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Firefighter Safety & Solar Photovoltaic Panels On Buildings ??
2016-09-14: Only now are we really catching up with the extremely serious matter of Fire Safety in Sustainable Buildings … serious for building occupants … and firefighters !
' In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection and energy efficiency/conservation shall constitute integral parts of the development process, and shall not be considered in isolation.'
2016 Dublin Code of Ethics: Design, Engineering, Construction & Operation of a Safe, Resilient & Sustainable Built Environment for All ( www.sfe-fire.eu )
The Performance Target for New Construction must be Positive Energy Buildings.
So … we will see more and more Solar Photovoltaic Panels installed on more and more buildings … in every country. Certainly not less ! And, let's face it, many will not be properly approved, i.e. shown to be 'fit for their intended use' …
At the beginning of this decade, a Fire Research Project was carried out by the Underwriters Laboratories Firefighter Research Institute in the USA … and it addressed the issue of firefighter vulnerability to electrical hazards, and serious injury, when fighting a fire involving Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Modules and Support Systems installed on buildings.
The Total Global Solar Energy Capacity averaged 40 % annual growth from 2000 to 2010 (source: International Energy Agency). In the USA, Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic Capacity grew 50 % per year for much of that time (source: US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission). These trends increase the potential of a Fire Service Response to a building having a Photovoltaic Installation, irrespective of the PV being involved with the initiation of the fire event. As a result, conventional firefighter tactics for suppression, ventilation and overhaul have been complicated, leaving firefighters vulnerable to potentially unrecognized exposure. Though the electrical and fire hazards associated with electrical generation and distribution systems are well known, PV Systems present unique safety concerns. A limited body of knowledge and insufficient data exist to understand these risks … to the extent that Fire Services have been unable to develop safety solutions and respond in a safe manner.
This Fire Research Project developed the empirical data needed to quantify the hazards associated with PV Installations … and provided the foundation to modify current or develop new firefighting practices to reduce firefighter deaths and injury.
The Tactical Considerations addressed during the Project include:
- Shock hazard due to the presence of water and PV power during fire suppression activities ;
- Shock hazard due to the direct contact with energized components during firefighting operations ;
- Emergency disconnect and disruption techniques ;
- Severing of conductors ;
- Assessment of PV power during low ambient light, artificial light and light from a fire ;
- Assessment of potential shock hazard from damaged PV Modules and Systems.
Office of California's State Fire Marshal – November 2010
Fire Operations for Photovoltaic Emergencies (CAL FIRE – 2010) (PDF File, 1.99MB)
UL Report (2011): The Following Summarizes the Findings of This Fire Research Project:
- The electric shock hazard due to the application of water is dependent on voltage, water conductivity, distance and spray pattern. A slight adjustment from a solid fire hose stream towards a fog pattern (10 degree cone angle) reduced measured current below perception level. Salt water should not be used on live electrical equipment. A distance of 6 m has been determined to reduce potential shock hazard from a 1000 VDC source to a level below 2 mA, considered as safe. It should be noted that pooled water or foam may become energized due to damage in the PV System.
- Outdoor weather exposure-rated electrical enclosures are not resistant to water penetration by fire hose streams. A typical enclosure will collect water and present an electrical hazard.
- Firefighters' gloves and boots afford limited protection against electrical shock provided the insulating surface is intact and dry. They should not be considered equivalent to Electrical Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
- Turning off an array is not as simple as opening a disconnect switch. Depending on the individual system, there may be multiple circuits wired together to a common point such as a combiner box. All circuits supplying power to this point must be interrupted to partially de-energize the system. As long as the array is illuminated, parts of the system will remain energized. Unlike a typical electrical or gas utility … on a PV Array, there is no single point of disconnect.
- Tarps offer varying degrees of effectiveness to interrupt the generation of power from a PV Array, independent of cost. Heavy, densely woven fabric and dark plastic films reduce the power from PV to nearly zero. As a general guide, if light can be seen through a tarp, it should not be used. Caution should be exercised during the deployment of tarps on damaged equipment, as a wet tarp may become energized and conduct hazardous current if it contacts live equipment. Also, firefighting foam should not be relied upon to block light.
- When illuminated by artificial light sources, such as Fire Department light trucks or an exposure fire, PV Systems are capable of producing electrical power sufficient to cause a lock-on hazard.
- Severely damaged PV Arrays are capable of producing hazardous conditions ranging from perception to electrocution. Damage to the array may result in the creation of new and unexpected circuit paths. These paths may include both array components (module frame, mounting racks, conduits, etc) and building components (metal roofs, flashings and gutters). Care must be exercised during all operations, both interior and exterior. Contacting a local professional PV Installation Company should be considered to mitigate potential hazards.
- Damage to modules from tools may result in both electrical and fire hazards. The hazard may occur at the point of damage or at other locations depending on the electrical path. Metal roofs present unique challenges in that the surface is conductive unlike other types such as shingle, ballasted or single ply.
- Severing of conductors in both metal and plastic conduit results in electrical and fire hazards. Care must be exercised during ventilation and overhaul.
- Responding personnel must stay away from the roofline in the event of modules or sections of an array sliding off the roof.
- Fires under an array but above the roof may breach roofing materials and decking … allowing fire to propagate into the attic space of the building.
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Heritage Lakes
Moultrie, Georgia 1 course · 18 holes Driving directions
Course reviews
Most votes | Newest first | Oldest first
+0 votes Chris Whittle › April 5, 2013
I give the church credit for having a course layout, but unless you have personally been guided from one hole to the other, you won't know where to start/end. It's basically a big open lot with portable (rusted) baskets. This course needs some serious lovin.

subset: commoncrawl


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ClaireSimms video.Free chat with ClaireSimms
Hi, I am Claire! My best friends would tell you that I am a fun girl, full of life and laughter. I've always been a sensual girl, sometime innocent and naive, sometimes sassy and naughty. Be it as it may I love making sex and all sorts of erotic act


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The Show: �You�re a Good Man, Charlie Brown�
Presented by: The Little Theater of Gastonia and the members of the 2013 Youth Guild
Performances: 7 p.m. Thursday and Friday; 2 and 7 p.m. Saturday; at 2 p.m. Sunday.
Stage notes: Based on the �Peanuts� comic strip by Charles M. Schultz, this musical portrays a day in the life of an ordinary kid. Audience members will see the whole Peanuts gang, from Linus to Woodstock.
Tickets: $10 and may be purchased through carolinatix.org or by calling 704-372-1000. The Little Theater�s Box Office is taking reservations at 704-865-0160 and tickets will also be available at the door 45 minutes before each performance.
Address: 238 S. Clay St., Gastonia.
The Show: �The Phantom Tollbooth Jr.�
Presented by: Gaston School of the Arts
Performances: 7 p.m. Saturday and 2 p.m. Sunday.
Stages notes: Based on Norton Juster �s beloved children�s book, the musical tells the story of a boy who must rescue princesses Rhyme and Reason and reunite the brother Kings, who rule the cities of Dictionopolis and Digitopolis .
Tickets: $5 and can be purchased at GSOA from 4-5 p.m. Thursday. Tickets can also be reserved by calling 704-866-8882.
Address: 825 Union Road, Gastonia.
The Show: �Disney�s Beauty and the Beast, Jr.�
Presented by: Cherryville Little Theater
Performances: 7 p.m. Aug. 9; 1 and 7 p.m. Aug. 10; and 3 p.m. Aug. 11.
Stage notes: The cast, ranging in age from 6 to 18, invites you to join them as they retell the story of a prince and a palace whose inhabitants have been transformed into a beast and household objects and the devoted daughter who rescues all of them as well as her own father.
Tickets: $8 for adults and $6 for students and seniors and will be sold at the door. Doors open 45 minutes prior to the start of the show.
Address: 301 W. Academy St.
What: Auditions for a special Apple Festival play � Avast , Ye Ninja!"
When: 7 p.m. Aug. 4-5
Where: Lincoln Cultural Center, corner of East Main Street and Cedar Street, downtown Lincolnton
About the auditions: Open to any interested individual. No experience is necessary.
Roles: Nine roles are available for men and women ages 16 and up. Those interested in working backstage are encouraged to come to auditions as well.
What to expect: Auditions will consist of two parts: a cold reading from the script and a movement exercise. Dress comfortably and bring a list of any conflicts you may have during the rehearsal period .
Rehearsals: Will primarily be on Monday and Thursday evenings, with other days added as the show date approaches.
Performances: Multiple times between the hours of 9 a.m.-4 p.m. . Sept. 21.
About the play: � Avast, Ye Ninja!� is a satirical romantic comedy that ends tragically. Loosely based on �Romeo & Juliet,� this short play follows a group of pirates as they battle the local ninjas. Swashbuckling ensues until a young pirate falls in love with an ninja. Almost everyone survives this family friendly comedy
Presented by : The Lincoln Theatre Guild.
Directed by: Christina Banner Pettus
For More Information: 704-452-7839


