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It's that time of year again… Nathan heads back to school. Grade Five. Oh how the time has flown.
Monthly Archives: August 2010
Blue Angels, Portsmouth, NH
We saw them again. We drove the distance this time. Previously we watched the Blue Angels perform in Brunswick, ME. This time we drove to NH. We didn't chance the weather, busy airspace, etc and try and fly down.. not quite ready for that yet.
A good show.. very hot. Saw an old buddy of mine from college (also a pilot). And didn't communicate with my pilot mentor well enough, because he was down there also!
Nathan Rides "Right Seat"
Nathan had his chance to ride Right Seat on a scenic flight. He even took the controls for 20 seconds. It's just as well Jess was in the back seat, this was my worst landing yet.. so she now thinks that's how landings feel in the back seat!
Fun fun!
Another Senior Portrait Session
Just when I thought it was over… someone else readies for their last year of High School and thinks I'm capable of taking their Senior Photos. This time my niece. She did well, better than most I've shot in the past.. its a grueling ordeal and she hung tough the whole time.
World Series! (Sr Little League)
Student Pilot – First Passengers!
The Day I've been waiting for for so long.
It seemed like it took forever to get to this point, though the months flew by. I was able to take my family in the Club Plane tonight! (1973 Cessna 172 Skyhawk)
We made a short trip so as not to make anyone woosie. We flew over the house and then back to the airport. I greased the landing on returning – which means I've set the bar too high for future landings! They both loved it… wanted to fly longer.
We're looking forward to many more flights together.
A Baby in the House Again
No worries, she's not ours. We had some young friends over with their new baby. Wow, it's been a loooonng time since a wee one has been around here.
The Wayback Machine Arrived Today
I remember when I collected baseball cards. Funny, I barely knew how to play the game. I did all my collecting in High School, when I had a job and could buy a pack or two every so often. Nathan collects now, much earlier than I did, and he knows the game better than most high school players.
He thought he wanted to try his chances with some older cards on eBay. So, we bought some. About $20 worth. Certainly brought back some memories. These were the cards I collected "back in the day". Nathan was hoping to win that trip to the 1989 Spring Training camps.
I. Am. Pilot.
You know, sort of like I am Legend, except different? Never mind.
I did it! I passed my Check Ride today.. my Oral Test and my Practical Test from an FAA designated examiner. Nervous much? Good grief. Unbelievable. I felt so numb in the head during the oral portion. I'm sure he was wondering if I was even mentally present as I stared at him like a deer staring into a pair of headlights.
He was very good. He didn't make me any more nervous than I already was.. that was huge. I felt I did all the flying fairly well… until that last landing. Ugh. Quite possibly my worst landing to date. He told me what I could have done to improve it, and then proceeded to direct me to the ramp. He said, "I think you're ready for some passengers". Elated to hear that. This will take several days to sink in!
I'm a pilot. A Certified FAA Private Pilot. Now to enjoy it for a while.. and continue to add endorsements. (Seaplane, Instrument)
A Go-Kart, a Grandson and a Grammy
Grammies do some interesting things. Some, simple for the pleasure of their grand kids. Grammy Libby dared to climb in the go-kart with Nathan. Probably won't do it again. This needed video not a simple snap shot to really capture the moment.


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Word: ruuttoll
Added on: 2013-01-23 Listened: 1 timesin: Add categories to ruuttoll
Pronunciation in Estonian [et] Back to Estonian
- Pronunciation by allaraz (Male from Finland)
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- Random word: peakonsul
by Google Translate English translation:
ruuttoll = square inch
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subset: commoncrawl


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Fishfinders, marine GPS, marine stereos, marine radios, marine electronic accessories with top brand names including Garmin, Furuno, Humminbird and Lowrance can be found at Gander Mountain. Our marine electronics provide high-performance features at highly competitive prices. Shop now for all your boating and marine electronics.
Results 1 - 10 of 10 Page 1 of 1
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Was £40.00
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San Diego, CAUSA 92115
November 9, 2012
Hello my name is Kaydia I love to fish, snowboard, camping, hiking, whitewater rafting, swapmeet, thift stores, going to the desert, and the drive ins. I'm very easy going and laid back. I work for Sprouts as a Scan Coordinator.
To be healthy and enjoy life
I'm on medifast and I hike on the weekend.
Hey Kaydia! Welcome to the group! We can totally help you be healthy! Hope to see you soon!
Meetup members, Log in
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Lillian RocchiMarch 08,2013
Lillian Rocchi
Lillian Rocchi, 99, died March 7, 2013, at Mountain View Genesis Center.
She was born in Sicily, April 6, 1913, daughter of Santos and Maria (Sabatino) DiGangi.
Lillian was a 1929 graduate of West Rutland High School.
She was a member of St. Dominics Church.
She was employed by Vermont Marble Co. for many years.
Surviving are a brother, Leonard Leo DiGangi and his wife, Gladys, of West Rutland, several nieces and nephews.
She was predeceased by her husband, Manlio Rocchi, in 1984; three sisters, Mary Morgan, Frances Nash, Josephine Sabatino; two brothers, Victor and Joseph DiGangi.
A funeral Mass will be celebrated at 10:30 a.m. Tuesday, March 12, 2013, in St. Dominics Church in Proctor.
There are no calling hours.
Burial will be held at a later date in South Street Cemetery in Proctor.
Memorial contributions may be made to St. Dominics Church, Proctor, Vt.
Arrangements are under the direction of the Clifford Funeral Home.MORE IN Obituaries1002 RH Obits Ruggiero paid photo no flag Full Story1002 RH Obits Parker brief no photo no flag Full Story1002 RH Obits Miles edited no photo no flag Full Story
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- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to his mythical ancestor, Venus Genetrix; on this day in 1933, FBI agents in Memphis, Tennessee, arrest Machine Gun Kelly; Yves Rossi flies the English Channel with home-made jet-pack.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1852, Henri Giffard demonstrates the first steam-powered airship, sailing 17 miles from Paris to Trappes; on this day in 1877, Japanese imperial troops crush the Satsuma Rebellion, Saigo Takamori dies in Kagoshima.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: U.S. Rep. Peter Welch meets with Killington business owners, governor candidates debate, Gov. Shumlin discusses progress in anti-opiate campaign, Spanos trial venue moves to White River Junction.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1776, as Nathan Hale is hanged by British military authorities for spying, he utters his famous last words — or does he? In 1975, Sara Jane Moore attempts to kill President Gerald R. Ford in San Francisco.
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- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: Giles Corey of Salem, Mass., is pressed to death during the Salem witch trials; on this day in 1952, film comedian Charlie Chaplin, while traveling to England, is denied re-entry into the United States by U.S. attorney general.


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How to Draw a Snake
Two Methods:A Cartoon SnakeA Traditional Snake
Snakes are legless reptiles with scaly tubular bodies tapering toward the tail, lidless eyes, and venomous fangs. Snakes are famous for their roles in animated movies. Let's begin!
Method 1 of 2: A Cartoon Snake
1Draw a medium-size oval shape for the snake's head. Draw two small circles below that oval for a framework for the snake's body.Ad
2Draw a curve connecting the circles and the oval to taper the snake's body.
3Draw the curves extending from the small circle at the left end to complete the snake's body. The tail becomes more slender near the tail.
4Draw the sketch for the eyes and tongue for the snake's head.
5Refine the sketch of the head to make distinct the snake's nose and mouth. Make it look like a cartoon and add details for the snake's body
6Trace with a pen and erase unnecessary lines.
7Color to your liking!
Method 2 of 2: A Traditional Snake
1Draw a circle for the snake's head.
2Draw the curved shape that overlaps the circle a little at the right. This serves as a framework for the snake's body.
3Draw the curves which connects and complements the first half of the snake's body.
4Draw the curves which completes the other half of the snake's body. The curves become more slender near the tail.
5Add the details to the head for the snake's eyes, tongue, mouth, and nose.
6Add the details for the snake's body.
7Trace with a pen and erase unnecessary lines.
8Color using your imagination!Ad
Are you an expert on card tricks?
If so, share what you know about how to do a cool card trick.
Thanks for sharing your knowledge.
We are a bit smarter today because of you.
- Draw lightly in pencil so that you can easily rub out mistakes.
Article Info
Categories: Drawing Animals
Recent edits by: Lugia2453, Abrogation316, Riano Lupo
In other languages:
Español: Cómo dibujar una víbora, Italiano: Come Disegnare un Serpente, Português: Como Desenhar uma Cobra, Deutsch: Wie man eine Schlange zeichnet, Français: Comment dessiner un serpent, 中文: 画蛇, Русский: нарисовать змею
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 62,287 times.


