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Koers (Online) vol.78 n.2 Pretoria Jan. 2013
The re-appreciation of the humanities in contemporary philosophy of science: From recognition to exaggeration?
Die herwaardering van die geesteswetenskappe in die kontemporêre wetenskapfilosofie: Van erkenning tot oordrywing?
Renato Coletto
School of Philosophy, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa
In the course of the centuries, the 'reputation' and status attributed to the humanities underwent different phases. One of their lowest moments can be traced during the positivist period. This article explored the reasons underlying the gradual re-evaluation of the scientific status and relevance of the humanities in the philosophy of science of the 20th century. On the basis of a historical analysis it was argued that on the one hand such recognition is positive because it abolishes an unjustified prejudice that restricted the status of 'science' to the natural sciences. On the other hand it was argued that the reasons behind such recognition might not always be sound and may be inspired by (and lead to) a certain relativism harbouring undesired consequences. In the final part of this article (dedicated to Prof. J.J. [Ponti] Venter) a brief 'postscript' sketched his evaluation of the role of philosophy.
Die 'reputasie' en status van die geesteswetenskappe het deur die eeue heen veranderinge gedurende die verskillende fases ondergaan. Een van die grootste laagtepunte kon gedurende die positivistiese periode waargeneem word. Hierdie artikel het die redes onderliggend aan die toenemende herwaardering van die wetenskaplike status en relevansie van die geesteswetenskappe in die wetenskapsfilosofie van die twintigste eeu ondersoek. 'n Historiese analise is as basis gebruik waarvandaan geargumenteer is dat hierdie erkenning aan die een kant positief is omdat dit die ongeregverdigde vooroordeel wat die status van 'wetenskap' tot die natuurwetenskappe beperk, omverwerp. Aan die ander kant is geredeneer dat die redes vir hierdie erkenning nie altyd suiwer is nie en geïnspireer mag wees deur (en lei tot) 'n soort relatiwisme wat ongewenste gevolge huisves. In die finale deel van hierdie artikel (opgedra aan Prof. J.J. [Ponti] Venter) is sy evaluering van die aard en rol van die filosofie in 'n kort 'naskrif' geskets.
When we start asking questions concerning the status of the humanities1, beginning with the positivist movement, we discover that the initial attitude was rather 'unfriendly'. There was a high level of optimism towards the liberating effects of science, yet only or mainly the natural sciences were accredited as sciences. The humanities were not always and not completely excluded from the scientific realm, but somehow the feeling was that they had to become scientific. The royal way to accomplish this was to adopt the methods of the natural sciences. Up to the present, when we say 'philosophy of science' we often mean the philosophy of the natural sciences (as if there were no other sciences). This is a simple but vivid example of the persistence of the positivist legacy.
Gradually, however, the attitude towards the humanities changed. Slowly but increasingly, the humanities gained more 'respectability' and were increasingly appreciated in the works of Popper, Kuhn, Feyerabend, in neo-Marxism and so on.2 One could even say that the situation was gradually reversed since the natural sciences are in the postmodern times sometimes invited to adopt the methods of politics or hermeneutics. It is argued that there are not (and should not?) be any differences between the humanities and the natural sciences. Perhaps, in some sense, the natural sciences can even be regarded as part of the humanities?
The main focus of this article is to explore the reasons behind this gradual change of attitude for the purpose of evaluating the process in an informed way. From the author's (reformational) point of view, the recognition of the scientific status of the humanities and of their indispensable role in scholarship is a positive move. The humanities should be regarded as sciences because they study reality through 'points of entry' constituted by several modal aspects, just like the natural sciences. However, the motivations behind this gradual re-appreciation of the humanities may not always be sound and may be inspired by (and lead to) a rather relativist position with dire practical implications. In some cases (cf. Feyerabend 1975) one has the impression that almost everything can be regarded as science (or perhaps nothing). In other cases, it does not matter much, because science has nothing special to offer and cannot be distinguished from other activities in 'life'.
After completing a historical overview of the re-appreciation process I will briefly sketch a reformational evaluation and response and, as this article is dedicated to prof. J.J. (Ponti) Venter, I will also briefly outline his own understanding and assessment of the nature and role of one of the human sciences, namely philosophy.
Brief background: Positivism and beyond
The positivist attitude towards the humanities is somehow ambivalent. On the one hand, an immense fascination with the natural sciences led many authors to oppose facts and values, physics and metaphysics, objectivity and subjectivity. Of course, the natural sciences were on the side of objectivity and of the facts, whilst the humanities were on the other side. On the other hand, it is interesting to note that Comte (1830-1842) included sociology in his list of scientific disciplines. Actually, sociology had a sort of 'overarching' function and it was placed 'at the top' of the six sciences (mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, sociology in 'ascending' order). It is also interesting to note that very ancient disciplines like law and history were not considered scientific by the 'father' of positivism. In general, however, positivism left the door open to the possibility that at least some of the humanities might acquire scientific status. In order to do so, unfortunately, they were required to adopt the method of the natural sciences. Sociology was already called 'social physics' by Comte, and was supposed to study social phenomena with the same impartiality and precision attributed to physics.
In positivist circles philosophy was treated with particular suspicion, it was often called 'metaphysics' and was part of the presuppositions that should be left outside the laboratory door. All in all, it was mainly natural science that enjoyed full recognition. Science was the only system following the path of verification and 'non-scientific' became a synonym of meaningless.
The humanities, however, were already knocking at the door of academic recognition. Dilthey (1989), Rickert (1896-1902) and Weber (1949) tried to attach either a different method or a different object of study to the human sciences. Dilthey (1989:56ff, 436-440) argued that the method of the natural sciences is totally inadequate to study history or social and cultural achievements. History is the product of human beings and is as such not reducible to natural objects. As a consequence, a totally different method is required: the imaginative re-creation of the experiences of others.
Although rejecting the ontological dualism underlying Dilthey's views, Rickert (1896-1902) accepted and explored further the idea of an alternative method suitable to the humanities. The nomothetic method is suitable for the natural sciences, but the ideographic method suits the humanities. The first method focuses on the universal whilst the second focuses on the individual and unique. The distinction is not based on ontology but on logic, as the same reality can be regarded as nature or as history. Finally, Weber (1949:50ff) argued that this difference in method does not decrease the objectivity of the social sciences; it rather integrates an otherwise unilateral understanding of the world.
Opening a back-door to the humanities
Although their approaches differ, all these German authors created an alternative to positivism and opened a door (at least a back-door) to the humanities. Popper walked some extra miles for the humanities' sake. In opposition to the positivist mentality he (Popper 1963:38) stated that 'non-scientific' is not equivalent to non-sensical or meaningless. There is meaning and knowledge outside of science. At the same time, however, science remains for Popper a 'superior' type of knowledge, so to speak, and by 'science' he basically means natural science (physics in particular).
In a recent article (Coletto 2011), Popper's views on the topic were outlined by saying that science is present wherever we have universal laws. The scientific attitude requires first of all conjectures and refutations, in other words the possibility of falsification. In addition, however, science is present only when dealing with universal laws, which Popper detects especially in the physical dimension. According to Popper we do not have universal laws in the historical or social dimension (one could say: aspect), therefore we cannot have fully-fledged science. This is the reason why, it was argued (Coletto 2011:68), Popper could regard psychology and sociology as 'spurious sciences' that are 'riddled with fashions and with uncontrolled dogmas'. He could therefore write to Kuhn: '[I hope] you do not want to appeal to the sociological (or psychological or historical) lunatic fringe' (Popper 1970:57-58).
All this is true, but in some instances Popper attenuated and nuanced this rather harsh position, still much indebted to positivism. Perhaps these nuances originate in part from the fact that they appear in a context of dialogue with neo-Marxism, in a volume edited by Adorno (cf. Popper 1976). One could also notice that they were written a few years later (1976) than the above quoted texts of 1963 and 1970 and probably further reflection had played its part.
