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Definición de expletive en inglés:
expletiveSaltos de línea: ex|ple¦tive
Pronunciación: /ɪkˈspliːtɪv , ɛk-/
1An oath or swear word: he was greeted by a stream of expletives
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- She let out a long string of oaths and expletives, carefully picking herself up from the floor.
- Instead of a lesson in experimental theatre, they were bombarded with graphic scenes of violence and a non-stop stream of expletives.
- The game remained heated, with the sent-off players voicing their unhappiness on the sidelines and adding to a stream of expletives.
swear word, oath, curse, obscenity, profanity, epithet, imprecation, four-letter word, exclamation; (expletives)bad language, foul language, strong language, swearing
informal dirty word
North American informal cuss word, cuss
2 Grammar A word or phrase used to fill out a sentence or a line of verse without adding to the sense.
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- I think people don't use 'it' for exactly that reason Todd - it's so often an expletive or a dummy pronoun that it would get confusing.
- Finally, both the antecedent of PRO and PRO itself have to be an argument and cannot be an expletive.
filler, fill-in, stopgap, meaningless word/phrase, redundant word/phrase, superfluous word/phrase, unnecessary word/phrase
adjetivoGrammar Volver al principio
(Of a word or phrase) serving to fill out a sentence or line of verse.
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- Icelandic takes the non-referential property of quasi-argumental null subjects as basic, therefore quasi-argumental null subjects in the language can be interpreted as basically expletive.
- 'There' is used as the subject of an existential sentence in standard English while it is used in most other situations in which a 'dummy' or expletive subject is necessary.
- A-positions are not necessarily assigned a theta role: The subject position may be occupied by an expletive element.
late Middle English (as an adjective): from late Latin expletivus, from explere 'fill out', from ex- 'out' + plere 'fill'. The noun sense 'word used merely to fill out a sentence' (early 17th century) was applied specifically to a swear word in the early 19th century.
Definición de expletive en:
- el diccionario Inglés de EE.UU.
- el Sinónimos ingleses
- el Sinónimos de inglés estadounidese
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Palabra del día dinkum
Pronunciación: ˈdɪŋkəm
(of an article or person) genuine, honest, true


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- Liked it. Ate with digiorno
- Saint Julien 1982 2nd grand cru claase 烏梅味 醬紅色
- Chateau Branaire-Ducru Saint Julien 2009
- Light ruby. Soothing nose of truffle, tea, cherry, earth, hint of mineral. Good balance, with taste of meat juice, mushroom, cigar. Short finish with tobacco, cherry smoke.

subset: commoncrawl


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Brandon Kahn
Producer & Director & Editor. And other stuff, but mainly those.
Curriculum Vitae
Showreel - A quick tour through 10 years of work, including fiction, docs and corporate.
Enter the Streets of Myth - Short film / teaser for the kung-fu web series "Streets of Myth".
The Geek Shall Inherit the Earth - 30 second ad for television and cinema
The C64 Orchestra - Short documentary for broadcast on Current TV
LHC (The God Particle) - Short documentary for broadcast on Current TV
"What is Big Table?" - Promotional videos for the web
Motonovo - Collection of animated corporate videos (almost 40!) for the web
"Why Finance Through a Dealership?" - Corporate for the web
"Welcome to Car-Finance.net" - Corporate for the web


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Business Ideas in the News / April 1, 2012
Hard times mean families are coming second according to a study of small business owners.
MYOB has found almost three quarters of small business owners have to sacrifice time with their families in order to work longer hours so their business survives.
It's also found 58 percent have cut back on family holidays.
This may be true for New Zealand entrepreneurs, but is this true for you?
Photo by Theodore Lee
Originally posted by Angela Shupe on April 1, 2012 in News.
Share on Facebook Twitter StumbleUpon


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It's a catch-22 for brands with a social media presence. A new study shows that consumers think companies should have Facebook pages in order to maintain a social presence – but they also don't want those companies to "bug" them. Fifty eight percent of respondents said they felt brand's social media was invasive.
So this obviously puts businesses in a quandry. They must have a presence to compete in the space and even consumers admit that. But if companies misuse their accounts, all good will can be lost.
This is part of why we think building trust and relationships with your fans an consumers is a good place to start. Don't use Facebook as a megaphone but rather use it to reward fans and add value to their social experience. Make sure your posts all resonate with your desired brand voice and fans will know what to expect from you.
The line between being personal and being intrusive can be a subjective one but when companies ate truly trying to benefit their users and fans, everyone wins. Fans will feel valued and rewarded with engaging posts and helpful content, which will provide a much better return to companies in the long run than over-sharing in an attempt to generate traffic or sales.
We have a few ideas how you can do those things well too! Check out our flash sale info graphic, and our post on how to cater to fans correctly.


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My handsome boy enjoying the sunset on our way home.
15 Vanity Plates That Should Not Exist (But We're Glad They Do)
Your vanity plate isn't the great idea it seemed to be at the time. But that doesn't mean it can't be celebrated.
Bunny realizes it's Friday and not Wednesday. Probably. I'm sure that's what's happening. Totally.
I laughed so hard I almost died.
Crazy haired Daniel.
My sweet boy
Sorry had to
oh oh my
Jim from the office???? What?
Dog Watching
Oh my god. Going through old liked posts and Maddie look what I found! LOL
Ryan Gosling in Crazy Stupid Love


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"More About Mount Morris." Manchester College Bulletin [date unknown, probably 1989]
"Souvenir of the Fifty-First Anniversary of 'Old Sandstone.'" [dated 2 September 1896]
"Looking Backward." Life [yearbook]. 1929 edition.
Mt. Morris College, Mt. Morris, Illinois, was founded by the Methodists as Rock River Seminary in 1839. In 1879 it was purchased by the Church of the Brethren and evolved into Mt. Morris College. A fire destroyed Old Sandstone, one of the college's main buildings, on January 15, 1912. After raising money to rebuild, the college began to suffer enrollment and financial problems. By 1931 these problems seemed to be improving, but a catastrophic fire on April 12, 1931, destroyed two buildings and heavily damaged two more. The college was unable to survive, and on May 5, 1932, the decision was made to merge with Manchester College.
Date of Accession: Unknown.
Description prepared 16 April 2003 by Sara L. Smith. Last updated 21 January 2004.


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If you're traveling southbound on I-220 you may want to alter your route.
Crews were working to remove the wreckage of a car that caught fire earlier Saturday evening.
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User Reviews & Ratings - hydroquinone topical
Read user comments about the side effects, benefits, and effectiveness of hydroquinone topical.
Overall User Ratings7 Total User Reviews
User Reviews
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User Reviews
Reviewer: susan nurse, 55-64 Female on Treatment for 10 years or more (Caregiver)
Ease of Use
Correctly used, hydroquinone is the gold standard in evening out hyperpigmentation. My suggestion to clients is it's used only at night, used every second or third night to avoid erythema and use less often in winter. Used with any % of tretinoin will give a better result.
found this review helpful.
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Ease of Use
found this review helpful.
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Reviewer: myface, 19-24 Female on Treatment for less than 1 month (Patient)
Ease of Use
I've been using 2% hydroquinone cream for the last couple of weeks. At first it seemed to make the uneven discoloration marks on my cheeks more visable and and my skin felt tight, but then I noticed that my skin did start to shed and it slightly evened out. I use this cream called skinlite.
found this review helpful.
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Reviewer: Smiley, 45-54 Female on Treatment for less than 1 month (Patient)
Ease of Use
All hyperpigmented area were gone withen a week!
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without your permission.
We will send you an email with an invite soon.
RT @JudySmith_: Still do not TRUST jake! #AskScandal #Scandal #Truth
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Aaron Stoquert
Aaron Stoquert is a New York City folk artist performing songs about zombies and the emotions they might feel – a perspective of the undead and the world around them.
His debut EP release, "Run For Your Life," has all five tracks voted in the Top 10 Best Zombie Songs on the Internet from ZombiEpoch.com. The music video for the song "Soft Skin" has been voted the #1 Best Zombie Music Video on the Internet also from ZombiEpoch.com.
Songs from "Run For Your Life" can be heard as the official theme music for Zombie Science 1Z (a traveling comedic lecture in the U.K. on the real science behind the undead) as well as in episodes of Zombie Go Boom! and The Great Dying. "Run For Your Life" is also featured in issue #8 of Australian horror magazine DECAY.
In October 2011, Stoquert released his first full-length album to critical acclaim, with SCARS magazine heralding it as "an 11-song masterpiece." The album also features "The Front Lines" the official theme song for accomplished U.K. author Sean T. Page's new book "War Against the Walking Dead."
Aaron Stoquert lives in Brooklyn, NY, writing and recording music on a regular basis. Find out more at www.aaronstoquert.com.
"Remaining Days" full-length album
The follow-up to the "Run for Your Life" EP, this full-length album sees singer/songwriter Aaron Stoquert continuing to perform songs about a zombie apocalypse while expanding his musical stylings with the backing of a full band.
Released 4 November 2011 by TwinStar Media
Recorded at Time To Operate Studios, part of Time To Operate Records, Brooklyn NY
Recording sessions: August – October 2011
Mixed by Ryan Dugan
Audio Engineer / Technician Eamonn McKiernan
All music and lyrics written by Aaron Stoquert
Performances by:
Aaron Stoquert – Guitar, Vocals, Piano
Krista Masino – Vocals
Max Campanie – Percussion, Drums
Cody Campanie – Bass
Jim Heffernan – Cello
"When I first heard the music of Aaron Stoquert I was reminded of the first time I listened to Tom Waits and Nick Cave. I was captivated by the haunting melodies that sounded like they were billowing out of the speaker of an old Victrola." –SCARS Magazine
"Run for Your Life" 5-track EP
The debut from singer/songwriter Aaron Stoquert, this EP features songs telling the tale of a zombie apocalypse. "If Johnny Cash were to live through a zombie uprising, I'd imagine that he would make songs that sound similar to these." (TheGOREScore.com)
Originally released 26 January 2011
Re-released by TwinStar Media 4 November 2011
Recorded at fiveOhfour entertainment, Sherrill, NY
Recordng sessions: January 21st – 25th 2011


