text:
1.the northernmost islands are part of Papua New Guinea; the remainder form an independent state within the British Commonwealth
2.the southern Solomon Islands that since 1978 form an independent state in the British Commonwealth
3.(MeSH)The collective name for the islands of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Australia, including NEW CALEDONIA; VANUATU; New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Admiralty Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, FIJI, etc. Melanesia (from the Greek melas, black + nesos, island) is so called from the black color of the natives who are generally considered to be descended originally from the Negroid Papuans and the Polynesians or Malays. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p748&Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p344)
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definition of Wikipedia
British Solomon Islands (MeSH), Melanesia (MeSH), Norfolk Island (MeSH)
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dry land, earth, ground, land, solid ground, terra firma - archipelago[Hyper.]
Oceania, Oceanica - Austronesia[Desc]
Solomon Islands (n.)↕
île de l'Océan Pacifique (fr)[ClasseParExt...]
parts; area; region; part of the country; district[Classe]
administrative district, administrative division, territorial division - archipelago[Hyper.]
Océanie (fr)[Situé]
Oceania, Oceanica - Austronesia - Melanesia[Desc]
île d'Océanie (fr)[ClasseParExt.]
country, land, parts, region, state[Hyper.]
Solomon Islands (n.)↕
Integral Dictionary[Thème]
Descripteurs EUROVOC (fr)[Thème]
Solomon Islands (n.)↕
Australasia - Geographic Locations[Hyper.]
Solomon Islands (n.) [MeSH]↕
|Solomon Islands
|Motto: "To Lead is to Serve"
|Anthem: God Save Our Solomon Islands
(and largest city)
|Official language(s)
|Ethnic groups (1999)
|Melanesian 94.5%
Polynesian 3%
Micronesian 1.2%
other 1.1%
unspecified 0.2%
|Solomon Islander
|Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
|Elizabeth II
|Governor General
|Frank Kabui
|Prime Minister
|Gordon Darcy Lilo
|National Parliament
|from the United Kingdom
|7 July 1978
|28,400 km2 (142nd)
10,965 sq mi
|Water (%)
|2009 estimate
|523,000[1] (170th)
|18.1/km2 (189th)
46.9/sq mi
|2011 estimate
|$1.725 billion[2]
|Per capita
|GDP (nominal)
|2011 estimate
|$840 million[2]
|Per capita
|0.510 (low) (142nd)
|Solomon Islands dollar (
|Time zone
|Drives on the
|ISO 3166 code
|Internet TLD
|Calling code
Solomon Islands i/ˈsɒləmən ˈaɪləndz/[3] is a sovereign state in Oceania, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands. It covers a land mass of 28,400 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi). The capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The nation of the Solomon Islands is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
The Solomon Islands are believed to have been inhabited by Melanesian people for many thousands of years. Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to arrive in Solomon Islands in 1568 and named them Islas Salomón. The United Kingdom established a protectorate over the Solomon Islands in 1893. In the Second World War there was fierce fighting between the Americans and the Japanese in the Solomon Islands campaign of 1942–45, including the Battle of Guadalcanal.
Self-government was achieved in 1976 and independence two years later. The Solomon Islands is a constitutional monarchy with the Queen of the Solomon Islands, at present Elizabeth II, as the head of state. Gordon Lilo Darcy is the eleventh and current Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands.
The country's official name, as established in the Constitution of Solomon Islands[3] and as used by government[4][5] as well as by the country's press,[6][7] is "Solomon Islands", with no definite article. Its name is thus reflected in international organisations such as Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands.[8] In other English-speaking countries, however, the definite article is often added.[9]
It is believed that Papuan-speaking settlers began to arrive around 30,000 BC. Austronesian speakers arrived c. 4000 BC also bringing cultural elements such as the outrigger canoe. It is between 1200 and 800 BC that the ancestors of the Polynesians, the Lapita people, arrived from the Bismarck Archipelago with their characteristic ceramics.[10]
The first European to visit the islands was the Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira, coming from Peru in 1568. The people of Solomon Islands were notorious for headhunting and cannibalism before the arrival of the Europeans.[11]
Missionaries began visiting the Solomons in the mid-19th century. They made little progress at first, because "blackbirding" (the often brutal recruitment or kidnapping of labourers for the sugar plantations in Queensland and Fiji) led to a series of reprisals and massacres. The evils of the labour trade prompted the United Kingdom to declare a protectorate over the southern Solomons in June 1893.[citation needed]
In 1898 and 1899, more outlying islands were added to the protectorate; in 1900 the remainder of the archipelago, an area previously under German jurisdiction, was transferred to British administration apart from the islands of Buka and Bougainville, which remained under German administration as part of German New Guinea. Traditional trade and social intercourse between the western Solomon Islands of Mono and Alu (the Shortlands) and the traditional societies in the south of Bougainville, however, continued without hindrance.
Under the protectorate, missionaries settled in the Solomons, converting most of the population to Christianity. In the early 20th century, several British and Australian firms began large-scale coconut planting. Economic growth was slow, however, and the islanders benefited little.
In 1908, the islands were visited by Jack London, who was cruising the Pacific Ocean on his boat, the Snark.
With the outbreak of the Second World War, most planters and traders were evacuated to Australia, and most cultivation ceased. Some of the most intense fighting of the war occurred in the Solomons. The most significant of the Allied Forces' operations against the Japanese Imperial Forces was launched on August 7, 1942, with simultaneous naval bombardments and amphibious landings on the Florida Islands at Tulagi[12] and Red Beach on Guadalcanal.
The Battle of Guadalcanal became an important and bloody campaign fought in the Pacific War as the Allies began to repulse Japanese expansion. Of strategic importance during the war were the coastwatchers operating in remote locations, often on Japanese held islands, providing early warning and intelligence of Japanese naval, army and aircraft movements during the campaign.[13]
Sergeant-Major Jacob Vouza was a notable coastwatcher who after capture refused to divulge Allied information in spite of interrogation and torture by Japanese Imperial forces. He was awarded a Silver Star Medal by the Americans, which is the United States' third-highest decoration for valor in combat. Islanders Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana would be noted by National Geographic for being the first to find the shipwrecked John F. Kennedy and his crew of the PT-109. They suggested using a coconut to write a rescue message for delivery by dugout canoe, which was later kept on his desk when he became the president of the United States.
The Solomon Islands was one of the major staging areas of the South Pacific and was home to the famous VMF-214 "Black Sheep" Squadron commanded by Major Greg "Pappy" Boyington. The Slot was a name for New Georgia Sound, when it was used by the Tokyo Express to supply the Japanese garrison on Guadalcanal. Of more than 36,000 Japanese on Guadalcanal, about 26,000 were killed or missing, 9,000 died of disease, and 1,000 were captured.[14]
Local councils were established in the 1950s as the islands stabilised from the aftermath of the Second World War. A new constitution was established in 1970 and elections were held, although the constitution was contested and a new one was created in 1974. In 1973 the first oil price shock occurred, and the increased cost of running a colony became apparent to British administrators.
Following the independence of neighbouring Papua New Guinea from Australia in 1975, the Solomon Islands gained self government in 1976. Independence was granted on 7 July 1978. The first Prime Minister was Sir Peter Kenilorea, and the Solomon Islands retained the Monarchy.
Commonly referred to as the tensions or the ethnic tension, the initial civil unrest was mainly characterised by fighting between the Isatabu Freedom Movement (also known as the Guadalcanal Revolutionary Army) and the Malaita Eagle Force (as well as the Marau Eagle Force). (Although much of the conflict was between Guales and Malaitans, Kabutaulaka (2001) and Dinnen (2002) argue that the 'ethnic conflict' label is an oversimplification.
In late 1998, militants on the island of Guadalcanal commenced and had a campaign of intimidation and violence towards Malaitan settlers. During the next year, thousands of Malaitans fled back to Malaita or to the capital, Honiara (which, although situated on Guadalcanal, is predominantly populated by Malaitans and Solomon Islanders from other provinces). In 1999, the Malaita Eagle Force (MEF) was established in response.
The reformist government of Bartholomew Ulufa'alu struggled to respond to the complexities of this evolving conflict. In late 1999, the government declared a four month state of emergency. There were also a number of attempts at reconciliation ceremonies but to no avail. He also requested assistance from Australia and New Zealand in 1999 but this was rejected.
In June 2000, Ulufa'alu was kidnapped by militia members of the MEF who felt that although he was a Malaitan, he was not doing enough to protect their interests. Ulufa'alu subsequently resigned in exchange for his release. Manasseh Sogavare, who had earlier been Finance Minister in Ulufa'alu's government but had subsequently joined the opposition, was elected as Prime Minister by 23–21 over Rev. Leslie Boseto. However Sogavare's election was immediately shrouded in controversy because six MPs (thought to be supporters of Boseto) were unable to attend parliament for the crucial vote (Moore 2004, n.5 on p. 174).
