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West Indian Medical Journal
Print version ISSN 0043-3144
West Indian med. j. vol.54 no.1 Mona Jan. 2005
The control of hypertension by use of coconut water and mauby: two tropical food drinks
El control de la hipertensión mediante el uso del agua de coco y el mauby: dos bedidas tropicales naturales
T AlleyneI; S RoacheII; C ThomasI; A ShirleyIII
T AlleyneI; S RoacheII; C ThomasI; A ShirleyIII
IFaculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine
IINorth West Regional Health Authority, Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope
IIIFaculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, The University of the West Indies Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
In this study, the authors investigated the effect of regular consumption of two tropical food drinks, coconut (Cocos nucifera) water and mauby (Colubrina arborescens), on the control of hypertension. Twenty-eight hypertensive subjects were assigned to four equal groups and their systolic and diastolic blood pressures recorded for two weeks before and then for another two weeks while receiving one of four interventions. One group (the control) received bottled drinking water, the second group received coconut water, the third received mauby and the fourth group, a mixture of coconut water and mauby. Significant decreases in the mean systolic blood pressure were observed for 71%, 40% and 43% respectively of the groups receiving the coconut water, mauby and the mixture (p <0.05). For these groups, the respective proportions showing significant decreases in the mean diastolic pressure were 29%, 40% and 57%. For the group receiving the mixture, the largest decreases in mean systolic and mean diastolic pressure were 24 mmHg and 15 mmHg respectively; these were approximately double the largest values seen with the single interventions.
En el presente estudio, los autores investigaron el efecto del consume regular de dos bebidas tropicales naturales: el agua de coco (Cocos nucifera) y el mauby (Colubrina arborescens) sobre el control de la hipertension. A veintiocho sujetos hipertensos asignados a cuatro grupos iguales, se les hizo un registro de su presion sanguinea sistolica y diastolica por espacio de dos semanas antes, y luego otras dos semanas mientras que recibian una de cuatro intervenciones. Un grupo (de control) recibio agua mineral embotellada; un segundo grupo recibio agua de coco; un tercer grupo recibio mauby; y finalmente el cuarto grupo recibio una bebida mixta de agua de coco y mauby. Se observaron disminuciones significativas de la presion sistolica media en el 71%, el 40% y el 43% respectivamente, de los grupos que recibieron el agua de coco, el mauby, y la bebida combinada (p 0.05). Para estos grupos, las proporciones respectivas que mostraron disminuciones significativas de la presion diastolica media fueron 29%, 40% y 57%. Para el grupo que recibio la bebida mixta, las disminuciones mayores en las presiones medias sistolica y diastolica fueron 24 mmHg y 15 mmHg respectivamente - aproximadamente el doble de los valores observados en cada una de las intervenciones.
Several studies, (1-5) have confirmed that whereas black populations of Sub-Saharan Africa, eg Kenya, exhibit a low incidence of high blood pressure, there is a high incidence of hypertension in the black populations of the Western Hemisphere, including the United States of America and the Caribbean. World Health Organization estimates (3) suggest that over 30% of the adult population in the Caribbean are affected by this chronic disorder. Research has also shown that compared to Caucasians, persons of African descent in the USA and Caribbean are twice as likely to develop hypertension, to do so at an earlier age and have a more severe degree of the disorder (5-6). The more dangerous side effects associated with chronic high blood pressure include increase risk of heart attacks, heart failure, stroke and kidney damage.
While there have been significant improvements in the global treatment of hypertension, a number of these treatments, eg the beta blockers and the ACE-inhibitors, are found to be less effective in patients of African ancestry (7). This and the costs of treatment, both to the individual and the Control of Hypertension with Coconut Water/Mauby 4 governments are factors which influence balance of payments and living standards in the Caribbean and other third world nations.
The use of herbs and other natural products for the treatment and control of diseases has been practised by many societies for centuries (8-11). In the vast majority of cases, the Chinese being the notable exception (8), very little has been recorded in written form about the treatments, also very few studies have been carried out to verify the effectiveness of these treatments. With the emergence of modern medicine, the use of herbal remedies was scoffed at and went into decline in western societies. In recent decades however, there have been renewed interest, including increased scientific research, into the use of herbs and other natural products for the treatment of disease (12-17).
Although references to the coconut palm, Cocosnucifera (Palmae) Linn Sp Pl 1188 dates back to 1000 BC (18), its original habitat remains unclear (19-20). Presently, the coconut tree flourishes in all tropical territories; its fruit called the coconut is put to a wide variety of uses. In many tropical countries the water of the fruit coconut water is consumed as a refreshing drink and the endosperm (meat) is used in many ways. The immature endosperm soft coconut meat or jelly to the locals is eaten while the dried, grated endosperm is used in the preparation of cakes, pastries, and confectioneries. The milk of the dried endosperm is used to flavor meals and the oil extracted from the dry meat (copra) is used to make cooking oil and margarine; the oil is also used in the production of soap, cosmetics and candles (18). Although there are no claims that coconut water is useful for the treatment of any specific diseases, it is a widely held view among Caribbean people that the water of the young coconut is beneficial to the kidneys. In fact in the words of one popular Caribbean song of the 1950s/1960s, 'co-co-nutwater, good for your daughter'. More recently, scientific analysis has shown that coconut water is comparatively rich in both sodium and potassium ions but the concentration of potassium ions is more than twice that of sodium (21).
Mauby is a bitter dark liquid extracted from the bark of the mauby tree, Colubrina arborescens (Rhamuaceae). It is usually diluted with water and sweetened to produce a bittersweet drink that is popular among Caribbean people. The drink is thought by locals to stimulate the appetite. Also, the unsweetened diluted liquid is used by some Caribbean people for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (22) but to date little of its chemical composition has been published.
In this paper, we present the findings of a study in which coconut water and mauby, either individually or mixed, were administered to groups of hypertensive subjects. The study found that both the coconut water and mauby brought about significant decreases in blood pressure in a large proportion of the subjects. Surprisingly, some very large decreases in blood pressure were observed when the coconut water-mauby mixture was administered.
Data Collection
Twenty-one hypertensive subjects employed at an industrial company in North West Trinidad and seven from the St Augustine Campus of The University of the West Indies were used for the study. The subjects were either of African descent, Indian descent or of mixed ethnicity. Persons of African and Indian descent account for over 80% of the population in Trinidad and Tobago. The study followed the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and Tokyo and was approved by the Ethics Committee of The University of the West Indies. All subjects were fully briefed on the nature of the study and signed consent forms.
For all subjects in this 'single blind' study, the systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured in the sitting position for a minimum of five out of ten consecutive working days after which an intervention was commenced. During the intervention, blood pressure readings were again taken for a minimum of five out of ten consecutive working days. For each subject, all measurements were taken at approximately the same time of day and by the same researcher on each occasion. Subjects were required to rest for a minimum of 15 minutes before readings were taken. Blood pressure measurements were made using an Omron HEM-737 digital monitor approved by the British Heart Foundation for research. Subjects were asked to make no changes in their daily routine with particular reference to exercise and diet while enrolled in the study. Also the University's ethics committee stipulated that those subjects taking prescription antihypertensive medication should continue their treatment during the investigation; about 60% of the participants fell into this category.
The data generated in the study were analyzed by the Minitab statistical package. For each subject the mean blood pressure before and after commencing the intervention was calculated and two-sample t-test used to test the hypothesis that the mean blood pressure after the interventions was lower than before. Additionally, for each subject the highest and lowest systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and after the interventions were tabulated.
The intervention was either coconut water, mauby (commercial mauby syrup diluted with commercial bottled drinking water) or a mixture of coconut water and mauby (commercial mauby syrup diluted with coconut water). Drinking water from a commercial source was employed as a control. The drinks, including the drinking water, were supplied to subjects in identical sealed, reusable 300 ml glass bottles which were sterilized each time before use. The subjects were divided into four groups of seven with each group receiving one of the four different bottled drinks. Subjects were required to consume 300 ml of the respective drinks twice daily for two weeks. Except for deductions Alleyne et al 5 based on smell and taste, subjects were unaware of the nature of the drinks and were not aware if their allocation was expected to have any effect on blood pressure.
Preparation of interventions
Coconut water: Moderately ripe coconuts, with little or no endosperm (soft jelly), were washed, dried and cut open at one end. The water was emptied into 20 L containers via large funnels containing strainers; the strainers removed all solid matter. The coconut water was then dispensed in 300 ml bottles.
Coconut water-mauby mixture: The coconut water mauby mixture was prepared by adding 180 ml of commercial mauby syrup to 5L of coconut water, the mixture was then dispensed in 300 ml bottles.
Mauby: Mauby beverage was prepared by diluting 180 ml of commercial mauby syrup with 5L of commercial bottled water. The beverage was then dispensed into 300 ml bottles.
Bottled water: Commercial bottled drinking water (the control) was obtained in 5 L containers and dispensed into 300 ml bottles. All drinks were sealed and refrigerated until required.
For four (57%) of the seven control subjects who received commercial bottled water, there was an increase (Æ 4 mmHg) in the mean systolic pressure. Only the largest increase, 7 mmHg for subject C8 was significant (p < 0.05), (Fig. 1). None of the subjects showed large ( Æ 4 mm Hg) or significant decreases in their mean systolic pressure and there were no significant increases or decreases in the mean diastolic pressure for the subjects in this control group.
Of the seven subjects receiving coconut water, the mean systolic pressure decreased by at least 4 mm Hg in all but one instance where the decrease was smaller (Fig. 2). In five cases (ie 71 % of the study group) the decreases were significant (p < 0.05). The decreases were 17, 15, 8, 7 and 6 mmHg for subjects C9, R11, C6, R3 and C2 respectively. Two members of this group (29%) also exhibited significant decreases (p < 0.05) in the mean diastolic pressure; the decreases were 9 mmHg and 7 mmHg for C6 and R11 respectively (Fig. 2).
Only five of seven subjects in the group receiving mauby completed the study. Of these, two (40%) showed decreases in the mean systolic pressure that were significant, (p < 0.05). The decreases were 8 and 7 mm Hg for S3 and S5 respectively (Fig. 3). For the other three subjects in this group two showed decreases (5 and 4 mmHg) and the other an increase of 3 mmHg in the mean systolic pressure. Although four of the subjects in this group showed a decrease of between 4 and 5 mmHg in the mean diastolic pressure, only two of these, S3 and S5 ( 40% of the group) were calculated to be statistically significant (p < 0.05) (Fig. 3).
Four of the seven subjects receiving the coconut water mauby mixture (ie 57%) showed large, significant decreases in either the mean systolic, the mean diastolic pressure or both. Very large decreases in mean systolic pressure (24 and 15 mm Hg) which were statistically significant (p < 0.05) were observed for two, C5 and R10 respectively, while smaller decreases (5, 4 1, and 1 mmHg) were observed for another four, R4, R6, C12 and C3 respectively. In contrast there was an increase in the mean systolic pressure (3 mmHg) for one subject (C15) (Fig. 4). Three of the seven (47%) subjects (C5, R6 and C12) showed significant decreases (p < 0.05) in the mean diastolic pressure; the decreases were 16, 10 and 6 mmHg respectively. For one subject (C3), there was a significant increase (8 mmHg) in the mean diastolic pressure.