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May 23, 2013
By Evan Lockridge
You can expect more traffic on the roadways during the upcoming Memorial Day weekend.
While AAA projects slightly fewer Americans overall will journey 50 miles or more from home during the Memorial Day holiday weekend than last year, due to a decline in air travel, traffic on the roadways is expected to be higher.
Approximately 31.2 million people plan to drive to their destination, an increase of 0.25% from the 31.1 million who drove last year. Almost nine out of 10 holiday travelers will take to the nation's roadways during the Memorial Day weekend, keeping automobile travel in the traditional lead as the dominant mode of holiday travel transportation.
In addition, Inrix, a provider of traffic information and driver services, is predicting holiday traffic will increase an average of 4% over last year. It says the trend is consistent with data drawn from a report released last month showing traffic congestion back on the rise in 62 of the top 100 U.S. cities after two years of declines.
While not as intense as a typical Friday, this Friday afternoon rush hour period will start much earlier with traffic building as early as 1 p.m. and traffic congestion peaking 1-2 hours earlier than normal.
The Monday return trip is expected to be lighter than the Friday getaway, with INRIX's analysis showing the busiest time to be on the roads will be between 2 p.m. and 4 p.m.
The Memorial Day holiday travel period is defined as Thursday, May 23 to Monday, May 27.
We offer e-newsletters that deliver targeted news and information for the entire fleet industry.
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Access Italy
Tutor: This common English word is perfect doublespeak for these Orwellian times. When the sign says you are entering a Tutor zone, slow down. What Tutor does is calculate your average speed from the warning point to an end point. Should you reach the end point earlier than the speed limit would have allowed, guess what? You just got tagged.
AutoVelox: This warning announces hidden cameras along the next few miles. You may be tempted to follow some local driver speeding and crawling at inexplicable intervals, assuming they know where the clocking cameras are. He doesn't. Camera positions are changed often and the car you are following just has engine trouble. Keep it safe. If you don't exceed the speed limit by more than 10 kms per hour the camera should let you slide by. These cameras are well disguised to look like birdhouses, utility boxes, a bunch of bolts, signs and street lights. Concentrate on the speedometer and don't even try to guess their whereabouts.
ZTL: This is the worst and most common infraction committed by foreigners. ZTL means limited traffic zone. Replace the word limited with restricted and you begin to get the picture. ZTLs are present in most historical city centers throughout Italy. Unlike the highways where everything is clearly marked, you have to look for ZTL signs. The sign is a red letter O on a white background, much like a do not enter sign. They are usually small and placed at intersections above or near traffic lights where you may turn in another direction to avoid crossing that ZTL checkpoint.
Once have you crossed it, even for a second, it's too late. Your picture was automatically taken. Your license plate was crosschecked against a database of sanctioned vehicles and you will be fined. ZTL cameras are only aimed at those entering restricted zones. At this point you might as well fully enjoy your crime and cruise around the restricted zone for the rest of your vacation. Just be careful not to unintentionally go back out and in again.
ZTL signs in some cities also display the days and hours when restrictions apply. For instance, you may be able to drive within ZTL areas at night or during certain hours on Sundays. The purpose of the ZTL was to cut down on congestion and pollution so ancient city centers could breathe a bit of fresh air in the hope of surviving a few more centuries. Today, cars allowed within a ZTL include residents, businesses, businesses doing business with businesses, public transit, taxis, municipal employees, utility companies, politicians, diplomats and people with pull. Gee, that seems like everybody. No wonder you got tagged. You thought you were just following a long traffic jam. Could someone please pass the David an oxygen mask?
If your hotel happens to be in a ZTL you may be in luck. Provided you inform the hotel ahead of time. If they are in a ZTL they may issue you a permit for your temporary stay. This allows you to go in and out of the ZTL at leisure. Contact the hotel well ahead of your stay. Some hotels have only a limited amount of passes. Each city has its own rules on how hotels may apply for their guests. So be sure check ahead.
For the rest of us who are not sleeping by the Trevi Fountain and do not have a cousin in the mayor's office, don't despair. This nifty ZTL site gives some information on restricted areas in most Italian cities. Again, the site is in Italian. City names are on the right hand side and in the case of Rome, Perugia and a few others it does display an actual google map with the various checkpoints. Finally, municipalities are not completely insane. You can reach most areas of any city in Italy such as stadiums, train stations, designated parking areas and major thoroughfares without danger. The next episodes of Fines will continue with Parking & Avoiding Parking Tickets in Italy...
Tags: italy
Driving in Italy
I really enjoyed my driving in Italy. Went from Jesolo near Venice up through the mountains to Corona. Great scenery.
Italy has an excellent network of roads and highways that is one of the most extensive in Europe,which gives excellence for driving.
We are planning to visit Italy next September. We were not planning on driving. This information was helpful. We are now considering renting a car. Thank you!
I have really encountered these signs as I've toured Italy photographing great scenery.
That tutor sign is a brilliant idea. It's good to know what these signs mean for when I go traveling through Italy in the summer.
I'm dying to go to Europe. Italy looks like a great place to visit, and thanks to this post, I know where NOT to drive, or to try to avoid as much as possible.
We were not planning on driving in Italy. This information was very helpful. We are now considering renting a car to be able to see and enjoy more of the country. Thank you!
Thank you will use this info next time I am driving in Italy, this summer coming I hope
Thx. I'll keep that in mind when I go to Italy this summer!
Thank you very much for the information you provided. I appreciate you compiling all these info. I want to go to Europe!!!
First I love Italy... Second, thanks for taking time to discuss this. This is my first time i visit here. I found interesting stuff in your blog. I am looking forward to more. Please keep up the good work.
This hidden cameras is a must for the people's safety....
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Foots Creek - Local Information, Resources & Photos
Foots Creek - Searchable Map, Aerial Photos & Driving Directions
Foots Creek is a community or populated place (Class Code U5) located in Jackson County at latitude 42.4048 and longitude -123.1389. (Foots Creek Panoramio Photos). The elevation is 1,004 feet. Foots Creek appears on the Rogue River U.S. Geological Survey Map. Jackson County is in the Pacific time zone (GMT -8). Observes DST? Yes. Current Time. | Gold Hill, OR ZIP Code Maps | Foots Creek local area photos
Photos of the Foots Creek Local Area
Foots Creek had a population of 0; a land area of 6.07 sq. miles; a water area of 0.01 sq. miles; and a population density of 0.00 people per sq. mile according to the US Census Bureaue estimate of July 1, 2009. Latest Census Estimates for all incorporated places in Oregon.
Jackson County: Cities & Towns | ZIP Codes | Schools | Features (airports, churches, hospitals, etc.)
Foots Creek Local Resources
Foots Creek Arts & Culture
Foots Creek Community Organizations
Foots Creek Data & Demographics
Foots Creek Entertainment - Movies
Foots Creek Environment & Science
Foots Creek Government
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Foots Creek Newcomer Information
Foots Creek Newspapers, Radio & TV
Foots Creek and Greater Oregon Parks & Recreation
Foots Creek Pets & Hobbies
Foots Creek Schools & Education
Foots Creek Social Services
Foots Creek Travel & Tourism


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Peach CobblerBe the first to rate it
Nothing tastes better than homemade Peach Cobbler sprinkled with brown sugar and almonds. Serve with vanilla ice cream for the ultimate treat.
- Yield: 10 servings
- How To:
- Read Reviews
- Write a Review
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- 2 cups all-purpose flour
- 1 tablespoon sugar
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- 6 tablespoons chilled stick margarine, cut into 6 pieces
- 6 tablespoons ice water
- Vegetable cooking spray
- 6 cups sliced peeled peaches (about 3 3/4 pounds)
- 3/4 cup firmly packed brown sugar, divided
- 2 1/2 tablespoons all-purpose flour
- 1 tablespoon vanilla extract
- 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1/4 cup slivered almonds
- 1 egg
- 1 teaspoon water
- 1 tablespoon sugar
- Place the first 3 ingredients in a food processor, and pulse 2 to 3 times. Add margarine pieces, and pulse 10 times or until the mixture resembles coarse meal. With the processor on, slowly add ice water through food chute, processing just until combined (do not form a ball).
- Gently press the flour mixture into a 4-inch circle on heavy-duty plastic wrap, and cover with additional plastic wrap. Roll the dough, still covered, into a 15 x 13-inch rectangle. Place dough in freezer 5 minutes or until plastic wrap can be easily removed. Remove 1 sheet of plastic wrap. Fit dough into a 2-quart baking dish coated with cooking spray, allowing dough to extend over edges of dish; remove top sheet of plastic wrap.
- Combine peaches, 1/2 cup of brown sugar, 2 1/2 tablespoons flour, vanilla, and cinnamon in a large bowl; toss gently. Spoon peach mixture into prepared dish; fold edges of dough over peach mixture (it will only partially cover peaches). Sprinkle remaining 1/4 cup brown sugar over peach mixture; sprinkle with almonds.
- Combine egg and water in a small bowl; stir well. Brush egg mixture over dough, and sprinkle with 1 tablespoon sugar. Bake at 375° for 45 minutes or until filling is bubbly and crust is lightly browned. Let stand 30 minutes before serving.
June 1995
Nutritional Information
- Calories: 302
- Calories from fat: 27%
- Fat: 9.2g
- Saturated fat: 1.6g
- Monounsaturated fat: 4.3g
- Polyunsaturated fat: 2.7g
- Protein: 4.5g
- Carbohydrate: 51.5g
- Fiber: 2.8g
- Cholesterol: 11mg
- Iron: 1.9mg
- Sodium: 149mg
- Calcium: 39mg