Whatever the reason, the picture seems to change. In 'The logic of the social sciences' (Popper 1976) there seems to be little difference between the natural and the social sciences. Apparently the latter use exactly the same method as the former: conjectures and refutations. By means of communal criticism they both falsify their theories and retain the most corroborated ones. Objectivity is not excluded in the social sciences because it depends on the critical method, not on the field of study. The research process starts with a problem and observation follows, exactly as is the case of the natural sciences (Popper 1976:87-90). Positivism, says Popper (1976:90ff), wanted the social sciences to adopt the same method of the natural sciences, namely the inductive method. But that was the wrong solution. (As a matter of fact, Popper too wants the same method to be adopted by both types of sciences; the only difference is that he regards the deductive approach as the right method.)
When considering the different approaches Popper adopted on this issue, one can find a sort of ambivalence and, after all, it should not be too surprising. In fact, Popper's philosophy constitutes a 'bridge' between positivism and the new philosophy of science. This ambivalence was already noticed by Botha (1986) in relation to Popper's appreciation of philosophy: On the one hand Popper warns against the 'bewitching' effects of 'metaphysics', on the other he makes clear philosophical choices and defends them (Botha 1986), for example by endorsing realism and the existence of natural laws.
Opening the front door to the humanities?
Kuhn is the main representative of the 'historical school' of philosophy of science. This school operated a strong rehabilitation of the role of history in philosophy of science. Kuhn also realised that psychological and social factors play a large role in science (economic factors were mentioned less often). These factors may still be 'external' to science (Kuhn 1996:ix-x), but one cannot understand science without understanding them, and for that reason the humanities become important.
In Kuhn's case the front door is only half-opened, because his system requires that we have science only in the presence of a paradigm accepted by all the 'schools' in a certain discipline, at least for a certain period of undisputed reign. Now, if it is rare to see this situation in the humanities they cannot be fully scientific; they must still be caught in the pre-paradigm phase, preceding 'normal' or 'mature' science. It is not excluded that they might one day reach a common paradigm (and maturity, or normality with it) but at least for the moment Kuhn still calls them 'proto-sciences' (Kuhn 1970:244ff), 'fields', or 'activities' (Kuhn 1996:195; 208-210). Nevertheless, one might say that even though the scientific status of the humanities was not fully recognised by Kuhn, their usefulness was largely appreciated. Furthermore, Kuhn (ibid:138) pointed out that students of the natural sciences are disadvantaged with respect to their colleagues in the humanities, in the sense that the latter are in fact more aware of different approaches (paradigms) in their disciplines and more knowledgeable of the history of their disciplines.
It is probably Lakatos who opened the front door with conviction. In order to see it, one should briefly follow his view of the criterion for demarcation (between science and non-science). Even though he was a 'disciple' of Popper,
Lakatos did not agree that falsification is the best criterion to distinguish science from pseudo-science. Instead, Lakatos first of all enlarges the picture: the units of great scientific developments are not single theories but research programmes. Usually theories are only the 'hard core' of such programmes and they are surrounded by a host of protective hypotheses that can always justify anomalies or partial refutations of the hard core (Lakatos 1978:110).
The main difference between research programmes is that some of them are progressing and others are degenerating. Degenerating programmes are those that 'lag behind the facts': they are trying to explain what is already known. Marxist historiography, for example, 'explained' the rising living standards of the working class in capitalist countries, and the conflict between China and the Soviet Union. It explained why the first socialist revolution occurred in non-industrialised Russia, and it explained Berlin 1954, Budapest 1956, Prague 1958 (Lakatos 1978:6). But all these explanations were constructed after the events to 'protect Marxian theory from the facts'. This is an example of a stagnating research programme. Progressive programmes, by contrast, are rich in predictions and in this way they anticipate the facts. Therefore progressive programmes are regarded as scientific, whilst regressive programmes are not.
Whether this criterion is useful or not to distinguish science from pseudo-science is not our main concern here (one might in fact argue that it evades the demarcation problem). What is interesting for our present topic is that Lakatos does not exclude the humanities from his argumentation. Should Marxian theory have made successful predictions, it could have been regarded as progressive and scientific. The dividing line between science and non-science does not run across disciplinary boundaries (e.g. natural versus social sciences) but across research programmes. This changed the discussion deeply and was of course appreciated by scholars in the humanities. Appreciated and often appropriated. For example, Nancey Murphy (1990), in her attempt to prove that theology is a science, adopted Lakatos' criteria and felt entitled to conclude that (at least some) theological research programmes can be considered scientific.
In the front door and out the back door?
When it comes to Feyerabend we have the feeling that he has no problem with recognising the scientific status of the humanities. In his Against method (Feyerabend 1975) he shows appreciation and knowledge of the history of art, knowledge of philosophy, theology (even Christology), and other disciplines. Collectively they enable him to conduct a discourse on science and help him arguing about science. It is true that here and there he delivers a few harsh remarks on theology and philosophy (cf. Feyerabend 1975:46, 301), but this is due to his provocative style3 rather than to any real opposition to the humanities.
The problem is rather that with Feyerabend (1975) both natural and human sciences lose much of their 'value'. He is not fascinated by rationality but by life, passion and freedom. He is against the separation of science and life, in the sense that science should return to be part of life and should resemble ordinary activities as much as possible. There is nothing special about science and natural science is constantly compared and associated with the humanities, but also with all sorts of pre-scientific ideas and activities, myths, beliefs and so on. It was this type of attitude that was extremely frustrating to Popper and prompted some of his most amusing remarks (like the complaint: 'To some, science is nothing but glorified plumbing!' [Popper 1963:102]).
Feyerabend's anarchism, however, was probably not likely to be adopted by large sectors of the philosophical community. More convincing voices, more 'solid' ideologies had to enter the scene, in order to consolidate the 'reputation' of the humanities. Amongst them was neo-Marxism.
Habermas and human interest
Although Popper (1963:102) was quite frustrated by those who regarded science as 'gadget making', was he not the one who introduced interest as a key-element in science? Science starts with a problem, he argued. We are not merely interested in truth; we want interesting truth (Popper ibid:229). Now, only human beings have interests and problems. The emphasis on these themes is therefore an emphasis on the (human) subject of knowledge or research. Feyerabend (1975) built his own approach on this foundation. From a less radical perspective, Habermas wrote Knowledge and human interests in 1971.
For Habermas (1971:308-311), science can be categorised into three different types, each characterised by specific interests (see Table 1).
Of the three categories, the emancipatory interest is the most important, since it is supposed to direct our understanding of the two other interests. As a consequence, the sciences characterised by interest acquire extraordinary importance and a crucial role. Habermas (1971:198) goes as far as affirming that all the sciences should subordinate themselves and their interests (e.g. technical control) to the systematic sciences. Accepting this priority is equivalent to adopting 'critical science' as opposed to 'traditional science' (a distinction already introduced by Horkheimer). This crucial programme, in line with the humanist project, requires the return of the human agent to the centre of the scientific enterprise and the Humanities (or at least some of them) are finally placed at the top. The natural sciences, in a sense, are placed at the bottom.
Following Kant, Habermas (1984) regard science as one of the 'three spheres' of culture, together with art and morality. In line with the project of the Enlightenment, the three spheres should be fairly distinguished from each other because their confusion always breeds catastrophes (for example the aesthetisation of politics is typical of Nazism). The three types of science must therefore retain a specific identity and are not to be confused with other types of activities, in other 'spheres'. This is in line with 'the project of modernity' that, according to Habermas, should not be abandoned but rather completed. In fact, most of the problems of Western societies, lamented by many, are not due to modernity itself but to the fact that its project 'has not yet been fulfilled' (Habermas ibid:13).
Very soon, however, this approach was to be challenged in two directions: a more radical, left-oriented project (Lyotard 1984) and a more pragmatist and 'conservative' project (Rorty 1991). Leaving apart the political dimension of this conversation, in the next section, we will ask what it implies for the status of the humanities.
