005 - 12:12am. Audio | Funny Audio | Others
UserFriendly's link of the day is pi10k. This experiment attempts to convert the first 10,000 digits of pi into a musical sequence.
3 Ant's Compfused.com Video (TV Ads/Commercials) Picks of the Day (1/14/2005)Submitted by ant on Fri, 01/14/2005 - 6:41pm. Audio | Funny Videos/Animations | Sight Seeings | Television (TV) Show/Movie
Compfused.com posted some good, encoded TV commercials/advertisements today:
- Think Fast! -- Uh oh, I think she is like in a bad situation.
- To The Airport! -- Monkey drives a car. Dude, I need one of these monkeys! Monkeys are cheap too. ;)
- Payback Time -- A cement truck operator wastes no time exacting his revenge, but...
"Don't Mess With This Little Red Riding Hood"Submitted by ant on Fri, 01/14/2005 - 6:08pm. Art/Design | Funny Pictures | Sight Seeings | Toys
A co-worker sent me a forum thread link with a cool photograph. He quoted it, "Don't Mess With This Little Red Riding Hood". Little
ZDNet's Poll: Cubicle from Hell ContestSubmitted by ant on Fri, 01/14/2005 - 5:50pm. Funny Pictures | Sight Seeings | Work
ZDNet's Cubicle from Hell Contest shows three different photographs of cubicles from hell. You get to vote which one should be the winner.
Video Clip: Cars crashing into cars, people sliding and almost getting run over...Submitted by ant on Fri, 01/14/2005 - 12:20pm. Audio | Funny Videos/Animations | Nature | Sight Seeings
I saw this story and video on KTLA 5 Morning News this morning. I found it crazy and amusing. All4naught, in Blue's News' thread, posted a RealMedia video clip (8.9 MB; downloadable; 1.5 minutes long; RealAlternative Player v1.29 played it just fine). It shows cars crashing into cars, people slipping, sliding, and even almost getting running over from the crazy snow weather.
The duck mate will die after its mate died/got killed...Submitted by ant on Fri, 01/14/2005 - 10:24am.
Now, this was interesting and I didn't know this was a fact. It was also worth putting this blog on AQFL's front page! ;)
I was listening to an audio clip from yesterday's Insight for Living (1/13/2005) on the way home from work (1.75 hours commute!) with my father, and heard Chuck Swindoll sharing a story related to the remarriage sermon (didn't listen to the whole episode since I am not married yet!).
Mac Mini (Hardware): What You Need to KnowSubmitted by ant on Fri, 01/14/2005 - 4:20am. Apple | General Computing | Hardware | Internet/Network | Reading Materials | Technology
MacCentral tells the hardware facts about Apple's new baby from Macworld Expo's show floors, technical discussions, and a few Apple officials.
Worth1000's Doctored Photographs: Ice Dreams 3Submitted by ant on Thu, 01/13/2005 - 11:48pm. Art/Design | Food/Drink | Funny Pictures | Sight Seeings
Worth1000's current contest theme is called "Ice Dreams 3". It is taking images of ice cream in a creative way, either by exaggerating its importance, or by swapping it with other everyday items, or putting it where you'd least expect to find them.
An amusing photograph of the day with a gorilla...Submitted by ant on Thu, 01/13/2005 - 4:31pm. Funny Pictures | Nature | Sight Seeings
See this gorilla that is smoking a cigar, err carrot. ;)
U.S. slaps on the wardriver-busting paint...Submitted by ant on Thu, 01/13/2005 - 3:57pm. Communication | Internet/Network | Reading Materials | Security/Privacy | Technology
Alien8's Broadband Reports wireless security forum thread mentions The Register story on U.S. slapping on the wardriver-busting paint. Security-minded U.S. decorators' supply outfit, Force Field Wireless,
claims to have developed a do it yourself (DIY) solution to the international menace of
marauding geek wardrivers--DefendAir paint "laced with copper and aluminum fibers that form an electromagnetic shield, blocking most radio waves and protecting wireless networks".