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Cart (0) Account Newsletter Contact
866-539-4278866-539-4278 - Shipping - Returns
There are no reviews yet for this product - Be The First!
You are given 9 "building complexes" and 1 water tower. Your objective is to lay them all into a City Block. You must start with the water tower in any of the 13 holes that are in the base. Now see if you can fit the rest of the buildings in place. If you are successful, try it with the water tower in a different starting point. Keep going and see if you can find all 13 possibilities! A fun and attractive puzzle that is quite challenging regardless of where you start the watertower. Comes shrink wrapped and also in a protective plastic box. Designer of this puzzle Jean Claude Constantin from France.
Dimensions: 4.6" x 4.6" x 2.75"
Difficulty level: 4 (out of 6)
Click here to watch a video
|Creative Crafthouse
|Product Type
|Brain Teaser
|Item Number
The in store location isn't a puzzle, but a set of coordinates to help you and our staff locate the item in our store. The item might be located in more than one place or could be in an area you don't have access to. If you have any problems locating the item, please ask for assistance and one of our friendly staff will help you.


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Kerala Cavalryan Homes
Удобства Карта Streetview отзывы
VII/401, Neerchal, Ambalavalayal Post Sultan Bathery
Примечание: За содержимое отображаемых фотографий несет ответственность сеть отелей и/или гостиничный объект. Travellerspoint не несет ответственности за содержание и достоверность этих фотографий.
CAVALRYAN Home stay is managed by Mr. Mathew Kutty an Ex-Defense Officer of Indian Army and his wife Mrs.Aleyakutty who take special care of SAFETY AND SECURITY of their guest as a whole and maximum hospitality is the specialty of the aged Couple.
Come and enjoy the nature by living with land of rugged mountains, coffee and tea plantations which would linger in your minds as an unforgettable holiday destination with 'civilized people' in the jungle. Wake up to the birds chirping early morning every day and sleep watching the fireflies that still glitter amidst the trees at night. Be with the nature and enjoy the eco tourism. We offer you a comfortable stay. The suits are well appointed and the very home is located in a choice and serene surrounding which adds to the tranquil dominance. The place overlooks the lovely hills, lush surroundings, grassy expanse fringed with flower beds and various species of trees, falls, lakes and not to mention the exquisite species of birds. They definitely add beauty to the Cav-home as well the nature in Wyanad. Hearty hospitality has always remained one of the most valued traditions of the Kerala culture. A guest visiting a Kerala home is always considered to be a representative of God. You are invited to experience and share the unique hospitality of Cavalryan Home Stay. Cavalryan Home Stay offers peace, privacy and pure relaxation to the guests. Home Stays presents an atmosphere of a home away from your home. There are so many exclusive heritage Home Stays in Kerala. Almost all Home Stays in Kerala are in the midst of coconut palms. Home Stays in Kerala offer a place to relax and dream in with loving care and delicious Kerala food. Our Home-stay CAVALRYAN gives you an opportunity to enjoy nature and homely atmosphere. Traditional home-cooked Kerala foods are the main attraction of Kerala Home Stays.
Tourists from Bangalore/Mysore side:
Bangalore to Mysore on SH 17, From Mysore keep to NH 212 crossing Nanjangud and then Gundalpet. Take Right from Gundalpet. (Going straight will take you to Ooty). You will reach Sultan Bathery, after having crossed the Muthanga check post at just about 10 kms. From Sultan Bathery ask for Kolagappara. At the Kolagappara junction (small junction) take Left. The next town you would reach is Ambalavayal. The Cav Home is exactly 1 kms from the Ambalavayal town.
From Calicut Side:
If you are traveling from Calicut then the direction you would take would be
Calicut > Vythiri > take Left > Kalpetta > Kolagappara > take Right > Ambalavayal 2 km Your CAV Home
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Примечание: За содержимое отображаемых фотографий несет ответственность сеть отелей и/или гостиничный объект. Travellerspoint не несет ответственности за содержание и достоверность этих фотографий.


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5 stars based on 50 Reviews
Servings: 10 to 12 servings
Prep Time: 20 min
Cook Time: 1 hour 30 min
Difficulty: Easy
1/2 cup (1 stick) butter, softened
3 cup sugar
5 eggs
3 cup cake flour
1 cup milk
2 teaspoon lemon extract
vanilla ice cream
berries, for garnish
Special equipment: a 10-inch bundt pan, greased and floured
In a large bowl, using a mixer, combine the butter and sugar until creamy. Add the eggs, 1 at a time, beating well after each addition. Add the flour and milk alternately, beginning and ending with the flour. Stir in the lemon extract. Spoon the batter into the prepared pan.
Place pan in a cold oven and heat oven to 325 degrees F. Bake cake for 1 hour. Increase the temperature to 350 degrees F and bake for 30 minutes more.
*Cook's Note: Do not open the oven door while baking.
Cool the cake in the pan for 10 minutes, and then turn out onto a wire rack to cool.


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Hi Natalie,
I think they are worth having. i love mine i use it all the time. i pop a roast on in the morning on slow and its all done that afternoon, same goes for stews, apricot chicken just about anything.
I've got a Tiffany 5 litre slow cooker, I got it for around $30 from online and its been working hard every since. I believe slow cookers are invaluable for all mothers. I don't brown meat etc prior to cooking but always have perfect results. Even though I live alone, I can freeze meals for later or for distributing those to whom I minister.
I can often get things like lamb necks very cheaply, they have a lot of meat, very little fat and when cooked with veges etc in a slow cooker taste superb for an economical and nutritious meal.


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Proper Music has named Hello Cruel World the Country Album of 2012 in its Best Albums of 2012 list! Hello Cruel World has already made numerous other year-end lists; a few of the highlights are listed here:
AllMusic's Favorite Country Albums of 2012
No Depression's Top 50 Favorite Albums of 2012 (Hello Cruel World at #13)
WFUV's John Platt's Faves of 2012
KDHX's Ed Becker's Top 10 albums of 2012
Engine 145's Top Albums of 2012
Twang Nation's Cream of the Crop 2012
Mando Lines (No Depression) Top 10 from 2012 (at #2)
The Telegraph's (UK) 10 Great Roots albums of 2012
Dutch magazine Heaven's "shortlist" of the Best Albums of 2012 and #3 in the 2012 Listener's Poll
– Sunday Mercury (Birmingham, UK) Top 10 Singer-Songwriter albums "As good as Emmylou Harris' landmark Wrecking Ball and a future classic."
EuroAmericana's 2012 Yearlist (at #7)
Folk Alley's Listener Poll for Favorite Music of 2012
Folk Alley Top Picks by hosts Elena See and Linda Fahey
And finally, Hello Cruel World comes in at #30 for radio airplay on the Americana Music Association's Top 100 Americana albums of 2012! (to see the full list click on Top 100 albums on the right hand side of the site)
Time: 7:00PM
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Phone: 1-800-SEE-OPRY
Price: $29.50 - $69.50
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Special The Grand Ole Opry appearance the night before induction into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame!
Address: 201 5th Ave S
City: Nashville
State: TN
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Phone: 615-460-6556
Price: $250
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Gretchen, along with John Anderson, Paul Craft and Tom Douglas, will be inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame at the 44th Anniversary Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame Dinner & Induction Ceremony on Sunday, October 5th at the Music City Center. The four new inductees will join the 192 existing members of the elite organization.
Tickets for the event are $250 each. Select seating is available to the public and may be purchased (as available) by contacting Executive Director Mark Ford at firstname.lastname@example.com or 615-460-6556.
Time: see Heber Valley Western Music and Cowboy Poetry Gathering website for lineup and stage times
City: Heber City
State: UT
Country: USA
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Tickets on sale now!
Time: see Heber Valley Western Music and Cowboy Poetry Gathering website for lineup and stage times
City: Heber City
State: UT
Country: USA
Phone: 435-654-2352
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Tickets on sale now!
Time: 7:30PM
Address: 302 E. Main Street
City: Sisters
State: OR
Country: USA
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Rare US appearance of Wine, Women & Song! Suzy Bogguss, Matraca Berg & Gretchen Peters – a benefit for the Sisters Schools Foundation
Tickets on sale October 1
Time: 8:00PM
Address: 609 Lafayette Street
City: Nashville
State: TN
Country: USA
Phone: 615-324-1010
Price: $20-25
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Three Women and the Truth – in the round with Mary Gauthier & Eliza Gilkyson!
After a recent Q&A I did for a music blog, someone said to me that if they'd been doing the interview, they'd have asked different questions. I thought it was a fun idea, so I mentioned on social media and in my newsletter that … [MORE]