Lyotard and Rorty
It is not easy, I think, to understand the role Lyotard reserves for the humanities in his The postmodern condition (1984). Perhaps this is partially due to the fact that he links his argumentation to the 'three spheres' debate. Science is one of the spheres and has its own 'language game', but what does it include? Lyotard seems to have in mind especially the natural sciences. If so, where does he place the humanities?
We surely make no mistake by saying that Lyotard in the end wants to reduce the contrast between the 'sciences' and 'narrative knowledge'. To him there are no big differences between the methods of politicians and those of scientists. Yet, interestingly, Rorty (1991:86) observes that Lyotard argues as if this was a recent change in the nature of science; as if the empiricist account of science was correct in the past, whilst now science has changed and has become 'postmodern'. May one speak of a strange combination of positivism and relativism in Lyotard? On the one hand Lyotard seems to agree with Hesse that 'the logic of science is circular interpretation, re-interpretation and self-correction of data in terms of theory and theory in terms of data' (Hesse 1980:173). On the other hand, he seems to stick to distinctions and categories that are typical of empiricism.
Nevertheless, I have difficulties imagining a 'positivist' Lyotard. I am rather inclined to think that some of his categories are borrowed for the sake of dialogue, in particular with those who may still consider science as a unique language game. In the end, his message is that the sciences should not be linked to any meta-narrative (e.g. Habermas' 'emancipation') but should rather be legitimised for 'the simple fact that they do what they do' (Lyotard 1984:23). If 'language game' is the common denominator of all social activities, there cannot be a huge difference between 'science' and the humanities.
Rorty (1991:87) seems to agree with this interpretation of Lyotard, but he still reproaches him for holding to some 'of the left's silliest ideas' and to their consequences (Rorty ibid:95). For example, according to Rorty (ibid:95), Lyotard has not sufficient consideration for (scientific) communication and consensus, and permanent revolution simply cannot be the purpose of science (Rorty ibid:85-86). But how does Rorty himself see the role of the humanities?
First of all, the problem of the 'three spheres' of Hegelian and Kantian memory should be abandoned: it is just a problem for an 'isolated order of priests'. According to Rorty there is no need for universal foundations. He suggests let us leave the spheres of culture to do what they can do. As one may predict, Rorty wants to look back at Dewey and Bacon with their pragmatic spirit, not towards a future or virtual 'postmodern science'. But surprisingly, it is Dewey himself who drives him towards the future, and prophetically announces the day when 'science and emotion will interpenetrate, practice and imagination will embrace. Poetry and religious feeling will be the unforced flowers of life' (Rorty 1991:95).
After quoting this passage, Rorty (1991:95) reveals: 'Much of what I have been saying is an attempt to follow up on this passage from Dewey'. In agreement with Dewey, the humanities should not be considered 'inferior' to the natural sciences. In agreement with Lyotard, Rorty states: 'The point that there are no interesting epistemological differences between the aims and procedures of scientists and those of politicians is absolutely fundamental' (Rorty ibid:92). In conclusion, we have reached the point where the differences between natural sciences and humanities can vanish without problems.
Here we can conclude our historical survey and say that (although the process was not always linear and 'smooth'), contemporary philosophy of science gradually re-established the role and status of the humanities. Several strategies were used: initially Rickert and Weber pointed out that the humanities are different from the natural sciences and therefore should not be asked to endorse the same method or to treat their objects of study in the same way. Later on, however, the strategy changed. As soon as the humanities reached sufficient 'prestige' the idea that they are similar to natural science returned, but this time it was in order to argue that the natural sciences have nothing different from the humanities!
Interlude: Apart from the philosophers ...
Before proceeding to an evaluation of the views outlined above, it is necessary to remember that we have been dealing only with the opinions of philosophers of science. Yet they do not represent 'public opinion' or a widespread feeling in society. On the contrary, evaluations can be quite different when we hear the voices of special scientists, technicians, managers or the voice of the 'person on the street'.
Generally speaking, the 20th century has known a gradual loss of confidence in science and technology. The optimism of the 18th century and 19th century, when science promised to lead to the truth and even to victoriously replace other forms of knowledge, was definitely abandoned. At the end of the 19th century science started to show the grim face of industrial exploitation, and later on the face of the nuclear threat, pollution and so on. A recent advertisement of a face cream juxtaposes a group of scientists and an attractive lady who uses the product. Who is one supposed to trust? The beautiful lady of course: she has practical knowledge of the product. Although some scholars are still trying to win scientific respectability for their discipline, we are no longer in the 'age of reason' or 'age of science'.4 We live in postmodern times, and other agencies and human faculties are considered reliable.
Nevertheless, science is not totally depreciated, at least not by everybody: the utilitarian, economically driven and technicistic spirit of our times still has a big impact. For example, currently all forms of engineering are held in high esteem, at least in some circles, together with computer sciences and economics. In addition, whatever is vaguely perceived as 'useful' or 'practical' is highly valued, from medical research to military strategy. Management is highly rated and probably overestimated. Amongst the humanities I would say education and politics may retain some credibility, but not much more is still 'in fashion'. Finally, at universities whatever can have economic relevance is highly appreciated. A recent report by the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf 2011) acknowledges that in South Africa the humanities are weakening within the academy and overlooked in society (ASSAf ibid:14). The conclusion (fortunately), amongst some leading academic thinkers in South Africa is that the humanities need to be supported -philosophy in particular (ASSAf ibid:124-131).
The 'reputation' of the humanities will greatly depend on the countries that we consult, on the periods that we take into account and on the circles (professional, academic, et cetera) expressing their opinions. This brief 'interlude' is just to help us to keep the broader picture in mind and not to exchange the developments of philosophy of science for public opinion.
By way of evaluation and conclusion
From a reformational point of view the gradual re-appreciation of the humanities is a positive phenomenon, at least partially. The idea that there are universal laws only in physics or biology is due to a reductionist ontology. It might be true that the natural sciences deal with laws and the humanities deal with norms (the latter requiring human positivisation). But the difference between the two is not as large as Popper seems to believe (Strauss 2001). The theory of modal aspects paves the way for regarding as sciences all the disciplines exploring reality through one (or more) modal aspect and therefore the re-appreciation of the humanities can be considered positive.
There is, however, some concern about the way the 'rehabilitation' of the humanities was achieved. One might in fact wonder whether it was not reached 'at the expense' of the natural sciences. In other words one might have the impression that whilst the positivists emphasised the more basic modal aspects (physics, movement, number, et cetera), more recent trends emphasise aspects like the historical, the social, the economic and so on. It should be observed that the first modalities constitute the points of view of natural science, whilst the higher modalities 'belong' to the humanities.
Is this fascination with higher aspects the reason why nowadays, in some cases, the humanities seem to become even 'more scientific' than the natural sciences? Could it be the reason why the natural sciences are subtly invited to adopt the method of the humanities and even to recognise themselves as humanities? Are we operating a simple reversal of a previous hierarchy (see Habermas [1971:308-311]?) If this is the case, then the gradual re-evaluation of the humanities might be heading towards new forms of relativism (cf. Feyerabend 1975). In fact, the absolutisation of the historical or the social aspect normally places considerable emphasis on the subject of scientific knowledge. Science may then be placed within the historicist flux of paradigm-changes, with its revolutions leading nowhere and its scientific community as the supreme arbiter of truth and falsehood.