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Principal – Bradford W. Craven
Assistant Principal – Diane M. Doran
Assistant Principal – Stephen R. Claire
Dir. of Academic Studies – Judith A. Clark-Zaino
Dir. of Technical Studies – TBD
Dir. of Student Services – Paul S. Christensen
Dir. of Athletics – Marc G. Maurais
For parents - if you need to update your contact information (phone number or e-mail address), please contact the High School Office at 673-4201.
Milford High School & Applied Technology Center © 2019. All Rights Reserved. | Website by FirstTracks Marketing Group


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(Reuters) - A bill banning abortions in Albuquerque after 20 weeks of pregnancy will be put to voters in New Mexico's most populous city in November and could become the first municipal abortion ban in the nation.
The city council voted 5-4 late on Monday to put on the ballot the "Pain Capable Unborn Child Protection Ordinance," which contains few of the standard abortion exceptions seen in many states.
In the latest salvo in the national debate over abortion, the city council was forced to act after abortion foes gathered enough signatures on a petition to require the council to either approve the law outright or put it to voters.
Local polling has shown the measure has enough support to pass. Activists on both sides say it would be the first municipal ban on abortion, and possibly a template for similar actions in other cities around the United States.
"It is a new strategy. There is more than one way to close an abortion clinic," said Troy Newman, president of Operation Rescue, a leading U.S. anti-abortion group that helped get the measure on the November 19 ballot in Albuquerque.
"If you can't get anything done in a state legislature ... you look at what is going on in a city. They say all politics is local. This is a great example of that."
Critics of the measure say abortion opponents have failed at the state level and are conducting "guerilla warfare" to try to pass an unconstitutional abortion ban at the city level.
Albuquerque is home to both the Southwestern Women's Options clinic, which provides abortions into the third trimester and is the target of complaints by abortion foes, and a Planned Parenthood surgical center.
If it passes, the measure would immediately be challenged in the courts, and this could cost taxpayers well over $1 million, said Patrick Davis, a spokesman for ProgressNowNM, a nonprofit group that supports abortion rights.
A poll by the Albuquerque Journal newspaper in early September showed 54 percent of city voters supported the measure, while 39 percent opposed it. The margin of error was plus or minus 4.9 percentage points.
"If this passes, hundreds of municipalities are going to be facing this one by one," Davis said. "It is absolutely concerning. Albuquerque generally is a progressive city and New Mexico is generally a progressive state. And this is clearly unconstitutional. It doesn't provide for any of the exceptions that the Supreme Court has upheld time and time again."
The measure would makes it a crime to perform an abortion after 20 weeks of pregnancy. It states that "pain receptors are present throughout the unborn child's entire body" at 20 weeks.
Exceptions are granted only to save the mother's life, or if continuing a pregnancy risks "substantial and irreversible physical impairment of a major bodily function" for the mother. The physician is required to try to save the life of the fetus.
The measure provides no exception for victims of rape or incest or for women suffering from "psychological or emotional conditions" connected to a pregnancy.
Supporters collected more than 12,000 signatures to get the measure on the ballot. The measure is part of a larger movement to tie abortion bans to hotly debated research suggesting fetuses feel pain 20 weeks into a pregnancy.
In July, Texas joined 12 other states that have approved a ban on abortions after 20 weeks of pregnancy. North Dakota and Arkansas have gone further, banning abortion as early as six and 12 weeks, respectively, although both bans have been put on hold by the courts pending legal challenges.
The landmark Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision in 1973 allows abortion up to the point a fetus is viable, or can live outside the womb.
(The story corrects reference to Albuquerque as state capital in lead)
Reporting and writing by Carey Gillam; Editing by Cynthia Johnston and John Wallace


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Bloodless bullfighting on display in Gustine
The popular sport of bloodless bullfighting was on display Monday in Gustine.
Forcados are bullfighters who perform "face catches," or "grabs," of bulls after they've been tired by cavaleiros (bullfighters on horseback) or matadors (bullfighters on foot).
The grab is the final event in a typical Portuguese bullfight. To get in position for it, several forcados form a line facing the bull. The foremost man eggs on the animal, taking steps forward if necessary, to get it to charge.
Once that's accomplished, that lead forcado times his jump onto the bull's head, wrapping his arms around the horns.
Other forcados jump upon the bull in the same fashion as the first, piling upon one another, while the final forcado grabs the bull by its tail.


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[Look for the podcast play button below.]
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VisitDallas, the sales and marketing organization for the city of Dallas, is a pioneer in the destination marketing organization (DMO) space, leading the way in shaping the visitor experience for travelers of all kinds. The most progressive DMOs are developing new partnerships with local organizations to improve the destination experience. VisitDallas, for example, developed the Margarita Mile by creating a collection of top bars and restaurants that each celebrate the frosty cocktail in innovative ways.
Australian National University
Venue contact telephone
+61 2 62433155