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Innovative Research Data Publication: three new JISCMRD projects
Arguments in favour of research data sharing stress the need for verification and reproducibility. It is fundamental to the scientific method and to good research practice for other researchers to be able to test the evidence underpinning the hypotheses and interpretations presented in a given scholarly publication.
In recognition of this a number of journals have recommended or mandated that research data be deposited in appropriate data repositories prior to publication. Parallel to this, there are a growing number of initiatives that explicitly link journal articles with the underlying data or that may be characterised as data journals, championing the publication of research data sets with commentary, analysis and visualisation.
Technical, procedural and cultural challenges exist around the use of identifiers, exchange of metadata, effective linking and data citation. There is also a need to establish sustainable partnerships between journals, data centres and research organisations which are necessary to underpin innovative forms of data publication.
Innovative data publications are likely to provide researchers with recognition and reward for making datasets available and thus encourage data to be viewed as a first class research output, for data publication to be considered an essential part of the scholarly process. Likewise, it seems likely that as well as making it easier for researchers to locate and access datasets, linking between publications and supporting data will provide a means for established data centres, or even institutional data repositories to enhance and draw attention to well-curated research outputs.
For partnerships around data publication to become established, there are important questions to be considered:
What policies are required on the behalf of journals' editorial boards to achieve greater levels on data sharing, citation and linkages between publications and datasets?
What partnerships between journals, data centres and research organisations are necessary to establish sustainable solutions, and what business models are appropriate?
How may the costs of long term data archiving be met and appropriately distributed in models that stress the importance of publishing data and linking data sets to published outputs?
- What characterises a suitable repository and what criteria of quality and assurance are necessary of the data archive underpinning such collaborations?
- What, if any, peer review of data is appropriate before publication?
The JISC Managing Research Data Programme 2011-13 has, therefore, funded two projects to design and implement innovative technical models and organisational partnerships to encourage and enable publication of research data. These projects will also explore these questions listed above and thereby shed light on solutions which will enable the greater development of data publication.
PREPARDE: Peer REview for Publication & Accreditation of Research Data in the Earth sciences
PREPARDE will capture the processes and procedures required to publish a scientific dataset, ranging from ingestion into a data repository, through to formal publication in a data journal. It will also address key issues arising in the data publication paradigm, namely, how does one peer-review a dataset, what criteria are needed for a repository to be considered objectively trustworthy, and how can datasets and journal publications be effectively cross-linked for the benefit of the wider research community.
JISC webpage: http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/di_researchmanagement/managingresearchdata/research-data-publication/preparde.aspx
Project website: http://proj.badc.rl.ac.uk/preparde
PRIME: Publisher, Repository and Institutional Metadata Exchange
PRIME will enable the automated exchange of metadata between publishers, subject-based and institutional repositories. A partnership between UCL, the Archaeology Data Service and Ubiquity Press, a campus-based open access publisher located at UCL, PRIME will ensure that each stakeholder has a record of content relevant to them, even when the data itself is held elsewhere.
JISC webpage: http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/di_researchmanagement/managingresearchdata/research-data-publication/prime.aspx
As previously noted, scholarly journals are increasingly recommending or requiring as a condition of publication that research data should be made available in an appropriate repository. A service to collate and summarise journal research data policies would serve the purpose of providing researchers, managers of research data services and other stakeholders with an easy source of reference to understand the requirements and recommendations made by journal editorial board with regard to data sharing. Such a service would provide a useful information and advocacy tool for a variety of stakeholders in this area (including exponents of open data, research data infrastructure providers, institutional managers with responsibilities for research data management etc). It is also likely to provide a helpful incentive for the increasing systematisation and codification of such policies and for their more regular review.
JISC and other stakeholders need to understand precisely what is required in such a service and what business models are available to maintain a sustainable service, including a consideration of sources of funding and cost recovery.
The third project funded by the JISC Managing Research Data Programme in the area of data publication is feasibility study for a service to collate and summarise journal data policies, which will consider requirements and present possible business models.
JoRD: Journal Research Data Policy Bank
The Journal Research Data Policy Bank (JoRD) project will conduct a feasibility study into the scope and shape of a sustainable service to collate and summarise journal policies on Research Data. The aim of this service will be to provide researchers, managers of research data and other stakeholders with an easy source of reference to understand and comply with Research Data policies.
JISC webpage: http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/di_researchmanagement/managingresearchdata/research-data-publication/jord.aspx
Project website: http://crc.nottingham.ac.uk/projects/jord.php
Pulling it all Together: Research Data Projects at OR2012 (Part 2…)
Continuing a series of posts on research data issues at OR2012…
Another theme over the week, picked up in Peter Burnhill's closing summary, was the important of 'linking research inputs and outputs'. A number of JISC Managing Research Data projects are taking a holistic view, seeking to ensure the joined up exchange of information between research information management systems, institutional repositories and research data archives and catalogues. This was stressed in Cathy Pink's presentation on the Research 360 project. And it was given forceful expression in Sally Rumsey's account of Oxford's Data Management Rollout project and the DataFinder system which will play an important role in 'pulling it all together'.
Sally Rumsey, DaMaRO Project, University of Oxford
Sally's presentation can be downloaded from the OR2012 website; a video of the second research data session is available on the OR2012 YouTube channel.
In her presentation on the DaMaRO project, Sally underlined the need for cross-university, multi-stakeholder approach to addressing the RDM challenge. The DaMaRO project has four components: fostering the adoption of RDM policies and strategies; design and provision of training, support and guidance; technical development and implementation of an RDM infrastructure; and preparation of a business plan for sustainability.
Development of RDM policies, training materials and a strategy and plan for sustainability form overarching activities. The RDM infrastructure itself is to have three components, corresponding to phases in the research data lifecycle:
- Data creation and management of active data: this will be done locally in departments and research groups, taking advantage of the DataStage and VIDaaS platforms as well as other bespoke tools.
- Archival storage and curation: provided centrally, using the DataBank repository, as well as a software store, but also drawing on community, national and international infrastructure (for storage and curation) where this exists.
- Data discovery and dissemination: provided principally by the Oxford DataFinder.
Sally described DataFinder, which is being developed by the DaMaRO Project, as the keystone of Oxford's Research Data Infrastructure. Alternatively, DataFinder could be described as the connective tissue and nerves, linking all the other elements of the RDM infrastructure together. To the researcher DataFinder will provide a catalogue of research data produced by Oxford projects, whether these are internally or externally funded, whether the data is held in the Oxford DataBank or elsewhere. It is a platform for both discovery and dissemination of research outputs and assets. DataFinder provides a mechanism for assigning DOIs to ensure proper identification and encourage appropriate citation. This service will ensure that Oxford can be seen to comply with funder requirements, by interoperating with research management systems to show what data assets have been generated from which grant and whether they are available for further analysis or reuse.
To this end, a three tier metadata approach is envisaged, comprising:
- a minimal mandatory metadata set providing core information (this starts with the DataCite kernel but includes other fields such as location, access terms and conditions and any embargo information).
- a second mandatory layer with 'contextual', administrative information (ideally, much of this will be automatically harvested, or passed on by administrative systems).
- and finally optional metadata (the rich, specific and discipline related information required for reuse).
The Oxford project has currently identified 12 fields for the set of minimal mandatory metadata which will be regarded as the bare minimum to be provided in relation to any research dataset. The contextual metadata will include any information mandated by the funder, for example, the identify of the funder, the name of the project or programme and the grant number or identifier.
There seems to be a growing level of consensus among JISCMRD projects and elsewhere around the broad contours of such a three tier metadata approach. I intend to revisit this in a future post to understand how much alignment there is in the detail of the first two layers of this broadly accepted structure.
Sally stressed repeatedly the size of the task ahead. DaMaRO performs an important role by pulling together a number of previous initiatives. However, it is not realistic to think that this will be a complete RDM service. By project end, in March 2013, Oxford will have a policy and a plan for sustainability; a body of training materials for researchers and research support staff; and two core services run by the Bodleian, DataBank and DataFinder. Significant progress, to be sure, but foundations nonetheless. Sustainability and cost recovery, for example, are significant challenges. It will be necessary, of course, to recover costs against research grants – and Sally urged the need for transparency in this regard, ideally a hypothecated line in grant proposals for RDM infrastructure.
However, it must be recognised that a significant amount of research – producing important data outputs – is conducted at Oxford that is not externally funded. Like many other institutions, Oxford is currently needs to examine very carefully how an infrastructure which provides a service for non-funded projects can be sustained when only partial cost-recovery from funded projects is possible.
The issue of how to fund a research data management infrastructure on a sustainable basis while only relying partially on cost-recovery from grant funded research projects is a matter of concern for all JISCMRD projects and all institutions, including Open Exeter…
'Data is now Mainstream': Research Data Projects at OR2012 (Part 1…)
It has been remarked in a number of places that OR 2012 saw the arrival of research data in the repository world.
In his account of his Edinburgh experience, Peter Sefton observed that we are now talking about Research Data Repositories, not just Institutional Publication Repositories And Angus Whyte has described this as bringing data into the open repository fold. It has also been remarked that research data management can make 'a significant contribution to an institution's research performance', but only if services are based upon robust understanding of researchers' needs.
Using a wordle of #or2012 tweets in his closing summary, Peter Burnhill noted that 'Data is the big arrival. There is a sense in which data is now mainstream.' (See Peter's summary on the OR2012 You Tube Channel). Peter also remarked on the presence of #jiscmrd, the tag for JISC's Managing Research Data programme, in the word cloud! A number of the current JISCMRD projects gave presentations about their work over the week.
None of these observations should be a surprise. Research data has been climbing the agenda, pushed by a variety of imperatives, that are well known. So what was significant in the various presentations on research data issues at OR2012?
Cathy Pink, Research 360 Project, University of Bath
In the DCC workshop, Cathy Pink addressed the questions of why universities should be engaging with research data and in dealing with the 'how' considered important use cases at Bath. The drivers come in large part from funder policies, themselves reflecting public good principles about research integrity and making the most out of research investment – this is well known. At Bath, as elsewhere, these policies coincide with the universities interest in managing better its research activity and outputs more generally. For this reason, as RDM solutions are developed and implemented (the project is evaluating Sakai and DataStage during the project, ePrints and DataBank post project) they must be integrated with the CRIS and publications repository. These relationships are important because of the need to link research inputs to research outputs, publications to research data. As the name suggests, the Bath project aims to ensure that various aspects of research management and research data management are joined up across the lifecycle. This is a sizeable challenge and is well worth taking a look at Cathy's presentation to consider the range of questions that are being considered.
The Research 360 Project has been directly involved the development of Bath's EPSRC Roadmap. Like other institutions, to meet EPSRC's expectations, Bath is developing a catalogue of research data holdings. Cathy stressed that Bath relies particularly heavily on commercial and industrial partnerships – this focus is written into the universities charter – and therefore the challenge of managing commercial confidentiality is pressing. It is worth stressing plainly: it is precisely because commercial and sensitive data are concerned that the University considers it important to have in place a robust data management infrastructure. Ideally, the data catalogue will list all data assets, even where these are embargoed – but it is possible that commercial partners may require the metadata also to be restricted. Cathy also raised the interesting question of whether DOIs should be assigned to embargoed data. This would depend at least on whether the minimal metadata required by DataCite was considered sensitive or not, but there may be other considerations…
Chris Awre, History DMP Project, University of Hull
Hull has been using the institutional Hydra repository to curate and publish datasets for some time. Inter alia, this includes curating a collection of datasets for the History of Marine Animals Populations (HMAP) initiative. For an international initiative, a collaboration which may rely on a series of project grants, in a research area where there may not be an established and appropriate national and international data archive, an institutional repository thus provides an important service. Moreover, the University of Hull has a particular expertise in various aspects of Maritime History. And this includes expertise in the preparation, collation and other processing of datasets forming part of the HMAP Project. The repository has also curated data from the University's projects around the Domesday Book. This was an AHRC funded project and the data was deposited with the History Data Service. However, the project lead wanted the data to be available to the general public without the need for a login or registration.
With the demise of the AHDS, the History Data Service collection policy has narrowed in scope. In such cases, where international and national (Tier One and Two services) do not exist, institutional repositories clearly have a role to play as a sustainable, trusted repository (see my previous post for arguments around the role of institutional repositories in the curation hierarchy). One can see the attraction for leading departments to develop research and data expertise in parallel, partnering the institutional repository service to ensure that key data assets are published and preserved for the long term, as with these example datasets at Hull. The History DMP project built on this partnership and existing expertise to understand better the data management needs of researchers in the department of history, to prepare a departmental data management plan and an adaptation of the DCC's DMP checklist for the needs of historians.
Cathy and Chris were joined in the DCC workshop by Sally Rumsey from the University of Oxford. Sally gave two presentations during the week at OR2012. In the DCC workshop she asked, what is 'Just Enough Metadata', what is sufficient metadata from the perspective of an institutional repository and data service. Metadata was also an important theme in her presentation in the general Research Data Management session in which she described the JISCMRD Data Management Rollout Project… of which more soon…
Institutional Data Repositories and the Curation Hierarchy: reflections on the DCC-ICPSR workshop at OR2012 and the Royal Society's Science as an Open Enterprise report
At Open Repositories 2012 the Digital Curation Centre and ICPSR (the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research) organised a workshop to consider issues around the roles and responsibilities of institutional data repositories.
Graham Pryor opened the workshop with an overview of the DCC's programme of institutional engagements. The workshop featured three presentations relating to projects in the JISC Managing Research Data Programme and other institutional activities (from Cathy Pink on the progress made by the University of Bath's Research 360 Project; from Sally Rumsey on the work of Oxford's DaMaRO Project to establish a schema for minimal mandatory metadata; and from Chris Awre on the use of Hull's institutional repository for curating research data and the History DMP project): on these, more in a forthcoming post. There were also presentations from Ann Green and Jared Lyle of ICPSR on the results of a survey looking at how institutions might work with national data centres (and in what areas institutional repository managers would seek to develop greater expertise through such relationships) and from Gregg Gordon on SSRN, the Social Science Research Network, which has a growing interest in joining up research data assets as well as articles, pre-prints and grey literature.
Angus Whyte has already written a very useful and comprehensive overview of the workshop. I want to focus here on the relationship between emerging institutional research data services and more established national and international data archives. This theme was central to the workshop and was introduced in Graham Pryor's presentation using the 'Data Pyramid' as described in the Royal Society's Science as an Open Enterprise Report.
The 'Data Pyramid' suggests that currently the management and preservation of research data may be considered as happening in four tiers, forming a hierarchy of increased value and permanence.
The Data Pyramid – a hierarchy of rising value and permanence, taken from the Royal Society's Science as an Open Enterprise report, p.60.
Tier One comprises major international resources such as the Worldwide Protein Data Bank. In Tier Two we find the national data centres such as the UK Data Archive and the British Atmospheric Data Centre. Universities' institutional data repositories and research data services, such as those being piloted in the JISC Managing Research Data programme are found in Tier Three. And in Tier Four come the data collections of individual researchers or research groups: as likely as not these are unsystematically structured and described, reside on temporary storage, shared only with collaborators and not subject to any plan for longer term preservation. Of course, the data pyramid is a useful model, but it does not accurately describe the current state of affairs, largely because Tier Three is underdeveloped (and Tier Four forms a far broader base to the pyramid than any diagram can allow…)
Graham used the data pyramid to ask some searching questions of workshop participants:
- What responsibility should academic institutions have for supporting the data curation needs of their researchers?
- What responsibilities should academic institutions have for curating the data they produce?
- Should academic institutions engage with these questions only where there is no tier 1 or tier 2 service available?
A challenging and provocative way of putting the final question is to ask, as Angus did so neatly in his post, whether universities and other research institutions really want to be 'lenders of last resort', providing 'a home for orphaned data to fill gaps left by national and international disciplinary repositories'?
These are extremely important and pertinent questions and discussions in the workshop were constructive for exploring these issues. Short of proposing precise answers to these questions, what I would like to do here is reconsider the data pyramid and note arguments raised in the Royal Society report as a way of discussing the role, responsibility and purpose of institutional research data services in relation to national and international data archives and collections.
It should be recognised from the start that the curation hierarchy comprising Tiers One-Four should not be considered non-porous and entirely independent. The challenge with which we are faced, in my view, is ensuring that the greatest amount of research data rises up the pyramid to the greatest degree possible and appropriate for the data in question. In particular, this means encouraging potentially valuable and reusable research data to be unlocked from the disaggregated storage and scarcely managed collections that characterises 'Tier Four'. This objective points to the need for collaboration and coordination between institutional, national and international data services in a number of areas:
- to capture, preserve and then bring together dispersed datasets, adding value through discovery, curation and analysis functions when a critical mass is achieved;
- to promote a research culture that encourages the curation and preservation of research data;
- to help develop and cultivate the skills and services which enable these steps to happen.
In the OR2012 workshop, Ann Green and Jared Lyle made similar points neatly. They recalled Chris Rusbridge's argument that digital preservation 'is like a relay race, with different parties taking responsibility for a limited period and then 'passing the baton", in order to show how partnerships between institutions and data centres may be helpful to universities seeking to offer services for the long term preservation of selected research data. Ann and Jared also cited the recommendation from a 2007 report that domain specific archives should partner with institutional repositories 'to provide expertise, tools, guidelines, and best practices to the research communities they serve'. Data centres like the UKDA and BADC are important centres of expertise, with already impressive outreach activities. Nevertheless, anything that can be done to amplify such work and to build up specific partnerships for the propagation of expertise and skills should be encouraged.