Towards the end of the study, two subjects in the group receiving the mixture of drinks (C3 and C15) were singled out for additional experimentation. Subject C3 had showed a small decrease in systolic but a large, significant increase (8 mm Hg) in diastolic pressure. Subject C15 had showed a small decrease in diastolic but an increase (3 mm Hg) in systolic pressure. For both of these subjects, the allocation was increased from 300 ml twice a day to 300 ml three times per day over a three day period. The increased allocation had no effect on subject C15 but for C3 it triggered large reductions in both the systolic and diastolic pressures; the mean decreases were 16 and 14 mm Hg respectively (C3**, Fig. 4). With this result, it now meant that five out of seven subjects or 71% showed significant decreases in blood pressure on consumption of the coconut water-mauby mixture.
Figure 5 compares the systolic readings before and after consumption of coconut water for subject C7. Although the p-value (0.133) suggests that the decrease in mean systolic pressure was insignificant, the graph shows a clear switch from an upward trend before to a downward trend once consumption of coconut water started. To provide additional insights into the possible effects of the interventions, the Table summarizes the highest and lowest systolic and diastolic pressures before and during intervention for all decreases in either the mean systolic or the mean diastolic pressures equal to or greater than 4 mmHg and which were calculated to be insignificant (p > 0.05). For subject S6 following consumption of mauby, the highest systolic pressure observed fell from 136 to 126 and the highest diastolic fell from 93 to 87 mmHg. For R9 who received coconut water, the highest diastolic before compared to after was 106 compared to 96 mmHg. Finally for R4 who received the mixture, the low point of both the systolic and diastolic appeared to be affected. The changes were: the lowest systolic before was 140 compared to 127 mmHg after, while the lowest diastolic before was 81 compared to 74 mmHg after.
In Trinidad and Tobago, many persons drink one or two coconuts a week and a large number of people drink at least one coconut daily. The volume of water to be found in a ripe coconut varies with species and also with season. In the dry season, most coconuts would yield approximately 250-300 ml of water which increases to about 400-500 ml in the rainy season; some varieties may yield up to 750 ml. Mauby too, which in the last few decades has become available in supermarkets in the form of a syrup, is consumed by many on a daily basis, usually as an alternative to carbonated beverages. Many persons in Trinidad and Tobago and the rest of the Caribbean, therefore consume significant quantities of coconut water and mauby though perhaps not as regularly as was employed in the present study. The impact of this routine consumption of coconut water and mauby on blood pressure is the subject of another study.
Overall, five of the seven subjects (71%) receiving coconut water showed significant decreases in the systolic pressure. Also for this group, the diastolic pressure decreased significantly for 29% of the subjects. Similarly, there were significant decreases in the systolic pressure (between 5 and 10 mmHg) for 40% of those receiving mauby; a significant decrease in diastolic pressure was observed for one fifth of the group. In contrast, systolic pressure increased by as much as 7 mm Hg, while the diastolic increased slightly or remained unchanged for those receiving the commercial bottled water. These results suggest that both coconut water and mauby, if taken on a regular basis, exert haemodynamic properties among persons of African and Indian descent. It appears, however, that both food drinks, exert a greater effect on the systolic than on the diastolic blood pressure (Figs. 2, 3).
For subjects receiving the mixture of coconut water and mauby, the decreases in the systolic and diastolic pressure were much larger than those seen for subjects taking either drink on its own. Decreases as large as 24, 16 and 15 mmHg were seen in the systolic and decreases as large as 16, 16, 10, 6 and 6 mmHg were seen in the diastolic pressure. Also, whereas, singly the coconut water and the mauby affected the diastolic pressure of only a small fraction of the subjects (29% and 40% respectively), when taken together, the coconut water-mauby mixture significantly decreased the diastolic pressure in some 57% of the subjects. These results suggest that the effects of the drinks, when taken together, is at least additive if not synergistic.
Although the statistical analysis confirmed that coconut water, mauby and the coconut water-mauby mixture possess haemodynamic properties, the change from an upward to a downward trend in systolic pressure seen for subject C7 (Fig. 5) and the large decreases in the highest and lowest blood pressure (Table) suggest that evaluation of the effectiveness of these interventions based purely on significance testing might underestimate their impact. There are two possible reasons for this. Firstly, to establish significance for small differences requires a large number of data points: n was between five and ten in this study. Secondly, for a given data set, the p-value is exactly the same whether the numbers fluctuate or follow an upward or downward trend.
A number of other interesting observations that are possibly linked emerged from this study. Firstly, it does appear that there is a relationship between the magnitude of the decrease in blood pressure and the volume of drink consumed. During preliminary investigations in which three bottles of coconut water (900.00 ml) were consumed per day, a number of persons reported that they urinated with increased frequency; as both factors had influenced compliancy, a smaller volume, two bottles per day were employed in the present study. For two of the seven subjects receiving the coconut water-mauby mixture however, the two bottles per day had negligible effect. When the allocation was increased from two to three bottles per day, this brought about a large decrease in blood pressure in one of two subjects, (C3, C15 and C3**) (Fig. 4). The latter observation coupled to the increased frequency in urination suggest a possible diuretic action.
Since there were no previous reports that either coconut water or mauby exert haemodynamic properties, those subjects taking antihypertensive prescription drugs were required to continue taking their medication during the study. Wassertheil-Smoller and Lamport (23) have pointed to the difficulties and need for careful experimentation in order to disentangle the true active ingredient(s) and mode of action in studies of the present type where drug and dietary factors are combined in the treatment of hypertension. The results of the present study should propel further investigations and open the way for studies that are simpler to interpret. In spite of the need for much more experimentation, one other factor appears to give further support to the diuretic theory.
In all cases examined to date (data unpublished) all persons consuming coconut water on a regular basis showed an increase in the plasma level of potassium. A number of animal and human studies, including those of Treasure and Ploth (24); Anderson et al (25); Corrigan and Langford (26), have pointed to an inverse relationship between potassium levels and blood pressure. It would be reasonable therefore Control of Hypertension with Coconut Water/Mauby 8 to assume that the observed increase in plasma potassium would be a contributing factor in the decreases in blood pressure seen in this study. The increase in plasma potassium, coupled to the reports of increased urination appear to suggest the action of a potassium sparing natriuretic.
During the last three decades, a number of studies (27- 29) suggested that regular use of coconut oil contributed to hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension in animal models. Also a study by Beegom and Singh (30) suggest a link between coconut oil consumption and hypertension in man. In 2000, Pehowich et al (31) showed that coconut oil contained mostly medium rather than long chain fatty acids and therefore with moderate use might reduce susceptibility rather than being a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). That study confirmed earlier findings (21) which indicated that coconut water, unlike the other edible components of coconut, have an extremely low lipid content. This latter finding would suggest that coconut water consumption is very unlikely to be a risk factor for CHD. On the basis of the findings of this study it would seem that coconut water probably is not only 'good for your daughter', but particularly when mixed with mauby, may also be excellent for your hypertensive son.
For kindly assisting/participating in this study we wish to thank the following. Nurse Ali Amin and the management and participating staff at The Trinidad Port Authority: Dr V Pooran, nurses: Barrow, Caesar, and Alexander along with the management, the secretary Beverly Noel and participating staff at the Trinidad Carib Brewery; my assistants Damian, Curtist, Jerome, Earl and Usha; the technical staff in the Unit of Biochemistry and participating staff at The University of the West Indies (UWI). For funding and supplies, we thank The Campus Research and Publication Committee, the Campus Principal, The Coconut Growers Association and Prestine Waters. For technical assistance we thank Professor S Akingbala and his staff in the Unit of Food Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of the West Indies.
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14. Griffin RJ. Jr. Herbal medicine revisited: science looks anew at ancient Chinese pharmacology. Am Pharmacol 1979; 19: 16-22.
15. Chen KJ. Certain progress in the treatment of coronary heart disease with traditional medicinal plants in China. Am J Chin Med 1981; 9: 193-6.
16. Navarro V, Villarreal ML, Rojas G, Lozoya X. Antimicrobial evaluation of some plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for treatment of infectious diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 1996; 53: 143-7.
17. Okeke MI, Iroegbu CU, Eze EN, Okoli AS, Esimone CO. Evaluation of extracts of the root of Landolphia owerrience for antibacterial activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2001; 78: 119-27.
18. Corner EJ. The natural history of palms. 1st ed London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson; 1966: 290-297.
19. Beccari O. The origin and dispersal of Cocos nucifera. Philippine J Sci Botany 1917; 12: 27-43.
20. Eden RA. The quest for the home of the coconut. South Pacific Bulletin 1963; 13: 39-42.
21. Composition of foods-Nuts and Seed Products: Raw, Processed and Prepared. 2nd ed USDA, HNIS; Agricultural. Handbook September 1984.
22. Seaforth CE. Folk healing plants used in the Caribbean. 1st ed, Trinidad and Tobago: Al Falaah Production Ltd; 1998: 23.
23. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Lamport B. Epidemiology of Nutrition and Hypertension. Contemporary issues in clinical nutrition 1990; 12: 17-34.
24. Treasure J, Ploth D. Role of dietary potassium in treatment of hypertension. Hypertension 1983; 5: 864-72.
25. Anderson NB, Myers HF, Pickering T, Jackson JS. Hypertension on blacks: psychosocial and biological perspectives. J Hypertens 1989; 7:161-72.
26. Corrigan SA, Langford HG. Dietary management of hypertension. Compr Ther 1987; 13: 62-7.
27. Gardey T, Burstyn PG, Taylor TG. Fat induced hypertension in rabbits, I. The effects of fibre on the blood pressure induced by coconut oil[Abstract]. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 1978; 37: 97.
28. Hassall CH, Kirtland SJ. Dichomo-gamma-linlenic acid reverses hypertension induced in rats by diets rich in saturated fat. Lipids 1984; 19: 699-703.
29. Zulet MA, Barber A, Garcin H, Higueret P, Martinez JA,. Alterations in carbohydrates and lipid metabolism induced by a diet rich in coconut oil and cholesterol in a rat model. J American Coll Nutr 1999; 18: 36-42.
30. Beegom R, Singh RB. Association of higher saturated fat intake with higher risk of hypertension in an urban population of Trivandrum in South India. Int J Cardiol 1997; 58: 63-70.
31. Pehowich DJ, Gomes AV, Barnes JA. Fatty acid composition and health effects of coconut constituents. West Indian Med J 2000; 49: 128-33.
Dr T Alleyne
Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine
Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
Fax: (868) 645-9865
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Superintendent Candidate Forum Now Online• October 24, 2012 Share:
The Candidate Forum sponsored by the League of Women Voters and held on the Wabash College campus Wednesday is now available for online viewing. The Forum featured Dr. Tony Bennett (incumbent) and Glenda Ritz, who are campaigning for the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Indianapolis Star reporter Matt Tully moderated the event, which was attended by over 300 and watched live in more than 400 locations.
The video of the Forum is now available on Wabash College's YouTube Channel.


