text:
Unless otherwise noted, information contained in each edition of the Kansas School Naturalist reflects the knowledge of the subject as of the original date of publication.
Volume 45, Number 3 - March 1999
Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on
North America Fauna
by Rowland M. Shelley
Published by EMPORIA STATE UNIVERSITY
Prepared and Issued by THE DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Editor: JOHN RICHARD SCHROCK
Editorial Committee: DAVID EDDS, TOM EDDY, GAYLEN NEUFELD
Editors Emeritus: ROBERT BOLES, ROBERT F. CLARKE
Circulation and Mailing: ROGER FERGUSON
Circulation (this issue): 9,200
Press Run: 15,000
Compilation: JOHN DECKER
Printed by: ESU PRESS
Online edition by: TERRI WEAST
The Kansas School Naturalist is sent free of charge and upon request to teachers, school administrators, public and school librarians, youth leaders, conservationists, and others interested in natural history and nature education. In-print back issues are sent free as long as supply lasts. Out-of-print back issues are sent for one dollar photocopy and postage/handling charge per issue. A back issue list is sent free upon request. The Kansas School Naturalist is sent free by third class mail to all U.S. zipcodes, first class to Mexico and Canada, and surface mail overseas. Overseas subscribers who wish to receive it by airmail should remit US $5.00 per year (four issues) airmail and handling. The Kansas School Naturalist is published by Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas. Editor: John Richard Schrock, Division of Biological Sciences. Third class postage paid at Emporia, Kansas. Address all correspondence to Kansas School Naturalist, Division of Biological Sciences, Box 4050, Emporia State University, Emporia, KS 66801-5087. Opinions and perspectives expressed are those of the author(s) and/or editor and do not reflect the official position or endorsement of ESU. Kansas School Naturalist is indexed in Wildlife Review/Fisheries Review. KSNs are available at http://www.emporia.edu/ksn/ and may be downloaded for nonprofit educational use; please credit source.
Dr. Rowland M. Shelley is Curator of Terrestrial Invertebrates at the North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences in Raleigh, North Carolina, P.O. Box 29555, Raleigh, NC 27626-055.
Acknowledgments:I thank my colleagues R.L. Hoffman, U.S.A., and H. Enghoff, Denmark, for suggestions on the text and advice on certain topics. I also thank my friends and colleagues who assisted with the illustrations, by either taking photos or donating ones from their personal collections: H. Ellis, Z. Korsos, J. Page, and the late D.L. Tiemann and N.B. Causey. The line drawings were prepared by R.G. Kuhler, North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences Scientific Illustrator. - Dr. R.M. Shelley
"Prairie Fires" KSN Volume 39, No. 2 is again available upon request, thanks to a reprint grant from The Bay Foundation of New York. This color issue features spectacular prairie fire photography by Larry Schwarm and cultural and biological essays by Drs. James Hoy and Elmer Finck. Teachers may request single copies or limited classroom sets by writing to the KSN address above.
Publication and distribution of this issue of the Kansas School Naturalist was partially underwritten by contributions from readers like you.
Cover Photo: Sigmocheir maculifer (Chamberlin), a beautiful millipede of the order Polydesmida (family Xystodesmidae) occurring in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, Fresno County, California. Photo by D.L. Tiemann.
Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on North America Fauna
by Rowland M. Shelley
Centipedes (class Chilopoda) and millipedes (class Diplopoda) are the two principal classes of myriapodous, multi-legged representatives of the phylum Arthropoda, which includes organisms with exoskeletons and jointed appendages. Other arthropods include crabs, shrimp, barnacles, and lobsters (class Crustacea); insects (class Insecta); and spiders, scorpions ticks and harvestmen or daddy long-legs (class Arachnida).
Both the Chilopoda and Diplopoda contain primarily large-bodied, macroscopic organisms that are clearly visible to the unaided eye. They are diverse classes with estimated global faunas of 10,000 species of centipedes and 80,000 species of millipedes. Currently only about 2,800 centipedes and 7,000 millipedes are described. In the United States and Canada, the millipede fauna totals around 1,400 species, but the centipedes are too poorly known to be estimated.
There are two other classes of myriapodous arthropods that lack common names. The Symphyla have 12 pairs of legs as adults; about 160 species are known. There are about 500 species of Pauropoda that have 9-11 pairs of legs as adults. They are too small to be seen with the unaided eye and are therefore unknown to the general public. These four classes were once considered orders in a "Class Myriapoda." Biologists now believe that this is not a true evolutionary category. However, "myriapods" and "myriapodous arthropods" are convenient non-scientific terms to refer to these multi-legged animals.
Although similar in having many legs, centipedes and millipedes are vastly different organisms and only distantly related. They suffer from a dearth of knowledgeable specialists, both now and in the past, and from erroneous information that has been passed on by word of mouth. Popularized accounts are typically superficial and inaccurate, and even chapters in zoology textbooks fail to do justice to their complexities. A need exists for accurate generalized information that can be passed on to students and the public by teachers and museum guides, but this is difficult to prepare because many statements have exceptions, especially in millipedes.
This booklet is divided into eight sections: general information and body form; legs, segments, and development; reproduction; behavior; feeding; predation and defense; and effects on humans. The information is presented with contrasting conditions of centipedes and millipedes presented together for ready comparison. Technical terminology is minimized but is unavoidable in some cases, so definitions appear in parentheses after the first usage of each term. Classifications are presented first for each class as it is often necessary to refer to a particular order; reading them is optional.
Figure 1. Outline of generalized members of A) class Pauropoda and B) class Symphyla, the other multi-legged arthropods. Drawings by R.G. Kuhler.
Class Chilopoda - This class comprises five orders distinguished by the number of legs and pedal (leg-bearing) segments, and by the degree of "heteronomy" (unequalness) or fusion in the "tergites" (the dorsal segmental plates). The orders are combined into two subclasses based on the position of the "spiracles" (openings to the tracheal or respiratory system) and the general body form.
Subclass Notostigmophora - "spriacles" are located middorsally, head is "dome shaped."
Order Scutigeromorpha (1 family) - adults with 15 pairs of legs and pedal segments; hatchlings with four; characterized by very long legs and antennae, and fusion of tergites, resulting in less than 15 dorsal plates. Occurrence: worldwide except in North America where one species has been introduced and is commonly found in drains, sinks, bathtubs, and cellars in houses.
Figure 2. Scutigera coleoprata L. from Hungary, last legs missing. Photo by Z. Korsos.
Subclass Pleurostigmophora - "spiracles" located laterally, head flattened. Forms exhibit two modes of development - "anamorphic," in which hatchlings possess less than the adult complement of legs and segments, adding legs and segments, and becoming larger, at each molt; and "epimorphic," in which hatchlings possess the full adult complement of legs and segments, and become larger at each molt.
Order Lithobiomorpha (2 families) - "anamorphic" forms; adults with 15 pairs of legs and pedal segments; hatchlings with 6-8; exhibits strong tergite"heteronomy" with alternating long and short plates. Occurrence: Worldwide.
Figure 3. A common lithobiomorph centipede in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Photo by H. Ellis.
Order Craterostigmomorpha (1 family; also only 1 genus and at most 2 species) - "anamorphic" forms, adults with 15 pairs of legs and pedal segments, hatchlings with 12. Occurrence: Tasmania and the South Island of New Zealand.
Figure 4. (right) Craterostigmus tasmanianus Pocock from Tasmania. Photo by Z. Korsos.
Order Scolopendromorpha (3 families) - "epimorphic" forms with 21 or 23 pairs of legs and pedal segments, with a low degree of tergite "heteronomy" [segments are more-or-less uniform]. Includes the largest centipedes - the aggressive, intimidating species known to the general public. Occurrence: Worldwide.
Figure 5. (left) Scolopocryptops sexspinosus (Say), a common centipede in the forests of North America east of the Central Plains. Photo by H. Ellis.
Order Geophilomorpha (11-12 families) - "epimorphic" forms with 29 or more pairs of legs and pedal segments, without tergite "heteronomy." Includes the only centipedes with 100 or more feet/legs. Occurrence: Worldwide.
Figure 6. (right) Necrophloephagus longicornis (Leach) from Denmark. Photo by Z. Korsos.
Class Diplopoda - This class comprises fifteen orders that are distinguished by the number of legs and segments, the profile and general body form, the configuration of the head, and the position of the sperm transfer or copulatory appendages in males. The orders are combined into two subclasses based on the presence or absence of calcium in the exoskeleton and copulatory structures. The great majority of millipedes possess these features, so the orders in this subclass are further grouped into two "infraclasses."
Subclass Penicillata - body soft, exoskeleton not calcified, covered with tufts of "bristles," males without copulatory appendages, reproduction occurring without contact between sexes.
Order Polyxenida (4 families) - Occurrence: Worldwide. New World occurrence from southern Canada to Brazil, especially in warmer regions.
Figure 7. Polyxenus sp., a common millipede throughout North America. Photo by D.L. Tiemann.
Subclass Chilognatha - body hard; exoskeleton calcified; setae scattered, never in tufts; males with reproductive appendages, reproduction requiring contact between sexes.
Infraclass Pentozonia - relatively short, broad millipedes; the five segmental "sclerites" (dorsal tergite, lateral pleurites, and ventral sternite) are separate; and the last one or two pairs of legs in males are modified into clasping structures called "telopods."
Order Glomeridesmida (1 family) - flattened species with 22 segments, unable to roll into balls; similar in general configuration to the presumptive ancestral millipede. Occurrence: tropical, absent from Africa.
Figure 8. (right) General body outline of a subadult Glomeridesmus sp. Drawing by R.G. Kuhler.
Order Glomerida (3 families) - 12 segments, can roll into a perfect ball or sphere. Occurrence: Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. North American occurrence: southern Appalachians and southeastern U.S., California to northern Central America.
Figure 9. (left) Glomeris sp. from Italy. Photo by D.L. Tiemann.
Order Sphaerotheriida (2 families) - 13 segments, can roll into a perfect ball or sphere. Occurrence: Australia, New Zealand, tropical Asia, southern Africa and Madagascar.
Figure 10. (left) Sphaerotheriids from Madagascar and Indonesia. Photo by J. Page.
Infraclass Helminthomorpha - Elongate, worm-like millipedes with varying degrees of fusion among segmental sclerites; either the anterior or both pairs of legs on segment 7, or the posterior legs on segment 7 and the anterior on segment 8, are modified into copulatory appendages or "gonopods."
Order Polyzoniida (4 families) - gonopods comprised of caudal legs on segment 7 and anterior on segment 8; body arched dorsally, tergites without "paranota" [lateral expansions]; head generally subtriangular. Occurrence: North America, Caribbean, Europe, Indian Ocean islands, eastern and southern Asia. North America occurrence: southern Quebec to southern Georgia and northwestern Arkansas; southwestern British Colombia to southern Sierra Nevada and central California coast; Vera Cruz, Mexico. One additional species has been widely introduced by commerce and now occurs in Florida and along the Gulf Coast, primarily in urban environments.
Figure 11. (right) Bdellozonium cerviculatum Cook and Loomis from the Sierra Nevada, California. Photo by D.L. Tiemann.
Order Platydesmida (2 families) - gonopods comprised of caudal legs on segment 7 and anterior on segment 8; body generally flattened, tergites with "paranota"; head generally subtriangular. Occurrence: North America, Mediterranean region of Europe, east Asia (Japan, China), southeast Asia and Indonesia. North America occurrence: southern West Virginia and central Kentucky to southern Alabama, Louisiana, and western Arkansas; Idaho; northern California; Mexico to Panama.
Figure 12. (Left) Brachycybe rosea Murray, from the Sierra Nevada, California. Photo by D.L. Tiemann.
Order Siphonophorida (3 families) - gonopods comprised of caudal legs on segment 7 and anterior on segment 8; body relatively narrow, tergites without"paranota"; head prolonged into a variable "beak." Includes the millipedes with the most legs/feet. Occurrence: North, Central and South America, Caribbean, South Africa and southeast Asia. New World occurrence: central California, Arizona and Texas to southern Brazil and Peru; Greater and Lesser Antilles.
Figure 13. (left) Illacme plenipes Cook and Loomis, the world's "leggiest" animal, from San Benito County, California, left antenna missing. Photo by J. Page.
Order Stemmiulida (1 family) - gonopods comprised of anterior legs on segment 7, posterior legs on segment 7 reduced to nonfunctional remnants; body subcylindrical, tapering caudad, head with a pair of large ocelli; caudal end with spinnerets. Occurrence: Mexico to Panama, Greater and Lesser Antilles, central Africa, India, and New Guinea.
Figure 14. (Right) Head and anterior segments of Prostemmiulus sp. from Puerto Rico. Drawing by R.G. Kuhler.
Order Chordeumatida (about 32 families) - gonopods comprised of both leg pairs on segment 7; body subcylindrical, tapering caudal, toward tapered end, occasionally with paranota, 26-32 segments, caudal end with spinnerets. Occurrence: North and Central America, Chile, Europe, north Africa, Madagascar, Asia and Himalayas northward, Indonesia, Australia, and New Zealand. New World occurrence: Newfoundland, Labrador, northern British Columbia, and Alberta, to Florida, the Gulf Coast, and Panama; Chile.
Figure 15. (Left) Scoterpes copei (Packard), a cave chordeumatid from Kentucky.
Order Callipodida (4 families) - gonopods comprised of anterior legs on segment 7; body generally cylindrical and frequently ornamented with ridges and crests, 40-60 segments, caudal end with spinnerets. Occurrence: North America, Mediterranean region of Europe, Asia Minor to Pakistan, China and Vietnam. North American occurrence: southern Minnesota, Michigan, and New York to south Florida, the Gulf Coast, and northeastern Mexico; San Francisco Bay area of California, central Nevada, and Utah to southern Baja California and Sinaloa, Mexico.
Figure 16. (Right) Abacion magnum (Loomis) from North Carolina. The gonopods are shown just behind the head in the ventral view of a male. Scale in cm. Photo by T. Owens.
Order Julida (16 families) - gonopods comprised of both leg pairs on segment 7; body generally cylindrical, with conspicuous grooves or striae in two families, 30-90 segments; mostly small to moderate-size millipedes but with the longest species in North America (about 12 cm [6 1/2 inches] long). Occurrence: North America, northern Central America, Europe, Asia from Himalayas northward, and southeast Asia. A number of species have been widely introduced through human commerce, a few of which now occur globally. North American occurrence: central Alaska and northern Canada (the Yukon to northern Quebec) to southern Florida and Guatemala.
Figure 17. (Left) Cylindroiulus boleti (Koch), from Hungary. Photo by Z. Korsos.
Order Spirobolida (10 families) - gonopods comprised of both leg pairs on segment 7; body generally smooth and cylindrical, 35-60 segments; mostly moderate-size to large, robust millipedes. Occurrence: North Central and South America, Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, eastern and southeastern Asia to Australia. Several species have been widely introduced by human commerce, two of which now occur on tropical islands throughout the world. New World occurrence: southern Quebec, southern Michigan/Wisconsin, and Washington to southern Florida, the Gulf Coast, and southern Brazil and Peru; Greater and Lesser Antilles.
Figure 18. (Right) Four specimens of Narceus americanus (Beauvois).
Figure 19. Cambala hubrichti Hoffman (order Spirostreptida), from the southern Appalachian Mountains, North Carolina. Photo by H. Ellis.
Order Spirostreptida (11 families) - gonopods comprised of both leg pairs on segment 7; body generally smooth and cylindrical, 30-90 segments; size varying from narrow, fragile species to huge and robust, including the largest known millipedes (about 28 cm [10 1/2 inches] in length). Occurrence: Western Hemisphere, Africa, southern and southeastern Asia (south of Himalayas) to Japan, Australia. New World occurrence: western Pennsylvania and northern Idaho to northern Florida, the Gulf Coast, and Argentina; Greater and Lesser Antilles. This order includes the only native millipedes in the Hawaiian islands.
Order Polydesmida (about 28 families) - gonopods comprised of anterior legs on segment 7; body usually with 20 segments, occasionally 19, usually with variable "paranota" that impart a flattened appearance and the name "flat-back millipedes"; dorsum varying from smooth and unmodified to highly ornamented with lobes and pustules; size varying from 3-150 mm [over 6 inches]; large forms often highly colorful, with vivid red, orange, blue, and violet pigmentations in spotted or banded patterns. This order has the most species and is only one with cyanide in defensive secretions. Occurrence: Worldwide. A number of species have been widely introduced through human commerce; a few are essentially pan-global and are common in American cities. One of these is a household pest that occasionally undergoes population explosions, in which thousands of individuals overwhelm homeowners. New World occurrence: northern Quebec and southern Alaska to south Florida, the Gulf Coast, and the southern tip of South America; Greater and Lesser Antilles. [see cover]
Order Siphoniulida (1 family) - males unknown; body cylindrical, head prolonged into prominent "beak." Known only from seven females. Occurrence Guatemala; Chiapes, Mexico; Sumatra.
Figure 20. Pseudopolydesmus serratus (Say) from central North Carolina. The ventral view is of a male showing the gonopods replacing the anterior legs on segment 7.
THE MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION: "How can you tell a centipede from a millipede?"
If it has one pair or two legs per pedal [leg bearing] segment that are clearly visible on the sides of the body, if the last legs extend backwards behind the body, and if it runs fast (excepting the Geophilomorpha) and bites or tries to bite, the animal is a centipede.
If it has two pairs or four legs on most segments that do not extend, or extend very slightly, beyond the sides of the body, if the last legs do not extend backwards behind the body, and if it moves slowly and does not attempt to bite, the animal is a millipede.
Centipedes are flexible, dorsoventrally (top-to-bottom) flattened arthropods (except for the Scutigeromorpha) that are carnivorous and adapted for speed (except for the Geophilomorpha, which moves slowly and burrows).
Millipedes are relatively inflexible arthropods with variable forms that, in general are subcylindrical; the dorsums [backs] of some species expand laterally into "paranota." They are primarily "phytosaprophagous" [feed on decaying plant material], move slowly, and are primarily adapted for burrowing in the substrate, although some species have lost this ability and are surface active; other species are too thin and weak to effectively burrow, so they inhabit existing cracks and crevices. Burrowing millipedes are important in fragmentation or shredding of leaf litter; they facilitate microbial decomposition and soil nutrient cycles; in subtropical and tropical forest habitats, millipedes may be the main debris-reducing, soil forming organisms. [See "The Role of Animals in Succession" KSN Vol. 43, No. 1, 1997]
