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|Spring Awakening
Original Broadway Recording
|Duncan Sheik
|Steven Sater
|Steven Sater
|Frank Wedekind's play
Spring Awakening
|2006 Broadway
2008 U.S. National Tour
2009 West End
2009 Vienna
Numerous international productions
2010 U.S. National Tour
|Tony Award for Best Musical
Tony Award for Best Book
Tony Award for Best Score
Drama Desk Outstanding Musical
Drama Desk Outstanding Music
Drama Desk Outstanding Lyrics
Outer Critics Outstanding Musical
Outer Critics Outstanding Score
Critics' Circle Theatre Award for Best Musical
Olivier Award for Best New Musical
Grammy Award Musical Show Album
|Spring Awakening
Original Broadway Recording
|Duncan Sheik
|Steven Sater
|Steven Sater
|Frank Wedekind's play
Spring Awakening
|2006 Broadway
2008 U.S. National Tour
2009 West End
2009 Vienna
Numerous international productions
2010 U.S. National Tour
|Tony Award for Best Musical
Tony Award for Best Book
Tony Award for Best Score
Drama Desk Outstanding Musical
Drama Desk Outstanding Music
Drama Desk Outstanding Lyrics
Outer Critics Outstanding Musical
Outer Critics Outstanding Score
Critics' Circle Theatre Award for Best Musical
Olivier Award for Best New Musical
Grammy Award Musical Show Album
Spring Awakening is a rock musical with music by Duncan Sheik and a book and lyrics by Steven Sater. It is based on the controversial German play Spring Awakening (1891) by Frank Wedekind which was banned in Germany for some time due to its frank portrayal of abortion, homosexuality, rape, child abuse and suicide. Set in late-19th century Germany, the musical tells the story of teenagers discovering the inner and outer tumult of sexuality. In the musical, alternative rock is employed as part of the folk-infused rock score.
Following its conception in the late 1990s and various workshops, concerts, rewrites and its Off-Broadway debut, the original Broadway production of Spring Awakening opened at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on December 10, 2006. Its cast included Jonathan Groff, Lea Michele, Skylar Astin and John Gallagher, Jr. while its creative team comprised director Michael Mayer and choreographer Bill T. Jones. The original Broadway production won 8 Tony Awards, including Tonys for Best Musical, Direction, Book, Score and Featured Actor. The production also garnered 4 Drama Desk Awards whilst its original cast album received a Grammy Award.
The success of the Broadway production has spawned several other productions worldwide, including various US productions, a short West End production that won 4 Laurence Olivier Awards including Best Musical, and a series of international productions.
Wendla Bergmann, an adolescent in late-nineteenth century Germany, laments that her mother gave her "no way to handle things" and has not taught her the lessons she is meant to know as a young woman ("Mama Who Bore Me"). She tells her mother that it is time she learned where babies come from, considering that she is about to be an aunt for the second time. Her mother cannot bring herself to explain the facts about conception clearly to Wendla, despite knowing her daughter is reaching puberty. Instead, she simply tells Wendla that to conceive a child a woman must love her husband with all of her heart. The other young girls in town appear to be similarly innocent and are upset about the lack of knowledge presented to them ("Mama Who Bore Me" (Reprise)).
At school, some teenage boys are studying Virgil in Latin class. When Moritz Stiefel, a very nervous and intense young man, sleepily misquotes a line, the teacher chastises him harshly. Moritz's classmate, the rebellious and highly intelligent Melchior Gabor, tries to defend him, but the teacher will have none of it, and hits Melchior with a stick. Melchior reflects on the shallow narrow-mindedness of school and society and expresses his intent to change things ("All That's Known").
Moritz describes a dream that has been keeping him up at night, and Melchior realizes that Moritz has been having erotic dreams which Moritz believes are signs of insanity. To comfort the panicked Moritz, Melchior, who has learned sexual information from books, tells Moritz that all of the boys at their age get these dreams. The burned-out boys share their own sexually-frustrated thoughts and desires ("The Bitch of Living"). Moritz, who is not comfortable talking about the subject with Melchior, requests that he give him the information in the form of an essay, complete with illustrations.
Some girls are gathered together after school and tease each other as they fantasize about marrying the boys in the town. At the top of the list is the radical, intelligent, and good-looking Melchior ("My Junk"). Meanwhile, Hanschen masturbates as he looks at an erotic postcard, and the piano student Georg indulges in some lively fantasies about his shapely female piano teacher. Moritz has eagerly digested the essay that Melchior prepared for him, but complains that his new knowledge has only made his dreams even more vivid and torturous. Melchior tries to calm and comfort his friend, but Moritz runs off in frustration. All of the boys and girls express their desires for physical intimacy ("Touch Me").
Searching for flowers for her mother, Wendla stumbles upon Melchior. The two reminisce on the friendship they once shared as children and share a moment while sitting together in front of a tree. Each of them considers what it would be like to give in to their physical desires for one another, but they do not do so ("The Word of Your Body"). Meanwhile, at school, Moritz sneaks a look at his test results and is thrilled to learn that he has passed his midterm examinations. However, the teacher and schoolmaster, who claim they cannot pass everyone, decide to fail Moritz anyway, deeming his passing grade still not up to the school's lofty standards.
Martha, one of the teenage girls, accidentally admits to her friends that her father abuses her physically (including sexual abuse) and that her mother is either oblivious or uncaring. The other girls are horrified to hear this, but Martha makes them promise not to tell anyone, lest she end up like Ilse, a friend from childhood who now wanders homeless and aimless after her similarly-abusive parents kicked her out of the house ("The Dark I Know Well"). Later, Wendla finds Melchior again at his spot in the woods and tells him about Martha's abuse. Melchior is appalled to hear this, but Wendla convinces him to hit her with a switch, so that she can try to understand her friend's pain. At first Melchior is determined to do nothing of the sort, but reluctantly complies. He gets carried away in the beating, taking his own frustrations out on Wendla and throws her to the ground. Disgusted with himself, Melchior runs off as Wendla is left lying on the ground, weeping. Alone, Wendla finds that Melchior has left his journal on the ground. She picks it up and takes it with her.
Moritz is told he has failed his final examination, and his father reacts with disdain and contempt when Moritz tells him that he will not progress in school; rather than attempting to understand his son's pain, Moritz's father is only concerned with how the others in town will react when they see 'the man with the son who failed'. Moritz writes to Melchior's mother, his only adult friend, for money to flee to America; she tenderly but firmly denies his request and promises to write his parents to discourage them from being too hard on him ("And Then There Were None"). Devastated by the refusal and feeling he has few choices left, Moritz begins to contemplate suicide.
In a stuffy hayloft during a storm, Melchior cries out in his frustration at being caught between childhood and adulthood ("The Mirror-Blue Night"). Wendla finds him once again, telling him she wants to return his journal, and each apologizes for what happened in the forest. Before long, they begin to kiss. Wendla resists his advances at first; she doesn't really understand what's going on between them and is reluctant to partake, sensing that what they are doing is something very powerful and unlike anything that she has known before. As Melchior becomes more insistent, he overpowers her objections with a combination of affection and sheer force. They continue, and they have sex in the hayloft ("I Believe"). At the very moment Melchior commits the act, Wendla cries out against it, and the darkness falls. (Note: This scene was slightly softened from the show's Off-Broadway run, when the act as a rape without Wendla's consent was more straightforward. Later, as staged by the Broadway show, Wendla still objects to Melchior, but gives in without understanding what he is actually trying to do, leaving the question of consent still ambiguous on many levels.)[1]
Wendla and Melchior are finishing their moment of confused intimacy in the hayloft; they reflect on and discuss what has just happened ("The Guilty Ones", in the Off-Broadway production, Act II began with "There Once Was A Pirate.")
Moritz, having been thrown out of his home, wanders the town at dusk, carrying a pistol ("Don't Do Sadness") when he comes across Ilse, an old childhood friend of his. Ilse, who is secretly in love with Moritz, tells him she has found refuge at an artists' colony, and they reminisce in some childhood memories and "remarkable times" ("Blue Wind"). She invites him to come home with her and join her in sharing some more childhood memories and maybe something more. Moritz refuses and Ilse does everything she can to change his mind ("Don't Do Sadness/ Blue Wind"). After coming close to kissing and admitting their mutual feelings, Moritz refuses and Ilse leaves, distraught and upset. Realizing his true feelings for her, he quickly changes his mind and calls after her, but it is too late; she is gone. Alone and believing that he has nowhere to turn, Moritz shoots himself.
At Moritz's funeral, each of the children (including Ilse) drops a flower into his grave as Melchior laments the passing of his friend while touching on the factors that led to his death, including Moritz's treatment by his parents ("Left Behind"). Back at school, the schoolmaster and teacher feel the need to call attention away from Moritz, whose death was a direct result of their actions. They search through Moritz's belongings and find the essay on sex which Melchior wrote for him. They seize the opportunity to lay the blame of Moritz's death on Melchior, and although Melchior knows that he is not to blame, he knows there is nothing he can do to fight them and is expelled ("Totally Fucked"). Elsewhere that night, Hanschen meets up with his shy and delicate classmate Ernst. Hanschen shares his pragmatic outlook on life with his classmate before seducing him ("The Word of Your Body (Reprise)").