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[Prev] Thread [Next] | [Prev] Date [Next]
Re: More information regarding FreeBSD PowerPC and Java binaries. Super Bisquit Thu Mar 08 13:00:47 2012
A few questions: 1. Has anyone built or tried building OpenJDK7 on a PowerPC machine? I see that the Makefile has for i386 amd only and checks for i386/i586 in OSARCH. I've just edited out those two values: Nothing is being built until portupgrade finishes on both active machines. 2. I haven't looked as of yet due to system rebuilding errors; but, when was the last reference in ports or java to Zero VM. 3. The older Sun/Oracle java downloads don't seem to exist. Where would they currently be located? I would like to look at the install script and compare that to my fixes. 4. Why does the installer use "gzip -d $FILE" when "tar xvf $FILE" executes without an error? I've also used "tar xvf > /dev/null" to replace the "$UNCOMPRESS(gzip -d) > /dev/null" in the install. As I said, both machines- iMac G4 PowerMac Quicksilver- are being rebuilt. I can always run test builds on either machine while working on other FreeBSD items: ports, ppc package builds, qemu related, et c/al. Anyway, thanks for reading this On Tue, Feb 28, 2012 at 11:56 PM, Greg Lewis <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > On Mon, Feb 27, 2012 at 04:58:49PM -0500, Super Bisquit wrote: > > > https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/mydeveloperworks/groups/service/forum/topicThread?topicUuid=c8658b21-22c8-47bd-b224-f439d0911d42&communityUuid=fe313521-2e95-46f2-817d-44a4f27eba32&page=&ps= > > > > The link may help out more. > > At one point OpenJDK 7 worked on Mac OS X/Power PC using the Zero VM. I > don't think anyone has touched it for a while, but that seems like a more > likely base than an entirely new port. FWIW. You should naturally work > on whatever sparks your interest, I'm just pointing out that I think you're > signing up for considerably more work going this way. > > -- > Greg Lewis Email : [EMAIL PROTECTED] > Eyes Beyond Web : http://www.eyesbeyond.com > Information Technology FreeBSD : [EMAIL PROTECTED] > _______________________________________________ [EMAIL PROTECTED] mailing list http://lists.freebsd.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-java To unsubscribe, send any mail to "[EMAIL PROTECTED]"
- Re: More information regarding FreeBSD PowerPC and Java binaries. Super Bisquit 2012/03/08 <=


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Earlier this month we launched the Traveling Sweater, where nine of our favorite sweaters for Fall and Winter are embarking on a worldwide adventure!
These chronicles are being documented cross one of our most favorite social media channels, Instagram! When you explore the hashtag #TravelingSweater you're able to witness live all the places our knits are going. We're especially fond of seeing how each unique woman is styling their sweater… Below, a few recent updates on our #TravelingSweater journeys, and some style cues we're digging from each gal who's wearing them!
The Flag Sweater is currently in Bangkok, Thailand. TV Host Michele Segrave Daly toughens up the ensemble with dark skinnies, a studded belt, and converse.
Let's trot a couple continents and countries over to the Campground Sweater, which is making a stop in San Sebastian. QSW buddy Marta shows it's all in the accessories, adding a feminine, vintage feel with a little belt and an adorable coin purse.
Across the Atlantic and back in the States, the Sea Crew Sweater has gallavanted over to Queens and landed on fashion blogger Kristen Lam. She's embracing a major fall trend – overalls, incorporating our striped number to keep the vibe classic cool.


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Here's a running list of stock up prices!
Please keep in mind that with different brands yours could be different but these are just in general. Also, to find what your stock up price it, make sure you keep a price book handy. This is just a little notepad that you keep that you list the lowest regular price you've seen on items you buy a lot, you also can keep track of the lowest price you've ever aid for items and then this becomes your stock up price so when you are shopping you can take the notepad to make sure you are getting your lowest price!
If you have a stock up price that you would like to share please post it below in the comments! Thanks!
- Toliet Paper- $.19/roll or less (figured in regular roll quantities)
- Floss- $.25 or less
- Cereal- $1 or less
- Toothpaste, toothbrushes FREE – you can get these free at Walgreens many times a year
- Body wash, Shampoo, Conditioner $1 or less
- Deodorant $.50 or less (travel sized are often free)
- Paper towels, probably the most difficult to figure out with all the sizes available) I try to get paper towels for less than $.60 a roll figuring reg. roll sizes.
- Purex laundry detergent $1.50/bottle
- Ragu Pasta Sauce $.99/jar or less ($.99 is the top of my stock up price $.75 or less is a BIG stock up price
- Pasta $.66 or less a box
- Shredded Cheese $.99 for an 8 oz pkg
- Hamburger/hotdog buns $.99
- Hamburger (I buy 80-85% lean) $1.99/ pound
- Lettuce – $.69/head
- Rump Roast $1.99/lb
- Band-aids- Free
- Body lotion under $1
- Dental floss $.25
- Hamburger $1.99/pound
- Pens-Free (during back to school time you can really stock up)
I'll add to my list as I think of other items I have set stock up prices for. Also, like I said I'm not going to list too many specific brand name products as what you use could be different.


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About the Open Budget Initiative
The Open Budget Initiative (Initiative) is a global research and advocacy program to promote public access to budget information and the adoption of accountable budget systems.
IBP launched the Initiative with the Open Budget Survey—a comprehensive analysis and survey that evaluates whether governments give the public access to budget information and opportunities to participate in the budget process at the national level. The IBP works with civil society partners in 100 countries to collect the data for the Survey. The first Open Budget Survey was released in 2006 and will be conducted biennially.
To easily measure the overall commitment of the countries surveyed to transparency and to allow for comparisons among countries, IBP created the Open Budget Index (OBI) from the Survey. The OBI assigns a score to each country based on the information it makes available to the public throughout the budget process.
The budget is a government's plan for how it is going to use the public's resources to meet the public's needs. Transparency means all of a country's people can access information on how much is allocated to different types of spending, what revenues are collected, and how international donor assistance and other public resources are used. The IBP believes that open budgets are empowering; they allow people to be the judge of whether or not their government officials are good stewards of public funds.
While providing the public with comprehensive and timely information on the government's budget and financial activities and opportunities to participate in decision making can strengthen oversight and improve policy choices, keeping the process closed can have the opposite effect. Restricting access to information creates opportunities for governments to hide unpopular, wasteful, and corrupt spending, ultimately reducing the resources available to fight poverty.
Since a significant amount of poverty-reducing expenditures take place at the subnational level, the Initiative also has initiated a major new effort to support work on budget transparency and accountability at this level.
The Open Budget Initiative plans to collaborate with civil society organizations worldwide to undertake research and advocacy to raise public awareness of the connections between budget transparency and people's daily lives to mobilize public support for reform.
- OBI Brochure – English (LowRes, HiRes)
- OBI Brochure – Spanish (LowRes, HiRes)
- OBI Brochure – French (LowRes, HiRes)
- OBI Brochure – Arabic
- OBI Brochure – Russian
- Open Budgets. Transform Lives – Open Budget Survey 2012 Video


