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The Bishop Conglomerate was named by Powell (1876, p. 44, 169) for its occurrence on Bishop Mountain (now called Pine Mountain), just north of the Utah-Colorado State line in southern Wyoming (fig. 2), where it is well exposed. Exposures are even better a few miles to the northwest, along the southeast side of Little Mountain and on Black Mountain, west of Flaming Gorge Reservoir in southern Wyoming. Powell's original name, "Bishop Mountain Conglomerate," was shortened by later geologists. The same formation was called "Wyoming Conglomerate" by the geologists of the 40th Parallel Survey (King, 1878, atlas, maps 1 and 2). Its distribution along the north flank of the Uinta Mountains is about as shown by Bradley (1936, pl. 34). Its distribution in the Eastern Uinta Mountains shown on figure 13 is generalized from the detailed map of Rowley and others (1979). Its distribution and character in the Western Uinta Mountains have been under study recently by Bruce Bryant of the U.S. Geological Survey. Remnants of the Bishop Conglomerate are more extensive on the south flank of the mountains than on the north but are widespread on both (figs. 5, 13). In the higher, western part of the range, the distribution is somewhat obscured locally by glacial deposits.
Although the Bishop Conglomerate is very widespread on the flanks of the Uinta Mountains, its present distal limit is erosional, and it must have once extended considerably farther from the mountains than now. Presumably it reached nearly to the centers of the adjacent basins, where it may have merged with deposits from other rimming mountain ranges, though it must have been much thinner there than closer to the mountains. Both the Duchesne River and White River flow to the Green in courses that are roughly parallel to the Uinta Basin axis (fig. 1)the Duchesne all the way from its confluence with the Strawberry, which continues the parallelism westward, and the White downstream from its crossing of the Douglas Creek arch. These rivers likely were established in consequent courses on the old basin floor following the disappearance of Eocene Lake Uinta, but their courses now are well south of the basin axis. Perhaps they were displaced southward by alluvial fans building out from the mountains as the Bishop Conglomerate spread southward, or by a basinward equivalent of the Starr Flat Member (of Andersen and Picard, 1972) of the Duchesne River Formation, or by both formations. At this writing (1982) the possibility seems good that the Bishop and the Starr Flat are equivalent, a view shared with me by Bruce Bryant (written commun., 1982).
In its most characteristic form the Bishop Conglomerate consists of rather loosely cemented bouldery, cobbly conglomerate and coarse, poorly sorted, pebbly, friable sandstone. Locally, in deposits that probably originated as debris flows, the clasts are largely matrix supported. Clasts tend to be subangular to subrounded, but some are very well rounded. The firmness of cementation is varied, and surface exposures are mostly loose and gravelly. The conglomeratic character of the rock is most evident on the sides of steep hills and bluffs where the calcareous cement has not been dissolved away and where the rock may form low cliffs and overhanging ledges. On Black Mountain, west of Flaming Gorge Reservoir (fig. 2), resistant conglomerate forms nearly continuous cliffs more than 2.2 km long.
The coarseness of the rock varies laterally and vertically. In most places the upper meter or so is finer grained than the rock at depthcommonly as fine as pebble gravel but with scattered cobbles and boulders. Figure 14 depicts this characteristic very well. Except in slopeside exposures, the formation may appear to be deceptively fine grained. Away from its source, which was the crestal part of the Uinta Mountains, the rock is progressively less coarse, just as one would expect, owing to attrition of the clasts and to reduced competence of the ancient streams. Along a given drainage line the size (volume) of the largest boulders diminishes exponentially with distance. Regionwide it tends to do the same (table 1). The median grain size of all clasts probably does also, but the formidable sampling required for proof has never been attempted. On any exposures, the maximum clast size greatly exceeds the median. Boulders 2 m or more in longest diameter are occasionally found several kilometers from the nearest possible source. On the slopes of Diamond Peak in Colorado (not be confused with Diamond Mountain in Utah), where a possible source was only 3-5 km away, many boulders exceed 1 m across, and 2-m boulders are not uncommon. Weber (1971, p. 168) noted an angular block of red quartzite "over 8 feet long" (>2.4 m) near the top of Diamond Peak. Such a block must have been transported by mass wastage, perhaps by a debris flow.
TABLE 1.Maximum observed sizes of clasts in the Bishop Conglomerate and distances from nearest possible sources in the Uinta Mountains
Rich (1910, p. 610) observed that boulders <1.5 m in diameter were common at the southern end of Miller Mountain 24 km from the nearest possible source, although cobbles and pebbles predominate. I measured one boulder there that was 2 m across. At Lookout Mountain in Sand Wash basin, 19-24 km from the nearest possible source, pebbles and cobbles predominate, although occasional boulders exceed 0.76 m. Thirteen to fourteen kilometers farther distant, just south of Powder Wash gas field, a gravelly bench that is geomorphically continuous with Lookout Mountain contains very few boulders larger than 46 cm, and most of the clasts are less than 20 cm across. This deposit is about 32 km from the nearest possible source. At Elk Springs Ridge, near the east end of the Uintas, boulders 1.2 m in diameter must have travelled 18-19 km. Here, also, pebbles and cobbles predominate. At Wapiti Peak, which is near the east end of Elk Springs Ridge, Dyni (1980) noted boulders as much as 1.5 m across, 14 km from a nearest possible source. At the shoulder of Aspen Mountain, south of Rock Springs and 48 km from the nearest possible source, pebbles predominate, and the coarsest material consists of small cobbles (about 8-20 cm). Size gradations are similar on Cedar Mountain, west of the Green River in Wyoming (Bradley, 1936, p. 172).
On the south flank of the range, from Ashley Creek eastward to Little Brush Creek, occasional groups of large angular quartzite blocks, "some individuals weighing several tons," were noted by Kinney (1955, p. 115), who attributed their transport to mudflows. Just west of Utah Highway 44, I measured one tabular boulder that was 7.6 m long and saw others that may have been larger. The very poorly sorted, matrix-supported texture of the conglomerate in other places also suggests mass transport. In the Yampa PlateauRuple Ridge area of Dinosaur National Monument I have seen 2-m boulders 19 km from their nearest possible source, but boulders this size in some places are clast supported and appear to be fluvial rather than colluvial. Figure 15, for instance, shows three very coarse, inversely graded, clast-supported bedding units passing upward from pebble conglomerate at the base to boulder conglomerate at the top. Bedding thicknesses are about 12-1/2 m. Upward coarsening of flood deposits has been noted by previous workers. In a tractive load under high-energy transport, the coarsest particles tend to rise toward the top (Bagnold, 1954; Scott and Gravlee, 1968). This bedding habit, however, may also result from torrential flooding, rising to a gradual peak of intensity, then declining rapidly. If normally graded sedimentation accompanied the decline, as seems likely, its deposits may have been stripped by the next succeeding flood, inasmuch as the tops of the bedding units show evidence of scour.
Coarsening upward on a sequential scale, rather than a bedding scale, is well exposed at Sand Wash (fig. 13), where the Bishop rests unconformably on the Bridger Formation (fig. 16). Several bedding units are involved in a gradual upward coarsening over a stratigraphic distance of 20 m or more, from pebbly silty sandstone at the base to boulder conglomerate at the top. Similar, but cyclothemic, gradations elsewhere (Steel and others, 1977, for example) have been attributed to tectonic activity. Increased aridity, accompanied by more intense but less frequent flooding, might have achieved the same end at Sand Wash.
Local sources of the Bishop Conglomerate are apparent in the varied lithology of the formation. Red quartzite or sandstone derived from the Uinta Mountain Group is the most abundant clast in general, but in some places gray Paleozoic limestone clasts outnumber those of all other lithologies, including red quartzite. At Cedar Mountain in Wyoming the abundance of limestone cobbles and the paucity of red quartzite suggest that limestone was more widely exposed in the mountains south of there when the Bishop was deposited than it is now, much of it having since been stripped away. Limestone predominates on Black Mountain also. The chief sources were the Madison and Round Valley Limestones, although some limestone may have been reworked from Tertiary conglomerate at the flank of the mountains. Much of the Uinta Mountain Group in the source area at that time must have been concealed. In the Eastern Uinta Mountains also, the Round Valley and the Morgan (Pennsylvanian) were important sources for the Bishop Conglomerate along the south slope of Blue Mountain and in local remnants along Douglas Mountain; these formations yielded distinctive clasts of red chert as well as limestone. Along Wolf Creek, Bear Valley, and Klauson Pasture, limestone cobbles greatly outnumber red quartzite because of the wide extent of the outcropping limestone and the distance to a source of the Uinta Mountain Group. South of Rock Springs on Little, Miller, Pine, and Aspen Mountains, but not on adjacent Diamond Peak, distinctive clasts of white to pale green metaquartzite, amphibolite, and other metamorphic rocks were derived from sources to the south in the Red Creek Quartzite (Early Proterozoic or Archean). The transporting streams simply picked up and redeposited whatever rocks were in their drainage paths, and the more abundant, more resistant rock types selectively became predominant.
The thickest sections of Bishop Conglomerate are on the south flank of the Uinta Mountains. Near the Uinta River at Jefferson Park, Kinney (1955, p. 115) noted a thickness of 244 m consisting mostly of light-tan to red boulders in a matrix of coarse sandstone. Bruce Bryant (oral commun., 1981) suspected that at least part of this section should be assigned to the Starr Flat Member (Oligocene?) (of Andersen and Picard, 1972) of the Duchesne River Formation. Kinney (written commun., 1959) expressed a similar suspicion years before. The Bishop may thus merge downward and basinward in the Uinta Basin with the Duchesne River Formation, although the contact relationship remains unclear, and a sizable hiatus could exist. Bryant (written commun., 1982) recently obtained fission-track dates very close to the age of the Bishop from tuff beds that he considers to be Starr Flat: 30.0, 30.6, and 34.0 m.y.