Wendla has become ill, and her mother takes her to visit a doctor. He gives her some medication and assures them both that Wendla is suffering from anemia and will be fine, but takes Wendla's mother aside and tells her that Wendla is pregnant. When her mother confronts her with this information, Wendla is completely shocked, not understanding how this could have happened. She realizes that her mother lied to her about how babies are made. Although she berates her mother for leaving her ignorant ("Why didn't you tell me?"), her mother rejects the guilt and insists Wendla tell her who the father is. Wendla reluctantly surrenders a passionate note Melchior sent her after they consummated their relationship. She reflects somberly on her current condition and the circumstances that led her to this difficult position, but resolves with optimism about her future child ("Whispering"). Meanwhile, Melchior's parents argue about their son's fate; his mother does not believe that the essay he wrote for Moritz is sufficient reason to send him away to reform school. When Melchior's father tells his wife about Wendla's pregnancy, she finally agrees that they must send Melchior away, which they do without telling him that Wendla is pregnant.
During this time, Melchior and Wendla keep contact through the use of letters, with Ilse delivering them back and forth. At the reform school, Melchior gets into a fight with some boys who grab a letter he has just received from Wendla and use it in a masturbation game. As one of the boys reads from the letter, Melchior finally learns about Wendla and their child, and he escapes from the institution to find her. When Melchior reaches town, he sends a message to Ilse to have her get Wendla to meet him at the cemetery at midnight, but she can take no action as Melchior "hasn't heard" about Wendla. At the cemetery, Melchior stumbles across Moritz's grave and swears to himself that he and Wendla will raise their child in a compassionate and open environment. When Wendla is late to the meeting, Melchior begins to feel a little uneasy. Looking around, Melchior sees a grave he hadn't noticed before. He reads the name on the stone – Wendla's – and realizes that Wendla has died from a botched abortion. Overwhelmed by shock and grief, he takes out a razor with the intention of killing himself. Moritz's and Wendla's spirits rise from their graves to offer him their strength. They persuade him to journey on, and he resolves to live and to carry their memories with him forever ("Those You've Known").
Led by Ilse, everyone assembles onstage—now, in some stagings, in modern dress—to sing "The Song of Purple Summer."
The Children
The Adults
++Note: "The Guilty Ones" replaced off-Broadway version's Act II opening, "There Once Was a Pirate"; the latter is available as a bonus track sung by composer Duncan Sheik on the iTunes version of the original cast recording. A reprise of "Touch Me," sung by Melchior, appeared in "Whispering" during the Chicago, Vienna, London runs, was added to the tour, and is part of the amateur rental materials.
The original casts of the major productions of Spring Awakening.
|Original Broadway Cast[2]
|Original National Tour Cast
|Original London Cast[3]
|Vienna Cast
|Second National Tour Cast
|Original Chicago Cast
|Original Argentine Cast
|New School Cast
|Manchester Cast
|Thailand Cast (BU Theatre Company Production)
|Original Portuguese Cast
|Israeli cast
|Original St. Petersberg FLA cast[4]
|Original Japanese Cast
|Korean Cast
|Second Korean Cast
|Original Alberta Cast
|Original Italian Cast [5]
|Original Dutch Cast
|Original Mexican Cast
|Jonathan Groff
|Kyle Riabko
|Aneurin Barnard
|Rasmus Borkowski
|Christopher Wood
|Josh Salt
|Fernando Dente
|Matthew Mancini
|Matthew Kirk
|ณัฐพล เหมศิริ
|João Guimarães
|Ido Bartal
|Chase Peacock
|Hayato Kakizawa, Kazuya Kamikawa, Akitaka Tanaka
|Kim Mu-yeol, Joo Won
|Yoon Hyun-min
|David Jeffery
|Federico Marignetti
|Ton Sieben
|Alan Estrada, Mario Sepulveda
|Lea Michele
|Christy Altomare
|Charlotte Wakefield
|Hanna Kastner
|Elizabeth Judd
|Aja Wiltshire
|Florencia Otero
|Courtney Waldie
|Francesca Swarbrick
|ณัฐธยา รุ่งพศวัฒน์
|Gabriela Barros
|Ninet Taib
|Rachel Potter
|Kasuumi Hayashi, Akari Taniguchi
|Kim You-young
|Song Sang-eun
|Keri Kelly
|Arianna Battilana
|Michelle van de Ven
|Melissa Barrera
|John Gallagher, Jr.
|Blake Bashoff
|Iwan Rheon
|Wolfgang Türks
|Coby Getzug
|Matthew Fletcher
|Federico Salles
|David Anidjar
|Matthew Waters
|ธนพง เดชสังวร
|Jonas Cardoso
|Ido Rosenberg
|Lucas Wells
|Hajime Mikumo, Tokiya Ganbara
|Jo Jung-suk
|Jeong Dong-hwa
|Branden Martin
|Flavio Gismondi
|Jasper Stokman
|Pepe Navarrete
|Lauren Pritchard
|Steffi DiDomenicantonio
|Lucy May Barker
|Jennifer Kothe
|Courtney Markowitz
|Lindsay Leopold
|Mariana Jaccazio
|Maia Leia
|Lauren Aviah Clarke
|Inês Ferreira
|Hila Zaitun
|Alex Covington
|Maya Kanehara, Tomoko Ishizuka
|Kim Ji-hyun
|Kim I-sak
|Brenna Kelly
|Tania Tuccinardi
|Lisa Berendse
|Roxana Puente
|Adult Men
|Stephen Spinella
|Henry Stram
|Richard Cordery
|Daniel Berger
|Mark Poppleton
|Larry Baldacci
|Tony Lestingi
|Peter O'Donoghue
|Ben Rigby
|ยศภูมิ ดำรงค์เดชากูล
|João Cabral
|Steve Garland
|Kaname Shimura, Takahide Tashiro
|Song Young-chang, Jang Jae-ho
|Song Young-chang, Jeong Jae-sung
|Michael Coughlan
|Gianluca Ferrato
|Ad Knippels
|Cristobal Garcia-Naranjo
|Adult Women
|Christine Estabrook
|Angela Reed
|Sian Thomas
|Julia Stemberger
|Sarah Kleeman
|Vanessa Greenway
|Irene Almus
|Gabriella Demers
|Lesley Kaufman
|อารดา วริศราภูริชา
|Sofia Nicholson
|Lisa Kay Powers
|Kyoko Nakano, Kayako Tsuzuki
|Lee Mi-ra, Lee Ju-young
|Lee Mi-ra, Lee Ju-young
|Ramona Robins
|Francesca Gamba
|Henriëtte Tol
|Gisela Sehedi
|Jonathan B. Wright
|Andy Mientus
|Jamie Blackley
|Johannes Huth
|Devon Stone
|Adam Fane
|Eliseo Barrionuevo
|Sophia Graziani
|Dale Curran
|กายกานต์ เทพประดิษฐ์
|Nuno Medeiros
|Scott Daniel
|Yosuke Ichiwa, Akito Minami
|Kim Dong-hyun
|Kim Seong-il
|Simon Myers
|Renzo Guddemi
|Tim van Peteghem
|Iker Madrid
|Skylar Astin
|Matt Shingledecker
|Jos Slovick
|Dominik Hees
|Jim Hogan
|Harter Clingman
|Julian Rubino
|Oliver Nacey
|Rick Bithell
|André Lourenço
|Griffeth Whitehurst
|Hidenori Shirase
|Yoon Seok-won
|Lee Jun-hyuk, Choi Jae-lim
|Stephen Myers
|Vincenzo Leone
|Bart van Veldhoven
|Diego Medel
|Lilli Cooper
|Sarah Hunt
|Hayley Gallivan
|Sonja Dengler
|Aliya Bowles
|Paige Collins
|Belén Pasqualini
|Shannon Deer
|Emma Clarke
|Ana Regueiras
|Honey Ribar
|Hitomi Musa, Chiaki Katsuma
|Paek Eun-hye
|Yoo Ju-hye
|Shelby MacPhail
|Paola Fareri
|Robin Virginie
|Ivone Garza
|Gideon Glick
|Ben Moss
|Harry McEntire
|Matthias Bollwerk
|Daniel Plimpton
|Adam Molloy
|Leandro Bassano
|Mariana Stabile
|Rob Woodward
|กิตติวัฒน์ ดีปู่
|David Salvado
|Emanuel Carrero
|Kazuki Takeuchi, Ryosuke Ito
|Kang Ha-neul
|Jeon Seong-wo
|Filip Zivanovic
|Andrea Simonetti
|Martijn Vogel
|Arturo Valdemar
|Brian Charles Johnson
|Anthony Lee Medina
|Edd Judge
|Marlon Wehmeier
|George Salazar
|Matt Babbs
|Cristian Centurión
|Krickstein Williams
|James Lloyd-Skinner
|Bruno Pina
|Chris Brent Davis
|Susumu Kato, Haruaki Tamai
|Yook Hyun-wook
|Hwang Ho-jin
|Curtis Windover
|David Marzi
|André Haasnoot
|Mauricio Romero, Jorge Lau
|Phoebe Strole
|Gabrielle Garza
|Natasha Barnes
|Jana Nagy
|Rachel Geisler
|Amber Robbin
|Micaela Pierani
|Daryna Melnik
|Amy Forrest
|Brienne Keller
|Katie Berger
|Yuko Matsuda, Madoka Tamaishi
|Park Ran-ju
|Kim Kyung-ha
|Janine Jeffery
|Chiara Marchetti
|Annemarieke Leurs
|Estibalitz Ruiz
|Remy Zaken
|Kimiko Glenn
|Evelyn Hoskins
|Jeannine Wacker
|Emily Mest
|Lauren Paris
|Julieta Nahir Calvo
|Amanda Siino
|Danielle Brook
|Tânia Azevedo
|Caroline Drage
|Mikiko Arimura, Ta'e Urakabe
|Oh So-yeon
|Moon Jin-ah
|Rebecca Fauser
|Albachiara Porcelli
|Desi van Doeveren
|Melissa Ortiz
Original London Cast Swings: Gemma O'Duffy, Mona Goodwin, Natalie Garner, Chris Barton, Jamie Muscato, Richard Southgate
Before opening the show off-Broadway, Duncan Sheik had composed an arrangement of song demos for the original concept of Spring Awakening. Back then the musical's plot adhered more closely to the original play's plot. Steven Sater and Duncan Sheik had originally intended for Melchior actually to rape Wendla at the end of "I Believe," but decided to change that plot because he wanted the scene to be more loving between the two characters. In workshops, "I Believe" ended with Wendla's scream while being raped. "All That's Known" replaced a song titled "All Numb". Both songs had the same theme, but because the directors had to reduce time for the show, "All Numb" was cut and replaced with "All That's Known".