Upgrade Planned To "Tron" V2.0 (Movie)Submitted by ant on Thu, 01/13/2005 - 1:49am. News | Reading Materials | Technology | Television (TV) Show/Movie
Dark Horizons and Variety report that there will be a remake of "Tron" movie, the 1982 film about a computer programmer who gets sucked into the world of a computer program.
Hiccup 101 -- A funny short video...Submitted by ant on Thu, 01/13/2005 - 1:13am. Art/Design | Audio | Funny Videos/Animations | Personal | Sight Seeings
User Friendly's link of the day was on Hiccup 101 (audio required). It is a short Quicktime video created by Jessica Sances for her Ringling School of Art and Design project.
A video clip showing what NASA did last summer (2004).Submitted by ant on Wed, 01/12/2005 - 5:38pm. Audio | History | Science | Sight Seeings | Space | Technology
Compfused.com found a streaming QuickTime video (direct link for download -- 9 MB) showing what NASA did last summer in 2004.
Smash Back -- A Flash GameSubmitted by ant on Wed, 01/12/2005 - 5:18pm. Internet/Network | Online Games | Web Games
This Smash Back is a Flash game that combines old Breakout/Arkanoid, Ping Pong, and Tetris games together in 3D.
Sand Art VideosSubmitted by ant on Wed, 01/12/2005 - 5:04pm. Art/Design | Personal | Sight Seeings
Many videos of sand arts on Google Video search.
4/29/2006 8:54 PM PDT: VideoSift has mirrors(?) here and here.
Statistics of Americans eating food that falls on the floor...Submitted by ant on Wed, 01/12/2005 - 4:56pm. Food/Drink | Personal | Reading Materials | Science
According to Yahoo! News story, almost eight in 10 Americans say it isn't safe to eat food dropped on the floor. This is despite the so-called rule that says if it's on the floor for a few seconds it's safe to eat.
Photograph of the Day: That's a big dog house!Submitted by ant on Wed, 01/12/2005 - 4:52pm. Funny Pictures | Nature | Sight Seeings
Yahoo! News has an amusing photograph showing a dog and huge "Dog House".
CameramailSubmitted by ant on Wed, 01/12/2005 - 12:56pm. Funny Pictures | Personal | Sight Seeings | Technology
The Cameramail idea was from the creator while working on a mail-art project for school. He saw a document with an impressive number of odd forms of correspondence between their two addresses in upstate New York. One of the last experiments displayed on their site was a camera attached to a postcard and plastered with stamps. Taking a good idea and running with it, he began to mail cameras to various locations.


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Latest News
Late For Work Permission Slip
Frustrated with all the road construction in La Crosse? Is your boss angry because the congestion is making you late for work? Then print off this handy permission slip and hand it your boss, compliments of WIZM!
LaCrosse Talk
Information about and from LaCrosse Talk
Mark Meier's (Marc Meiner's) "Lifepod"
WI's Do Not Call List or call (866) 966-2255
MN's Do Not Call List or call (800) 921-4110
Federal Do Not Call List or call (888) 382-1222
Kind Ready For Lame-Duck Session Of Congress
Are we in too much of a panic about that 'fiscal cliff'?
Congressman Ron Kind certainly is worried about the need to settle certain spending and tax matters before the start of the new year. But Kind says some solutions can wait a little longer. Democrat Kind says the economic fixes that are needed will be unpopular with people from both parties. Congress goes back into session on Tuesday, for the first time since the election.
Military Suicides On The Rise
Military suicides, particularly with those soldiers in the
Police Say Drunk Driver Rolls Car Off of Interstate Ramp
Among the drunk drivers La Crosse police dealt with this week-end is the
Students Robbed in Myrick Park
Two young guys in La Crosse this week-end were victims of an unusual
Onalaska Community Thanksgiving Set
Onalaska's Community Thanksgiving will be held on Thanksgiving Day from 11am


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To all of our loyal clients and customers, it is with heartfelt sadness to announce that Ryan Presley Salon will be permanently closing its doors on July 31, 2015.
We thank you for your support over the years and wish you all much joy and success. Please contact your stylist or practitioner directly for their future salon's location.
"I am VERY happy with this salon and highly recommend it to anyone." Lara M., from Walnut Creek


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Optimized for highest throughput, highest mean time between failures and
most accurate print gap settings.