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Law School Discussion
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Choosing the Right Law School
Northeastern vs. American WCL
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Northeastern vs. American WCL
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Northeastern vs. American WCL
July 23, 2013, 07:05:23 AM »
I am deciding between Northeastern School of Law and American WCL for this fall. I'm aware WCL is ranked higher than Northeastern, but I live around the Boston area and it is more cost-efficient to attend Northeastern. However, I'm hoping to transfer after my first year. So my question is, do I spend the extra money at WCL or save my money and attend Northeastern? Thanks!
Re: Northeastern vs. American WCL
Reply #1 on:
July 23, 2013, 06:23:19 PM »
First and foremost realize that anything you read on this board or others comes from anonymous internet posters and should be taken with a grain of salt my post included. What law school you attend will be a life altering decision and not one that should be based on anonymous interent poster advice or for profit, unregulated, magazines like U.S. News rankings.
With that said I am an attorney and do think there are some factors a 0L like yourself should consider when choosing a law school, but in the end there is no right or wrong answer both schools are ABA approved and will provide you with a solid legal education. The factors I believe any law student should consider are as follows (1) Location (2) Cost (3) Personal Feelings About the School (4) Understanding the Reality of Legal Education and (5) U.S. News Rankings. These are explained in more detail below.
1) Location
You have to ask yourself where you want to live for a minimum of three years D.C. or Boston and remember law school does not exist in a vaccuum there are good and bad things about each City, but which one suits you best? Also would you do better in your hometown or leaving if you have supportive netowrk of family and friends in Boston and are familar with the area that is something to consider. Law school is tough and many people do not adjust well to new cities so ask yourself if you can handle a move and the rigors of 1L. Many of my 1L classmates moved across the country and got homesick and depressed 1L which impacted their law school performance.
On top of that almost everyone I went to law school with works locally very few people moved. So where do you want to live after gradutaion D.C. or Boston? Almost every 1L assumes they will be able to move anywhere after graduation, but that is not how it works and even if you could move anywhere you develop a lot of relationships over 3 years of law school and get comfortable in an environmetn making it difficult to leave. The reailty is if you attend Northeatern you will get a job in Boston if you attend American you will get a job in D.C. of course there are exceptions, but as an attorney who reviews resumes I never interview out-of-state or out-of-area candiates. I live in the Bay Area and Golden Gate, USF, Santa Clara, Hastings, Boalt, etc are right here why would I interview someone from Michigan State and be asked if I would cover their travel, moving expenses, etc all in hopes that they would actually live where they currently live? The answer is I wouldn't and I don't it doesn't make sense. There will be many Northeastern Alumni in the Boston Area and American Alumni in D.C. and again exceptions exist, but odds are you will end up in the City you attended law school at.
2. Cost
Re: Northeastern vs. American WCL
Reply #2 on:
July 23, 2013, 06:46:26 PM »
2. Cost
42,000 per year Northeastern American is 45,000 per year not a big difference, but I would try and negotiate a little scholarship money from each school. Both Boston and D.C. are expensive areas so again not a major factor, but if you have family and friends in Boston they may be abel to help you if you stick around the area. Just somethign to consider, but this looks like a draw.
3. Personal Feelings about the School
Each law school has a culture to it some you will like others you will not. As a 0L I visited multiple schools and while in law school I participated in multiple mock trial competitions and there really is a culture to each school. One thing I noticed is that American seems to have 3x as many law students as NorthEastern so will you like a larger more anonymous school or a smaller environment? Again neither is right or wrong it is just what suits you best. I personally liked the smaller schools, but that is me.
What I would recommend is visiting both schools, talking to professors, students, looking at the campus, and listening to your gut about which one feels right. I know I visited some schools and said no way and others I loved. It is personally possibly you will like the schools I hated and hate the schools I liked nothing wrong with it, but it is 3 years of your life, 100k of your money, and your legal career so take the time to visit the campuses and see what feels right.
4. Reality of Legal Education
It is all the same, which is why you shouldn't take U.S. News Rankings to seriously whether you attend Harvard or Cooley they are all subject to ABA regulations and your first will consist of Torts, Contracts, Property, Civil Procedure, and Criminal Law/Con Law/or Crim Pro in year 1 and the others in Year 2. In these courses you will read Supreme Court Cases and believe it or not they don't write sepearte opinions for different ranked law schools. In Torts you will read Palsgraf to learn Proximate Cause whether you attend American or Northeastern, Pennoyer v. Neff to learn Notice in Civ Pro, International Shoe for personal jurisdiction, so on and so on.
At the end of your three years you will then have to take a State Bar Exam and you will sign up for BarBri or Kaplan and be in classroom with law students from around the County after months of intense studying you will go into a room with Thousands of people and take the exam. If you pass your a lawyer if you don't your not and the bar graders don't know or care what law school you went to. Once you have a license to practice law it is then up to you what you do with it.
(5) U.S. News Rankings
You mentioned this in your post and I can't tell you how many 0L's myself included when I was your in shoes take this magazine way to seriously. Remember it is just a magazine and the methodology used to make the rankings makes little to no sense. There are some schools that have true prestige Harvard, Yale, Georgetown, etc, but nobody cares about the difference between American and NorthEastern I don't know what they are, but I am guessing these schools are somewhere between 50-150 and I can't remember the last time I cared about the 50th best anything.
Also remember U.S. News ranks a lot more than law schools Alberque is the best place to live according to U.S. News cite provided
. Our Balloon Festivals, Clear Skies, etc good things sure, but I don't think your going to pack your bags to move based on what U.S. News thinks. The same logic applies to law school don't make a life altering decision based on a magazine. I imagine you would think it was crazy if someone moved to New Mexico based on that ranking the same is true of law schools, but for whatever reason 0L's get enamored by a magazine, but that is all it is a magainze. You should use it as a tiebreaker not a primary source of your decision.
Additoinally the rankings change year to year based on god knows what as you can see from this chart American has been as low as 56 and as high as 45 additionally there are an exorbiant number of ties 2 years ago there was a 13 way tie for 84th, which was pretty good. Northeastern has been as high as the 70's and as low as the 90's it is very possible by the time you graduate NorthEastern could surpass American it is all based on people filling out scantrons. So again don't make a life altering decision based on the rankings particularly with schools of this caliber. If you were debating Georgetown over Northeastern then rankings might play a factor, but nobody cares about the ranking difference between these two schools.
There is no right or wrong answer it is up to you to analyze your unique situation. I have never set foot on either campus, but you will receive a solid education at any ABA school.
Also one other point of caution you mention transfering, but this is not something to bank on. The reality is you need to finish in the top 10-20% to transfer and everyone at an ABA law school is smart, hard-working, and motivated meaning there is 80-90% chance you will not finish in the top 10-20%. Nothing against you just the way it works you will see on the first day of class when everyone is convicned they will be in the top 10% and nobody could possibly imagine finishing in the bottom half of the class, but it happens. Bottom line don't attend a law school you won't be graduating from transfering is extremly rare so don't move to D.C. certain you will be able to transfer back for 2L to Harvard or something it is highly unlikely to happen.
Good luck and congrats on your acceptances.
Re: Northeastern vs. American WCL
Reply #3 on:
July 24, 2013, 07:48:41 AM »
Thank you so much for the info!
Re: Northeastern vs. American WCL
Reply #4 on:
July 25, 2013, 06:39:34 AM »
If you wanna live in Boston, do not go to WCL. Forget the rankings, they are pointless when you go past the top 20 schools or so. Nobody from Boston will be more impressed with a JD from WCL than a JD from Northeastern. Northeastern will allow you to intern in Boston, network in Boston, and most importantly live in Boston. I'd tell you to take Suffolk over WCL if you wanted to work in Boston.
Also, if you want to go to a higher ranked school, forget the transfer nonsense. Retake the LSAT if that's what you want. I heard an analogy the other day with the transfer idea and I thought it was clever. Hoping to transfer to a better school is like going on a less fun roller coaster and hoping to jump onto the more fun roller coaster when it passes by; there's a slight chance it will work. Retaking the LSAT is like getting out of line for the less fun coaster and waiting in line for the more fun coaster.
Good luck with whatever you decide.
Re: Northeastern vs. American WCL
Reply #5 on:
July 25, 2013, 07:48:30 AM »
Well said Shoreman!
Pages: [
Law School Discussion
Deciding Where to Go
Choosing the Right Law School
Northeastern vs. American WCL


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Time difference
GMT -8 hours
Welcome to San Francisco. Built as a result of California's gold rush, this now sophisticated and bustling city exudes art and culture, plays host to a superb foodie scene, and offer up plenty of activities and attractions for families, adventurers, and business travellers.
A San Francisco holiday is a treat for all the senses. Built around seven hills leading down to the bay, the beautiful city below can be seen by climbing the city's steep streets. San Francisco is a city of architectural icons – think wide roads flanked by elegant Victorian and Edwardian houses, known as the 'painted ladies', and of course the Golden Gate Bridge. But that's just one side of San Francisco. A global leader in the tech industry, the glittering skyscrapers cement this city's position as winner of Bloomberg's top-ranking city in the USA.
It's no surprise that 40 per cent of visitors to San Francisco cite the foodie scene as their number one reason to visit the city. With more than 3,400 restaurants, food lovers will be in heaven here as offerings range from Italian and Japanese, to Michelin-starred fine dining and coffee shops serving local favourites.
Finding a bad view of San Francisco is almost impossible, making sightseeing its easiest activity. Look out over Alamo Square, take in the red colossus of the Golden Gate Bridge or enjoy the view of the city from Alcatraz Island – worth a visit in itself. Or hire a car and explore San Francisco's surrounds, including the beautiful Napa Valley, the picture-perfect scenery of Monterey, or the artsy student-filled town of Berkeley.
The classics
Hidden gems
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Catch a game at one ofAmerica's best-loved baseball stadiums, the AT&T Park