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Agbioscience Movement Courting Young Talent to Fuel GrowthPosted: Updated:
World Refugee Day Shines Light on Untapped Pool of Talented Workers
From Fortune 500 companies to local small businesses, a similar theme rings true. In this strong economy where unemployment is low and growth is high, companies are competing for top talent. In Indianapolis - according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics - unemployment is just 2.8 percent, and investment and job growth are on the rise. This is great news for Indianapolis-area residents looking for work or opportunities to advance their careers, but for businesses and...
Most Popular Stories
Lilly Exec Named BioCrossroads CEO
After a national search, BioCrossroads has announced Patty Martin will become the life science initiative's next president and chief executive officer. Martin, who most recently served as chief operating officer for Lilly Diabetes, will begin her new role Monday. She will become just the third CEO in the organization's 17-year history, and succeeds David Johnson, who in December announced plans to step down from the role to serve as president and CEO of the...
Radial Opens Fulfillment Center in Brownsburg
Pennsylvania-based Radial Inc. says its new fulfillment center in Brownsburg is now open. The e-commerce technology and operations company says the nearly 700,000-square-foot facility is the largest in its network and will have the capacity to house about 2,000 employees.
Janet Holcomb to Chair Conference For Women
Indiana First Lady Janet Holcomb will serve as chair for this year's Indiana Conference for Women. Nearly 2,000 people are expected to attend the ninth annual conference, in Indianapolis in November. Holcomb's career includes a stint as vice president of her family's bolt and fastener manufacturing business, R&R Engineering. She has also led fundraising efforts for political campaigns as well as nonprofit organizations focusing in areas including animal welfare, arts and...
New Business Park Planned for Whiteland
Missouri-based Jones Development Co. has begun construction on a new business park in Johnson County. The 2.4 million-square-foot Whiteland Exchange will be located on 167 acres near I-65 in Whiteland. Financial terms of the developer's investment in the project were not disclosed. The business park is slated to include modern industrial buildings for logistics, advanced manufacturing and related uses. Work is underway on the first two speculative buildings, which total nearly...
Franciscan Health Details Data Breach
Mishawaka-based Franciscan Health is providing details of a data breach. The health system says an internal investigation found one of its employees accessed the protected health information of about 2,200 patients "without a business reason." Franciscan says the vast majority of the affected medical records was limited to demographic information such as name, address, email address, date of birth, phone number, gender, race/ethnicity, the last four digits of...


