text:
Classification of common oysters from North China.
ABSTRACT Oysters are commonly found on rocky shores along China's northern coast, although there is considerable confusion as to what species they are. To determine the taxonomic tax·o·nom·ic also tax·o·nom·i·cal
Of or relating to taxonomy: a taxonomic designation.
tax status of these oysters, we collected specimens from nine locations north of the Yangtze River Yangtze River
Chinese Chang Jiang or Ch'ang Chiang
River, China. Rising in the Tanggula Mountains in west-central China, it flows southeast before turning northeast and then generally east across south-central and east-central China to the East China and conducted genetic identification using DNA sequences. Fragments from three genes, mitochondrial mitochondrial
pertaining to mitochondria.
mitochondrial RNAs
a unique set of tRNAs, mRNAs, rRNAs, transcribed from mitochondrial DNA by a mitochondrial-specific RNA polymerase, that account for about 4% of the total cell RNA that 16S rRNA, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase cytochrome oxidase
An oxidizing enzyme containing iron and a porphyrin, found in mitochondria and important in cell respiration as an agent of electron transfer from certain cytochrome molecules to oxygen molecules. I (COI), and nuclear 28S rRNA, were sequenced in six oysters from each of the nine sites. Phylogenetic phy·lo·ge·net·ic
1. Of or relating to phylogeny or phylogenetics.
2. Relating to or based on evolutionary development or history. analysis of all three gene fragments clearly demonstrated that the small oysters commonly found on intertidal in·ter·tid·al
Of or being the region between the high tide mark and the low tide mark.
in rocks in north China are Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793), not C. plicatula (the zhe oyster) as widely assumed. Their small size and irregular shell characteristics are reflections of the stressful intertidal environment they live in and not reliable characters for classification. Our study confirms that the oysters from Weifang, referred to as Jinjiang oysters or C. rivularis (Gould, 1861), are C. ariakensis (Wakiya, 1929). We found no evidence for the existence of C. talienwhanensis (Crosse, 1862) and other Crassostrea species in north China. Our study highlights the need for reclassifying oysters of China with molecular data.
KEY WORDS: oyster, taxonomy, cytochrome oxidase I, 16S rRNA, 28S rRNA, Crassostrea gigas, C. ariakensis, Alectryonella plicatula, Saccostrea cucullata, Suminoe oyster
There are several unresolved issues in oyster classification. The problems are caused by classification based on shell morphology, which is highly variable in oysters. One of the problems is the taxonomic status of oysters found along China's north coast. Oysters are common and abundant on the rocky shores of North China. They are found on rocks, concrete and other hard surfaces in almost all intertidal zones and harbors. These oysters are typically small in size and highly variable in shell morphology. There is considerable confusion and disagreement about the taxonomic identity of these oysters.
According to according to
1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.
2. In keeping with: according to instructions.
3. existing literature, eight oyster species occur in North China: the Pacific oyster Pacific oyster
An oyster (Crassostrea gigas) cultured in the United States and Europe, having a scalloped shell and a fruity flavor. Also called Portuguese oyster. (Crassostrea gigas), zhe or folded oyster (C. plicatula [Gmelin, 1791]), Sengmao or monkhat oyster (Saccostrea cucullata [Born, 1778]), Dalianwan oyster (C. talienwhanensis), jinjiang or near-river oyster (C. rivularis, now C. ariakensis), Portuguese oyster Portuguese oyster
Crassostrea angulata, C. pipas. (C. angulata [Lamark, 1819]), milin or dense-scale oyster (Ostrea denselamellosa [Lischke, 1869]), and maozhua or cat's paw cat's paw
a person used by someone else to do unpleasant things for him or her [from the tale of a monkey who used a cat's paw to draw chestnuts out of a fire] oyster (Talonostrea talonata [Hanley, 1864]) (Zhang & Lou 1956, Qi 1989, Li & Qi 1994, Xu & Huang 1993, Guo et al. 1999, Yu et al. 2003, Wang, et al. 2004, Lapegue et al. 2004). The latter two species are well defined, and there is no dispute about their taxonomic status. The dense-scale oysters are characterized by large (up to 15 cm), round and flat shells with densely populated pop·u·late
tr.v. pop·u·lat·ed, pop·u·lat·ing, pop·u·lates
1. To supply with inhabitants, as by colonization; people.
2. layers of scales along the edge. The cat's paw oyster is small in size (2-3 cm), and its left shell has 5-8 ribs protruding pro·trude
v. pro·trud·ed, pro·trud·ing, pro·trudes
To push or thrust outward.
To jut out; project. See Synonyms at bulge. out in the shape of cat's paws. These two species are relatively rare, but they can be easily identified and separated from other species.
Zhang & Lou (1956) classified the common oysters from North China as the following: (1) the monk-hat oyster (O. cucullata), a small sized oyster attached to rocks in shallow water See:
Zhao et al. (1982) named the oyster commonly found on the rocks of Dalian coast as the folded oyster (C. plicatula). Since then, there has been no agreement whether the common intertidal oysters from north China is O. cucullata or C. plicatula, or both (Zhang & Lou 1956, Qi 1989, Guo et al. 1999, Yu et al. 2003, Xu & Huang 1993). Li & Qi (1994) considered that the O. cucullata, C. rivularis, and C. talienwhanensis of Zhang & Lou (1956) and C. plicatula of Zhao et al. (1982) were all C. gigas. They identified the monk-hat and folded oysters as Saccostrea cucullata and Alectryonella plicatula, respectively, two species of different genus found in southern China.
However, after analyzing genetic variation revealed by random amplified polymorphic polymorphic - polymorphism DNA DNA: see nucleic acid.
or deoxyribonucleic acid
One of two types of nucleic acid (the other is RNA); a complex organic compound found in all living cells and many viruses. It is the chemical substance of genes. (RAPD RAPD Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA
RAPD relative afferent pupillary defect (ophthalmology; aka Marcus-Gunn Pupil) ), Liu & Dai (1998) concluded that C. talienwhanensis, C. plicatula, and C. rivularis were three different species. An analysis of 16S and COI sequences by Yu et al. (2003) indicated that C. gigas and C. talienwhanensis were the same species, and C. plicatula might be a morph morph 1
An allomorph.
[From morpheme.]
morph 2
n. of C. ariakensis. Further, Lapegue et al. (2004) reanalyzed the sequences of Yu et al. (2003) and showed that some of the C. talienwhanensis samples might be C. angulata.
The confusion about the taxonomic status of common oysters from north China calls for further analysis. In this study, we collected and sequenced oysters from 9 locations along China's northern coast for fragments of three genes: the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene and cytochrome oxidase I (COI), and the nuclear 28S rRNA. Here we provide molecular evidence that the small oysters commonly found on rocky shore belong to one species--C, gigas, and the large oysters (referred to as the near-river oysters) collected from Weifang are the same species as C. ariakensis (Wakiya, 1929).
Sample Collection and Morphological Analyses
Oysters were collected from nine typical habitats along China's coast north of Yangtze River: Zhuanghe (ZH), Zhangzidao (ZZD ZZD Zeon Zum Deikun (Gundam anime)
ZZD Zig-Zag Diagram ), Dalian (DL) in Liaoning Province; Dongying (DY), Weifang (WF), Rongcheng (RC), Rushan (RS) and Qingdao (QD) in Shandong Province; and Lianyungang (LYG LYG London Youth Games
LYG Louisville Youth Group
LYG Local Youth Group ) in Jiangsu Province (Fig. 1). At Zhuanghe, Zhangzidao, Dongying, Rongcheng, Qingdao, and Lianyungang oysters were collected from rocks in intertidal zones. At Weifang, oysters were collected by divers from a depth of about eight meters. Oysters from Dalian and Rushan were cultured oysters derived from local wild seed.
The following shell characteristics were recorded: shell morphology, shell wall rigidity or thickness, valve lamellae lamellae
n the nearly parallel layers of bone tissue found in compact bone. , radial ribs, shell color, ligament channel, umbonal cavity volume, interior shell color, adductor muscle Noun 1. adductor muscle - a muscle that draws a body part toward the median line
skeletal muscle, striated muscle - a muscle that is connected at either or both ends to a bone and so move parts of the skeleton; a muscle that is characterized by scar color and shape. Shell parameters were identified following definitions of Moore et al. (1971).
DNA Extraction DNA extraction is a routine procedure to collect DNA for subsequent molecular or forensic analysis. Outline of a DNA extraction
There are three basic steps in a DNA extraction, the details of which may vary depending on the type of sample and any substances that may , PCR PCR polymerase chain reaction.
polymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Amplification and Sequencing
Six oysters from each site were selected for sequencing (Table 1). Oysters with variable shell morphology were chosen to cover all possible species. DNA was extracted from fresh adductor muscle tissue using phenol/chloroform extraction as described by Moore (1993). Primers (Invitrogen, USA), 16sar and 16sbr, were used to amplify a segment of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA ribosomal RNA
See rRNA.
ribosomal RNA (rī´bōsō´m gene (Palumbi et al. 1991). A segment of cytochrome oxidase subunit sub·u·nit
A subdivision of a larger unit.
Noun 1. subunit - a monetary unit that is valued at a fraction (usually one hundredth) of the basic monetary unit
fractional monetary unit I (COI) was amplified using LCO LCO Lac Courte Oreilles (Wisconsin Native American Tribe)
LCO Levine Communications Office (PR firm; Los Angeles, CA, USA)
LCO Light Cycle Oil
LCO Life Cycle Objectives 1490 and HCO HCO Harvard College Observatory
HCO Hubbard Communications Office (Scientology)
HCO Hearing Carry-Over
HCO Health Care Organization
HCO Helicopter Control Officer
HCO Human Capital Office 2198 primers (Folmer et al. 1994). A 28S rRNA fragment was amplified using primers D1F and D6R as described by Park and O Foighil (2000). PCR amplification was performed using a Biometra T1 thermal cycler The Thermal cycler (also known as a thermocycler, PCR machine or DNA amplifier) is a laboratory apparatus used for PCR. The device has a thermal block with holes where tubes with the PCR reaction mixtures can be inserted. . Reactions were performed in 50 [micro]L with final concentrations of: 2.0 mM Mg[Cl.sub.2], 150 [micro]M of each dNTP, 0.2 [micro]M each primer, 20 ng of template DNA, and 2 units of Taq polymerase Taq polymerase ("Taq Pol," or simply "Taq") is a thermostable polymerase used in polymerase chain reaction to check for the presence or absence of a gene by amplifying a DNA fragment. It replaced E.coli DNA polymerase in PCR because of the temperature conditions of PCR. (Promega, USA) in 5 [micro]L of x 10 buffer. COI and 16S were amplified using the following protocol: initial denature de·na·ture
1. To change the nature or natural qualities of.
2. To render unfit to eat or drink without destroying usefulness in other applications, especially adding methyl alcohol to ethyl alcohol.