East from Jefferson Park the Bishop Conglomerate thins rather uniformly, according to Kinney (1955), to about 90 m near the west end of Diamond Mountain Plateau. Near the southeast end of the plateau, however, a magnificently exposed section about 200 m thick is nearly all conglomerate. In other places on Diamond Mountain Plateau, coarse, poorly sorted, light-gray sandstone predominates over conglomerate. The sandstone is very calcareous, and some of it is tuffaceous. Kinney (written commun., 1959) suspected that all these rocks correlate in time with the White River Formation (Oligocene) of the High Plains region and the Wyoming Basin, a correlation since confirmed by radiometric dating. (See "Tuff" section, below.) Tuff beds on Diamond Mountain, the Yampa Plateau, and Blue Mountain include air laid(?) tuff that contains phenocrysts of fresh black biotite and hornblende.
Near Jones Hole, the thickness of the Bishop Conglomerate, including tuff and sandstone, may reach 150 m (Hansen, 1977b). No such thickness exists anywhere farther east on either flank of the Uinta Mountains. At the type locality on Pine Mountain the thickness is 60-75 m (Roehler, 1972a, b). On the Yampa Plateau and on Blue Mountain, thicknesses range from as much as 60 m to as little as a thin skin, depending largely on topographic irregularities on the local substrate and on random post-Bishop erosion (Hansen and Rowley, 1980a, b). At Klauson Pasture at the east end of the Uinta Mountains, the conglomerate is about 60 m thick (Rowley and others, 1979). Bradley (1936, p. 172) noted that, on the north flank of the range, the formation attains its maximum thickness near the Utah-Wyoming State line (generally less than 60 m) and thins irregularly to the north and south. It rises in altitude southward and thins against the bare Gilbert Peak erosion surface. Northward the conglomerate "thins very gradually and before dissection *** presumably extended far out into the basin" (Bradley, 1936, p. 172). Bruce Bryant (written commun., 1983) has observed stratigraphic sections as thick as 150 m just north of the North Flank fault zone in the Blacks Fork drainage, west of where Bradley did most of his work.
Much of the upper part of the Bishop Conglomerate as mapped on the south flank of the Uinta Mountains, and locally the lower part, is friable calcareous sandstone, light gray to pale pink, coarse grained, poorly sorted, and poorly bedded. This sandstone resembles somewhat the sandstone in the Browns Park Formation and might in part be stratigraphically equivalent, but my impression is that it is much less well sorted and that its individual grains, which commonly are pink, are generally subangular, whereas most of the sandstone in the Browns Park is fine grained, is moderately well sorted and well bedded, and has well-rounded grains (Luft and Thoen, 1981). The sandstone in the Bishop also generally contains abundant small rock fragments, mica, and scattered dark grains. Individual beds in both formations, however, depart widely from the perceived norm, and they range through a wide spectrum of color, grain size, and sorting. The Bishop contains nothing comparable to the striking eolian sand that is so abundant in the Browns Park Formation in the MaybellElk Springs area or to the fresh vitric, crystal-poor, mafic-poor tuffs of the Browns Park Formation in the type area. These tuffs are much younger than any known in the Bishop.
I suspect that deposition continued without much interruption on the south flank of the Uinta Mountains, generally fining upward, while the sands were accumulating above the conglomerate. Locally steep dips in the Pot Creek area suggest eolian deposition. Deposition ended when tilting and faulting changed the hydrologic regime and initiated dissection. At the east end of the range, however, large-scale subsidence produced a structural sag that provided catchment for sediments throughout most of succeeding Browns Park time. In Browns Park itself, several million years elapsed after deposition of the Bishop Conglomerate before the Browns Park Formation began to accumulate, and a great deal of geomorphic history intervened.
Tuff was introduced at times into the Bishop Conglomerate, explosive volcanism being widespread during that period in the Western Interior (Axelrod, 1981, fig. 2). Datable tuffs on Diamond Mountain and the Yampa Plateau provide clues to the minimum age of the conglomerate. Southern Utah and central Nevada are possible sources (Rowley and others, 1975, p. B9; Burke and McKee, 1979, p. 183). Biotite and hornblende from a sample collected above the main body of conglomerate by Glen A. Izett and me in the SW1/4 sec. 13, T. 2 S., R. 23 E., have radiometric potassium-argon ages of about 29 m.y. (biotite, 29.50+1.08 m.y.; hornblende, 28.58+0.86 m.y.) as determined by Harald H. Mehnert of the U.S. Geological Survey, using the following constants:
40K λε=0.581 X 10-10/yr λβ=4.962x 10-10/yr 40K/K=l.167 X 10-4
The height of this tuff above the base of the conglomerate can be estimated at about 90 m if the dip (3° NNE.) is projected northward to the outcrop from the basal contact at the rim of Diamond Mountain Plateau and if corrections are added for about 30 m of displacement on intervening faults.
This tuff bed and others overlie most of the conglomerate, but they are interbedded with and overlain by loose, coarse-grained pebbly sandstone. Some of the sandstone might be appreciably younger than the dated tuff, therefore, and might be temporally equivalent to some part of the Browns Park Formation. The lower, coarsely conglomeratic part of the formation, however, could be appreciably older than the tuff; its maximum possible age is limited by the subjacent Duchesne River Formation. Emry (1981) has suggested that the vertebrates of the Duchesnean land mammal age are partly Eocene Uintan (Brennen Basin Member of Andersen and Picard, 1972) and partly Oligocene Chadronian (Dry Gulch Creek and Lapoint Members of Andersen and Picard, 1972). The Lapoint Member underlies the Starr Flat, which in turn may be equivalent to the Bishop Conglomerate.
The dated tuff is light gray, compact, firm, and flecked with abundant euhedral biotite, much of which is coarser than 0.5 mm across (Hansen, 1965, table 3). The tuff is further distinguished by abundant crystal fragments of feldspar and quartz aggregated with clay, by abundant euhedral hornblende, and by euhedral pyroxene and magnetite commonly adhering to glass shards. The euhedra are deeply etched, and the shards are partly altered to clay. Zircon forms inclusions in the feldspar. What might be the same tuff bed was sampled by Winkler (1970) and dated by Damon (1970, p. 52) at 26.2+0.7 m.y. (biotite). A tuff near the Harpers Corner road in Dinosaur National Monument is finer grained and rather more altered but is similar in most other respects.
These tuffs resemble the tuffs in the lower part of the Browns Park Formation in the Little Snake RiverMaybell area (Izett and others, 1970, p. C151). This resemblance is the chief reason why the Bishop on the south flank of the Uinta Mountains had been correlated with the Browns Park Formation in recent years (Kinney and others, 1959; Hansen and others, 1960; Untermann and Untermann, 1965).
A tuff collected by Winkler on the Yampa Plateau, about 37 m above the base of the Bishop, was dated by Damon (1970, p. 52) at 41.3±0.8 m.y. from a biotite separate. The biotite was brownish black and slightly resinous (Damon, p. 53), which suggests incipient alteration (Mauger, 1977, p. 23). I am inclined to discount this date because of its wide disparity with the ages from the nearby Diamond Mountain localities and because of contradictory geomorphic evidence for the age of the Bishop. This date lies within the age of the saline facies of the Uinta Formation at Duchesne, Utah (Damon, 1970, p. 51; Mauger, 1977, p. 19, 32), and is close to the age of the Green RiverUinta Formation boundary in the western Uinta Basin. A correlation of the Bishop with these rocks is improbable. The Eocene rocks on both flanks of the Uinta Mountains are deeply truncated by the Gilbert Peak erosion surface, including the Wasatch, Green River, and the Bridger Formations and probably the Duchesne River Formation, and an enormous amount of post-Green River erosion took place before the overlying Bishop was deposited.
When the Eocene lakes disappeared from the basins bordering the Uinta Mountains 45-40 m.y. ago (Mauger, 1977, p. 37), they were supplanted by alluvial plains. A detailed discussion of this complex transition is outside the scope of this report, but a brief summary might help place into perspective the middle Tertiary events that followed. Ryder and others (1976, p. 511) aptly described the extinction of Lake Uinta south of the Uinta Mountains in just two sentences:
Following the deposition of strata containing the richest oil shale of Lake Uinta, the water became hypersaline, and the remaining oil-shale and mud-supported carbonate units are therefore associated with sodium-rich evaporite and Magadi-type chert beds. By late Eocene and early Oligocene time, the last vestiges of Lake Uinta were buried by coarse alluvial sediments (Uinta and Duchesne River Formations) derived mainly from the Uinta uplift.
West of the present Uinta Basin, Lake Uinta persisted locally, as a freshwater lake, into Oligocene time (Weiss, 1982), but as the basin gradually filled with sediment, its rim was overtopped to the south, and drainage was southward out of the basin from that time on (Hunt, 1969, p. 94). The disappearance of the lakes was accompanied by climatic cooling that Roehler (1974, p. 58) has suggested was triggered by volcanism, a concept recently emphasized in a broad sense by Axelrod (1981) for the whole of the Western Interior during Cretaceous and Tertiary time. Roehler (written commun., 1983) cites evidence of worldwide cooling 38 m.y. ago. Tectonism probably was a factor also. A continued rise of the Uintas and other Rocky Mountain uplifts surely would have altered the local climate.
The extinction of Lake Gosiute north of the Uinta Mountains in middle Eocene time was caused by sedimentation in a lake that was a playa most of the time, in the view of most investigators (Eugster and Surdam, 1973; Bradley, 1973; Eugster and Hardie, 1975; Surdam and Wolfbauer, 1975; Surdam and Stanley, 1979), although Desborough (1978) and Boyer (1982) have recently raised doubts about the playa-lake model. At any rate, the last major stage of Lake Gosiute (the Laney stage) was predominantly fresh until its disappearance and must, therefore, have had an outlet, presumably south into Lake Uinta (Bradley, 1929, p. 89, 1964, p. A2; Roehler, 1965, p. 147; Surdam and Stanley, 1979, p. 101, 105) by way of the Sand Wash Basin. A physical connection at times between the two lakes, moreover, is indicated by their common fish faunas.