The EVG6200∞ Alignment System is optimized for highest throughput, highest mean time between failures and most accurate print gap settings. It accommodates wafers and substrates up to 200 mm, varying in size, shape and thickness. Equipped with EV Group's new NanoAlign Technology, the EVG6200∞ improves competitiveness of full-field lithography by providing the industry´s highest alignment accuracy and resolution at lowest cost of ownership. With full field proximity exposure of very thick resist layers, the EVG6200∞ targets wafer bumping and chip scale packaging markets as well as applications in MEMS, Compound Semiconductor, Power Devices and Nanotechnology.
EV Group gewinnt bei der Kundenzufriedenheitsumfrage von VLSIresearch zum dritten Mal in Folge das "Triple".
EV Group NILPhotonics™ Kompetenzzentrum trifft auf große Nachfrage bei Kunden
weitere News ..
SEMICON West 2015
weitere Events ..
Related Markets
EV Group Strengthens Presence in Middle East
Technische Publikationen
Product Range
EV Group Corporate Video
3D InCites reports on EVG Headquarters expansion and technology developments
EV Group HR Video


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New features for Windows Phone include corner radius support for line connectors in the Diagram control, and series template customization in the Chart control. Enhancements will also be made to the CircularGauge and TreeMap controls.
The default appearance of chart series can be customized.
Tooltips can be displayed and data points can be selected in bitmap series.
Data labels can be customized easily with direct APIs like font style, background, foreground, and more.
Enhancements to tooltip behaviors provide features like initial delaying and displaying for a specific duration.
Corner radius support enables line connectors to be created with rounded corners.
Connector padding allows users to adjust the space between a connector's end point and the object it is connected to, whether it is a node, group, or connection port.
TreeMap control enhancements allow color mapping to be applied to specific groups instead of the entire tree map.
Ranges in the CircularGauge control can be customized with specific start and end widths.
Tick shapes in the circular gauge can be customized as ellipses or triangles.
Four types of needle pointers are available to represent values in circular gauges. Users can choose from rectangle, arrow, triangle, and tapered pointers.
The circular gauge can be displayed as a semicircle or as a quarter circle. The orientation of the gauge can be oriented in eight different directions.


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ASUS P5E64 WS Evolution Workstation Motherboard@ 2008/06/02 read/post comments(0)
InsideHW did so far reviews for a few great motherboards from ASUS and this time in our test lab came ASUS P5E64 WS Evolution. First we have to underline that this exact model ASUS intended for advanced users. Go To Full Article


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Searched for: "insert multiple rows and columns in excel windows"
Content Types
About 14 results for "insert multiple rows and columns in excel windows"
Three ways to return the average age for a group using Excel
Summarizing data is a common task in Excel, and there's usually more than one way to do so. Susan Harkins explains three ways to return averages for multiple groups.
Pro tip: Count duplicates and unique values in Excel
Duplicates aren't bad, but you may need to know how many times a value is repeated or how many unique values are in a data range. Here's how to tackle these tasks in Excel.
Office Q&A: How to unhide columns and use Office 365 on Mac
Not every problem is large in scope. Susan Harkins finds simple solutions for three readers. Find out how to unhide columns and rows, use Office 365 on the Mac, and perform page nu...
How to find duplicates in Excel
You'll need more than one trick up your sleeve to find duplicates in Excel.
How do I... Display multiple values in an Access value list control?
You can populate a list control with an explicit list of values and generally, that list consists of one column, although you can display more. Creating a multi-column value list c...
10 key enhancements in Excel 2007
10 key enhancements in Excel 2007
SolutionBase: Configuring a simple database in MySQL 5.0
Even if you've never used SQL before, MySQL makes setting up a database fairly simple. In this article, Bob Watkins walks you through the procedure necessary to create databases in...
How do I… Integrate mail merge in Microsoft Word with Excel
For a few simple form letters, Microsoft Word's internal address book may be all you need when using the built-in mail merge features. However, the true power of Word's mail merge ...
How do I... Create and format tables in Word 2003?