3. at 95[degrees]C for 2 min, 30 cycles of 95[degrees]C for 1 min, 51[degrees]C (COI) or 57[degrees]C (16S) for 1 min, and 72[degrees]C for 1 min with a final extension at 72[degrees]C for 5 min. The 28S fragment was amplified by an initial denaturing at 94[degrees]C for 4 min, addition of Taq polymerase; 30 cycles of denaturing at 94[degrees]C for 40 s, annealing annealing (ənēl`ĭng), process in which glass, metals, and other materials are treated to render them less brittle and more workable. at 60[degrees]C for 40 s and extension at 72[degrees]C for 1.25 min; plus a final extension at 72[degrees]C for 10 min. A negative control (no template) was included during each PCR run. PCR products were purified using EZ Spin Column PCR Product Purification Kit (BBI BBI Blockbuster Inc. (stock symbol)
BBI Berlin Brandenburg International (Airport)
BBI Broadband-Interactive
BBI Browser-Based Interface
BBI Best Brains Inc. , Canada). Sequencing was performed in both directions on an ABI Abi (ā`bī) [short for Abijah], in the Bible, King Hezekiah's mother.
(Application Binary Interface) A specification for a specific hardware platform combined with the operating system. PRISM 377XL DNA sequencer A DNA sequencer is an instrument used to automate the DNA sequencing process.
DNA sequencers have become more important due to large genomics projects and the need to increase productivity. using the ABI PRISM BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (Perkin-Elmer, USA).
Phylogenetic Analysis
The COI, 16S, and 28S sequences obtained in this study and those of other Crassostrea, Ostrea and Saccostrea species available from GenBank were used for phylogenetic analysis. Initial alignments were performed using CLUSTALW (Thompson et al. 1994). The sequences were trimmed to the same length as other published sequences after alignment. Maximum parsimony Maximum parsimony, often simply referred to as "parsimony," is a non-parametric statistical method commonly used in computational phylogenetics for estimating phylogenies. Under maximum parsimony, the preferred phylogenetic tree is the tree that requires the least number of (MP) and neighbor-joining (NJ) analyses were performed using PHYLIP PHYLIP Phylogeny Inference Package (genetics software) (Vet. 3.56C, Felsenstein 1989). Bootstrap See boot.
(operating system, compiler) bootstrap - To load and initialise the operating system on a computer. Normally abbreviated to "boot". From the curious expression "to pull oneself up by one's bootstraps", one of the legendary feats of Baron von Munchhausen. analysis with 1,000 replications was performed using the SEQBOOT and CONSENSE programs. Consensus phylogenetic trees were drawn with DRAWGRAM program in the PHYLIP package. Pair-wise sequence divergences among haplotypes and reference species were calculated using the DNADIST program of PHYLIP according to Kimura's two-parameter model (Kimura 1980).
Distribution and Morphology of Oysters from North China
Oysters are common and abundant at all nine sites sampled in this study (Table 1). Shell morphology varies greatly within and among sites. In general, oysters collected below or at the low tidal line are larger than oysters collected high above the low tidal line, so are the cultured oysters obtained from farms.
At most sites (ZH, ZZD, DY, RC, QD and LYG), oysters were collected from rocks at or above the low tidal line. These oysters are typically small (30-60 mm), flat and irregular in shape (Fig. 2). The color of the shells is variable ranging from white to yellow to brown. Some oysters especially those from Rongcheng have purple strips on the right valve. The shell's edge is highly variable: some smooth and some with waving plates protruding. Internally, the shells are milky white, sometimes with areas of gray, yellow, or brown. Muscle scars range from pink to dark purple. Ligament channels are mostly short with some exceptions.
Oysters collected from deep waters "Deep Waters" is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared in the United States in the March 25 1910 issue of Collier's Weekly, and in the United Kingdom in the June 1910 issue of the Strand. at Weifang are noticeably different from oysters from other sites. They are large, up to 200 mm, and some are round and horse-shoe shaped. The shells are thick and relatively smooth with multiple layers of overlapping and concentric plates on the right valve. Radiant ribs are absent or weak. Shell color is variable, ranging from yellow to brown (Fig. 2E). Ligament channels are short and shallow. The umbo umbo /um·bo/ (um´bo) pl. umbo´nes [L.]
1. a rounded elevation.
2. the slight projection at the center of the outer surface of the tympanic membrane.
n. cavity is shallow to medium. The internal side of shells is milky white with areas chalky or lacking of the nacre nacre: see mother-of-pearl. layer. The adductor muscle scar has no coloration col·or·a·tion
1. Arrangement of colors.
2. The sum of the beliefs or principles of a person, group, or institution. , which is unique for the subtidal oysters from Weifang.
The cultured oysters from Dalian and Rushan are large (100-200 mm), elongated e·lon·gate
tr. & intr.v. e·lon·gat·ed, e·lon·gat·ing, e·lon·gates
To make or grow longer.
adj. or elongated
1. Made longer; extended.
2. Having more length than width; slender. or ovate. The left valve is convex Convex
Curved, as in the shape of the outside of a circle. Usually referring to the price/required yield relationship for option-free bonds. with obvious radial ribs. The right valve is flat. Shell color ranges from white, yellow to brown, and often with purple strips. The internal sides of the shells are white with pink to purple muscle scars. Ligament channels are shallow, and the umbo cavity is deep (Fig. 2C, G).
Mitochondrial 16S rRNA Sequence
A 497 bp fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene was sequenced for 54 individuals collected from nine sites (Table 1). Five haplotypes (Haplotype haplotype /hap·lo·type/ (-tip) the group of alleles of linked genes, e.g., the HLA complex, contributed by either parent; the haploid genetic constitution contributed by either parent.
n. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) were identified among the 54 sequences. Oysters from Weifang had two haplotypes (Haplotype 4, 5), with five oysters having Haplotype 4 and one oyster having Haplotype 5 (Table 2). Oysters from the other eight sites had 3 haplotypes (Haplotype 1, 2, 3). Haplotype 1 is the common haplotype and shared by 46 of the 48 oysters. One oyster from Dongying has Haplotype 2, and one oyster from Qingdao has Haplotype 3 (Table 2).
Phylogenetic analysis was conducted with the five 16S haplotypes identified in this study and the following reference sequences from GenBank: C. gigas (S66183), C. ariakensis (Kim AY007427), S. cucullata (AF498507), C. virginica (AF092285), C. rhizophorae (AJ312938), C. gasar (AJ312937), C. hongkongensis (AY160756), and C. sikamea (AY632551). S. cucullata was used as an outgroup. Including the outgroup, 26 nucleotide positions were variable in the 16S data set. Phylogenetic analysis using NJ and MP procedures produced almost identical results (Fig. 3A, B). As expected, all five haplotypes identified in this study were clustered with members of Crassostrea, away from S. cucullata. The two haplotypes from Weifang were closely clustered with C. ariakensis, and formed one clade clade Cladus, subtype Genetics A branch of biological taxa or species that share features inherited from a common ancestor; a single phylogenetic group or line. See Inheritance, Species. . The two haplotypes differed from the reference sequence by only one base. A closer examination indicated that Haplotype 4 was the same sequence as that of C. ariakensis from Korea (Kim et al. 2000). The three haplotypes from all other eight sites were closely clustered with C. gigas. Haplotype 1 is identical with the reference sequence from C. gigas. Haplotype 2 and Haplotype 3 differed from the C. gigas sequence by one base. Sequence divergence between Haplotypes 1-3 and Haplotypes 4-5 was about 4.65% to 5.10%, which was higher than that between C. gigas and C. sikamea (1.73%) (Table 3). No divergence was observed between Haplotype 1 and C. gigas, the divergence between Haplotype 2/3 and C. gigas was only 0.21%. There was no divergence between Haplotype 4 and C. ariakensis from Korea, and the divergence between Haplotype 5 and C. ariakensis was only 0.36%, which is much lower than that between C. gigas and C. sikamea (1.73%). These data show that oysters from Weifang are C. ariakensis, and oysters from all other sites are C. gigas. The haplotypes obtained from this study are neither S. cucullata nor A. plicatula, as evidenced by the high divergences, 17.44% to 21.95% (Table 3).
Mitochondrial COI DNA Sequence
A 607 bp fragment of the COI sequences was sequenced for the 54 oysters selected in this study, generating 13 haplotypes (Table 4). Three (Haplotype 11, 12, 13) of these haplotypes occurred in Weifang oysters, four oysters had Haplotype 11, and the other two oysters had Haplotype 12 and 13, respectively. The majority of oysters from the other eight sites (38 of 48) shared a common haplotype--Haplotype 1. Haplotype 2 was shared by two oysters from Dalian. Haplotypes 3-10 were represented by one oyster each from variable sites (Table 4).
The partial COI sequences from the 13 haplotypes obtained in this study were subjected to phylogenetic analysis along with the following reference sequences from GenBank: C. gigas (AF152565), C. iredalei (AY038078), C. belcheri (AY038077), C. nippona (AF300616), C. hongkongensis (AY160746), C. virginica (AF152566), S. cucullata (AY038076), and C. sikamea (AY632568). S. cucullata was used as an outgroup. Including the outgroup, 121 nucleotide positions were variable in the COI data set. The NJ and MP trees were nearly identical, and both supported the same general patterns: (1) the oysters in Weifang clustered together with C. ariakensis; (2) the oysters from other sites clustered together with C. gigas (Fig. 4). Haplotype 1 is identical to the C. gigas sequence, and Haplotypel 1 is identical to C. ariakensis.