One or the other or both of the lakes probably drained east at times to the Mississippi Valley. If Lake Uinta received the overflow of Lake Gosiute, it in turn may have drained east across Colorado during its freshwater stages via some unknown outlet to the Mississippi Valley, where the affinities of the well-known fish faunas of the Green River Formation chiefly lay. The numerous gars, catfish, perches, bowfins, paddlefish, mooneyes, herrings, and perhaps sunfish (Priscacaridae) (Grande, 1980) were all members of eastern American families (Miller, 1958; Uyeno and Miller, 1963), none of which is indigeneous to the Colorado River system, and most of which are unknown in the Eocene faunas of the Pacific Northwest (Grande, 1980). If these fishes entered Lake Uinta from Lake Gosiute, rather than vice versa, the chief high-water outlet of Lake Gosiute might have been east across Wyoming to the Mississippi. Such easterly overflow might have followed a rise of both lakes to a common high water level. In either event, the fish faunas suggest that the Continental Divide in Eocene time was west of the Green River lakes and the Uinta Mountains, a likelihood that is compatable with Eocene paleogeography. The Colorado River system at that time did not yet exist. None of the 14 species of fishes native or endemic to the present Upper Colorado River system (Behnke and Benson, 1983), moreover, had progenitors in the Green River lakes except, perhaps, the wide ranging suckers (Catostomidae), which are Nearctic in their distribution. The indigenous Salmonidae (trouts) and Cottidae (sculpins) of the modern Upper Green River and the Columbia are known in North America from the Eocene (Miller, 1965; Patterson, 1981, p. 276) but are not present in the fish fauna of the Green River Formation.
A contributing cause of the disappearance of both lakes was a decrease in tectonic downwarping, which enabled depositional filling to overtake subsidence. The Uinta Mountains, however, probably continued to rise as shown by the accumulations of coarse conglomerate above the Green River Formation close to the south flank of the mountains, in the Duchesne River Formation (Andersen and Picard, 1972). In most places this conglomerate is gently tilted, locally to as much as 30 degrees. On the north flank at Phil Pico, a thick pile of conglomerate contains rocks of Wasatch, Green River, and Bridger age (Bradley, 1964, p. A53; Rowley and others, 1979). Downwarping continued in the Uinta Basin while most of the Duchesne River Formation was being deposited, followed by regional uplift, probably starting in early Oligocene time. This uplift terminated the long depositional cycle that had begun in the basin with the Laramide orogeny. To the north in the Green River Basin, reelevation of the Rock Springs uplift steepened dips locally to as much as 13 degrees after the Bridger Formation had been deposited but before the Bishop Conglomerate had (Bradley, 1964, p. A14). The stage was being set for the cutting of the Gilbert Peak erosion surface.
Before the onset of pedimentation the gradient between the foot of the Uinta Mountains and the central parts of the adjoining basins had to be increased enough to change the drainage regimen in the basins from a depositional to an erosional mode. This gradient was achieved by deformation and concomitant erosion, the extent of which has been described by Bradley (1964, p. A16) as follows:
Without departing from its original depositional dip, the Bishop Conglomerate bevels the tilted Bridger and Green River Formations and the more steeply inclined Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Rock Springs uplift.
The extensive erosion surface on which the Bishop Conglomerate was deposited indicates qualitatively that the post-Eocene deformation must have occurred appreciably earlier than the cutting of this erosion surface. In the Green River Basin this extensive surface bevels beds high in the Bridger Formation, and farther east it cuts progressively lower in the Tertiary; at Pine Mountain and Diamond Peak (near the junction of Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah) it bevels rocks that belong to a tongue of the Wasatch Formation which overlies the basal unit of the Green River Formation. These formations, therefore, must have been deformed long enough prior to the deposition of the Bishop Conglomerate to permit the removal of several thousand feet of beds over a large area and to allow for the reduction of the terrain to a remarkably smooth surface.
To erode all that rock, the drainage needed a new base level, and strong uplift was needed to provide the gradient. At the close of the Green River epoch the floors of the basins were only 150-300 m above sea level (Bradley, 1929, p. 89; MacGinitie, 1969, p. 52, 73), and the gradient of the basin floors was only about 0.2-0.4 m/km (Bradley, 1964, p. A16). But the graded relief on the Gilbert Peak erosion surface is hundreds of meters. The surface truncates rocks of Precambrian to Eocene age, and it slopes as much as 7-19 m/km across the Tertiary basin sediments alone. The relief is more than 600 m across the southeastern part of the Green River Basin between Pine Mountain on the south and Pilot Butte on the north. This profile, which cuts deeply into the Cretaceous of the Rock Springs uplift, may have been warped, according to Bradley (1936, p. 186), but the relief is just as great on undeformed profiles 100-115 km to the west, cut entirely on the Bridger Formation.
The Gilbert Peak erosion surface thus could not have been cut without strong prior uplift and dissection of the floors of the basins, without a drastic change in base level and local physiography. There also seems to be no way for the Gilbert Peak surface to have been graded to a master stream flowing out of the Green River, Washakie, and Sand Wash Basins into the Uinta or the Piceance Creek Basin, as will be pointed out, although a hydraulic connection across the Uinta axis probably had existed during the deposition of the Laney and the Parachute Creek Members of the Green River Formation (Bradley, 1929a, p. 89; Roehler, 1965, p. 147; Surdam and Stanley, 1979, p. 101, 105). This connection would have formed a narrow strait across the axis at Axial Basin and perhaps would have had an appreciable current. Surdam and Stanley (p. 105) have described a dispersal of volcanic lithic detritus into the Piceance Creek Basin at that time from the Lake Gosiute Basin, an event that would have signaled the filling and demise of Lake Gosiute. Other sources of volcanic detritus are plausible also, as noted further on, and the likelihood that north-to-south drainage persisted across Axial Basin into Gilbert Peak time, at any rate, is remote. Axial Basin was relatively high structurally and topographically by the end of Eocene time and in Gilbert Peak time (before post-Bishop collapse of the eastern Uinta Mountains), and the threshold or strait across Axial Basin would have been correspondingly high.
If early southward drainage ever crossed Axial Basin, it probably was halted before or by the time of the sharp anticlinal rise of Axial Basin at the end of Eocene time. Sears (1924b, p. 300) was first to point out that the early Tertiary rocks of that area (the Fort Union, Wasatch, and Green River Formations) rest on the Cretaceous with no discordance of dip, and, therefore, that Axial Basin was uplifted after their deposition. This time of uplift probably marked the beginning of the disturbance that deformed the Eocene rocks in the adjacent basins and terminated their deposition.
The Washakie Formation of Wyoming and the Uinta Formation of Utah and Colorado are partly equal in age, but "there is no evidence to suggest that they ever were physically connected across the Uinta uplift" (Roehler, 1973, p. 9). Roehler noted lithologic and color differences between the Washakie and the Uinta that indicate independent sources for their clastic fractions. Much of the Washakie, according to Roehler, consists of arkose derived from the Sierra Madre to the east, whereas the Uinta Formation had local sources in the Uinta Mountains. Volcanic ash constituents of the two formations could have had a common source but need not have. Volcanism was widespread at that time (Lipman and others, 1972), and many centers could have contributed. The source of both ash and volcaniclastics in the Washakie appears to have been the Absaroka volcanic field of northwestern Wyoming (Ebens, 1963; Roehler, 1973), but sources in Idaho are possible also (the Challis Volcanics, for example; Armstrong, 1978; Axelrod, 1981, p. 5). The Rattlesnake Hills of central Wyoming (Carey, 1959; Love, 1970) could have contributed, given favorable winds aloft during an eruption. Absaroka ash could have settled in the Uinta Basin, and probably did, but ash may also have traveled from igneous centers in western Nevada (Armstrong, 1963) if intrusive bodies there vented to the surface. Tuffs younger than 45 m.y. may have entered the Uinta Basin from sources in the Sevier orogenic belt (Dyni, 1981, p. 14).
Detrital volcanic material in the Uinta Formation may have had multiple sources also, possibly including nearer sources in Middle Park, Colo., or even the Front Range, where lower Tertiary volcanic and intrusive rocks are abundant (Izett, 1968, p. 22-25; Tweto, 1976, 1979) and where the volcanic cover then must have been wider than now. This detritus might even have reached the Uinta Basin by way of the ancestral Colorado River, which, according to Hunt (1969, p. 67, 70), once flowed west into the Uinta Basin via the White River.
By late Eocene time, beginning about 41 m.y. ago, and lasting generally into the Miocene, airborne and perhaps stream-deposited volcanic material might have entered the Uinta Basin from extensive new igneous centers in the Great Basin and adjacent areas, including the Wasatch, Oquirrh, Tintic, and Marysvale areas of Utah, where intrusive and volcanic activity overlapped spatially and temporally (Bassett and others, 1963; Moore and others, 1968; Laughlin and others, 1969; Moore and Lanphere, 1971; Crittenden and others, 1973; Bromfield and others, 1977). Volcanism started in the Marysvale district somewhat later than elsewhere, about 31 m.y. ago, and persisted intermittently into the Quaternary (Rowley and others, 1975). Once basin-and-range faulting was underway, however, stream-carried detritus no longer could have reached the Uinta Basin from the down-faulted sources in or beyond the Wasatch Range. (For example, see Stokes, 1976; Hunt, 1982.) By various estimates, regional extension, which led to the faulting, could have started as early as 30 m.y. ago (Ingersoll, 1982) or locally as late as 17 m.y. ago (Christiansen and McKee, 1978, Steven and others, 1978).
The strongest evidence that drainage did not cross Axial Basin in Gilbert Peak or Bishop time is in the physiographic form of the Bishop Conglomerate itself and its transport direction. Stanley and Surdam (1978) and Surdam and Stanley (1979, fig. 19) reported evidence of south to southeast flow of water from Lake Gosiute toward the Piceance Creek Basin in middle Eocene time. This direction, however, is 100°-180° from the later transport direction and slope of the Bishop Conglomerate on the Gilbert Peak surface, which was north to northeast from the Uinta Mountains across the Rock Springs uplift and the Sand Wash Basin (fig. 17). Any southerly drainage across Axial Basin into the Piceance Creek Basin, therefore, should have ended long before the Gilbert Peak erosion surface was formed. Modern south-flowing drainages (such as Sand Wash, the Little Snake River, and Vermillion Creek) postdate the deformation of the Gilbert Peak erosion surface. For example, the Bishop Conglomerate east of Sand Wash had to come from sources to the west or south, opposite or across the present drainage direction; Vermillion Creek flows southwest, but Bishop remnants there slope northeast. Similarly, the course of the Green River farther west is directly opposite the old pediment slope of Hickey, Cedar, Black, Little, Miller, Flattop, and Pine Mountains.