In October 2000, the Townsville Peace Agreement,[15] was signed by the Malaita Eagle Force, elements of the IFM and the Solomon Islands Government. This was closely followed by the Marau Peace agreement in February 2001, signed by the Marau Eagle Force, the Isatabu Freedom Movement, the Guadalcanal Provincial Government and the Solomon Islands Government. However, a key Guale militant leader, Harold Keke, refused to sign the Agreement, causing a split with the Guale groups. Subsequently, Guale signatories to the Agreement led by Andrew Te'e joined with the Malaitan-dominated police to form the 'Joint Operations Force'. During the next two years the conflict moved to the Weathercoast of Guadalcanal as the Joint Operations unsuccessfully attempted to capture Keke and his group.
New elections in December 2001 brought Sir Allan Kemakeza into the Prime Minister's chair with the support of his People's Alliance Party and also the Association of Independent Members. Law and order deteriorated as the nature of the conflict shifted: there was continuing violence on the Weathercoast while militants in Honiara increasingly turned their attention to crime and extortion. The Department of Finance would often be surrounded by armed men when funding was due to arrive. In December 2002, Finance Minister Laurie Chan resigned after being forced at gunpoint to sign a cheque made out to some of the militants. Conflict also broke out in Western Province between locals and Malaitan settlers. Renegade members of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) were invited in as a protection force but ended up causing as much trouble as they prevented.
The prevailing atmosphere of lawlessness, widespread extortion and ineffective police prompted a formal request by the Solomon Islands Government for outside help. With the country bankrupt and the capital in chaos, the request was unanimously supported in Parliament.
In July 2003, Australian and Pacific Island police and troops arrived in the Solomon Islands under the auspices of the Australian-led Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI). A sizable international security contingent of 2,200 police and troops, led by Australia and New Zealand, and with representatives from about 20 other Pacific nations began arriving the next month under Operation Helpem Fren. Since this time some commentators have considered the country a failed state.[16] However, other academics argue that rather than being a 'failed state', it is an unformed state: a state that never consolidated after decades since independence.[17]
In April 2006, allegations that the newly elected Prime Minister Snyder Rini had used bribes from Chinese businessmen to buy the votes of members of Parliament led to mass rioting in the capital Honiara. A deep underlying resentment against the minority Chinese business community led to much of Chinatown in the city being destroyed. Tensions had also been increased by the belief that large sums of money were being exported to China. China sent chartered aircraft to evacuate hundreds of Chinese who fled to avoid the riots. Evacuation of Australian and British citizens was on a much smaller scale. Further Australian, New Zealand and Fijian police and troops were dispatched to try to quell the unrest. Rini eventually resigned before facing a motion of no-confidence in Parliament, and Parliament elected Manasseh Sogavare as Prime Minister.
On 2 April 2007, the Solomon Islands were struck by a major earthquake followed by a large tsunami. Initial reports indicated that the tsunami, which mainly affected the small island of Gizo, was several metres high (perhaps as high as 10 metres (33 ft) according to some reports, 5 metres (16 1/3 ft) according to the Foreign Office). The tsunami was triggered by an 8.1 magnitude earthquake, with a hypocenter 349 kilometres (217 miles) northwest of the island's capital, Honiara, at Lat −8.453 Long 156.957 and at a depth of 10 kilometres (6.2 miles).[18]
According to the United States Geological Survey the earthquake struck at 20:39:56 UTC on Sunday, 1 April 2007. Since the initial event and up until 22:00:00 UTC on Wednesday, 4 April 2007, more than 44 aftershocks of a magnitude of 5.0 or greater were recorded in the region.
The death toll from the resulting tsunami was at least 52 people, and the tsunami destroyed more than 900 homes and has left thousands of people homeless.[19]
Land thrust from the quake has extended out from the shoreline of one island, Ranongga, by up to 70 metres (230 ft) according to local residents.[20] This has left many once pristine coral reefs exposed on the newly formed beaches.
The Solomon Islands is a constitutional monarchy and has a parliamentary system of government. Queen Elizabeth II is the Monarch of the Solomon Islands and the head of state; she is represented by the Governor-General who is chosen by the Parliament for a five-year term. There is a unicameral parliament of 50 members, elected for four-year terms. However, Parliament may be dissolved by majority vote of its members before the completion of its term.
Parliamentary representation is based on single-member constituencies. Suffrage is universal for citizens over age 21.[21] The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is elected by Parliament and chooses the other members of the cabinet. Each ministry is headed by a cabinet member, who is assisted by a permanent secretary, a career public servant, who directs the staff of the ministry.
Solomon Islands governments are characterized by weak political parties (see List of political parties in Solomon Islands) and highly unstable parliamentary coalitions. They are subject to frequent votes of no confidence, and government leadership changes frequently as a result. Cabinet changes are common.
Land ownership is reserved for Solomon Islanders. The law provides that resident expatriates, such as the Chinese and Kiribati, may obtain citizenship through naturalization. Land generally is still held on a family or village basis and may be handed down from mother or father according to local custom. The islanders are reluctant to provide land for nontraditional economic undertakings, and this has resulted in continual disputes over land ownership.
No military forces are maintained by the Solomon Islands, although a police force of nearly 500 includes a border protection unit. The police also are responsible for fire service, disaster relief, and maritime surveillance. The police force is headed by a commissioner, appointed by the governor-general and responsible to the prime minister. On 27 December 2006, the Solomon Islands Government said it had taken steps to prevent the country's Australian police chief from returning to the Pacific nation. On 12 January 2007, Australia replaced its top diplomat expelled from the Solomon Islands for political interference in a conciliatory move aimed at easing a four-month dispute between the two countries.
On 13 December 2007, Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare was toppled by a vote of no confidence in Parliament,[22] following the defection of five Ministers to the Opposition. It was the first time a Prime Minister lost office in this way in the Solomon Islands. On 20 December, Parliament elected the Opposition's candidate (and former Minister for Education) Derek Sikua as Prime Minister, with 32 votes to 15.[23][24]
For local government, the country is divided into 10 administrative areas, of which nine are provinces administered by elected provincial assemblies, and the 10th is the town of Honiara, administered by the Honiara Town Council.
Solomon Islands is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth, Pacific Islands Forum, South Pacific Commission, International Monetary Fund, and the European Union/African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries (EEC/ACP) (Lomé Convention).
The political stage of the Solomon Islands is further influenced by its diplomatic importance to the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China. The Solomon Islands gives diplomatic recognition to the ROC, recognizing it as the sole-legitimate government of all of China, giving Taiwan vital votes in the United Nations. Lucrative investments, political funding and preferential loans from both the ROC and PRC are increasingly manipulating the political landscape of the Solomon Islands.
Relations with Papua New Guinea, which had become strained because of an influx of refugees from the Bougainville rebellion and attacks on the northern islands of the Solomon Islands by elements pursuing Bougainvillean rebels, have been repaired. A peace accord on Bougainville confirmed in 1998 has removed the armed threat, and the two nations regularized border operations in a 2004 agreement.
Although the locally recruited British Solomon Islands Protectorate Defence Force was part of Allied forces taking part in fighting in the Solomons during the Second World War, the country has not had any regular military forces since independence. The various paramilitary elements of the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force (RSIPF) were disbanded in 2003 following the intervention of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI), and the RSIPF was disarmed. RAMSI has a small military detachment headed by an Australian commander with responsibilities for assisting the police element of RAMSI in internal and external security. The RSIPF still operates two Pacific class patrol boats (RSIPV Auki and RSIPV Lata), which constitute the de facto navy of the Solomon Islands.
In the long-term it is anticipated that the RSIPF will resume the defense role. The police force is headed by a commissioner, appointed by the governor general and responsible to the Minister of Police, National Security & Correctional Services.
The police budget of the Solomon Islands has been strained due to a four-year civil war. Following Cyclone Zoe's strike on the islands of Tikopia and Anuta in December 2002, Australia had to provide the Solomon Islands government with 200,000 Solomon dollars ($50,000 Australian) for fuel and supplies for the patrol boat Lata to sail with relief supplies. (Part of the work of RAMSI includes assisting the Solomon Islands Government to stabilise its budget.)
The Solomon Islands is an island nation that lies east of Papua New Guinea and consists of many islands: Choiseul, the Shortland Islands; the New Georgia Islands; Santa Isabel; the Russell Islands; Nggela (the Florida Islands); Malaita; Guadalcanal; Sikaiana; Maramasike; Ulawa; Uki; Makira (San Cristobal); Santa Ana; Rennell and Bellona; the Santa Cruz Islands and three remote, tiny outliers, Tikopia, Anuta, and Fatutaka.
The country's islands lie between latitudes 5° and 13°S, and longitudes 155° and 169°E. The distance between the westernmost and easternmost islands is about 1,500 kilometres (930 mi). The Santa Cruz Islands (of which Tikopia is part), are situated north of Vanuatu and are especially isolated at more than 200 kilometres (120 mi) from the other islands. Bougainville is geographically part of the Solomon Islands, but politically Papua New Guinea.