A few concrete problems are likely to affect an academic community in the grip of this relativistic mood, especially when relativism is 'economically inspired' (cf. Venter 2006:288ff). Likewise Feyerabend (1975:306-308) started finding similarities between science and voodoo (or even prostitution), the temptation to legitimise subjects, courses and modules that are far from scientific will increasingly affect a university. In other words, we will deal more and more with what Storkey (1986) calls the 'surrogate sciences', stuff which does not belong in a university but is designed for purposes of economic convenience. A recent signal of malaise is the fact that schools and faculties try to grab for themselves and offer subjects which are beyond their competence for the (not even well disguised) purpose of increasing their student numbers (and financial subsidy with them).5
The only safeguard against this relativistic drift would be the recognition that universal norms (conditions) are available both to the natural sciences and to the humanities (but of course not to the 'surrogate sciences'). In other words, a demarcation criterion is needed which recognises the many differences between sciences, but at the same time affirms their common scientific status. This requires a non-reductionist ontological background, one which does not lead to the 'veneration' of one or other series of modal aspects (for example the ones qualifying the objects of study of the natural, social, or cultural sciences). For the moment, reductionism and absolutisations unfortunately remain strong temptations for several trends in philosophy and scholarship. As long as they coincide with uncertainty and disagreement on the criterion to distinguish between science and non-science, my forecast is that ambiguity, arbitrariness and self-interested pragmatism will not be easily eliminated. But of course, nothing prevents better choices from being adopted in future.
Postscript: Ponti Venter on the role of philosophy
Ponti Venter has often discussed and written on the issues just mentioned above (Venter 2004, 2006). Although in philosophical circles the gradual recognition of the humanities has been a well-known factor to deal with, in South Africa a sort of 'positivist' approach to many special sciences has survived its philosophical death. To visit the 'orphans'6 of this movement, one has to descend to semi-dark laboratories and offices, after selecting certain subjects and certain circles (economics is said to be amongst the most affected). There one will encounter many academics who (settled in dark rooms, as one may imagine) proclaim their proud ignorance of and bitter disinterest towards all philosophy (sometimes including the philosophy of their own field of study). The irony is, of course, that they are often in the grip of a philosophy (or worldview?) that they don't take the trouble to examine.
Unfortunately, this attitude has often created considerable irritation amongst reformational scholars and, in the attempt to show the usefulness of philosophy, they have often fallen into some sort of over-reaction. If one adds the problem that (in reformational circles) the encyclopaedic role of philosophy has traditionally been a bit exaggerated (Coletto 2012a, 2012b, 2012c), one may start to understand why, in reaction to a dismissive attitude, in this tradition philosophy is sometimes depicted as the 'gearbox' of the vehicle (Wolters 1989:14-15), 'the discipline of the disciplines' (Strauss 2009), a sort of almighty omni-science, and omni-present in all the other disciplines.
Yet there are happy exceptions. It is sufficient to read Ponti Venter's (1999) 'The role of philosophy in the reformational Christian university' to notice the modest, balanced and appropriate picture which is drawn of the role of philosophy. I consider it as a sort of healthy exception, a happy manifesto on the humble yet meaningful task of the philosopher.
Venter explains that the 'foundations' of scientific theories, views or approaches are not the exclusive 'property' of philosophy. Philosophy, as a consequence, is 'foundational' only in a certain sense (and is itself founded on a 'worldview'). There is, in fact 'more than one kind' of foundation (Venter 1999:198). Philosophy and foundational theory should therefore not be regarded as the same thing. Philosophy can of course help to analyse fundamental ideas, but its task is not to prescribe or dictate. Rather, its role is 'that of a collegial critic who uncovers, unmasks, suggests and above all listens and cooperates' (Venter ibid:198).
It is a recognition that avoids exaggerations and over-reactions. It is also a return to the modest attitude attributed to Pythagoras7 who, after mentioning his modest knowledge of the 'sciences' of his time, explained: 'I am only a philosopher'.
Competing interests
The author declares that he had no financial or personal relationship(s) that may have inappropriately influenced him in writing this article.
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Feyerabend, P.K., 1975, Against method: Outline of an anarchistic theory of knowledge, New Left Books, London. PMCid:1681802 [ Links ]
Habermas, J., 1971, Knowledge and human interests, transl. J.J. Shapiro, Beacon Press, Boston. [ Links ]
Habermas, J., 1984, 'Modernity: An incomplete project', in H. Foster (ed.), Postmodern culture, pp. 3-16, Pluto Press, London. [ Links ]
Hesse, M., 1980, Revolutions and reconstructions in the philosophy of science, Harvester Press, Brighton, Sussex. [ Links ]
Keynes, J.M., 1939, The general theory of employment, interest and money, Macmillan, London. PMid:20782270, PMCid:2209375 [ Links ]
Kuhn, T.S., 1970, 'Reflections on my critics', in I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (eds.), Criticism and the growth of knowledge, pp. 231-277, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [ Links ]
Kuhn, T.S., 1996, The structure of scientific revolutions, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226458106.001.0001 [ Links ]
Laertius, D., 1828-1831, De vitis, dogmatis et apophtegmatis clarorum philosophorum, Koehler, Lipsiae. [ Links ]
Lakatos, I., 1978, The methodology of scientific research programmes: Philosophical papers, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621123 [ Links ]
Lyotard, J-F., 1984, The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge, Manchester University Press, Manchester. [ Links ]
Murphy, N., 1990, Theology in the age of scientific reasoning, Cornell University Press, Ithaca/London. [ Links ]
Popper, K.R., 1963, Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. [ Links ]
Popper, K.R., 1970, 'Normal science and its dangers', in I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (eds.), Criticism and the growth of knowledge, pp. 51-58, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [ Links ]
Popper, K.R., 1976, 'The logic of the social sciences', in T.W. Adorno (ed.), The positivist dispute in German sociology, pp. 87-104, Heinemann, London. [ Links ]
Rickert, H., 1896-1902, The limits of concept-formation in natural science: A logical introduction to the historical sciences, 2 volumes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [ Links ]
Rorty, R., 1991, 'Habermas and Lyotard on postmodernity', in I. Hoesterey (ed.), Zeitgeist in Babel: The postmodernist controversy, pp. 84-98, Indiana University Press, Bloominghton. [ Links ]
Storkey, A., 1986, 'The surrogate sciences', Philosophia Reformata 51(1), 110-116. [ Links ]
Strauss, D.F.M., 2001, 'Does it make sense to distinguish between the natural sciences and the humanities?', Tydskrif vir Christelike Wetenskap 37(1-2), 25-36. [ Links ]
Strauss, D.F.M., 2009, Philosophy: The discipline of the disciplines, Paideia Press, Grand Rapids. [ Links ]
Venter, J.J., 1999, 'The role of philosophy in the reformational Christian university', Tydskrif vir Christelike Wetenskap 35(3-4), 163-200. [ Links ]
Venter, J.J., 2004, 'Human dignity and the objectification of the human being: Subject, object and human dignity', Analecta Husserliana 79(3), 537-601. [ Links ]
Venter, J.J., 2006, 'A human(e) "uni-versity": Resisting scientism, technicism and economism', Koers 71(1), 275-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koers.v71i1.241 [ Links ]
Weber, M., 1949, On the methodology of the social sciences, Free Press, Glencoe. [ Links ]
Wolters, A.M., 1989, 'On the idea of worldview and its relation to philosophy', in P.A. Marshall, S. Griffioen & R.J. Mouw (eds.), Stained glass: Worldviews and social science, pp. 14-25, University Press of America, Lanham. PMid:2909874 [ Links ]
Renato Coletto
Private Bag X6001
Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
Email: email@example.com
Received: 25 July 2012
Accepted: 13 Feb. 2013
Published: 21 June 2013
1.In this article I list as 'humanities' all the sciences that are not 'natural' (therefore the social and cultural sciences as well - cf. Strauss 2001).
2.Our historical survey will stretch up to the early 1990s. This arrangement will allow us to explore a sufficiently extended period of time, in order to prove that the pattern of re-appreciation developed gradually but persistently. It will also allow us to include in our exploration the most authoritative voices in contemporary philosophy of science. To keep the historical survey within suitable limits, the most recent decades are not included. It should be noted however, that the re-appreciation or integration-trend continues up to the present.