A song called "A Comet on Its Way" was replaced by "The Bitch of Living". Although both songs followed the same basic theme, Sheik thought that "The Bitch of Living", being more upbeat, fit the show better. "Those You've Known" replaced a song called "The Clouds Will Drift Away", which was cut because Sheik wanted the song between the three main characters to stay close to the "All That's Known" theme. "Mama Who Bore Me (Reprise)" was originally intended to be performed after "Touch Me". Another song, entitled "Great Sex" (which was intended to be performed after "Mama Who Bore Me (Reprise)"), was also cut from the show because the directors thought the song pointed out the theme of the show too specifically. It was intended to be performed during Hanschen's masturbation scene, but the song was removed and the scene moved into the middle of "My Junk". Finally, songs such as "Touch Me" and "The Mirror-Blue Night" each had a reprise, and "Mama Who Bore Me" had a second reprise. Even "There Once Was a Pirate", which was cut, also had a reprise.
Spring Awakening had a number of workshops, concerts and rewrites over a seven-year period, including workshops at La Jolla Playhouse, San Diego, California, and the Roundabout Theatre Company, and a concert at Lincoln Center in February 2005, under the auspices of actor/producer Tom Hulce.[6] It premiered Off-Broadway at the Atlantic Theatre Company on May 19, 2006 and ran through August 5, 2006.[7]
The musical opened on Broadway at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on December 10, 2006[7] and closed on January 18, 2009, after 859 performances and 29 previews. Directed by Michael Mayer with choreography by Bill T. Jones, the costume designer is Susan Hilferty, set designer Christine Jones and lighting designer Kevin Adams.[8] It received nearly unanimous favorable reviews,[9][10] and easily recouped its initial $6 million capitalization, breaking even on August 27, 2007.[11]
Decca Broadway released the original cast recording on December 12, 2006, which won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 2008.[12] The guitar Sheik used to compose songs for Spring Awakening was included in the 2008 exhibition "Writing to Character: Songwriters & the Tony Awards" at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.[13]
A U.S. national tour (with one stop in Toronto, Canada) opened on August 15, 2008 at The Balboa Theatre in San Diego, California. The national tour ended on May 23, 2010 in Orlando, Florida.[14] A non-equity US tour began at Shryock Auditorium on October 14, 2010 in Carbondale, Illinois.[15] The non-equity US tour ended its run on May 15, 2011 in Ottawa, Canada at the Centrepointe Theatre.[16]
The London production began January 23, 2009 at the Lyric Hammersmith, transferred to the Novello Theatre on March 21, 2009, and closed on May 30, 2009.[17][18] The London production won four Laurence Olivier Awards, including Best New Musical.[19]
The European premiere took place on August 30, 2008, at Värmlandsoperan in Karlstad, Sweden. The production is directed by Per Eltvik and choreographed by Åsa Thegerström. The Swedish text is by Fredrik Fischer and Linnea Sjunnesson. It stars Joán Alderman (Melchior), Mari Haugen Smistad (Wendla) and Ole Aleksander Bang (Moritz). This production closed in March 2009.
The Finnish production opened in Helsinki on 5 February 2009 and closed in November 2009.[20] The first Hungarian-language (first non-replica) production premiered on February 7, 2009 in Budapest at the Nyugati Teátrum as a co-production of the Budapest Operetta and Musical Theatre and the Nyugati Teátrum, with the title Tavaszébredés. This production ran until May 26, 2009.[21] A new production opened on November 21, 2009 at the Budapest Operetta and Musical Theatre, with all the roles played by the students of the Pesti Broadway Stúdio, the acting school of the theatre. This is also a non-replica production but differs from the previous Hungarian version, and is staged as a modern school class performing the musical.[22]
International productions in 2009 included the second Swedish-language production, which opened in Helsingborg, Sweden on March 20, 2009.[23] The German-language premiere opened in Vienna, Austria in a limited run at the Ronacher Theatre on March 21, 2009, and closed on May 30, 2009.[24] A live cast recording was released.
An English-language production opened in Valletta, Malta at the St. James Cavalier Theatre on April 17, 2009, directed by Wesley Ellul and choreographed by Fiona Barthet. This was produced by the MADC and staged to rave reviews. The run was extended after it sold out.[25][26]
The Japanese-language production opened in Tokyo at the Shiki Theatre Jiyu May 2, 2009.[27] The Brazilian production in Rio de Janeiro ran with the title O Despertar da Primavera from August 21, 2009 to January 31, 2010. Transferred to São Paulo where ran from March 13, 2010 until May 2, 2010; re-opened on July 10 and closed on August 15. A cast recording was released in January.[28] The Philippine production opened in Manila in the Carlos P. Roumolo Auditorium, RCBC Plaza, on September 25 until the October 17, 2009. It was performed in English and was directed by Chari Arespachochaga.[29] The Czech-language premiere opened in Brno, Czech Republic at the City Theatre Brno on November 21, 2009.[30] The South Korean production opened in Seoul in 2009.
In January 2010, the Norwegian production opened in Oslo.[31] Sydney Theatre Company staged the first Australian non-replica production, which opened on 4 February 2010 and closed on 7 March. Actress Cate Blanchett was the co-artistic director.[32] The Argentine production with the Spanish title Despertar de Primavera – Un Musical Diferente opened in Buenos Aires on March 19, 2010. This is the second production made in South America, after the Brazilian production.[33] A Hebrew production opened in Tel Aviv, Israel in April 2010. The Scottish premiere involving students from the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama took place during the Edinburgh Fringe Festival on 4 August 2010, and closed on 30 August. The Irish premiere was performed at The Helix, Dublin in September 2010, produced by NYMT[34] (National Youth Musical Theatre) Ireland. The English Theatre in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, being the largest English language theatre on the "continent", produced the musical in November 2010. Director was Ryan McBryde.[35] The South Australian premiere of Spring Awakening went on stage in December 2010, produced by Film and Theatre Company Gin & Vodka Productions and co-directed by Joshua Penley and Vince Fusco, with Musical Direction by Jonathan Bligh – performed at Adelaide University's Little Theatre.[36] The Serbian production opened in December 2010 at Belgrade Drama Theatre.[37]
In Chicago, the first Chicago-produced version of the play opened at the Griffin Theatre, running from December 4 to January 8, 2011. It was directed by Jonathan Berry.[38]
In the Netherlands, the musical opened in March 2011 and closed on 3 April. It was a co-production between Joop van den Ende/Stage Entertainment and M-Lab. This production was directed by Paul Eenens and featured students of different conservatoires and musical academies from all over the Netherlands.
The Victorian premiere of Spring Awakening opened on January 27, 2011 at the National Theatre in Melbourne. It was produced by the Young Australian Broadway Chorus and directed by Robert Coates.
The first Australian touring production opened on March 30 and concluded performances in the Reginald Theatre at Sydney's Seymour Centre in April. It featured Stephen Madsen as Melchior and Sarah Blackstone as Wendla. The non-replica production was also the first in Australia to utilise the 'Whispering' duet arrangement as performed on London's West End.[39][40]
A Welsh language production toured Wales from the beginning of March 2011 visiting 8 different locations, with Theatr Genedlaethol Cymru (Welsh National Theatre).[41]
The first UK national tour of Spring Awakening took place in May and June 2011, produced by Sell a Door Theatre Company, directed by Pete Gallagher and choreographed by Cressida Carre. The tour will visit Exeter Northcott Theatre, Pleasance Edinburgh, MacRoberts Arts Centre Stirling, Lowry Manchester, Norwich Playhouse & Greenwich Theatre, London.[42][43]
In February 2012 the Galway University Musical Society (GUMS) brought Spring Awakening to Galway for the first time in the Town Hall Theatre, under a production team made up entirely of students of the University. The show ran for 5 nights, received rave reviews, and was a storming success. Also in February 2012, the musical was performed at Bernhard-Riemann-Gymnasium in Scharnebeck,[44] being the last of more than ten productions directed by Mary Ellen Petersen.