text:
Home >
Brentwood >
Student Services >
The Enrollment Services Office provides billing and financial services to LIU Brentwood students. Bursar services are administered through LIU Post in Brookville.
Through an integrated mix of personal and online services, LIU has developed a system that supports our students in making sure that they are up-to-date with paying their educational expenses.
Through the University's convenient My LIU portal, you can execute the following bursar-related actions:
If you are not familiar with the My LIU portal, visit the online. To establish an account, or to log in to your account visit My LIU. In addition to our online services, we are available to make sure that you receive the personalized attention that is the hallmark of an LIU education. Feel free to call the LIU Post Bursar's office at 516-299-2323.
If you have questions regarding the above information, please contact LIU Brentwood at: 631-287-8500 or email@example.com.
Michael J. Grant Campus, LIU Brentwood Building, 1001 Crooked Hill Road, Brentwood, NY 11717 | Telephone: 631-287-8500


text:
What can be done About Editor Website Builder creating in the Next 6 Minutes
Lies You've Been Told About Editor internet site Builder
бесплатные сигналы для олимп трейд
фаберлик вход в личный
олимп трейд вход в личный кабинет
the principal benefit of a web site builder is it's fast and user-friendly, and sometimes will not demand previous experience. There could be a huge selection of processes to achieve the specified results, but eventually 1 or 2 are placed to a rather good usage. With subscriptions, you usually have use of the absolute most edition that is recent of, you will not be in a situation to carry on using Pinegrow after your registration stops. Continue reading "What can be done About Editor Website Builder creating in the Next 6 Minutes"


text:
Hey guys,
I'm trying to setup a second subnet under my home network and having a few issues. My goal is to have a lab network to test windows server features without disrupting the house network. I have lots of clients connected to the home router so it's not a network I want to be playing/testing on. This is what I had in mind and how I tried to connect the routers. If there is a better way I would love to know.
ISP > Home Router > Lab Router > Windows Server 2012
Home Router (WRT54GL - DD-WRT v24-sp2 (8/12/10) std - SVN revision 14929)
External IP: DHCP ISP
Internal IP: 192.168.1.1
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
DHCP Server: 192.168.1.100-150
Lab Router (WRT54GL - DD-WRT v24-sp2 (8/12/10) std - SVN revision 14929)
External IP: 192.168.1.2
Internal IP: 192.168.2.1
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
DHCP Server: Disabled
Windows Server 2012:
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
Default gateway: 192.168.2.1
Preferred DNS server: 192.168.2.2
Alternate DNS server: 192.168.2.1[/CODE]
The issue i'm having is that when i've connected the routers and computers together i'm not getting any internet connectivity on the second subnet. The home subnet is still working fine. I have tried linking the subnets with static routes (metric set to both 1 and 0) but that didn't help. I have also disabled the DHCP server on WS2012 and enabled it on the router with no avail.
Please let me know if you need anymore information.