3.In his typical style Feyerabend (1975:301) 'classifies' philosophy (of science) amongst the 'bastard subjects ... which have not a single discovery to their credit'.
4.Phrases like these recur often in the titles of articles and books by theologians who try to establish the scientific status of theology (cf. Barbour 1990 and Murphy 1990).
5.At our own Potchefstroom Campus, for example, the philosophy of the natural sciences or social philosophy are taught directly by the schools of physics or sociology. What a student can normally get, in these cases, is a survey of different 'paradigms' within those subjects, usually with insufficient deepening of the underlying philosophical themes.
6.In the first part of this section the tone (which is not always obvious in written documents) is ironical. Should my choice of the term orphans sound inappropriate I would like to explain that it parallels J.M. Keynes' choice of the term slaves. With regard to economics he writes: 'Practical men who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influences are usually the slaves of some defunct economist' (Keynes 1939:383).
7.The sentence is attributed to Pythagoras by both Cicero (1957:III, 7-9) and Diogenes Laertius (1828-1831:I, 12). However, they both do so by referring to a lost book written by Heraclides Ponticus and some scholars doubt that the latter attributed the sentence to Pythagoras correctly.


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The ALDS Starts Tonight for the Orioles.
past few days have been memorable for us as fans of the Baltimore
Orioles. After running into a roadblock against the Tampa Bay Rays to
finish up the season, the Orioles entered the post season for the first
time in 15 years and played the Texas Rangers on the road in the Wild
Card play-in game.
They shocked the baseball world by defeating the Rangers, 5-1, on Friday night and now face the New York Yankees in a best-of-five American League Divisional series. Few expected the Orioles to send the Rangers - who had been in the previous two World Series - to an early vacation.
The Orioles grinded it out and were able to get going against a tough Yu Darvish for the Rangers on the mound and got on their bullpen later on in the game. Joe Saunders - who started for Baltimore on the mound - did not instill a lot of confidence in Birdland when it was announced that he would be on hill Friday; however, manager Buck Showalter had total trust in his southpaw.
Saunders went five-plus innings, and the Baltimore bullpen - which has been excellent all season - came through again late.
With that said, the dream season continues for the Orioles on Sunday against the Bronx Bombers. Jason Hammel - who has been sidelined due to injury, his knee - will start game one of the ALDS. The Bombers have announced that C.C. Sabathia and Andy Pettitte will start the first two games for them.
>>> Read More

subset: commoncrawl


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Thanks man! I just like talking to you freaks and want to make sure I don't come across as a rabid left wing zealot!
LOL. Just so you know, I don't think I've EVER reported a post. I was being kind of a dick to you, but I also know you can take it.
No hard feelings!
I think my problem is I let too many people draw out those imperfections. I said a lot of stuff today that I shouldn't have... and not in an I shouldn't have said it, but how I said it (I was kinda vulgar today) That's really my fault though. I do use you guys as an excuse to behave poorly and I absolutely shouldn't.
There are only 1-2 of you on this board that I wouldn't love to catch a game with someday.
You know, I had a good friend from the other boards come to me today and rightfully so criticize my behavior in that thread. I'm sorry. Even if you have acted poorly towards me (or I at least perceived it as acting poorly) I'm doing a pretty terrible job of behaving the last few days and a lot of the things I said in that thread showcase that. I'll calm myself down and give myself some space from this drama for awhile, not out of anger, but because I need to get better as a person I think....
The old fraud's not worth it. It cracks me up that he thinks he's so complex people don't 'read carefully'. I know I am an arrogant ******* - he doesn't know that he is.
And just like that Emma Watson saves the world again.
YAAAAAS!!!! Alright, we're good again!
You need to bring Emma back...I can never put Emma on ignore.
dilly dilly.
Where did you get that picture on Meck? I love this more than anything I've seen in a long time....I want it...LOL
mmm, awesome ninja powers
Party Like it's 97/98
Dilly Dilly!
Out to Sea!
Aggie 4 Life
Kopite Moderator
Senior Member


text:
The Manor House4
Coldra Woods The Usk Valley, Newport, NP18 1HQ
Price FromView Rooms
- Very Good
- 183 guest reviews
"Great service and a really nice hotel..."
"Lovely surroundings, great staff, clean and tidy and lovely food...."
"Excellent hotel that was booked via Late Rooms at very good price. Not for those wanting a quiet break in country as hotel itself is huge an..."
"Very pleased. Definitely returning. Have stayed at The Resort before, but much prefer the Manor House...."
"We arrived quite late but we were quickly signed in. We were booked into a twin room but that was changed without any problem to a double ro..."
About the hotel
The Manor House at The Celtic Manor Resort The Celtic Manor Resort has two hotels, one old, one new, that stand together in 2,000 acres of parkland in the beautiful Usk Valley. At the historic 19th-century Manor House hotel original character is all around, from the leaded windows and wood-panelled walls, to the sweeping wooden staircase leading to 65 newly refurbished modern, stylish bedrooms with luxurious bathrooms. The Manor House offers a choice of places to eat and drink.
Dine at CEN at Celtic Manor with its fresh, unique and truly inspired Asian cuisine by Master Chef finalist, Larkin Cen and also has direct access to the larger Resort Hotel where guests can enjoy a whole host of additional facilities including two health clubs and spas, three championship golf courses, a further five restaurants, children's play facilities and a range of outdoor adventure activities. To ensure availability of golf, spa treatments, activities and dining reservations during your stay, we recommend that you contact the Resort directly to book in advance of your arrival.
Read MoreLess
Facilities Show/hide
- Main
- Hotel Non-Smoking Throughout, Air conditioning in rooms, 24 Hour Reception, Babysitting services, Cots available, Wedding Licence, Safety Deposit Box, Tea/Coffee making facilities in each room, Hairdryer in each room, Trouser press in each room, Iron And Board In Each Room, Telephone In Each Room, 24 Hour Room Service, Concierge, Laundry/Valet Service, Wake Up Call Available, Currency Exchange, Childrens Facilities - Indoor, Doctor on call, Porter, Public Air Conditioning
- Parking
- Car parking available onsite, Airport Shuttle, Car Parking Available Offsite, Valet Parking
- Business
- Wi-Fi Available, Meeting Facilities, Wi-Fi Available In Public Areas, Wi-Fi Available In Rooms, Business Centre, Private dining services
- Dining
- Restaurant, Lounge Menu, Bar
- Leisure
- Gymnasium, Indoor Pool, Golf 18 Hole, Aerobics Studio, Fitness Centre, Sauna, Steam Rooms, Massage, Beauty Salon/Manicure, Jacuzzi, Mountain Bike Hire, Tennis Courts, Table Tennis, Snooker/Billiards, [Channels] News, [Channels] Childrens
- In Room Entertainment
- TV, Satellite TV, Radio
Useful Info Show/hide
- From 16:00 hours
- By 11:00 hours
- Up to 13 years old
- The price shown is based on the occupancy and dates you have searched for. Prices and availability are subject to change based on the arrival date, number of nights and occupancy searched for. All prices are inclusive of all local taxes.
- Pets are not allowed
Customer Reviews
Our reviews are from genuine LateRooms.com customers. We verify that the customer has stayed before leaving a review.
Very Good
82% would recommend it to a friend
Customer service
Food quality
Room quality
Excellent Hotel
Great service and a really nice hotel...
The Manor House at The Celtic Manor Resort
Lovely surroundings, great staff, clean and tidy and lovely food....


text:
JOYSTICK-IT Arcade Stick for iPad
Give your stubby digits a bionic upgrade
- Add a real physical joystick to your tablet computer for enhanced gaming precision
- Works with thousands of different games
- Removable and reposition-able. Will not harm your screen
Bring your tablet-based gaming to the next level with the JOYSTICK-IT Tablet Arcade Stick. The JOYSTICK-IT gives you a real physical joystick for increased precision with touchscreen based games. Simply press down to attach the JOYSTICK-IT to your tablet based computer's screen for improved gaming. No wires or batteries needed.