An alternative and more likely direction for a base leveling stream in the Green River Basin in Gilbert Peak time, therefore, was eastward toward the North Platte River, as first suggested by Bradley (1936, p. 177) and as elaborated by Hansen (1965, 1969b). Ritzma had endorsed the idea in 1959; Sears had hinted at it in 1924 (1924a, p. 304), but it had never received serious attention until my reconnaissance studies of the 1960's. Such a stream would have provided a geomorphically credible base level for the Bishop Conglomerate. It may have crossed the present Continental Divide at the Great Divide Basin near Tipton, Wyo., skirting the north side of the Rawlins uplift, and perhaps merging with the Sweetwater River. (See section on the capture of the master drainage of the Green River Basin, p. 67.) According to Denson and Chisholm (1971, p. C125) the main drainage framework in central and eastern Wyoming was in existence at the close of the Eocene, including the courses of the Sweetwater and the North Platte, and persists today with only minor modifications. The Tertiary history of central Wyoming is complex (Love, 1970, 1971), and the exact pattern of drainage is problematical, but it is not incompatible with easterly escape of drainage from the Green River Basin. Even now the Continental Divide at Tipton is 245 m lower (altitude about 2,070 m) than the base level of the Gilbert Peak erosion surface near the center of the Green River Basin (altitude about 2,315 m).
To get some idea of regional altitude and relief at the onset of deposition of the Bishop Conglomerate, one may use the top of the Tipton Member of the Green River Formation as a datum and a basis for speculation, since this horizon has wide areal extent. Along with the overlying Bridger and Washakie Formations, the Green River Formation was deformed at the end of the Eocene, and deposition was supplanted by erosion. From the center of the Green River Basin west of Rock Springs to the flank of Pine Mountain about 80 km to the south, the difference in altitude of the top of the Tipton is about 760 m, judging from maps by Bradley (1964) and Roehler (1972, a, b). This figure essentially represents pre-Bishop differential uplift following deposition of the Bridger and Washakie Formations. Perhaps 150 m should be subtracted from the 760 m total to account for an initial dip of 0.2-0.4 m/km on the Tipton, for stratigraphic transgression of the top, and for an unknown but possibly appreciable later Tertiary and Pleistocene differential uplift of the mountains. Thus, between the end of the Eocene and the deposition of the Bishop Conglomerate, the northeast flank of the Uinta Mountains may have risen some 600 m relative to the centers of the adjacent basins.
Differential uplift, however, was accompanied and reinforced by regional (epeirogenic) uplift, which raised the centers of the basins as well as the mountains high enoughperhaps 900 mto change the climate from the subtropical one of the middle Eocene to the more temperate climate of the post-early Oligocene, as indicated by floristic and faunal studies (Dorf, 1959; MacGinitie, 1969; Love, 1971; Leopold and MacGinitie, 1972). Nine hundred meters of regional uplift would also provide a reasonable gradient for drainage out of the Green River Basin to an ultimate base level far to the east, a gradient somewhat less than but not too different from that of the present Sweetwater and North Platte Rivers across central Wyoming. The center of the Green River Basin, therefore, may have been about 1,200 m above sea level when the Gilbert Peak erosion surface began to form. The mountains were more than 1,600 m higher, because the surface itself has 1,600 m or more of relief, and the peaks stand 300-600 m above it. Perhaps they stood 3,000-3,700 m above sea level. The crestline was much degraded during Gilbert Peak and Bishop time, and the coarseness of the Bishop suggests that local relief was greater then than now.
Figures in the previous paragraph provide a means of estimating minimum uplift rates in the Lake Gosiute area between the end of the Eocene and the deposition of the Bishop Conglomerate. The maximum elapsed time was about 9 m.y., inasmuch as the Eocene ended about 38 m.y. ago, and a tuff well up in the Bishop is about 29 m.y. old, as dated by H. H. Mehnert (Hansen and others, 1981). Based on these dates and on the altitude differences of the Tipton datum before and after uplift, regional uplift in the basin exceeded 10 cm per thousand years (900 m/9 m.y.), and the rate of rise along the basin rim exceeded 16.6 cm per thousand years (1,525 m/9 m.y.). The actual uplift, however, probably took much less than 9 m.y., perhaps half as much, because a long period of crustal and climatic stability had to follow uplift and accompany the cutting of the Gilbert Peak erosion surface to allow so broad and featureless a plain to form. This period itself probably lasted millions of years, maybe most of Oligocene time. The Rock Springs uplift, for example, had to be truncated by the Gilbert Peak erosion surface before the Bishop was deposited while, concomitantly, hundreds of square kilometers of hard rock was being bevelled along the Uinta Mountains. Reasonable rates of uplift, therefore, perhaps would have been closer to 20 cm per thousand years near the center of the basin and 30 cm per thousand years along the mountain flank. By way of contrast, the earlier rate of Laramide uplift of the Uinta Mountains was a half to a whole order of magnitude higher, in the range of 1-2 m per thousand years (about 9,150 m in 5-10 m.y.; Hansen, 1984, p. 15). This figure compares favorably with a calculated deformation rate for the Wind River Mountains in Wyoming1.3 m/1,000 yrs for the displacement of the Wind River fault (Hunch and Smithson, 1982, p. 1559).
In the time since the Bishop Conglomerate was deposited the average rate of uplift has been very low. The center of the basin has risen about 1,100 m in the last 29 m.y.about 3.8 cm per thousand years (or, in round numbers, 4 cm). During that 29-m.y. interval the rate probably was uneven and may have varied greatly from time to time.
Last Updated: 09-Nov-2009


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Sponsors drop Clippers amid racism controversy
Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling attends the NBA playoff game between the Clippers and the Golden State Warriors, April 21, 2014 at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California - by Robyn Beck
The National Basketball Association said it would make an announcement Tuesday about the league's investigation of Sterling, whose team is valued at $575 million by Forbes magazine.
Comments attributed to Sterling, heard in a recording first made public by celebrity news website TMZ at the weekend, have set off a firestorm around the 80-year-old real estate tycoon, who bought the Clippers for $12 million in 1981.
Clippers players, in the middle of a first-round playoff battle with the Golden State Warriors, staged a silent on-court protest on Sunday and NBA luminaries have called for the league to take tough action against Sterling.
Sterling's estranged wife Rochelle upped the ante when she said Monday the voice in the recording was indeed that of her husband.
- Sponsors make fast break -
On Monday, major sponsors Chumash Casino and used auto dealer CarMax pulled out of their deals with the Clippers, with CarMax saying remarks attributed to Sterling were "completely unacceptable."
"These views directly conflict with CarMax's culture of respect for all individuals," it said in a statement.
Chumash Casino, which is run by Native Americans, told ESPN that "we cannot ignore any statement that causes harm or hurts any group. As a result, we're withdrawing our sponsorship of the Clippers organization."
A representative for Virgin America told TMZ while the airline would "continue to support the fans and the players, Virgin America has made the decision to end its sponsorship of the LA Clippers."
AQUAhydrate, a water brand owned by rap music star Sean "Diddy" Combs, said on Twitter it was suspending its deal. Insurance giant State Farm also hit the pause button while the investigation was ongoing.
Kia Motors -- known for having Clippers star Blake Griffin leap over one of its cars in an NBA Slam Dunk Contest -- joined Yokohama Tires, Red Bull, Sprint and Lumber Liquidators in suspending sponsor deals with the Clippers.
And Amtrak rail service told USA Today it will remove any traces of a deal with the Clippers that expired two weeks ago at the end of the regular season.
Anheuser-Busch, makers of the NBA's official beer, said in a statement that while the company was not a team sponsor, "we fully support the NBA's efforts to investigate quickly and trust that they will take appropriate action."
- NBA boss to speak Tuesday -
The NBA said Monday that commissioner Adam Silver would stage a news conference Tuesday in New York at 2:00 pm (1800 GMT) about its snap investigation into Sterling's alleged comments.
In the recording, a man, purportedly Sterling, said he did not want his girlfriend associating with blacks or bringing black friends to Clippers games.
"It bothers me a lot that you want to broadcast that you're associating with black people. Do you have to?" the man says, later adding, "You can sleep with (black people). You can bring them in, you can do whatever you want. The little I ask you is not to promote it... and not to bring them to my games."
The woman was identified only as V. Stiviano, the 20-something woman being sued by Rochelle Sterling because her husband was giving Stiviano expensive cars and money as gifts.
Rochelle Sterling, in a statement Monday first published by the New York Daily News, said it was indeed her husband's voice on the recording.
"Our family is devastated by the racist comments made by my estranged husband," she said. "My children and I do not share these despicable views or prejudices."
- Playoff battle goes on -
The Clippers lost Sunday at Golden State, leveling their best-of-seven Western Conference first-round playoff series at 2-2. The next game in the series is set for Tuesday in Los Angeles.
African-American singer Tank has decided not to sing the US national anthem before Tuesday's contest.
NBA legends such as Magic Johnson and Michael Jordan and current NBA greats such as Kobe Bryant and LeBron James expressed their outrage over the comments and Sterling.
"No. He should not continue owning the clippers. #nochance #noway nohow," Bryant tweeted Monday.
Leon Jenkins, president of the African-American civil rights group NAACP's Los Angeles chapter, said an award set to be presented to Sterling would be withdrawn and a donation from him would be returned.
"There is a personal economic and social price that Mr. Sterling must pay for his attempt to turn back the clock on race relations," Jenkins told reporters.
Fans have not abandoned the Clippers, long-time losers having a record-setting season for triumphs, with comedian Billy Crystal summing up the feelings of many on Twitter.
"He may own the team but they belong to us. Go Clippers!" Crystal posted.
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All-Star Christmas
Latest All-Star Christmas
Andy Grammer On His Solo Roots: "I Have Some 'Street' Cred"
Andy Grammer stopped by to talk with Damon backstage at All-Star Christmas. They chatted all about Andy's history as a street performer, and the difference between performing solo or with his band.