On 23 February 2013 Spring Awakening was performed in New Zealand for the first time by Auckland Music Theatre Incorporated as part of the Auckland Fringe festival. On 13 June 2013 "Spring Awakening" was performed in Portugal for the first time in Casa da Criatividade. Spring Awakening is also set to be preformed by Interlochen Arts Academy on 7 December 2013. An Italian licensed version of Spring Awakening (with English lyrics mixed with an Italian libretto) is planned to start on October, staged by TodoModo MusicAll.[45]
In late November 2013, "Spring Awakening" was staged in the UK by the University of Birmingham's Guild Musical Theatre Group. Director, Jacob Dorrell, completely reinterpreted the script, drawing inspiration from the artistic style of German Expressionism. This resulted in a dark and visually immersive production, emphasising the oppressed feelings of the children. The production ran for five nights and was met with great critical acclaim.[46][47]
Amateur performances of Spring Awakening are now being licensed.[48] Depending on the locale, there is often a higher age limit to participants to avoid infringement of child protection laws, as performances involving the underage could be considered child pornography.[citation needed]
In the new television series 90210, the first few episodes contain the school and some of the characters as they prepare, and eventually perform in Spring Awakening, though in reality the amateur production rights were not available at the time. Parts of some songs and scenes are performed through the episodes, such as "Mama Who Bore Me" and "The Bitch of Living". Annie and Ty played the principal roles.
In 2008 episodes of the Australian Soap Opera Home and Away, the play is on the syllabus at Summer Bay High for Year 12 students and causes some controversy.
Apple's Keynote presentation application uses the lyrics of "The Bitch of Living" on its icon.[49]
|Award Ceremony
|Tony Award[50]
|Best Musical
|Best Book of a Musical
|Steven Sater
|Best Original Score
|Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater
|Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical
|Jonathan Groff
|Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical
|John Gallagher, Jr.
|Best Direction of a Musical
|Michael Mayer
|Best Choreography
|Bill T. Jones
|Best Orchestrations
|Duncan Sheik
|Best Scenic Design
|Christine Jones
|Best Costume Design
|Susan Hilferty
|Best Lighting Design
|Kevin Adams
|Drama Desk Award[51]
|Outstanding Musical
|Outstanding Book of a Musical
|Steven Sater
|Outstanding Actor in a Musical
|John Gallagher, Jr.
|Jonathan Groff
|Outstanding Actress in a Musical
|Lea Michele
|Outstanding Director of a Musical
|Michael Mayer
|Outstanding Choreography
|Bill T. Jones
|Outstanding Orchestrations
|Duncan Sheik
|Outstanding Music
|Duncan Sheik
|Outstanding Lyrics
|Steven Sater
|Lucille Lortel Award[52]
|Outstanding Musical (tie with In the Heights)
|Outstanding Director
|Michael Mayer
|Outstanding Choreographer
|Bill T. Jones
|Outstanding Costume Design
|Susan Hilferty
|Outstanding Lighting Design
|Kevin Adams
|Outstanding Sound Design
|Brian Ronan
|Drama League Award[53][54]
|Distinguished Production of a Musical
|The Julia Hansen Award for Excellence in Directing
|Michael Mayer
|Distinguished Performance
|John Gallagher, Jr.
|Jonathan Groff
|Theatre World Award[55]
|Jonathan Groff
|New York Drama Critics' Circle[56]
|Best Musical
|Outer Critics Circle Award[57]
|Outstanding New Broadway Musical
|Outstanding New Score
|Outstanding Director of a Musical
|Michael Mayer
|Obie Award[58]
|Music and Choreography
|Bill T. Jones
|Broadway.com Audience Choice Award[59]
|Favorite New Broadway Musical
|Favorite Ensemble Cast
|Favorite Leading Actor in a Broadway Musical
|Jonathan Groff
|Favorite Featured Actor in a Broadway Musical
|John Gallagher, Jr.
|Favorite Onstage Pair
|Jonathan Groff and Lea Michele
|Favorite Breakthrough Performance (Male)
|Jonathan Groff
|Favorite Breakthrough Performance (Female)
|Lea Michele
|Grammy Award[60]
|Best Musical Show Album
|Award Ceremony
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Best New Musical
|Best Actor in a Musical
|Aneurin Barnard
|Best Actress in a Musical
|Charlotte Wakefield
|Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical
|Iwan Rheon
|Best Theatre Choreographer
|Bill T. Jones
|Best Lighting Design
|Kevin Adams
|Best Sound Design
|Brian Ronan
In 2010, lyricist-librettist Steven Sater told Playbill.com that a film version of Spring Awakening could begin production in Europe in the Spring of 2013.[61] In 2012, Duncan Shiek told Broadwayworld.com that the movie was in development, but not everything was in place yet. No further information regarding the movie has been released.


text:
Peter Greenberg
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Clue: Oktoberfest cry
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IAN SOMERHALDER 88 Articles
Ian Somerhalder Fights Pipeline, Gets Kids Involved
Actor Ian Somerhalder is as famous for his environmental efforts as he is for his TV shows. His latest green initiative? Joining celebs like Mark Ruffalo and Daryl Hannah in speaking
10 Celebrities Fighting To Save The Rainforests
Ecorazzi's Rainforest Editorial Series is brought to you by Hello Green Tomorrow, the Avon Product Inc. campaign to plant a future and help end deforestation. The great rainforests once covered
Ian Somerhalder Aiming for Nobel Prize
Yes, you read that right. Not an Emmy. Not an MTV Movie Award. Not another Teen Choice Award. Ian Somerhalder wants a Nobel Prize — but not for himself. You
Ian Somerhalder Foundation Sponsors T-shirt Design Contest
Is Ian Somerhalder the busiest guy in Hollywood? In addition to filming his hit show, The Vampire Diaries, the actor has also started his own conservation foundation, filmed a series
Ian Somerhalder: Social Media Is Key To Conservation Movement
Following his testimony on Capitol Hill last week, The Vampire Diaries star Ian Somerhalder spoke about youth involvement in conservation efforts. Realizing that his celebrity status allowed him to reach
Watch EcorazziTV! Angelina, Ian, Anne & Alicia
The second edition of our new weekly video series is ready for your viewing pleasure. Check out Good Gossip with Whitney Lauritsen to find out about Angelina's Sahara Trek with
Ian Somerhalder to Host Planet Green's "Blue August"
Last week, Ian Somerhalder took his conservation efforts to the national level, asking Congress to reinstate funding to protect endangered species. Now, the "Vampire Diaries" star is tackling the whole


text:
You already know this car very well. S13 240SX chassis, the kind of car you want succeeding at a drift event. That TRA KYOTO/GT Rodeo aero, oh so good. Easily recognizable Falken livery. And that driver—yes, that cool Japanese guy with even cooler hair. So damn smooth and what I call pure genius behind the wheel. This is not so much a story about a car that was taken to a Formula D victory, but more about the guy who is responsible for doing the job. After all, without a great driver, the car is nothing more than a piece of lifeless machinery. Its life comes from within him, through his fingertips, fast acting feet and precision coordination. Winning a championship is a goal that has been in effect since the day he stepped off a plane back in 2003 as a hired gun for a then emerging drift scene. He never once stopped trying although he was knocked down a couple times in the process. And, so it goes without saying: 2011 was finally Dai Yoshihara's year.
A Star is Born
There are so many stories that have been left untold when it comes to Dai. A quick search over the Internet will pull up various event results, so while you can talk statistics about Dai, it doesn't really give you an insight as to how he is as a person. I'm here to share a few stories with you from people who've been a part of Dai's professional drifting career at various stages. But, to start, let me tell you my earliest memories of Dai—before he was a star, before he could speak English, before he could even drive a LHD car proficiently—he was just, Dai. I met him at a local speed shop in Los Angeles the summer of 2003 through my friends, Ken Miyoshi and Jerry Tsai. The two of them (Ken being the head of Import Showoff with his latest venture at the time being Drift Showoff, one of the first drift events in the US, and Jerry the mastermind behind one of the OG import clothing labels, Pacific Rim) had wanted to bring over a driver from Japan to pilot a car for them at the first US D1GP driver's search. By making random connections in Japan, Dai was the guy chosen for the job. I remember distinctly that he could only introduce himself in English and maybe a few other short sentences, nothing more. Quiet for sure, but you could see the hunger in his eyes. Clearly, the talent was there.
"When I first met Dai, he was a touge drifter I met through a friend who I partnered with to purchase JDM parts to send to the US. If I didn't purchase those parts, I would've never met Dai and invited him over to the States. When we met, he told me he was a local mountain drifter and wanted a chance to compete on a professional level. I asked, "Why not D1 Japan?" and he told me that he needed connections and money to even be a top-level competitor. He offered to pick me up and show me his touge skills, and I accepted. That two-hour drive in the mountains blew my mind. I then asked if he wanted to have his drifting dream fulfilled since I was starting my own drifting series here." – Ken Miyoshi, founder of Import/Drift Showoff
Here was a driver who was brought over to live his American dream, to drift in the US on behalf of a US drift team. In one of my first stories with Dai ('Interrogation Room', June 2004), he told me, "I'm not well-known [in Japan]; nobody knows me. It's better for me to drift for the Americans. I want to represent the American scene." It's this desire to succeed in America that has obviously motivated Dai to push as hard as he can. As his skills improved, his fan base also grew. Dai and the Pac Rim drift team became an overnight sensation and when many drivers transitioned over to the Formula D series, many soon recognized him as a drift icon, including me. Yet, despite the popularity, all he really wanted was a championship title. And so the fight continued on…
The Makings of a Champion
In 2008, Dai parted ways amicably with Pac Rim, doing a brief stint (for one year) alongside Rhys Millen in the RMR Pontiac GTO before joining Team Falken's dynamic team of young drifters, creating a sort of 'best of the best' union of tire-smoking talents. In some way, you could say that this was a make it or break it point in his career, a test for sure. He now had a team to represent, one full of stars where some claimed championship titles of their own, but Dai still stood out as a unique entity. It wasn't just the added pressure to perform from his teammates that started to weigh him down; as part of Team Falken, he was no longer in his "comfort zone", so to speak, as the S13s and S15 he had become used to driving—and subsequently, also synonymous with his image—were no longer. Dai now became the captain of the Discount Tire Lexus IS 350, a car that was often more problematic than not.