The JOYSTICK-IT works with thousands of different game apps. Any game that has an on-screen control pad of some kind is perfect for the JOYSTICK-IT. Simply run your game of choice, place the JOYSTICK-IT over the on-screen control pad and push down. The JOYSTICK-IT sticks to the glass of your display and is ready for action. The lightweight solid milled-aluminum construction of the JOYSTICK-IT adds more precise movement and faster response time for enhanced playability. When you're done, simply pull-up on the JOYSTICK-IT to remove from the screen.
Hardware Compatibility
The JOYSTICK-IT works with any device which features a capacitive touchscreen. This includes the iPad™ and many Android™ tablets. The JOYSTICK-IT will work with mobile phones that have capacitive touchscreen displays, however it may not be ideal for this purpose because of its size.
Game Compatibility
The JOYSTICK-IT will work with any game that features a virtual on-screen control pad of some kind. Games that use swiping, swipe-style joypads, joypads with variable on-screen locations, or complex finger based gestures will not work properly with the JOYSTICK-IT.
Product Features
- Add a real physical joystick to your tablet computer for enhanced gaming precision
- Works with thousands of different games
- No wires or batteries required
- Removable and reposition-able. Will not harm your screen.
- Solid milled-aluminum construction
- Laser etched crosshair design on top of stick adds thumb traction
- Invented and designed by ThinkGeek
- Patent Pending design
- Games seen in demo video include:
- Pac Man (Make Sure to set control to "Joystick" in game options)
- Edge (Make Sure to set control to Arrows in game option)
- Reckless Racing HD
- iDracula
- Ridge Racer
- iFighter
- ToyShop
- Dig Dug Remix
- CubedRR HD
- Space Blast HD
- Galaga Remix
- Babylonian HD
- Monster Dash
- Soosiz HD
- MX Mayhem
- Vector Racing
iPad™ is a Registered Trademark of Apple, Inc.. Android™ is a Registered Trademark of Google, Inc.. This product is not an officially licensed product from Apple, Inc. or Google, Inc..


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LTNP (Long-term Non-progressors 2009)
Dear DR, Below please find my CD4, VLOAD and HB. from 1998. Am i a long term progresor? Regards, Peter
PERIOD CD4 V Load KGS HB Year 1998 500 63 Year 1999 500 68 Year 2000 600 70 Year 2001 600 70 Year 2002 800 75 Year 2003 1000 13000 75 Year 2004 1300 2000 78 13 Year 2005 440 2280 80 Year 2006 789 83 Year 2007 Start 662 84 16 Year 2007 Mid 670 3000 83 Year 2008 Mid 645 86 Year 2008 Dec 712 85.5 17 Year 2009 May 608 85
Hello Peter,
A long-term non-progressor (LTNP) is defined as an HIVer who without antiretroviral medications remains symptom-free with an absolute CD4 count consistently above 500 for at least eight years after his infection with HIV. Consequently if you have never taken anti-HIV medications, you would indeed be a LTNP. I'll print some information about LTNPs below.
Dr. Bob
HIV non-progressor status established soon after infection
Michael Carter, Monday, January 12, 2009
HIV-positive patients who maintain a CD4 cell count above 500 cells/mm3 for at least eight years after their HIV diagnosis have very low levels of HIV DNA soon after their infection with HIV and subsequently have very slow increases in this marker, French investigators report in the January 1st edition of the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. The investigators therefore believe that "early prognostic factors" are associated with long-term non-progression of HIV.
Long-term non-progressors are defined as HIV-positive individuals who do not need to take HIV treatment and who remain symptom-free with a CD4 cell count above 500 cells/mm3 for at least eight years after their infection with HIV.
Most of the research involving this small group of patients (who only represent between 1% and 5% of HIV-positive individuals), has focused on their outcomes once their non-progressor status has been identified. Little is therefore known about the earlier years of HIV infection in these patients.
Investigators from France described the course of HIV infection in a group of 664 patients in the ANRS SEROCO/HEMOCO cohorts who had a CD4 cell count above 500 cells/mm3 at the time of their HIV diagnosis, which was between 1988 and 2006.
The investigators found that 60 of these patients were still symptom-free and had a CD4 cell count above 500 cells/mm3 without antiretroviral therapy eight years after their diagnosis. These patients were therefore long-term non-progessors.
Researchers looked at the factors associated with long-term non-progressor status; the natural history of HIV infection in non-progressors; and the factors associated with the loss of non-progressor status either because of a fall in CD4 cell count to below 500 cells/mm3 or the appearance of symptoms of HIV infection.
Non-progressors were younger than patients whose HIV disease progressed at the time of HIV diagnosis (25 vs 28, p = 0.02). They also had higher median CD4 cell counts at diagnosis (840 vs 668 cells/mm3, p < 0.0001) and higher median CD4 cell percentages (p = 0.0002).
Baseline viral load was lower in non-progressors than progressors, and a higher proportion of non-progressors had an undetectable viral load at the time of HIV diagnosis (24% vs 3%).
Further, non-progressors also had lower amounts of HIV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells than progressors and were more likely to have a baseline HIV DNA below the limit of detection (13% vs 1%).
Next, the investigators looked at the natural history of HIV infection in the patients with long-term non-progressor status.
They found that median CD4 cell count fell by between 32 and 16 cells/mm3 per year depending on age (bigger falls were seen in younger patients).
Among all the 59 long-term non-progressors with viral load information available, mean viral load at the time of HIV diagnosis was a little over 1500 copies/ml. It increased by a mean of 0.040 log10 copies per year, and the mean eight year total increase in viral load was 0.32 log10, meaning that mean viral load at this point was approximately 3000 copies/ml.
Viral load was undetectable at baseline in 16 non-progressors. It remained undetectable for a median of six years in these patients and seven individuals maintained an undetectable viral load for ten years.
There was information on baseline HIV DNA for 47 patients. At baseline the mean was 2.19 log copies/106 in men and 1.75 log copies/106 in women. It increased by mean of 0.069 log copies/106 per year, the total mean eight year increase being 0.55 log copies/106.
In 19 patients, the first HIV DNA measurement was undetectable. Of these individuals, ten also had an undetectable baseline viral load. HIV DNA remained undetectable for a median of 3.6 years in these 19 patients.
Median duration of follow-up for the 60 long-term non-progressors was 16 years. During this period, 36 patients lost their non-progressor status. This occurred a median of eleven years after diagnosis with HIV (or three years after achieving non-progressor status). All but three of these 36 patients lost their non-progressor status because their CD4 cell count fell below 500 cells/mm3.
The only baseline factor associated with loss of non-progressor status was HIV DNA level. Patients with HIV DNA above the limit of detection at the time of their HIV diagnosis were almost three times more likely to experience HIV disease progression than patients with an undetectable HIV DNA at baseline (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.8, 95% CI ,1.2-6.8).
Furthermore, the investigators found that patients who lost their non-progressor status had higher annual increases in HIV DNA (above 0.103 log copies/106, adjusted hazard ratio, 2.2, 95% CI, 1.0-4.8).
"One of the main interests of this study lies in its ability to identify early prognostic factors of becoming a long-term non-progressor", comment the investigators, "our results show that patients with baseline HIV [viral load] and HIV DNA below detection limits have a 60% chance of being long-term non-progressors".
They conclude, "our study shows that long-term non-progressor status may be established early during infection. Low level of HIV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at enrolment was found to be a strong predictor of the duration of long-term non-progression."
Reference Madec Y et al. Early control of HIV-1 infection in long-term nonprogressors followed since diagnosis in the ANRS SEROCO/HEMOCO cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 50: 19-26, 2009.