Tier Three services in universities have an extremely important role to play in a joined-up research data ecosystem. At present the gulf is cavernous between the relatively small proportion of research data that is preserved in national and international data services (Tier One and Two) and the vast amounts of research data that are of significance and value for verification and reuse, but are effectively lost (in Tier Four).
The Royal Society report recognises this and is unequivocal in its view that institutional research data services (Tier Three) need to be developed and that this is an area of 'particular concern … in the [curation] hierarchy' [Science as an Open Enterprise, p.63]. The reason for this is the crucial role of research institutions in propagating the skills, culture and policies which are necessary to respond to the growing imperative to make the most of research data assets. It is by means of institutional policies and services that research data currently lost and inaccessible in the individual collections that form the base of the data pyramid can be made available and reusable.
Much important data, with considerable reuse potential, is also lost, particularly when researchers retire or move institution. This report suggests that institutions should create and implement strategies designed to avoid this loss. Ideally data that has been selected as having potential value, but for which there is no Tier 1 or Tier 2 database available, and which can no longer be maintained by scientists actively using the data, should be curated at institutional (Tier 3) level. [Science as an Open Enterprise, p.63]
Institutional data services can form an elevator by means of which important data collections may emerge from the temporary and inaccessible storage of Tier 4. The Science as an Open Enterprise report makes the point that coherent, more highly curated datasets, to answer very specific research questions, will emerge from the heterogenous collections of services like the Dryad data repository or institutional data repositories.
Data collections often migrate between the tiers particularly when data from a small community of users become of wider significance and move up the hierarchy or are absorbed by other databases. The catch-all life sciences database, Dryad, acts as a repository for data that needs to be accessible as part of journals' data policies. This has led to large collections in research areas that have no previous repository for data. When a critical mass is reached, groups of researchers sometimes decide to spin out a more highly curated specialised database. [Science as an Open Enterprise, p.62]
The JISC Managing Research Data Programme is helping universities develop policies, strategies and curation services which will allow this role to be performed in the broader data ecology. As already noted on this blog, the Science as an Open Enterprise report recognises the importance of this activity and recommended that it 'should be expand beyond the pilot 17 institutions within the next five years.' [Science as an Open Enterprise, p.73] However, if the most is to be made of such investment lessons should be learnt from the approach taken by the Australian National Data Service. Recognising that a significant amount of research data management must happen in institutions – because it is in institutions that the systemic change must happen which will allow the capture of 'the wide range of data produced by the majority of scientists not working in partnership with a data centre' – ANDS have also developed an infrastructure, the Australian Research Data Commons, which allows institutional data collections to feed into national and disciplinary collections and discovery portals.
The Australian Data Commons, taken from the Royal Society's Science as an Open Enterprise report, p.69.
Along similar lines, Gregg Gordon described the value added and connecting services which SSRN could offer as 'glue for data repositories'. Such services can be built on the data assets curated by Tier 3 institutional data repositories.
To my mind, such arguments and examples make a strong case from a strategic perspective for investment in the development of Tier 3 data services in research institutions and that such data repositories can and should contribute in ways that go beyond being a repository of last resort. But they also recall the need to develop services which allow data to be most easily aggregated and for more highly curated collections to be constructed in response on the one hand to the opportunity created by the development of a critical mass of data in a given area, and on the other hand to the emergence of new research activities ready to exploit this asset.
Recent Presentations (and an absence…)
One of the casualties of my recent stay in hospital was my moustache, which – of late – had grown to impressive proportions. As the NHS does not employ barbers to keep the inmates kempt, the moustache became unruly and had to go. I do not pretend that my 'lip-joy' has not divided opinion – but if you can see past it, perhaps the videos (linked below) of presentations that I have recently given may be of interest.
Encouraging Data Publication
I was invited to speak at the 1 June Repositories Support Project event at RIBA entitled Scholarly Communications: New Developments in Open Access. The event was extremely well-attended and featured an insightful keynote from Martin Hall, as well as an inspiring account of progress in Open Access from Alma Swan.
The theme of the event gave me the opportunity to discuss the various drivers for data publication (including the need for research findings to be verifiable and reproducible and the benefits of data re-use, particularly for metastudies) and to relate how the JISC Managing Research Data Programme has been seeking to encourage initiatives to link publications more effectively with the data which forms the evidence for research findings. One of the biggest successes for the Managing Research Data programme in this area has been the DryadUK Project, which engaged with UK publishers and helped the Dryad Data Repository initiative become truly international. I also took the opportunity to announce new JISC projects to promote data publication, about which more in a later post.
Video of presentation on the RSP YouTube Channel: Encouraging data publication – the JISC Managing Research Data Programme
UK Universities and Big Data
On 12 May, I gave a 'lightning talk' as part of the Eduserv Symposium on 'Big Data'. The message I sought to communicate here is that many universities, as they start to tackle the research data challenge are realising just how much data is being stored by researchers in sub-optimal ways. This is a particular type of big data – it is unmanaged, vulnerable to loss and under exploited. The challenge, as often, is to develop better individual and organisations awareness of the issues involved. Decisions which are currently often made by accident or default – what data to retain and what to discard – should be made actively. And researchers should be encouraged to make data openly available, and supported by their institutions in this. I pointed to the work of the JISC Managing Research Data programme in this regard, and also to the pioneering work of the Australian National Data Service whose mantra of transforming data that are unmanaged, disconnected, invisible and have only a single use into structured collections that are managed, connected, findable and reusable offers a useful guide to how to deal with this type of 'big data'.
Video of Presentation: Universities and (Big) Research Data
University Libraries, Librarians and Research Data
Back in March and April, I gave two presentations discussing the role of university libraries in responding to the research data challenge. The first was to the RLUK Members Meeting in Aberdeen and the second to an RLUK and DCC organised workshop with the aim of Clarifying the Roles of Libraries in Research Data Management. In both presentations, I discussed national and international developments and the work of projects in the JISC Managing Research Data programme, many of which are library-led. It is clear that university libraries must have a role in institutional responses to the data challenge, but it is equally clear that responses must be coordinated, involving a variety of campus agencies and stakeholders. Above all, cooperation between libraries, computing services and the research office is essential. But in all this, it is fundamental to work closely with research departments and groups to understand their requirements and perspectives on these issues.
Presentation to RLUK Members Meeting: Research Data Management, the institutional and national challenges
Presentation to RLUK Research Data Workshop: Changing research practices and the changing roles for university libraries to meet the research data challenge
Correcting a break…
I recently broke my leg: to be precise a lateral tibial plateau fracture, which required an operation, plates and pins to put back together. This means that until the end of August 2012, I shall be in a knee brace, unable to put weight on my right leg and moving around on crutches. The discomfort and lack of mobility that results from this condition means that I shall largely be working from home. One of the silver linings is that this gives me a chance to catch up with this neglected blog.
The last few months have been typically busy. The Managing Research Data Strands of the recent JISC Digital Infrastructure 01/12 Call resulted in a set of projects developing RDM training materials and others looking at data publication: more about these in a later post.
A workshop was held at the end of March for the projects examining the challenges of data management planning in various disciplines, and by and large these projects have now completed. Chris Rusbridge, formerly director of the Digital Curation Centre, is now preparing a summary and synthesis of these projects and others from the first Managing Research Data programme.
The recent Royal Society report, Science as an Open Enterprise, included under Recommendation 3 as a UK specific action:
b. JISC's Managing Research Data programme, or a similar initiative, should be expanded beyond the pilot 17 institutions within the next five years. The aim of any initiative should be to support a coordinated national move towards institutional data management policies. (p.73)
The shining thread which runs through the report is the need – intelligently – to improve the availability of research data for verification and reuse, and the recommendation noted here is a strong endorsement of the work being undertaken within the Managing Research Data programme. The seventeen research data infrastructure projects have been making excellent progress, which can be followed in the very rich and informative blogs. In collaboration with the DCC, I shall be running a workshop in September to allow projects to examine and discuss the progress which they are making towards developing the various components of research data services.
The Managing Research Data Programme Evidence Gatherers have been industrious and are liaising with the projects to support their work and to ensure that, as a programme, we have a strong evidence base to show the benefits which derive from improved research data management. More on this to follow too.
Finally, there have been a number of important workshops and conferences in the last few months, organised variously by JISCMRD projects and by other organisations interested in this space. At some of these I have given presentations and intend to share some of these – and the arguments they seek to advance – here over the next few weeks.
Developing Institutional Research Data Management Policies
On 12-13 March, in conjunction with DCC and the University of Leeds ROADMAP Project, the JISC Managing Research Data Programme held a workshop to examine challenges around developing institutional research data management policies.
This is an important area of activity for projects in the JISCMRD Programme. All 17 large infrastructure projects are developing policies – in 13 cases these are for the principle host institution. In the other four – looking at disciplinary or metadata issues across institutions – such policies will apply perhaps at the institutional level, perhaps at the departmental level, across a number of partner institutions.
Agreeing an institutional RDM policy has been viewed as an important step in establishing an effective and sustainable RDM infrastructure and support service. It sets the tone, underlining an institutional commitment and expectations. Projects report that the developing a policy has been useful in getting support from key stakeholders, in clarifying priorities and in testing a projects' understanding of where roles and responsibilities lie in the provision of research data management support.
The DCC has identified three currently public RDM policies in UK universities, as well as a Statement of Commitment. A number more are currently at advanced stages in the approval process.
Such efforts have been given a shot in the arm by the EPSRC Policy Framework on Research Data, which requires that research institutions prepare an internal roadmap by 1 May 2012. The roadmap is an instrument – resulting from a gap analysis by which an institution will ensure compliance with EPSRC's expectations by 1 May 2015.
An institutional RDM policy is likely to be an important part of such efforts.
In parallel breakout sessions, the workshop tackled three thematic areas relating to the development of RDM policies. These were:
- What approach are institutions taking to the development of RDM policies?
- How is support and approval being gained for the ratification of RDM policies?
- How are institutions planning to support the implementation of the policies?
In a fourth – plenary – session, the workshop discussed issues around the related issue of preparing a roadmap to meet EPSRC requirements.
DCC officers and JISCMRD Evidence Gatherers were on hand to facilitate discussion and to take notes. The notes will form the basis of outputs from the workshop. At the time of writing, these are likely to take the form of an abbreviated summary of discussions, key points and outstanding questions. This will undoubtedly also contribute towards a DCC checklist or step-by-step guide to developing an institutional RDM policy, based upon the experiences and findings of the projects and institution involved.
My immediate 'take homes' were as follows:
- A checklist of policies and supporting guidance and help materials for institutions developing and implementing such policies would be very useful. This is something on which the DCC could work, in collaboration with and collating findings from the JISC Managing Research Data Programme. Relatedly, Catherine Pink of the Bath Research 360 project has posted a preliminary checklist of guidance required.
- Some projects will be developing guidance materials in the form of researcher targeted scenarios or workthroughs. This idea was warmly received and it was also suggested that the process of creating such materials could provide valuable deeper understanding of requirements for institutional infrastructure and support services.
- One of a number of recurrent themes over the two days was the question: 'what research data should be retained'. It was felt that policies – or the guidance materials supporting them – should do something to guide researchers and support staff in this regard. Disciplinary research considerations are likely to be the primary determinants of potential reuse value of research data – but it is possible to adduce some general principles. It was felt that more guidance and – above all – examples in this area would be extremely useful.
Since the workshop, a number of attendees have posted blogs containing reflections and summaries:
Bill Worthington, Research Data Toolkit Hertfordshire Project: Reflections on JISCMRD-DCC Policy Workshop
Laura Molloy, University of Glasgow and JISCMRD Evidence Gatherer: Emerging Themes from the JISCMRD Institutional RDM Policy Workshop
Scott Brander, Cerif for Datasets Project: Institutional Data Management Policies and Roadmaps
Angus Whyte, DCC: Turning Roadmaps into Action
Stephen Gray, data.bris Project: The Value of Research Data
It is worth noting that the scene was set by a couple of blog posts:
Jonathan Tedds, University of Leicester and JISCMRD Evidence Gatherer: Developing Research Data Management Policy
Sarah Jones, DCC: Navigating the Potholes
Meeting Challenges in Research Data Management Planning
Presentations from the JISC Managing Research Data Programme workshop on data management planning – held on Friday 23 March – are now available.
The event page on the JISC website provides links to presentations given by projects tasked to explore the challenges of designing and implementing data management plans for research projects or for departments in specific disciplines, and to customise and implement the DCC's DMPonline tool for specific uses. Information about the projects can be found here and here.
David Shotton, PI of the Oxford DMPonline Project has made the content of the analysis he presented available as a couple of blog posts in which he categorises and aligns the questions that comprise a data management plan ; and then makes comparisons of DMP questions sets and draws conclusions.
At the workshop, Adrian Richardson of DCC demonstrated version 3 of the DMPonline tool and his colleague Kelly Miller ran an exercise to gather feedback and suggestions for further development. Kelly has blogged a summary of these suggestions on the DCC website.
Those with an interest in the interim outputs from the JISC-funded data management planning projects – there are more to come – may be interested in the Appendices to the Workshop Programme where outputs are listed and which may be accessed here.
A competition was held to gather participants' opinion as to:
1) which project had produced the most reusable outputs;
2) which project had produced the most potentially significant outputs (even if they were not yet reusable); and
3) which project participants wanted to find out more after the workshop.
The winners in each category were awarded a copy of Managing Research Data, ed. Graham Pryor and were as follows:
1) Richard Plant, University of Sheffield, for the Data Management Storage and Planning for Psychology project: website ; blog.
2) Julie McLeod, University of Northumbria, for the Datum in Action: website ; blog.
3) David Shotton, for the Oxford DMPonline Project.
All the projects in this Strand of the Managing Research Data Programme are to be congratulated in their work so far. Most of these projects will be completing between now and the end of May 2012 and will be making their final deliverables available during that timeframe.
JISCMRD Projects and the OAIS Reference Model
Joss Winn has recently blogged about the Orbital Project's use of the OAIS Reference model in which he makes some very important points.
The mistake to make with OAIS is looking at the model and thinking that you have to create a system that is designed in such a way, rather than functions in such a way. The OAIS standard is a tool that allows Archivists, Designers and Developers to share a common language when discussing and planning the implementation of a digital archive and what that archive should do, not how it should be designed.
The task ahead of the Orbital Team is to consider how our on-going [system] designs relate to the OAIS functional model.
In particular, Joss points to the OAIS Function Cards produced by Cornell and Göttingen State Universities. These are allowing the Orbital project to 'tick off' high level and more detailed OAIS functions in their system design.
Joss ends the blog: 'I'd be very interested to hear from other MRD projects that are looking at the OAIS standard in detail, as well as people from earlier projects that have been through this process before.' Please get in touch with him on the Orbital Blog.
Within the current JISCMRD programme, the MaRDI Gross Project is focussing on the OAIS model, in a slightly different, but hopefully complementary way.
The Managing Research Data – Gravitational Waves Project produced, inter alia, two key recommendations:
- Funders should simply require that a project develop a high-level DMP as a suitable profile of the OAIS specification.
- Funders should support projects in creating per-project OAIS profiles which are appropriate to the project and meet funders strategic priorities and responsibilities.
The MaRDI-Gross project therefore, will develop an intellectual 'toolkit' which will be supporting infrastructure for project-specific DMP planning, built on the OAIS model. The project argues that 'the data-management systems for projects of this scale are essentially always bespoke, so that there is no useful way in which software or 'tick-list' components can be provided for DMP planning in this space. The 'kit' must instead be a set of documentary resources targeted at technical managers and engineers.'
The likely structure for the toolkit will be:
- Overviews of the OAIS methodology and goals
- Indications of the state of the art in OAIS application, validation and auditing.
- (References to) Backup documentation including the OAIS specification and selected developments or applications of it.
- Case-studies of existing DMP efforts in existing projects.
- Costing models for DMP planning, to the extent that this is feasible and useful.
Further information is provided in a brief MaRDI-Gross-Requirements document and (soon) at the MaRDI-Gross site.
The project also aims to develop material tailored for use by funding organisations in the development of policy and guidelines, as well as assessment materials for funders and reviewers.
The project has suffered a few delays, but is aiming to deliver a draft or strawman version by the significant date of Tuesday 21 February. Watch this space!
Coordination of Metadata Strategies?
Some info on metadata standards being used by JISCMRD projects is available on the commonalities spreadsheet.
There was a breakout group at the Programme Launch Workshop on metadata standards: for blogged accounts of this session, see http://researchdataessex.posterous.com/metadata-session-feedback-mrd-2011-13-program and http://sonexworkgroup.blogspot.com/2011/12/thematic-parallel-session-on-metadata.html
The Metadata Breakout Group came up with some actions, though these are reported a little differently on the two blogged accounts…:
- Louise [Corti] would take a first pass at a grid template and send this round for comment
- Projects working in similar domains to consult each other about the use of metadata, early on
- Simon [Hodson] to organise a Programme meeting to be held in early Spring 12 to discuss metadata further and gain some agreement.
- Trying to locate (or otherwise collect) an already existing registry of metadata standards for different disciplines, in order to offer researchers from a given discipline an already tested metadata schema they can re-use,
- Mapping metadata standards to each other aiming to produce a minimum-sufficient-information metadata set that may be widely applicable accross disciplines,
- Taking steps towards organising a workshop in order to have metadata issues discussed among relevant stakeholders. ANDS Metadata Workshop in 2010 might be a potential source of inspiration for this with all those discipline-based approaches to metadata standards. Proposed dates for this Metadata WS were spring-summer 2012.
Louise has sent me a template, and I confess – mea culpa – that it got buried for the time being. It is now available as JISCMRD Projects' Metadata Usage. It would be good if projects working in similar domains could build on this to share information about standards being used. We should explore whether there is already an existing registry of metadata standards for different disciplines? Does anyone know of such a thing?
I think it is very important for the programme as a whole develop convergence upon 'a minimum-sufficient-information metadata set that may be widely applicable accross disciplines' which may be used by the projects. To work towards this end, there will be a programme workshop on aligning JISCMRD projects' metadata strategies. I plan to organise this for May.