"His ability to hop into new vehicles and adapt quickly, and in several cases drive around issues with cars, has made him one of the top talents in the sport of drift over the past eight years." – Rhys Millen
"Dai has always been the best but he lost confidence after his 2009 crash at Seattle. He had been suffering from development problems with his new car until it was destroyed in the crash. His hastily prepared S13 was barely competitive as well until the 2010 season. It took until his Atlanta victory in 2010 to get his confidence back. He is sort of like Senna, a brilliant driver but he sometimes has moments where he makes basic mistakes, mostly in strategy not related to his driving skill." – Mike Kojima, crew member/MotoIQ.com


text:
… resurrecting a favorite of mine, just because it's Monday and I need a laugh.
Fortified with vitamin BXVI. Not a substitute for regular mass attendance. Side effects may include mackerel snapping.
… resurrecting a favorite of mine, just because it's Monday and I need a laugh.
Mackerel Snapping Papist
"And we remember what you told us, that one time,
And it was awesome, we should have wrote it down"
Hm, my Church childhood. I knew it was great, but, man, it was really great.
Ah! So many memories… So glad they're just memories.
Me too. We've recently left the guitars and Gather hymnals behind, and now I can finally laugh at stuff like this. Makes me feel a lot better about the not-so-great cantors at our parish. They may not be able to sing particularly well, or be able to figure out how to get email attachments with their music for next week, but at least they are willing to sing decent hymns with organ accompaniment.
Volume 2 is written, but yet to be recorded. I've got some doozies for the next round…
I eagerly await.
How did I only just realize that that Jesus picture looks dead-on Liam Neeson???
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text:
ALESSI MINOU purse hook
- £15.50
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Designed by Belgian designer Frederic Gooris, the Alessi Minou purse hook takes a clever modern invention and gives it a playful spin with a cat silhouette. The cat stand besides you on the edge of the table while your handbag hangs from the tail. Crafted from stainless steel, it's neat and compact enough to slip into even the smallest bag.
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UK icon UK delivery
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Big Bend National Park Hotels
1 Readers' Suggestions
February 21st, 2008
3:01 pm
If the Gauge Hotel in Marathon is full (or too upscale for you) check out the Marathon Motel just down the highway, towards Alpine, about a mile. Basic, clean, and confortable...only phone is office or a pay phone. My cell phone didn't work, but some do. Wonderful large patio to sit and help the sun go down, with a nice fire in the large fireplace at dusk.
— Anonymous
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Book A FlightBook A HotelRent A CarBook A CruiseBook A PackageBook An ActivityExpedia


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In Focus: SFFS/KRF Filmmaking Grant Winners/
Yesterday we announced the latest winners of this fall's SFFS/KRF Filmmaking Grant, which supports feature narrative films that uplift the Bay Area professionally and economically. Or as our Executive Director Ted Hope put it, "Wow. We just gave away $300K!" So without further ado, we invite you to meet the winning bunch of filmmakers.Read More


text:
Stay up-to-date with KAKE News:
April 25, 2010
On Hatteberg's People, Brenda Hall of McPherson knows how important reflections are. She collects African-American figurines and for years have found joy in seeing her heritage reflected back to her in ways that have benefited her children and grandchildren. When you see yourself, you see not only a past…but a future as well.
"If bringing this into my home, in the bedroom, in the bathroom, my kitchen, my everything, if just for that little bit of time my grand children are here, they can dream that impossible dream," Hall said.
But it is impossible no more. Surrounded by African-American figurines that represent every part of her heritage, Brenda Hall has a collection now…that was impossible when she was growing up.
"It's a good feeling when you walk in the store and see those and you think 'oh that is beautiful," Hall said.
In past years, African-Americans weren't represented in dolls and figurines - they were invisible. Invisible, until that one day she went into a store and saw her first one.
"But this particular day there was a little black figurine setting there that caught my eye, and I said that is for me," Hall said.
Now she is surrounded by hundreds of them in every room, and in each face, someone familiar.
"Most of these pieces, I see somebody I know in that piece. An aunt, or an uncle, or that looks like my cousin or my grandson," Hall said. "Surprisingly enough, most of these lines are by white artists. How can they get us so distinctly? It's just so beautiful. The details are just incredible."
But perhaps her favorite figurines are the ones that represent church. Her father was a pastor.
"Dad pastured all my growing up years so this was my little haven. This is what I'm all about. This was all we had for hundreds of years, was our faith. Then you would go (to church) and that was your getaway place. It was a time for ladies to put their hats on and get all gussied up and get going and it was just a pleasure. From the time we set foot in there was just an air of enthusiasm and joy and as I look at the people in these pews, it reminds me of my church days, from the tambourine, to the choir, to the ushers, just everything. So when I started building my church, and that was my endeavor, to bring a part of me into my home and I can't imagine not having my church," Hall said.
The figurines also give hope to her grandchildren.
"A picture is worth a thousand words and when you are looking at what you want to be and there is a reflection of you looking back, it looks like it is attainable. What better way to put the things we love around us that reflect me, and in the midst of all this you can't help but be happy. I can shut the door and shut out the cold mean world and I'm happy and I'm content," Hall said.


text:
URL: http://www.entrepreneur.com/answer/221390Whether you can be "screwed" or not depends on the form of business that you have. If you have a corporation (you did refer to "shares"), many states do not require that the owners' names appear on the certificate of incorporation. The rights of the owners are determined by the state's corporation law, the bylaws, and the shareholders' agreement. If you are in a general partnership, you've entered a murky area, because general partnership certificates do require disclosure of the identities of the owners. Best to review the paperwork with an attorney in your state to get the peace of mind you're seeking.
Nina L. Kaufman, Esq. is an award-winning New York City attorney, edutainer and author. Under her Ask The Business Lawyer brand, she reaches thousands of entrepreneurs and small business owners with her legal services, professional speaking, information products, and LexAppeal weekly ezine. She also writes the Making It Legal blog.


text:
A new report by the Center for Labor Market Studies at Northeastern University looks at how many prison inmates are high school dropouts.
I doubt anyone will be surprised that the study — The Consequences of Dropping Out of High School — documents high incarceration rates among dropouts.
The study found that:
The incidence of institutionalization problems among young high school dropouts was more than 63 times higher than among young four year college graduates.
Nearly 1 of every 10 young male high school dropouts was institutionalized on a given day in 2006-2007 versus fewer than 1 of 33 high school graduates, 1 of 100 of those out-of-school young men who completed 1-3 years of post-secondary schooling, and only 1 of 500 men who held a bachelor's or higher degree.
The nation's young high school dropouts in 2006-2007 were nearly four times as likely as their peers with a bachelor's or higher academic degree to be living in a family with an annual money income below 125% of the poverty line.
The average high school dropout will cost taxpayers over $292,000 in lower tax revenues, higher cash and in-kind transfer costs, and imposed incarceration costs relative to an average high school graduate.
In its finding on the cost of dropouts to the rest of us, the study makes a strong argument for better funding of dropout prevention efforts. But I don't think anyone is in the mood right now to fund new programs.
So what can be done at current funding levels? At a recent UGA conference, a researcher explained the need of connections and relationships to keep kids in high school. (The research on college dropouts says the same thing.)
But I think forming close relationships with potential dropouts is hard for teachers. These are the kids who don't show up for class, who don't respond to the teacher's efforts and who bog down the class. In my classroom experience, it seems much more likely that teachers will bond with the kids who try in class and who make the teacher feel effective and competent.
Are the Georgia graduation coaches — a friend of mine calls them "paid cheerleaders" – able to reach prospective dropouts and form real connections? Or are there too many future dropouts and too few coaches?
October 11th, 2009
10:27 pm
I think what is not in this study is the number of kids who drop out because they can't conform to the rules of society (and school). Many of the people who end up in prison don't think the rules really apply to them, they were most likely the same way in high school. Some drop out to make money and find out there aren't many high paying jobs for high school drop outs, many end up making money any way they can…mostly by doing things illegally.
And "duh!" on the people with college degrees not ending up in prison at the same rate as drop outs. These folks have too much to lose and have probably worked pretty hard to get where they are. It's hard to find time to be a criminal if you work full time.
October 11th, 2009
10:28 pm
Maureen have you ever stopped to consider how the lack of consequences, and the lack of discipline throughout the school system leads to a "boy who cried wolf" syndrome when it comes to warning students about the consequences of dropping out?
But what have the public schools essentially taught a tenth grader on the verge of dropping out? They've taught them, for ten years, that there are no real consequences for their actions.
Disrupt a class? Get a reprimand and a pep talk, and then get sent back to class to repeat the process all over again; for years on end, no less.
Fail your coursework? No big deal, if you passed the CRCT. But what if you fail the CRCT? Still no big deal, more than likely you'll get promoted anyway. Only to repeat the same scenario again and again and again. No wonder children don't think consequences for poor academic performance are real. They've been protected from them their entire lives.