text:
In Rebellion, you play as Mandella, colonel in the Confederation, a powerful military force. At the beginning, you explore the mothership as you're asked by admiral Spade to attend your briefing. You'll discover that you're part of the first attack wave sent to storm Tor29, a little colony lost in the Nephele system. Accompanied by your best friend, major Threepwood, you'll face an oddly weak resistance. Why does the Confederation unleash its wrath on a colony that is clearly of no match? What hides behind this conflict driven by doubtful justifications? These obscure reasons are not to please you and Threepwood. Will you carry on following blindly an authority fouled by power and arrogance? Or will you break your former links and embrace a cause that seems fairer to you, however desperate it may be? Maybe these are favourable times for... Rebellion.
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text:
Reading Readiness – Get Ready For School!
Here's a fun activity to try with your child that promotes critical thinking and school readiness. This idea can be adapted for any age from preschool through grade school and beyond. Best of all, no supplies are needed!
Have your child turn his or her back to you. Using your finger draw a letter on your child's back and see if he or she can identify the letter. After he or she guesses the letter, see if they can come up with a word that begins with that letter!
If this is too difficult for your child, try it out first on the palm of his or her hand. That way, your child can see the letter being written. With younger children who might not know their letters yet, try simple shapes, like circles, triangles and squares. Older children will enjoy the challenge of entire words or a more complex picture, such as a tree, a plane or a house.
Have your child do the same to your back as well. It is great practice for writing, spelling and simple fine motor skills and dexterity!


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Wedding Cakes With a Golden Touch
Whether it's the whole thing or one that just simply features lots of bling, a metallic wedding cake feels formal and luxe but also fresh, fun and modern. Think solid gold cakes with bold black or soft sorbet-colored accents, ivory cakes with chic silver stripes, or a hip bronze chevron pattern, rich vintage-inspired designs, or ornate, Rococo details and sugar jewels.
Want to have your sparkly cake, and actually eat it, too? According to Allison Kelleher, owner of AK Cake Design in Portland, Oregon, there are a few different ways for your baker to achieve a lustrous, flavor-free metallic sheen:
• hand-paint the cake with a mixture of luster or shimmer dust and alcohol (usually vodka or lemon extract, which will evaporate later) or a special food coloring
• airbrush the color onto the cake
• apply edible gold or silver leaf
Because of its smooth, temperature-resistant surface, fondant is the preferred medium for all of these methods (especially delicate hand-painting and metallic leaf), says Kelleher, although she has seen other bakers airbrush on buttercream.
If you've opted for an intricate design or only want metallic decorations, hand-painting with a brush is the best way to go, says Kevin Kossman, co-owner of Piece of Cake Desserts in Mesa, Arizona. But if you want a cake that's bronzed from top to bottom, airbrushing will give the most consistent look, he adds. "Unfortunately, for a true, shiny metallic look, you can't just mix food color into frosting, as you will get a dull finish."
Like the base, fondant is ideal for metallic embellishments, and flat pieces will provide the cleanest overall look. "Bumpy accents or painting metallic colors onto piped designs should be avoided," says Kossman. "It can look great in pictures, but close-up you'll likely have spotty coverage or paint in places where it wasn't supposed to be."
© Brides 365


text:
I am flying blind on this one. I haven`t yet had a chance to visit the Quercus whisky bar in Ikebukuro, Tokyo and had been hoping to take a peek before giving the Nonjatta seal of approval. It seems visits to Tokyo keep getting shunted off my agenda, though, so I thought I would pass on this little gem of a tip sooner rather than later.
Fellow Japanese whisky quaffeur Dr John Hawkins, who returned to the UK from a stint in Japan at the end of last year, writes:
"I used to go to a bar called Quercus in Ikebukuro. It was a really great little place, a lot more casual (and more reasonably priced!) than some of the other whisky bars I tried in Tokyo. I got very friendly with the owner Watanabe-san and some of the locals there. This place is one of the things I miss most since leaving Tokyo. Ichiro Akuto of Chichibu/Hanyu fame was a regular customer there - I occasionally had the pleasure of enjoying some of his excellent malts with him.
"Quercus has its own single cask bottlings, just once a year on the anniversary of the bar's opening (around September or October?). To date the ones I've tried have always been from Scottish distilleries, but they're no less interesting for it. Watanabe-san also keeps a good stock of Japanese malts as well - a definite bias towards Chichibu, but I've also had some other interesting specimens there such as Karuizawa, and of course the more commonly available Yoichi, Yamazaki, etc..
"Coming back to London I have been hit by the strange irony of just how few whisky bars there are in the UK compared with Japan. Tokyo seemed to be teeming with them. Those nights where I'd end up staying until 5am and getting the first train back comprise many of my fondest memories of my time in Tokyo!"
As soon as I can get into Tokyo, Quercus is on the itinerary. ("Quercus", incidentally, is the Latin word for oak.)
"Basically you need to get to Toshima Ward Office (Toshima Kuyakusho), and it is more or less next door to that, just a short walk from the east exit of Ikebukuro station. On leaving Ikebukuro east exit you should turn to your left, and follow the big main road, going past a Bic Camera and I think a Zara until you get to the ward office. It's on the right hand side, just after the ward office, in the basement of a building which also has a Mos Burger (if I recall correctly). I'm pretty sure anyone in the area around Ikebukuro station would know the way to Toshima Kuyakusho if you get lost and need to ask for directions."
Open 6pm - 4am, Mondays to Saturdays. Closes 2am on Sunday.
Okuma Bld. B1, 1-32-5, Higashi-Ikebukuro,
Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 170-0013
Address in Japanese characters
東京 都豊島区東池袋1-32-5 大熊ビルB1 (Can`t see it?)
There does not appear to be an official website for Quercus but John has posted some basic information including a small map at his site.
Quercus on Nonjatta's map of Japanese whisky bars.


text:
Tuesday, April 08, 2008
Grocery Tour: Parthenon Foods and Deli
It may look like a rundown quickie mart from the outside, but this store has an excellent selection and very friendly, if sometimes overbearing, service. The isles are cramped with stuff (jars of picked vegetables and souvenir plates by the register, bags of spices and rice everywhere), so be careful when maneuvering your way through the store—you may knock something over.
Location: 9131 W. Cleveland Ave., West Allis, 414-321-5522.
Atmosphere: See intro.
Customer Service: Super-duper friendly. You will be asked if you need help at least twice during your visit. If you're overloaded with bags, the owner may help you carry your purchases to your car.
Product Selection: A large selection of olive oil, lots of pickled vegetables and yummy spreads like lutenitsa, spices, pasta, unusual grains like buckwheat and millet, a small liquor department, cheese, Greek yogurt and kefir, Russian and Polish candy, pickled and smoked fish, and lamb and fresh fish on Wednesday. Also some frozen, pre-made stuff, like dumplings and pierogis. You can see more on Parthenon's Web site.
Pricing: Reasonable. Good deals on deli items like olives and cheese.
Buy: I love the creamy, soft French feta sold at the deli. The halvah, sold by weight, is pretty good, too.
Avoid: I don't remember any duds, but admittedly I haven't sampled my way through most of the deli and meat/fish selections.
Final Rating: ****1/2
Rating Key:
*Soviet cafeteria food
**Day-old buckwheat kasha
***Borsch made by a non-native
**** Babushka's homemade pirozhki
*****Black caviar on a buttered baguette and a shot of chilled vodka
4 comments:
The webiste link to Parthenon Foods does not work.
- Yulinka said...
Anon-Thanks for the heads up. The link is fixed.
- Cooking said...
It is a splendid site.
I linked so that your site could visit it from my site.
Please link by all means with my site.
Because I show various recipes, please visit the all of you.
If a site and you that it is possible, and a big connection comes,
and it was watched comment by each other by linking have you visit it,
I am happy at all. And I pray for your good luck.