Phillip Phillips Talks His Clever (And Gross) Post-Op Kidney Stone Gift
Phillip Phillips stopped by to chat with Damon backstage at the Oakdale Theatre and set the record straight with some "fact-vs-fiction" answers at All-Star Christmas.
Andy Grammer & Damon Scott Backstage At All-Star Christmas
Andy Grammer stopped by the 96.5 TIC broadcast booth to chat with Damon Scott– check out some backstage photos during their conversation!
Phillips Phillips & Damon Scott Backstage At All-Star Christmas
Phillip Phillips just sat down with Damon Scott backstage at the Oakdale, as we get ready for the All-Star Christmas. Check out photos of the American Idol and our resident goofball during their interview…
Phillip Phillips Soundcheck At All-Star Christmas
Phillip Phillips just finished his soundcheck to get ready for tonight's performance at All-Star Christmas! Check out photos from his soundcheck at Toyota presents Oakdale Theatre just moments ago!
Train Frontman Signs New Line of Ghirardelli Chocolate For Good Cause
Singer Pat Monahan signed "Save Me, San Francisco" Ghirardelli chocolate bars — named after his band's chart-topping album and single.
Phillip Phillips Gives Back To Staten Island With Help From PS22
The 'American Idol' winner plans to perform "Home" alongside the kids from PS22 with proceeds from the show going to relief efforts in the area.
Drink Train's New Wine, Help Raise Money For The Kids
The band's newest wine is a classic California Merlot filled with dark chocolate and black cherry flavors.
All-Star Christmas With Train, Andy Grammer & Phillip Phillips
It's that time of year– 96.5 TIC and Stone Academy proudly present the All-Star Christmas, starring Train, Andy Grammer, and Phillip Phillips at the Toyota Oakdale Theater in association with Comcast in Wallingford on Saturday […]


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Check out his site SkateSonic
Thursday, December 4, 2008
SkateSonic: a awesome artist that is creating interactive art with skateboards
I was doing some research for my BFA 199 final project. With Hasan's link to conceptual artist, i stumbled upon a artist that utlized Max/MSP/ & Abeton Live and utlized it with a skateboard interface. Based on the movement of the board, it would produce sounds from the computer. A physical musical controller interface. They performed it at ZERO 1 last year. I can't believe i missed it. I would also like to utlized a skateboard for my proposed iPhone motion technology. It could be possible.... i think.
Posted by Jason Cayabyab at 2:27 PM
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Aug 25, 2014 10:50 AM
It's not appropriate to live in pajamas day in and day out, but thankfully, in the fall, it's totally appropriate to live in warm, bulky sweaters. Just make sure that yours have some style and shape to them. This Beige and Black Striped Draped Front... [More]
Aug 22, 2014 10:15 AM
Sure, it looks like a fairly simple top, but the Zip Tunic Sweatshirt ($78) from J.Crew is one of those shirts you find yourself reaching for over and over again. It's effortlessly cool, and looks just as cute with relaxed jeans and flats as it... [More]
Aug 21, 2014 8:55 AM
We're coveting this Rebecca Minkoff Pearl Sweatshirt ($198) as a wardrobe staple for the fall. It's a fabulous mix of comfy, casual, and chic. It's worn with a skirt in the image above, but we'd love to see it thrown on over leather pants, a... [More]
Aug 15, 2014 8:30 AM
No need to waste time figuring out which shirt will go under a sweater the best, which one is the right length to peek out ever so artfully, or which one has the right type of neckline. Just grab this two-in-one Madie Sweater ($150), embellished... [More]
Aug 7, 2014 9:15 AM
Okay, so yes, we love to shop, but don't think for a second that everything out there is worthy of our glorious rave reviews. Doubtblush is here to remind you that although we seem to gush over a lot, there are certain things out there... [More]
If you've got a product or service that you'd like to promote on Outblush, click here to find out about our advertising opportunities.
Aug 5, 2014 8:05 AM
This Heritage Crew Neck with Chest Stripe ($54) is totally you. Or, well, it could be you if you start to wear it all the time. After all, if Charlie Brown can have a signature zigzag across his belly, why can't you rock a sweet... [More]
Jul 21, 2014 9:50 AM
It's too early to be thinking about fall (if you're not in the high fashion world, at least), but we can't help it! We're already salivating over the idea of wearing our favorite boots again and can't wait to wear this Little Crane Pullover ($268).... [More]
Jul 18, 2014 8:00 AM
It's never too early to plan your wardrobe for the next season, right? Whether we like it or not, the fall will descend and we'll all want to get cozy in sweaters and boots. The Linen Abstract Flower Sweater ($80) from J.Crew will help you... [More]
Jul 17, 2014 10:30 AM
The Isla Pullover ($88) looks as delicate as tissue paper, but it's much stronger, and much less wasteful. Nobody opening a present wrapped in this top would ever toss it carelessly into the direction of the trash pile. (The present within would probably be forgotten,... [More]
Jul 13, 2014 8:14 AM
This Mairin Sweater ($130) from Club Monaco may be made with wool, but it's lightweight and short-sleeved, making it the ideal pick for a mild summer evening. It's also held together in the back with those two cute bows, so, you know, this one's clearly... [More]
Jul 3, 2014 9:05 AM
Your reward for rolling outta bed to make it to work on time on a Monday morning? Another full week of workin' for the man. (And maybe a jelly donut from the break room. Okay, two.) Baggy Beach Sweatshirt With Congratulations Bed Print ($189)... [More]
Jun 19, 2014 10:05 AM
This chill palm-covered Karen Millen asymmetrical sweatshirt ($55, on sale) is a perfect pullover for summer evenings on the beach - or for cool summer evenings just about anywhere, granted you live in one of those ideal climates where days are crisp and hot, and... [More]
Jun 11, 2014 11:05 AM
It's a bummer that your mom threw away that oversized Hawaii tee that you got on vacation when you were eight, but at least now you can relive the magic with this Maison Scotch sweatshirt ($85). Sure, it will cost you more than it did... [More]
Jun 9, 2014 8:35 AM
Is this a masterful pun? No, not really. It seems like a stretch even to us, we who love bad puns. But something about the earnestness (sequins are always so earnest) of this sweatshirt ($78) and its big watermelon appliqué softens our judgmental hearts. It's... [More]
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We love the texture of this Melange Boatneck Cropped Sweater ($79). It's kind of like a cotton take on chain mail. As pretty as the dark navy twist effect is, it does make the top somewhat see-through, so wear something underneath it... unless you have... [More]
Apr 18, 2014 10:30 AM
First off, the animal shown here is not a cougar, even though that's the item name. Cougars don't have spots. We're going to go ahead and call this a cheetah print, as we can see the telltale black lines on these kitties' faces. The point,... [More]
Apr 6, 2014 8:35 AM
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Apr 5, 2014 8:15 AM
This Check the Forecast Hoodie ($48) by Nicola and the Newfoundlander gives good advice; we're always running out the door before we check in with our weatherman (and then shocked when we're hit by a blast of cold). But then again, our local weather team... [More]
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It would seem that the nautical trend is here to stay, at least for another season. Guess it's time to drop anchor and enjoy it while wearing this blue Billabong sweater ($40)!... [More]
Apr 3, 2014 8:35 AM
You might as well look at this White Batwing Long Sleeve Eyes Print Sweatshirt ($22) because it's definitely looking back at you. It's a fashion statement for the surveillance age. If guys regularly check out your rack, just remember you're going to come across foolish... [More]
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The Richard W. McKinney Engineering Library collects in areas of interest to academic engineers and actively supports teaching and research from the undergraduate through the doctoral level. The fields of architectural, biomedical, civil, electrical and computer, environmental, geotechnical, mechanical, petroleum, and aerospace engineering are covered extensively through the collection. For specific holdings see The Library Catalog.
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A young woman accused of dumping her newborn baby into the garbage back in 2011 is scheduled to appear in court on Friday afternoon.
Anitra Hicks originally planned to plead guilty earlier this year to voluntary manslaughter and concealing a death. Instead, she changed her mind and decided to stand trial.
Now Hicks is scheduled on the plea and arraignment docket once again.
She was expected to be sentenced Monday, instead the woman accused of dumping her newborn baby into the garbage changed her mind and her plea in a Chatham County Courtroom.Anitra Hicks originally planned to plead guilty to charges of Voluntary Manslaughter and concealing a death.But when Hicks was told several details about that plea, including the fact she wouldn't receive First Offender status, and the charge would stay on her record forever. After hearing that, she decided she would rather stand trial.
Hicks has claimed she didn't realize she was pregnant until she gave birth in the bathroom of her home on December 3, 2011. The prosecution says after giving birth to the child on the toilet sometime between 11pm and 6 or 7am the next morning, she wrapped it in garbage bags and hid it in the backyard until Tuesday morning when she put it in her family's trash can for the garbage truck to pick up.
One of the sanitation workers discovered the child in the back of the truck when the compactor got stuck.A jury will now get to decide on her original charges, including two counts of felony murder, murder, concealing a death, cruelty to children, and deprivation of a minor.So far no trial date has been set.But if she is convicted by a jury, Anitra Hicks could face life in prison plus forty years.
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April Photowalks in Monterey and Phoenix
During the recent EG Conference in Monterey, photographer Trey Radcliff, invited the Lytro Team, including director of photography Eric Cheng, to join his photowalk.
About 15 newbie light field photographers tried out a Lytro camera for the first time, including David Polzine, who captured this extreme macro shot using Creative Mode.
We've posted many of their pictures on our Camp Lytro account, where you can check out pictures from all of Lytro's photowalk, events, and demos.
Check out some of the ways they captured Monterey, and each other, in living pictures:
This weekend, we're headed to Phoenix. Adam "Goolie" Gould and other members of the Lytro Team will host photowalks at the Desert Botanical Garden and during the Phoenix Pride Festival as part of the Pride in Living Pictures tour. Adam is best known for this picture, "Monarch at Rest", which was taken at the Desert Botanical Garden in Phoenix and is one of the most shared living pictures from our Picture Gallery. There are still a few tickets available.