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After starring in one of the year's best-reviewed films -- "Before Midnight" -- Ethan Hawke now has the dubious distinction of starring in one of the worst as well: "Getaway." Whereas "Midnight" notched a "98% fresh" rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Hawke's latest movie, a car-chase thriller co-starring Selena Gomez, had a 1% rating as of Friday morning, which means that basically everyone hated it.
In The Times, Sheri Linden called "Getaway" a "video game posing as a movie, a preposterously plotted kidnapping story starring a high-performance Mustang." Regarding the action, Linden wrote, "The ludicrous pileup of crushed chassis, mostly from cop cars sent colliding, flying, rolling and burning, grows quickly numbing."
As far as the acting, "Gomez occupies a register consisting of one note, and it's not a convincing one. Hawke has considerably more range, although when worry crosses his face, you suspect he's thinking about the script." That script, by Sean Finegan and Gregg Maxwell Parker, "has all the gleam and precision of a rusty butter knife."
Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune found the movie "terrible but, in its squealing way, sporadically fun-terrible." The action "is hacked up into messily edited bits," with one exception — an effective extended POV shot toward the end of the film. "The rest of 'Getaway,' which many in the audience seemed to genuinely hate based on comments on the way out, is so mechanical and derivative, not even the abducted-spouse routine can stoke the audience's rooting interests."
The Hollywood Reporter's John DeFore said Hawke and Gomez "have no chemistry, which you'd think might hobble a film in which they're locked in a car together for around 70 minutes. But 'Getaway' seems built for non-English speaking territories in which dialog is as disposable as Bulgarian police cars." (The film was shot in that country's capital.) "If only those audiences were as dumb as the action itself."
USA Today's Scott Bowles called "Getaway" a "90-minute migraine that wants to cross-pollinate 'Fast & Furious' with 'Taken.' Instead, it manages to be just a shadow of both." Bowles added, "The true wonder of 'Getaway' is how it managed to lure recognizable stars, including an Oscar nominee [Hawke], an Academy Award winner in [Jon] Voight (or his lower lip, which gets most of the screen time) and a tweener sensation in Gomez. … Whatever the reason, moviegoers will benefit from heeding this title's advice to get away."
The Wrap's Todd Gilchrist declared the film "an endless, noisy montage of chases and collisions stitched together by perfunctory exposition whose most interesting character is quite literally a disembodied voice." He added, "the film's one unique achievement is in avoiding any similarities to either Sam Peckinpah or Roger Donaldson's adaptation of Jim Thompson's novel '[The] Getaway,' and yet managing to be even more derivative than if it were a third one."
The Associated Press's Jake Coyle also found "Getaway" over-familiar. He wrote, "Cribbing from countless adrenaline-fueled concept films, from 'Speed' to any Jason Statham movie you like, 'Getaway' … tries to ride its thin concept, hoping the fumes of constant engine revving are intoxicating." Alas, it does not succeed: "Its chief tension derives from the question many moviegoers will ask, biting their nails: Is this the worst movie I've seen this year?"


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Researchers take on the challenge of filtering nitrates from tile-line water.
Growers may approach field tiling differently in the future if they face rules to reduce nitrogen runoff. Tiles remove up to 90% of the water from fields, therefore serving as conduits for nitrates into waterways.
The requirement to lower nitrates in waterways may become a reality as the EPA looks at enforcing stricter water-quality rules. This means controlling nitrates in field tiles.
In an effort to find solutions for this problem, two research projects are filtering tile water for nitrates before it enters streams. Both projects use natural products or biomaterials for filtering.
Wood-chip filter. USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) researchers from the National Soil Tilth Lab in Ames, IA, installed the first project in Iowa last summer. The project involved digging trenches beside tile lines and filling them with wood chips to filter the water.
The original plan called for putting the wood chips above and below the tile lines, according to ARS researcher Tom Kaspar. However, the tiling contractor was unable to do this while maintaining the proper grade for drainage. So trenches were dug within 2 ft. of the tile line and on both sides. The trenches were filled with 4 ft. of chips and covered with soil. Kaspar says water is expected to flow through the chips, denitrifying it, and then exit the field in the tiles.
Ideally, the tile lines should be 6 ft. deep with the bottom 2 ft. filled with chips, he explains. The tile would be placed on top of the chips and another 2 ft. of chips dumped on top. In the future, he says, they should be able to work out the tiling problem.
Filtering results are not available from this project. Dry weather hindered measurements because water only started trickling through the tile lines in mid-May.
Another possible solution for filtering nitrates is to lower the tile lines but keep the outlets at the same depth. "Placing tiles deeper than normal will draw water from deeper in the soil," Kaspar says. "As water goes deeper, nitrate levels drop."
Corncob cell. A mixture of gravel and corncobs could be the ticket to cutting nitrates in tile-line water in another research project. Richard Cooke, University of Illinois agricultural engineer, has tested several biomaterial filters in the lab for denitrifying water. Most materials removed 90% of the nitrates in 8 hrs.
The research moves to an Illinois field this fall when Cooke will test his lab situations. He plans to install biofilters on a couple of farm sites. Each site will include five cells of biofilters on a tile line.
"Normally, one tile line leaves a field," Cooke says. "At about 50 ft. before it reaches the stream, we will branch off from the tile and run the tile water through cells."
The cells will each be 10 x 50 ft. and 3 ft. below the tile line. After testing several biomaterials for the filter, Cooke plans to use a mixture of half corncobs and half gravel. He says this waste material is a good carbon source to break down nitrates.
The biofilter should work like a wetland, he explains, except it is very concentrated and below the ground. A grower can still farm the ground above the cells. Cooke hopes the material in the cells will last at least 10 years and possibly up to 20 years.
"A lot of money is given for developing buffer strips," he adds. "But 90% of the water from fields passes through tiles."
A year from now, Cooke and his fellow researchers should know the results of their research and could start applying them to farm situations.


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A GPS for directional instruction was saving grace for a recent out-of-state trip.
Recently while vacationing out of state, we rented a vehicle to carry us to multiple vacation sites. Not knowing the area, we brought a GPS with us. The traffic was terrible, and even with the GPS we missed several turns. At times we knew where to turn, but traffic hindered us from getting to the correct lane.
When we missed a turn the GPS would say, �Recalculating.� This happened so often it became a joke. What a relief to hear it say, �Arriving at destination on left�� I can�t imagine the difficulty trying to get around that city without a GPS.
That experience reminded me of what we often do in life. Some of us think we have a pretty good sense of direction and can do life on our own. We think we know how to realize our goals, but we often lose our way. We get off track and make more poor decisions, leading to more frustration and getting even more off track.
Is your life, your family, your career off track? Is it the time for you to invest in �recalculating?� As the GPS is in traveling, the Bible is a source from which you can find needed direction in life. The GPS that is disconnected has no value, and you will never know the value of the Bible until you connect with it. Helpful direction for life is contained in the Bible; recalculate your life by its teaching. �The Lord says, �I will guide you along the best pathway for your life. I will advise you and watch over you�.� (Psalm 32:8 NLT)
Instructions for life are available. God speaks through his Word; please don�t fail to listen. He wishes to guide you �along the best pathway ...� and promises to �advise you� through life�s journey. God will help with your relationships, your career, your finances and through your personal life. He will �watch over you� through all of life, and give perfect rest with Him at the end of life�s journey.
If you�re feeling a little lost in some areas, if the turns you take keep leading you where you don't want to be, it is time to stop, recalculate and open your heart to his voice. Let his word direct you to the next step. He will guide you along �the best pathway.�
This is a great time to stop and �recalculate.�
The Rev. Don Sauls is Pastoral Care coordinator at Lenoir Memorial Hospital. Reach him at email@example.com.


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How to Use the Images
Questions for Photos 4 & 5
1. Compare Photo 4 and Photo 5. Do the student government officers in Photo 4 represent demographically the students attending New Kent?
2. What do these images tell you about the demographics of New Kent County at this time? If needed, refer to Reading 1.
* The photos on this screen have a resolution of 72 dots per inch (dpi), and therefore will print poorly. You can obtain a larger version of Photo 4 and Photo 5, but be aware that each file will take as much as 30 seconds to load with a 28.8K modem.