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Kelly Clarkson
Watch Kelly Clarkson (and Her Daughter) Join Trisha Yearwood in Chicago to Perform 'PrizeFighter'
Trisha Yearwood and Kelly Clarkson's new duet "PrizeFighter" got a big live debut Friday night at Garth Brooks' Chicago concert.
'Lauren's Lowdown': Kelly Clarkson Gives Birth; Kim K. Wears SHEER Shirt At Bonnaroo Fest
Kelly Clarkson had her baby over the weekend! Find out the little one's name, and y'all HAVE to see the shirt Kim Kardashian wore on stage at Bonnaroo Fest…get today's lowdown!
'Lauren's Lowdown': Did Beyonce Post Prayer Linked To Fight? Kim K's House Gets GLAM ROOM
After seeing the footage of Beyonce's sister Solange fighting with Jay Z in an elevator, did Bey post a prayer linked to that fight? And you have to get the deets on Kim Kardashian's new house!
'Lauren's Lowdown': 'Bachelor' Recap; Kelly Clarkson Is Having A…
Did y'all catch the most AWKWARD kiss EVER on 'The Bachelor last night?? And find out the gender of Kelly Clarkson's baby!
Kelly Clarkson to Appear on TVs' 'Nashville'
Clarkson will appear in an episode of the show where she'll record 'Fade Into You' with characters Gunnar (Sam Palladio) and Scarlett (Clare Bowen).
Watch Kelly Clarkson Spread Holiday Cheer in New Video for 'Underneath the Tree'
Kelly Clarkson is giving fans a preview of her upcoming holiday special in her new clip for the 'Wrapped in Red' single.
The Best and Worst Holiday Albums of 2013
Allow us to guide the soundtrack to your Holiday with five must-have collections (on the Nice List) and five to send back to Santa (on the Naughty List). You know, like the song.
'Lauren's Lowdown': MTV Celebrating Miley Cyrus' 21st Birthday For EIGHT Hours
MTV is giving Miley Cyrus an 8-hour celebration this Saturday in honor of her 21st birthday. Starting at 11 a.m, Miley will debut "21 Candles: Miley's MTV Moments." The half-hour special will celebrate the 21 […]
'Lauren's Lowdown': A 'Full House' Reunion; Kelly Clarkson Pregnant!
After 18 years, are we finally getting a 'Full House' reunion?? And Kelly Clarkson shared some great news via twitter yesterday…check it out here!
'Lauren's Lowdown': Katy Perry & John Mayer Engaged? Kelly Clarkson Pregnant?
Katy Perry sported a big diamond ring on THAT finger at the EMA's, so are her and John Mayer engaged? And did Kelly Clarkson just admit she's preggo??