Take advantage of the table features of Microsoft Word to create more compelling documents.
Extend your .NET application with Excel
A .NET application may be greatly enhanced by providing additional functional via Excel integration. This includes the number-crunching capabilities inherent in Excel, as well as c...


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While the U.S. House of Representatives is on recess this week, Arizona will play host to more than just its own congressional delegation, as House Speaker Boehner will be in the state for a fundraiser.Read More »
Yellow Sheet Report
Feed Subscription
Not too competitive
The Arizona Legislative Latino Caucus today made it clear they believe maintaining districts that are practically guaranteed to send Hispanic lawmakers to the Legislature is more important than creating competitive districts.Read More »
Will he or won't he?
Sources say Napolitano has been quietly making calls back to Arizona, which some are seeing as the early stages of her beginning to lay the groundwork for a Senate run.Read More »
Steer into the skid
At first glance, today's Arizona Cattlemen's Association presser to re-introduce border security policy recommendations into the illegal immigration debate seemed suspiciously well-timed.Read More »
Only in Arizona
Ron Carmichael told our reporter he believes his endorsements from Kyl, Adams, Shadegg and other GOP elected officials ultimately cost him the Republican Party chairman's election on Saturday.Read More »
Adams begins interviews, and a look at the past
Adams has until the end of Monday to make his appointment to the Independent Redistricting Commission, but it is not clear whom he is considering.Read More »
There is no joy in Mudville today
Many Republicans are concerned about Morrissey's ability to do what is required as chairman, especially in the fundraising arena.Read More »
Benson replaces Senseman, raft of other 9th floor changes
Brewer's office announced several staffing changes earlier this evening, including the appointment of Matt Benson as director of communications. Benson replaces Paul Senseman, who is returning to Policy Development Group, where he previously worked as a lobbyist.Read More »
Two out of three for Adams and Pearce
The Arizona Supreme Court has ordered the Commission on Appellate Court Appointments to give Pearce and Adams two new Republican IRC nominees, but didn't declare independent nominee Paul Bender ineligible.Read More »
Second week, first special session
Sources say Brewer is expected to call a special session tomorrow to give her authority to ask the federal government for a waiver from the maintenance of effort requirements imposed on the state by the federal health care overhaul.Read More »


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5305 Limestone Rd
Wilmington, DE 19808-0302
Wilmington, DE 19808-0302
Tel: (302)235-5701
Tutor Time Learning Centers is dedicated to fostering educational development, building self-esteem and sparking imagination in a safe and loving environment.
Whether enrolled in full or part time daycare.
Our experienced teachers focus on meeting your child¡¯s developmental and educational needs by helping him or her advance through each program at his or her own pace.
School Overview
|School Type
|Early Childhood / Day Care
|Grades Offered
|Grades Kindergarten - 1
Student Body
|Total Students
|93 students
|Student Body Type
|Students by Grade
Academics and Faculty
|Total Classroom Teachers
|1 teachers
|Student : Teacher Ratio
National avg.: 13:1
Nearby Schools:
All Schools | High Schools | Elementary Schools | Preschools | Public Schools
Show me:
- School Location Miles Students Grades
WilmingtonLimestone Hills Day School
5671 Ocheltree Ln
Wilmington, DE 19808
(302)239-9041Daycare / Preschool0.1 mi | 44 students | Gr. PK-K
WilmingtonMontessori Academy Of Delware
1 Middleton Dr
Wilmington, DE 19808
(302)235-2554Montessori School (Non-sectarian)0.7 mi | 77 students | Gr. K
NewarkThe Independence School
1300 Paper Mill Road
Newark, DE 19711
(302)239-03320.8 mi | 436 students | Gr. NS-8
NewarkEdu-care Preschool & Daycare
345 Polly Drummond Hill Rd
Newark, DE 19711
(302)453-7326Daycare / Preschool1.8 mi | 102 students | Gr. K-1
WilmingtonWilmington Junior Academy
3001 Millcreek Rd
Wilmington, DE 19808
(302)998-0530(Seventh-Day Adventist)1.9 mi | 65 students | Gr. K-9
School Reviews
Area Statistics
Rental Market Monitor
Recent Articles
Updated May 25, 2015
Sending your child to a foreign language school makes good sense when you have been posted to this country from abroad and in other circumstances as well.