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NiQ Health the leader in "message-based nurse call systems", today released their motion graphic video demonstrating how the CarePlus™ nurse call system improves workflow and efficiency of clinicians.
Nurses and clinicians are facing new challenges within the healthcare environment. The trends of the rising demand for healthcare, the growing global population, and an increasing shortage of nursing staff, contribute to the exponentially increasing workload of healthcare professionals. To combat these new challenges and issues, workflow and efficiency must be improved in healthcare practices. CarePlus™ addresses these issues by improving communication between patients and caregivers through their integration to Smartphones and Smart Devices. This development allows staff to be alerted to nurse call alarms through HIPAA approved secure, fully traceable, and encrypted messaging through cellular and Wi-Fi networks.
CarePlus™ smartphone integration allows caregivers to better prioritise their workflow, as they are given options on how to respond to a patient call. The application, available on Apple®, Android®, Blackberry® and Cisco® devices, gives clinicians the option of accepting, rejecting, auto-escalating or calling a patient's bedside phone. These various options improve workflow and efficiency of nurses as the right message is received by the correct caregiver. The call-back feature increases the communication between patients and caregivers, allowing clinicians to prioritise calls and increasing patient satisfaction with improved call response time.
Alarm fatigue is a growing problem in healthcare facilities. In 2014, 2013 and 2012, the ECRI Institute found alarm fatigue to be the top healthcare hazard. CarePlus™ smartphone integration reduces this issue by ensuring that only relevant staffs are notified of certain alarms, reducing the need to broadcast messages and alarms. The CarePlus™ system allows volume adjustment on alarms and messages to be made from the nursing station; contributing to improved patient satisfaction by creating a more peaceful healing and recovery environment for patients.
NiQ Health released a motion graphic video showing how their CarePlus™ nurse call system addresses and improves the current and emerging issues within the healthcare environment. NiQ Health CEO Andrew Rothon said today, "The Smartphone integration capabilities of CarePlus™ make it one of the most advanced nurse call systems available internationally. The advantages for the healthcare facility, for clinicians and for patients are revolutionary". Mr Rothon went on to say, "The improvements demonstrated in this video in caregiver efficiency, workflow, staff and patient satisfaction make CarePlus™ a worthwhile investment".


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Brian Keane Kicks off Bookshelf Series with Discussion of Renewable and Efficiency Solutions
On Wednesday, February 12, SmartPower President Brian Keane kicked off Yale's Climate and Energy Bookshelf spring 2014 speaker series. Mr. Keane is president of SmartPower, a company dedicated to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and author of the recent Green is Good: Save Money, Make Money, and Help Your Community Profit from Clean Energy. His lecture at Yale F&ES, titled "50 Shades of Green" outlined strategies to help increase the use of renewable energy, to encourage behavior changes toward energy efficiency and other relevant public education initiatives to fight climate change.
Mr. Keane uses a multi-prong approach in his advocacy to tackle climate change. In the book, Mr. Keane outlines why adopting green technology is not only good for the environment, but can increase savings for individuals, businesses and society. His book shows that using renewables like solar energy is much easier than many people realize, and it is more acceptable to use in today's society. It is becoming a norm for people who once consumed old greenhouse gas emitting technologies to make the switch toward greener technologies. For example, the US Department of Energy has also made it easier for Americans to achieve this goal, outlining other ways to save money and to find rebates and tax credits in individual states.
As president of SmartPower, Mr. Keane explained the approaches that his company uses to achieve their goals. SmartPower uses a form of community-based campaigning to encourage behavior change over the long term, and shows people that they truly can be part of the '50 shades of green' movement as part of their efforts to reduce emissions. The main approach is called COR. It stands for efforts on Community outreach, Online platforms and social marketing (person to person outreach) and Rewards and Incentives. One example is SmartPower's role in Solarize Connecticut, a partnership between Keane's organization, the Connecticut Clean Energy Finance and Investment Authority and the John Mercke Fund, to increase the use of solar panels by homeowners, businesses and others in Connecticut. The organization provides countless workshops and other tools to help people understand the benefits and logistics of using solar energy. It keeps in touch with clients regularly and provides online assistance to encourage collaboration.
SmartPower is not looking at energy solutions in Connecticut alone. During the lecture, Mr. Keane discussed the Arizona Solar Challenge, which is an effort that seeks to increase the number of owner occupied homes using solar energy to at least 5 percent in sunny Arizona by 2015. If 5 percent of the total homes in a community reach this goal, SmartPower calls it an "Arizona Solar Community." So far, six communities throughout the state have been award this title, and a handful of others are heading that way. If the trend continues, it will mean a higher renewable energy profile for the whole state of Arizona. The Energy Information Agency ranks each state in terms amount of renewable energy capacity and generation, and partly by the efforts of SmartPower and others, Arizona already ranks in the top ten for renewable energy capacity. Everyone can check renewable energy usage statistics on their state here.
Renewable energy won't be enough to reduce emissions though. Mr. Keane pointed out that despite living in homes and having infrastructure that is more energy efficient compared to the past, we are all still using more energy than we ever did before. Humans have to do more. Behavior changes at both the individual level and on the societal level will be key if we are ever to get serious about climate change. One of the behavior changes is to ensure that we understand why we are using more.
In his book and lecture, Mr. Keane called on consumers to become more "energy smart" and to reduce energy waste. One of the wastes that he wants to tackle is called "phantom load". It is wasted energy by everyday household items such as microwaves that use more electricity by just sitting in the house and idly being plugged into an outlet. That means more energy is used to power the microwave clock than for the purpose of actually heating food. The Carbon Fund, a 501(c) 3 non-profit also dedicated to reducing emissions, has plenty of tips on how to reduce your individual energy waste including reducing phantom load. It also lists practical steps to reduce emissions, such ways to lessen the amount of junk mail sent to you which would reduce paper use and mail distribution costs.
All of this highlights a debate on what is the most effective way to combat climate change. It is a question of whether to work towards more command and control regulations, or to focus on voluntary measures such as encouraging more energy efficient industrial and consumer behavior. Here in the US, the EPA is confronting a new Supreme Court challenge from industry groups that say EPA is overstepping its authority on regulating greenhouse gas emissions. This new case will test whether or not the EPA has the authority on a new rule that would only permit expanding new industrial energy facilities if companies also come up with ways to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. If the EPA wins, Mr. Keane's efforts to increase energy efficiency and renewable energy use will become all the more important. It will require one of the largest greenhouse gas emitting nations and its citizens to look at the efforts of businesses such as SmartPower before bringing more energy on the line. If that were the case, it would be a win-win situation for both Mr. Keane and the world on efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Verner Wilson, III, is a first-year Master of Environmental Management candidate at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. He is originally from Bristol Bay, Alaska, and obtained a bachelor's degree in Environmental Studies in 2008 from Brown University. He previously worked for the World Wildlife Fund, as well as a coalition of Alaska Native tribes, on issues related to sustainable wild salmon fisheries, environmental justice, mining, oil and gas, and climate change.