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Obamacare vs. your employer's plan
Even if you have health insurance through work, you might still want to explore the Obamacare exchanges.
If you already have health insurance through your job, you're probably wondering whether Obamacare will give you some new options. Will you be able to comparison-shop for a plan on the new online exchanges that might be better than your employer health insurance? The answer is a big, resounding "maybe."
Like almost everything else having to do with health care reform, there are plenty of nuances and caveats. Trying to decipher them and choose the best health insurance plan for your situation "makes homeowners insurance seem really simple," says Brian Haile, senior vice president for health policy at the tax services company Jackson Hewitt.
Exchanges will be open to all, but ...
The exchanges are online health insurance marketplaces set up under the Affordable Care Act. In 34 states, the marketplaces operate through the federal government's HealthCare.gov website, while 16 states and the District of Columbia are running their own exchanges.
Even if your employer already offers health insurance, there's nothing to prevent you from shopping on your state's exchange. However, if you decide to leave your work-based plan and purchase coverage on the exchange, you "may not qualify for some of the benefits that the uninsured have," notes E. Denise Smith, a professor of health care management at Gardner-Webb University in Boiling Springs, N.C.
Here's the big hiccup: Unless your employer's coverage for an individual is considered unaffordable under the law (that is, if your share of the premiums costs more than 9.5 percent of your household income) or inadequate (picking up less than 60 percent of the cost of covered benefits), you aren't eligible for a government subsidy to help pay for your insurance. Subsidies are one of the things that can make plans on the new state exchanges appealing.
Subsidies in the form of tax credits are available even if you earn up to 400 percent of the federal poverty level, currently about $46,000 for an individual and $94,000 for a family of four. The subsidies vary based on income and the size of your family.
Trade in your employer plan?
And that brings us back to the central question: If you have employer health insurance, should you check out the Obamacare exchanges anyway? There are differing opinions.
"It would generally not benefit an employee to leave their employer-sponsored plan," Smith concludes, adding that your employer would be under no obligation to help pay for an exchange plan.
Haile says you may not be able to do better than your work-based coverage. "Look at how robust your employer plan is" and the benefits it provides, such as whether it includes dental and vision care, which are not part of the essential health benefits that must be offered with plans sold in the Obamacare exchanges, he says.
Still, if your employer-sponsored health insurance seems to eat up a big chunk of your budget, you might want to explore your options on the state exchange, Haile says.
Few workers have 'unaffordable' plans
Again, one of the key criteria of whether you'd qualify for subsidized insurance through your state's exchange is if your share of the premium for an individual health plan where you work would amount to more than 9.5 percent of your household income. Whether you take more expensive family coverage doesn't matter; the benchmark is what an individual policy would cost.
The rule means that someone earning $40,000 a year and paying $3,775 for individual coverage would not be eligible for a subsidy, says Brian Poger, CEO of Benefitter, a software company that's helping employers navigate their way through health care reform. That same worker paying even more for family coverage would still not be eligible because, again, the premium for an individual is less than $3,800 (or 9.5 percent of $40,000).
The 9.5 percent-of-income threshold is one that few workers would meet, according to one recent study. The ADP Research Institute found that only 8.6 percent of employees are required to pay premium contributions that would meet the Affordable Care Act's definition of "unaffordable."
More from Bankrate.com:
Republicans tried to save us from this fraud, so enjoy being broke. Just wait until next year when the premiums double for all.
THINK ABOUT THIS LONG AND HARD. The government can't efficiently nor cost effectively deliver the mail, but you want them to control your medical plans? REALLY?
A Manhattan Institute analysis found that, on average, the cheapest plan offered in a given state, under Obamacare, will be 99 percent more expensive for men, and 62 percent more expensive for women, than the cheapest plan offered under the old system. And those disparities are even wider for healthy people.
That raises an obvious question. If 50 million people are uninsured today, mainly because insurance is too expensive, why is it better to make coverage even costlier?
The answer is that Obamacare wasn't designed to help healthy people with average incomes get health insurance. It was designed to force those people to pay more for coverage, in order to subsidize insurance for people with incomes near the poverty line, and those with chronic or costly medical conditions.
They work for us , but yet they excluded themselves from Obama Care .. IF IT'S GOOD ENOUGH FOR THE TAX PAYING CITIZEN , THEN IT SHOULD BE GOOD ENOUGH FOR THE HOUSE , AND THE POTUS.......
To the poster saying that doctors make $200 an hour and that equates to "400k" a year and can live on that. You are showing your ignorance. Their malpractice insurance is hardly their only expense. They may gross $400k a year, but they still have to pay the cost of an office, the cost of staff and a ton of other overhead. My husband has three full-time employees working for him just to handle insurance claims. Do you think they get free rent? Free electricity? That their employees work for free? On top of that, my husband has 14 years of education and nearly $150k in student loan debt...and that was just for medical school. He went to undergrad on a full-ride scholarship and got $20k a year in scholarships to medical school. A typical medical school education will cost the average student $200k-400k. How are they even supposed to pay back those loans (not to mention the years out of the work-force for all of that school) unless they have some sort of decent salary? And most docs work very long hours and are on call on nights and the weekends. Your typical family practice doc, ob/gyn, pedi, etc. is making NOWHERE NEAR $400k. Many are lucky to make $100k. I understand that may seem like a lot to some, but when you consider the years out of the workforce for all of the schooling, the massive amount of student loan debt, the number of hours they work, constantly being on call, what they could make in other professions, etc. it isn't that great of a deal.
I'm not sure if anyone in here understands healthcare - socialists/dems/republicans/libertarians
The only thing that will bring down costs is the free market. We are so far from free market in the HC industry it's pathetic. Not just Medicaid, medicare, Tricare - but also the EMTALA law that granted everyone free care back in 1986 - and that's Ronald Wilson Reagan for those of you keeping track.
The other massive problem is employer based insurance, which is the biggest tax expenditure that there is. The employer writes the cost off, and the employee recipient is not taxed either. This establishes a third party payer system, where the consumer (patient) is fairly insulated from the cost of his care.
Write a personal check for your care, no tax deduction, and see how much our spending level drops overnight.
You guys are all dummies.
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Reader Comments (Page 1 of 1)
I'm only an officer in a casual guild so the raid thing isn't such an issue for us ,though we do try it from time to time.
For myself at least I think the most important things are clarity of what we expect from guildies,respect for each other and being totally fair on loot rolls.If any of those are majorly flawed then in my experience the guild ain't gonna survive for too long.Alongside that I'd say it's very important for the guildies to discuss any issues they have with the officers if they are unable to resolve them by talking with one another..no point in letting discontent fester even in a casual guild(else it'll blow up into some daft huge drama that could most likely have been avoided with prompt action).
We do have rules in the guild but ppl are directed to them as soon as they choose to join and are welcome to leave if they feel they are too draconian,which in my opinion they aren't as not being abusive to guildies or trying to steal from the guildbank aren't really anything to ask from worthy guild member material.
I acknowledge that in raiding the loot systems can be somewhat more complex but I still think my view on guilds,and how the members should treat each other, has some validity.