Sequence divergence between Haplotypes 1-10 and Haplotypes 11-13 ranged from 16% to 16.7%. There was no divergence between Haplotype 1 and C. gigas, and between Haplotype 11 and C. ariakensis. The divergence between Haplotypes 2 ~ 10 and C. gigas was about 0.2% ~ 0.4%. The divergence between Haplotype 12 ~ 13 and C. ariakensis was 0.2%. These levels of divergence were consistent with intraspecific in·tra·spe·cif·ic also in·tra·spe·cies
Arising or occurring within a species: intraspecific competition. variation and considerably smaller than that between C. gigas and C. sikamea (9.74%) and that between C. gigas and C. angulata (2.46%). Divergences between the 13 haplotypes of this study and that of C. sikamea, C. ariakensis, S. cucullata were too high (9.74% to 31.70%) to be conspecific con·spe·cif·ic
Of or belonging to the same species.
An organism belonging to the same species as another.
Noun 1. (Table 5).
Nuclear 28S rRNA Sequence
A 945 bp fragment of the nuclear 28S rRNA gene was sequenced for all 54 oysters collected in this study. Only two haplotypes were identified: one (Haplotype 1) for the 48 oysters from ZH, ZZD, DL, DY, RC, RS, QD, and LYG and the other (Haplotype 2) for the six oysters from Weifang.
Phylogenetic analysis was conducted with the two haplotypes identified in this study and reference sequences from GenBank: C. gigas (AF 137051), C. ariakensis (AF137052), C. virginica (AF137050), C. rhizophorae (AF137049), C. belcheri (Z29545), S. cucullata (Z29553), S. commercialis (Z29552), and C. sikamea (AY632554). S. cucullata was used as an outgroup. Including the outgroup, 33 nucleotide positions were variable in the 28S data set. In NJ and MP trees, oysters from Weifang formed one clade with C. ariakensis, and oysters from other sites were identified with C. gigas (Fig. 5).
No divergence was observed between Haplotype 1 and C. gigas and between Haplotype 2 and C. ariakensis, and the oysters collected in this study were clearly different from C. sikamea, S. cucullata, and A. plicatula (Table 6).
Classification of the Oysters in North China
The taxonomic status of the oysters in north China has been the subject of much confusion. Because the oysters are typically found on intertidal rocks, their morphological characteristics vary greatly because of the stressful and variable environment they live in. Consequently, classification based on shell characteristics has been difficult, and different studies have reached different conclusions (Zhang & Lou 1956, Qi 1989, Li & Qi 1994, Xu & Huang 1993). The existence of C. gigas and C. rivularis in north China is well accepted, although the two species have often been misidentified by different authors (Zhang & Lou 1956, Li & Qi 1994). It has been shown that the C. rivularis from Bohai Sea Bohai Sea (Chinese: ; Pinyin: Bó Hăi), also known as Bohai Bay or Bohai Gulf, is the innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea on the coast of northeastern China. in north China is the same species as C. ariakensis (Wang et al. 2004). Two questions remain unresolved: (1) what species are the small oysters that are commonly found in intertidal zones along the northern coast? and (2) is C. talienwhanensis an independent species?
The Small Intertidal Oysters
The small intertidal oysters from north China were first named the monk-hat oyster (O. cucullata) by Zhang & Lou (1956) and then the folded oyster C. plicatula by Zhao et al. (1982). After analyzing anatomic characteristics, Li & Qi (1994) concluded that neither classification was correct, and the small intertidal oysters were actually C. gigas. On the other hand, a genetic analysis suggested that C. plicatula was an independent species (Liu & Dai 1998).
In this study, we collected the common oysters from nine sites and sequenced three gene fragments for phylogenetic analysis. Our data support Li & Qi's (1994) classification that the small intertidal oysters from all sites (except Weifang) are C. gigas. This is clear from all three genes studied. At the mtl6S gene, the common haplotype shared by 96% of the oysters from the eight sites (excluding Weifang) are identical to that of C. gigas. The remaining two haplotypes are minor variants of C. gigas haplotypes, as shown by the small sequence divergences (Table 3). For the mtCOI gene, although many haplotypes are observed, the common haplotypes are identical with that of C. gigas, and all other haplotypes are minor variants and closely clustered with C. gigas (Fig. 4). The highly conserved 28S rRNA genes show that all intertidal oysters have the same haplotypes as C. gigas.
The small intertidal oysters are clearly not O. cucullata or C. plicatula, two species now known as S. cucullata and A. plicatula, respectively (Li & Qi 1994). This is evident from both morphological and molecular data. The molecular data show that the divergence between the oysters sampled in this study and S. cucullata is larger than that between any sister-species within Crassostrea. Similarly, oysters from this study are clearly not the folded oyster (A. plicatula) as indicated by large divergences in mtl6S and 28S sequences (Table 3 and 6).
Except for the small size, the intertidal oysters collected in this study have similar characteristics as C. gigas (Li & Qi 1994, Torigoe 1981, Okutani 2000), albeit more variable. The small size is probably caused by limitations in food as a consequence of living in the intertidal zone. The strong wave action may also force oysters to stick close to the substrate, causing the shells to be flat and irregular in shape.
The Large Subtidal Oysters from Weifang
In shell morphology and DNA sequences, oysters collected from deep waters at Weifang are different from oysters from other sites. In morphology, the Weifang oysters have distinctive smooth shells with layered concentric plates and a white adductor muscle scar. In DNA sequence, all three genes show that the Weifang oysters are different from oysters from other sites (shared no haplotypes). Phylogenetic analysis clearly indicates that the Weifang oysters, which are referred to as jinjiang or near-river oyster C. rivularis locally, are indeed C. ariakensis. This finding is in agreement with our previous studies (Wang et al. 2004, Wang 2004). The shell morphology of the Weifang oyster is almost identical to that of C. ariakensis from Ariake Bay in Japan (Okutani 2000).
Status of the Dalianwan Oyster (C. talenwhanesis)
Some believe C. talienwhanensis is an independent species (Zhang & Lou 1956, Liu & Dai 1988), whereas others consider it a synonym synonym (sĭn`ənĭm) [Gr.,=having the same name], word having a meaning that is the same as or very similar to the meaning of another word of the same language. Some are alike in some meanings only, as live and dwell. of C. gigas (Li & Qi 1994). We consciously collected oysters from three sites in and around Dalian. Some of the oysters we collected, especially those from Dalian and Dongying had obvious radial ribs and purple strips that are characteristic of C. talienwhanesis. However, the molecular data indicate that they are the same species as C. gigas. It is possible that our sampling missed true C talienwhanensis, but available data from this study do not support the existence of the Dalianwan oyster (C. talienwhanensis) as an independent species.
Lapegue et al. (2004) reanalyzed the sequences of Yu et al. (2003) and showed that some of the C. talienwhanensis sequences are possibly C. angulata. Our analysis finds no C. angulata from Dalian or any of the nine sites in north China. The COI haplotypes obtained from this study are clearly different from that of C. angulata (Table 5). In another analysis of thousands of oysters from China, we observed C. angulata in southern China but never north of Yangtze River (Guo et al. 2006). It is possible that our sampling missed C. angulata from north China. It is also possible that the C. angulata samples of Yu et al. (2003) may not be native to Dalian as there is considerable cross-regional transportation of oyster seed in China. Anyway, further research is needed to determine if there is C. angulata in north China.
In summary, this study provides clear molecular evidence that the common oysters from north China belong to two species: the small intertidal oysters are C. gigas and the large subtidal oysters from Weifang are C. ariakensis. We see no evidence for the existence of C. angulata and C. talienwhanensis in Dalian, and the latter is probably synonymous with synonymous with
adjective equivalent to, the same as, identical to, similar to, identified with, equal to, tantamount to, interchangeable with, one and the same as C. gigas.
The authors thank Fengshan Xu, Suping Zhang, and Xiaoxu Li for advice on oyster taxonomy. This work is supported by grants from National Science Foundation of China (No.40406032 to Wang, No. 39825121 to Guo and No. 40730845 to Zhang), SEPAC SEPAC Special Education Parent Advisory Council
SEPAC Space Experiments with Particle Accelerators
SEPAC Space Experiment with Particle Accelerators (species 07-2-9), and the US NOAA NOAA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Noun 1. NOAA - an agency in the Department of Commerce that maps the oceans and conserves their living resources; predicts changes to the earth's environment; CBO CBO
See: Collateralized Bond Obligation. Non-native Oyster Research Program (NA04NMF NMF
An abbreviation for "no meaningful figure". You'll often see this when comparing financial data among companies where a certain ratio or figure isn't applicable.
For example, if company has negative earnings, it cannot have a P/E ratio. 4570424). This is contribution No. IMCS-2008-7 and NJSG-08-688.
Felsenstein, J. 1989. PHYLIP--Phylogeny Inference Package (Version 3.2). Cladistics cladistics (klədĭs`tĭks) or phylogenetic systematics (fī'lōjənĕt`ĭk) 5:164-166.
Folmer, O., M. Black, W. Hoeh, R. Lutz & R. Vrijenhoek. 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV (PDB 2OCC, EC 188.8.131.52) is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria and the mitochondrion. Function
It is the last protein in the electron transport chain. subunit I from diverse metazoan metazoan
member of the zoological division of Metazoa. invertebrate invertebrate (ĭn'vûr`təbrət, –brāt'), any animal lacking a backbone. The invertebrates include the tunicates and lancelets of phylum Chordata, as well as all animal phyla other than Chordata. . Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 3:294-299.
Guo, X., S. Ford & F. Zhang. 1999. Molluscan mol·lus·can also mol·lus·kan
Of or relating to the mollusks.
A mollusk. aquaculture aquaculture, the raising and harvesting of fresh- and saltwater plants and animals. The most economically important form of aquaculture is fish farming, an industry that accounts for an ever increasing share of world fisheries production. in China. J. Shellfish shellfish, popular name for certain edible mollusks (see Mollusca), e.g., oysters, clams, and scallops, and for certain edible crustaceans, e.g., crabs, lobsters, and shrimps. All are aquatic invertebrates with shells; they are not fish. Res. 18:19-31.