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As nature intended it, anxiety serves a useful purpose. Characterized by the fear or worry that something bad will happen, normal anxiety occurs occasionally in response to situations that threaten our sense of security. This helps us avoid harm and remember not to put ourselves in the same potentially dangerous situation in the future. Anxiety is a normal stress response that has been conserved throughout human evolution and is evident in all other animals.
However, when anxiety occurs inappropriately in response to normal everyday events, it can become a debilitating condition known as anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders cause a person to be constantly "primed", or "tense" in expectation of an impending threat to their physical or psychological well-being. Symptoms of anxiety disorders are often chronic, and can include difficulty concentrating, irritability, tense muscles, sleep disturbances, and trouble overcoming worries.
The conventional health care model typically attempts to alleviate anxiety with an array of psychoactive drugs that either mimic or manipulate neurotransmitter signaling. For instance, medications for anxiety might either increase the recycling of existing neurotransmitters or bind directly to neurotransmitter receptors and block or activate them, artificially altering mood. However, psychoactive drugs fall short of addressing the underlying causes of anxiety – hormonal and metabolic imbalances that emerge as our bodies attempt to adapt to chronic stress.
Recognizing and responding to underappreciated risk factors for anxiety disorders, such as elevated homocysteine and sex hormone imbalances, is an important aspect of any treatment regimen. Sadly, mainstream physicians often fail to address these subtleties, an oversight that undoubtedly contributes to the paltry 50% success rate of conventional anxiety treatments.
Anxiety is a multifaceted disorder, and must be addressed as such in order to achieve symptomatic relief. Clinical studies indicate that nutrients such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, magnesium, and adaptogenic herbs like rhodiola can synergize with healthy eating habits and stress management techniques to effectively optimize the body's stress response mechanisms and support healthy neurological communication. Moreover, compounds such as B-vitamins and amino acids can provide the raw materials the body needs to ensure proper neurotransmitter synthesis and signaling.
Anxiety disorders affect about 40 million American adults, or about 18.1% of the U.S. adult population over 18 years of age (Kessler 2010; Bulloch 2011; Roberson-Nay 2011). Nearly 15% of adults will experience an anxiety disorder in their lifetime (Kessler 2010; Bulloch 2011; Roberson-Nay 2011). By comparison, only 14.8 million American adults, or about 6.7% of the U.S. adult population, suffer from major depression. However, depression and anxiety are very much interrelated.
For up to 90% of all cases, anxiety disorders generally develop early in life—before the age of 35 with the greatest risk of onset between ages 10 and 25 (Kessler 2010; Kessler 2005a; Kessler 2005b). Also, women are twice as likely as men to suffer from generalized anxiety disorder (Kessler 2010; Kessler 2005a; Kessler 2005b). This last statistic suggests that an imbalance in female hormone levels during and after menopause, during menstruation, and after pregnancy may be tied to the etiology of anxiety. We will explore this connection in greater detail later in this protocol.
Types of Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by worry and tension in the absence of a real provoking environmental factor. A person with GAD is constantly apprehensive, anticipating disaster, and becoming overly concerned about their health, finances and work without cause.
People with GAD are frequently unable to relax and battle insomnia and poor concentration. Other symptoms may include restlessness, fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, high blood pressure, and sleep disturbances. Many people with mild GAD often manage to maintain their careers and function socially. However, severe cases can lead to job failure and avoidance of social situations.
GAD affects almost 6.8 million American adults (Weisberg 2009). Physicians diagnose GAD based upon the following criteria - an individual worrying excessively about everyday problems and exhibiting three or more GAD symptoms, on most days, for at least six consecutive months (Wyrwich 2011).
Panic disorder. Panic disorder is characterized by sudden attacks of fear and the sense of impending doom. A panic attack can cause elevated heart rate, sweating, dizziness, fatigue, shortness of breath, nausea, chest pain, and feelings of being cold and numb. In many cases these physical symptoms exacerbate the panic attack as the person may feel like they are dying or in terrible physical danger.
Panic attacks are often unpredictable and come on suddenly, but can be triggered by exposure to stimuli associated with past trauma, such as driving through an intersection where the person was involved in a major car accident. Panic attacks typically last about ten minutes. Episodes often appear without warning and with varying frequency. Panic disorder is very disabling, causing people to avoid places or situations that caused attacks before. As a result, people with panic disorder often lose their jobs or change their residence.
Nearly one third of people with panic disorder will become fearful of leaving their homes and develop agoraphobia, a fear of open spaces.
Panic disorder afflicts about 6 million Americans, and is also twice as common among women as men (Kessler 2010). The clinical definition of panic disorder is when a person experiences recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, at least one of which is followed by one or more of the following: persistent concern about future attacks, worrying about the implications of the attack, and/or a significant change in behavior related to the attacks (Roy-Byrne 2005).
Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by persistent, upsetting thoughts (obsessions) that can lead to anxiety and the use of ritualistic actions (compulsions) in an attempt to alleviate this anxiety (Bienvenu 2010; Merlo 2006).
A good example is a person obsessed with the presence of bacteria in the environment. In this case, a person with OCD may develop a compulsion to ritualistically and repetitively wash their hands, or engage in some other type of self-cleansing. The person with OCD does not find performing the ritual pleasurable, but it instead provides temporary relief from the anxiety.
While healthy people can demonstrate repetitive behaviors, such as double checking to see if the doors are locked, people with OCD perform rituals so repetitively that their behavior distresses them and can interfere with the performance of everyday tasks.
Approximately 2.2 million American adults suffer with OCD. Eating disorders, other anxiety disorders, and depression commonly accompany OCD. Recent research shows OCD affects men and women equally (Kessler 2010).
Phobia. Phobias are inexplicable and unjustifiable fears. Phobias may be a fear of certain objects or things. Social phobia, also known as social anxiety disorder, involves excessive self-consciousness and anxiety about everyday social situations. People with social phobia are chronically fearful of embarrassing themselves and being judged by others. They can experience dread weeks before a scheduled encounter or interaction, which may can interfere with everyday activities. Physical effects associated with social phobia can include blushing, sweating, nausea, and difficulty speaking.
About 15 million Americans are affected by social phobias (Kessler RC et al., 2010). Other anxiety disorders and depression may accompany social phobia. The clinical definition of social phobia is when a persistent fear of social situations causes people to either avoid them or experience them with great anxiety (Machado-de-Sousa 2010; Coelho 2010).
Posttraumatic stress disorder. Experiencing or witnessing a traumatic or terrifying life event such as a serious accident, violent crime, or natural disaster can precipitate a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). People with PTSD may either relive the event in nightmares or have disturbing recollections of it during waking hours. Ordinary events can trigger flashbacks that may result in a loss of reality, causing the person to believe the event is happening again.
PTSD affects more than 5 million Americans and can occur at any age (Kessler 2010; Cantor 2009). Symptoms associated with PTSD can include an inability to sleep, hypersensitivity to external stimuli, feelings of detachment or numbness, and loss of memory surrounding the traumatic experience.
Physicians diagnosing PTSD consider whether the patient persistently re-experiences the traumatic event through memory, dreams, hallucinations, flashbacks, or physical reactions to internal or external triggers. For a diagnosis of PTSD, symptoms must be present for more than one month- but may occur years after the traumatic event (Kessler 2010; Cantor 2009).
Risk Factors and Associations
A variety of factors can increase the risk of anxiety disorder. Being female is a risk as it affects twice as many women than men. Age is another factor, with the greatest risk of onset affecting those between the ages of 10 and 25. Research shows children who are shy or likely to be the target of bullies are at a higher risk of developing anxiety disorders later in life. Anxiety disorders also tend to run in families, believed to have both a genetic and learned component. Lack of social connections, traumatic events, and certain medical conditions are also associated with an increased risk of anxiety disorders.
Anxiety can occur independently of or in conjunction with other psychiatric or medical conditions such as depression, chronic fatigue, cardiac disease, or respiratory compromise. Chronic anxiety is associated with a higher risk of illness and death from cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, cardiac ischemia and arrhythmias. Also, chronic anxiety predisposes people to a range of neurological disorders (Culpepper 2009; Goodwin 2009; Gureje 2008). People with anxiety disorders are less able to deal with life's occasional blows. Divorce, financial disaster, or other severe stressors may increase their risk of suicidal behavior (Ringbäck Weitoft 2005).
Homocysteine and the Methylation Cycle
Homocysteine is an intermediary within a metabolic cycle known as methylation. Methylation reactions, relying largely on B-vitamin cofactors (particularly, B6, B12, and folic acid), are critical for the proper synthesis of the neurotransmitters that play an important role in mood regulation.
As B-vitamin levels decline, the methylation cycle becomes impaired-leading to a concurrent increase in homocysteine levels (because it is no longer being recycled efficiently) and a disruption in neurotransmitter synthesis. The close relationship between neurotransmitter synthesis and homocysteine formation has lead some researchers to suspect that there is a link between homocysteine and mood. Indeed, studies suggest that levels of homocysteine are an effective marker for B-vitamin status, and that changes in homocysteine levels correlate with changes in mood.
Interestingly, homocysteine levels have predicted duration of PTSD (Levine 2008), suggesting that lowering homocysteine levels through supplementation with B-vitamins might reduce symptoms of mood disorders by freeing up metabolic resources involved in neurotransmission. Other studies have clearly tied genetic abnormalities such as a mutation in the folic acid-activating enzyme, MTHFR, to high homocysteine levels (and increased symptoms of mood disorders). This reinforces the notion that homocysteine metabolism is an important target in psychiatric imbalances (Coppen 2005). Supplementation with homocysteine-lowering B-vitamins was shown to relieve anxiety in 44 women with premenstrual anxiety (De Souza 2000).
Another compound involved in the methylation cycle is S-adenosylmethionine (SAM-e). SAM-e functions to donate methyl groups into the methylation cycle thereby facilitating the formation of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. In clinical trials, SAM-e supplementation has been shown to be as effective as tricyclic antidepressants in treating depressive disorders (Papakostas 2009).
Given the role of healthy methylation in maintaining biochemical balances within the central nervous system, a target blood level of less than 8 µmol/L of homocysteine helps to ensure proper neurotransmitter metabolism and may balance mood during times of stress, depression and anxiety.
Impaired Stress Response: Anxiety, Depression, and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Rarely does an anxiety disorder manifest itself alone. More typically, other mood disorders accompany it, particularly depression. In fact, depression and anxiety can both be viewed as manifestations of impaired stress response, the underlying physiology of which are both very similar.
When an individual experiences a stressor, physical or emotional, internal or environmental, the body initiates a complex system of adaptive reactions to help cope with the stress. This reactive response involves the release of glucocorticoids, also known as stress hormones, which stimulate adaptive changes in a variety of bodily systems.
Under short-term circumstances, stress-induced changes prioritize functions involved in escaping danger such as redirection of blood flow to the muscles from most other body parts, dilation of pupils, and inhibition of digestion for energy conservation. During this time, fatty acids and glucose (blood sugar) are liberated from storage sites into the bloodstream where they are readily available for utilization by the muscles. This is known as the fight-or-flight response. This reactive and adaptive protection system originates in the brain. When a threat is perceived by the hypothalamus (a brain region), chemical signals are sent to the pituitary gland (another brain region). The pituitary gland then sends chemical signals to the adrenal glands (endocrine glands atop the kidneys), which in turn releases the stress hormone cortisol. Cortisol then goes on to initiate many of the physiological changes that allow the organism to respond to the impending danger.
The fight-or-flight response is shared among nearly all animals in that the need to escape from imminent danger is paramount for the survival of the species. However, modern humans live in an environment filled with emotional stressors, such as financial worries, deadline pressures at work or school, as well as unnecessary physical stressors such as excessive caloric intake, obesity, and inactivity. All of these modern stressors chronically activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, leading to adverse health consequences such as increased rates of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mood disorders like depression and anxiety.
The relationship between chronic stress, depression, and anxiety is complex and incredibly powerful. The chronic elevations in glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol) caused by excessive stressors in industrialized societies lead to actual physical changes in brain structure.
For example, dendrites, the branches of neurons that receive signals from other neurons, are shifted into less functional patterns upon chronic exposure to glucocorticoids. This has been documented in key brain regions associated with mood, short-term memory, and behavioral flexibility (Krugers 2010). Furthermore, glucocorticoids cause receptors for the mood-regulating neurotransmitter serotonin to become less sensitive to activation (van Riel 2003; Karten 1999). Other detrimental effects of chronic stress include both increased susceptibility to neuronal damage and impaired neurogenesis, the process by which new neurons are "born" (Krugers 2010).
Interestingly, emerging research suggests that psychoactive drugs, like those used in anxiety and depression, may stabilize mood not only by acting upon neurotransmitter levels, but by modulating the action of glucocorticoids receptors in the brain itself (Anacker 2011). These new findings strongly support the idea that in order to alleviate mood disorders, controlling stress response is an important aspect of treatment. Indeed, several genetic and epidemiological studies have linked excessive stress, and the inability to efficiently adapt to stress, to increased rates of anxiety and depression (Strohle 2003; Binder 2010;).
Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Because anxiety and depression may have similar or even overlapping symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorder can be difficult. A person can swing back and forth between anxiety and depression. However, as many of the same neural mechanisms are involved in both, sometimes treatment for one can be effective for the other.
While several screening tests are available to help determine the cause, type, and severity of anxiety, the diagnosis of anxiety disorders remains somewhat subjective and based on observation (Risbrough 2010). Once a doctor diagnoses an anxiety disorder, treatment will often integrate several approaches, including but not limited to diet and lifestyle changes, relaxation and massage therapy, psychotherapy, behavioral or cognitive-behavioral therapy, and drug intervention.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy involves modifying thought patterns that influence anxiety and fear. It helps individuals recognize cognitive distortions, exaggerated and irrational thoughts that produce reactions such an anxiety and panic. Special tools then help the person detect distorted thinking and replace distorted thoughts with more accurate ones. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a first-line treatment (Hunot 2007; Tolin 2010) and is effective in treating all anxiety disorders (Hunot 2007; Tolin 2010).
Behavior therapy uses several techniques such as diaphragmatic breathing exercises and exposure therapy. Diaphragmatic breathing teaches people how to control the physical signs of anxiety by taking slow, deep breaths to help control hyperventilation. Exposure therapy relies on small, progressive exposures to the frightening trigger, helping people build confidence and control anxiety.
Drug therapy is often used in combination with psychotherapy to manage the biochemical and physiological abnormalities that produce anxiety, including alterations in the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and cortisol (the stress hormone).
Drug therapy can present a number of problems, including poor success rates, side effects, withdrawal symptoms, the development of increased tolerance to the drug, and only acting on a small component of the neurological mechanism involved in anxiety.
Pharmaceutical treatment of anxiety disorders involves manipulating or mimicking the action of neurotransmitters within the brain (typically GABA and serotonin; but sometimes dopamine and norepinephrine). However, these drugs usually do not resolve the over-activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis that often underlies mood disorders.
Using medications to try to improve brain chemistry can offer relief, at least in the short term. However, medications neither restore normal levels of neurotransmitters, nor promote normal brain function. Instead, they manipulate the brain chemistry to achieve their desired effects.
Over time, the brain can get used to medications, resulting in them losing their effectiveness and requiring either higher doses or different drugs. Stopping them can frequently lead to withdrawal symptoms that feel worse than the original problem.
The following are types of drugs frequently prescribed to treat anxiety disorders:
Benzodiazepines act in part by modulating and extending the life of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory (calming) brain neurotransmitter (Durant 2010). Benzodiazepines can relieve anxiety symptoms quickly. However, they can become habit forming. Some people develop a tolerance to them, requiring an increased dosage. When benzodiazepines are reduced or removed, some individuals can experience withdrawal symptoms, such as life-threatening seizures, confusion, memory loss, hyperanxiety, and reemergence of the original symptoms (Cloos 2009). Commonly prescribed benzodiazepines include Valium® (diazepam), Xanax® (alprazolam), Klonopin® (clonazepam), and Ativan® (lorazepam).
While these drugs are highly effective in calming anxiety, they may also be habit-forming – a factor that dramatically limits their usefulness and possibly their long-term safety. Many benzodiazepenes can also cause significant impairment, a highly undesirable effect.
Azapirones do not have the tolerance and dependency issues associated with benzodiazepines. These anti-anxiety drugs are partial serotonin receptor agonists. BuSpar® (buspirone) is an azapirone prescribed to treat general anxiety disorder. However, it may take several weeks before the effects of these drugs become apparent. Side effects can include nausea, headaches, and dizziness.
Antidepressants are sometimes effective for treating anxiety, especially when it occurs in conjunction with depression. Types of antidepressant drugs include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as well as the less common tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). These drugs can have significant side effects. In 2004 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced that the most popular class of antidepressants, SSRIs, must carry a strong black-box warning advising patients of the dangers of increased suicide among adolescents using SSRIs. Popular SSRIs include Prozac® (fluoxetine), Zoloft® (sertraline), Luvox® (fluvoxamine), Paxil® (paroxetine), and Celexa® (citalopram).
Beta-blockers such as Inderal® (propranolol) or Tenormin® (atenolol) are used primarily to treat heart conditions. However, they are often prescribed for social phobia to help reduce heart palpitations as well as other physical symptoms of anxiety. Side effects can include sexual dysfunction, slow pulse, drowsiness, fatigue, dry mouth, numbness or tingling of fingers or toes, dizziness, diarrhea, nausea, weakness, and cold hands and feet (Bourin 2002).
Pregabalin is an anticonvulsant drug that is sometimes used to treat anxiety. Its effects become apparent quickly-some studies suggest within one week. Also, it appears to be effective in preventing a relapse of anxiety disorder (Feltner 2011; Greist 2011) as well as helping ease withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of benzodiazepine therapy (Hadley 2012). This drug often causes dizziness and drowsiness.