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4G, or WiMax as it's better known in Korea, has yet to arrive on the iPhone. Here's hoping for the iPhone 5, but a long shot, especially considering that rumors point to a larger screen and slightly improved form factor, one that isn't hopefully far less fragile.
The Egg is a case for the iPhone 4 that provides the iPhone 4 with 4G connectivity. It also sports a built-in battery that adds up to 5 hours of ultra high speed web surfing. However, added bulk will be the biggest caveat of this device, since it adds up to 8mm of thickness and weighs 2.4oz. Is 4G connectivity really worth that price?
It's available now for about $120.


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For many people, nothing says Christmas like a display of sparkling lights.
Lighting up the holidays, next, on Stocking Stuffers.
In earlier centuries, people put candles in their windows and on their Christmas trees. Then Thomas Edison came along, and America never looked back.
Massive, glittering displays of light have become a beloved part of the holiday season. People flock to see them at shopping centers, public squares, and in residential neighborhoods.
You'll have to shell out money to see some displays, particularly those put on by resorts and charities. But many others are free. Here are a few:
— New York City's famous Rockefeller Center tree features 30,000 lights strung on more than five miles of electrical wire. New York's department stores also draw crowds with their decorations and window displays.
— Washington, D.C. lights up trees across from the White House and on the Capitol grounds, but one of the area's most popular displays is in Maryland. The Mormon Temple Lights Festival in Kensington features more than 450,000 lights and a live outdoor Nativity scene.
— Louisiana's Holiday Trail of Lights links eight lit-up communities within a one-hour drive of each other.
— San Antonio, Texas, shimmers with electric lights and also candles, which line the River Walk to symbolically light the way for the Holy Family.
— McAdenville, N.C., turns itself into "Christmas Town USA" each year when its residents light up hundreds of trees, as well as their homes.
— The 700 block of West 34th Street in Baltimore transforms itself into "Christmas Street" for the holidays as private homes seek to outdo one another with elaborate light displays.