The islands' ocean-equatorial climate is extremely humid throughout the year, with a mean temperature of 27 °C (80 °F) and few extremes of temperature or weather. June through August is the cooler period. Though seasons are not pronounced, the northwesterly winds of November through April bring more frequent rainfall and occasional squalls or cyclones. The annual rainfall is about 3050 mm (120 in).
The Solomon Islands archipelago is part of two distinct terrestrial ecoregions. Most of the islands are part of the Solomon Islands rain forests ecoregion, which also includes the islands of Bougainville and Buka, which are part of Papua New Guinea, these forests have come under pressure from forestry activities. The Santa Cruz Islands are part of the Vanuatu rain forests ecoregion, together with the neighboring archipelago of Vanuatu. Soil quality ranges from extremely rich volcanic (there are volcanoes with varying degrees of activity on some of the larger islands) to relatively infertile limestone. More than 230 varieties of orchids and other tropical flowers brighten the landscape.
The islands contain several active and dormant volcanoes. The Tinakula and Kavachi volcanoes are the most active.
Its per capita GDP of $600 ranks Solomon Islands as a lesser developed nation, and more than 75% of its labour force is engaged in subsistence and fishing. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. Until 1998, when world prices for tropical timber fell steeply, timber was Solomon Islands' main export product, and, in recent years, Solomon Islands forests were dangerously overexploited. Other important cash crops and exports include copra and palm oil. In 1998 Ross Mining of Australia began producing gold at Gold Ridge on Guadalcanal. Minerals exploration in other areas continued. However, in the wake of the ethnic violence in June 2000, exports of palm oil and gold ceased while exports of timber fell. The islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, nickel, and gold.
Solomon Islands' fisheries also offer prospects for export and domestic economic expansion. However, a Japanese joint venture, Solomon Taiyo Ltd., which operated the only fish cannery in the country, closed in mid-2000 as a result of the ethnic disturbances. Though the plant has reopened under local management, the export of tuna has not resumed. Negotiations are underway that may lead to the eventual reopening of the Gold Ridge mine and the major oil-palm plantation.
Tourism, particularly diving, is an important service industry for Solomon Islands. Growth in that industry is hampered, however, by lack of infrastructure and transportation limitations.
The Solomon Islands Government was insolvent by 2002. Since the RAMSI intervention in 2003, the government has recast its budget. It has consolidated and renegotiated its domestic debt and with Australian backing, is now seeking to renegotiate its foreign obligations. Principal aid donors are Australia, New Zealand, the European Union, Japan, and the Republic of China.
Recently, the Solomons courts have re-approved the export of live dolphins for profit, most recently to Dubai, United Arab Emirates. This practice was originally stopped by the government in 2004 after international uproar over a shipment of 28 live dolphins to Mexico. The move resulted in criticism from both Australia and New Zealand as well as several conservation organisations.
A team of renewable energy developers working for the Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and funded by the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), have hatched a scheme that enables these communities to access renewable energy, such as solar, without raising substantial sums of ready cash. They also use water and wind power. If the islanders were not able to pay for solar lanterns with cash, reasoned the project developers, they can pay with crops.[25]
As of 2006, the majority 552,438 people on the Solomon Islands are ethnically Melanesian (94.5%). Polynesian (3%) and Micronesian (1.2%) are the two other significant groups.[26] There are a few thousand ethnic Chinese.[27]
The number of local languages listed for Solomon Islands is 74, of which 70 are living languages and 4 are extinct, according to «Ethnologue, Languages of the World».[28] On the central islands, Melanesian languages (predominantly of the Southeast Solomonic group) are spoken. On the outliers, Rennell and Bellona to the south, Tikopia, Anuta and Fatutaka to the far east, Sikaiana to the north east, and Luaniua to the north (Ontong Java Atoll, also known as Lord Howe Atoll), Polynesian languages are spoken. Immigrant populations of Gilbertese (i-Kiribati) and Tuvaluans speak Micronesian languages. While English is the official language, only 1–2% of the population speak English; the lingua franca is Solomons Pijin.
Female life expectancy at birth was at 66.7 years and male life expectancy at birth at 64.9 in 2007.[29] 1990–1995 fertility rate was at 5.5 births per woman.[29] Government expenditure on health per capita was at US$ 99 (PPP).[29] Healthy life expectancy at birth is at 60 years.[29]
The religion of Solomon Islands is about 92% Christian with the following denominations: the Anglican Church of Melanesia 35%, Roman Catholic 19%, South Seas Evangelical Church 17%, Methodist 11%, and Seventh-day Adventist 10%. Another 5% adhere to aboriginal beliefs. The remaining adhere to Islam, the Baha'i Faith, Jehovah's Witnesses, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and Unification Church. According to the most recent reports, Islam in the Solomon Islands is made up of approximately 350 Muslims,[30] including members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.[31]
In the traditional culture of the Solomon Islands, age-old customs are handed down from one generation to the next, allegedly from the ancestral spirits themselves, to form the cultural values of the Solomon Islands.
Radio is the most influential type of media in the Solomon Islands due to language differences, illiteracy,[32] and the difficulty of receiving television signals in some parts of the country.
Radio - The Solomon Islands Broadcasting Corporation (SIBC) operates public radio services, including the national stations Radio Happy Isles 1037 on the dial and Wantok FM 96.3, and the provincial stations Radio Happy Lagoon and, formerly, Radio Temotu. There are two commercial FM stations, Z FM at 99.5 in Honiara but receivable over a large majority of island out from Honiara, and, PAOA FM at 97.7 in Honiara and 107.5 in Auki, and, one Community FM Radio Station - Gold Ridge FM on 88.7.
Newspapers - There is one daily newspaper Solomon Star (www.solomonstarnews.com) and one daily online news website Solomon Times Online (www.solomontimes.com), 2 weekly papers Solomons Voice and Solomon Times, and 2 monthly papers Agrikalsa Nius and the Citizen's Press.
TV - There are no TV services that cover the complete Solomon Islands, but satellite TV stations can be received. However, in Honiara, there is a free-to-air channel called 'One Television', and rebroadcast ABC Asia Pacific (from Australia's ABC) and BBC World News. As of Dec 2010, residents could subscribe to SATSOL, a Digital Pay TV Service, re-transmitting Satellite Television.
Solomon Islands writers include the novelists Rexford Orotaloa and John Saunana and the poet Jully Makini.
Solomon Islands national teams in football (soccer) and related sports (futsal and beach soccer) have proved among the most successful in Oceania.
The Solomon Islands national football (soccer) team became the first team to beat New Zealand in qualifying for a play-off spot against Australia for qualification to the World Cup 2006. They were defeated 7–0 in Australia and 2–1 at home.
On 14 June 2008, the Solomon Islands national futsal team, the Kurukuru, won the Oceania Futsal Championship in Fiji to qualify them for the 2008 FIFA Futsal World Cup, which was held in Brazil from 30 September to 19 October 2008. Solomon Islands is the futsal defending champions in the Oceania region. In 2008 and 2009 the Kurukuru won the Oceania Futsal Championship in Fiji. In 2009 they defeated the host nation Fiji, 8–0, to claim the title. The Kurukuru currently hold the world record for the fastest ever goal scored in an official futsal match. It was set by Kurukuru captain Elliot Ragomo, who scored against New Caledonia three seconds into the game in July 2009.[33] They also, however, hold the less enviable record for the worst defeat in the history of the Futsal World Cup, when in 2008 they were beaten by Russia with two goals to thirty-one.[34]
The Solomon Islands' beach soccer team, the Bilikiki Boys, are statistically the most successful team in Oceania. They have won all three regional championships to date, thereby qualifying on each occasion for the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup. The Bilikiki Boys are ranked fourteenth in the world as of 2010, higher than any other team from Oceania.[35]
In January 2011, the Bilikiki Boys played the Kurukuru in a friendly beach soccer match. The Bilikiki won 4–1. Previously, the two teams had met for a friendly futsal match, which the Kurukuru had won 5–3.[36][37]
The Solomon Islands national rugby union team has been playing internationals since 1969. It took part in the Oceania qualifying tournament for the 2003 and 2007 Rugby World Cups, but failed to qualify on each occasion.
Education in the Solomon Islands is not compulsory and only 60 per cent of school-age children have access to primary education.[38][39]
From 1990 to 1994, the gross primary school enrolment rose from 84.5 percent to 96.6 percent.[38] Primary school attendance rates were unavailable for the Solomon Islands as of 2001.[38] While enrolment rates indicate a level of commitment to education, they do not always reflect children's participation in school.[38] Efforts and plans made by the Department of Education and Human Resource Development to expand educational facilities and increase enrollment have been hindered by a lack of government funding, misguided teacher training programs, poor coordination of programs, and a failure of the government to pay teachers.[38] The percentage of the government's budget allocated to education was 9.7 percent in 1998, down from 13.2 percent in 1990.[38]
Male educational attainment tends to be higher than female educational attainment.[39] The University of the South Pacific has a Campus in Solomon Islands while the University of Papua New Guinea has also established a foothold in the country at Guadalcanal.[40]
|Book: Solomon Islands
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Bravo is segueing into the scripted world with two new series, while also bringing back familiar faces, including Caroline Manzo and Tom Colicchio for spin-offs of their successful shows, the network announced Tuesday at its upfront presentation.