Centipedes vary in length from around 10 to 270+ mm (about 1/2 inch to 10 1/2 inches); the largest species, Scolopendra gigantea L. (order Scolopendromorpha), occurring in South America, is among the world's largest terrestrial invertebrates and largest invertebrate carnivores. The largest North American species, Scolopendra heros Girard, occurring from Arkansas and Missouri to central Arizona and northern Mexico, grows to around 153 mm [6 inches] in length.
Millipedes vary in length from around 3-4 to 270+ mm (10 1/2 inches), the longest being Archispirostreptus gigas (Peters) (order Spirostreptida) in Africa, also among the world's largest terrestrial invertebrates. The longest North American species, Paeromopus paniculus Shelley and Bauer (order Juilda), in Yosemite National Park and vicinity, California, grows to 16 cm [6 1/2 inches] in length.
Centipedes have "poison claws" or prehensors under the head with which they kill their prey. Internal glands in these structures release the venom, and larger species can inflict a painful bite on humans. Although located under the head, the "poison claws" are actually modified legs and appendages of the first segment; they are not mouthparts and are not associated with the head. Centipedes are thus unique in being the only animals in which legs are modified into "fangs" to inject poison into other organisms.
Millipedes lack the structures to bite, pinch, or sting, and are harmless to humans, although the defensive secretions burn if they get into the eyes.
Figure 21. Ventral views of the head of a centipede (A) and millipede (B).
Centipedes occur in all habitats and are prominent in deserts and arid environments.
Millipedes occur primarily in moist deciduous forests but some species occur at high elevations in harsh "alpine" environments, and a few thrive in deserts.
Centipedes are an ancient group of terrestrial arthropods. Modern forms differentiated around the middle of the Devonian Period of the Paleozoic Era, about 380 million years ago.
Millipedes are the most ancient terrestrial arthropod group that survives today. Some of the oldest known fossils of land animals are millipedes, and modern forms had differentiated by the late Silurian Period of the Paleozoic Era, about 410 million years ago.
Centipedes adults have from 15 to 191 segments with one pair or two legs on each segment. The adult leg number therefore varies from 30 (15 pairs) to 382 (191 pairs), the latter on Gonibregmatus plurimipes Chamberlin (order Geophilomorpha), occurring in Fiji in the Pacific Ocean. Thus centipedes live up to their literal name since some species have 100 or more feet/legs.
Millipede adults have from 11 to 192 segments with two pairs or four legs on most segments. These segments are really "diplosegments" formed by fusion of adjacent segments in the embryo. The diplosegment condition is believed to have evolved in conjunction with their burrowing habits; the pushing force is more efficiently transmitted to the pushing surface when alternate segmental joints are made rigid and incompressible. The first and last segments are legless; segments 2-4 have one pair or two legs each, and the rest have two pairs or four legs except for the copulatory segment in the helminthomorph males, where one or both pairs of legs are modified into "gonopods." The adult leg number varies form 22 (11 pairs) to 750- (375 pairs), the latter on Illacme plenipes Cook and Loomis (order Siphonophorida), occurring in San Benito County, California. The next highest is on Siphonophora millepeda Loomis, on Tobago Island in the Caribbean Sea, which has up to 190 segments and 746 legs (373 pairs). Millipedes therefore don't live up to their literal name of having "1,000 feet," but 750 is a tremendous number of appendages and the most known for any animal. The words "millipede" and "thousand-legger" are figurative terms reflecting a very large number of legs.
Figure 22. Ventral view of millipede midbody segment (actually a diplosegment) of Sigmoria austrimontis Shelley from western North Carolina. The "prozontine" (P) and "metazonite" (M) correspond to the anterior and posterior of the fused embryonic segments, respectively; the legs, "spiracles" (S), and internal nerve ganglion associated with the prozonite have been relocated into the metazonite such that the prozonite, which is without structures, telescopes slightly inside the preceding metzonite. The right anterior leg is removed to show the"spriacle" beside the caudal leg. Drawing by R.G. Kuhler.
Centipedes spiracles (openings to the tracheal or respiratory system) are located laterally (on the sides of the body) or middorsally; in some forms they are valvular and can be closed.
Millipedes piracles are located ventrally; they are never valvular and cannot be closed.
Centipedes legs articulate with the body laterally and are clearly visible along both sides. This position provides little support, and the body is carried low to the substrate. The last legs extend backwards well beyond the caudal extremity of the body and are not used for locomotion.
Millipede legs articulate with the body midventrally and are not visible, or visible only very slightly, along both sides. This position provides strong support, and the body is carried high off the substrate. The last legs extend sideways like the others, not backwards behind the body. As the legs provide the pushing and burrowing power, the midventral origin allows for the longest possible legs and the greatest power with the least lateral extension, so that the legs do not extend appreciably beyond the sides of the body, where they might be broken in the narrow spaces that millipedes inhabit.
Centipedes are "opisthogoneate"; the reproductive tracts open at the caudal end of the body.
Millipedes are "progoneate"; the reproductive tracts open at the anterior end of the body, specifically on segment 3, either behind the 2nd pair of legs or on the coxae [basal segment] of these appendages.
Figure 23. Ventral view of helminthomorph millipede gonopod segment 7 of male Sigmoria austrimontis Shelley from western North Carolina. The gonopods replace the anterior legs and arise from an "aperature" [opening]. Drawing by R.G. Kuhler.
Figure 24.Stongylosoma stigmatosum (Eichwald), mating pair from Hungary. Photo by Z. Korsos.
Centipedes display mating rituals that end with the male depositing a spermatophore on the ground or in a web that he spins. Females subsequently pick up the spermatophore with their genitalia, or the male does and deposits it in the latter with his mouthparts.
Millipedes may or may not display mating rituals. In the subclass Penicillata, males deposit a spermatophore in the mesh of threads that they spin. Females then find the threads and pick up the spermatophore with their genitalia. In the infraclass Pentazonia, order Sphaerotheriida, the male clasps the anterior end of a female with his telopods, and a spermatophore is released from the openings of his reproductive tracts and transported backwards by his legs, in action similar to a conveyor belt, to near the openings of the female tracts; the female then takes the spermatopore into her mouth, but whether the sperm has left by then, or whether there is a "seminal receptacle" in her mouth is unknown. In the infraclass Pentazonia, order Glomerida, the spermatophore is deposited on a clump of earth, both of which are transported backwards to the telopods, which deposit the sperm directly into the female's openings. In the infraclass Helminthomorpha, insertion is accomplished by the "gonopods." As they are on segment 7, males must first "charge" or "load" them with sperm by bringing them into contact with the openings to their reproductive tracts on segment 3.
Centipedes exhibit both "epimorphic" and "anamorphic" growth and development. In the epimorphic orders the eggs and early post-embryonic stadia are brooded by females. In the anamorphic orders, eggs are laid singly and not brooded.
Millipedes exhibit anamorphic development, hatching form the egg usually as legless forms and then molting into stadium I with six segments and three pairs of legs. At the posterior end there are usually one or more legless segments that become leg-bearing at the following molt. Brooding of the eggs and young only occurs in the orders Platydesmida and Stemmiulida.
Centipedes are almost exclusively carnivorous and feed on a variety of smaller organisms that are seized by the "poison claws" and killed by the venom; occasionally, some chilopods feed on plants. The large scolopendromorphs can capture and eat small vertebrates, like frogs, toads, snakes, sparrows and other small birds, and mice.
Millipedes are "phytosaprophagous" and feed on decaying plant material. A few species occasionally can be carnivorous. They ingest material as they encounter it, extract the nutrients, and pass the rest. Exceptions include species with "sucking" mouthparts (long, tubular "beaks"); there is also a semiaquatic cave species in Italy whose mouthparts are modified to remove organic, clay, and limestone particles from the substrates of rivulets and moist surface of banks.
Centipede predators include beetles, spiders, salamanders, scorpions, snakes, monitor lizards, a few birds, several mammals (certain bats, shrews, rats, mongooses, and small cats and foxes), and occasionally other centipedes.
Millipede predators include a variety of invertebrates, particularly glowworm beetle larvae, and such vertebrates as hedgehogs, shrews, frogs, turtles and box terrapins, and the African mongoose. Some African beetles bury millipede carcasses.
Centipedes are primarily adapted for speed. Any long, slender object that moves forward rapidly generates lateral undulations that counter the forward movement (like the side-to-side swaying of a train), so centipedes have developed anatomical modifications to dampen or reduce the undulations. These include tergite "heteronomy" (well developed in Lithobiomorpha, poorly developed in Scolopendromorpha), which shortens the body while maintaining the same number of legs to propel it forward, and tergal fusion (in Scutigermorpha), which strengthens the body and makes it more rigid at the positions where undulations develop. The Geophilomorpha are the exception, as they are slow-moving and adapted for burrowing by elongating and contracting the body.
Millipedes are slow-moving and adapted for burrowing, for which three mechanisms are known. The burrowing power is generated by the legs, and at any moment in time, most of a millipede's legs are on the ground pushing backwards, thereby propelling the animal forward. Some millipedes have lost the ability to burrow and now are either surface active and relatively fleet (through much slower than centipedes) or inhabit cracks and crevices formed by other organisms.
1) Bulldozing: the millipede lowers its head and rams straight ahead. This behavior is shown by the cylindrical millipedes, whose bodies are of equal widths throughout, so the head prepares a path that the rest of the body can follow.
2) Wedging: the head/anterior end is inserted into a crevice and the legs, by pushing upwards and straightening, cause the crevice to widen, allowing further penetration by the anterior end. This behavior is shown by the "flat-back" millipedes, in which the paranota constitute the pushing surface and tend to split matter in a horizontal plan, like matted layers of leaves.
3) Boring: segments of progressively greater width are dragged forward, widening a crevice. In millipedes showing this behavior, the anterior end is narrow and each segment is slightly wider than the preceding one.
Centipedes use the poison claws to bit potential predators including other centipedes. The caudal legs in some Scolopendromorpha may pinch. Other defense methods include camouflage, "aposematic" [warning] coloration and luminescence, "autotomizing" or dropping of legs that are grasped by predators, and outrunning them. Some species also produce defensive secretions with a variety of noxious chemicals and larger species appear to have poison glands in their legs, as merely walking on skin can result in inflamed puncture wounds. Some lithobiomorphs emit liquid strands from glands in the caudal end that entangle potential predators.
Millipedes receive some protection from the sturdy exoskeleton. Most species can coil into protective spirals with the head in the center, and some can roll into a perfect ball or sphere. The bright "aposematic" pigmentations of colorful species serve to warn and deter potential predators, and the bioluminescence of the species of Motyxia (order Polydesmida) [the world's only bioluminescent millipedes, occurring in Tulare, Kern, and Los Angeles counties in California] probably functions as a nighttime equivalent. Otherwise, millipedes employ chemical defenses, and most have segmental defense glands that open laterally [on the side]. The defensive secretions contain a variety of noxious chemicals that deter, and possibly even kill, predators. However, millipedes do not secrete iodine, and only one order, the Polydesmida, produces cyanide.
Centipedes will bit humans, and the bites of large or even moderate-size scolopendromorphs and scutigeromorphs can be quite painful. Specimens should be grasped with forceps, never by hand, behind the head. Their bodies are so long and flexible that they can bend around and bite a collector if grasped at the caudal [tail] end. Bites vary with the species, but they produce moderate to severe pain for a few hours and may cause localized swelling, discoloration, and numbness. The only recorded human fatality is a child in the Philippines, who was bitten on the head and the poison was injected indirectly into the brain. If children, elderly, or allergic persons are bitten, medical assistance may be necessary. But unlike scorpions and spiders, there are no really dangerous, deadly centipedes.
Millipedes are entirely non-toxic to humans and can be picked up by hand. Some secretions discolor the skin, but this wears away in a few days without lasting effect. Some large, cylindrical, tropical species squirt their defensive secretions up to a half meter (2-3 feet) and can blind chickens and dogs. These fluids are painful if they get into the eyes, and persons working with tropical millipedes should be suitably cautious.
Important, relatively recent publications that warrant mention include texts on each class (Lewis 1981, on centipedes; Hopkin and Read 1992, on millipedes). Information on the North American fauna in the latter was updated by Shelley (1996). Other works include a generic-level classification of the Diplopoda with distributional information and nomenclatural notes (Hoffman 1980); illustrated keys to orders and families of New World millipedes (Hoffman 1990, Hoffman et al. 1996) and centipedes in the north-central states (Summers 1979); and a key to worldwide orders and families of centipedes (Mundel 1990). Checklists of North American and Central American millipede species (Chamberlain and Hoffman 1958, Loomis 1968) contain useful distributional information but are outdated; efforts are underway to update them. There is also a survey of cave millipedes in the United States (Shear 1969), which contains an illustrated key to families and genera, and valuable discussions on the latter; it has been supplemented by numerous works, most recently by Hoffman and Lewis (1997) on cave species in Indiana. Faunistic studies with keys to millipede species are available for eastern Canada (Shelley 1988) and central North Carolina (Shelley 1978, Filka and Shelley 1980), and ones without keys are available for Michigan (Snider 1991) and western Canada and Alaska (Shelley 1990a); there is also a faunistic study of Illinois centipedes that was subsequently updated (Summers et al. 1980, 1981). Older publications that are still useful include one by Bailey (1928) on New York centipedes species. Finally, there is an illustrated key to orders and families of centipedes and millipedes in Canada and the adjacent United States (Kevan and Scudder 1989), but it contains internal flaws and should be disregarded (Shelley 1990b).
Bailey, J.W. 1928. The Chilopoda of New York State with Notes on the Diplopoda. New York State Museum Bulletin No. 276: 5-50.
Chamberlin, R.V. 1918. The Chilopoda and Diplopoda of the West Indies. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 62: 151-262.
Chamberlin, RV and R.L. Hoffman. 1958. Checklist of the millipedes of North America. U.S. National Museum Bulletin No. 212: 1-236.
Filka, M.E. and R.M. Shelley. 1980. The milliped fauna of the Kings Mountain region of North Carolina (Arthropoda: Diplopoda). Brimleyana 4:1-45.
Hoffman, R.L. 1980 ("1979"). Classification of the Diplopoda. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland, 237 pages.
Hoffman, R.L. 1990. Diplopoda. Pages 835-860 In: D.L. Dindal, ed. Soil Biology Guide. Wiley Interscience Publications, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1349 pages + ixviii.
Hoffman, R.L. and J.J. Lewis. 1997. Pseudotremia conservata, a new cleidogonid milliped (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida), with a synopsis of the cavernicolous millipeds of the Neotropical region (Myriapoda: Diplopoda). Amazoniana 14:1-35.
Hopkin, S.P. and H.J. Read. 1992. The Biology of Millipedes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Kevan, D.K. McE., and G.G.E. Scudder. 1989. Illustrated Keys to the Families of Terrestrial Arthropods of Canada 1. Myriapods (Millipedes, Centipedes, etc.). Biological Survey of Canada Taxonomic Series No. 1, Ottawa, 88 pages + I-VI.
Lewis, J.G.E. 1981. The Biology of Centipedes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Loomis, H.F. 1968. A checklist of the millipeds of Mexico and Central America. U.S. National Museum Bulletin No. 266: 1-137.
Mundel, P. 1990. Pages 819-833 In: D.L. Dindal, ed., Soil Biology Guide. Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1349 pages + i-xviii.
Shear, W.A. 1969. A synopsis of teh cave millipeds of the United States, with an illustrated key to genera. Psyche 76: 126-143.
Shelley, R.M. 1978. Millipeds of teh eastern Piedmont region of North Carolina, U.S.A. (Diplopoda). Journal of Natural History 12: 37-79.
Shelley, R.M. 1988. The millipeds of eastern Canada (Arthropoda: Diplopoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology 66: 1638-1663.
Shelley, R.M. 1990a. A new milliped of teh genus Metaxycheir from the Pacific Coast of Canada (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae), with remarks on the tribe Chonaphini and the west Canadian and Alaskan diplopod fauna. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 2310-2322.
Shelley, R.M. 1990b. Book Review. Kevan, D.K. McE., and G.G.E. Scudder, 1989. Illustrated Keys to the Families of Terrestrial Arthropods of Canada 1. Myriapods (Millipeds, Centipedes, etc.). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 66: 177-180.
Shelley, R.M. 1996. Book Review. Stephen P. Hopkin and Helen J. Read. 1992. The Biology of Millipedes. Proceedings of teh Entomologoical Society of Washington 98: 169-172.
Snider, R.M. 1991. Updated species lists and distribution records for the Diplopoda and Chilopoda of Michigan. Michigan Academician 24: 177-194.
Summers, G. 1979. An illustrated key to the chilopods of the north-central region of the United States. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 52: 690-700.
Summers, G., J.A. Beatty and N. Magnuson. 1980. A checklist of Illinois centipedes (Chilopoda). Great Lakes Entomologist 13: 241-257.
Summers, G., J.A. Beatty and N.Magnuson. 1980. A checklist of Illinois centipedes (Chilopoda); Supplement. Great Lakes Entomologist 14: 59-62.
Williams, S.R. and R.A. Hefner. 1928. The millipedes and centipedes of Ohio. The Ohio State University Bulletin 33 (Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin No. 18): 92-146.
|The Kansas School Naturalist
|Department of Biology
|College of Liberal Arts & Sciences
|Send questions / comments to
Kansas School Naturalist.
|Emporia State University