Guo, X., G. Zhang, L. Qian, H. Wang, X. Liu & A. Wang. 2006. Oysters and oyster farming Oyster farming is an aquaculture practice in which oysters are raised for human consumption. Oyster farming most likely developed in tandem with Pearl farming, a similar practice in which oysters are farmed for the purpose of developing pearls. in China: a review. J. Shellfish Res. 25:734.
Kim, S., S. Lee, D. Park & H. An. 2000. Phylogenetic relationship among four species of Korean oysters based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA and COl gene. Korean J. Biol. Sci. 16:203-211.
Kimura, M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 16:111-120.
Lapegue, S., M. Frederico, S. Heurtebise, Z. Yu & P. Boudry. 2004. Evidence for the presence of the Portuguese oyster, Crassostrea angulata, in Northern China. J. Shellfish Res. 23:759-763.
Li, X. & Z. Qi. 1994. Studies on the comparative anatomy comparative anatomy: see anatomy. , systematic classification and evolution of Chinese oysters. Studia Marina Sinica 35:143-173. (In Chinese)
Liu, B. & J. Dai. 1998. Studies on genetic diversity of oysters of genus Crassostrea Noun 1. genus Crassostrea - Virginia oysters
mollusk genus - a genus of mollusks
family Ostreidae, Ostreidae - oysters
Virginia oyster - common edible oyster of Atlantic coast of North America . J. Fish. China 22:193-198. (In Chinese)
Moore, D. 1993. Preparation of genomic DNA genomic DNA
The full complement of DNA contained in the genome of a cell or organism. from mammalian tissue. In: F. M. Ausubel, editors. Current protocols in molecular biology molecular biology, scientific study of the molecular basis of life processes, including cellular respiration, excretion, and reproduction. The term molecular biology was coined in 1938 by Warren Weaver, then director of the natural sciences program at the Rockefeller . Vol. 1. New York New York, state, United States
New York, Middle Atlantic state of the United States. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontario and the Canadian province of : John Wiley John Wiley may refer to:
Moore, R.C., C. Teichert, L. Mccormick & R.B. Williams. 1971. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (or TIP) published by the Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press, is a definitive multi-authored work of some 50 volumes, written by more than 300 paleontologists, and covering every phylum, class, order, , Part N, 3(3). Lawrence: The Geological Society of America The Geological Society of America (or GSA) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of the geosciences. The society was founded in New York in 1888 by James Hall, James D. , Inc. and the University of Kansas The University of Kansas (often referred to as KU or just Kansas) is an institution of higher learning in Lawrence, Kansas. The main campus resides atop Mount Oread. .
Okutani, T. 2000. Marine mollusks in Japan. Shizuoka: Tokai University. pp. 923-927.
Palumbi, S. R., A. Martin & S. Romano. 1991. The simple fool's guide to PCR. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press The University of Hawaiʻi Press is a university press that is part of the University of Hawaiʻi. .
Park, J. K. & D. O. Foighil. 2000. Sphaeriid and corbiculid clam represent separate heterodont bivalve bivalve, aquatic mollusk of the class Pelecypoda ("hatchet-foot") or Bivalvia, with a laterally compressed body and a shell consisting of two valves, or movable pieces, hinged by an elastic ligament. radiations into freshwater environments. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 14:75-88.
Qi, Z. 1989. Mollusk mollusk: see Mollusca.
or mollusc
Any of some 75,000 species of soft-bodied invertebrate animals (phylum Mollusca), many of which are wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by the mantle, a soft of Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. Beijing: Agricultural Publishing House. pp. 176-180. (In Chinese).
Thompson, J. D., D. G. Higgins & T. J. Gibson. 1994. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment A multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is a sequence alignment of three or more biological sequences, generally protein, DNA, or RNA. In general, the input set of query sequences are assumed to have an evolutionary relationship by which they share a lineage and are descended from a through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids
The cellular molecules DNA and RNA that act as coded instructions for the production of proteins and are copied for transmission of inherited traits. Res. 22:4672-4680.
Torigoe, K. 1981. Oysters in Japan. J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ. Ser. B. Div. 129:291-481.
Wang, H., X. Guo, G. Zhang & F. Zhang. 2004. Classification of jinjiang oysters Crassostrea rivularis (Gould, 1861) from China based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. Aquaculture 242:137-155.
Wang, H. 2004. Studies on the molecular phylogeny Molecular phylogeny is the use of the structure of molecules to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a so-called phylogenetic tree.
Every living organism contains DNA, RNA, and proteins. and taxonomy of common oysters in China seas. Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (Simplified Chinese: 中国科学院; Pinyin: Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn), formerly known as Academia Sinica , Qingdao.
Xu, F. & X. Huang. 1993. The new record of Ostreacea in China sea. Studia Marina Sinica 34:175-179. (in Chinese)
Yu, Z., X. Kong, L. Zhang, X. Guo & J. Xiang. 2003. Taxonomic status of four Crassostrea oysters from China as inferred from mitochondriai DNA sequences. J. Shellfish Res. 22:31-38.
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(1) Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic People's Republic
A political organization founded and controlled by a national Communist party. of China," (2) Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences The Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences (IMCS) focuses on marine science-related education and research. IMCS was founded in 1993 on the Cook Campus at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. , Rutgers University Rutgers University, main campus at New Brunswick, N.J.; land-grant and state supported; coeducational except for Douglass College; chartered 1766 as Queen's College, opened 1771. Campuses and Facilities
Rutgers maintains three campuses. , 6959 Miller Avenue, New Jersey 08349
* Corresponding author. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
TABLE 1. Location and number of oysters sequenced. Location Code No. Sequenced Zhuanghe, Liaoning Province ZH 6 Zhangzidao, Liaoning Province ZZD 6 Dalian, Liaoning Province DL 6 Dongying, Shandong Province DY 6 Weifang, Shandong Province WF 6 Rongcheng, Shandong Province RC 6 Rushan, Shandong Province RS 6 Qingdao, Shandong Province QD 6 Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province LYG 6 TABLE 2. Distribution of the five 16S rRNA haplotypes obtained in this study. Haplotype Site 1 2 3 4 5 ZH 6 0 0 0 0 ZZD 6 0 0 0 0 DL 6 0 0 0 0 DY 5 1 0 0 0 WF 0 0 0 5 1 RC 6 0 0 0 0 RS 6 0 0 0 0 QD 5 0 1 0 0 LYG 6 0 0 0 0 TABLE 3. Pair-wise divergence among five mt16S rRNA haplotypes obtained in this study (1-5) and reference species. 1 2 3 4 5 1 (all) 0 2 (DY) 0.0021 0 3 (QD) 0.0021 0.0043 0 C. gigas 0.0000 0.0021 0.0021 0 C. sikamea 0.0173 0.0195 0.0195 0.0173 0 4 (WF) 0.0488 0.0510 0.0510 0.0488 0.0442 5 (WF) 0.0465 0.0488 0.0488 0.0465 0.0419 C. ariakensis 0.0465 0.0488 0.0488 0.0465 0.0419 C. hongkongensis 0.0239 0.0261 0.0261 0.0239 0.0239 C. gasar 0.1967 0.1967 0.1995 0.1967 0.1908 C. rhizophorae 0.1859 0.1859 0.1831 0.1859 0.1884 C. virginica 0.2027 0.206 0.1993 0.2027 0.2156 S. cucullata 0.1772 0.1799 0.1744 0.1772 0.1747 Alectryonella plicatula 0.2165 0.2195 0.2135 0.2165 0.2139 6 7 8 9 10 1 (all) 2 (DY) 3 (QD) C. gigas C. sikamea 4 (WF) 0 5 (WF) 0.0021 0 C. ariakensis 0.0000 0.0036 0 C. hongkongensis 0.0285 0.0263 0.0307 0 C. gasar 0.1995 0.1995 0.1967 0.1967 0 C. rhizophorae 0.2034 0.2034 0.2005 0.1943 0.1181 C. virginica 0.2305 0.2271 0.2271 0.2194 0.2349 S. cucullata 0.1744 0.1717 0.1717 0.1690 0.2567 Alectryonella plicatula 0.1980 0.1980 0.1951 0.2046 0.2960 11 12 13 14 1 (all) 2 (DY) 3 (QD) C. gigas C. sikamea 4 (WF) 5 (WF) C. ariakensis C. hongkongensis C. gasar C. rhizophorae 0 C. virginica 0.1446 0 S. cucullata 0.2335 0.2913 0 Alectryonella plicatula 0.2576 0.3308 0.1744 0 TABLE 4. Distribution of 13 mt COI haplotypes obtained in this study. Haplotype Site 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ZH 4 0 0 0 1 1 0 ZZD 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 DL 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 DY 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 WF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RC 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 RS 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 QD 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 LYG 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 Haplotype Site 8 9 10 11 12 13 ZH 0 0 0 0 0 0 ZZD 0 1 1 0 0 0 DL 0 0 0 0 0 0 DY 0 0 0 0 0 0 WF 0 0 0 4 1 1 RC 0 0 0 0 0 0 RS 1 0 0 0 0 0 QD 0 0 0 0 0 0 LYG 0 0 0 0 0 0 TABLE 5. Pair-wise divergence among 13 COI sequences obtained in this study and reference species. 