text:
A form of nude riverdance in which groups of 100 or more men flop their penisis in syncronisation, often to a gyrating Polka rhythm or Classical Beethoven
Hey Michael! Me and the guys were thinking about getting together for a floppy montage tonight, you in?
by Adinor October 22, 2007
buy the domain for your pet blog


text:
Davis Dairy, Maryville, Blount County, Tennessee on Wildwood.
Taken by Judith Richards Shubert, September 28, 2005, Copyright
Wednesday, May 6, 2009
Thanks, Becky, for "One Lovely Blog Award"
I was very pleased to find this beautiful award in my mailbox last night. My good friend, Becky Jamison, author of Grace and Glory, has bestowed Tennessee Memories with this honor. She had some of the sweetest things to say about my blog and I'm so pleased that she thought of me. She described the award button as custom made for her tastes. I agree. It reminds me of home and warmth and love.
I'd like to pass "One Lovely Blog Award" on to seven beautiful blogs and their exceptional authors. When you receive yours I hope you will take the time to read some new blogs or revisit some of your favorites. Then as Diana Ritchie at Random Relatives says, "The instructions are quite simple - just to nominate 7 other blogs. Well, it SOUNDS simple, but looking over all the creativity we have out there, wow, how to pick only 7!"
Betsy at My Five Men
Mim at Auntie Mim's
Janice at Missisippi Memories
Marie at Cpaphil Vintage Postcards
Vanna at Delusions of Grandeur
Harriet at Genealogy Fun
Kay at Kay B's Place
Congratulations to all recipients everywhere of "One Lovely Blog Award"!
7 comments:
- Janice Tracy said...
Congratulations, Judy! Your Tennessee Memories blog is so deserving of the "One Lovely Blog Award." Not only is your blog a beautiful one, it is well-written, informative, and entertaining, too. I am delighted and honored that you chose my blog to be one of the next recipients of this award.
- May 6, 2009 at 10:03 AM
- Mim said...
Thank you and congratulations to you on what is really a "lovely blog"
- May 6, 2009 at 5:18 PM
- DianaR said...
The most fun thing about these awards (for me) is finding new blogs that I hadn't discovered yet as I read everyone's posts. I've found a few new ones here!
- May 6, 2009 at 6:16 PM
Thank you for the recognition and I really appreciate your blog(s).
- May 6, 2009 at 6:53 PM
- Judith Richards Shubert said...
All of you are so very welcome. I love all of your blogs and find my fingers itching to get back to the keyboard after browsing through yours!
Thanks for your kind words about Tennessee Memories. I've really enjoyed it but need to devote more of time to it as well as my others.
- May 6, 2009 at 10:17 PM
- Harriet said...
Thank you so much, you are very kind. I enjoy your blog. I agree with Diana it is fun finding new blogs.
- May 7, 2009 at 5:55 AM
- Harriet said...
I have an award for you this time. I am giving you the 2009 Friendly blogger award. You can pick it up at Genealogy Fun. Have a good day.
- May 11, 2009 at 9:24 AM


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The buzz around cloud computing makes it seem as though everyone is making the shift to the cloud, but the reality is that cloud migration is more measured.
A new global survey of 1,300 IT professionals, conducted by Cisco, finds that not only does it take about six months to deploy a cloud application, but a fair number said they would be more likely to see a UFO in the next six months than they were to complete a cloud migration project.
Fifteen Top Paying IT Certifications for 2012 A closer look at the most popular certifications and their associated pay.
Beware Security Threats on Five Popular Social Networking Sites Understanding what attacks are most common on social media platforms can help users identify and defend against malware lurking on them.
Top 10 Myths about IPv6 WildPackets takes a closer look at 10 myths and set the record straight about this enigmatic protocol.
Related Topics : Cloud Computing, Dell, Services Vendors, SMBs, Web Platform Vendors
IT administrators need to identify zombie assets, verify idle status and shut off anything that is unused. Here's how to get your dormant infrastructure back in shape. ... More >>
Cloud SaaS adoption allows organizations to gain the flexibility and scalability necessary for creating a high-velocity business. ... More >>
IT executives need the right tools to monitor and control their cloud infrastructure to maximize the positive impacts and mitigate security threats. ... More >>


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This morning, MTA Executive Director Lee Sander gave the first ever State of the MTA address. However, despite RSVP'ing last week, I wasn't able to make it inside, along with a bunch of other heartbroken transit enthusiasts. Bummer. Above are some shots of the huddled masses gathered outside of Cooper Union's Great Hall moments before we were turned away.
If you, like me, weren't able to make it inside, you can check out the speech in its entirety on NY1.com. Sander announced $30 million in new service changes this year, including:
A new bus route, the M13, which will go from the Lower East Side to Midtown
Increased service on the G, 1, 4, 6, and 7 trains
Sustainable initiatives like more hybrid electric buses
New focus on transit-oriented development
Cityroom has more on the grand plans.
Filed under: Community | Tagged: MTA | Leave a comment »


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Banker To the Poor by Muhammad Yunus
"Yunus—a man of vision, practical ability, and drive—has written a charming and often moving autobiography about how he came to be one of the most celebrated anti-poverty campaigners of our era." —Finance
"The Grameen Bank idea has helped millions worldwide to better their lives: Take good people with little wealth but lots of energy and vision, add in good faith, sound rules about lending money, and some good principles to live by, and you have a recipe for prosperity." —Parade Magazine
In 1983, Muhammad Yunus established Grameen, a bank devoted to providing the poorest of Bangladesh with minuscule loans. Twenty-three years later they won the Nobel Prize for Peace for their work in eradicating poverty. This is an inspiring story of one man's realization that access to even a small amount of credit can transform the lives of the poorest citizens of the world.
Yunus aimed to help the poor by supporting the spark of personal initiative and enterprise by which they could lift themselves out of poverty forever. It was an idea born on a day in 1976 when he loaned $27 from his own pocket to forty-two people living in a tiny village. These micro-entrepreneurs only needed enough credit to purchase the raw materials for their trade. Yunus's small loan helped them break the cycle of poverty for good. His solution to world poverty, founded on the belief that credit is a fundamental human right, is brilliantly simple: lend poor people money on terms that are suitable to them, teach them a few sound financial principles, and they will help themselves.
Yunus's theories work. Grameen Bank has provided loans totaling six billion dollars to seven million families in rural Bangladesh. Today, more than 250 institutions in nearly 100 countries operate micro-credit programs based on the Grameen methodology, placing Grameen at the forefront of a burgeoning world movement toward eradicating poverty through micro-lending.