text:
The following was submitted to the Women in Astronomy Blog by a female astronomer who wishes to use the pseudonym Kerri Benjamin.
The next sentence is the most important thing in this whole post:
I am posting this under a pseudonym because I am afraid to post it on my own blog or Twitter.
I am afraid.
The snafu known as ShirtGate or ShirtStorm is complicated, nuanced, and exhausting.
The below is not comprehensive. I'm going to talk about the things I consider to be the most important or most misunderstood. I'm doing bullet points because I am too damn tired to make this narratively pretty. And I don't mean physically exhausted. I am tired of THIS. THIS is sexism, in the world, in science, and on the Internet.
It's not about the shirt (or Dr. Taylor)
Dr. Taylor has apologized, and I'm choosing to believe he was sincere. This conversation is not about him, but I wanted to cover a few things:
- "He" did not land on a comet. He was part of a vast, international team of scientists and engineers who worked together for decades to make this mission happen. Philae is not "his" accomplishment.
- Doing smart or cool things in no way prevents you from being an idiot. Nor does it protect you from the consequences of being an idiot.
- That shirt was inappropriate. Period. End of story. I don't care what you wear to work, what that woman you work with said, or anything like that. He was going on global TV to talk about history-making science. I don't know how you show up for work that day wearing anything but a mission t-shirt or a suit and tie.
- Being a scientist or a "geek" does not excuse it. I have one coworker who regularly comes to the office in plaid shorts and another who is wearing a superhero logo three days out of five. They still both know what professionalism demands. This is not beyond "scientist" comprehension.
- The female scientists bringing this up have just as cool things on their CVs. The people who he insulted were, first and foremost, his colleagues. And we're not impressed with him just for being on a mission team.
Sexism in STEMThere is a problem with sexism in the scientific community, just as there is in many communities. I have been relatively fortunate in the men I have worked with and for, but I have a LONG list of friends and acquaintances who are not so lucky. The shirt might seem to be "not a big deal", but our world is the sum total of every "not a big deal".
It's "not a big deal" when someone tells you he came to your talk because you're attractive.
It's "not a big deal" when a coworker comments on your appearance.
It's "not a big deal" when someone makes a "joke" at work demeaning women.
It's "not a big deal" when you are asked in a job interview if you have or are planning to have kids.
It's "not a big deal" that you were warned about what professor to avoid basically as soon as you got to school.
It's "not a big deal" that that same professor was untouchable by the administration because he was too famous.
It's "not a big deal" when someone assumes you are your own secretary on the phone.
It's "not a big deal" when someone calls you "Miss" and your male colleague "Doctor."
It's "not a big deal" when going to parties at a conference comes with warnings of which of your fellow scientists are dangerous.
It's "not a big deal" when your boss, adviser, or senior colleague asks you out.
All of these things have happened to me or to someone I know. Not a single one of them is OK. People have excused each one individually as "not a big deal." But the reality of living as a woman in STEM (or in general) is that these things happen every single day. You may never encounter some of the most egregious offenses yourself, but you will know someone who does. And women do not - and should not - accept that as an ok way for the world to be.
"Men are afraid women will laugh at them. Women are afraid men will kill them." - Margaret Atwood
Guys: if you have not heard, or sat down and really thought about the above quote, do so now. It is absolutely true.
This is where we circle back to my being afraid. I'm not talking about concern for my career or my reputation. People - particularly women - are being abused and threatened with violence over this.
Pointing out sexism almost always comes with some type of blowback, but this shirt debacle has been made exponentially worse by coming on the heals of another one known as GamerGate. In brief:
GamerGate purports to be about journalistic ethics and/or defending "gamer" culture, depending on which apologist you are listening too. In reality, it has been a months-long assault on female, queer, and feminist voices in or around the video game community. Women have been driven into hiding after receiving death threats. One woman was threatened with "the worst school shooting in history" if she didn't cancel a speaking engagement. People who oppose GamerGate have their personal and financial details hacked and posted publicly on the internet. Rape threats, spamming "targets" with child pornography, encouraging them to commit suicide, staging virtual attacks on employers to try and get people fired. These are the tactics of GamerGate. And their goal is to silence women.
What does this have to do with the damn shirt? Since the worst of their threats got mainstream media attention, I would say the GamerGate "army" of abusers and criminals was losing a bit of steam. The non-misogynistic members of the game community (who are many in number) finally found their spines and started standing against them, and then ignoring them. So when "another example" of "feminazis" "oppressing" a man appeared before them, they latched on with gusto.
Female scientists started getting the same treatment as female video game developers. Rape threats. Death threats. Organized, constant online abuse. Not all of this comes from "Gaters", and not all of the "Gaters" are involved, but there is significant overlap in the people - and the behavior is nearly identical.
This is worse for women who are more high-profile, obviously, but it's not limited to them. A female scientist ran an experiment this week: She has less than two dozen Twitter followers. She is almost never online, and is not "famous" in any sense of the word. She posted a tweet expressing support for the women being threatened, using the hashtags #ShirtStorm and #ShirtGate, to see how long it would take the "GamerGate" guys to start in on her.
Women said "Dude, wearing that shirt is not cool". Men are now spending days telling those women the graphic, specific ways they would like to rape and murder them.
The Internet is Real
OK, final point. Do not tell me that "it's just the internet". The internet is an increasingly important part of how we live our lives.
Every single person on the internet is a PERSON. I expect to be treated with respect in the real world, and I expect to be treated that way in the virtual one. That should not be too high a bar. The people who are threatening my friends are not "trolls". They are people, often (but not exclusively) grown men who think these are OK things to say to a woman.
The Silver Lining
People are capable of learning. People have the right to change their minds. Sometimes discrimination is out of malice, but it's also often out of ignorance or thoughtlessness. People LEARN - and when they do, they are allowed to say "Wow, I was a complete and utter idiot about [X], sorry about that." That's called progress. Hopefully we've made some of it this week.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sunday, March 2, 2008
33 comments:
I totally Support your cause. As a long time Pastafarian i feel that this sculpture moves my soul.
- March 20, 2008 at 4:26 PM
- alex said...
Thank you for finally doing this! A fellow Crossvillian supports your cause!
- March 20, 2008 at 4:40 PM
Someone pinch me. Ariel, David, what you are doing is commendable. When I read "Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, Crossville", I felt personally noodled. To be this close to my hometown, to forgive those that trample on our lawns, we can forgive our trespasses. From the bottom of his appendage, I thank you.
Nancy Nusspickle
- March 20, 2008 at 4:45 PM
- Demeter said...
I generally hate carbohyrdrates.... I feel they should be waterboarded at Gitmo. : ) But, I'll make an exception for the Spaghetti Monster.
- March 20, 2008 at 4:50 PM
A masterpiece of the 21st century... I'm sure it will go down in history next to the sistine chapel, David, the Coliseum, and various other fine art....
- March 20, 2008 at 4:51 PM
- Ellen said...
mmmmmm carbs. my favorite. they are so deliciously bad.
- March 20, 2008 at 6:59 PM
Finally someone gets it!
- March 20, 2008 at 7:32 PM
I would love to see the spaghetti monster on the lawn!
- March 20, 2008 at 7:39 PM
I was plagued by a crippling addiction to antiquing from an early age. It was beginning to affect my professional and personal life, but try as I might, I could not tear myself away from the stench of mahogany and government issued tin. That is, until I found a Ragu smothered tract in my stink shack, and surrendered my hole to the Pasta of Pastas.
Remember this limerick as you weather the inevitable slings that await you.
"We walked along the beach
But as I looked back, I saw
Only one wide ditch in the sand
For the Flying Spaghetti Monster
Was dragging me by the ankle."
FMS be with you.
- March 21, 2008 at 12:35 AM
As a long-time Pirate and Pastafarian, I say well-done -- al dente, even! And, well-done to Crosville for having a fair displays policy.
Thank you for helping a bible-thumping town know that there are lots of folks out here who prefer ideas supported by facts and evidence, rather than facts manipulated to fit a mythology.
Sorry folks, the Earth is on the order of 4.5 billion years old. Adam and Eve did not "walk with the dinosaurs." http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/05/24/arts/24crea.html
The bigger message of the CFSM is that creative literalism does not equal science.
- March 21, 2008 at 5:13 AM
Please post photos of the statue on the lawn as soon as you can.
- March 21, 2008 at 6:03 AM
- Phillybits said...
The meatballs are so meaty looking! Great job! Can't wait to see picture!
- March 21, 2008 at 6:05 AM
- archer said...
YOU are a FALSE PHOPHETESS read LINGUINI 24:12! "Of LINGUINI and not we ourselves" WAKE UP AMERICA!!!!!!!!
- March 21, 2008 at 6:25 AM
- Lloyd said...
beautifully done, matey! Noodly blessing on ye!
- March 21, 2008 at 6:35 AM
Our local chapter of Pastafarians would like to know where you got such big meatballs and if you have any t-shirts or anything like that for sale.
- March 21, 2008 at 7:12 AM
- Bryan Hitchcock said...
You should take some really good quality photos and offer holiday cards that FSM believers (and *cough* atheists *cough*) can send out on holidays. I would buy a box!
- March 21, 2008 at 7:53 AM
- PattyP said...
I generally hate carbohyrdrates.... I feel they should be waterboarded at Gitmo. : ) But, I'll make an exception for the Spaghetti Monster.
Give organic whole grain pasta a try. The carbs convert to sugar at a much slower rate. I believe the FSM is accommodating of such changes in the daily sustenance of its followers, and will affirm and embrace your decision. rAmen!
- March 21, 2008 at 8:02 AM
Personally, I think this is probably the most stupid stunt I've seen in a long time.
- March 21, 2008 at 8:30 AM
- Emily Duffy said...
Long Live the Noodleocracy!
- March 21, 2008 at 8:50 AM
AARRRRRRHHHH!! Well done, Matey!
- March 21, 2008 at 10:36 AM
- elhaf said...
I agree with anonymous the third. Stupid stupid stunt. Congratulations, and my its noodly appendage touch you!
- March 21, 2008 at 11:27 AM
If I lived in that town...I would go rolling at night and stop by the courthouse and do a real number on this hideous looking creation!!!!!Now that would be newsworthy!!!
- March 21, 2008 at 12:26 PM
Congratulations from Seattle! FSM adherents here are in awe of your excellent action and very fine sculptural skills as well. May his noodly appendage bless your beautiful creation!
- March 21, 2008 at 1:44 PM
- Demeter said...
PattyP, I will get over my irrational bias against 'organic' anything and give your suggestion a try. Consider it a victory for the left. ; )
- March 21, 2008 at 2:06 PM
Uhh... If pastafarianism is a real religion, this is clearly unconstitutional. Just as the ten commandments statue in alabama was found to be.
- March 21, 2008 at 4:33 PM
- chuck said...
Is noodleocraty ready for Crossville.
Ready up. Crossvillians.There's a new world a comin'. Bless you my brother and sister in laws and beyond the time is now.Sleeze the moment!
You got big balls.
- March 21, 2008 at 4:39 PM
To the last "Anonymous": I believe the finding about the display of religion on public property was this-- If you allow one belief, then you must equally allow all others who request. The door was opened last year when the County allowed Jesus sculptures to be placed on the Courthouse steps and the Courthouse lawn. Now Cumberland County must welcome all requests equally. I expect our Courthouse lawn to become an open forum for personal expression. Our county property now looks Cheesier than ever. Got any Parmesan?
- March 22, 2008 at 4:30 AM
Long live the Noodley One! Thank you!
- March 22, 2008 at 12:55 PM
- SaucyPirate said...
Anonymous said "If I lived in that town...I would go rolling at night and stop by the courthouse and do a real number on this hideous looking creation!!!!!Now that would be newsworthy!!!"
The talaban is alive and well somewhere and apparently a still a coward i.e. (anonymous)
- March 22, 2008 at 1:09 PM
i cant believe you are acting as if this was your own little original idea. is this what people do when they don't have a real job or better purposes in life . I'm glad you have enough time to construct some BS piece of crap just so you can get a little attention. for you to say this is just some little piece of random art you created is a lie. there's loads of websites about this parody god. So dont take credit for ripping someone else off! what a loser cause
- March 25, 2008 at 7:24 AM
If you are so proud of your accomplishment here, why won't you show your face in any of the pictures?
- March 26, 2008 at 6:36 AM
Oh, Sigh! Anonymous, did you not read the credit that was given to the founder of Pastafarianism, Bobby Hendersen, in the section entitled "Why is displaying the Flying Spaghetti Monster important?" You sound so bitter. Eat some spaghetti and Lighten Up!!!!!!!
and btw, are you also the next Anonymous, who is ashamed to share your name? hmmmm...
- March 27, 2008 at 2:13 PM
- Of No Consequence :) said...
I find it interesting that most (if not all) of the negative messages are from anonymous posters. If you have the strength of your convictions to post your adverse thoughts, then at least have the courage to do it under your real name (or at least a way we can track you down and baptize you with a nice spicy marinara).
As a pirate and a Pastafarian, having been touched by his noodly appendage two years ago, I am both proud and gladdened to see the light of the FSM shine upon so many.
ramen! :)
- April 1, 2008 at 11:56 AM