1 2 3 4 5 1 (all) 0 2(DL) 0.0017 0 3(DY) 0.0017 0.0035 0 4(QD) 0.0035 0.0052 0.0052 0 5(ZH) 0.0017 0.0035 0.0035 0.0052 0 6(ZH) 0.0035 0.0052 0.0052 0.0070 0.0052 7(RC) 0.0017 0.0035 0.0035 0.0052 0.0035 8(RS) 0.0017 0.0035 0.0035 0.0052 0.0035 9(ZZD) 0.0017 0.0035 0.0035 0.0017 0.0035 10(ZZD) 0.0017 0.0035 0.0035 0.0052 0.0035 C. gigas 0.0000 0.0017 0.0017 0.0035 0.0017 C. angulata 0.0246 0.0246 0.0263 0.0281 0.0263 C. sikamea 0.0974 0.0995 0.0994 0.0974 0.0994 11(WF) 0.1622 0.162 0.1643 0.1622 0.1601 12(WF) 0.1643 0.1641 0.1664 0.1643 0.1622 13(WF) 0.1645 0.1643 0.1666 0.1645 0.1624 C. ariakens 0.1622 0.162 0.1643 0.1622 0.1601 C. hongkong 0.1327 0.1349 0.1347 0.1327 0.1347 C. nippona 0.1618 0.1616 0.1639 0.1639 0.1639 C. belcheri 0.1777 0.1775 0.1799 0.1777 0.1756 C. iredalei 0.1817 0.1793 0.1839 0.1861 0.1795 C. virginica 0.2677 0.2705 0.2702 0.2726 0.2652 S. cucullata 0.3143 0.3139 0.3170 0.3117 0.3170 6 7 8 9 10 1 (all) 2(DL) 3(DY) 4(QD) 5(ZH) 6(ZH) 0 7(RC) 0.0052 0 8(RS) 0.0052 0.0035 0 9(ZZD) 0.0052 0.0035 0.0035 0 10(ZZD) 0.0052 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0 C. gigas 0.0035 0.0017 0.0017 0.0017 0.0017 C. angulata 0.0281 0.0263 0.0263 0.0263 0.0228 C. sikamea 0.1013 0.0994 0.0994 0.0955 0.0955 11(WF) 0.1622 0.1643 0.1643 0.1601 0.1622 12(WF) 0.1643 0.1664 0.1664 0.1622 0.1643 13(WF) 0.1645 0.1666 0.1666 0.1624 0.1645 C. ariakens 0.1622 0.1643 0.1643 0.1601 0.1622 C. hongkong 0.1368 0.1347 0.1347 0.1306 0.1347 C. nippona 0.1660 0.1639 0.1618 0.1618 0.1639 C. belcheri 0.1777 0.1756 0.1777 0.1799 0.1756 C. iredalei 0.1817 0.1839 0.1839 0.1839 0.1795 C. virginica 0.2677 0.2652 0.2677 0.2702 0.2677 S. cucullata 0.3143 0.3170 0.3117 0.3117 0.3143 11 12 13 14 15 1 (all) 2(DL) 3(DY) 4(QD) 5(ZH) 6(ZH) 7(RC) 8(RS) 9(ZZD) 10(ZZD) C. gigas 0 C. angulata 0.0246 0 C. sikamea 0.0974 0.0960 0 11(WF) 0.1622 0.1680 0.1660 0 12(WF) 0.1643 0.170 0.1680 0.0020 0 13(WF) 0.1645 0.1710 0.1660 0.0020 0.0040 C. ariakens 0.1622 0.1680 0.1660 0.0000 0.0020 C. hongkong 0.1327 0.1390 0.1480 0.1400 0.1380 C. nippona 0.1618 0.170 0.1630 0.1500 0.1480 C. belcheri 0.1777 0.1750 0.1660 0.1740 0.1760 C. iredalei 0.1817 0.1790 0.1900 0.1780 0.1800 C. virginica 0.2677 0.2670 0.2740 0.2970 0.2990 S. cucullata 0.3143 0.3140 0.3350 0.3350 0.3380 16 17 18 19 20 1 (all) 2(DL) 3(DY) 4(QD) 5(ZH) 6(ZH) 7(RC) 8(RS) 9(ZZD) 10(ZZD) C. gigas C. angulata C. sikamea 11(WF) 12(WF) 13(WF) 0 C. ariakens 0.0020 0 C. hongkong 0.1420 0.1400 0 C. nippona 0.1520 0.1500 0.1280 0 C. belcheri 0.1740 0.1740 0.1790 0.1790 0 C. iredalei 0.1780 0.1780 0.1750 0.1650 0.1770 C. virginica 0.2940 0.2970 0.2820 0.270 0.2760 S. cucullata 0.3350 0.3350 0.3320 0.3170 0.3280 21 22 23 1 (all) 2(DL) 3(DY) 4(QD) 5(ZH) 6(ZH) 7(RC) 8(RS) 9(ZZD) 10(ZZD) C. gigas C. angulata C. sikamea 11(WF) 12(WF) 13(WF) C. ariakens C. hongkong C. nippona C. belcheri C. iredalei 0 C. virginica 0.2810 0 S. cucullata 0.2970 0.4000 0 TABLE 6. Pair-wise divergence among two 28S rRNA sequences obtained from this study and reference species. 1 2 3 4 1 (all) 0 C. gigas 0.0000 0 2 (WF) 0.0111 0.0111 0 C. ariakensis 0.0111 0.0111 0.0000 0 C. sikameal 0.0033 0.0033 0.0100 0.0100 C.sikamea2 0.0022 0.0022 0.0089 0.0089 C. belcheri 0.0271 0.0271 0.0294 0.0294 C. rhizophorae 0.0798 0.0798 0.0797 0.0797 C. virginica 0.0684 0.0684 0.0707 0.0707 S. cucullata 0.0685 0.0685 0.0709 0.0709 Alectryone plicatula 0.0957 0.0957 0.0983 0.0983 5 6 7 8 1 (all) C. gigas 2 (WF) C. ariakensis C. sikameal 0 C.sikamea2 0.0000 0 C. belcheri 0.0260 0.0249 0 C. rhizophorae 0.0835 0.0824 0.0853 0 C. virginica 0.0709 0.0697 0.0774 0.0848 S. cucullata 0.0711 0.0699 0.0776 0.0876 Alectryone plicatula 0.0970 0.0959 0.1130 0.1222 9 10 11 1 (all) C. gigas 2 (WF) C. ariakensis C. sikameal C.sikamea2 C. belcheri C. rhizophorae C. virginica 0 S. cucullata 0.0090 0 Alectryone plicatula 0.0807 0.0835 0
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A log of biological and sea ice observations made at Mawson station between 1977 and 1978 [Biology_Log_Mawson_1977_1978]
This file contains a log of biological observations undertaken at Mawson station between 1977 and 1978. The observed animals include: Weddell Seals, Skuas, Snow Petrels, Wilson's Storm Petrels, Pintado ...
Iceberg Capsize Kinematics and Energetics [MacAyeal_Iceberg_capsize]
To investigate the physics of iceberg capsize, a laboratory-scale experimental apparatus was created to simulate iceberg calving and capsize (and other phenomena) at a 1/100,000 scale. The data set ...
A log of biological and sea ice observations made at Mawson station between 1971 and 1974 [Biology_Log_Mawson_1971_1974]
This file contains a log of biological observations undertaken at Mawson station between 1971 and 1974. The observed animals include: Wilson's Storm Petrels, Petrels, Giant Petrels, Skuas, Emperor ...
Glacier Mass Balance and Regime Measurements and Analysis, 1945-2003 [G10002]
This data set consists of glacier regime parameters observed between 1945 and 2003. Data include annual mass balances, ablation, accumulation, and equilibrium-line altitude of mountain and subpolar ...
Glacier Monitoring Protocol for the Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program [usgsbrdasc00000003]
Denali National Park and Preserve is a unique laboratory for glacier research because of its extensive ice cover. Fully 17% of Denali's six million acres is currently covered by glacier ice. These ...
Greenland Snow Pit and Core Stratigraphy (Analog and Digital Formats) [G10004]
This data set is comprised of scientific field study notebooks from geologist Carl S. Benson describing his traverses of Greenland from 1952 to 1955. The notebooks contain data on Greenland snow accumulation, ...
NOAA/NSIDC Climate Data Record of Passive Microwave Sea Ice Concentration [G02202]
This data set provides a Climate Data Record (CDR) of sea ice concentration from passive microwave data. It provides a consistent, daily and monthly time series of sea ice concentrations from 09 July ...
Unified Sea Ice Thickness Climate Data Record Collection Spanning 1947-2012 [G10006]
The Unified Sea Ice Thickness Climate Data Record is the result of a concerted effort to collect as many observations as possible of Arctic sea-ice draft, freeboard, and thickness and to format them ...
Weather Monitoring Protocol for the Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program at Denali National Park and Preserve [usgsbrdasc00000002]
The National Park Service initiated research in Denali National Park and Preserve in 1992 to develop and test protocols for long-term ecological monitoring. The initial focus of LTEM research in Denali ...
AIDJEX Beaufort Sea Upward Looking Sonar April 1976 [G02191]
This data contains Upward Looking Sonar (ULS) profiles of the underside of the Arctic pack ice along three transects whose total length is 777 nautical miles. The data were obtained by the USS Gurnard ...
An Electronic Atlas of Great Lakes Ice Cover, Winters 1973-2002 [G02166]
This dataset is distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL). The atlas contains data on over 1200 digitized Great ...
Arctic Sea Ice Melt Pond Statistics and Maps, 1999-2001 [G02159]
Visible band imagery from high-resolution satellites were acquired over four Arctic Ocean sites (three in 1999) during the summers of 1999, 2000, and 2001. The sites were within the median extent ...
Barnes Ice Cap South Dome Trilateration Net Survey Data 1970-1984 [G02178]
The Barnes Ice Cap data set contains survey measurements of a network of 43 stakes along a 10 km flow line on the northeast flank of the south dome of the Barnes Ice Cap. The measurements are of mass ...
Canadian Ice Service Arctic Regional Sea Ice Charts in SIGRID-3 Format [G02171]
The Canadian Ice Service (CIS) produces digital Arctic regional sea ice charts for marine navigation, climate research, and input to the Global Digital Sea Ice Data Bank (GDSIDB). The ice charts are ...
Good Days on the Trail, 1938-1942: Film Footage of the Rocky Mountains, Colorado [G02175]
This film documents student hiking trips conducted by the University of Colorado at Boulder in the Rocky Mountains, Colorado, USA during the summers of 1938-1942. The hikes took place in various ...
IMS Daily Northern Hemisphere Snow and Ice Analysis at 4 km and 24 km Resolution [G02156]
The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has an extensive history of monitoring snow and ice ...
Ice Draft and Ice Velocity Data in the Beaufort Sea, 1990-2003 [G02177]
This data set provides measurement of sea ice draft (m) and the movement of sea ice (cm/s) over the continental shelf of the Eastern Beaufort Sea. The data set spans April 1990 to September 2003. ...
International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958: Drifting Station Alpha Documentary Film [G02184]
This film documents the activities that occurred on Drifting Station Alpha in the Arctic Ocean during the International Geophysical Year, 1957 to 1958. The film is narrated by project leader, Norbert ...