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Bally Total Fitness has reached an agreement with two groups who planned to offer proposals at the company's annual meeting at the end of this month.
Bally has agreed to redeem its stockholder rights plan as part of an agreement reached with Liberation Investments and Amalgamated Bank LongView SmallCap 600 Index Fund. Liberation and Amalgamated have agreed to withdraw the stockholder proposals recently put forth for consideration at Bally's upcoming annual meeting. In conjunction, Liberation has terminated its solicitation of proxies with respect to all of its proposals, including separation of the offices of CEO and chairman of the board, removal of the company's stockholder rights plan and declassification of the company's board of directors. Amalgamated has agreed to withdraw its board declassification proposal.
Bally's board of directors will redeem the company's existing stockholder rights plan immediately. The board will also adopt a "poison pill" policy under which any new poison pill will require prior stockholder approval. The independent directors of the Board may act on their own to reinstate a pill so long as the board subsequently submits the pill to a binding stockholder vote by the later of the Company's next annual meeting or 270 days after the pill is adopted, the company said.
"[These] actions reinforce our strong commitment to enhancing stockholder value and promoting good corporate governance," Bally Chairman and CEO Paul Toback said.
As part of this commitment, Toback highlighted initiatives such as, actively engaging in discussions with several major financial institutions about the refinancing of the company's $100 million securitization facility; new marketing campaigns that continue to drive strong leads and new member joins; continuing implementation of aggressive cost cutting programs, including the elimination of redundancies and inefficiencies within the organization.
Liberation owns approximately 5.8 percent of the Bally's outstanding shares. Liberation majority member Emanuel Pearlman said, "Going forward, we anticipate supporting the company's efforts to enhance stockholder value."