text:
Attendees at Saturday�s fourth annual Baby Expo at the New Bern Mall could find a plethora of information about all things baby.
Attendees at Saturday�s fourth annual Baby Expo at the New Bern Mall could find a plethora of information about all things baby.
A line full of men, women, children, strollers and a few wagons was backed up to Big Apple Pizza before the start of the event.
The expo was sponsored by the New Bern Mall and Craven Smart Start along with Caroline McGath Newborn Photography, Childcare Network, Excel Creative Early Learning and Front Door Fitness NC.
Something new to the Baby Expo this year was the live broadcasting by Marc Miller and V103.3 FM. Miller also emceed a fashion show that featured the latest infants� and children�s fashions from Belk and The Children�s Place.
The event was full of helpful information, giveaways and prizes. The first 50 guests to register at the expo received a complimentary gift bag. The first 200 guests received a coupon for a free chicken biscuit from Chick-fil-A. Two high-valued giveaways were a $100 gift basket from Kimberly Jones, independent sales director for Mary Kay, and a $100 gift certificate for Wanda Kay�s School of Dance.
Kelly Murphy, mother of three boys, ages 2, 3 and 6, was a first-time Baby Expo guest this year.
�I came for my kids to enjoy,� Murphy said.
Vendors were set up in the main area of the mall and down each hall, ready to give away brochures, business cards, stickers, lollipops and more.
The Mary Kay booth offered face painting for little boys and nail painting for little girls.
Front Door Fitness NC provided hula hoops and other activities for kids to enjoy, inspiring them to be active, which is not only good for their health, but is also fun.
�Craven Smart Start is very pleased to again partner with the New Bern Mall to bring the Baby Expo to families in the region,� according to Pinkie Moore, community outreach coordinator for Craven Smart Start, Inc. �This is a wonderful opportunity for parents who are expecting or who have young children to familiarize themselves with community resources and services and to learn about products for infants and toddlers.�
Outside in the mall parking lot, the New Bern Fire Department held a car seat clinic where parents could learn the proper way to buckle car seats for infants, toddlers and small children.
Megan Beyer can be reached at 252-635-5671 or email@example.com