Slated to premiere in 2015, Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce stars Lisa Edelstein as a self-help book author who hides the fact that she's separated from her husband as she starts to navigate her life as a single woman in Los Angeles. Janeane Garofalo and Beau Garrett play her best friends and Paul Adelstein plays her soon-to-be ex-husband.
Forget catfights and fashion shows. These days, reality TV is becoming increasingly about court dates and potential prison uniforms. The Real Housewives of New Jersey's Teresa Giudice and her husband, Joe, are currently awaiting sentencing after pleading guilty to 39 counts of fraud...
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Real Housewives of New Jersey stars Teresa and Joe Giudice pleaded guilty to fraud charges in Newark Federal Court Tuesday, and both could face prison time as a result, the New York Daily News reports.
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- Conversion Rate Optimization & Marketing Blog | FutureNow - http://www.grokdotcom.com -
Andy Sernovitz, Word-of-Mouth Expert, is a Metrosexual…
Posted By Bryan Eisenberg On June 27, 2007 @ 12:09 pm In Email Marketing,Word of Mouth | No Comments
Actually, that's putting it lightly. Andy's screaming that ProFlowers' email marketing [1] thinks he is gay, and he's telling everyone! Maybe because it's Pride month, or perhaps the rainbow reference in their copy, but that's Andy's impression.
I'm sure this wasn't Proflower's intention. It was, however, a poor job of personalization. What ProFlowers did was take a professional relationship and turn it into personal familiarity. They do a fabulous job of personalizing around birthdays, anniversaries, and holidays [2]–but those are set events on a calendar. This is much tougher in a "just because" email for the simple fact that relationships–like the one between Andy and ProFlowers–doesn't exist on a calendar.
I hope my friends from ProFlowers go ahead and forward the following couple of posts to the email marketers:
Your Email Marketing Sucks!* Study Says So… [3]
Why "Personalization" of the Web Scares Me [4]
I do want to thank ProFlowers, though, for reminding me that I haven't touched based with Anne Holland from MarketingSherpa in a while–she's the last person I sent flowers to from ProFlowers. (Apologies to my lovely wife. It's not what it seems.)
Be proud, Andy. Spread the word!
Article printed from Conversion Rate Optimization & Marketing Blog | FutureNow: http://www.grokdotcom.com
URL to article: http://www.grokdotcom.com/2007/06/27/andy-sernovitz-word-of-mouth-expert-is-a-metrosexual/
URLs in this post:
[1] ProFlowers' email marketing: http://www.damniwish.com/2007/06/proflowers-thin.html
[2] holidays: http://www.grokdotcom.com/2007/05/14/dont-scare-the-procrastinators/
[3] Your Email Marketing Sucks!* Study Says So…: http://www.grokdotcom.com/2007/06/26/your-email-marketing-sucks-study-says-so/
[4] Why "Personalization" of the Web Scares Me: http://www.grokdotcom.com/2007/06/20/why-personalization-of-the-web-scares-me/
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2009 FutureNow's GrokDotCom / Marketing Optimization Blog. All rights reserved.


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Was £1550.00
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Grey 'Hove Deluxe' small sofa
Item No.3220051526
The perfect addition to your living room, this small sofa from the 'Hove Deluxe' range comes upholstered in a grey fabric. It has soft foam seat cushions with colourful scatter cushions and light wood feet.
- This item can be delivered to UK, NI and ROI mainland addresses only (i.e delivery not available to Isle of Man, Channel Islands & Scottish Isles)
- HWD: 78 x 152 x 94cm
- Scatter cushions H:40 W:40
- Mix of hardwood, softwood and manmade boards, zig zag metal springs, seat cushions are foam with fibre top. Back cushions are fibre filled.
- cover fabric: 28% linen, 18% polyester, 54% viscose
- Delivered to room of choice, unwrapped and assembled (where product requires assembly)
Debenhams is happy to exchange or refund your purchase within 28 days providing the goods are in a fully resaleable condition (including tags) and not within the exclusion policy*. This policy does not affect your statutory rights. You can return unwanted items either by visiting your local store (the fastest way to get a refund), by arranging a courier collection or returning by post. Exclusions apply to selected products. For instructions on how to return products and information on Debenhams refund policy visit the returns and refunds section of the website.


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Take the trip to Outer Bluegrass
Album artwork done by "Sister of The Sun"
We have been hard at work the past few months completing our first album, "Kitchen Dwellers." It is to be a party in an eco friendly box! We will have two shows to celebrate the release..
September 19 ::Bozeman:: The Filling Station w/ Lonesome Locomotive
September 20 ::Missoula:: The Top Hat
September 19 ::Bozeman:: The Filling Station w/ Lonesome Locomotive
September 20 ::Missoula:: The Top Hat
We are on our way to Telluride!
So far we have had one hell of a time in Denver and Nederland. We are currently sweating our keisters off in Denver. We are headed to the Mountains tomorrow!
Wed, 6.12 :: Barkley Ballroom :: Frisco
Fri, 6.14 :: Sabrosa's :: Grand Junction
Sat, 6.15 :: Illegal Pete's :: Boulder
Sun, 6.16 :: Whisler's :: Nederland
Tue, 6.18 :: Last Dollar Saloon :: Telluride
Wed, 6.19 :: Last Dollar Saloon :: Telluride
Thurs, 6.20 :: Mountain Village :: Telluride
Fri, 6.21 :: Telluride Bluegrass Band Competition
Thanks to Sister of the Sun and Kylee Firlit for the berry cool Last Dollar Poster.
With a heavy heart...
After a year and a half of stellar fiddle, intergalactic encounters, and wondrous buckets of lucky horseshoes, it comes with a heavy heart that Tyler Schultz will be leaving us on the five string fiddle. He is our best friend and the best of people. We wish him all the luck in his future endeavors. God Speed Friend!
In just over a week we will be heading to colorado for our June "Cookin' Colorado" run. We've got some exciting shows for our friends in Colorado. We'll start the tour by opening for The Pete Kartsounes Band at Quixote's in Denver on june 8th. The 9th we're at Whistler's in Nederland, The 12th we are at The Barkely Ballroom in Frisco, the 14th we are at Sabrosa's in Grand Junction, and the 18th and 19th we play The Last Dollar Saloon in Telluride leading up to the festival! Hope to see some of your smiling faces out there!
Bozeman and Missoula this Weekend!
We got one hell of a bluegrass bash in Bozeman this weekend with Flatt Cheddar and Murder Mountain Speedway. That is this Friday, $5 cover, show at 9!
On Saturday we are heading to Missoula to play the Top Hat! Show is FREE, starts at 9:30, and we play all night!
Back to the Kitchen!
Telluride was a blast! Thank you to WhiteWater Ramble and The Magic Beans for the stellar night at the Sheridan Opera House. More thanks to Mousa, Michael, and Jay from the Last Dollar Saloon, Leeann and Lee from Telluride Accommodations, Telluride Music Company for their brilliant, last minute banjo repair, the Swain family, and all our new friends we made over the weekend. We will see you in June Telluride!
Now we head back to the kitchen to cook up some new tunes! We will see you all at the end of April. Also, be on the lookout for Colorado dates!
To Hell We Ride!
Holy smokes folks! In one week we will be back in Telluride, Colorado to play two shows! Friday night we get to support and WhiteWater Ramble and The Magic Beans. We have gotten to play with both these bands in the past, but never on the same night. It should only bring the utmost of shenanigans! Saturday we play a free show right down the street at the Last Dollar Saloon.
::tickets & info here::
Thanks to Happy People for the incredible poster! We will be selling a limited number to prints. Email us if interested.
Back in Bozeman this Weekend!
What a ROWDY weekend with WhiteWater Ramble, The Deadly Gentlemen, The Lil' Smokies, and Ted Ness and the Rusty Nails. Yet another three days of great music, late night cluster plucks, beautiful friends, and the vast Montana landscape to write home about. This weekend we are back home to play two nights!
Thursday, March 21: Unofficial YMSB After Party :: Haufbrau :: FREE :: Show @ 12 am
Saturday, March 23: American Legion :: FREE :: Show @ 10
Our friends at the Montana Kaimin had us to the University of Montana Campus to record a campus session!
Check out the video and read the article here.
Big St. Patty's Weekend for us!
We be getting all jazzed up for our three night run with some of the great bluegrass bands of today! This weekend we will be traveling though Montana's vast landscape to join WhiteWater Ramble and The Deadly Gentlemen.