International Polar Year Historical Data and Literature [G02201]
The International Polar Year Historical Data and Literature collection (formerly known as the Discovery and Access of Historic Literature from the IPYs (DAHLI) project) is an online data collection ...
Multisensor Analyzed Sea Ice Extent - Northern Hemisphere (MASIE-NH) [G02186]
The Multisensor Analyzed Sea Ice Extent ? Northern Hemisphere (MASIE-NH) products provide measurements of daily sea ice extent and sea ice edge boundary for the Northern Hemisphere and 16 Arctic regions ...
National Ice Center Arctic Sea Ice Charts and Climatologies in Gridded Format [G02172]
The U.S. National Ice Center (NIC) is an inter-agency sea ice analysis and forecasting center comprised of the Department of Commerce/NOAA, the Department of Defense/U.S. Navy, and the Department ...
SCICEX: The Science Ice Exercise [G02187]
The Science Ice Exercise (SCICEX) program is a collaboration between the U.S. Navy and the marine research community to utilize nuclear-powered submarines for the study of the Arctic Ocean. Unlike ...
Sea Ice Charts of the Russian Arctic in Gridded Format, 1933-2006 [G02176]
The Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) in St. Petersburg, Russia, produces sea ice charts for safety of navigation in the polar regions and for other operational and scientific purposes. ...
Sea Ice Edge Location and Extent in the Russian Arctic, 1933-2006 [G02182]
The Sea Ice Edge Location and Extent in the Russian Arctic, 1933-2006 data are derived from sea ice charts from the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), St. Petersburg, Russia. Provided ...
Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) Data Products at NSIDC [G02158]
Notice: If you are having difficulties subsetting SNODAS data via Polaris, please contact
. This data set contains output from the NOAA National ...
Timing and Statistics of Autumn and Spring Annual Snow Cover for the Northern Hemisphere [G02168]
The National Snow and Ice Data Center hosts a time-series data set comprising annual snow cover data for the Northern Hemisphere (covering land primarily over 45 degrees North) from 1972 to 2000. ...
AMSR-E/Aqua 5-Day L3 Global Snow Water Equivalent EASE-Grids [AE_5DSno]
The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of terrestrial, ...
Arctic and Southern Ocean Sea Ice Concentrations [G00799]
Monthly sea ice concentration for Arctic (1901 to 1995) and Southern oceans (1973 to 1990) were digitized on a standard 1-degree grid (cylindrical projection) to provide a relatively uniform set of ...
Central Asian Snow Cover from Hydrometeorological Surveys [G01171]
The Central Asian Snow Cover from Hydrometeorological Surveys data are based on observations made by personnel for three river basins: Amu Darya, Sir Darya, and Naryn. These observations include end ...
Estonian Mean Snow Depth and Duration (1891-1994) [G01174]
This data set contains the number of days of snow cover in days per year, and three 10-day snow depth means per month in centimeters from stations across Estonia. The days of snow cover data extend ...
Former Soviet Union Hydrological Snow Surveys, 1966-1996 [G01170]
The Former Soviet Union Hydrological Snow Surveys are based on observations made by personnel at 1,345 sites throughout the Former Soviet Union between 1966 and 1990, and over 200 of those sites between ...
GLERL Great Lakes Ice Concentration Data Base, 1960-1979 [G00804]
Ice concentration grids for 1960 to 1979 are archived for half-month periods, generally December through April. Data values are coded to the nearest ten percent for each 5 x 5 km grid square. A file ...
GLERL Great Lakes Ice Thickness Data Base, 1966-1979 [G00803]
During the winters of 1965/66 through 1976/77, NOAA/Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) collected weekly ice thickness and stratigraphy data at up to 90 stations per year on the ...
GLERL Radiation Transfer Through Freshwater Ice [G00802]
Radiation transmittance (ratio of transmitted to incident radiation) through clear ice, refrozen slush ice and brash ice, from ice surface to ice-water interface in the 400 to 600 nanometer range ...
Glacier Photograph Collection [G00472]
The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) in Boulder, Colorado houses many photographic prints of glaciers, taken both from the air and from the ground. These photographs constitute an important ...
Great Lakes Aerial Photos of Ice Conditions [G00494]
The collection consists of approximately 50,000 high-quality negatives and transparencies showing ice cover impact on navigation or hydroelectric operation from 1963 to 1973. Coverage is not systematic ...
Great Lakes Daily Ice Observations at NOAA Water Level Gauge Sites [G00945]
Ice type codes, recorded daily from 1 November - 30 April by cooperative observers at up to 39 NOAA/National Ocean Service water level gauge sites on the Great Lakes, 1955/56 to 1996/97, are archived. ...
Great Lakes Ice Charts [G00486]
Charts show ice extent and concentration three times weekly during the ice season, for all lakes except Ontario, from the 1973/74 ice season through the 2001/2002 ice season. Most charts are annotated ...
Great Lakes Surface Ice Reports from U.S. Coast Guard [G00805]
Data consist of ice observations from U.S. Coast Guard vessels operating on the Great Lakes, and from Coast Guard shore stations reported via teletype messages and ice logging forms. Observations ...
Historical Soviet Daily Snow Depth (HSDSD) [G01092]
The Historical Soviet Daily Snow Depth Version 2 (HSDSD) product on CD-ROM updates and replaces HSDSD Version 1. The new version contains an additional ten years of data, improved data quality control, ...
IABP Drifting Buoy Pressure, Temperature, Position, and Interpolated Ice Velocity [G00791]
The International Arctic Buoy Programme (IABP) maintains a network of drifting buoys to provide meteorological and oceanographic data for real-time operational requirements and research purposes including ...
International Ice Patrol (IIP) Iceberg Sightings Database [G00807]
The International Ice Patrol (IIP) collects information on iceberg activity in the North Atlantic. The IIP area of responsibility prior to 2006 was 40 to 52 degrees North latitude and 39 to 57 degrees ...
International Ice Patrol Iceberg Drift Tracks [G00874]
The International Ice Patrol (IIP) tracks, plots and predicts iceberg positions in the North Atlantic Ocean. The IIP area of responsibility is 40 to 52 degrees North, 39 to 57 degrees West. During ...
NOAA/NMC/CAC Arctic and Antarctic Monthly Sea Ice Extent, 1973-1990 [G00917]
Sea ice extent from January 1973 through August 1990 was digitized from weekly operational sea ice charts produced by the Navy/NOAA Joint Ice Center. Charts were digitized by hand using a 1 degree ...
Polar Ice Sounding and Geomagnetics [G00790]
Data addresses ice thickness and related geomagnetics generated during remote sensing flights over Antarctica and Greenland. Digital records include date, time and geographic position for correlation ...
Pre-IceBridge ATM L0 Raw Ranges [BLATM0]
The NASA Pre-IceBridge ATM L0 Raw Ranges (BLATM0) data set contains raw elevation range measurements using the NASA Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) instrumentation. The data are stored in binary ...
Pre-IceBridge ATM L1B Qfit Elevation and Return Strength [BLATM1B]
The NASA Pre-IceBridge ATM Level-1B Qfit Elevation and Return Strength (BLATM1B) data set contains spot elevation measurements of Arctic, Greenland, and Antarctic sea ice and ice surface acquired ...
Pre-IceBridge ATM L2 Icessn Elevation, Slope, and Roughness [BLATM2]
The NASA Pre-IceBridge ATM Level-2 Icessn Elevation, Slope, and Roughness (BLATM2) data set contains resampled and smoothed elevation measurements of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, and Greenland, Antarctic ...
Pre-IceBridge MCoRDS L1B Geolocated Radar Echo Strength Profiles [BRMCR1B]
The Pre-IceBridge MCoRDS L1B Geolocated Radar Echo Strength Profiles (BRMCR1B) data set contains Arctic and Antarctic radio echo-sounding measurements taken from the Multichannel Coherent Radar Depth ...
Pre-IceBridge MCoRDS L2 Ice Thickness [BRMCR2]
The NASA Pre-IceBridge MCoRDS Level-2 Ice Thickness (BRMCR2) data set contains depth sounder measurements over Greenland and Antarctica taken from the Multichannel Coherent Radar Depth Sounder (MCoRDS). ...
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text: Diane Kruger in Shorts and Converse | Photos Diane Kruger Gives Her Sweet Tooth a Treat During a Fro-Yo Run by Maria Mercedes Lara 4/18/13 5 Reactions 33 Shares Print 15 3 15 0 0 Diane Kruger went on a stylish errand run in LA yesterday. She wore denim cutoffs and patterned Converse as she moved a few boxes with a friend and grabbed a frozen yogurt treat. Diane has been keeping it casual over the past few days after she hit up the laid-back style event of the year, Coachella, with Joshua Jackson over the weekend. Despite her music festival trip, Diane has been busy with work over the past few weeks, including being named the face of Chanel skin care and preparing for her new FX series, The Bridge, which begins filming this month. Source: Bauer-Griffin Online What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Diane Kruger grabbed yogurt in LA. Source: Bauer-Griffin Online 1 / 6 What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Diane Kruger carried a box. Source: Bauer-Griffin Online 2 / 6 What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Diane Kruger wore a blue sweater and denim cutoffs. Source: Bauer-Griffin Online 3 / 6 What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Source: Bauer-Griffin Online 4 / 6 What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Source: Bauer-Griffin Online 6 / 6 What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Source: Bauer-Griffin Online 6 / 6 15 3 15 0 0 Read More Diane Kruger Diane Kruger Celebrities Turn Coachella Into a Star-Studded Oasis 9 hours ago Who Wore It Better: Diane Kruger or Catwoman? 1 week ago Award Season Might Be Over, but That Didn't Keep These Celebs From the Gym! 3/07 Diane Kruger Wore 15 Braids at One Time! 3/04 Copy Diane Kruger's Sheer Black Lace (Starting at Just $30) 3/03 Party On! All the Best Oscars Bashes 3/02 Get a Personalized Celebrity & Entertainment Newsletter! Help us customize your newsletter by selecting your interests (optional): Diane Kruger Young Hollywood A Listers Celebrity Fashion What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Reactions Link Love Victoria Beckham shares 40 facts about herself — People Olivia Wilde and her baby bump are absolutely radiant — HuffPost Celebrity Kate Middleton gives a touching speech on Australian tour — Us Weekly James Franco tears down a critic on Instagram — Lainey Gossip This SNL star is heading to the big screen — ET Johnny Depp thinks Transcendence is a prediction of the future — Dlisted Shia LaBeouf did his good deed for the day — JustJared 22 times Stephen Colbert was actually perfect — BuzzFeed Mark Ruffalo tweets a pic from the Avengers set — Pink Is the New Blog Heather Graham tries something new on the red carpet — Hollywood Tuna Tracy Morgan expresses concern for Alec Baldwin — The Superficial Find out about Kim Kardashian and Beyoncé's LA run-in — PopBytes


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Once you rent our cozy cottage in Rainbow Bay on the island of Eleuthera, Bahamas you'll want to return to this island of natural beauty and warm, friendly people. Tranquil Seas is a comfy smoke-free cottage with Indonesian decor and bamboo matting on walls/ceilings, tiled countertops, Bali wood doors and bamboo trim. A separate laundry room is an added bonus that you don't find in many vacation homes on the island. We have completed lots of upgrades to the cottage that we know you will appreciate.