text:
- $
Although we do our best to provide accurate information, we are not responsible for any errors in product related information you may find on our site.
We suggest that you verify any such information with each merchant. Please
report any errors in pricing or product information you find here.


text:
The 2012 Iowa Power Farming Show will be the site for the introduction of a new self-propelled sprayer line to North American farmers.
American Resources LLC and PLA have teamed up to bring these sprayers to market. They will be offering two different models of self-propelled sprayers for this first year. American Resources LLC of Lake Mills, Iowa, will be the North American distributor.
"Several distinct features include rear or front boom capabilities, high crop clearance, ultra-low compaction ratings and many other industry-leading standard options. One exclusive unique option available to both models is the patented Degania Wind Tunnel. Several advantages include reduced drift and/or expanded coverage, reduced water usage, and it lengthens the window of application in variable conditions," says Steve Nelson, Owner of American Resource LLC.
The PLA sprayer will be displayed in the Wells Fargo Arena in Des Moines at the Jan. 31 – Feb. 2 Iowa Power Farming Show.
PLA from Las Rosas, Santa Fe, Argentina, is a leading manufacturer of self-propelled sprayers, pull-type sprayers, and planters with more than 30 years of industry experience. The company currently has manufacturing facilities in Argentina and Brazil. In addition to the United States and Canada, it exports to Australia, South Africa, Europe and Russia.


text:
Staff writer
In a special meeting Nov. 26, Marion City Council voted unanimously to hire current economic development director and interim city administrator Roger Holter to fill the position of city administrator at his current pay level of $66,500.
"We interviewed three very good candidates, all with strengths, and we would all have good comments about any of the three," Mayor Mary Olson said. "He (Holter) has a vision of Marion we like and want to keep going down that path."
Holter said he is excited about his new position and grateful to have the opportunity.
"I'm excited to see where the job will take me and how I can serve the community," he said.
The first item of business for Holter is to make a holistic emergency plan for the city.
"I met with the county emergency manager Randy Frank Monday so we can all be on the same page," Holter said. "My goal is for everyone, not just the individual departments, to know what to do if there's an emergency."
Holter also plans on looking at utilizing funds from city sales tax to help with development.
"With help from the council, I hope to figure out how to head forward with a plan to do something with distressed properties and help the town bring in new businesses and people into town," he said.
Holter said as economic development director he was working with four potential businesses to possibly open stores in Marion.
"I plan to continue to work with them to bring them into town," Holter said, but he will encourage council to begin the hiring process for a new economic the development director.
"Hopefully we can make a decision on that soon and set a timeline to fill the position," he said.
"Salary for the position is in the budget for next year," council member Todd Heitschmidt said. "So we'll speak with Roger and see what he wants to do with the position."
Other candidates interviewed were Gary Heer, city manager and finance and human resources executive for the city of Atchison, and Betty Thompson, former city administrator in Quinter.