Do you need financial aid? Not sure? Confused by how financial aid works? Here are some answers.
Some applicants can fool you when they interview. Here is some advice on how to prevent that while at the same time keeping the interview process simple and efficient.


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Sponsor Spotlight: Innovative
Innovative is one of Heartland's biggest supporters. From the production of its video spots to…
Innovative is one of Heartland's biggest supporters. From the production of its video spots to…
One of the wonderful aspects of being the official printer of the Heartland Film Festival…
When there's a story about people working in a sweatshop, all of the focus is on the suffering and the inhumanity of their situation. Yet in his Festival Award winning short film writer/director Chin Tangsakulsathaporn is able to show a greater dimension to his two young heroes as they search for hope.
We were honored to be able to talk with Chin about his amazing short film and why he feels inspired to make a film.
One of the most fascinating films of the festival has the most deceivingly simple names. "The Circle" is all about the people who happen to live upon one of the greatest scientific experiments in human history. The Large Hadron Collider races particles around at such an incredible speed in order to recreate the Big Bang, the origins of the universe. This is located 100 miles underground in Europe and director Bram Conjaerts talked to those on the surface to learn what they think of all of this.
We were thrilled to talk to Bram about the focus on the documentary, his history with the Large Hardon Collider and the documentaries that intrigue him.
In just a few minutes, the Festival Award short film "Liquidation" can create discussions that will last for hours. In the film, a young couple are visiting his grandfather before he is punished for his Nazi involvement. There they are faced with a difficult moral decision.
We were able to talk with director Matthias Zuder about the audience reaction to that moral decision, the roles of Nazis in cinema and the humanity of the whole story.
Barzan tells a story that you wish didn't have to be true. Sam Malkandi was happily living with his family in Seattle when the government believed that he was connected with al-Qaeda after a footnote in the 9/11 Commission Report. Now with little understanding of how this all happened, his family was torn apart as they desperately try for justice.
Directors Alex Stonehill and Bradley Hutchinson were following this heartbreaking story as it developed and showed the world the results in this Festival Award-winning documentary. We were thrilled that Alex and Bradley were able to talk to us about the tone of this film, the moral difficulties and read at the very bottom of the article to hear about how the family is doing after the movie. (There are spoilers in the answer for the last question that is posted after the showtimes.)
When you look at the average ages of the movie protagonists, there is a miscalculated…
Few films are able to capture the emotional realism of childhood. It's a strange time that rarely fits into the normal structure of a movie, but Hide Your Smiling Faces is able to do something very special. When a death of a peer occurs in a small town, the kids are filled with an overflow of emotions they don't understand. This movie is able to capture a very sympathetic and confusing time with an amazing amount of authority.
We are thrilled to be able to talk with writer/director Daniel Patrick Carbone about working with such young actors, using improvisation, and what first feature films have inspired him.
From the early frames of the movie, it is obvious that Life Inside Out is…
In one of our Festival Award winning films, The Forgotten Kingdom, an aimless boy from Johannesburg travels back to his village in Lesotho when his father passes away. His journey is an incredible cinematic experience as we explore who Atang is and the majesty of Lesotho.
With a film so warm and authentic, it may be surprising to hear that writer/director Andrew Mudge is not from Africa. Andrew talks to us about the first time he traveled to Lesotho, the importance of quiet intensity and the influence of David Lynch.


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WSYR-TV, the Newport Television-owned ABC affiliate in Syracuse, NY, launched its local news broadcasts in HD Jan. 29 using JVC ProHD cameras in its studio and for ENG work. The new cameras were part of a major overhaul for the station that included the construction of a new control room, as well as new sets and a revamped studio lighting system.
The station maintains a full schedule of live news and local programming, including six hours on weekdays and two hours of news on Saturday and Sunday. According to chief engineer Craig Riker, the station replaced its aging Philips BTS studio cameras with four JVC GY-HD250Us, three on pedestals and one on a mini jib. The studio cameras are paired with JVC RM-LP25U ProHD local remote units, which are positioned near the technical director in the control room for easy access during a newscast.