There is a master bedroom with full bath and walk-in closet at each end of the house providing privacy if you wish to share the cost with friends as well as an outside shower. A queen sized sleeper sofa in the living room allows the house to accommodate up to 6 persons in the home. Each bedroom has flat screen tv with dvd player. Flat screen in living room with dvd player and satellite programming. It is perfect for families or as a romantic getaway, Eleuthera is a wonderful place for couples because intimacy is easily obtained; no crowds, no noise. It's the perfect place to do as little or as much as you wish.
It is one of very few properties on the entire island with incredible panoramic views of both the Atlantic and the Caribbean side so you can sit on the front porch with your morning coffee and watch the sun rise and sit on the back porch in the evening with a frosty cold island drink and watch the sun set. Leave the sliding doors open in the bedrooms at night to catch the soft breeze, the sound of the surf, and see the cruise ships lit up in all of their glory cruising the Atlantic. Wake up to views of the sea without lifting your head off of the pillow. Gorgeous wide open water views from every room, you can see both seas at once from some rooms in the house.
Because of the close proximity of the ocean, cross breezes keep the cottage cool plus there are ceiling fans in each room and air conditioning for warm days/nights. Short walks will take you to beautiful picture-postcard secluded beaches, each with it's own unique beauty. No jet skiis, no vendors 'trolling' their wares to disturb you. Two sea kayaks are available for your unlimited use during your stay at no extra cost which is a big bonus since the kayak rental fee on the island is pricey.
The cottage is centrally located to enable you to explore more easily. There are quaint little shops to browse in and even a cinema showing the lastest films. You can rent a surfboard in Gregorytown and will also see a very good variety of sea life while snorkeling. The area south of Current cut is one of the best places for snorkeling/diving ever. It is not unusual to see stingrays, squid, spiney lobster, many parrot fish, angelfish as well as lionfish, turtles and dolphins. Eleuthera has the best beaches in the Bahamas and you may not see another person while enjoying the sand, surf and sun since Eleuthera has an abundance of them.
Car rental is about $420 per week and we can give advice on booking flights (the closest airport is Governor's Harbour). Check out lots more photos of the cottage, beaches and the island - ask us for our link to the website. We know that you'll love this island and our home as much as we do! It's the place to escape from it all to restore your spirit and soothe your soul.
Visit the fish fry in Governor's Harbour on friday nights for good food, drink, and dancing in the street. Fun for all, meet lots of people from the world over. Make memories that will last a life time! We make it better for you because we provide many amenities for an easy transition into island mode. Questions welcome, we love to talk about Eleuthera!
We are a couple in our early 60's who live in the Northeast USA and who discovered Eleuthera and can't get enough of it.
We love this property because of the incredible views of the two totally different seas and it's proximity to the most beautiful beaches we have ever seen.


text: LETHBRIDGE: Alberta Health Services has lifted the swim ban at Writing-On-Stone Provincial Park. AHS banned swimming or wading in that part of Milk River weeks ago after they found levels of fecal matter in the water were too high. After weekly water testing, they found bacteria levels are now "well below maximum acceptable guidelines," and said the water is now safe for use. In an advisory issued Friday morning, AHS promised it will continue to monitor the water with routine testing.


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A Study to Validate Cosmetic Outcome Scales Used to Rate Uneven Skin Color and Wrinkling
This study has been completed.
Graceway Pharmaceuticals, LLC
Information provided by:
Graceway Pharmaceuticals, LLC
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: June 16, 2005
Last updated: February 16, 2007
Last verified: January 2006
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
Skin chronically exposed to the sun may become damaged and then develop wrinkles and/or uneven skin color. The purpose of this research study is to evaluate a newly developed scale (grading tool) that rates wrinkles and uneven skin color. This newly developed scale will be used in future topical drug studies to measure these changes in the skin.
Skin Wrinkling
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Observational Model: Defined Population
Primary Purpose: Screening
Time Perspective: Cross-Sectional
|Official Title:
|A Multicenter Study to Validate Cosmetic Outcome Scales Used to Assess Irregular Skin Pigmentation and Wrinkling
Resource links provided by NLM:
MedlinePlus related topics: CosmeticsU.S. FDA Resources
Further study details as provided by Graceway Pharmaceuticals, LLC:
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older
|Genders Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- At least 18 years of age
Exclusion Criteria:
- Have any disease of the skin, condition, or cosmetics around the eyes that may cause difficulty with the skin assessment using the scale to rate wrinkles and uneven skin color
Contacts and Locations
More Information
No publications provided
Keywords provided by Graceway Pharmaceuticals, LLC:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on April 17, 2014
No publications provided
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00114673 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|June 16, 2005
|Last Updated:
|February 16, 2007
|Health Authority:
|United States: Institutional Review Board
Keywords provided by Graceway Pharmaceuticals, LLC:
Uneven skin color
Wrinkles and uneven skin color in the area around the eyes
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on April 17, 2014


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Pierre L. Morrissette Institute for Entrepreneurship
Ivey Business School hosts the 2014 Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference (BCERC) on June 4-7, 2014.
Learn More
Pierre L. Morrissette
Canada's leading centre for entrepreneurship research and education.
Entrepreneurship Cross-Enterprise Leadership
A forum for faculty and doctoral candidates to collaborate on research ideas, develop teaching cases and advance manuscripts for publication.
Ivey entrepreneurs offer valuable tips, lessons and experiences that they learned along their journey.
A collection of resources, events and programs to aid and assist entrepreneurs.
Fostering a deeper understanding of the strengths and challenges of the business, the family and the complex relationship between them.
Ivey's Entrepreneurship stream provides HBA and MBA students with the toolkits to start their venture.
The Ivey Business School is honoured to host the 2014 Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference (BCERC) on June 4-7. Hosted by the Pierre L. Morrissette Institute for Entrepreneurship (The Institute) and the Entrepreneurship Cross-Enterprise Leadership Centre, the conference will mark the BCERC's return to Canada for the first time in 26 years.
The conference will be held at Ivey's new state-of-the-art Richard Ivey Building; an open-concept building equipped with interactive conference rooms, relaxing meeting spaces and a beautiful garden courtyard that inspires all who visit. Accommodation space has been reserved at the Hilton London Ontario situated at the center of the city with daily transportation organized by Ivey.
Founded by Babson College in 1981, BCERC is considered by many to be the premier entrepreneurship research conference in the world. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research contains the proceedings of the conference and is the most comprehensive collection of empirical research papers on entrepreneurship.
The Conference and affiliated Doctoral Consortium rotate annually among top schools throughout Europe and North America, attracting over 400 of the world's leading academics and doctoral researchers.
The Institute and Ivey look forward to showcasing our new School facility when we welcome the world's leading scholars in entrepreneurship at the 2014 BCERC in London, Canada.
Click for more information about the Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference.
Article: Expatriation and its Effect on Headquarters Attention in the Multinational Enterprise
We explore the circumstances under which expatriates can help their host-subsidiary capture headquarters attention. Our central contention is that expatriates will be particularly helpful in situations where a subsidiary or its market is showing signs of growth, allowing headquarters to recognize information signaling opportunities for the firm that could otherwise go unnoticed. We test this contention using a robust instrumental variable approach in a single multinational enterprise. Our results show that subsidiaries hosting expatriates and experiencing growth at the subsidiary or market level have a higher probability of capturing headquarters attention.
by Jean-Louis Schaan, Simon Parker, Yves Plourde, December 31, 2014. Strategic Management Journal
Article: Transitions to Entrepreneurship and Industry-Specific Barriers
by Simon Parker, Tim Bates, Magnus Lofstrom, December 31, 2014. Journal of Business Venturing
Article: Do Serial Entrepreneurs Run Successively Better Performing Businesses?
This paper investigates whether – consistent with theories of entrepreneurial learning by doing and resource acquisition – serial entrepreneurs' performance follows a rising trajectory over successive venturing spells. Or whether – consistent with theories of selective learning from failure and hubris – serial entrepreneurs perform better after experiencing a bad spell (and worse after experiencing a good spell). We test competing hypotheses about serial entrepreneurs' performance trajectories using Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data, which track the dynamic performance of a sample of American serial entrepreneurs for up to one-quarter of a century. The findings show that serial entrepreneurs obtain temporary benefits from spells of venturing which eventually die away. This implies that venturing generates benefits which spill over from one venture into subsequent ones, and it can provide a rationale for public policies which encourage re-entries by entrepreneurs, even if those entrepreneurs performed poorly in their first ventures.
by Simon Parker, September 05, 2013. Journal of Business Venturing
Article: Financing Entrepreneurship and the Old-Boy Network
We study entrepreneurs' start-up financing from banks and local financiers. An informal network, whose membership cannot be observed by outsiders, conveys the good signals it gets about the hidden types of network entrepreneurs to local financiers, which are then reflected in different loan terms. We show that there are winners and losers as a result of the network even among its members. Because all projects have positive net value, it is efficient to finance them even in the absence of a network. Thus, the formation of the network is inefficient as entrepreneurs incur networking costs for purely redistributive gains in the form of better loan terms as network members.
by Simon Parker, Eren Inci, May 16, 2013. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy


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Best of Total Beauty: All Our Best Beauty Product Stories in One Place
Go with the natural shape of your eyebrow's hair growth. When grooming/defining (waxing/filling in) them, grab a pencil and hold it parallel against your nose. You see that the pencil stands upright through the inner corner of your eye? That's typically where your eyebrow should start. Second, keep the bottom of the pencil still and use the bottom of your nose as a pivot point to move the top part of the pencil in an angle until you reach the end of the iris of your eye (the colored part). That's where the highest point of the arch of your eyebrow should be. Then, continue moving the top part of your pencil in an angle (with the bottom part still touching your nose), and stop at the outer corner of your eye. That's where your eyebrow should end. Hopefully that made sense. :)
Showing 1 - 1 of 1


text:
Are you looking for handicapping help?