text: Film studies faculty lead grassroots effort to acquire rare films from Video Americain February 11, 2014 | By Nick Alexopulos Nicholas Miller, associate professor of English, and Video Americain co-owner Annie Solan sort through films to identify rare classics for Loyola faculty to purchase. In the days before Netflix and Hulu Plus, the Loyola community had Video Americain. Just a short walk up Cold Spring Lane west of the Evergreen campus, the brick-and-mortar video rental store offered both convenience and a selection unmatched by any of the once popular national chains. For students, Video Americain was the source of feature presentations for impromptu movie nights. For faculty, it remains an asset for valuable classroom materials. "Any time you're teaching a course and need an obscure film that's not in our library, they always have it," said Nicholas Miller, Ph.D., associate professor of English and director of the film studies program at Loyola. Despite its unique collection, Video Americain is no match for an on-demand world. The store is closing in March 2014 after 25 years in business and its owners, Barry and Annie Solan, are selling off the entire inventory. Last fall the Solans were deep into negotiations with a private group that was interested in procuring the bulk of the 19,000 DVDs and 16,000 VHS tapes the store had accumulated over more than two decades. Just before Thanksgiving, the deal fell through. Averting a cinematic tragedy The Solans opted to begin selling their collection on a first-come, first-served basis beginning Friday, Dec. 6. Miller and fellow Loyola faculty members Drew Leder, Ph.D., professor of philosophy, and Brian Murray, Ph.D., professor of writing, had stayed in touch with the Solans, hoping to set aside a handful of rare films they regularly used in their classes or for research. Now every movie would be available to every interested buyer who visited the store. "Video Americain is one of the very, maybe half dozen, best independent collections of film in the country, so to simply have it sold off piecemeal would be a tragedy," said Leder. Loyola's faculty film buffs had less than a week to avoid that tragedy. "Their collection was developed over many years to be deep and comprehensive and diverse," said Miller. "The inventory represents something closer to a high-level research archive than the stock of a typical commercial video store. That's why faculty instantly recognized this sale as a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity." Trouble is, these DVDs aren't free and resources are thin. Miller contacted all of the department chairs in the humanities disciplines, along with humanities program directors, asking for movie requests and small contributions. Donations came in almost immediately from departments and faculty themselves, two of whom made anonymous gifts of $1,000 each. Miller also applied for and received a Center for the Humanities Grant from Loyola worth another $1,000. Soon after, Loyola alumni who frequented Video Americain learned of the effort and set up a Facebook group to encourage their classmates to make donations. The money in hand, along with the grant and pledges of further support, enabled Miller, Leder, and Murray to go to the Solans on Dec. 5, the day before the public sale was to start, and negotiate in good faith to set aside more than 600 films, a substantial portion of what Miller calls the "core of the collection." "It was this amazing flurry of, 'how can we preserve this for our students and for ourselves as faculty?'" said Annie Solan. Hunting for gems The faculty scoured the store looking for quality or unusual picks, in addition to classroom favorites. "We didn't go through willy-nilly," said Miller. "We were selecting movies that would be useful to the different disciplines that teach film and faculty that do research in film." They reserved movies by certain obscure directors who aren't heavily represented in the catalogue at the Loyola/Notre Dame Library, including French filmmaker Claude Henri Jean Chabrol. They flagged numerous silent films, rare animation films, and Criterion discs replete with bonus features. The Solans recommended hidden gems. "They were just so enthusiastic," Barry Solan said. "Professors were crawling on the floors looking at films on the bottom shelves. It was such an emotional uplift." The Solans' relationship with Loyola professors dates back to the store's opening in 1989, and their interactions with students came in memorable four-year increments. Residents of Hampden, Roland Park, and other nearby neighborhoods share similar ties with the store and its straight-out-of-central-casting owners. Barry Solan says the relationships, the interactions, and the appreciation are an acknowledgment of the passion he and his wife put into what they've built. "Video Americain has always been by appearance very modest, though very rich in film," said Solan. "To have people who can get past the shlumpy quality of the store to get to what's really going on means a lot to us." Surprisingly, the Solans aren't bitter. They knew from day one they'd lose out to disruptive technology eventually; in fact, they thought it would have happened a lot sooner (Barry Solan parallels his video store experience with the Chanukah story: "The oil was supposed to last one night, but it lasted eight"). And where streaming video services were the problem for the Solans, they weren't the solution for Loyola faculty and the film studies program. That's what made acquiring the core collection from Video Americain so important. "Many of these films are of a kind that aren't available via streaming, and won't be any time soon, if ever," said Miller. "For Loyola to be the institution that has a DVD copy is a huge boon for our students." Barry Solan behind the counter at Video Americain. Take director Fritz Lang's 1920 silent film The Wandering Shadow; it's not available on Netflix in any capacity, but Video Americain has a copy Miller intends to purchase. The cache includes rare early films by Japanese director Akira Kurosawa, masterpieces by Czech animator Jiri Trnka, a series of Mary Pickford silents, and lost films of Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin, to name a few. Miller and his colleagues also intend to acquire numerous documentaries and foreign language films in French, Italian, Chinese, Arabic, and Spanish. Video Americain: The Sequel Plans are underway for the collection to be housed at the Loyola/Notre Dame Library. Details on how to access the collection will be available once it has been acquired, but film studies faculty are confident it will be a valuable resource to the campus community. "Just introducing students to film literacy, to be able to go to a film and understand what the director and the actors and the cinematographer and composer are doing, and why the film works or doesn't work, will turn them into appreciators of film, which will last them the rest of their life," said Leder, who teaches a class on philosophy and film. "They may never pick up another text by Plato, but they're going to watch hundreds of films in the next few years." To date, Miller and his colleagues have raised more than $21,000 for their project, thanks in large part to an anonymous gift of $13,700 in early February. With that money they will be able to purchase the films they've set aside and pay costs associated with cataloguing the collection at the library. And every donation helped. Many of the DVDs retail for only $5, but even at 'everything-must-go' rates some of the discs are still valued at $100 or more because they're so rare. No matter the asking price, the Solans extended Miller an extraordinarily generous deal, marking down each film exponentially. Barry Solan says money took a back seat as soon as the handshake happened. "For me as a small businessman for 39 years, to know that some of the things that I've acquired will now be passed on to a university makes me feel that something I did was worthwhile because it was worthy of an esteemed place like Loyola."