Friday, March 15th: Top Hat :: Missoula // with WhiteWater Ramble and The Lil' Smokies
Saturday, March 16th: Whiskey Jack's :: Big Sky // with The Deadly Gentlemen
Sunday, March 17th: Yellowstone Valley Brewing Co. :: Billings // with WhiteWater Ramble and Ted Ness and the Rusty Nails
We won the Zoo Music Awards!
Thank you to all our wonderful friends! We are so fortunate to have all of your support! Last night our friends Sam Littlehale and Ryan Torres accepted the trophy for the country and bluegrass category of the Zoo Music Awards. Thank you to all who voted for us!
Last night we played our first show with Cure for the Common. Joe Sheehan joined us on the washboard, and Ryan Dempsey, of the Vermont based band Twiddle, joined us on keys!
We are gettin real antsy in the pantsy for St. Patty's Weekend with WhiteWater Ramble and the Deadly Gentlemen. See ya'll soon!
We are back to Missoula this Weekend
Thanks to all the folks who came out to last Saturday and got us in the top 3 Bluegrass bands for the Zoo Music Awards. We are heading back to Missoula this Friday night to play Monk's Bar! Black Rose Band kicks off the night. $5 cover at the door.
Then this Sunday we head into the studio to record a new track in Big Sky. Keep posted for a FREE download!
Two Nights in Missoula this Week!
What an amazing weekend at the 7th Annual Big Sky Big Grass!! We got to meet and pick with some of our favorite players in the Bluegrass world. Thank you all who came out to our sets this packed weekend, and especially thanks for selling out Whiskey Jacks!
We are in Missoula and Bozeman this week!!
Wednesday, Feb. 13th: Monk's Bar: Missoula // Official Leftover Salmon After Party
Friday, Feb. 15th: Filling Station: Bozeman // supporting Gypsy Lumberjacks
Saturday, Feb. 16th: Sunrise Saloon: Missoula // Zoo Music Awards Bluegrass/Country // Come support your Montana Bluegrass Music // Set at 11:45
Sunday, Feb. 17th: Filling Station: Bozeman // Electric Set under "Morning Stretch" w/ Black Rose Band
7th Annual Big Sky Big Grass
The 7th Annual Big Sky Big Grass is less than a week away! We are so fortunate and excited to be on a bill with such incredible artists like The Sam Bush Band, The Del McCoury Band, The Emmit-Nershi Band, the Travelin' McCourys, and Special Consensus.
The Kitchen Dwellers will be playing three times throughout the weekend, on Thursday for the kick-off and twice during the festival.
Thursday, Feb. 7th: Black Bear Bar and Grill // Big Sky Big Grass Kickoff Party w/ Pete Kartsounes Band and Kitchen Dwellers
Friday, Feb. 8th: Missouri Ballroom // 4:30 pm // "Big Grass Libation Station/Regional Band Showcase" // We will be playing with some of our favorite bands and pickers Flatt Cheddar, Ted Ness and the Rusty Nails, and the Lil' Smokies.
Saturday, Feb. 9th: Whiskey Jack's // 4:45 pm // Free, all ages show
Come dwell with us and join the Shenanigans!
The Filling Station Tonight supporting Head for the Hills!
Come down to the Filler tonight to hear Head for the Hills! Kitchen Dwellers play at 9:30.
Livingston and Big Sky this weekend with Ted Ness and the Rusty Nails!
We will be at the Murray Bar in Livingston this Friday the 18th and the Black Bear in Big Sky on Saturday the 19th! Ted Ness and the Rusty Nails from Billings will be joining us both nights for endless debauchery!
We got ourselves a webpage!!
We could only take so much of that sassy purple background, so we've decided to update!


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Will Taggart Plus
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Jackson, Wyoming is my home base and has some of the best winter conditions in the country. The terrain is vast and mountains are steep. We get conditions of all sorts, blizzard, whiteout, crust, icy, rocky, trees... but we also find conditions so good you wouldn't believe it. We watch the weather religiously. For the epic day, we search for perfect wind speed blowing over fresh snow without wind damage or warming. We listen to the avalanche reports and carry beacons and shovels whenever we're off the beaten path. We are very careful with inspecting our kites, and when we go big you can be assured that it is very calculated. The gliding aspect of the sport has really drawn us to a variety of terrains high into the mountains. Once deep in the mountains, we're finding ways to mesh big mountain riding, wakestyle and freestyle into our terrain.
Rider profile...ozonekitesusa.com/ozone-tearmrider-details.asp?id=16


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By James Keen -
General news
14 June 2010 11:39
Get your free glossy British GP Preview in this week's issue of MCN, on sale June 16.
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What you'll find in your 2010 British GP Preview:
Flashback: Sheene vs Roberts, 1979Kenny Roberts gives his account of what many argue is one of the greatest races ever.
The world according to... ValentinoRossi talks on building his home, fighting over girls and living with his mum.
Everything you need to crack SilverstoneMotoGP has never been to Silverstone, so how do the teams deal with riding into the unknown? Mat Oxley spoke to Yamaha and Tech 3 to find out.
Scott Redding's guide to SilverstoneMoto2 star Redding takes MCN for an exclusive walk of Silverstone ahead of this weekend's race clash.
Proof you can't keep a good man downAfter eight years of ups and downs, Nicky Hayden is back on form and hungry for another win.
All you need to know about Moto2We take you through the tech behind the grid of identical 600cc four-stroke Moto2 bikes and identify the 6 riders to watch in 2010.
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Search VIFF Films
Carolina Val-do-Rio
"I grew up believing I was a boy. Maybe I was. Maybe I am." An exploration of just how fluid and subjective gender identity can be.
Ana Valine
Ana Valine's darkly comic drama centres on mother/daughter con artists who just can't catch a break. Seen through the eyes of 16-year-old Sammie (Paloma Kwiatkowski)—who lives with her pill-popping, alcoholic mom Marlene (Suzanne Clément)—this bittersweet journey leads us through dysfunction, love and addiction, before culminating with an unusual deliverance for this compelling pair. Winner, Best Director, Leo Awards 2014.
Jean-Marc Vallée
Jean-Marc Vallée follows up on the Academy Award-winning Dallas Buyers Club with this powerful adaptation (by Nick Hornby, no less) of Cheryl Strayed's best-selling memoir. The perennially underrated Reese Witherspoon is better than perfect in the role of the author, a woman who, following the death of her beloved mother (played wonderfully by Laura Dern), seeks to vanquish her demons by hiking 1,800 kms of the Pacific Crest Trail.
Stéphanie Valloatto
"A government without a sense of humour isn't democratic." This caption from a Venezuelan cartoon speaks volumes about satire's power to test the establishment in political hotspots. Stéphanie Valloatto's stirring, funny documentary profiles a dissident profession's leading practitioners. "Just like the best political cartoons, the documentary… manages to synthesize a vast subject in ways both insightful and, at times, frightfully funny."—Hollywood Reporter
Liz Van Allen Cairns
A failing marriage leaves a woman sleepless and shrinking from sight.
Greg Vander Veer
Legendary teacher Martha Hill made a colossal impact on the North American dance scene that few others can lay claim to. A colleague of Martha Graham, Hill became Juilliard's first Director of Dance, where she pioneered a mix of classical ballet and modern dance forms. Sprinkled with archival footage and anecdotes from dance luminaries, Greg Vander Veer's lively and inspiring biography celebrates this singular heroine.
Seamlessly blending nine decades of film and photographs, this is a story of the process of aging told through dance.
Various Directors
The Reel Youth Film Festival pulls together an insightful, compelling and hilarious collection of short films from across the globe—all made by youth. Chosen by a peer selection panel from hundreds of international submissions, this collection will show you the world through the eyes of an incredibly gifted emerging group of young filmmakers.
An old VIFF tradition is revived in this electrifying anthology of new indie animation from Japan—with a special bonus in the form of Hwang Gyuil's Deaf and Wind from Korea. A wide range of graphic styles and techniques, tackling everything from a ninja vendetta to the secret origin of the universe. Tony Rayns
Elio Alonso Vásquez Miranda
A Peruvian orchestra welcomes troubled youth and provides them with an inclusive space where they can thrive artistically.
Rodrigo H. Vila
Argentina's Mercedes Sosa (1935-2009) was one of the most talented and politically engaged singers of the 20th century. Known as "the voice of the voiceless ones," she was a mainstay of the nueva canción folk movement, dazzled audiences worldwide and won numerous Grammy awards. Rodgrigo H. Vila's loving portrait melds archival concert footage and contemporary interviews to breathtaking effect. Winner, Audience Award, Panama 2013.
Paolo Virzì
A hit-and-run accident splinters this drama into three distinct chapters, each unfolding from a different character's perspective. The involving, overlapping structure recalls Kieślowski and summons bold performances from a uniformly brilliant cast (headlined by Valeria Bruni Tedeschi). "This slick, stylish fusion of class critique and murder mystery confirms Paolo Virzi as one of Italy's more dynamic directors."—Variety. Winner, Best Actress, Tribeca 2014.