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Hughey - Local Area Photos and Information
Local Area Photos | Local Business Directory | Local Real Estate | Local Employment Center
Hughey is a populated place located in Taylor County at latitude 45.249 and longitude -90.7.
The elevation is 1,280 feet. Hughey appears on the Lublin NW U.S. Geological Survey Map. Taylor County is in the Central Time Zone (UTC -6 hours).
Taylor County: Cities & Towns | ZIP Codes | Schools | Features (airports, churches, hospitals, etc.)
BOUNDARY MAPS: | Town of Cleveland | Taylor County
Hughey - Searchable Map, Aerial Photos & Driving Directions
|BIG Map |
Driving Directions |
Data Source - USGS GNIS FID: 1579494
BOUNDARY MAPS: | Town of Cleveland | Taylor County
Nearby Cities, Towns & Census Designated Places
Hughey, WI
(< 0.1 mile)
Hannibal, WI (4.3 miles W)
Perkinstown, WI (5.1 miles SE)
Gilman, WI (7.7 miles SW)
Jump River, WI (8.8 miles NW)
Polley, WI
(9.1 miles SW)
Donald, WI (9.6 miles W)
Lublin, WI (11.9 miles S)
Bellinger, WI (12.9 miles SSW)
Sheldon, WI (13.2 miles WNW)
Nearby Neighborhoods, Subdivisions & Other Small Populated Places
Murat, WI
(13.1 miles ESE)
Sheldon Estates, WI (13.3 miles WNW)
Maplehurst, WI (13.3 miles SSE)


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Samsung has introduced with Dual SIM Smartphone as Samsung Galaxy Ace DUOS running Android OS 2.3. The motive of this handset is to reduce the usage of more phones with different SIM and also adds economy value. The handset automatically forwards the call on either SIM when one is in activation and it only supports GSM Network. Handset is fully integrates with Google Mobile Services. It has the appropriate screen display of 3.5 inches and 5 megapixel camera worth for the best photo shoots and video recordings.
Aside from multimedia features Samsung Galaxy Ace Duos has also got the most advance features of hardware and software like 512MB RAM powered by 832MHz processor, 3GB internal memory and supports microSD up to 32GB which is more than sufficient to store the data and files. It is also pre-loaded with software like ChatON, Social Hub, ThinkFree Office, Swype and many more. For more facility it also comes with of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity. Samsung Galaxy Ace DUOS Galaxy has the highest power battery of 1300 MAH.
Click for features and Specifications of Samsung Galaxy Ace Duos


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TEAMS: Green Bay Packers, Tennessee Titans
Does center Jeff Saturday regret not following Peyton Manning to Denver now that the Broncos are riding high and he just got benched?
The veteran Pro Bowl center was given the hook on Friday to make way for the emergence of Evan Dietrich-Smith at that position. Saturday comments on the move came across as diplomatic yet disappointed.
Saturday is not the only Packers veteran to feel the squeeze. Recievers Donald Driver and Greg Jennings discussed what it will be like to move on from Green Bay once this season is over.
Please Click Here To Read This Article & Our Prediction For Titans at Packers.
Packers bench center Jeff Saturday
Green Bay Packers take on Tennessee Titans
Johnson can't outrun Sandy Hook tragedy
James Starks on pace to return for playoffs
Woodson may prefer to return in playoffs
Blizzard will force Packers fans into action
Johnson lifts spirit of Newtown family
Jordy Nelson Misses Practice Thursday
Packers ask for help clearing snow at Lambeau
The Packers can improve their Playoff position, but they need help. Week 16 Preview.
Fantasy Football Help: Should Owners Go Nostalgic And Start Green Bay Packers RB Ryan Grant In Week 16?
Woodson: 'I Know How to Play'
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60's Who Boys. We don't spend all day finding beautiful caps of people's faces.
Apologies for possible spam of everything but our internet is playing up and need to post before it does.
Don't normally find Jamie attractive but WHOA!
The Boys.
As we love teams on the TARDIS so much, here's a nice selection.
Classic Who Boys in full black and white glory
Doctor Who dating ads, tester.
Apologies for stereotyping
so funny…
A postcard from Jamie:
Aye, everything is dandy here Zoe, dinnae worry 'bout this picture lassie, I got a tad seasick when the Doctor took me on this wee vessel. We are enjoying our time on the vessel but not the fifty foot swells. Gaunnae go now, The Doctor is taking me for a chicken curry…
The Underwater Menace.


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Remember my post 12/30/2011 ??
Unseen Sendang storm damage to the underwater areas of Dumaguete
I am a surprised,maybe more, for the lack of posts/information/requests from Resorts,owners,,Dive shop managers,Dive guides,divers,PAMBI,Government,Barangy Capitains,Mayors.... about the magnitude of the destruction to our local (Dauin,Apo island) reefs and dive sites..
We really need to address the situation NOW !!..(maybe too late )..Not only are many corals totally destoyed,many are dying still, because of fine silt that is robbing them of much needed sunlight..or..are overturned so again,no sunlight.
It appears that local interest ( Apo,Pambi,Siliman,Government) are not acting fast enough...
"These are your reefs and corals and fishes,they are also what makes MANY tourists come to this area..
Why no meetings to discuss this ?? and maybe soulutions?..
This effects many of us in the dive/snorkel/tourist buisness on the current and future ,of this area.....
The persons living along the Eastern sides are very fortunate that it was low tide ,,. so no destruction from the huge wave action...BUT,... what suffered were ,all the corals along the eastern side of Negros and Apo..
From Negros Chronicle..
Apo 99% diving site wreched
July 14, 2013
APO ISLAND DAUIN, Negros Oriental - The Apo Island Philippines fish sanctuary, once known to be teeming with marine life is left devastated and now resembles a coral graveyard. But there is
still Hope or Ezperanza (in Spanish) amid devastation in one of the worlds best marine sanctuaries.
Everything appeared to be normal on the surface off the waters of world famous dive site Apo island but underneath its blue waters, ninety nine (99%) percent of the world reknown reefs of Apo Islands Marine Sanctuary in its southeastern portion have been virtually wiped out by strong storm surges of two super typhoons Sendong in 2011 and Pablo in January 2012. Only 50% is left of the coral reef fish population in the affected areas.
This was revealed by research-divers of the Sillman University marine laboratory, the International Greenpeace Ocean Defenders and the Coastal Conservation and Education Foundation who conducted an underwater reef check, survey and evaluation at the Marine protected areas of Apo Island on its impacts due to the two typhoons that badly hit the Island of Negros Oriental.
As you know, Apo island of Dauin, Negros Oriental, is the site of one of worlds best community-managed marine reservation areas. It is however, the most-threatened due to climate change. Apo underneath, which is home of the Coral Triangle, is considered among Asias important global centers of marine bio-diversity.
Sea environmentalists morale were boosted with the arrival in Apo island, of the Greenpeaces largest vessel the Esperanza (photo on p. 1) as they started their Philippine leg if the Ocean Defenders tour of Southeast Asian seas.
From Thailand, they sailed di
ect to Apo island for a reef check of Apo islands world famous underwater colorful coral reef formations.
They wanted to evaluate and expose the effects of typhoons Sendong and Pablo here which caused millions of pesos worth of destruction to marine life.
Mark Dia, regional ocean-defenders campaign manager, reported the following information about their underwater reef-check of Apo Island:
Reefs in Apo Islands Marine Sanctuary, in the southeastern side of the island were severely damaged by typhoon Sendong in 2011 and Typhoon Pablo in 2012. Researchers estimate coral damage at 99%. Coral reef fish abundance also declined by 50%. Reefs on the Northern side of the island were unaffected by the storms and remain intact.
Apo Islands community-managed marine sanctuary is considered one of the best of its kind in the world. Established in the mid1980s, the sanctuary became a beacon of hope that damaged reefs can, with proper protection, management, and community buy-in, be restored back to health. The sanctuary was key to the increase of fish populations in the area, providing multiple benefits to coastal folk.
The sanctuary was also instrumental in causing marine life to thrive beyond the southeastern coast of the island, making the waters around the entire island a haven for sea turtles and other marine species.
But tragedy struck due to two catastrophic typhoons. Strong storm surges decimated the corals and washed them ashore. The sanctuary, once known to be teeming with marine life was left devastated and now resembles a coral graveyard.
Divers from Silliman University, Coastal Conservation and Education foundation, and Greenpeace surveyed the massive coral damage in Apo Island. The documentation of the reef check in Apo island is part of the activities around the visit of the Greenpeace ship, Esperanza which arrived Tuesday in the Philippines
Fortunately the reefs on the other side of the island were spared. But while the damage to the sanctuary was significant not all was lost because marine life around the island was already healthy. Turtles continue to feed around the island and the fish, despite reduced populations, still flourish.
Apo Islands success story has always been a model of hope for the Philippine seas. Today, although its sanctuary is destroyed, the active and cooperative efforts of the community, academe, and local government show that there is hope for other devastated reefs around the country.
Greenpeace believes that the damage to the reef is a warning of things to come if our coastal resources arent fully protected. The Philippine seas is currently facing a two-pronged challenge of marine ecosystems degradation and overfishing. This is compounded by other stressors such as climate change, as in the case of Apo Island.