text:
I'll get the ball rolling.
Unless you reflect on the truth of suffering to the point of actually becoming revolted by cyclic existence, your desire to attain liberation will be mere words, and whatever you do will lead to origins of further suffering. -Tsong Khapa in Lam Rim Chen Mo


text:
Special Order
(Shown with Optional Equipment)
Now Viewing:
Length: 179"119"
Not available with current selections
Not available with current selections
Not available with current selections
Options: 40U Front, 20U Rear
40U Front, 20U Rear
This item is noncancelable and nonreturnable.
The black V4RGE Universal Workstation Desk from Argosy features four 10U front, 5U rear rack module which offers a fully configured workstation console setup. This console system combines function, convenience, and style for your control. The chassis components are made of 19mm MDF to provide strength and durability with minimal acoustical influence. Open chassis design prevents thermal build-up and permits easy cable access. The enclosed utility area of the console separates, conceals, and protects gear & cabling. Desk inserts provide additional working space and flexibility to accommodate different configurations.
|Dimensions (L x D x H)
|179 x 47.3 x 29.5" (455 x 120 x 74.9 cm)


text:
First of all, Happy New Year to all bentoists! 2010 is the year of the tiger. (I know, the Chinese or Lunar New Year starts in February, but in Japan the official year goes by the Gregorian calendar, so it's already the Year of the Tiger (Tora in Japanese). Roar!
Now I have some bad news about the forum and site registrations. It seems there was some sort of problem on the backend so that I did not get notifications of new people signing up (registering) for a few weeks. If you registered in November-December, and you didn't get your welcome message, please either re-register, using the link here, or shoot me an email with your preferred username (do not use your real name or your email address as your username) to thechef at justhungry (dot) com. I am really sorry about this! Please note that you need to register only if you want to start topics in the forum. You can still comment to topics on the forum, or to posts on the main site, even if you are not registered, though you will need to wait for the comment to be approved by a moderator.
I do most of the background server stuff myself still, and while I have kept up with all security updates I am sorely behind on a lot of needed maintenance. Hopefully I can sort it out in the new few weeks or so.
The Big Onigiri.
- Wherever you go, there you are. -
Happy new year for you and you Familly, Maki!
Happy New Year to you too! Hope you've had a great start so far :)
I've emailed you re: registration problems.
Happy New Year to Maki and all!
|Last Post
|Sesame salad dressing
|5 years 42 weeks ago
|Authentic paella?
|5 years 43 weeks ago
|IMPORTANT: If you have a blog on JustBento...
|5 years 46 weeks ago
|Shiso - uses for this herb
|5 years 48 weeks ago
|Fuki (Japanese Butterbur) Tsukemono Recipes
|5 years 48 weeks ago
@justbento - strictly site updates
@makiwi - Maki tweets at random


text:
Mare Island Golf Club in Vallejo, California was established in 1892, making it the oldest course west of the Mississippi. Recently expanded back to a full 18-hole facility by renowned Pacific Rim architect Robin Nelson, the new course is designed to challenge golfers of all abilities. Half of the holes wind through tree-lined fairways, while the other half offers a more links-style journey. The majority of holes at Mare Island Golf Club offer a magnificent view of San Pablo Bay, the Napa River, Mt. Tamalpais and on a clear day the Golden Gate Bridge. No other Bay Area course has more panoramic vistas. Come play the Mare Island Golf Club in Vallejo, California today!
Welcome to Mare Island Golf Club in Mare Island, California.
All guests are invited to register to receive the latest course news and exclusive access to our online specials.
Book your tee time online or call (707) 562-4653.
Click Here to Join our Email club for Everyday Specials
Click Here to view our membership information
Join the Players Club for a one time payment of $29, NO FEE for Vallejo Residents, good for a year of membership


text:
Bugzilla is the bug tracking software the KDE community uses to handle the bug reports of their applications.
Our bugtracker is located at https://bugs.kde.org
Main screen of the bugtracker (default style):
Summary: Brief description of the bug
Product: Application or library which is being affected by the bug
Component: Specific component inside the product which is being affected by the bug
Version: Version of the application or library which shows the bug (Note: different products could have different policies about this field: it could represent the last version in which the bug is present, or the first version in which the bug appeared). This field defaults to "unspecified".
Priority: Priority of the bug report. It defaults to "NOR"(normal) and it must not be changed.
Severity: Type of bug:
Status: Status of the bug report:
Votes: Current number of votes the bug report has. Votes can be useful to confirm a bug (status changes from UNCONFIRMED to NEW).
Comments: The first comment is always the original description of the bug sent by the reporter. The other ones could be comments added by the same reporter or by any other user, a bug triager, or a developer.
Keywords: Special words which are used to mark special reports, in order to find them easily. Several keywords can be used separated by commas.
CC List: List of mail addresses (from reporters or contributors) who are tracking the bug report and who are going to get a mail notification about every change on it.
More information about bug report's life cycle and other fields can be found at https://bugs.kde.org/page.cgi?id=fields.html
Prior to start using your bugzilla account, it is important to configure it.
You can access your control panel using the "Edit my Preferences" link or with this URL: User Preferences
With the default behavior, after you modify a bug report (or after adding a comment) you will be redirected to another bug report (the next in your search list). Most of the users get confused with this behavior and write other comment in that bug report, thinking it is the same as before.
You can properly identify each KDE application with its bugzilla product component using this feature: Describe components
The simple search provides a quick way to look for bug reports without the need to specify too much specific fields filters.
In the Status field you can select:
In the Product field you select the main application or library suffering the bug
In the Words field you can enter some keywords which will be used to identify the bug report (it will search trying to match those words with the Summary of the report) You can use keywords or a complete phrase You can also leave this field empty to look for all the bug reports
Search for currently active Plasma bug reports about icons being misplaced on login.
* Status: "Open" * Product: "Plasma" * Words: "icon move login" or "icons are randomly moved during the startup"
This kind of search allows the user to filter a lot of fields using several combinations.
The important field in this form are:
You can setup a date delimiter using the "Bug Changes" group: you can set two dates and select a field to compare: "Bug creation", "Last modification", and so on. The dates' format can be "YYYY-MM-DD", "Xd" (X days), "Xm" (X months), "Now" (Today)
You can filter reports which are assigned or have comments of a specific user using the "Email address, bug number and votes" group.
You can also select the sort method to use: by bug number, by importance, by last order used.
Fields which could remain untouched (as they are not really useful to filter out. And we don't use some of them): "Target", "The URL", "Keywords", "Priority", "Hardware", "OS"
Search for bugs in the folderview widget (Plasma-desktop) related to the preview of images not working on a network share, currently opened and confirmed:
* Summary: "preview fail" or "preview not working" * Product: "plasma" * Component: "widget-folderview" * A Comment: "network" or "network share" or "remote" * Status: "NEW", "ASSIGNED" and "REOPENED" * Severity: "minor" and "normal" (it is not a crash and it is not a major bug)
With the default style you can easily recognize the different type of bug reports by colors (red are crashes, yellow are normal reports and green are feature requests)
In every bug report page, you will find a textbox (below the comments) which allows you to add a comment to that report
In this textbox you can describe your discovery: you can(not) reproduce the bug; you can provide more information or details. You can also request more information from the reporter
When you are ready, click the Commit button
If you have the enough bugzilla permissions, you can modify more fields of a bug reports. This is oftenly useful while organizing ("triaging") the reports.
You can:
Then you can:
Finally you can modify the bug report status:


text:
Event description
Let us take you to dinner! Take a night off being a tourist and join us on a delicious journey to discover the mouth-watering cuisines of historic Fremantle. This relaxed pace walking tour visits the best hidden (and not so hidden!) restaurants and bars in Freo with unique tastings at each location. All alcoholic and soft drinks, meals, desserts and tastings are included in the price of the meal. Our local guides can't wait to show you our city!


text:
Storied Army unit moving into Afghanistan's east
FORT RILEY, Kansas – With the Afghan war's endgame approaching, the Army's storied 1st Infantry Division is preparing to take command in the eastern provinces, where the strategy calls for a renewed push this year even as U.S. and allied forces draw down in less violent parts of the country.
After months of carefully sequenced training at Fort Riley for what will be its first Afghanistan command tour, the 1st Infantry will take over in April for the 1st Cavalry Division in a mostly mountainous sector that spans 14 provinces and includes 450 miles of the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. Insurgent attacks in that region increased last year even as they declined substantially in the south.
The U.S. and its NATO allies expect to put more emphasis this year on shifting to a support role after a decade of combat, with Afghan forces taking a more prominent role, especially in the south. In the eastern provinces, a lot of tough fighting is still in the offing.
"We can't take our foot off the throat of the insurgency," the 1st Infantry's commanding general, Maj. Gen. William Mayville, said in an Associated Press interview Monday at his headquarters on Custer Hill overlooking this sprawling post on the banks of the Kansas River.
Mayville and his team will be arriving in Afghanistan at an especially tense time, following Afghan outrage over what American officials call the accidental burning of Muslim holy books last month and the massacre of nine children among 16 Afghan civilians March 11, allegedly by a U.S. soldier, Staff Sgt. Robert Bales.
Mayville, an Iraq war veteran who is one of the Army's most experienced Afghan hands, said the key to success in Afghanistan is ensuring that sufficiently trained Afghan security forces -- both army and police -- are connected to an adequately capable Afghan government. He said he is encouraged by what he believes is a growing pool of capable and committed Afghan military leaders.
"None of this works if you then can't connect all of this progress to the efforts to build a viable Afghan government at the local, provincial and national level," he said.
Without commenting on the shootings or the Koran burnings, Mayville said he believes the U.S. and its allies will stick to their current strategy even as President Hamid Karzai pushes for an early end to the presence of foreign forces in Afghan villages. That view has been echoed by numerous military and administration officials, including President Barack Obama, even though a majority of Americans say it's time to leave Afghanistan after 10 years.
"I don't see us coming off of this campaign plan," he said. "And I don't see anything where the trajectory of our campaign necessarily has been altered or changed."
The top American commander in Afghanistan, Marine Gen. John Allen, is due to open three days of congressional testimony on Tuesday where he is expected to face tough questions from lawmakers on the implications of recent U.S. setbacks and on Karzai's demand for a pullout from rural areas. Since Feb. 1, seven U.S. servicemen have been killed by their Afghan allies.
Mayville's task in the eastern sector is complicated by the makeup of an insurgency that is more diverse than in the Pashtun-dominated south.
"The east is the most complex area of all the battle spaces" in Afghanistan, Mayville said.
To prepare for that, the 1st Infantry's headquarters staff, numbering about 700 people, has undergone a grueling series of exercises meant to familiarize them with not only the forces they will be commanding but also the political, cultural and social factors they will face. The headquarters spent a year in southern Iraq, returning to Fort Riley in January 2011, but has never deployed to Afghanistan.
"We had to wrap our heads around a different country, a different people," said Lt. Col. Patrick Proctor, the division's chief of plans. As part of that effort, key officers on the division headquarters staff visited Afghanistan in September, October and December to be briefed by U.S. and Afghan officers and get a better lay of the land. Proctor and Mayville made a final visit last week.
Adapting will be less difficult for Mayville, a 1982 graduate of West Point who parachuted into northern Iraq in March 2003 as commander of the 173rd Airborne Brigade and has spent a total of more than four years in combat since then. He has served three times in Afghanistan, most recently in 2009-2010 as operations chief for Gen. Stanley McChrystal when he was the top commander there.
In his sector of Afghanistan, known as Regional Command-East, Mayville will lead five U.S. ground combat brigades, plus one Polish and one French brigade and one U.S. Army combat aviation brigade. In all he'll command about 30,000 troops, although it is possible that he will lose some during the course of the year. Details of the 2012 U.S. drawdown plan have not yet been announced.
As required by Obama, the total U.S. force in Afghanistan of 90,000 troops is to be reduced to 68,000 by the end of the summer. Much of that will be achieved by reducing in Helmand province, where U.S. Marines already are handing over to Afghan forces and where the Taliban has been dealt a severe blow. It's not clear what changes will be made to the size and mix of forces in the east.
The 1st Infantry Division, nicknamed the "Big Red One," dates to World War I and has fought in every major American war since.