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'Truth In Photography - Narrative' - Coursework Individual Investigation Essay
Giving meaning to photographs is something that I think helps to distinguish talented photographers from more amateur photographers, as it allows them to engage the viewer. Narrative photography is a branch of photography that I am particularly fond of, as it allows the photographer to express a particular story or message in the photo, which helps to give their photograph a subject to focus on. Narrative photography can be used to tell a story, create an image or provide the viewer with a new opinion of something.
Narrative photography is often used as a form of persuasion, which helped develop a sub-format of narrative photography known as propaganda photography. Propaganda photography is used to tell stories and create opinions of subjects; for example, propaganda is often associated with war as it can be used to help influence the community and show the brutality or glory of battles. This shows how narrative photography can be used as a strong tool for coaxing an opinion.
One of the photographers that I found to be particularly influential to my attraction to narrative photography and the ability for a photographer to be able to tell a story was Irish photographer Andrew McConnell. McConnell has photographed much of the conflict that occurred in Northern Ireland before turning his focus to social documentary on a global scale. My pull towards McConnell came when I was researching into narrative photographers and the different ways that they express the stories they encounter. I particularly liked his series of shots entitled 'Hidden Lives – The Untold Story of Urban Refugees' as I felt that they really expressed his narrative technique.
The series focuses on how the lives of refugees are changing; how the clichéd image of refugee camps is changing as many displaced people seek safety and economic independency in inner cities, but realistically they encounter harsh living conditions and poverty. Andrew McConnell uses a simplistic portraiture technique in this series, but creates the effective story using a short paragraph or single sentence caption to tell the story of the person or people the photo is focused around. McConnell uses dark lighting, often with a single light source illuminating the subjects in an unnatural white light, enabling him to centre the focus around them, even with the striking illuminated cityscape in the background.
One of my most preferred shots in the series is of a woman and a toddler sitting high above a city of lights atop a crumbling wall in Port-au-Prince - Haiti. Initially, I loved the composition of the photograph with the woman turned looking away from the camera to the side, and the child curiously looking towards the lens of the camera; then the speckled lights of the town curving around the bay behind. I also loved the darkness of the sky and the sunset that matched the mood of the rest of the photo. Oddly, McConnell chose to position the subjects centrally to the photograph, going against the rule of thirds technique, however, I felt that because of
the more zoomed out approach to the portrait that allowed more of the surroundings to be visible, it worked successfully and didn't create an uneven feel. It was only after I read the caption to the photo that I began to understand the mood of the photo and the atmosphere that seemed to arise from it; it read:
'Lanier Lovely, displaced by the earthquake in Haiti in 2010, pictured with her son, Lovinsky, in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Lanier was raped while living in a displaced persons camp and became pregnant as a result.'
It astounded me that this was the real untold story behind the photograph, as there was no way of knowing without reading the caption; it is possible to recognise that this is no ordinary portrait photograph, but it is difficult to comprehend just quite the extent of the extraordinary situation that this woman has had unwillingly forced upon her.
My photograph of a group of children in Borneo is an example of an image that leaves interpretation open to the mind of the viewer. There could be a deep and meaningful story that was left unmentioned to me, or it could simply be a photograph of some children.
Similarly to McConnell's other work, a portrait of a family from the same series captioned..:
…'Sahro Ilmi Muhamed, from Jijiga, Ethiopia, pictured with her children Adnan Abdi, 7, Elmi Noor, 2, and Mohammed Abdi, 9, in Eastleigh, Nairobi, Kenya. Sahro is an ethnic Somali and had to flee Ethiopia after her Oromo husband died and his family started to abuse her.'…
…instigated a similar effect on me. I found it particularly distressing to see them huddled together on the floor in the street, as it helps to tell their difficult story of abuse and fleeing, and it really reaches out to the viewer. I felt as though Andrew McConnell was particularly successful at arousing fascination as to what the story behind the photo would be just by his use of dark lighting and the illuminated expressions of the individuals.
McConnell successfully employs the use of vanishing points with the walls and roofs of the surrounding buildings all-leading down towards the background alleyway and family in the foreground. However, the aspects of the above photograph that I did dislike were the dash of green in the doorway to the left of the photograph, as I felt the inclusion of the bright colour was distracting from the main focus of the individuals, and the bright colour of the orange sky for similar reasons; however this did not affect the overwhelming sense of sorrow and helplessness I received from the powerful story behind the photo. After reading the caption, my emotion had changed. Initially I felt as though the shot could have been trying to portray a family living in poverty, but after taking in what the caption was saying, I realised that it was more than that; McConnell was trying to tell me that this photograph illustrated the story of a family escaping a life of abuse and trauma.
The second influential photographer that I felt inspired by was Lucy Fiddian-Green. Fiddian-Green is a young graduate photographer and has many different styles of photograph, including narrative, displayed in her interesting yet limited portfolio. A quote from her biography that I felt summed up her style of narrative photography indefinitely was about how her use of light, colour and composition to describe the message her photos portray. She said:
'it is the reason why images can communicate greater subtleties in meaning than words can ever achieve.'
This method contrasts with Andrew McConnell's method of using photographs accompanied by a long caption or phrase describing the story of the subjects, as she feels that the images alone are more powerful than any number of words will ever be. I liked how different the two approaches to narrative photography were; McConnell focusing on creating a tense atmosphere with composition and lighting and allowing the audience to see the naked truth of the story with a very honest explanation, whilst I felt Fiddian-Green was more engaged in using inspiration from surrealist artists and photographers to make the viewer question the meaning behind the photo and try to piece together the story or scene.
One shot that made me question the reasoning behind the scene was of a female figure standing positioned in a closet with the top portion of the body shrouded by the hanging clothes. I found myself asking questions such as, 'why is that figure in a closet?', 'is she hiding?', 'what is she hiding from?' and this made my imagination kick into action to try to begin to piece together a logical understanding. I liked the way that Fiddian-Green's photography inflicted this effect on me as it makes you engage with the photographer. The only text that Fiddian-Green includes in the photograph is the caption – usually only a single word or two. In this case the word was 'Wardrobe', which left the meaning behind the photo very much open to the interpretation of the audience.
I liked the way that the photographer had chosen to illuminate the scene with a light source that allowed a harsh vignette to be formed. This technique helped to draw the attention to the centre of the image and point our focus towards the figure and question the intention of the shot. My interpretation of the photograph was
that the woman felt as though she was just an accessory, perhaps to her boyfriend or partner to make them look good, so she compared herself to items of clothing, which of course are accessories to our own image.
Fiddian-Green also produced a photograph entitled 'Toilet' in which the subject is seen sitting in a peculiar position on the toilet. I quite liked the lighting in the picture because there was a dark and uneasy feel about the photo due to the amount of shadow. The use of a roof light to illuminate the figure gave the photo a lot of strong shadows which contrast with the bright white light being cast onto the floor; the way that the face of the girl is away from the light also casts an ominous darkness about the photo and makes us ponder the reasoning for her strange pose.
The way that Fiddian-Green uses irregular vertical lines to border the scene creates a sense of unease, tension, even fear in the viewer. I think this is intentional, as she is trying to create a background story, and the sense of unease helps the imagination of the viewer to create the story for themselves – oddly enough, the image made me think of the movie 'The Last Exorcism' due to the strange posture and dark shadowy lighting.
I incorporated the styles of both Fiddian-Green and McConnell, as well as Maleonn - another photographer I saw exhibited who uses props to create a scene and tell a story. Maleonn described his work as:
'The portraits are what they like or what they've always been dreamt of but never got a chance to own.'
I felt this allowed the subjects in the portraits to create a story for themselves in their portrait, as they could have a chance to make the photo their own using personal props. Each and every photograph was unique to those in it, as they decided what would be included and how it would be set up. This created a story, as it is most likely a once in a lifetime experience, whilst also telling a story, as a lot of the participants are basing the shot on their dreams and ambitions.
I combined all of these styles together, including some additional inspiration from Gillian Wearing, for a photo shoot focused around the expression and managing of problems and difficulties. All of the words and
sentences presented in the photo were put forward by the model herself, as it allowed her to be more open with her emotions and created a personal link between her and myself.
I like the irony in this shot; the look on her face of self-dissatisfaction at the fact she is yet to see her dream become reality, yet she is acting as a model in the photograph. I liked how the facial expression helped her to illustrate the story of how she hasn't achieved what she wanted to, and the way she feels about this. I did feel as though she was still clinging to the dream though, through the way that her hands clutch the paper and delicately hold her dream together.
A historical example of a photograph with an untold story is the notorious 'Afghan Girl' – taken by Steve McCurry back in December, 1984. At the time, McCurry was visiting Pakistan and documenting what he saw during his rare opportunity to photograph Afghan women in the Nasir Bagh refugee camp. Gula, the girl featured in the photograph, aged 12 at the time it was taken, was one of only a few students who attended the informal school within the camp. Although the portrait was made famous when it featured on the front cover of National Geographic Magazine in June 1985, her identity was unknown until 2002 when a National Geographic team sought to find her; when they did eventually find her, they learned she had never seen the 17-year famous photograph.