Wouldn't it be better if students learned the lessons of personal responsibility and following the accepted social order in schools that had real consequences for real misbehavior, so that they didn't have to learn these lessons in potentially more painful manner later on in life? Even if that meant some of the more chronically disruptive had to learn those lessons in alternative schools that could give them the sense of structure and discipline that many of them clearly need?
Wouldn't that be so much better than a never ending string of "blue ribbon panels" who cry "oh the children" and reinforce their victim status, even as we practically raise them, with a lack of consequences in the schools, to engage in predatory actions for which we will eventually have to incarcerate many of them?
October 11th, 2009
11:01 pm
I think there are also studies out there about the literacy levels of those who end up in prison. I think Ernest has a point about not being able to conform to the rules, but I also think a lot of these students have really low skill levels, and have been socially promoted rather than remediated throughout elementary and middle schools. When they get to high school, they can't do the work, so they quit.
October 11th, 2009
11:02 pm
Sorry, Echo, not Ernest…
October 11th, 2009
11:10 pm
Why is a student considered a drop out if they take more than 4 years of high school plus one summer to graduate. This is not done for college graduates? This is not done in any other statistic. A lawyer that takes an extra year to complete school or pass the bar exam is still a lawyer.
Our silly rules create more dropouts.
October 11th, 2009
11:16 pm
If the GED is not a diploma then why is it called a diploma? Why is getting a GED considered a drop out? A person with a GED can get the same jobs as those with a HS diploma. A person with a GED can get into college. So, why are these students counted as dropouts? Another silly rule.
The rules push students out of the system and eventually into dead in lives.
Helping those students that struggle with silly rules to adapt and overcome systems leads to successful individuals and better communities.
October 12th, 2009
12:37 am
This is the DEUUUUUH column of the year….
October 12th, 2009
12:47 am
Another lost post; I guess seeing the words "consequences" and "public schools" in the same post was just too much for the sensibilities of the blog monster.
October 12th, 2009
1:30 am
Wow, they are really on to a new discovery here. How long did it take them to figure out this one? Maybe Obama will inspire young men now…………….Oh wait, he has been in office for 9 months and the crimes in cities keep happening on a regular basis. I have an idea, you go and find the at risk students in maybe the 8th or 9th grade and go to community centers in the city and sit the 13+ year olds in a room. Then you show these students and kids a couple of these good prison documentaries and show them what is in store for them if they go to prison. Do this about 4 times a year and I guarentee you will scare some of these kids into working hard in school and make them think twice about commiting a crime. I saw a documentary about a maximum security prison here in Georgia and anyone that watches it will never want to end up in a place like this.
October 12th, 2009
5:23 am
important note: which classes are being fazed out of public funding, but provide the most opportunity for student buy-in and developing student-teacher relationships? hint: these subjects don't suffer from the inevitable pressures of continuous state & nat'l testing mandates.
October 12th, 2009
5:36 am
Funny… i thought the high rates of blacks in prison was due to "racism" LOL
October 12th, 2009
8:24 am
This report shows CORELATIONS and not CAUSES. There are many reasons that students drop out of school and many of these reasons are the same ones that land people in jail.
Overgeneralizing from reports like this lead people to think that dropping out of school causes people to end up in jail. This could not be further from the truth. there is a coincidental relationship and it is rather high, thus the strong corelation.
By singling out schools, people are quick to think that schools should be able to prevent the future incarceration of potential dropous. Schools may be one tool that could help prevent this, but there are other components that must be considered, too. Social issues that lead up to dropping out, poor performance in the classroom, and bad behavior must also be considered.
Some of the potential jail birds bog teachers down and should not be in school. They interfere with the learning of others by disrupting class, creating threatening environments, and through non-participation. I don't want children with traits like that tearing down the opportunities for others.
Keeping more of the students with severe issues like this in school is costly. Economics gives us the Law of Decreasing Returns. This law applies to educational environments, too. As we push to increase the graduation rate, it will cost more and more to keep unmotivated and disruptive students in the classroom.
Are we willing to pay these costs?
October 12th, 2009
8:36 am
There is only one reason a child drops out of school. Lousy Parents!!! Graduation coaching doesn't do any good for some because they get their lazy, I deserve something for nothing attitude from their parents. It's the mentality that we are instilling in kids today. We teach them that "everyone is special" and "everyone is equal" and "all deserve the same things"!! You deserve what you get off your butt and work for, that's what we should be teaching kids. Life is tough and if you don't work hard, you don't get very far. All the hand holding and being carefull we don't hurt kids feelings these days is what is hurting them in the long run.
October 12th, 2009
8:41 am
Just an FYI-the DOE publishes an "at risk" list for each school. The list issues students a percentage score-determining how likely they are of NOT graduating.The percentage score is calculated based on attendance, grades, test scores,and socioeconomic factors. In my school for example with almost 1000 students there are over 600 on "the list"-That doesn't mean they won't ALL drop out, but there is that possibility. Can the grad coach do the job of helping over 600 kids? You do the math! The solution is making this a COMMUNITY issue- parents, TEACHERS, the grad coach, ADMINISTRATORS,everyone that deals with the student, must be motivated to build relationships.It only takes a couple of minutes to ask a student how their weekend was,or comment on a different outfit or new hairstyle,or to make notice of a game score.Think about the students that are struggling the most and make an attempt to show those students that you care not only about their grades but about them as people. If one student decided to stay in school because of the concern he/she was shown, isn't it worth it?
October 12th, 2009
8:58 am
The problem with graduation coaches is that they have no specific definition to their job. They are made to do the "stuff admin doesn't want to do". I do not understand this position and I think its a waste of funding.
We also need more discipline in school and school choice. Students in tough neighborhoods actually respond well to discipline, they want it just many have never had it. They respect teachers that are tough but fair and show them respect and care. Some teachers try to dumb material down for students and/or try to befriend them. Kids see right through that and lose respect. Once respect is lost by kids who have no reason to respect authority you're never going to educate that student. We also need more schools that cater to specific talents or interests. Whatever happened to industrial arts or vo-tech?
October 12th, 2009
10:27 am
How, in a supposed civilized society, is this not a cornerstone issue when discussing education?
Though there will never be an educational utopia, things could be so much better.
But it would cost money. And as long as buying yacht furniture is more important that 'someone else's kid' – it'll never happen.
Raise taxes. I'm game.
October 12th, 2009
10:35 am
@ Braves Fan—-One thing I have learned in the past 7 years is that institutionalized racism is prevalent in education. Poor students will receive a far less quality education than middle class and upper class students. And poor students tend to be minority students.
October 12th, 2009
10:54 am
Gwinnett High School Teacher – if you are in Gwinnett , and the amount of students in your school is accurate…then I want to give you a heads up – it is very possible that your school abolished the grad coach role via "flexibility" from IE2. Our schools flexibility plan in Gwinnett says that grad coaches will now be assigned to other duties outside of the intent of the grad coach role. I absolutely agree with your comments, but now those grad coaches, at least in our small high school with probably as many or more "at risk" are going to be spread even thinner. And we gave away our rights to let this happen.
October 12th, 2009
12:13 pm
I completely agree that intervening when a student is in high school is basically futile. Students who lack the skills to complete high school level work will not learn those skills simply by taking the classes over and over. I doubt that any graduation coach will make a significat impact on these students. Tony also makes a good point. If we are spinning our wheels trying to remediate students who should not have been promoted to high school to begin with, then we are neglecting the other students (the majoritiy) who are on track.
October 12th, 2009
12:39 pm
PLEASE make an EFFORT to delineate between causation and correlation. This is yet ANOTHER money wasting tabs-type study which unsophisticated people seize upon to infer causality. People who end up in jail TEND TO BE those who are unmotivated by "traditional society norms", less intelligent, less disciplined, lower income, lower parental education, single-parent–the same as those who TEND TO drop out of school. So should we "make it easier" to get a diploma to keep them out of jail? No. Is a diploma the magic pill? NO.
It's like saying being fair causes skin cancer. There is a CORRELATION, not CAUSATION. Would dying their hair dark and giving them dark contacts change this? No.
Should we write these folks off? Does that mean we should give up? No. But we should acknowledge that there is a limit for what we (educators) can do. Right now our elementary schools are doing everything they can to offer needs based classes in addition to regular classes, trying to pull these students up, with very limited success. As long as you have "no fail" and "no discipline" and "no homework" policies, you get (from a lot of folks) what you ask for: NOTHING.
On middle and high school coaches: they are a waste. (Have they saved a few kids? Sure. But in terms of cost effectiveness, NO.) The die is cast LONG before middle school. Assign "parenting coaches" upon the baby leaving the hospital. THEN you have SOME chance.
October 12th, 2009
3:18 pm
It is cheaper to educate than incarcerate. Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (www.pbis.org) is one suggestion and has been proven to reduce discipline referrals. Kudos to the Gwinnett HS teacher. Children do not choose their parents and often teachers have no idea what is going on at home. I agree with Science Teacher and that those in the prison system do have much lower literacy skills. If Georgians continue to be unconcerned about the low graduation and high incarceration rates, how will we ever improve or find solutions? How do you stop the cycle?
"Removal from school reduces the amount of time students spend receiving instruction, which has been shown to be the strongest predictor of school achievement, and leaves children at home or on the streets, which increases their risk for contact with the juvenile justice system. Equally important, studies by the American Psychological Association and others failed to find any evidence that the use of zero tolerance, suspensions and expulsions leads to improvements in student behavior or school climate."