I bought my feta Danish cheese from this company two times. The first time I had no problems. The second time was a nightmare! Parthenon foods does not put a perishable item label on the box at all, when my husband asked why they said they don't need to. The FEDEX delivery person threw the box over my backyard gate and the box full of 5 glass jars of Danish feta cheese which sat in my backyard in a hidden corner on the side of our house for four days. We just happened to find it! Instead of trying to help us resolve the problem by calling and walking us through maybe filling a claim with fedex they said it was not their problem! I did file a claim with FEDEX who are taking responsibility for this incident. Parthenon foods had the worst customer service I have ever experienced in the United States, Mexico or Canada! I will never shop here again and I will make sure this story is get anywhere possible I can put it on the internet!


text:
You may have seen a post (Forbes) or two (CNET) in your various newsfeeds recently about the fact the Swedish is live-tweeting and Instagramming a cochlear implant (hearing restoration) surgery tomorrow, on October 2, 2012. (Check it out at www.swedish.org/swedishhear.)
A question we've gotten is why live-tweet or Instagram a surgery? Haven't you done that already? (Yes, we've used Twitter and video before (to educate patients about deep brain stimulation and knee replacement procedures, among others), but not Instagram.)
We're learning from our patients how hard it is to access information if you are deaf or have hearing loss, and, per a study in The Lancet, how this impacts the quality of healthcare. And so we decided to create additional resources to help raise awareness about the option of cochlear implants. (In this Mashable post, Dr. Backous said only 10% of people who qualify for cochlear implants end up receiving them.)
Here's an example of one of the many stories that inspired this series:
(For closed captioning press the CC button located in the middle of the action bar that appears at the bottom of the video when it is playing. For the best results, watch the video in full screen by pressing the full screen button located in the right hand corner of the action bar.)
People with hearing loss are not able to call on the phone to get more information or ask questions, so we decided to document via text (tweets) and images (Instagram photos) the cochlear implant procedure.
We're also hosting two text-based chats next Wednesday on October 10, 2012 (at 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. Pacific Time). The chats will enable patients and interested viewers to talk directly via the chat (text based - no audio) to Dr. Backous, audiologists, patients who have had the procedure, and patient advocacy groups. If you have unanswered questions about hearing loss or cochlear implants, we hope you'll join us for the discussion. (You can participate in the chat on October 10 on the same page that you can see all of the videos and resources from this series: www.swedish.org/swedishhear.)
We're proud to be able to use this kind of technology to connect experts to patients and community members who are looking for health information. And we'd love your feedback - what other ways can we use digital tools to create and spread health information to those who are looking for it?
Here's a full recap of the event:[View the story "Live-tweeted and Instagrammed cochlear implant (hearing restoration) surgery on October 2, 2012" on Storify] [View the story "Live-tweeted and Instagrammed cochlear implant (hearing restoration) surgery on October 2, 2012" on Storify]


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10 of the most appealing Apple Stores designed by Foster + Partners
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10 of the most appealing Apple Stores designed by Foster + Partners
Foster + Partners has designed a succession of Apple Stores that implement the tech giant's retail vision. From Paris to Istanbul, here are 10 of its best designs.
Apple Zorlu Centre, Turkey, 2014
Apple Zorlu Centre in Istanbul was the first Foster + Partners-designed Apple Store to open.
Occupying two storeys below ground the store is topped by a glass cube that rises within the plaza of a shopping centre, offering visitors views inside.
Find out more about Apple Zorlu Centre ?
Apple Westlake, China, 2015
One of Apple's largest retail outlets in Asia, this store is a 15-metre-high glazed box with a cantilevered floor and glass staircases.
Its facade is made up of 11 double-glazed panels that can be shaded by mechanically controlled blinds concealed within the ceiling. Find out more about Apple Hangzhou ?
Apple Michigan Avenue, USA, 2017
A slender carbon-fibre roof designed to resemble a scaled-up version of the Apple's Macbook characterises this store on Chicago's waterfront.
The glass-walled building is flanked by two granite staircases that create a pathway from the neighbouring plaza to the river esplanade.
Find out more about Apple Michigan ?
Apple Orchard Road, Singapore, 2017
Potted trees and sweeping staircases hand-carved from stone characterise the Apple Store in Singapore.
Like several other of the shops designed by Foster + Partners, the Singapore store incorporated greenery, with eight mature trees outside its entrance and 12 ficus trees inside.
Find o...
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After weeks of bitter words and punishing votes, congressional leaders are reporting progress toward a deal on the nation's debt crisis, which is nearing its Aug. 2 deadline.
Senate majority leader Harry Reid (D) of Nevada on Saturday postponed a 1 a.m. vote on his own plan to resolve the crisis, saying more time was needed to work out the details.
"There are negotiations going on at the White House now on a solution that will avert the catastrophic default on the nation's debt," he said in a surprise late-night statement on the floor of the Senate. "There are many elements to be finalized ... but I believe we should give everyone as much room as possible to do their work."
While details of the negotiations are unconfirmed, aides close to the talks say that a tentative framework includes a plan by Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell (R) of Kentucky to allow President Obama to raise the debt limit on his own, barring a highly unlikely two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress to block him.
The plan would also include corresponding cuts – $1 trillion immediately, and then another $1.8 trillion to be identified by a bipartisan commission later this year. This second round of cuts would include a trigger mechanism to ensure that the cuts are actually implemented.
Republicans want to ensure that that trigger does not include tax increases, and Democrats do not want to see a trigger that mandates continual domestic program cuts. A compromise may involve cuts to defense spending.
First signs of a breakthrough surfaced when Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell (R) of Kentucky told the Senate on Saturday that private talks had resumed with the White House over how to resolve the crisis.
"The fact is the only way we're going to get an agreement before Tuesday is to have it with the president of the United States," said Senator McConnell.
It's a sharp turnaround for the Republican leader, who had publicly announced on July 12 that "as long as this president is in the Oval Office, a real solution is unattainable." McConnell did not participate in debt talks last week between the president and House Speaker John Boehner (R) of Ohio.
The breakthrough followed 48 hours of high political drama, as the Senate voted to table – in other words, refuse to consider – the latest House bill to resolve the crisis just minutes after it passed the House. House Republican leaders responded by defeating an earlier version Senator Reid's bill even before it was voted on in the Senate.
"It's all political theater, both what they did in the House and what we're doing on the floor of the Senate," said Sen. Johnny Isakson (R) of Georgia on Saturday. "But a lot is going on behind the scenes that is about substance and not just promises."
One of the sticking points during the months of trying to resolve the looming debt crisis has been GOP lawmakers' fears that they will accept a deal that promises spending cuts that subsequent Congresses fail to deliver – the fate of the Reagan tax hikes in 1982 and the Bush tax hikes in 1990.
Even if the White House and congressional leaders agree on a deal, the task of selling it to highly engaged rank-and-file members is a formidable one, on both sides of the aisle. A deal capable of mustering a bipartisan, 60-vote majority in the Democrat-controlled Senate must also clear a deeply divided GOP-controlled House.
Speaker Boehner has famously struggled to come up with a deal that will win even a majority within his own caucus. But he also appears unwilling to abandon even his most hardline conservatives. He began a divisive caucus meeting last week by telling members: "I just want you to know I love each and every one of you.... We've had deep divisions in our caucus, but we're all in this together," according to members at the closed meeting.
"Somewhere in between these two bills [Reid and Boehner], we're going to find a way," says Rep. Dave Camp (R) of Michigan.
Feelings are also running high on the Democratic side. Members fear that the emerging plan will not stand strong enough on core Democratic principles, such as requiring shared sacrifice from the richest Americans.
House Democratic leader "Nancy Pelosi says that the Boehner plan is the depths of hell and the Reid plan is purgatory," says Rep. Jerrold Nadler (D) of New York. "I think that the Reid plan is the outer depths of hell, but still hell. But I voted for it to strengthen Reid's hand so it doesn't get worse, but it doesn't mean I'll vote for it in the end."