If you are looking to get an edge this season, you can take subscribe to our all access Score Predictions which provide you with score predictions for every college and pro game for the week. This service is perfect for players who like to do their own handicapping but would like to get a head start on some of the games that they might have overlooked.
The price for this service is just $99 for the full year of football games (both NFL and College).
We do not handicap the games for you, and we don't analyze the games against the spread with this package.
We take matchups, weather and injuries into consideration and try to make the most realistic score predictions possible independent of handicapping principles.
We feel like this tool is perfect for handicappers who are looking to add another point of reference to their weekly homework or for the guy looking for the edge in the weekly or annual office pool.
Please note: Score Predictions have no relation to our Fantasy Football Rankings packages.
The DE / QB Bust Factor - Part 1
By John Harris
April 9, 2014
Lance Zierlein's 2014 Mock Draft
By Lance Zierlein
April 8, 2014
Ranking the Top QBs in the 2014 NFL Draft: How We Rank
By Lance Zierlein
March 31, 2014
By John Harris
February 28, 2014
Lance Zierlein's 2014 Mock Draft
By Lance Zierlein
February 26, 2014
By Jerry Angelo
February 26, 2014


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560 W Milling St, Lancaster, CA | Directions 9353434.696101 -118.138830
In October, 2012, I was traveling through Lancaster as an RVer and only had a small window in which to get my hair cut and colored. Valerie agreed on only 2 weeks notice to fit me in. I took pictures of what my color usually is and what my hair cut usually looks like. Valerie did a wonderful job! Everyone was very friendly. I would return there in an instant if I am in town again.
Great Spa/Salon – They did a great job with my highlights and they never turned brassy! The price wasn't bad but it was with a brand new girl and her rates were going up. Highly Recommended!
Simply Outstanding! – Warm and welcoming.
If you have been looking for a remarkable salon & spa in the Lancaster/Palmdale area. THIS IS IT!
I 'walked in' with a very bad haircut hoping to find a liveable fix. I was made to feel welcomed. The owner (I am making an logical guess) looked at my hair and started on a quest to find who she knew would have the best skills for my situation and hair. I was pleasantly surprised to meet my stylist, she looked again at my hair, asked the right questions, knew exactly what needed to be done. I Love my hair again!
This is a place that I want to come back to. You will get that feeling too! I look forward to experiencing the spa very soon.
Joy A Brown – I HIGHLY recommend this beauty salon & Spa. It is warm, the staff is friendly, the skill is ALWAYS on top. I personally know the owner & have for about 14 years. She has built herself up to be a VERY good stylist, with a VERY lovely place. Please do visit, as soon as possible!
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The Linkback system is free and automatic. It's really that easy.
To link to our business profile page, copy the html below to your web page.


text:
Limbaugh's return to the microphone: Will his signal fade?
When Rush Limbaugh returns to the airwaves Monday morning after five weeks at an Arizona rehab center, Jim Rogers will be tuning his AM dial. He's one of 20 million or so self-proclaimed "dittoheads," a Limbaugh loyalist who's listened to the revered, reviled king of radio for years.Skip to next paragraph
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But now, he wants more than the strident commentary of books like Mr. Limbaugh's "See, I Told You So," and "The Way Things Ought To Be." As this retired pilot bundles up against a cold rain at Raleigh's State Flea Market amid overall-wearers, Humvee-driving homemakers, and sometime-salesmen hawking everything from "chow-chow" relish to stovepipe birdhouses, he's wondering just how Limbaugh will handle the painkiller addiction that occasioned his absence last month.
It's a question buzzing in America this morning: How deep - and how indelible - will the moral stain be? Will Limbaugh be contrite - or contentious? So far, he's been a bit of both, emphasizing personal responsibility - but also the dangers of the opioid drugs that he was first prescribed after back surgery.
Even devotees like Rogers say Limbaugh walks a fine line, having violated the moral code that makes him famous and trounces "feminazis and "commie-symps." That the witty, bombastic conservative champion was getting buzzed - on the air, to boot - has been hard for many to swallow, especially since the same Limbaugh who condemned the late Jerry Garcia's drug use allegedly hoarded a cache of pills. And Limbaugh's confession came less than two weeks after he quit as a pro-football commentator on ESPN amid cries of racism over a comment on a black athlete.
Still, some 94 percent of Limbaugh's audience promises to return - and some say the legions will only increase, at least for Monday's show. "There's a disconnect between his behavior and all those years of calling for personal responsibility," says Joe Capella, a professor at the Annenberg School of Communication in Philadelphia. "The disconnect undermines his credibility ..., but the question is with whom?"
Many critics say Limbaugh is more sophist than ideologue, more in the camp of troubled actor Robert Downey Jr. than disgraced televangelist Jimmy Swaggart. His fans' forgiveness, some experts say, offers a telling glimpse of a country in a quandary - not just over "hillbilly heroin" like Limbaugh's OxyContin, but over a growing acceptance of populist leaders who do what they do, not what they say.
"I am addicted to prescription pain medication," Limbaugh told his audience before checking into the addiction program. The caveat he hasn't mentioned, critics say, is that only a small percentage of patients actually get hooked.
Still, there is broad sympathy for Limbaugh, who's had a series of medical complications and who, by many measures, leads a hectic life.
After two divorces, he signed a contract worth $250 million - making him the nation's best-paid radio personality, beating even Howard Stern.
To be sure, some think Limbaugh will mention it once and never again.
Yeah, right, others say, suggesting he'll turn his struggle into fodder, if not contrition. Some say they wouldn't be surprised if he takes an on-air drug test - and calls for others in media and politics to 'fess up to drug habits. "I think he'll turn it into a series of commentaries," says Rogers.


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Legendary Guardian and Frustration
by, 24-10-2011 at 05:24 (3444 Views)
So, how's about a crappy weekend?
I've been having some personal trouble as usual - and retreated into GW to cheer myself up. So here I am, skill capping away.
I finished all of the Ring of Fire Islands.
I have all of the Necromancer elites in Prophecies.
All of the Ranger elites in Prophecies and Factions.
All of the Monk elites in Prophecies and Factions.
All of the Mesmer elites in Factions. etc.
Anyhow, the result is, I need about 15 elites in Prophecies, about 20 in Factions and with Elona, it comes to about 90 elites left.
I am at 665,000 exp without dying.
And then, at 2:40 am, my brother decided to turn on u-torrent for 10 mins, result in a lag spike that traps me in a group of three mahgo hydras outside of Ember Light camp while I'm helping hubby cap Bull's Charge.
I was pretty frustrated. Oh, and today, I speed walked to work and got a gigantic blister on my heel because of my shoes. (knock-off chucks canvas type footwear.) AAAH
But anyhow.
So at this point, I'm just waiting for the double exp skill cap weekend in November. No excuses or anything. I need to cap all 90 elites then, every single one. Then my books will get me another 200k exp, and I guess I'll just farm the rest...somehow...surely, I can do a couple FoW runs...or just farm worms for what feels like eternity...lol.
Anyway, since that was gone, I went back to finish Dasha Vestibule. For some reason, my heroes caught the dumb virus, because nobody seemed to be following my pings, and Gwen didn't feel like interrupting much. I finally snapped and equipped all Mesmer skills, including Power Block. I finished after that. :/
Anyway, that gave me Guardian of Elona.
Then I went to do Aurora Glade. I brought Fall Back, capped the first two pedestals, and rushed for the Demagogue from the back. Boom done.
Then I went into Thunderhead Keep. I really hate how boring it is in the scripted parts. It really is. Anyway, I finally lit the beacons in time. Then I kept minimizing GW in search of more exciting things to do.
But the dwarves survived, and thus, I got the last bonus objective I needed.
And that brought me to this.
I totes forgot I would get the last title. XD
So that's how my GWAMM progress stands.
Somehow, I'm not looking forward to farming reputation points in EotN...
I was just thinking that it would've been beneficial to me if I had completed some EotN books because those award experience too, plus, I could've picked up some skills (and how about Rebel Yell for vanquishing Ascalon? and the skills, too. Totes awesome). But honestly, I am just that impatient. I'm not going to finish everything, especially not dungeons, especially not every single mish in hard mode, not when midterms season is upon me. I am already playing too much as is (to stave off my fits of depressions, unsuccessfully.) So I'll just worry about EotN when I have time to worry about it. @_@ lolol. Anyhow, my guildies and alliance mates do a lot of dungeons runs, so I can just go with them for some good ol entertainment.
Anyhow, so after I get 300k exp for my poor Elo who always dies, she will be banned from leaving the outpost until after I start capping skills. NO EXCEPTIONS. Also, that weekend, anyone who as much as hovers their mouse around a torrent program will pay dearly. I swear, if I die cause of something someone is downloading, I will make them farm worms for me. >.>
But hopefully if everything goes smoothly I will have no excuse but to focus on Vanquisher/Carto after that. I will pick one day then and do Minister Cho's Estate (and Haijuu Lagoon) and get it over with so I can stop fretting over Cantha.
Anyway, I wrote too much, so that's it for today. XD
Man, those blisters really are gross.


text:
Maintainers for colord are Christopher James Halse Rogers <firstname.lastname@example.com>.
You may want to refer to the following individual bug pages: gir1.2-colord-1.0, gir1.2-colorhug-1.0, libcolord-dev, libcolord1, libcolorhug-dev, libcolorhug1.
You might like to refer to the colord package page, or to the Package Tracking System.
If you find a bug not listed here, please report it.