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Before: Empty, Boring BedroomOlando and Misty Megia are newlyweds who can't seem to agree on a design for their bedroom. By bringing in furniture to unify the space and adding special feminine and masculine touches, interior designer Chayse Dacoda is able to turn his bachelor pad into their love nest.
After: Masculine, yet ElegantTraditional furniture uniforms the space, where the scale is dark and masculine and the clean lines and simple details compliment the feminine touches in the room. Custom his and her lamps are a unique addition to the space. Stain grade plywood and piano hinges are used to create the lamps that can open to a dark masculine wood or close to display a feminine floral design. Black spray paint gives the old chandelier a masculine look, while burgundy wheat is used on the lampshades for a romantic touch.
Before: Outdated FurnishingsThough they both want a traditional-styled room, they don't agree on anything else. Ultimately, they need a more sophisticated space that meets both of their needs.
After: Traditional StyleThe old mirrored closet doors didn't match the traditional style of the room, so they give them the look of old antique French doors with some black spray paint and mullions create a windowpane look. This formerly bland and boring space has been transformed into a sophisticated bedroom that's both handsome and romantic.
Chayse's Design Tips:
- Lightly spraying mirrors with black spray paint gives the look of antique glass.
- Give any chandelier a romantic look by adding shades.
- Curtain off adjacent areas to give a room an intimate feel.
Framed Romantic PictureMaterials and Tools:
foam core (two inches larger than the desired finished size)
spray mount adhesive (3M Super 77)
hot glueruler or T-square
utility knife
mounting squares
1. Take your favorite digital images and using a photo program on your computer, apply a soft filter and your favorite color effect (sepia, black and white, warm glow, etc.).
2. Take them to a local photo lab to enlarge them on matte finish paper.
3. Attach the photo to the foam core with spray mount adhesive.
4. Measure a one to two inch border around the perimeter of the photo. Use a pencil to trace lightly along the border where you are planning to cut.
5. Cut along the inside of the border and pop the picture out of the center.
6. From the extra foam core, cut out four to six two-inch-square pieces and glue them together. Attach the stack to the back of the main picture in one corner. Repeat for the other three corners. Note: Depending on the size of picture used, you may need an additional sheet of foam core.
7. Mount both pieces of foam core on the wall so that it looks like the picture is popping out from a frame of itself.


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This was surprisingly easy to "make". Cake should be a bit thawed before trying to cut it. It can break apart. I sprinkled 1/4 cup of chopped pecans to the cream cheese/ brown sugar after I spread it on the bottom layer. This is a great coffee and cake breakfast for guests.
Holiday Cream Cheese Coffee Cake
BarbedOne Posted: 11/24/10
FaithCooks Posted: 03/20/14
This is not a recipe - better suited to Good Housekeeping than Southern Living or myrecipes.com. Lame.
Daily Specials


text:
NAME: Fred
ON-AIR: Monday - Friday, 7 PM till Midnight
HOMETOWN: Parts Unkown
FAVORITE BANDS: Rage Against The Machine
CURRENT TV OBSESSIONS: Shameless, House of Lies, Blacklist,
ALL-TIME FAVORITE MOVIE: Pulp Fiction, Three Amigos
IF YOU WERE A CHARACTER ON SAVED BY THE BELL, WHO WOULD YOU BE? AC Slater's love child w/ Screech
IF YOU WEREN'T IN RADIO, WHAT WOULD YOU BE DOING? working at seaworld
DO YOU BELIEVE IN THE "3 SECOND" RULE? No it's more like 3 day rule... less than a week on the floor I'll eat it
COOLEST BRUSH WITH A CELEBRITY: Mel Gibson once punched me in the chest and knocked me down, I said "Mel, why'd you punch me" he said "oh sorry I thought you were jewish"
HOW MUCH WOOD COULD A WOODCHUCK CHUCK IF A WOODCHUCK COULD CHUCK WOOD? 7 logs
GOT A FAVORITE COCKTAIL? Vodka
YOU SEE A GUY ON THE STREET WITH A FEDORA, WHAT DO YOU DO? I say What's up Fernando the love machine, I like you your hat, times zero.
OLD TREND YOU WISH THEY WOULD BRING BACK? Child beatings
ANYTHING ELSE YOU WANNA ADD? nope