More photowalks are planned both for Lytro camera owners and those who want to try one out. The best way to help guarantee you'll get a ticket, since space is always limited, is to subscribe to our EventBrite feed, or request to be notified via email.


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There's nothing quite so surprising as something utterly unremarkable. And so it is with the Kawasaki KLR650 – it's comfortable, grunty, quiet and reliable. Forget your fancy-pants BMW R1200GS' - providing you can live with adjusting and lubing a chain the Kawasaki KLR650 is at least as good at overlanding and a mere fraction of the price.
There's nothing particularly special about the Kawasaki KLR650's 4v DOHC motor; it feels lazy and doesn't particularly care for speeds above 85mph. But the Kawasaki KLR650 is torquey, flexible, reasonably free of intrusive vibration and dependable. The ratios in five-speed gearbox are well-spaced, the action is smooth and it wears well.
The Kawasaki KLR650's suspension is soft and, typical of most trail-style motorcycles, colossal fork dive buggers up the braking. It's nothing that can't be assuaged with some stiffer fork springs and/or thicker oil, but fundamentally the suspension/braking package is budget that works better off-road. The Kawasaki KLR650's rear brake's not quite ineffectual.
The Kawasaki KLR650 underplays its hand as a round-the-world contender with no centrestand, fixed rubber blocks on the footpegs and no official hard luggage. All of which can be fixed on the aftermarket thankfully along with colossal 30-litre tanks. The Kawasaki KLR650's charging system is a bit weedy, throwing out around 12 amps, which will limit your ability to plumb in heated vests and a GPS.
Kawasaki KLR650 clutches are a bit weak and you'll need to keep the switches doused in WD40 to prevent them corroding. Chain tensioners on the Kawasaki KLR650 are fragile and have been known to break – the aftermarket can supply more reliable kit. If you use the KLR650 to carry heavy luggage it's worth replacing the subframe mountingbolts with high tensile steel items – the stock stuff is of very poor quality.
The Kawasaki KLR650 is excellent value and much cheaper than BMW's comparable BMW F650GS. Find a Kawasaki KLR650 for sale.
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1987: Kawasaki KLR650 introduced.1995: Kawasaki KLR650 gets improved front forks, engine, crank and clutch.
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I was looking for a dual purpose with a very limited budget. Now I am a proud -97 KLR owner. Handling and engine are very nice. It is so narrow. Only things I don't like are difficulties with maintenance, take off the seat and petrol tank. However it is easier with KLR than with KLE. Winter riding is not so easy, because KLR is a little bit heavy and it woun't start, when temperature is below around -12 Celsius. I have spike tyres to make life a little bit easier (safer). Need to learn to ride too.
Cheers Jyrki Finland
23 January 2010
I know what I like
Been in the saddle 44 years, I have toured, commuted, ran wild etc.
After 38 bikes and my present rides I got hold of an 06.
I've always loved the big single for it's simplicity and narrowness and flickability.
This is a fabulous machine. No it won't do a ton comfortably. It will scoot at fun speed and with proper rubber will corner as well as most .
The way the power comes on when held it torque through the cogs is very enjoyable.
If you want one, ride it first, they are a cult bike because there is a distinct character to the beast.
It is a machine that will handle off road for the mild to mid talented adventurer.
I t is so easy to work on if it requires. It rarely does. Fill and go.
Tour at LEGAL motorway speed, green lane at just up to the edge of grip envelope and pull off into that farm or forest road with aplumb.
The problem with most bike reveiwers is that always compare unlike for unlike. This is not a VMax , an R1, VFR and on.
It isn't even an F650. It fits in one catagory, the KLR650 one.
All bike have their place and all riders have their bikes.
Don't be put off by "it won't do this as good as...." It does everything as good as you'd like if you like it.
23 November 2008
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SupermodelMe 3: Hotter, Sexier and Tougher
Gallery: A sneak peek to "SupermodelMe Season 3" exclusive preview of the opening episode at GV Grand Gold Glass
L-R: Danielle Lim, Lynn Yang Wolf
Photos: Bang PR
A selected group of media and guests were treated to some bubbly and light refreshments last week as they, among the first few privileged ones, watched the exclusive preview of SupermodelMe Season 3's opening episode and get the scoop on the upcoming season that promises to be "Hotter, Sexier and Tougher" than before.
Model contestants of the show - Lynn Yang Wolf, Danielle Lim and Venus Hung were also present, together with other guests like Editor-in-Chief of Elle Singapore, Sharon Lim; professional Muay Thai and Mixed Martial Arts fighter from the United States, Mitch Chilson and award-winning professional photographer, Wai Teik.
The brand new third season started its regional cable broadcast on 13 Mar on KIX and KIX HD, and will be available locally on MediaCorp TV Channel 5 starting 22 March.
Featuring 12 aspiring Asian models slugging it out through a series of challenges, vying for the coveted title plus attractive prizes and a chance to launch their modelling career, the adrenaline-packed reality TV competition will be Asia's first and only multi-platform reality series that will be available internationally across TV, the Internet and on mobile.
Click here to the microsite for more photos and exclusive video clips of the 12 contestants!
SupermodelMe Season 3 premiers globally on channel KIX on March 13 on KIX (Starhub Channel 518) and KIX HD (SingTel MIO TV Channel 54), and will be available locally on MediaCorp Channel 5 starting March 22 at 10pm.


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Genre: Series
When Faith Carson lost her husband and child she thought her life was over, but then a miracle cameCaitlin. Now, years later, convinced Caitlin is his missing niece, Hugh Damon is about to rock Faith's world. Knowing his discovery will destroy someone's happiness, Hugh's predicament is made harder by his growing feelings for Faith and her loving response. In LITTLE GIRL LOST (3), Marisa Carroll delivers an emotional story accenting the vulnerability of the heart and the strength of loveman to woman, brother to sister, parent to child.
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Publisher: Harlequin
Published: February 2003


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Doug almost blown off Army Dreamers
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Hi there!
I have finally created my first blog. I am currently traveling again and will be posting some recent photos and videos frequently, while I am traveling so don't miss out some exciting journey. ;) .... For the meantime you can explore some of my travel photos taken in January 2006 on Travel Treasures, as I will also be uploading some of my old travel photos in there frequently.
About An Unmissable Journey
I truly enjoy traveling and decided to create a blog to document my adventures. I also love photography and am prone to random acts of inspirational imagery of famous landmarks, world fashion, foods, and cultures across the globe. The purpose of this blog is to share some exciting travel experiences along with beautiful travel photographs. My goal is to post a new interesting destination in the world each day in order to inspire visitors of this blog. Hopefully these destinations will encourage you to travel more and open your mind because there are lots of beautiful things in the world to explore.
I'm presenting the places, fashion and random things in the world as I have found it (except in high definition). There will also be a mini summary under each page with more info. I hope you enjoy the concept and follow this blog for a wee while…
I sincerely hope that you enjoy this blog and that the content opens your mind and takes you on a visual experience of the treasures of the world… day by day. Each day for the next 365 days, I'll be posting some new amazing locations. At the end of 365 days I'll be posting a surprise location (if you can guess this location then you'll win a special prize that's redeemable anywhere on the internet).
Don't miss out an exciting journey! :)


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This rug looks exactly like the photo. Deep, rich, chocolate color and I love the chunkier weave. I am using this in a high traffic area (2 big dogs and a toddler) which is why I needed something durable. It can be a challenge to find a darker, natural fiber rug and this fits the bill. Quick shipping and great service as usual!
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Classic names
My friend is due in September with a girl and is having a very hard time finding a name. Her and hubby like the name Riley but they don't love it. She doesn't like names with S's in then either (she has a slight lisp)
Can anyone help and give some suggestions? I've given a million but maybe some other opinions would be helpful! Thanks
Viewing 12 replies - 1 through 12 (of 12)
Viewing 12 replies - 1 through 12 (of 12)


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Ultimate Reality and Divine Beings
Written by: Jacob N. Kinnard
One of the most commonly retold Hindu myths is that which describes the creation of the world involving the so-called "Hindu Trinity"—Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. There are many variations of this basic myth. Here is one of the most popular:
In the beginning the entire universe was pervaded by Brahman, the abstract divine force. There was no earth, no heaven, nothing. At a particular time—when the time was "right"—a vast ocean washed over the cosmos, and a huge serpent emerged from the waters. Vishnu appeared, sleeping on the serpent. As Vishnu slept, floating on the waters, the sound "om" began to vibrate throughout the universe. Vishnu awoke, and out of his navel grew a lotus. When the lotus opened, Brahma was sitting there. Vishnu said to him that it was time to create the world.
Brahma then set about creating the world. He broke the lotus into three pieces, and with the first made the heavens, with the second the skies, and with the third the earth. He then populated the earth with all living beings.
Shiva often does not appear in this myth, although in some versions he appears later when the world has been engulfed in chaos. He begins to dance, and in the process creates tremendous religious heat that engulfs the world in flames, destroying it but at the same time purifying it (much like what the sacrificial fire does). The cosmos is then once again void, until the waters reappear, and the whole cycle begins again. Just as human beings are born and reborn over and over again, so too is the cosmos. This is samsara.
Accordingly, Brahma is often understood to be the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer. This, however, is only part of the story. The Hindu idea of the gods is complex. Though in one sense there is only one god, Brahman, this god is not really a single, manifest entity but the divine principle that animates the entire cosmos. Each of the individual gods, in this sense, is thus a manifestation of Brahman.


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By Anu Chanchal, IndiaTimes | May 18, 2012, 9:05 am IST Bollywood
"I think it's time I should tell the truth.... Actually, it was that video-game character called G.One at the stadium..."
(In hushed voice after a pause) "Our Ra.One's expert technical team accidentally created real characters for the film. G.One, who's had a partial memory loss, has forgotten that he had already killed the villain in the film. So he was looking for Ra.One in order to kill him, and got angry when he couldn't find him at the stadium."


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iPhone Games
Disney Cars 2 Appmates for iPad (video)
The days when kids head outside and play are officially over. And who do we have to thank for that? Disney. Okay, so that's complete hyperbole, but when you get a load of their Appmates Mobile Application Toys you'll start to...