Upon first glance, Afghan Girl seems like a portrait of a beautiful young woman who was photographed for her good looks and piercingly green eyes, but upon closer studying, the photograph is extremely well composed and tells a deep story. The image is tightly focused on the girl and McCurry employs use of colour theory well, with the dark orange scarf contrasting with the light green background and intense green eyes. The whole use of colour is well coordinated and the expression on the female's face is mesmerising.
Once learning the story behind the photograph; about how she was forced to flee to the refugee camp with her siblings and grandmother after her village was subject to an airstrike from Soviet helicopter gunships killing both her parents, how she struggled being one of only a few students to attend the camp's internal school, how she returned to Afghanistan in 1992 and had 4 children, one of which died in infancy, and how her portrait would become an iconic symbol of the 1980s Afghan conflict and the refugee situation worldwide, you begin to see the events as they're going to unfold through her eyes – it's as if they are a gateway to her future, and staring into them can allow the viewer to get a glimpse of what she has to come. I like how she gives the impression of her normal self in the photograph as she was only 12 when it was taken, and she is yet to encounter some of these big life events.
Similarly to Lucy Fiddian-Green, Steve McCurry used a lack of words and let the story come out separate to the image. I prefer this technique as it allows the audience to create their own story to fit the subject of the picture and submit to their own creativity, and it is interesting to see the way that their perception of the photograph changes once they learn the true meaning - if there is one.
In my opinion, images must have a story; without it they are meaningless and lose the effect that us as the audience are receiving first-hand information from the photographer. All the photographers that I have looked at during the course of the study have shared this common factor which is that their images in one form or another have a story to tell.
Photographers can exhibit the story however they choose; through use of captions, composition, props, stating the obvious or simply not declaring it at all and leaving it to the interpretation of the viewer, all of which I feel are as valid as each other. The way of expressing the story that I felt was the most effective and allowed the best interpretation of each story was to purely leave the story to the viewer's discretion or include a single vague caption, as I liked the way that my own explanation could be right or wrong, and it was my own imagination that would dictate the meaning behind the image. I hope that my final image/s will enable the viewer to feel this way. I am aiming to keep the meaning behind the image a mystery, and use only a single short word as the title, with no real indication as to why the images are how they are. I have enjoyed studying this theme and where it has led me, as it has kept me interested and excited as I found different photographers to take inspiration from.
Fiddian-Green, L. (2013, 11 03). Gallery 1. Retrieved from http://www.lucyfiddiangreen.com/
Griffin, D. (2008, February ). How photography connects us. David Griffin - Director of photography, National Geographic . TED.
Maleonn. (2013, 11 10). Maleonn and his 'Mobile Studio'. Retrieved from http://www.maleonn.com/articles/791.html
McConnell, A. (2013, 10 20). Hidden Lives. Retrieved from The Untold Story of Urban Refugees: http://www.andrewmcconnell.com/index.php/category/hidden-lives-the-untold-story-of-urban-refugees
Newman, C. (2002, April). National Geographic. Retrieved from A Life Revealed: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2002/04/afghan-girl/index-text
Wearing, G. (1997). Gillian Wearing - Signs that Say What You Want Them To Say and Not Signs that Say What Someone Else Wants You To Say. London: Interim Art.
Beautiful sunset yesterday.
Hidden Lives - The Untold Story of Urban Refugees - Andrew McConnell
Hidden Lives - The Untold Story of Urban Refugees
Very inspirational and slightly shocking narrative photographer.


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2012-10-10 / People/Social
St. Martin of Tours welcomes NASA engineer
Mrs. Reyes' and Mrs. Buono's fourth-grade classes at St. Martin of Tours in Amityville video conferenced with Mr. Benson, a NASA engineer, Thurs., Sept. 27. The students were shown images from space, learned how and why their is life on Earth, how the many systems interact on Earth, how NASA gathers information from satellites and much more.
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Mexico Sterling Silver Serving Tray Platter 11″x18″size
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Mexico JLR Maker SOLID Sterling Silver Serving Tray with handles, Nice Used Condition! .925 Sterling Silver, 917 grams, 29.49 Troy Ounces of Sterling Silver, $582.00 bullion value ALONE! This is a simple, but beautiful and heavy solid sterling platter, hand made in Mexico. Has beautiful hand-pounded rolled edges on the silver platter. Has a few normal superficial dings, scuffs and scratches as would be expected from a piece that was obviously used for actual service for a number of years, but nothing unusual or unsightly. No corrosion. Could use a good polishing. I'll leave that to you. Probably from the 1940's. Maker mark plainly states Sterling, 925, Hecho en Mexico. No Monograms. Perfectly useable piece. No Minimum, No Reserve. Have a bunch of silver items going down this week....Check out my other items - opens in a new window or tab!


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(LOS ANGELES, CA) -- Artisan Entertainment has withdrawn a print of the erotic film ``The Center of the World'' from a Cincinnati theater that censored part of it.
``Artisan cannot and will not condone exhibitors who make their own decisions to alter our product,'' spokesman Paul Pflug said. ``If they book an Artisan picture, we expect them to play it in its entirety.''
``The Center of the World,'' which is unrated, chronicles a Las Vegas weekend between a young millionaire and a stripper whose noncommittal sex takes several dark turns.
Someone at the Esquire Theater cut a five-second scene featuring a background stripper performing an obscene act.
Gary Goldman, who runs the Theater Management Corp. that owns the Esquire, said he had the film edited because he feared a backlash from the community.
``I found this act to be both degrading to women and most likely violative of community standards,'' he said. ``Obviously, I exercised bad judgment and should have chosen instead not to play the film.''
Director Wayne Wang has said he chose to release ``The Center of the World'' with no rating rather than accept an NC-17 label or cut explicit scenes to secure an R rating from the Motion Picture Association of America.
``I wanted to make an honest movie without being bothered by people telling me what I couldn't do,'' Wang said when the movie debuted in April.
Artisan learned about the unauthorized print on June 4, after a filmgoer reported to a studio employee that the scene was missing. The studio had someone screen the film and confirm the report.
Artisan ordered the theater to stop screening the film and withdrew the print.
``The Center of the World'' had played for 11 days of a scheduled two-week run. It's unclear when the film was edited.
Cincinnati has been a center of anti-pornography activism that prompted nationwide debate about censorship over the years.
Local leaders have fought Hustler magazine publisher Larry Flynt since the 1970s over obscenity laws, and a grand jury indicted the Contemporary Arts Center and its director in 1990 on charges of pandering obscenity with a Robert Mapplethorpe exhibit of erotic photographs. The museum and the director were acquitted
The Esquire is one of the few theaters in the Cincinnati area that will screen unrated films such as ``Chopper,'' ``Requiem for a Dream'' and ``Happiness.''
It's unclear whether employees there have improperly edited other movies. Goldman insisted this was the first time.
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Kycon Inc.
San Jose, CA 95125
Sep 20, 2002 Combination Connector consists of 3 RCA phono jacks in red, white, and yellow color combination and 1 S-video connector in black. Main housing and colored washers are made from ABS thermoplastic, and contacts are made from brass and steel. Connector is available in PCB mount, and in vertical and horizontal configurations.
Connect-Tech Products, Inc.
Carson City, NV 89706
May 16, 2002 CTP-151 family of right angle RCA, phono jacks have separate shells from brackets. Options include gold plating on barrels, various lengths, and locking grooves for snap ring plugs. Single piece CTP-021 family has no RFI/EMI leakage between barrel and bracket. Their 12 mm length barrel is also available in gold plating. Available colors include PC99 colors, blue, green, orange, red, white, black, and yellow. RFI and EMI rear shield is available.
Aries Electronics, Inc.
Bristol, PA 19007-6810
May 08, 2002
Interposer socket provides signal paths from 0.008 to 0.015 in. Able to work above 10 GHz, Interposer's contact system has dielectric material with etched pads on top and bottom. Socket offers pressure mount plunge-to-board interposer and pitches down to 0.3 mm. Contacts have self-inductance of 0.1 nH and resistance of less than 20 milliohms. Required contact force is 15 and 28 g (minimum) per contact for manual and automated applications, respectively.
Connect-Tech Products, Inc.
Carson City, NV 89706
Mar 15, 2002 Four RCA jacks have single piece stamped shell or grounding sections. There are 3 vertical models as well as 1 right angle version, CTP-021, which is available with RFI and EMI shield. Color inserts for insulators include blue, green, orange, red, white, black, and yellow for appropriate coding.
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Roles of Attention in Perceptual Learning from Perspectives of Psychophysics and Animal Learning
Academic journal article
By Tsushima, Yoshiaki; Watanabe, Takeo
Learning & Behavior , Vol. 37, No. 2 , May 2009
Watanabe, Takeo
Visual task performance
Article excerpt
The role of attention in perceptual learning has been a topic of controversy. Sensory psychophysicists/physiologists and animal learning psychologists have conducted numerous studies to examine this role; but because these two types of researchers use two very different lines of approach, their findings have never been effectively integrated. In the present article, we review studies from both lines and use exposure-based learning experiments to discuss the role of attention in perceptual learning. In addition, we propose a model in which exposure-based learning occurs only when a task-irrelevant feature is weak. We hope that this article will provide new insight into the role of attention in perceptual learning to the benefit of both sensory psychophysicists/physiologists and animal learning psychologists.