text:
Featured Articles
Military Review
March-April 2008
Dr. Cora Sol Goldstein is an assistant professor of political science at California State University, Long Beach. She received her Ph.D. in political science from the University of Chicago in 2002. Her book, Psychological Warfare in Peacetime: American Visual Propaganda in Occupied Germany, will be published by the University of Chicago Press in spring 2009. In 2007 she received the Mary Parker Follett Award from the American Political Science Association's Politics and History Section.
The American occupation of Germany (1945-1949) stands as a model exercise in democratization by force. In fact, top figures in the Bush administration, including Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and former secretary of defense Donald Rumsfeld, have compared the American experiences in postwar Germany and postwar Iraq. This article examines American information control policy in Germany and Iraq (2003-2006). Comparative analysis indicates that the American information control policy was very different in the two cases. In Germany, the U.S. Army and the Office of Military Government U.S. (OMGUS) exerted rigorous control over the media to block Nazi propaganda and introduce the American political agenda of democratization.1 With the emergence of the cold war, OMGUS used all the avenues of mass communication and cultural affairs-newspapers, journals, feature and documentary films, posters, and radio-to disseminate U.S. strategic propaganda and messages to the German people. Consequently, from 1945 to 1949 the Americans were able to shape the content of information in the American zone and sector. In Iraq, coalition forces failed to exert a similar degree of information control. As a result of this strategic error, the insurgency and other civilian movements opposed to the American presence have been able to control information and spread anti-American messages.
The German Case
During WWII, psychological warfare played an important role in America's military strategy against the Third Reich. As soon as the U.S. Army entered Germany, American psychological warfare experts disseminated propaganda to convince the German people of the finality of defeat and to persuade them to cooperate. At the same time, the Army shut down German newspapers, journals, and radio stations in the American zone and sector, to ensure a monopoly over information and propaganda. As a result, the information Germans received in the U.S. areas came exclusively from American information fliers (Mitteilungblätter), Army newspapers, and Radio Luxembourg.
After V-E Day, on 12 May 1945, the Psychological Warfare Division of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (PWD/SHAEF) became the Information Control Division (ICD) in Germany. The head of PWD/SHAEF, General Robert C. McClure, commanded the new outfit and kept most of the PWD/SHAEF personnel.2 Initially, ICD was independent from the military government, but in February 1946 it became fully incorporated into OMGUS.
At first, ICD was primarily concerned with denazifying the media. ICD banned German journalists who were considered politically tainted by their Nazi past, and prohibited Nazi, militaristic, and nationalistic messages that could inflame pro-Nazi sympathies and encourage resistance to the American project. While this vetting process was taking place, ICD began to select and license German editors to run newspapers and journals. It succeeded in selecting a politically and ideologically heterogeneous group of individuals. By mid-1946, ICD had given press licenses to 73 Germans, including 29 Social Democrats, 17 Christian Democrats, and 5 Communists.3 Thus, while OMGUS imposed rigid political and ideological censorship to ban the diffusion of Nazi, nationalist, and militaristic messages, it also sought political diversity and allowed the development of a variegated political discourse.4
Although ICD's licensed German editors were committed to creating a new, democratic Germany, the division kept close watch over their publications. Initially, it exerted pre-publication censorship, but in August 1945 it switched to post-publication scrutiny.5 Although the German editors were free to run their operations, there was always the possibility of post-production reprimands that could lead to the revocation of licenses. Thus, ICD defined and policed the boundaries of the acceptable and the desirable in the political and cultural fields, and monitored and regulated the information that reached Germans in the American zone and sector.
During the first two years of occupation, American press policy in occupied Germany reflected the ideological profile of the ICD press officers. Many of ICD's officers were scholars who had lived in Germany. A significant portion were New Dealers, intellectuals, emigrés, Jews, and leftists enthusiastic about the possibility of helping to build a democratic, pluralist society from the ashes of Nazism.6 In Berlin, the majority of ICD officers were German émigrés.7 Thus, many ICD officers spoke German, knew about German culture, and understood German society and history. In 1945, these press officers welcomed the collaboration of the German left with enthusiasm, as part of the process of creating a democratic German press and culture.
With the cold war, OMGUS press policy changed. Occupied Germany became the first battlefront of psychological warfare between the U.S. and the USSR. After 1946, the possibility of an independent and united postwar Germany rapidly vanished. Both the Americans and the Soviets began to use the new German media in their respective zones and sectors to attack each other and spread propaganda. For example, in March 1946 OMGUS forced Neue Zeitung, the flagship newspaper in the American zone, to change its editorial stance to reflect agreement with U.S. foreign policy. Neue Zeitung became a mouthpiece for OMGUS to counteract Soviet propaganda in occupied Germany.8
By early 1947, ICD personnel had changed, and the original press officers had been replaced by cold war warriors.9 As a result, most publications that did not follow OMGUS's anti-Communist directives were either terminated or had their editors replaced.10 In August 1947, Emil Carlebach, a Communist who had survived Buchenwald and been given a license to publish the Frankfurter Rundschau in 1945, was fired.11 Der Ruf, a popular political and cultural journal, was shut down because ICD considered it pro-Communist, even though the Soviet counterpart to OMGUS had denounced the publication.12 In October of that same year, General Lucius D. Clay, the American military governor, launched Operation Talk Back, a counter-propaganda measure designed to use the German media in the American zone and sector to respond to and combat Soviet anti-American propaganda. A strict anti-Communist line was imposed on the German press, equivalent and complementary to the line that prevailed in the Soviet zone and sector.
The Iraqi Case
The psychological warfare campaign of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) was successful because it convinced the Iraqi Army not to resist. This allowed the U.S. military to take Baghdad with a small number of troops. However, contrary to the German case, coalition forces did not continue their psychological warfare agenda after the collapse of Saddam Hussein's regime. No full-blown and coherent program of information control was established in Iraq; instead, the Defense Department envisioned the creation of a "Rapid Reaction Media Team" to oversee the dismantling of Iraq's state-run media and to set up the U.S.-financed and run "Iraqi Free Media" network. This new, American-controlled network was to function as the Pentagon's propaganda outlet for Iraq.13
Saddam Hussein had understood the importance of information control and media manipulation. In 1968, after he became head of internal security, Iraqis were only able to access government-produced newspapers. When he took over the presidency in 1979, the Iraqi Ministry of Information began to appoint all of the country's journalists (who had to belong to the Ba'ath Party) and insulting the president became an offense punishable by death. One of Saddam's sons, Uday, became chairman of the Journalists' Union and controlled about a dozen newspapers, including Al-Thaura (The Revolution), Babil, and Al-Jamorriya (The Republic). These papers published front-page photographs of Saddam every day. Uday was also in charge of several television and radio stations. In 2003, there were 13 television stations and 74 radio stations, all under state control.14 The government was Iraq's exclusive Internet provider, and access was only available in cybercafes strictly controlled by the security police. Satellites were prohibited, although the potentates of the regime had access to satellite news.15
Once Saddam was toppled, the number of Iraqi publications exploded, reaching more than 200. With coalition forces failing to shut down or secure Iraqi printing presses, everyone who had access to a press began publishing. Many of the newspapers and journals that sprang up in 2003 faced financial difficulties and soon disappeared, but according to BBC estimates, there are still 50 daily newspapers published regularly in Iraq, 12 of them in Baghdad.16 Unfortunately, this spontaneous explosion of media, coupled with the lack of a rigorous American information control policy, was quickly exploited by groups opposed to the coalition.
The Iraqi press became highly diversified as each political pressure group launched its own media outlet. Saad al-Bazzaz, an Iraqi journalist in exile since 1992, began publishing the Baghdad edition of Al-Zaman, the London-based newspaper he founded in 1997.17 The Saudi royal family started publishing an Iraqi edition of the London Al-Sharq al-Awsat, its main publicity organ in the West. Al-Mutamar was published by associates of former deputy prime minister Ahmad Chalabi. Currently, the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq, the country's main Shi'a political group, publishes Al-Adalah, Al-Fater, and Ida Rafideen. Al-Bayan is the newspaper of Dawa, the Shi'a party of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and his predecessor, Ibrahim al-Jaafari. Other significant newspapers are the left-wing Al-Mada, and Al-Sabah al-Jadid, founded by the former editor-in-chief of Al-Sabah, Ismael Zayer. (Zayer resigned from Al-Sabah in May 2004 as a protest against American censorship and editorial interference.18) A single satirical journal, Habaz Booz, is published in Baghdad.