Jetpack Joyride Review
[Rating: 5/5] Halfbrick Studios is the iOS developer that brought us Fruit Ninja, which has helped cement the studio as one of the premier iOS developers, alongside the likes of Rovio (Angry Birds), PopCap (Plants vs. Zombies, ...
iOS Game Reviews
Monopoly Here & Now: The World Edition iPad Review
[Rating: 2.5] Monopoly on the iPad (along with practically every other board game) really is a given. Who the hell wouldn't want that? We all love board games, but setup, cleanup, little plastic and metal pieces, fake money and...
Battleship iOS Review
[Rating: 4] The last time I seriously played battleship was at least 10 years ago, with my brother bored one afternoon, the board game having saved the day. At least for a little while...they're called board games for a reason,...
Puzzle Agent 2 Review
[Rating: 1.5] The first Puzzle Agent was a surprising change of pace when considering the flock of iOS games streaming like an unrepentant hurricane into the App Store. It was charming and fun, with true story and entertainment...
You Don't Know Jack iOS Review
[Rating: 4.5] There's something I'd like to talk to you about. Have a seat. Are you ready? You Don't Know Jack is back. Yes, you heard me right. You Don't Know Jack is back. For iOS. I can die happy now. (more…)
"Transformers: Dark of the Moon" iOS Game Release Date Announced (video)
In just two day's time "Transformers: Dark of the Moon" will hit theaters. It's sure to be one of many blockbusters this summer, despite the fact that it's the third installment of the series, which often proves to be the wors...
Air Guitar Move for iPhone Lets You Play with a Special Motion Sensing Pick
Air Guitar Move for iPhone is effectively Guitar Hero for the iPhone. You're probably thinking "but doesn't that game already exist for the iPhone"? Yes, it does, but what that game lacked is hardware. Air Guitar Move for th...
Atari Issues A Greatest Hits Collection For iOS Devices, Costs $15 For 100 Games
While Atari's hay day has long passed, that hasn't prevented the company from reissuing their games in the form of a Greatest Hits Collection app for all iOS devices. The pack includes 18 classic arcade games and 82 Atari 2600...
Tiger Woods PGA Tour 12 Now Available For iOS Devices
Tiger Woods PGA Tour 12 for iOS devices is now live in the app store. EA says that it has been specifically designed to take advantage of the iPad's larger screen and the iPhone's retina display. But that's not all it has to o...
iPhone 4 Steering Wheel With Speakers Drives Racing Games To A New Level
If the prospect of spending $200+ on a racing wheel elicits a nauseating feeling in your stomach, well, we're right there with you. But if you happen to own an iPhone 4 you can perhaps have a taste of that opulent gaming exper...
iOS Game Reviews
Fight Night Champion Review (iPhone)
[Rating: 4] Boxing is a hell of a sport. MMA has become ridiculously popular recently, but there really isn't anything like professional boxing. For videogames, boxing is simpler. Just using the arms to punch requires much less...


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|Home | About | Undergraduate | Graduate | Prospective | Current | Athletics | Alumni | Faculty/Staff
10th Annual
Scarborough Society Gala
Fri., Aug 12, 2011, 6pm
Bavarian Inn
Scarborough Society
Annual Meeting
Thurs., Aug 25, 2011, 7pm
Robert C. Byrd Center for Legislative Studies
The 2010-2011 season of the Scarborough Society
Art & Lecture Series
has come to a close.
Planning for the 2011-2012 season is underway!
The Scarborough Society Travels to The National Archives in Washington, DC!
The Scarborough Society has an exciting excursion planned for their 2011 annual bus trip! Visit The National Archives in Washington, D.C. on Thursday, June 16, 2011 to tour America's Historical Documents on permanent display, along with a new, socially relevant exhibit opening in June called What's Cooking, Uncle Sam?, which will examine the government's influence on food in our nation.
Additionally, Dr. Richard Hunt, Director of the Center for Legislative Archives, will offer a behind-the-scenes look at the Legislative vault, which houses originals of some of the greatest documents in American history. You won't want to miss this exclusive private tour!
The bus will depart Shepherd's campus at 9:30 a.m., and return at 6:00 p.m. The cost of the trip is $75 and includes lunch at McCormick and Schmick's restaurant. For more information about this popular event or to reserve your seat on the bus, contact Phyllis Smock at 304-264-0560.


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A rainy forecast keeps the crowds away at Pennsylvania's Hersheypark
Written by Robert Niles
HERSHEY, Pa. — There's little better than a torrent of rain and a storm-filled forecast to keep crowds away, and lines short, at a theme park. The weather, and the meteorologists, came through for us on our planned visit to Hersheypark today.
We arrived in Hershey last night under cover of an Old Testament, underwear-soaking rain. The forecast called for continued rain today, from the before the park's 10am opening through late afternoon. We'd decided that if the rain continued, we'd just hang out in our hotel room until lunch time, then head over to the park's Chocolate World exhibit before tackling the park later in the days, when the rain began to clear.
Morning brought clouds, but no rain. The forecast flipped, with no precipitation called for the morning, but storms rolling in for the afternoon. So we flipped our plans, too, and headed out to the park for opening.
It's Christmas in July this month at Hersheypark
Fortunately for us, not that many people decided to do the same. We found short waits throughout the day — topping out at 20 minutes for Fahrenheit. On most rides, we walked straight into the loading area, sometimes getting the entire ride to ourselves.
Granted, Hersheypark's got plenty to occupy a crowd, with more than 60 attractions, including dozens of waterslides and kiddie rides to supplement the park's roller coasters and carnival rides. Only the park's Tidal Force flume ride was closed for the day, and all the coasters I rode had at least two trains running, keeping wait times minimal to nonexistent for those of us who took our chances with the skies.
You won't find estimated wait times posted at the entrances to any Hersheypark attractions, but the park offers a free smartphone app with live wait times, which I used throughout our visit. With just a 10-minute wait advertised, I decided to start with the park's newest ride, Skyrush, the Intamin "wing" coaster that debuted last year.
Skyrush kicks off with a brisk run up its 200-foot lift, before diving into a series of dips and twists that will leave riders flying from their seats. Which could be great, if it weren't for the ride's lapbar restraint system, which has earned the coaster the derisive nickname "Thigh Crush" from riders exiting with aching legs. I felt the sting of the lapbar twice on the ride, as the coaster pulled lateral G's during airtime crests, pushing my legs up against the lapbar. But that wasn't my greatest complaint with the ride. For a new steel coaster, this one's rougher than a 20-year-old woodie, knocking my whole body around the seat throughout the ride.
I rode in one of the outside seats, which extend beyond the train's floor. Unlike B&M wing coasters, only the outer two seats in each four-seat row extend beyond the track on these trains. The center two seats sit atop the track, above the outer seats, making the seating configuration more like B&M's Diamondback than Gatekeeper or Arrow/Six Flags' X2.
But enough about the lowlight of the day. Let's get to the tasty stuff. (Forgive me.) For our next stop, we opted for the park's one dark ride, the Reese's Xtreme Cup Challenge.
Other readers have given this shooter poor marks, but with no wait to get on, I enjoyed the use of dips and speed tunnel effects on the ride, in addition to being able to see my laser "shot" against the wall, making it easier to adjust my aim and hit more targets. I led our car with 73,560 points, as our "Team Chocolate" beat "Team Peanut Butter" in the other car. Don't expect the immersive story beyond the game that you'll find in Universal's Men in Black or even Disney's Buzz Lightyear rides. I couldn't tell you about a narrative on the ride beyond the fact that a couple of animatronic sportscasters showed up a few times in the ride to tell us who was winning, and that spinning cut-outs of surfers and skateboarders occasionally blocked the targets. But it's a fun shooter, plus a cool ride in the dark on a steamy, sunny day. That'll do.
Let's get to what Theme Park Insider readers have rated the best ride at Hersheypark: Lightning Racer.
The GCI wooden racing coaster, which debuted in 2000, runs nearly 3,400 feet and over 51 mph on each track, which are named Thunder and Lightning. My son and I walked straight into the station to discover no one waiting on the Thunder side, allowing us to walk right into the front seat, where we'd ride as the only passengers on the entire train.
What a delightful ride! Smoother and steeper than a typical woodie, Lightning Racer offers great views of the entire park, as well as some fun visuals as the two tracks turn to face each other, allowing the coasters to "battle." We loved our ride so much that we ran through the exit to get right back on the Lightning side. This time, we had to wait one whole train to get the front seat. And two other people rode in the back seat, so we didn't get the train to ourselves. (Sniff!)
Yeah, I'm glad that we didn't spend the money for a front of the line pass today.
I also walked right into the station for Storm Runner, the 2004 Intamin launch coaster that established itself as the first hydraulic launch coaster with inversions. With a 150-foot top hat to start the ride, Storm Runner isn't known for its height or even its 75 mph top speed. It's the inversions that follow offer pure fun, with abundant airtime filling the back half of this 50-second ride.
For my final ride of the day, I headed over to Fahrenheit, a Ingenieur Büro Stengel vertical lift coaster than debuted in 2008. A 90-degree lift leads to an immediate 97-degree drop before the track sets you flying through its action-packed elements, many of which fake you out with a slight twist to one direction before turning through the opposite way.
Don't let your eyes glaze over those numbers. You start this ride facing straight up to the sky, unable to see anything but the clouds (or clear blue sky) above you. Ninety degrees seems level on the page, but when you're riding up this lift, you feel like you're pitched back beyond 90 degrees. The short, 12-passenger trains don't linger at the crest of the lift hill. You've facing straight up, then — boom! — you're falling head over heels, seven degrees over-rated beyond straight down, before sweeping into the first twisting element. Once you're through, take a moment to look toward the horizon, beyond the park's border, where you'll find Hershey's original (now-closed) factory at the corner of Chocolate and Cocoa Avenues.
Later this week, I'll tell you a bit about the current home of Hershey's factory tour, Hershey's Chocolate World, a separate attraction located just outside the park's gates. And I'll also share our lunch at Hersheypark Place, the new table-service restaurant located between Hersheypark and Chocolate World.
Have you been to Hersheypark? Please tell us about your visits, in the comments.