October 12th, 2009
5:12 pm
Concerned in Gwinnett: my system (about 4000 students) virtually NEVER suspends students. So why are we near the bottom in graduation rate? In part, because we virtually never suspend unruly students, and the marginal kids get tired of it, and, lacking family support, drop out of the bad situation. Nobody is for wholesale expulsions, but around here if you get put out of school it is for major criminal activity.
Removal from school of chronically disruptive students does reduce the amount of time that student is exposed to instruction, but INCREASES EXPONENTIALLY the amount of time the other 30+ in the class get.
And I maintain the kids who are chronic behavior problems in 3rd grade will continue to their mayhem all the way through school, visiting it upon each group of students unlucky enough to have the disruptive as a "classmate."
BTW, let's see that PBIS put into action by these "experts" in real schools. I am sure the readers of this blog can suggest some. No specially picked classes, no fanfare. Let the rubber meet the road.
October 12th, 2009
5:17 pm
[...] story here Maureen Downey Student Lending Analytics Blog: Point/Counterpoint: Are Changes [...]
October 12th, 2009
6:05 pm
The one thing I would caution about programs that have been "proven to reduce discipline referrals" is that that is not necessarily the same thing as having been proven to improve behavior.
There have been plenty of programs that have come down the pike where referrals have been strongly discouraged if not completely swept under the rug, in order to "prove" the program is working.
Of course if these programs were really working then wouldn't come-then go-but that's what happens when it turns out only thing "working" in many of these programs is that the discipline numbers are being worked.
October 12th, 2009
7:56 pm
Concerned in Gwinnett,
You're mistaken. The biggest predictor of academic success might be "receiving instruction," but not in the matter you think. One of the biggest predictors of academic success is a child's educational development prior to age five. Once a child enters kindergarten intellectually behind his or her peers, it is almost impossible for him or her to catch up. The reason is obvious: Although the student might be receiving adequate instruction at school, he is floating adrift at home. There is no reinforcement of learned material, no motivation, and no support. A student almost never develops any sort of intrinsic motivation on his own (though some are more naturally motivated than others).
The school to prison pipeline is narrow-minded garbage because it fails to place the true blame where it is deserved–on the parents. It also asserts that schools can somehow overcome a child's depraved homelife. In essence, it is altruistic in its intention, placing the burden on others and expecting them to solve the problem. As long as the wealth of the producers is redistributed to the moochers based on the number of children they have, as long as the government takes care of people who do nothing and bails them out of their own asinine financial mistakes, as long the blame for failure is levied upon those who succeed, there will never be an end to problems like this.
October 12th, 2009
8:46 pm
PBIS is designed to be implemented school wide and not specially picked classes. However, speaking of "special" classes… both the in-school and out-of-school suspension rates tripled in one year for students with disabilities according to the 2008-2009 Gwinnett Discipline Report… looks like they ARE working the discipline numbers. Perhaps I'm the only one to find that alarming. PBIS alone may not be the magic bullet but it's a start in the right direction.
PBIS has been implemented in areas with some of the worst drop out rates in the nation such as Jefferson Parish in Louisiana.
"SPLC Releases Blueprint to Reduce Student, Teacher Dropouts in Louisiana"
PBIS was also implemented in North Carolina…
"Lee County Dropout Rate Continues to Decline
Rate Falls to Lowest in Ten Years, District Recognized by State Board"
October 13th, 2009
9:21 am
Is anyone doing a study on how many dropouts might have a physical problem, such as ADHD, fetal alcohol syndrome, or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (2nd trimester maternal drinking)? ADHD is vastly overdiagnosed but at the same time, real, and visible on brain scans. At present, there is no physical test for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders although Canadian researchers are working on it.
Both the students and schools would be better served by having a voucher system for medical care when students begin showing problems. These medical-diagnosis vouchers could only be used for diagnoses, evaluations, and out-of-school care; if they are left within the school budget, they will not be used for special-needs students–that's just the way it goes.
October 13th, 2009
3:07 pm
I'm sure that if you check the level that most prisoners read, You wil find a pattern. "Reading is Fundmamental" in the development of young students.
October 13th, 2009
9:47 pm
The system I teach keeps no one in the 8th grade, even if they fail every section of the CRCT. So they come to high school with a much diminished chance of success. Why do they pass them along, because they are afraid to enforce the current law. The child's self esteem may suffer.
October 14th, 2009
6:01 pm
When was the last time a doctor or a lawyer modified his approach to doing the job in accordance to the directives of the patient/client/parent? NEVER! If parents were to barge into the O.R. to advise doc on a particular procedure for junior, they would, in all probability, be escorted to the brig. Likewise the legal eagle…interfere with the proceedings and "that'll be another coupla hundred bucks for my time"! Why is it, then, that teachers cannot educate/discipline their charges without the input of mom, dad, granny and the entire cast of "interested parties" who need to allow the education system to do what they do? Sure, when/if input is needed, by all means go for it…otherwise, parents, butt out. Your kid, in the eyes of the system, is no different than the vast sea of other kids (contrary to what the ed elite would have you believing). Once this individuality nonesense subsides and kids realize the concept of "earned status" (you are what you make of yourself, not what is your perceived birthright allows), we just might be at the starting gate of developing young folks for bright futures, not lives of mediocrity.


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Sensors 2006, 6(11), 1616-1678; doi:10.3390/s6111616
Airborne Chemical Sensing with Mobile Robots
Received: 1 October 2006; Accepted: 8 November 2006 / Published: 20 November 2006
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors)
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract: Airborne chemical sensing with mobile robots has been an active research areasince the beginning of the 1990s. This article presents a review of research work in this field,including gas distribution mapping, trail guidance, and the different subtasks of gas sourcelocalisation. Due to the difficulty of modelling gas distribution in a real world environmentwith currently available simulation techniques, we focus largely on experimental work and donot consider publications that are purely based on simulations.
Keywords: mobile robot olfaction; gas distribution mapping; trail guidance; gas source localisation; gas source tracing; gas source declaration.
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Lilienthal, A.J.; Loutfi, A.; Duckett, T. Airborne Chemical Sensing with Mobile Robots. Sensors 2006, 6, 1616-1678.AMA Style
Lilienthal AJ, Loutfi A, Duckett T. Airborne Chemical Sensing with Mobile Robots. Sensors. 2006; 6(11):1616-1678.Chicago/Turabian Style
Lilienthal, Achim J.; Loutfi, Amy; Duckett, Tom. 2006. "Airborne Chemical Sensing with Mobile Robots." Sensors 6, no. 11: 1616-1678.
Sensors EISSN 1424-8220 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert


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Heavy duty drama as Dutta weds Nakusha in COLORS' Laagi Tujhse Lagan
Added on 5/17/2010
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Introduce a nontraditional cocktail recipe to a summertime party with this bourbon-infused drink. Fresh mint adds a fragrant note, while turbinado sugar adds festive sparkle.
Real Simple DECEMBER 2007
In a shaker, mix together the bourbon, blood orange juice, and mint leaves. Serve over ice in a low glass and garnish with a sprig of mint. Rub the rim of the glass with the orange wedge, then dip the edge in a dish of turbinado sugar (also called sugar in the raw).
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Looks like Britney Spears' team isn't taking any chances. During the nationwide auditions phase of X Factor, they made sure all the alcohol was removed from every place she was scheduled to stay even before she arrived.
Now die-hard fans are wondering if this is a sign that Brit is at risk of sliding back into some seriously bad habits.
Who could forget the megastar's troubled past. At her lowest, a judge said she was a "habitual, frequent, and continuous" user of alcohol and controlled substances and then forced her to undergo weekly random drug testing.
Those days are long gone, of course. Britney has staged a comeback even former legendary bad boy Robert Downey, Jr. would be impressed with. But the mandate from her staff is startling:
Very important: We require you to empty the minibars of all alcohol. And no gifts of wine or any other alcoholic beverages, please.
So far, the singer has been all business and has certainly impressed boss Simon Cowell. "In the past, we've had judges who never say no. She can't say no quick enough on this show," he has said. "She's quite difficult to please. But she's a fascinating person and I got to like her a lot." We do too. It's hard not to root for Britney after watching her grow up in the spotlight, battle some really embarrassing demons, and then overcome them. She's clearly back on top and we just hope she stays there.
Do you think Britney is back and better than ever?
Image via xfactorusa.com
It's common for former alcoholics to not want alcohol anywhere near them. My dad used to be one, and says he would love a glass of wine with dinner. Unfortunately for him, he cannot stop at just one. So for my family to help him in his sobriety, (going on 25 years) we don't drink in front of him, or talk about drinking, except for when we turned 21 and he warned us about our genetic propensity to drink and not stop.
Something that people fail to understand is that an alcoholic is NEVER "used to be"... they are ALWAYS an alcoholic. They may be sober for 20 years, and they are still an alcoholic. They are simply in recovery - hence the motto "one day at a time". She is smart to do this, and those around her are obviously keeping her best interest at heart.
awesome I don't drink so . most recovering alcholics can not have it around them


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Rock Island County voters recently rejected the "blank check" referendum to build a new courthouse. A committee will draft another proposal, this time with actual costs.
But, it was not just the "cost" voters are against, they oppose moving the courthouse from downtown. Another development that has met opposition is destruction of Audubon School for another grocery store on 18th Avenue. A new Fareway would saturate the market (especially given the new Walmart), and be a slap in the face to Aldi and Hy-Vee which have invested so much in that area.