In this context, the Coalition Provisional Authority's (CPA) and the Pentagon's media policies were ineffective. De-Ba'athification of the Iraqi press incited anti-American sentiment.19 Yet the CPA did not replace the Ba'ath personnel with Iraqis eager to endorse the emergence of a liberal democracy in their country, nor did it censor anti-liberal or anti-American propaganda. In July 2003, CPA head Paul Bremer III publicly asserted that the coalition was not limiting free speech in Iraq. Coalition spokesman Charles Heatley echoed Bremer's words. The general idea was that the American message of "truth" would, by itself, prevail over alternative political messages in post-Saddam Iraq.
Occasionally, the CPA did exert some measure of control over radical, anti-American propaganda. For example, it shut down Al-Mustiqilla, a newspaper that published an article calling for the execution of all Iraqis who collaborated with the coalition.20 In March 2004, the CPA stopped production of the Baghdad newspaper Al-Hawsa, a radical Shi'a weekly, for 60 days, alleging that its publishers were inciting violence against the occupation.21 Coalition forces also raided a distribution center of Sadda-al-Auma newspaper in Najaf, seizing copies of an edition that ordered Iraqis to join the resistance. Yet the CPA's attempts to control the new Iraqi press were often futile. A few days after the raid on Sadda-al-Auma, the newspaper was back in the streets inviting its readers to join the Ramadi resistance movement and spreading anti-semitic, anti-Western, anti-female propaganda.22 In sum, the rare cases of post-production censorship did not amount to an effective information-control program.
Although its performance might suggest otherwise, the Pentagon actually did prepare a directive for propaganda in Iraq. Appendix 2 of Combined Joint Task Force 7's (CJTF-7) Public Affairs Guidance (2003) breaks down "current themes" for the Iraqi press into three categories: "positive," to promote; "negative," to rebut or avoid; and "unclear or double-edged," to neutralize. The first category was aimed at developing support "of and to the Iraqi people"; at emphasizing progress and security, particularly in Baghdad; and at stressing "Iraqi participation" in the country's reconstruction. The positive message would include indicators of improvement in everyday life, such as normalization of the electrical supply, construction of new schools and hospitals, and increasing security. The second category, "negative issues," would address such stories as "'maltreatment' of Iraqi detainees"; the "resurgence of resistance, lawlessness, instability, the power vacuum"; "infrastructure vulnerability"; and "delay in establishing political structures." The last category would respond to "the lack of discovery" of weapons of mass destruction, the troubles finding Saddam, and de-Ba'athification.23
The most surprising and original aspect of the U.S. propaganda policy in OIF has been the Pentagon's reliance on private contractors to spread its strategic messages to the Iraqi public. Instead of organizing a task force comprised of psychological warfare experts from the armed forces, the intelligence community, and academia, the U.S. government outsourced the task to private corporations without prior experience in the Middle East.24 The Department of Defense mistook a political problem-how to radically transform a society emerging from a brutal dictatorship and rapidly falling into religious fundamentalism-for a marketing issue. It tried to sell its own vision of events to the Iraqi population as if that vision were a consumer product.
In 2003, the Pentagon's Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict Division, which specializes in psychological warfare operations, awarded Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) an $82.3 million no-bid contract to set up the Iraqi Media Network (IMN). By the time IMN started the newspaper Al-Sabah (Morning), there were already 20 to 30 new, independent newspapers.25 Al-Sabah became just one newspaper among many, and the Americans were never able to establish a monopoly over information in Iraq.
IMN had even worse luck with television. Establishing the U.S.-sponsored TV network Al-Iraqiya was a nightmare. From the very beginning, disorganization, lack of planning, insufficient personnel, and an inadequate budget hampered the project. Furthermore, the network's physical installations were systematically destroyed by vandals and, later (by midsummer 2003), blown up by insurgents. When it finally began functioning, Al-Iraqiya failed to attract the Iraqi public because it shunned Iraqi news. For instance, the network aired cooking shows instead of covering the political violence in the country.26
Because coalition forces did nothing to stop installation of the satellite dishes that mushroomed all over Iraq, Iraqi viewers gained access to multiple information sources. They were able to view any of the numerous anti-American news programs aired by TV stations in the Middle East. It is not surprising that six months after the invasion, 63 percent of Iraqis who had access to a satellite dish watched Al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya, two stations that offered news meshed with anti-American and anti-Semitic propaganda.27 Only 12 percent of Iraqis got their news from Al-Iraqiya.28
Satellite television has since become an integral part of the jihadists' electronic pulpit. Al-Zawraa, a satellite TV station in Iraq, is one of the most effective weapons of the Islamic Army of Iraq, a key Sunni resistance group that allegedly includes former members of the Ba'ath Party.29 Al-Zawraa provides nonstop footage of the Sunni war against the U.S. and Muqtada Al Sadr's Shi'ite militia. It regularly shows militants planning attacks against U.S. units, the killing of coalition soldiers by snipers or roadside bombs, and operations against Shi'a objectives. The station's programs are broadcast across the Arab world by Nilesat, a satellite provider controlled by the Egyptian government. Recently, Al-Zawraa announced plans to distribute its programs on European satellites; eventually, it wants to reach American viewers.30
The coalition is also losing the strategic propaganda war in cyberspace. Terrorist groups use high-speed Internet, pirated video-editing software, and free file-upload websites to disseminate their products. For instance, Abu Maysara, media chief for Abu Musad al-Zarqawi, the late leader of Al Qaeda in Iraq, videotaped the beheading of Nicholas Berg, an American hostage, and posted the video online. The web is also important as a mechanism to teach practical skills of resistance, such as how to build rockets, bombs, and chemical weapons.31
Despite SAIC's abysmal failure, the Pentagon continued its outsourcing policy. In January 2004, it switched its media contract from SAIC to the Harris Corporation, a producer of broadcasting equipment with no experience in psychological warfare or the Middle East. Harris subcontracted its TV operations to Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International and Al-Fawares, a telecommunication company based in Kuwait, but took charge of Al-Iraqiyah and Al-Sabah. One month later, the CPA changed the Iraqi Media Network's name to Iraqia Network. The Defense Department also hired J. Walter Thompson, the Madison Avenue advertising giant, to "convince Iraqis that IMN or Iraqia was credible."32 Perhaps not surprisingly, J. Walter Thompson does not specialize in psychological warfare in the Middle East-its main clients are Domino's, Diamond Trading Co., Ford, Cadbury Schweppes, HSBC, Kimberly-Clark, Kellogg's, Kraft, Nestle, Pfizer, Rolex, Shell, Diageo, Unilever, and Vodafone.
Also in 2004, the Bush administration instructed the U.S. Broadcasting Board of Governors-producers of the Voice of America-to counter Al-Jazeera's impact in the Middle East. The board launched the satellite TV station Alhurra (The Free One), Radio Sawa (Together), and Hi magazine. Alhurra, modeled after a conventional American station, offers cooking and fashion shows, geographic and technological programs, documentaries, and news. Although Alhurra, with a budget of $100 million, is awash in money and broadcasts its programs in Jordan, Egypt, and Iraq, it has proven to be a failure. Iraqis associate the station with the U.S. and reject its contents, particularly its news coverage. Polls indicate that Iraqis resent the lack of discussion about issues facing Iraq, the Arab world, and the Middle East.33 Radio Sawa has not been any more successful with its combination of American and Middle Eastern pop music and its minimal news coverage.
Television and radio weren't the only sites of outsourcing folly. On 30 January 2005, Iraq held elections for its Transitional National Assembly. President Bush touted the elections as a victory for Iraqi self-determination, stating in a special address that "across Iraq today, men and women have taken rightful control of their country's destiny, and they have chosen a future of freedom and peace."34 Ten months later, in November 2005, the Los Angeles Times reported that the U.S. military was secretly paying Iraqi newspapers to publish pieces favorable to the coalition. This program had begun in early 2005, right at the time of the elections, as a covert propaganda operation to influence Iraqi public opinion. According to the Times, the articles were "basically factual," but they omitted information that could bias readers against the U.S. and the Iraqi government. The stories exalted the American occupation, denounced the insurgency, and praised American efforts in the region.35