Readers' Opinions
From James Rao on July 23, 2013 at 7:27 PM
Fun report, Robert. Thanks for sharing. I haven't been to Hershey Park since... well since a long time ago. Back before they had 60 rides and all those coasters. Looks like a lot has changed. I hope to get back to several of the "northern" parks next year now that all my kids are over 54 inches tall.
Incidentally, where did you stay on this trip? Did you venture to one of the park's hotels, or someplace else nearby?
From Jeffrey H on July 23, 2013 at 7:54 PM
The last time I went to Hersheypark was in 1999. It was an amazing trip and I strongly encourage anyone who has considered visiting Pennsylvania to go on vacation there.
When I went Great Bear (inverted coaster) was the new thing and i must've gone on it like 50 times. The SuperDuperLooper was also awesome.
My fondest memory was riding the factory tour ride. They piped in the smell of chocolate everywhere. It was a supreme olfactory overload! And when I got off the ride they gave us free samples of the then-new NutRageous bars. I subsequently re-rode about 15 times or so.
Once we had done all the modern coasters, I simply had to ride EVERYTHING. Those wooden coasters where so bumpy and my mom didn't pack any ibuprofen. Legendary headaches. #1 rule of Hersheypark: pack Tylenol or Advil.
I intend to go back with my own children in a few years time. At the top of my to-do list is to visit the Crayola factory (which my dad refused to stop at during our vacation!!!). Also, check out Penn's Cave, the Penn Hills, and Sesame Place.
From 188.8.131.52 on July 23, 2013 at 9:19 PM
Really Enjoyed reading about Hershey Park, can't wait to hear more! I havent been in years, and reading this makes me wanna go back soon! -Lauren
From Rob Pastor on July 23, 2013 at 9:41 PM
Yes, there's been a lot of rain in Pennsylvania the past month. That same system that was drenching Orlando, stayed on a northward coast, and has done the same to us. I'm really getting tired of cutting my four acres every few days. Anyway, on to Hershey Park. I took my nephew there in June for a day trip from here in the Pittsburgh suburbs. Three years ago I took him to Hershey and got him over his fear of coasters. He enjoyed the previous trip and wanted to go back. Big disappointment though. Three years ago there were a plethora of good professional shows, which we both enjoyed. Well, it seems they slashed their entertainment budget. There were just a few shows and they were boring and poorly staged. Some were replaced with the horrid character greets. The food at Hershey never impressed me. Again it wasn't very memorable. The BBQ in the Western themed area is absolutely horrible. The ribs were under cooked. The corn on the cob was, in my nephew's words, like cardboard. Evidently it sat in the pot most of the day. And the coleslaw was horrid, and its hard to mess up coleslaw. The pizza we had for lunch had that same cardboard texture as the corn. The other problem with Hershey is that its a mishmash of expansions in what was once a fairly small park, so it doesn't have a cohesive or clean ambiance. But it does still have it's good points, and that's primarily their coasters. We both actually liked Skyrush. Sure, its a bit rough, but I like my coasters to have character. The restraints didn't bother me either. Storm Runner was our favorite coaster. It's very exciting. The old original woodie, Comet, also has a good ride with lots of airtime. A lot of people don't care for the woodie Wildcat, since it's so rough, but its a ride we enjoy and rode a few times. The readers seem to love the Lightning Racers, but we both thought it was kind of meh. Not much excitement, and a bit boring after riding Wildcat. Sure its smooth, but not very interesting. I still can't judge Fahrenheit though, since it's massive size scares my nephew. The other good point is their zoo. It's small but incredibly interesting.The park was very crowded until about 4:00 and then it became a virtual ghost town. On the whole, I won't return unless they restore their live entertainment to it's previous standards. That's what set Hershey above the other coaster parks. Now it's basically just a Six Flags.
From Mike Gallagher on July 24, 2013 at 6:21 AM
Last time I was at Hershey, 6/24, I passed out in the heat and had to be taken on a cart to First Aid.
Lightning Racer remains my fave at HP by a wide Margin, and is even better at night. I like Storm Runner, Comet and SoperDooperLooper, and always enjoy most of the other coasters. I've not gotten back on Thigh Crush since my first and only ride last year, which I certainly did NOT enjoy.
I'm not a person who seeks out live entertainment at parks, but the musical shows during their Kalloween event are pretty decent.
And I NEVER go to Hershey without going through Chocolate World at least once.
From Russell Meyer on July 24, 2013 at 6:56 AM
I wouldn't categorize Skyrush as a "wing" coaster. It's really a twisting hypercoaster. Intamin has a real wing coaster in Spain called Furius Baco, where the seats are actually to the sides of the track like Gatekeeper or Wild Eagle.
Hersheypark is a really underrated park. As I wrote in my review last year of Skyrush, they don't have any record breakers or must-do coasters in the park (I still think Skyrush is the one, however, despite the restraints), but they have a solid, diverse lineup of coasters that few parks can match.
From 220.127.116.11 on July 24, 2013 at 7:10 AM
Thanks for a cool report! I went in October for a friend's party at one of their fall "fright nights". I've wanted to go back this summer but haven't had the chance. I want to ride skyrush! It was closed when I was there.
From Anon Mouse on July 24, 2013 at 8:02 AM
I was hoping to hear about the chocolate first. I will wait for part 2.
From Eric G on July 24, 2013 at 11:03 AM
SkyRush is not a wing coaster.
SkyRush is a megacoaster or hypercoaster with four-abreast seating per row. The train design has the outside seats extending beyond the track edges and slightly set back from the middle seats, but that design doesn't classify it as a "wing coaster".
From Bobbie Butterfield on July 24, 2013 at 11:25 AM
Great report, Robert. I always enjoy reading informed articles about experiences at Hersheypark, as it's one of only three parks within easy driving distance of where I live. (The other two are Six Flags Great Adventure and Dorney.) You must be on an extended road trip, as I seem to recall having recently read something you wrote while in Texas.
Differences of opinion and differences in perception are what make discussions about roller coasters interesting. I happen to adore Skyrush - you published an article I wrote about a Travel Channel filming of that coaster - and put it at no. 5 on my list of top ten steel coasters. I've ridden it a total of 15 times (11 during the Travel Channel shoot, lol) and will undoubtedly ride it many more times. Granted, the restraints are an issue. How much of an issue depends largely on where you sit, so I'm pretty selective about where I sit. The front row wing seats are the ones that gave me the least discomfort. I enjoyed reading your comment to the effect that Skyrush is rougher than an old woodie. What you perceive as rough I perceive as intense. To each his own. I find that in general people either love or hate this coaster; I have yet to meet anyone who's neutral on the subject. Anyway, enjoyable reading and good description of Fahrenheit.
From 22.214.171.124 on July 24, 2013 at 5:50 PM
We went to Hershey last April and also in summer 2010. Both times the waits were minimal. We also loved the lightning racers and went on it several times in a row.
From 184.108.40.206 on July 25, 2013 at 7:08 AM
Oh, wow, Hershey Park! We used to go here ALL THE TIME with my middle school orchestra; we still get up there now and again. The Comet is one of my dad's all-time favorite coasters. My personal favorite is the Great Bear! Can't wait to hear your take on the singing cows in feather boas...
From Brian Bauer on July 25, 2013 at 10:40 AM
We visited back in late May and had the same kind of day. It was overcast so the crowds stayed away but there was no rain.
Every ride was pretty much a walk-on all day.
From Robert Niles on July 25, 2013 at 8:54 PM
Well, I put "wing" in quotes for a reason. :^)
Hersheypark's used the wing designation for the coaster in the past, but only the two outermost seats on each row could be considered "wing" seats, as I described.
From Russell Meyer on July 26, 2013 at 7:09 AM
Yeah, I got the quotes, but I really do wish parks would quit relying on unknowledgeable PM firms to market their rides. I highly doubt using the term "wing" coaster attracts any more of the general public to the park to ride, but it does frustrate the coaster fans out there that know all of the terms and records. It's very much like what Six Flags did with Full Throttle (making up records), and parks have been doing it for years and years. If it's the biggest, fastest, or first of it's kind, I don't have an issue, but when they're using terms to describe an attraction that doesn't actually fit, it's rather annoying, and I don't think it's really beneficial.
From Joe Schwartz on July 26, 2013 at 11:29 AM
Great review of Hershey Park Robert. Since this is in my home area. I like tis park a whole lot better than Six Flags "Great Adventure" & "Dorney Park" I agree with your review of "SKY Rush". This is a really painful ride. I like the rest of their coasters a lot and if you have small children the Anton Schwarzcoff designed "Super Dooper Looper" is a great loop starter coaster for children. They also have a really nice water park that comes with the admission.
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Day 1-Favorite Legend of Zelda game
I know this is probably an unpopular opinion… But…
One of the reasons I love Zelda so much is the side quests, and this one (along with Wind Waker) really epitomized that. I also love the story itself. Yes, per the usual, I absolutely LOVE Ocarina of Time and the originals, but this is the one that I get the most excited to play. Plus, I mean, who doesn't love being a Zora??? Or a Goron?? I just love this game :)
Nobody understands my fear of the Redeads in Zelda…
I need to relate to someone. Reblog this if the face-raping zombies scare the shit out of you too!!
- This
…I feel like that's creepy as figgidy fuck.
seriously the only part of the ben story that still gives me a small chill.
Me too this was sooo Creepy D:
@_@ freaked me oouuut
Clock Town
Majora's Mask <3


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Welcome to Adams!
Adamsis located in Berkshire County and is presently the home to 9,300 year-round residents. We are in the westernmost county of Massachusetts only 15 minutes from the borders of New York and Vermont. The Town is nestled in the Hoosac River Valley bordered on the east by the Hoosac Range and on the west by Mount Greylock, Massachusetts' highest peak. The Town center is a picturesque nineteenth century village with an active downtown, many historic buildings, and citizens who take an active part and a genuine pride in the quality of Town life. Adams is crossed by the Appalachian Trail and is the northern terminus of the Ashuwillticook Bicycle Trail. The Town is very proud of its municipal park system, which provides four athletic fields to the children of Adams in addition to playgrounds, passive parks and a skate park. The Town is also actively involved with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the development of additional outdoor recreational activities in Adams.