Rather than taking an all-or-nothing approach, I believe we need innovative solutions that meet government needs (not their "wants") and also appease citizens.
For example, Fareway has not officially purchased the property. The county should buy Audubon and use it as a courthouse annex. Both buildings could be gutted and remodeled to meet today's standards. Audubon could host the traffic and civil courts, as well as county clerk offices. Violent cases could still be held downtown close to the jail. A centralized building is not necessary with today's technology.
Plus, many creative individuals have worked hard to revive downtown, and we cannot abandon all that work by removing its anchor. (The Seaford factory could be another option for an annex or police station.) I believe the leaders and citizens can find some resourceful solutions to meet today's needs while still preserving our history and character.
Devin Hansen,
Rock Island
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Granddad sneaks the boys into the movies to be cheap. Sarah's obsession with Usher after meeting him threatens her relationship with Tom. Riley and Granddad refuse to talk with cops about two local thieves, even after Granddad's car is stolen. Stinkmeaner's spirit possesses Tom and he tries to get revenge on Granddad. Riley joins the basketball team, and the boys fight over who will be boss while Granddad's on vacation.
Living in the suburbs on an unnamed planet, the young Brak and his family work their way through life, with the destructive Zorak a constant thorn in their sides as he leads Brak astray.
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It's a rainy day at home and siblings Dick and Sally have nothing to do, but all of that changes when The Cat and his messy sidekicks, Thing One and Thing Two, burst onto the scene. Then, The Cat in the Hat narrates the story of Daisy-Head Mayzie, a girl who mistakenly thinks that the flower blooming on her head will only bring trouble, but eventually propels her to fame and fortune. And finally, blast off to The Hoober-Bloob Highway, where every road from a space laboratory leads to Earth... and eventually to gratitude.
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text: Comments on: Surviving hell in a Bangladesh factory collapse Back to the article » By Associated Press | April 29, 2013 | 12:00 am SAVAR, Bangladesh (AP) -- Merina was so tired. It had been three days since the garment factory where she worked had collapsed around her, three days since she'd moved more than a few inches. In that time she'd had nothing to eat and just a few sips of water. The cries for help had long since subsided. The moans of the injured had gone silent. It was fatigue she feared the most. If sleep took... Web URL: http://washingtonexaminer.com/article/2528450 Share this article on Facebook or Twitter Print this article


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3 for Mullins at Fairyhouse at over 40 to 1
Outlander and Patrick Mullins come home clear at Fairyhouse
(Healy Racing Photos)
Easy enough to back, Outlander, completing a treble for Willie Mullins, following on from Arvika Ligeonniere and Zaidpour, defied any apparent lack of confidence out on the track.
The Gigginstown House Stud-owned four to one shot struck for home and was always going to win in the final quarter mile, eventually crossing the line five lengths to the good from the well-backed joint favourite, Saffron Wells.
Mullins revealed: "He hadn't shown those type of gears at home and I thought he was an out and out galloper. He showed a turn of foot today.
"He was a bit hairy on the first bend and Patrick had to pull him back a bit.
"He showed a nice bit today and we'll have to speak to the owners as to whether he'll go for a winners bumper or go hurdling." (GC & EM)
See also
» Meeting Review for Fairyhouse, Sun, 2nd Dec, 2012
» Result - Fairyhouse 3.40, 2nd Dec O'Doherty's Audio & Video(P-Am)Flat Race
» All news for Sun, 2nd Dec, 2012
|« Latest News
|Earlier News »


text: Mojo Jojo February 16, 2011 11:12 AM Last Edited 1322 days ago F1 » Rosberg: P1 still the goal Nico just seems like one of those drivers with no character in the way he drives. We know Seb is the quick one. Jenson is the smart one. Lewis is the agressive one. Fernando is the complete one.Michael is the wily one. Put all these drivers in identical cars with identical livery and identical colored helmets and you can still definitely tell who is driving just from the way they treat the car and the track. But Nico has yet to define the style by which he drives. Reply Report abuse 13 agree 13 disagree


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Voice of the Martyrs - September 20, 2012
1. Three Christian leaders arrested in Laos
(Source: VOM Australia)
Three Christians in Laos were arrested earlier this month. It appears that authorities targeted them after believers from a Korean church visited their congregations. Charges are pending against Pastor Bounlert AlaomaiVill, who leads a church of 170 believers, Pastor Adang KengsaiVill, and Onkeo KapangVill, a church leader.
Police had spoken to the Christian leaders several times in the past in regards to their bold witness for Christ in their district. It is reported that the Christians were taken away in wooden stocks and that no one has been allowed to visit them in the prison.
Please pray that these Christians will know the strength and love of the Lord in this situation. Pray that their churches will continue to meet together in their absence. Pray that their families will be comforted and supported by their brothers and sisters in Christ.
For more information on the persecuted Church in Laos, go to www.persecution.net/laos.htm.
2. Escalation in threats to churches in Turkmenistan
(Source: Forum 18 News Service)
The harassment of Christians has been intensifying in Turkmenistan since July, with several Christians facing fines and threats of ostracism and expulsion from villages and schools.
Several believers have been accused of violating the country's law against participating in an unregistered religious community. This charge carries the punishment of a fine between five and 10 times the minimum monthly wage. In another village, government leaders and Islamic imams (elders) summoned the local residents and threatened to ostracize or expel all Protestants from the community. They also said Protestant children would be kept under special observation at school. In other regions, believers have been harassed, detained, and fined, and one believer's business was seized and shut down after police raided his home.
Please pray that persecution of believers will cease. More so, pray that those fined and harassed will remain faithful. Pray that authorities in Turkmenistan will come to know Jesus Christ through the very believers they oppose.
Please visit www.persecution.net/turkmenistan.htm for more on Turkmenistan's persecuted Church.
3. Restrictions on religious freedom struck down in India
(Source: World Evangelical Alliance)
The Himachal Pradesh High Court in India has struck down a law which made it compulsory for those seeking to convert from his or her religion to give a 30-day notice to the District Magistrate before conversion. The verdict in the landmark anti-conversion case challenged both the Himachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act of 2006 and Himachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Rules of 2007.
The Court also struck down rules making it mandatory for the state to inquire into every religious conversion. These rules did not provide sufficient safeguards outlining the time frame for such an inquiry or even who should conduct the inquiry. Unfortunately, many other provisions restricting religious freedom will stand.
Praise the Lord for the Evangelical Fellowship of India and the legal team who fought for these freedoms. Please pray that India will continue to recognize and respect the religious freedom of citizens to worship, gather together, and evangelize. Pray that, in the meantime, Christians in India will be bold in their faith despite threat of persecution.
To learn more about the suffering Church in India, please visit www.persecution.net/india.htm.
4. Update: Uzbek pastor facing extradition case in Kazakhstan
(Source: Forum 18 News Service)
A Protestant pastor who was wanted in his home country of Uzbekistan for illegally teaching religion and distributing literature has been arrested by authorities in Kazakhstan, where he sought refuge in 2007.
The husband and soon-to-be father of five, Makset Djabbarbergenov, was detained after police held his sister-in-law for two weeks in an effort to uncover his whereabouts. The 32-year-old pastor faces up to three years in prison for each violation (for more, go to www.persecution.net/uz-2007-10-16.htm). A court in Kazakhstan has ordered that Makset be held in detention until the General Prosecutor's Office decides whether to send him back.
Please pray that Makset will not be extradited. Please pray that his growing family will remain united in Christ. Pray that Makset and his family will not be fearful but will trust God (Revelation 2:10). Pray that authorities in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan will seek justice and truth in this case.
To learn more about the suffering Church in Uzbekistan, please visit www.persecution.net/uzbekistan.htm. You can post a prayer for Makset and his family on our Persecuted Church Prayer Wall at www.persecution.net/prayerwall.
The Persecution & Prayer Alert is a ministry of The Voice of the Martyrs, Canada. (Mailing address: P.O. Box 608, Streetsville, Ontario, L5M 2C1)
Tel. (905) 670.9721. Website: www.persecution.net


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- Next day delivery available
This Oasis Charm And Hoop Earrings Set comes with a range of styles to perfectly match your attire.
The petite, sparkling studs are ideal for adding touch of twinkle to your day, while the clustered studs boasts a gorgeous shimmer and an antique gold hue for a vintage appeal.
The gold tone hoops are wonderfully boho, with clusters of clear beads and simple fishhook fastenings.
Useful info:
- Set of three earrings
- Gold tone
- Sparkling stone detail
- Oasis Charm And Hoop 3 Pack of Earrings
Colour: Silver. Metal.
Colour: Silver. Metal.
'Cool' Slogan Necklace
This slogan necklace racks up style points as it adds a glam look and urban attitude to your daytime wardrobe.
For the online generation this necklace makes a statement - declaring cool over your summer wardrobe its the perfect piece to amp up your looks. Oversized and metallic you can't miss this hot accessory.
Wear this necklace with a printed tee, South skinny jeans and hi-tops for a casual look with street style authority.
Useful info:
- Slogan necklace
- 'Cool' slogan design
Jewel and diamante mix collar.Colour: Silver.
Ladies metal cuff bracelet with cut out detail.Colour: Silver. Metal.
Statement Diamante Stone Necklace
- In Stock
4 reviews
- Delivery
- Next day delivery available
Ladies statement necklace embellished with stones and diamantes.Colour: Silver. Metal.