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AS long as it's Damien and not Johnson...
On ESPN DAMIEN Woody (edit: not the owner). Asked over/under for the JEts who were 8-8 last year.
Cited the offense, specifically WR depth, and the backup Qbs inability to lead a pro offense as reasons for thinking the team will have less wins.
Everyone is entitled to their opinion, but citing a back up qb's ability as reasons a team won't go far is insane in mho. In fact, he specifically mentioned Tebow, and Cro's comments sticking inline with the ESPN rhetoric. Like what about a new offensive coordinator, or the upgraded secondary, or anything else related to FOOTBALL.
Im so tired of this network. Thank god for the NFLN.
Last edited by One Eye; 08-01-2012 at 05:47 PM.
AS long as it's Damien and not Johnson...
you should probably specify who you're talking about, since the owner shares a name with a few different analysts. Very misleading thread title!
no way we get less than 8 Wins
I would get used to the negative predictions for this team. The mainstream media is not very high on us. Even our beat writers aren't very high on the team's chances. Outside of this fanbase, few expect the team to have a strong season.
Right now, for the masses, the Jets are not considered a serious contender. But neither were the Giants last year if you want to look at the bright side
Anything is possible we have not established an O, and ST's needs work.
Very easy for an analyst to stress the changes in a positive or negative light..
New Offensive Coordinator & System
Younger at WR
Back-up QB who will be in the week game plan packages..
3-4 vs 4-3 defense.
Youth impact?
Safety positional turnover?
let's face it, the Jets are a big "?" mark...
nobody has a Chrystal Ball.... i think there will be a huge emphasis on being a physical team.... May not be as flashy on offense, but won't turn ball over as much... On defense, they will be more active and have much more depth than in past... OL depth is still very much a concern..
sal pal's been around training camp every day and he thinks the jets will have 10-11 wins. so go figure.
I think we are a pretty tough match up for anybody. To think we won't win 50% of the games without significant injuries is a lil ridiculous to me. I mean we were terrible, with less of a roster, a fractured locker room and a confused defense, and we still finished 8-8.
Its so sad the media hates this team, but at the same time, lives for their every action.
It all depends on our O-Line. If they play as bad as last year, cant open up running lanes or pass protect, then less than 8 wins is very likely. That is unless our D plays lights out game in and game out and holds opponents to less than 14 points/game.
When Sanchez was a rookie we won 9 games. We will go 12-4 on the year. This I know. Trust me
And we still went 8-8.
That's why, with the edition of Tebow, Hill, Coples, Landry, Bell, and the rest of the rookie class, in addition to the growth of guys like Lankster, K.Wilson, Wilkerson, K.Ellis, and maybe even, dare I say, Ducasse, I don't know how you can think this team can finish with a worse record. We may not win the division, or go to the super bowl, but we will be above .500, barring serious injuries to Sanchez, Mangold, D-Brick, or Revis.
How many good seasons has he had without such guys as Hines Ward, Mike Wallace and Braylon Edwards playing with him? Guys who can draw double coverage or who can stretch the field for him?
We are putting that responsinilty squarely on the shoulders of a 1st round draft pick with very little experience in a vertical passing game.
I predict he has 0 wins this season
The "media's narrative" is the Jets are a circus with a QB controversy
so therefore they'll be a last place team winning 6 games. Who cares!!!
Jets have been more focused and serious in recent memory.
Let the "experts" who try to justify their existence say whatever they want.
Only 1 guy picked the Jets against the Pats in the playoffs. Jets were hungry and focused then as well. They proved EVERYONE wrong then as well.
Let's not get spun up about this. Jets may be 7-9 this year, but not because Woody said so or knows better.


text:
Reuse of lithium-ion battery packs to be tested
ABB, 4R Energy, Nissan North America, Inc. (NNA) and Sumitomo Corporation of America have formed a partnership to evaluate the reuse of lithium-ion battery packs that power the Nissan LEAF, the world's only all-electric car designed for the mass market.
The purpose is to evaluate and test the residential and commercial applications of energy storage systems or back-up power sources using lithium-ion battery packs reclaimed from electric vehicles after use. Energy storage systems can store power from the grid during times of low usage and feed that electricity back into the grid during periods of peak demand, increasing grid performance and providing back-up power during outages. The team plans to develop a LEAF battery storage prototype with a capacity of at least 50 kilowatt hours (kWh), enough to supply 15 average homes with electricity for two hours.
"The agreement will allow us to evaluate the commercial viability of a grid storage solution and develop a prototype to effectively reuse Nissan LEAF batteries," said Bruno Melles, head of ABB's Medium Voltage power products business, a part of the company's Power Products division.
Electric vehicle batteries have longer lives than those of personal computers or cell phones, with up to 70 percent capacity remaining after 10 years of use in an automotive application. This longevity allows them to be used beyond the lifetime of the vehicle for applications such as a smart-grid community energy management system or battery energy storage.
"It's important to Nissan that we manage the complete lifecycle of the electric vehicle battery pack, even beyond its use in a Nissan car," said Ken Srebnik, Senior Manager, NNA Corporate Planning.
Innovative energy storage solutions are expected to become a key component of the smart grid, contributing to greater efficiency, reliability and performance. They will facilitate further integration of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, into the grid. The evaluation of Nissan batteries, through the partnership, will help determine their suitability for the power industry as a cost-effective energy storage solution.
The ABB Group
Nissan Americas
4R Energy
Sumitomo Corporation of America
– Edited by Chris Vavra, Control Engineering, www.controleng.com
Want this article on your website? Click here to sign up for a free account in ContentStream® and make that happen.


text:
Ask Your Library
Event box
One-on-One English Practice(Recurring)
Practice speaking reading and writing English with a volunteer partner. Adults. Please limit registrations to one sessions per day. R
- Date:
- Friday, February 15, 2019 Show more dates
- Time:
- 11:45am - 12:30pm
- Campus:
- Burke Centre Library
- Categories:
- Learning English Tutorial
Registration has closed.