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Manage your Location History
Location History is a Google Account–level setting that saves where you go with every mobile device where:
- You're signed in to your Google Account,
- You have turned on Location History, and
- The device has Location Reporting turned on.
When you turn on Location History, you may see a number of benefits across Google products and services, including personalized maps, recommendations based on places you've visited, help finding your phone, real-time traffic updates about your commute, and more useful ads.
- Location History is turned off by default for your Google Account and can only be turned on if you opt in.
- You can pause Location History at any time in your Google Account's Activity controls.
- You control what's saved in your Location History. You can view the places where you've been in Google Maps Timeline, and you can edit or delete information through Timeline as well.
Important: If you have other settings like Web & App Activity turned on and you pause Location History or delete location data from Location History, you may still have location data saved in your Google Account as part of your use of other Google sites, apps, and services. For example, location data may be saved as part of activity on Search and Maps when your Web & App Activity setting is on, and included in your photos depending on your camera app settings.
Note: Some of these steps work only on Android 8.0 and up. Learn how to check your Android version.
Turn Location History on or off
You can turn off Location History for your account at any time. If you use a work or school account, your administrator needs to make this setting available for you. If they do so, you will be able to use Location History as any other user.
On your Android phone or tablet, open your device's Settings app Google Google Account.
- At the top, tap Data & personalization.
- Under "Activity controls," tap Location History Manage setting.
- Change whether your account or your devices can report Location History to Google:
- Your account & all your devices: At the top, turn Use Location History on or off.
- Only a certain device: Under "This device" or "Other devices on this account," turn the device on or off.
If you're on a browser, go to the Activity controls section of your Google Account. You might need to sign in. At the top, turn Location History on or off.
When Location History is on
- Google only receives Location History for each device where you are signed in and you have Location Reporting turned on.
- You can change the Location Reporting setting for each device where you're signed in, and limit which devices provide location data to be included in Location History. If you want to change your Location History settings, you can choose to:
- Report your location from only some of your devices, but not others.
- Report your location from all your devices.
- Turn off Location History for your Google Account. Your location won't be reported from any of your devices and you will not have new Location History recorded to your account.
- Your settings for other location services on your device, like Google Location Services and Find My Device, are not changed.
When Location History is off
- New location information is no longer saved to your Location History.
- Previous activity is not deleted from your Location History. You can manually delete your Location History.
- Your settings for other location services on your device, like Google Location Services and Find My Device, are not changed.
- Some location data may continue to be saved in other settings, like Web & App Activity, as part of your use of other services, like Search and Maps, even after you turn off Location History.
Delete Location History
Google Maps Timeline provides you with an interface to manage and delete your Location History information. You can choose to delete all your history, or only parts of it. When you delete Location History information from Timeline, you won't be able to see it again.
On your Android phone or tablet, open your device's Settings app Google Google Account.
- At the top, tap Data & personalization.
- Under "Activity controls," tap Location History.
- At the bottom, tap Manage Timeline. Your device will open Google Maps .
- Tap More Settings.
- At the bottom, choose Delete all Location History or Delete Location History range.
If you're on a browser, go to maps.google.com/timeline. You might need to sign in. You can delete individual locations, locations by date, or your whole location history in Timeline.
Note: Timeline is not currently available in South Korea. You can turn on or pause Location History from within your Activity Controls and can delete your Location History data.
What happens after deleting Location History
- If you delete your entire Location History, some Google apps may not work the same as they did before.
- Even after you delete your Location History information, some location data may continue to be saved in other settings, like Web & App Activity, as part of your use of other services, like Search and Maps.
Usage & diagnostics for Location History
When you turn on Location History, your device may send diagnostic information to Google about what's working and not working for Location History. If you turn Location History off, you can decide whether to share usage and diagnostics information.
All usage and diagnostics information is used in accordance with Google's privacy policy.
Your device may send information to Google to help improve Location History. For example, sent information could include:
- Quality and length of your connections to mobile networks, GPS, Wi-Fi networks, or Bluetooth
- State of your location settings
- Restarts and crash reports
- Apps used for turning Location History on or off
- Battery levels
Usage and diagnostics information can help improve Google apps, products, and Android devices. For example, Google can use information to improve:
- Battery life: Google can use information about what's using the most battery on your device to help reduce battery consumption for commonly used features.
- Location accuracy: Google can use information from location sensors and settings to help improve location estimates for apps and services.
Learn more about other location settings
- Choose which apps can use your location: Learn how to manage app location settings.
- Learn how to turn your device's location on or off.
- Find your location on a map: Learn how to find & improve your location's accuracy in Google Maps.
- Manage your history of the places you've been and the routes you've traveled: Learn how to edit your timeline on Google Maps.


text:
Brian Norris
Class of 2005
Major/Minor: Business Management
Brian is a member of the Class of 2005 Reunion Committee.
At Washington College, Brian was a member of Kappa Alpha Order, Class Vice President, and President of the Washington College Gospel Choir. After graduating in 2005 with a degree in Business Management, Brian began working as a Sales Executive at United Communications Group (UCG), a portfolio of highly focused business information companies located in Gaithersburg, MD. In 2006, he moved to Oil Price Information Service (OPIS), a division of UCG that provides news, information and pricing services to the downstream petroleum industry. Brian currently works for OPIS as an Associate Marketing Manager and lives in Frederick, MD.
Undergrad Highlights
- Major: Business Management
- Greek Life: Kappa Alpha Order
- Class Vice-President: Student Government Association
- President: Washington College Gospel Choir


text:
Yasmeen Shorish
Science Librarian
James Madison University
Harrisonburg, Virginia
Receiving the travel scholarship to attend the ACRL 2011 Conference in Philadelphia enabled me to experience one of the most productive conferences that I have ever attended. At the time, I was concluding my last semester of graduate school and was knee-deep in job application submissions. Attending the conference resulted in several things: It solidified ACRL's place in my mind as a focused and productive organization for academic libraries, it exposed me to some of the exciting projects taking place at libraries across the country, and it gave me the opportunity to network with professionals in areas of interest to me – forming relationships that have led to professional collaborations. The information that I gained at the conference seminars and round tables helped make me, I think, a stronger job applicant and expanded my information base.
I was in my final semester of graduate school and I would not have been able to afford to travel to Philadelphia without this scholarship. I was exposed to so many relevant and interesting programs that now I cannot imagine not attending ACRL conferences in the future! I am so thankful to the ACRL Friends Fund for recognizing the value of the ACRL Conference and the financial need of new librarians. This was truly a fantastic, informative experience and I am so grateful to have been a recipient of the Friends' generous support.
Chella Vaidyanathan
History Librarian/Curator of 19th-21st Century Books & Manuscripts
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD
I was thrilled to learn that I received a scholarship to attend the ACRL 2011 conference. It was a wonderful opportunity for me to network with colleagues from other institutions. Particularly, I was able to attend the "Not Just History Anymore" workshop which provided several helpful suggestions on how to teach with primary sources. There were many other interesting sessions that offered information on how to teach information literacy skills using electronic resources, freely available digital collections and web 2.0 tools. Overall, it would not be possible for me to attend the conference without the scholarship and I am very grateful for that opportunity.