In June 2010, the station replaced its tape-based Panasonic DVCPRO camcorders with JVC GY-HM700s in the field. Riker said the shoulder-mount form factor and interchangeable lenses were important features for the station's shooters.
Before the station's move to HD, ENG footage was shot in 720p, edited in HD on a Grass Valley EDIUS NLE and downconverted for air through its Bitcentral Precis news production system. Now, the station maintains a 720p workflow from acquisition through playout. While the station was used to tape, Riker said there are no complaints about the station's new file-based workflow.
WSYR-TV is the second Newport station in upstate New York to broadcast local news in HD. WHAM-TV, the ABC affiliate in Rochester, made the transition in September 2010.
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American Ballet Theatre's JKO School Receives $2 Million Gift
The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (JKO) School at American Ballet Theatre has received a $2 million donation from an anonymous donor to expand the School's training programs, fund operations and establish additional scholarship programs. The donation, announced yesterday by Rachel Moore, CEO of American Ballet Theatre, represents the largest gift made to the JKO School to date.
To increase giving, $1 million will be used to match gifts from other donors through the Friends of JKO Challenge over the next three years, on a 2:1 basis. The Friends of JKO Challenge, which was issued today, will raise needed funds to supplement the training of dancers in the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School.
"This gift will be absolutely transformational for the JKO School, which trains diverse, versatile dancers from across the country and around the world," said Moore. "In just nine years, the JKO School has grown from 11 young dancers to a student body of over 350. This donation is an enormous testament to the School's growth and quality and will enable us to engage the most promising and advanced students with crucial scholarships to make their continued training possible."
The donation of $2 million to the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School will allow American Ballet Theatre to strengthen and broaden its training curriculum through a variety of programs, including, but not limited to:
- Expanded programming for JKO School pre-professional division and Studio Company dancers
- Injury prevention and strength training
- Master classes with guest faculty and noted ABT alumni
- Creation and production of new works by emerging choreographers
- Specialized immersion training in specific styles of choreography
- Tuition-free scholarships, tuition assistance, housing stipends and academic tutoring for eligible JKO School and ABT Summer Intensive students
Funds received will also assist in infrastructure improvements needed to maintain the JKO School's day-to-day operations, including technology enhancements, rehearsal equipment and costuming, additional personnel and physical maintenance of the JKO School facility. In addition, the funds will provide financial assistance for the continued operation of the JKO School's annual exchange program with The Royal Ballet School.
For information on participating in the Friends of JKO Challenge, call the ABT Development office at 212.477.3030, ext. 3241.
Follow American Ballet Theatre on Twitter at http://twitter.com/ABTBallet or on Facebook at http://facebook.com/AmericanBalletTheatre.
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Etheree Gregory Williams
Published: Tuesday, April 5, 2005 at 6:55 a.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, April 5, 2005 at 12:00 a.m.
RALEIGH, NC-- Etheree Gregory Williams, 78, of 3000 Holston Lane, died on Wednesday, March 30, 2005 at Wake Medical Center. Born April 26, 1926, Mrs. Williams was the daughter of the late Archie Gregory and Nora Sims of Spartanburg, SC. She was the widow of the late Arthur Williams, and the mother of one son, William Leon Gregory.
Funeral arrangements by Haywood Funeral Home- Raleigh, NC.
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text:
Delegate.Target Property
.NET Framework 4.6 and 4.5
Gets the class instance on which the current delegate invokes the instance method.
Namespace: System
Assembly: mscorlib (in mscorlib.dll)
.NET FrameworkSupported in: 4.6, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3.0, 2.0, 1.1
.NET Framework Client ProfileSupported in: 4, 3.5 SP1
XNA FrameworkSupported in: 3.0, 2.0
Portable Class LibrarySupported in: Portable Class Library
Supported in: Windows Phone 8.1
Supported in: Windows Phone Silverlight 8.1
Supported in: Windows Phone Silverlight 8
- ReflectionPermission
when invoked late-bound through mechanisms such as Type.InvokeMember. Associated enumeration: ReflectionPermissionFlag.MemberAccess