text:
Accenture's Product Engineering & Lifecycle Services (PE&LS) team provides services to cover the end-to-end product value chain—from ideation through product development, and to manufacturing and after-market product support. Our services help our clients create new revenue-generating business models, and then we go beyond to help design efficient manufacturing operations that deliver value-making innovation at lower costs. We partner with our clients to harness the value of the Industrial Internet of Things as a competitive advantage, and further put them at the forefront of Industry X.0.
Discover why digital product engineering, and particularly software product engineering, is so important in high tech right now.
Work on the cutting edge alongside the most exciting
tech companies. Join us and help transform high tech
industries through digital innovation.


text:
Make your products visible globally with Elite Membership.
I agree to the
terms and conditions
Existing User?
Sign In with Email
Remember Me
Forgot Password?
New User?
Enter your registered Email ID to get reset password.
Elite Member
Individual Register
Marshal Jozef Pilsudski Square,
00-073 Warsaw, Poland,
Acetic acid (CAS Number:64-19-7) is the second simplest carboxylic acid after formic acid,which contains two carbon atoms. It consists of a methyl group linked to a carboxyl group. The chemical formula for acetic acid is CH3COOH and its IUPAC name is ethanoic. Acetic acid has been derived from the Latin word "acetum", which stands for vinegar. Acetic acid is acolourless liquid with a pungent odour.
- Catalytic Carbonylation of Methanol
One of the most common methods of acetic acid synthesis involves catalytic carbonylation of methanol with an iodine compound along with iridiumcatalyst (Cativa process) or rhodium catalyst (Monsanto process).
- Air-Oxidation of Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid is synthesisedthrough its airoxidation of acetaldehyde solution in the presence of manganous acetate. The crude acetic acid obtained is purified by distillation.
- Bacterial Oxidation of Ethanol
Ethanoic acid, also known as acetic acid, is prepared by the bacterial oxidation of ethanol. This process takes places with the use of acetobacter bacteria in the presence of oxygen.
- It finds application in industries such as construction, pharmaceutical, water treatment, plastics, paints, textile dyeing, food, textile synthetic fibres, pesticides, chemical raw materials, rubber, inks and dyes.
- Ethanoic acid is used in the production of pesticides, plastics, rubber, dyes, perfumes and fragrances. It is used as a solvent for various industrial processes.
- Dilute acetic acid, commonly known as vinegar is used as a preservative.
- People buy acetic acid in its diluted form (vinegar) that is used for a range of household cleaning tasks such as polishing brass and stainless steel, cleaning windows, descaling coffee making machines as well as removal of smears and streaks on mirrors.
Inhalation of acetic acid can causelaboured breathing, cough,headache,shortness of breath, burning sensation, dizziness and sore throat. Exposure to skin can result in blisters, skin burns, redness and pain. It can lead to loss of vision, redness, severe deep burns and pain when exposed to the eyes. Ingestion of ethanoic acid can cause burning sensation, diarrhoea, collapse, shock, vomiting, abdominal pain and sore throat.
Acetic acid is highly flammable and corrosive, which requires special storage and handling considerations. Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) must be used when handling this chemical to prevent inhalation as well as contact with eyes and skin. All personnel must be trained on the hazards of this compound before handling. Proper ventilation must be provided in the areas of use. The chemical vapours of acetic acid should be kept away from sources of ignition, flame and heat. Adequate electrical grounding should be used while transferring, loading and unloading chemical. Acetic acid suppliers need to be careful during handling.
Acetic acid is normally kept in plastic or glass carboys in an outer packing of drum, hamper, plastic drums, metal or wooden casks. Aluminium containers along with bung screw caps are one of the best methods of transportation. They must be transported in plastic barrels,stainless steel or aluminium tank trucks. Acetic acid must be stored in a proper ventilated, cool and dry place, away from flame source, heat source and solarization. It must not be stored along with alkali substances.Acetic acid suppliers and manufacturers must ensure proper packing, transportation and storage to avoid fines and losses. Buy acetic acid from the right acetic acid supplier to ensure proper packing, transportation and storage.
Stay updated with the latest chemical industry trends and innovations.


text:
Biglietti di Audi Cup Final 2019
Biglietti di Football - Biglietti di Audi Cup Tickets
I migliori biglietti garantiti
- Stai sicuro che stai entrando nei Prezzi eccellenti del OnlineTicketExpress!
- When comparing our prices, please check carefully all other websites for their final ticket prices including all the hidden extras (VAT, Services and Booking fee), be assured that our final ticket prices are excellent!!!
Ti promettiamo
- Garanzia di rimborso del 125%.
- Prezzi eccellenti
- All prices already include VAT.
- Prenotazione online sicura SSL 128.
- Migliaia di clienti soddisfatti.
- Consegna di biglietti ufficiali a casa tua/hotel.
- In affari dal 1994.
Buy now and get official tickets for the Audi Cup Final 2019 thrilling match at excellent prices!
This match is part of the Audi Cup games, come see the best players in action and enjoy the electrifying atmosphere of the exciting match of Audi Cup Final 2019 that will take place at the Allianz Arena, Munich, Germany on 31/07/2019 - 20:30. Secure your seats to the game and have a peace of mind.
OnlineTicketExpress is a commercial company specialising in offering tickets for sold-out and popular events for so-called hard-to-get tickets. OnlineTicketExpress obtains tickets on the secondary market and the prices listed on this website reflect the degree of difficulty in obtaining these tickets. OnlineTicketExpress is not connected to any box office, or sponsored by any of the venues, teams, performers or organisations whose tickets this website provides.
When booking the client expressly accepts the difference in price over the face value of the Tickets, due to changes in supply and demand, the degree of difficulty, the cost of obtaining and most importantly, the cost involved in servicing and delivering the tickets to the client's position.
OnlineTicketExpress prices will be different from the prices that may be specified on the actual ticket and the client cannot derive any rights from these. All costs are included in the OnlineTicketExpress prices excluding handling fee costs.
All prices include VAT. Please review Terms & Conditions.


text:
Iraq Chat
Iraq chat rooms with voice and webcams make http://arabic-chat-arab-chat.com one of the best places to meet and chat with Iraqi people to make Iraqi friends from America ,Canada,Australia,U.K,Norway,Sweden,Lebanon,Syria,Iraq,Egypt,Morocco,Algeria,Tunisia,Europe,Germany,France,Italy and all over the world. Chatting has became the way to meet and socialize. The voice chat makes it really unique when combined with webcams.Here, Iraqi Americans meet to feel content with like-minded Arabs that come from all over America and the Arab world. Iraq chat is a fun chatting place for all Arabs,so relax and get ready to engage in the best Iraqi chat available online. Arabic-chat-arab-chat.com is a part of ChatArabs.com network. Dear chatter, we are glad that you made it here.
Iraqi Chat
Don't forget to register in Iraq Chat to participate in the many Arabic and Iraqi chat rooms available. Registration enables you to use the voice and participate in the Iraq voice chat or webcam if you chose too. you will meet in the chat rooms many Arabs from different backgrounds which make your chatting experience fun and educational. As it is indeed an Iraqi chat,but users tend to chat in English as well in the many available Arabic chat rooms.Many chatters come from America,Canada,Australia,United Kingdom and other English speaking countries . Go on, tour around and check out your chatting options by moving between the Arabic chat rooms such as Syria chat,Lebanon chat,Morocco chat,Arab American chat, Egypt chat and many other Arab chat rooms you will notice while discovering the site, what we guarantee is that you surely will meet and make new friends from Iraq,who knows, you might meet your other half here.