These stories were produced by the Lincoln Group, which had been contracted as part of the U.S. information surge in 2004. This newly founded corporation was set up by a group of investors from a D.C.-based company, the Lincoln Alliance Corporation. A subsidiary of Lincoln Asset Management, Lincoln Alliance describes itself as a company that provides "tailored intelligence services." It claims to specialize in the collection of information from "diverse internal and external sources, both historical and real-time"; the "fusion" and analysis of information; and the dissemination of "actionable results."36 The Lincoln Group's covert operation caused outrage in Iraq and further undermined U.S. credibility in the region. The American press also reacted vehemently against it, in spite of the fact that the Lincoln Group's black propaganda actions, amateurishly executed, were actually rather modest in scope.
Black propaganda, the insertion of biased or false news stories in a target country without revealing their origin, is a classic psychological warfare ruse. It is remarkable that the Pentagon chose to rely on a private corporation without experience in the field when the CIA has a long track record of dispensing black propaganda all over the world-including the Middle East.37
Hard-Earned Lessons
The Bush administration ignored the model of information control used by the U.S. in Germany during the period 1945-1949. Coalition forces failed to establish rigorous information control after toppling Saddam as the Pentagon became more concerned with manipulating the American press than regulating information inside Iraq. Daniel Senor, head of the CPA public relations office, did not speak Arabic, and his priority was "feeding" information to the American mass media, often to journalists sympathetic to the administration's policies.38
It is true that the revolution in communication technology has made total information control in Iraq virtually impossible. Yet the Pentagon failed to appreciate and plan for the complexity of the technological challenge. The U.S. established a military occupation ill-equipped to neutralize the information weapons available to the enemy in the 21st century. Saddam Hussein had prohibited satellite TV and controlled popular access to the Internet; the Americans did neither, and could not deal with the avalanche of anti-American propaganda that ensued. Within days of the U.S. entry into Baghdad, satellite antennas were everywhere, making it impossible to control information. Radical websites, too, sprouted everywhere without the Americans having any possibility of control.
Moreover, no positive propaganda message can be effective when the target area is not secure. To succeed as an instrument of change, a military occupation must be able to create stability in conditions of acute social turmoil.39 The German case exemplifies this principle. In Germany, the U.S. Army and OMGUS monopolized violence and imposed and guaranteed security. This allowed OMGUS and its German partners to begin physical reconstruction of the American zone and sector while setting in motion a political, social, and cultural revolution. In terms of information control, the Americans blocked the spread of propaganda coming from old-regime loyalists and competing groups trying to exploit the political vacuum generated by the transition. In Iraq, OIF spawned military insurgency, terrorism, sectarian violence, and civil disorder. Without security, infrastructure projects lagged and the positive American propaganda message was only marginally effective.
The Iraqi case shows how important it is to have a correct war hypothesis before launching a military conflict aimed at regime change and occupation. In 1945, OMGUS allowed the German population very limited freedom and exerted an unprecedented degree of political control. Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive 1067 (JCS 1067), the military directive that informed OMGUS policy from 1945 to 1947, explicitly rejected the idea that the U.S. was liberating a population held captive by a dictatorship. It stated that Germany "will not be occupied for the purpose of liberation but as a defeated enemy nation." According to JCS 1067, Germans had to be controlled and monitored and their political, religious, and cultural activities approved by the American military authorities. JCS 1067 was explicit: "No political activities of any kind shall be countenanced unless authorized by you...You will prohibit the propagation in any form of Nazi, militaristic, or pan-German doctrine...No German parades, military or political, civilian or sport, shall be permitted."40 The directive allowed freedom of religious worship and freedom of speech only to the extent that they did not jeopardize U.S. military and political priorities.
The Iraq fiasco is the logical result of conceiving the American mission as a liberation, not as the occupation of an enemy country. According to the CJTF-7 Public Affairs Guidance, OIF's objective was "to liberate the people of Iraq from the Saddam Hussein regime."41 The underlying assumption was that removing Saddam and suppressing the Ba'ath Party would lead naturally, automatically, and inexorably to a democratic, liberal, secular, pro-American Iraq. The idea of spontaneously converting the Iraqi population to democracy led the Pentagon and the State Department to underestimate the importance of postwar information control and propaganda.42
Democratization of the press after radical regime change is a long-range project that requires, in the short term, the use of anti-democratic methods. Even in 1948, there was evident tension between the professed American aim of encouraging a free press and the authoritarian reality of occupation. The military government was aware of the basic contradiction, as an OMGUS report shows:
The press officers were primarily concerned with preventing former Nazi journalists from participating in the new, democratic German press. In 1945, when the occupation began, it was a major policy of the American Military government to guarantee to the German population an independent and free press. MG [Military Government] envisaged a press which would be free of any form of governmental domination. Yet, ironically, MG itself in 1945 found it necessary to exercise certain temporary controls. Many of the newspaper plants were in the hands of Nazis. The publishers, editors and personnel of the newspapers were the same persons who had been carrying out the policies of Goebbel's Propaganda Ministry. So MG set up a licensing system to place the newspapers in the hands of editors dedicated to giving the German people unbiased news coverage.43
Democratization by force is inherently a source of paradoxes. A military government involved in nation-building is, by definition, an authoritarian regime involved in a project of social engineering. It tries to impose, by force, new social standards and a new set of normative values. Therefore, its actions will be incompatible with the notion of democracy.
Carl J. Friedrich, who directed the school that trained military personnel for American military governments abroad and later served as General Clay's constitutional and governmental affairs advisor (1947 to 1948), tried to resolve the contradiction. He argued that OMGUS was a "constitutional dictator aiding in the reestablishment of constitutional democracy rather than dictating democracy."44 According to Friedrich, a military government run by a constitutional democracy, unlike a conventional dictatorship, progressively relaxes repression and moves toward establishing a constitutional system. Friedrich admitted that OMGUS censored and repressed, but claimed that it did so to impose restraints on antidemocratic elements and antidemocratic efforts.
The CPA did not comprehend that the construction of Iraqi democracy required the imposition of rigorous restraints on antidemocratic information outlets. Its flawed media policy led to the emergence of an assortment of information sources that included newspapers, journals, and TV stations with authoritarian, religious-fundamentalist, and other illiberal agendas. Iraqi newspapers are funded by political and religious parties, and the information they carry is often incomplete, unverified, and biased.
The deterioration of American standing in much of the so-called "Third World" is the result of abysmal failures in two areas of foreign policy: global strategy and public diplomacy.45 If these failures are not addressed, it is likely that the U.S. will embark on further military adventures that result in occupations aimed at radical change. Therefore, analysis of the shortcomings of the American information control policy in Iraq is not simply a matter of historical interest. The U.S. cannot afford more blunders in this key area of psychological warfare. MR
1. The Soviet counterpart to OMGUS, the Sowjetische Militaradministration in Deutschland, did the same in attempting to spread Moscow's messages to the German people.
2. Alfred H. Paddock Jr., U.S. Army Special Warfare. Its Origins: Psychological and Unconventional Warfare, 1941-1952 (Washington DC: National Defense University Press, 1982), 41.
3. By January 1947, ICD had distributed 89 press licenses. Among the licensees were 38 Social Democrats, 24 Christian-Democratic Union/Christian Socialist Union supporters, and 4 German Communist Party members. The breakdown by religion was 33 Catholics, 28 Protestants, 3 Jews, and 1 Unitarian. Twenty-four licenses were issued to nonreligious organizations. Larry Hartenian, Controlling Information in U.S. Occupied Germany, 1945-1949: Media Manipulation and Propaganda (Lewiston, 2003), 115-16, 127. See also Norbert Frei, Amerikanische Lizenzpolitik und Deutsche Pressetradition: Die Geschichte der Nachkriegszeitung Suedost-Kurier (Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag, 1986).