In 1963, Eleanor Gibson defined perceptual learning as follows: "Any relatively permanent and consistent change in the perception of a stimulus array following practice or experience with this array will be considered perceptual learning" (p. 29). Nowadays, the definition of perceptual learning is broader and is generally referred to as improvement on a perceptual or sensory task by practice or experience, which includes cases accompanied by no perceptual changes (Fahle, Edelman, & Poggio, 1995; Watanabe, Náñez, & Sasaki, 2001).
Perceptual learning occurs in all the sensory systems, such as the visual (see, e.g., Ahissar & Hochstein, 1993, 1997; Ball & Sekuler, 1987; Beard, Levi, & Reich, 1995; Crist, Li, & Gilbert, 2001; Dosher & Lu, 1998, 1999; Fahle et al., 1995; Fine & Jacobs, 2002; Fiorentini & Berardi, 1980; Fiser & Aslin, 2002; Furmanski, Schluppeck, & Engel, 2004; Herzog & Fahle, 1998, 1999; Karni & Sagi, 1993; Koyama, Harner, & Watanabe, 2004; Poggio, Fahle, & Edelman, 1992; Ramachandran & Braddick, 1973; Schoups, Vogels, & Orban, 1995; Schoups, Vogels, Qian, & Orban, 2001; Schwartz, Maquet, & Frith, 2002; Watanabe et al., 2001), the auditory (Amitay, Irwin, & Moore, 2006; Bao, Chan, & Merzenich, 2001; Demany, 1985; Polley, Steinberg, & Merzenich, 2006), the olfactory (Bende & Nordin, 1997), the gustatory (Owen & Machamer, 1979), and the tactile (Dinse, Ragert, Pleger, Schwenkreis, & Tegenthoff, 2003; Sathian & Zangaladze, 1997).
Perceptual learning is characterized by three distinctive aspects. First, perceptual learning is often very specific for lower level attributes of the stimulus. It is well known that visual perceptual learning is highly specific to stimulus features, such as retinal location (Ahissar & Hochstein, 1997; Crist, Kapadia, Westheimer, & Gilbert, 1997; Fahle & Edelman, 1993; Fiorentini & Berardi, 1980; Karni & Sagi, 1991; McKee & Westheimer, 1978; Poggio et al., 1992; Saarinen & Levi, 1995; Sagi & Tanne, 1994; Shiu & Pashler, 1992), spatial frequency (Fiorentini & Berardi, 1980; Sowden, Rose, & Davies, 2002), and orientation (Fiorentini & Berardi, 1980; Poggio et al., 1992; Schoups et al., 1995; Shiu & Pashler, 1992). Psychophysical studies of visual perceptual learning have shown that there are cases in which performance on detection or discrimination tasks is improved only with respect to features of trained visual stimuli, such as orientation, motion direction, and location. Perceptual learning also tends to be specific to the trained eye. For example, monocular training of a vernier discrimination task improved task performance to a significantly larger degree for the trained eye than for the untrained eye (Fahle et al., 1995). Second, it takes time for perceptual learning to be formed. In many cases, it takes a few days (thousands of trials per day) to see the slightest increase in performance. Third, perceptual learning is persistent. Once perceptual learning is formed, it lasts for months or years (Karni & Sagi, 1993; Watanabe et al. …


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This is one of the 100+ illustrations in our upcoming book, Disalmanac: A Book of Fact-Like Facts.
320 pages of fact-like factage, including Random Bonus Facts from Neil Gaiman, Wil Wheaton, Al Yankovic, Reggie Watts, Michael Ian Black, and more.
It's out TUESDAY from Perigee/Penguin, and we certainly hope you'll pre-order it here.


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Santa Fe News
Santa Fe and feng shui17 Oct 2012
When designing the interior of your home, it's easy to go about the process in a piecemeal fashion - picking up various objects in dribs and drabs until the space is filled. While this may be the simplest way to go about furnishing a home, it can sometimes lead to an incoherent or disjointed feeling. For this reason, many people take a much mo Read More


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"Offers students and the interested lay antiquarian a sense of the rich picture that is emerging from debates among the ruins. . . . Given how the 21st century is shaping up, [1177 B.C.] may yet become a common reference point--and one of more than antiquarian relevance."--Scott McLemee, Inside Higher Ed
"In this enjoyable new book, Eric H. Cline has set himself an ambitious task: Not only must he educate a popular audience about the wealth and power of the eastern Mediterranean civilizations of the Bronze Age, he must then make his readers care that, some time around the year 1200 b.c., these empires, kingdoms, and cities suffered a series of cataclysms from which they never recovered."--Susan Kristol, Weekly Standard
"Fresh and engaging."--Andrew Robinson, Current World Archaeology
"This story is not new, having been told by Robert Drews (The End of the Bronze Age, 1993) and Nancy Sandars (The Sea Peoples, 1985). Cline's contribution is to extend these seminal works by including and analyzing all the relevant material brought to light in the last two decades and to tell an engaging tale. His extensive presentation of source materials in the footnotes and bibliography of 1177 BC makes the book extremely valuable for scholars, yet he explains the complexities of his subject in language easily understandable by general readers."--Richard A. Gabriel, Military History Quarterly
"Cline's Bronze Age shares characteristics with our own age, and if we accept this, we can only conclude that Cline has written one of this year's most interesting books."--Jona Lendering, NRC Handelsblad
"Intriguing . . . lively, engaging."--Middle East Media and Book Reviews Online
"Cline's work reveals eerie parallels between the geopolitics of the first years of 12th century BC and today's 21st century. 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed is history, but reads like a good mystery novel. Cline draws readers into his tale, revealing surprises throughout. It is all the more fascinating for being true, and for its relevance to today's world."--Mark Lardas, Daily News (Galveston, TX)
"Scholarly divergences of judgment aside, Cline's book remains essential."--Thomas F. Bertonneau, Brussels Journal
"1177 B.C.: the Year Civilization Collapsed is a wonderful example of scholarship written for the non-expert. Cline clearly pulls together the engaging story of the interactions among the major empires of the Late Bronze Age and puts forth a reasonable theory explaining why they seem to have evaporated as quickly as moisture on a hot afternoon."--Fred Reiss, San Diego Jewish World
"Eric H Cline has written a work of great scholarship, but has written in a manner so that the non-expert . . . can not only understand, but also appreciate it."--Don Vincent, Open History 130
"I don't know when I've appreciated a book as much as 1177 B.C. If you enjoy learning, you will enjoy this book! Highly recommended."--Thomas A. Timmes, UNRV History
"This enthralling book describes one of the most dramatic and mysterious processes in the history of mankind--the collapse of the Bronze Age civilizations. Cline walks us through events that transpired three millennia ago, but as we follow him on this intriguing sojourn, lurking in the back of our minds are tantalizing, perpetual questions: How can prosperous cultures disappear? Can this happen again; to us?"--Israel Finkelstein, coauthor of The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts
"Impressively marshaling the most recent archaeological and historical evidence, Eric Cline sets the record straight: there was a 'perfect storm' of migrations, rebellions, and climate change that resulted in the collapse of states that were already unstable in the Late Bronze Age. There followed an 'age of opportunity' for new kinds of political systems and ideologies that remade the world of the eastern Mediterranean in the first millennium B.C. Onward and upward with collapse!"--Norman Yoffee, University of Michigan
"Cline has written a wonderfully researched and well-crafted overview of one of the most fascinating, complex, and debated periods in the history of the ancient world. Tying together an impressively broad range of disparate data, he weaves together a very convincing re-creation of the background, mechanisms, and results of the transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the eastern Mediterranean and beyond."--Aren Maeir, Bar-Ilan University
"1177 B.C. tells the story of one of history's greatest mysteries. Unknown invaders shattered the splendid civilizations of the Bronze Age Mediterranean in a tidal wave of fire and slaughter, before Egypt's pharaoh turned them back in a fierce battle on the banks of the Nile. We do not know who these attackers were, and perhaps we never will; but no archaeologist is better equipped to guide us through this dramatic story than Eric Cline. 1177 B.C. is the finest account to date of one of the turning points in history."--Ian Morris, author of Why the West Rules--for Now
"This book is a very valuable and very timely addition to the scholarship on the end of the Late Bronze Age. Cline provides a comprehensive, interdisciplinary, and up-to-date treatment of one of the most dramatic and enigmatic periods in the history of the ancient world."--Trevor Bryce, author of The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History
"This is an excellent, thought-provoking book that brings to life an era that is not well known to most readers."--Amanda H. Podany, author of Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East
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