text:
Don't see your question? Visit our help section.
Get access to great in-store deals and local pick-up
Sign up for our email deals newsletter!
GameStop's Car/USB charger allows you the flexibility to charge and power your PSP in 3 hours from your car, computer, or PS2. Completely charges your PSP in three hours, designed with your safety and convenience in mind.
Pro Price


text:
Or Login using BecomeGorgeous
Please fill the form below and follow the further instructions.
You are about to receive a email from us please make sure to check your spam or junk folder and add our email [email protected] to your contact list.
Thank you!
While a curvy body is undoubtedly a seductive feature, love handles tend to be one of those features women would gladly get rid of. While the subject of body fat in the mid section area is rather controversial health-wise, in terms of personal appearance things get a lot simpler. Getting rid of love handles is not an easy process unless you turn to liposuction, which is a more effortless, yet very expensive procedure. If you would rather get rid of love handles more naturally, you will have to make an honest effort in order to succeed. Altho... Read More


text:
BRUSSELS — European Union leaders were expected to decide Wednesday whether to toughen sanctions against Russia because of what they consider its destabilization of neighboring Ukraine.
Many of the 28 EU leaders coming into Brussels for an evening summit agree that Russia is still failing to take sufficient measures to help ease the crisis in eastern Ukraine, where separatists in two regions want to break away.
EU diplomats were looking at new sanctions that would go beyond the current travel bans and assets freezes against individuals but still fall short of full economic and trade sanctions.
An early draft of proposed new EU sanctions included an end to funding by the European Investment Bank and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development of new public sector projects in Russia, and suspension of many EU bilateral and regional cooperation programs with Russia.
But hours before the start of the summit Wednesday evening, the process was still in flux, with EU officials saying the language was still being worked on.
The United States is considering imposing unilateral sanctions on Russia for its actions regarding Ukraine.
At their last summit, on June 27, the EU leaders threatened to impose new measures if their demands on Russia and the pro-Russian fighters in eastern Ukraine were not met.
Germany said Ukraine says heavy weapons are still flowing to separatists across the Russian border, and there are increasing attacks on Ukrainian forces from Russian territory.
"Unfortunately not much has happened regarding the implementation of our expectations," German Chancellor Angela Merkel said in Brussels on Wednesday. "No hostages have been released, the border has not been secured, the contact group isn't working."
"That's why we will talk about new sanctions here because we believe that the Russian contribution to peace in Ukraine is not yet sufficient," Merkel said.
Juergen Baetz in Brussels contributed.


text:
Published Jan 5, 2011
When you're craving a snack with your cocktail, where do you go?
Happy birthday to you! Who takes the cake? see the Top 5 →
When the hardest choice is sweet or savory, you know you're in for a treat... see the Top 5 →
Whether you take a Bloody Mary or coffee with your eggs benedict, we know... see the Top 5 →
Burgers are serious business. East Coast, West Coast, Well Done, Medium... see the Top 5 →
Breakfast, lunch or dinner. The possibilities are endless. Who makes the... see the Top 5 →
The 2010 Boston A-List awards are based on more than 44,000 votes from local Boston-area experts.


text:
Ironically (or coincidentally? I never know. Which is ironic.) I was up this morning at 1:30am. Insomnia. And I noticed that I had a few hits on a post from September of 2011. Not a bad post and it's kind of cool to see my pre-Leadman thoughts.
And since I'm
I almost made it to 3am today... at 2:58 a sleep cycle ended and I was wide awake. I went on a dietary hiatus last week and allowed myself to eat like a normal person which meant my energy dipped. I've been back on a Paleo-esque diet this week (although I had a Twizzler last night but I think I read somewhere that the first thing cavemen did when they discovered fire was to invent licorice) and my sleep has been reduced by an equal ratio to the caloric drop.
I went in to Boulder yesterday to redeem a gift certificate to the Boulder Running Company that I had won at a race. All the shiny and fancy $100-$190 (WTF?) running shoes
I also stopped by (the main reason I went to Boulder) Rocky Mountain Anglers to freshen up my supply of flies for our 10 day camping trip that starts tomorrow. Really nice shop with excellent staff. I ended up hanging out for a while chatting with another customer and the guy working. I learned a ton. I've been needing a fly case but they all cost too much so I made my own. I finally found a use for my old college track All-American medals... or the cases really. I threw the medals back in to the shoe box.
I learned a ton from training simultaneously for the Mt Evans Ascent run and the Silver Rush bike/ run (where I DNF'd which according to some people on the interwebs makes me a pussy and is unacceptable. I'm sure a "real" mountain runner would have finished the bike and then finished the run) and the Leadville 100 bike. I placed 4th at Evans only a minute or three behind 2 Olympians and I had averaged maybe 40 miles a week of running in the months leading up to that race. Very sparse on the long runs. I may have placed better had I run more but the focus was on the 100 bike and it showed me that running mileage, for ME at this point in my too long running 'career' (see previous comment regarding my homemade fly cases) has a point of diminishing returns. ~50 mile weeks seem to be my sweet spot in terms of adaptation. I always liken mileage to weight lifting. The best power lifters in the world only do squat sessions 1-2 times per week. A lot of endurance athletes tend to believe that rest is bad and that pushing constantly is how you get fit... but that's incorrect to a point. Rest is what allows for adaptation. Try this- put ~60 pounds on a squat bar and start doing squats, don't stop. Just keep doing squats with out rest. Do you get stronger as you go? Nope. You go to failure. Now come back the next day and do it again. And the next day. And the next. Count the number of reps you can do each day and I'll bet that number very steadily declines as fatigue increases. That's a silly comparison but more definitive in regards to measuring performance than just flogging oneself with miles. With running, when you get super fatigued, you can still step out the door and do more but it may not actually make you more fit. Its the Law of Diminishing Returns... it's a law. And too often I've been sucked in to the numbers game and my performance declined... and notice I said performance? Performance is rarely measured in just sheer volume and most often is associated with the speed of that volume. At the end of your squat week yes you did more squats than the power lifter... but he's squatting a half ton more than you. It's important to look at the numbers that matter. The 100 mile week number is the worst ever too. I think runners tend to look at what elites are doing and think that's what they should be doing. Elites usually don't work full time plus they were probably running 100 mile weeks in high school and they most likely picked the right parents. High mileage is of course one key to running success but once you've done months of it in a given year or over the years then adaptation has occurred. Doing the same thing over and over and over, once again, diminishes the returns... move on and work your weakness. It's the change in stress that brings about new adaptation. Now I'm just digressing.
Anyway... with Leadman I have to run a (sub 4:00:)) marathon while preparing to mountain bike 50 miles soon after. The build up to the marathon and bike will be planned out 100% Canova style with a liquid transition between training intensities based only on how quickly I adapt. For the 100 bike and 100 run; that will be a mix of what I have done for both before. Long runs of ~30 miles on Wednesday and/or Thursday followed by a long bike (with moderate intensity) on Saturday. Monday will be a hard tempo run followed by a hard tempo bike. All other days will be zeros or very easy and short recovery efforts. Looking back at the past Leadman results the 100 run is where you win it. I think I can go under 19:00. If the next fastest guy runs 24:00 (the Leadman record holder ran 24:10) then that's 5+ hours he'll need on me going in to that race. For sure the focus for Leadman will be the 100 run. I also get to start the 100 bike in the first corral which will allow me to ride reasonably fast but not pressured and I plan to take the bike quite easy, of course if I ride a single speed there is no such thing, and if I lose an hour or even two to someone then that's fine.


text:
Pain is not the enemy!
Pain is often simply an important indicator of underlying problems that need to be taken care of. In fact, pain can be viewed as the red, flashing, warning light on your dashboard telling you that something urgently needs your attention. To simply mask the pain with medication would be like covering up your "low oil" warning light because it was annoying you. Therefore, in addition to teaching you how to turn off the pain signal, we will also help you to understand what the pain is trying to tell you that your body needs. When these are addressed, the pain usually goes away! While the underlying problems that need attention are being addressed, it is then also very important to turn off/mask pain so that you can be comfortable.
So how do I treat the underlying problems causing the pain?
There are usually four key areas that need to be treated to eliminate muscle/myofascial and nerve pain. It helps to remember the acronym "S. H. I. N.". This stands for Sleep, Hormonal support, treating Infections, and Nutritional support. We will briefly review each of these areas and natural tools that will make it easier to treat them.
1) Nutritional inadequacies - First you need to give the body the nutritional building blocks it needs to heal. Otherwise, it cannot even begin to get well. B Vitamins, antioxidants, magnesium, zinc, selenium and amino acids (proteins) are especially important. There is a product that contains over 50 key nutrients in one scoop of a good tasting powder and one capsule taken daily. It is called the Energy Revitalization System (from Enzymatic Therapy) and supplies an excellent, easy and affordable foundation for nutritional support for almost everyone -- including those with pain. It is easy to use and literally replaces the need for 35 capsules of nutritional supplements a day. We have even seen patients' chronic pain go away simply with this nutritional support.
Next, although the powder has most of what your body needs, joints require other specific nutrients for healing in addition to what's in the vitamin powder. So for arthritis, get Glucosamine Sulfate (500 mg 3 x day) and consider MSM (1.5-3 grams a day). Within 6 weeks, most people's arthritis markedly improves and these actually help to heal your joints! For nerve pain, add lipoic acid 300 mg 3x day for at least 6 weeks.
2) Sleep - Pain patients frequently have insomnia- which is often profound. This contributes to pain. Your body's repair cycle occurs during sleep and you need 8-9 hours of sleep a night for optimal healing. Put differently, your pain will simply not go away until you regularly get 8-9 hours of deep sleep a night!
Many natural remedies that are very effective for sleep also directly help pain. My favorite is the combination of 6 herbals contained in the Revitalizing Sleep Formula by Enzymatic Therapy. Other natural remedies that help sleep when taken at bedtime are magnesium (e.g. 100 -- 300 milligrams), calcium (500 -- 600 mg), 5-HTP (100-300mg-takes 6 weeks to work), &/or melatonin (3/10-1mg) at bedtime.


text:
Kate Hudson on Vacation in Spain
Kate Hudson Hangs in Barcelona With Her Boys
Kate Hudson Hangs in Barcelona With Her Boys
Kate Hudson and fiancé Matthew Bellamy popped up in Spain with their son, Bingham, on Sunday. The trio lounged at an outdoor cafe, where Kate drank a bloody Mary when she wasn't snapping pictures, and Matthew goofed around with a towel over his head to entertain Bing. Later in the afternoon, Kate and Matthew escaped to the sand for a little couple's time. The trio are in Barcelona following Matthew's concert there with Muse on Friday, and they'll soon make their way to another sunny destination since the band is set to play in Portugal tomorrow. Kate, Matthew, and Bing have a busy Summer of travels ahead of them for the tour, which doesn't wrap up until the Austin City Limits Music Festival in October. Kate may have to break from supporting her man, though, since she has multiple projects in the works including Me and My Shadow and Zach Braff's Kickstarter-funded film, Wish I Was Here.


text:
Vadim Gluzman in Korngold
Listen to a clip from the Violin Concerto here
'Vadim Gluzman swashes his buckles with the best of them. He plays every phrase for all its worth with a cinematic sensitivity guaranteed to send Hollywood Golden Age nostalgists into raptures.'Julian Haylock
Korngold • Dvarionas
Korngold: Violin Concerto; Dvarionas: Violin Concerto in B minor; Pezzo elegiaco 'Prie ezerelio' (By the lake)
Vadim Gluzman (violin); Residentie Orchestra The Hague/Neeme Järvi
BIS CD 1822 60:55 mins
For a full review take a look at the December 2010 issue
Audio clip: Korngold: Violin Concerto – 'Romance. Andante'
- Article Type: | New Release |