4. Edward C. Breitenkamp, The U.S. Information Control Division and Its Effect on German Publishers and Writers 1945 to 1949 (North Dakota: Grand Forks, 1953), 1.
5. Earl Zimke, The U.S. Army Occupation of Germany, 1944-1946 (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1975).
6. Rebecca Boehling, A Question of Priorities: Democratic Reforms and Economic Recovery in Postwar Germany (New York: Berghahn Books, 1996), 26.
7. Wolfgang Schivelbusch, In a Cold Crater: Cultural and Intellectual Life in Berlin 1945-1948 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 33.
8. For an in-depth discussion of the Neue Zeitung, see Jessica C.E. Gienow-Hecht, Transmission Impossible: American Journalism and Cultural Diplomacy in Postwar Germany 1945-1955 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999). See also Hartenian, 152-154; and Gienow-Hecht, "Friends, Foes, or Reeducators? Feinbilder and Anti-Communism in the U.S. Military Government in Germany, 1946-1953," in Enemy Images in History, eds. Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase and Ursula Lehmkuhl (Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1997), 281-301.
9. For an in-depth discussion of the case, see Gienow-Hecht, Transmission Impossible. See also Hartenian, 152-54; and Gienow-Hecht, "Friends, Foes, or Reeducators?" 281-301.
10. Hartenian, 179. See also Cedric Belfrage, Seeds of Destruction (New York: Cameron and Kahn, 1954).
11. Hartenian, 180.
12. For further discussion, see Clare Flanagan, A Study of German Political-Cultural Periodicals from the Years of Allied Occupation, 1945-1949 (Lampeter, Wales: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2000), 151-82.
13. Joyce Battle, compiler, "Iraq: the Media War Plan," National Security Archives, 8 May 2007, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/ NSAEBB/NSAEBB219/index.htm .
14. Sandra J. Callaghan, "Iraq," World Press Encyclopedia, 2003, findarticles.com/p/articles/ mi_gx5223/is_2003/ai_n19143124 .
15. Kimberly Tabor, "The Press in Iraq," PBS-Frontline World, November 2002, www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/ iraq/press.html#overview .
16. "The press in Iraq," BBC News, 12 January 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ world/middle_east/6256985.stm .
17. Until 1992, Al-Bazzaz headed both the Iraqi News Agency and the Iraqi Radio and Television Establishment and was editor-in-chief of the daily newspaper Al-Jumhuriya (The Republic). Middle East Forum website, http://www.meforum.org/article/277 .
18. "The press in Iraq," BBC News.
19. Fariba Nawa, "U.S. Curtails Iraq's Newfound Media Freedoms," Village Voice, 27 July 2003.
20. Matthew Price, "Baghdad's media explosion," BBC News, 12 August 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/ -/1/hi/world/middle_east/3144363.stm .
21. Jeffrey Gettleman, "G.I.'s Padlock Baghdad Paper Accused of Lies," New York Times, 29 March 2004.
22. Ellen Barry, "US Restrictions on Iraqi Media Spark Criticism," Boston Globe, 19 June 2003.
23. Combined Joint Task Force 7 Public Affairs Guidance, 091200DJul 2003, 8.
24. In Iraq, the Bush administration inaugurated a new approach to psychological warfare by outsourcing public diplomacy and propaganda. Since 2003, the U.S. government has often relied on profit-oriented corporations created by Republican Party loyalists to conduct intelligence and psychological warfare operations. These private corporations are a de facto parallel intelligence apparatus, disconnected from the CIA and the National Security Agency, that receive government contracts worth millions of dollars. In fact, these corporations are now reaching out to academia much in the same way as government intelligence agencies did in the past. On 25 January 2007, the Lincoln Group was awarded a new contract to conduct focus groups on a variety of topics throughout Iraq. On 7-8 November 2005, the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at Harvard University and the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College sponsored a symposium in Washington on "Counterinsurgency in Iraq: Implications of Irregular Warfare for the USG." Among the participants were Andrew Garfield, from the Lincoln Group, and Steve Rader, from Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). On 6 April 2007, the Harvard Defense & Security Initiative hosted a seminar, "The Privatization of National Security," at the John F. Kennedy School of Government. The seminar had three panels: "Does privatizing security pay off?" "Beyond security; outsourcing intelligence," and "After Iraq: what's next for the security industry?" Attendance was restricted to invited guests, and all panel presentations and discussions were off-the-record and followed Chatham House rules. Invited panelists came from the ArmorGroup, Blackwater USA, Booz Allen Hamilton (a subsidiary of Halliburton), Cerberus Capital Management (formerly chaired by John Snow, secretary of the treasury from 2003 to 2006), the Cohen Group, Control Risks, Commonwealth Consulting, Covenant, DynCorp, Kellog Brown Root, the Lincoln Group, Military Professional Resources Inc., SAIC, Total Intelligence Solutions, Triple Canopy, and ViaGloblal Group. Seminar organizers also invited "members of Congress working on related legislation" and "members of the DoD working on the issue."
25. On 17 August 2006, a car bomb partially destroyed the offices of Shabaqeh magazine and Al-Sabah. It was the second car bomb attack against Al-Sabah that year. On 19 June 2007, Flieh Waddai, the managing editor of Al-Sabaah, was killed. According to Reporters Without Borders, in 2006 Iraq was the world's most dangerous country for the media for the fourth year running. Since fighting began in 2003, 139 journalists have been killed, 64 in 2006. About 90 percent of the victims were Iraqis. Reporters Without Borders, "Press Freedom Round-Up," 31 December 2006, www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20286 .
26. Rajiv Chandrasekaran, Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq's Green Zone (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), 130.
27. Al Arabiya , a 24-hour Arabic-language TV station launched from Dubai on 3 March 2003, had a budget of $60 million; Chandrasekaran, 132.
28. Ibid., 136.
29. Lawrence Pintak, "Cairo Ignores U.S. Request to Pull Plug on Jihadi TV in Iraq," Columbia Journalism Review, 4 January 2007; and Pintak, "A Controversial TV Channel That Is the Voice of Iraq's Anti-American Insurgents Looks Set to Open Another Front in the Propaganda War Against the U.S.," Columbia Journalism Review, 10 January 2007.
30. For a detailed account of trends and controversies involving satellite TV in the Arab and Muslim worlds, see Media on the Front Lines: Satellite TV In Iraq, Transnational Broadcasting Studies vol. 2, no. 1 (Cairo: American University in Cairo, 2006).
31. See Evan F. Kohlmann, "The Real Online Terrorist Threat," Foreign Affairs (September/October 2006): 115-25. In June 2007, Daniel Kimmage and Kathleen Ridolfo, from Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, released a report on the Iraqi Sunni insurgency's media network, http://www.realaudio.rferl.org/ online/OLPDFfiles/part 1.pdf .
32. Don North, statement before the Senate Democratic Policy Committee hearing "An Oversight Hearing on Waste, Fraud and Abuse in U.S. government Contracting in Iraq," 14 February 2005. North was a former Coalition Provisional Authority contractor hired by SAIC to build Al-Iraqiya.
33. Anne Marie Baylouny, "Alhurra, 'The Free One': Assessing U.S. Satellite Television in the Middle East," Strategic Insights 11, vol. 4 (November 2005).
34. George W. Bush, "President Congratulates Iraqis on Election," 30 January 2005, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/ releases/2005/01/20050130-2.html .
35. Mark Mazzetti and Borzou Daragahi, "U.S. Military Covertly Pays to Run Stories in Iraqi Press: Troops Write Articles Presented as News Reports. Some Officers Object to the Practice," Los Angeles Times, 30 November 2005.
36. Lincoln Group website, http://lincolngroup.com .
37. See Stephen Kinzer, All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror (John Wiley & Sons, 2004).
38. Daniel L. Baggio, "The Dawn of the New Iraq: The Story Americans Almost Missed," in Information as Power: An Anthology of Selected United States Army War College Student Papers, vol. 1, eds. Dennis M. Murphy, Jeffrey L. Groh, David J. Smith, and Cynthia E. Ayers (Carlisle Barracks: U.S. Army War College, 2006), 59-86; Chandrasekaran, 128-146.
39. See Earl F. Ziemke, "Improvising Stability and Change in Postwar Germany," in Americans as Proconsuls: United States Military Government in Germany and Japan, 1944-1952, ed. Robert Wolfe (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1984).
40. The complete text of JCS 1067 can be found in Germany 1945-1949: The Story in Documents (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950), 21-33.
41. Combined Joint Task Force 7 Public Affairs Guidance, 091200DJul 2003, 1.
42. Cora Sol Goldstein, "Irak: Befreier in Ketten," Internationale Politik, 60, Jahr 11 (November 2005): 104-110.
43. Report, Public Information Office, OMGUS, 16 December 1948, Landesarchiv Berlin: OMGUS, RG 260, MF # 4/1-3/9.
44. Carl J. Friedrich, "Military Government and Dictatorship," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 267 (January 1950): 1. See also Friedrich, "Military Government as a Step Toward Self-Rule," The Public Opinion Quarterly 7, no. 4 (Winter 1943), 527-41. Friedrich was born in Germany and joined the Harvard faculty in 1926. He participated in drafting the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1955, Harvard appointed Friedrich Eaton Professor of the Science of Government. For biographical details, see papers of Carl J. Friedrich, Harvard University Library.
45. For recent data on the levels of anti-Americanism worldwide, see the Pew Global Attitudes Survey, June 2007, http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/256.pdf.
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