text:
Hard to believe that it's been 5 months since I've posted an update to this site, but such is the case. I won't bore you with excuses – life has been busy, other priorities, blah blah blah – you know the drill. Work, family, life - etc. With Sandy pounding on the east coast today I have unexpectedly found myself with the day off and few things to do. Since I've got school girl excitement over the progress that's been made on the FXR I figured I'd give you all an update.
Let's start with a little history since it's been so long. Here she is the day I brought her home, about a year and a half ago. I did a few minor things at the time (mostly taking shit off and throwing on some mid controls / seat) but rode her pretty much unchanged for the summer and fall. Winter came and I started what I thought would be some minor projects but snowballed into more and more "customization". You all know how that goes, 3 changes turns into 3 pages of things you want to do to make it truly yours. The volume of modifications I took on was a mistake because it kept me off the road, but looking at it now - the final result will be worth it when it's done.
Some iteration of this photoshop mockup is probably the last time you saw it. I had been wrenching in my 8×12 plastic shed, going down to see Steve at Troy Fab from time to time to get some little projects done. This turned out to be a pain in the ass. Not having the bike at Steve's while we were fabricating left us flying blind. We'd work on something then have to wait until I could check it on the bike back at home. A lot of unnecessary back and forth. Steve graciously offered to let me bring the bike to his shop, and it just made too much sense not to do it. Once the bike got to Troy Fab, progress started moving a lot faster.
First thing we finished up was the exhaust. The exhaust can is off a Ducati Monster 696. The can was cut open so that all the baffles and the catalytic converter could be removed. Unbeknownst to me, this is called "coring". Apparently the Ducati guys do this with some frequency because I was able to find a "How-to" that was able to walk us through the process. A few cuts, some pounding, scraping and welding and it was done. It was a bit more time consuming than that sounds, but in my eyes totally worth it. I'm digging the look, can't wait to hear what it sounds like. It's worth noting that the pipe that comes out of the Ducati can is a lot smaller than most Harley exhaust pipes, so it's not a direct bolt on. We went back and forth on different ways to make it work and finally just ended up welding a simple exhaust adapter that you can pick up at any autoparts store.
The mini fairing is coming along quite nicely. The mounts were contoured and the headlight hole was cut out. The headlight mount is in place, just waiting for some new H3 bulbs so that we can aim it and weld in the brow. If anyone happens to know how to step down the light output of an 100W H3 bulb so that it acts like it has a high and low beam, I'm all ears. An H4 bulb won't fit inside the headlight I'm using, so I'm stuck with using an H3 bulb, which I haven't been able to find a dual filament version of (I don't think they exist).
The next big project was the rear fender. It all started with this drawing and a sheet of aluminum. Actually, that's not true - Steve did 2 prototypes before this one to nail down the technique and shape before we went ahead and did the final.
Aluminum sheet getting annealed before being bent.
All cut up and ready for the front to be welding in.
Steve also bent and pounded out the seat pan with a trick front mount to keep everything clean and tidy.
The finished product. I honestly couldn't be happier with how this turned out. It's better than I expected and I'm super stoked on it. There is still a little clean up to do on some of the edges, but Steve straight up killed it. Next up - the seat pan will get powder coated, foam will get shaped and then I'll have to figure out what I'm going to do for a covering.
So here's how she sits as of 4pm yesterday. There are a lot of small things we've done that I just didn't take pictures of and a lot of trial and error that we went through to get to this point. The list of things to do is still long, but I'm stoked.
Of course, this post wouldn't be complete without a photoshop. So here's an idea of some of the fabrication work still to come. Aluminum tank, powder coated wheels, Troy Fab prototype air cleaner, shaved and powder coated fork lowers, I will probably end up rethinking the handlebars for something lower. Then there is all the "other stuff" that still needs to get done, like the wiring and painting.
As always, huge thanks to Steve at Troy Fab for all his help, guidance and talent. Extra special thanks to his wife for all the tasty meals. Make sure to check out and support Troy Fab. I'll try to post more regularly, but no promises. There will be some changes around here in the future, I'm just not 100% sure what they're going to be yet. In the meantime, like us on facebook and you can stay in the loop.
-GrailOctober 29th, 2012 by grail21 in KB News, Projects | Comments (7)


text:
Falidae family
From Tigergenome_org
Felidae is the biological family of the cats; a member of this family is called a felid. The most familiar felid is the domestic cat, which first became associated with humans about 10,000 years ago; but the family includes all other wild cats, including the big cats.
Extant felids belong to one of two subfamilies: Pantherinae (which includes the tiger, the lion, the jaguar, and theleopard), and Felinae (which includes the cougar, the cheetah, the lynxes, the ocelot, and the domestic cat).
The first felids emerged during the Oligocene, about 25 million years ago. In prehistoric times, a third subfamily, known as Machairodontinae, included the "saber-toothed cats", such as the well known Smilodon. Other superficially cat-like mammals, such as the marsupial sabertooth Thylacosmilus or the Nimravidae, are not included in Felidae despite superficial similarities.
Felids are the strictest carnivores of the 13 terrestrial families in the order Carnivora, although the three families of marine mammals comprising the superfamily Pinnipedia are as carnivorous as the felids.
There are 41 known species of felids in the world today, all of which descended from the same ancestor.[1] Thistaxon originated in Asia and spread across continents by crossing land bridges. Testing of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA by Warren Johnson and Stephen O'Brien of the US National Cancer Institute demonstrated the ancient cats evolved into eight main lineages that diverged in the course of at least 10 migrations (in both directions) from continent to continent via the Bering land bridge andIsthmus of Panama, with the Panthera genus being the oldest and the Felis genus being the youngest. They estimated 60% of the modern species of cats developed within the last million years.[3]
Most felids have a haploid number of 18 or 19. New World cats (those in Central and South America) have a haploid number of 18, possibly due to the combination of two smaller chromosomes into a larger one.[4] Prior to this discovery, biologists had been largely unable to establish a family tree of cats from the fossil record because the fossils of different cat species all look very much alike, differing primarily in size.
The felids' closest relatives are thought to be the Asiatic linsangs,[5] and at one remove the group of civets, hyenas, mongooses, and Madagascar carnivores,[6] with whom they share the Suborder Feliformia. Most felid species share a genetic anomaly that prevents them from tasting sweetness.[7]
Felids are obligate carnivores, requiring a diet of meat and organs to survive. Aside from the lion, wild felids are generally solitary; feral domestic cats do, however, form feral cat colonies. Cheetahs are also known to live and hunt in groups. Felids are generally secretive animals, are often nocturnal, and live in relatively inaccessible habitats. Around three-quarters of cat species live in forested terrain, and they are generally agile climbers. However, felids may be found in almost any environment, with some species being native to mountainous terrain or deserts.
Wild felids are native to every continent except Australasia and Antarctica.
Physical appearance
Felids tend to have lithe and flexible bodies with muscular limbs. In the great majority of species, the tail is between a third and a half the length of the body, although there are some exceptions (for example, the bobcat and margay). The limbs are digitigrade with soft toe pads and protractible claws. Compared with most other mammals, the head of cats is highly domed with a short muzzle. The skull possesses wide zygomatic arches and a large sagittal crest, both of which allow for the attachment of strong jaw muscles.[8]
The various species of felids vary greatly in size. One of the smallest is the black-footed cat, measuring 35 to 40 cm (14 to 16 in) long, while the largest in the wild is the tiger, which can attain up to 350 cm (11.5 ft) in length[9] and weigh 300 kilograms (660 lb).
The fur of felids takes many different forms, being much thicker in those species living in cold environments, such as the snow leopard. The color of felids is also highly variable—although brown to golden fur is common in most species—usually marked with distinctive spots, stripes, or rosettes. The only felids to lack significant markings are the lion, puma, caracal and jaguarundi. Many species exhibit melanism, in which some individuals have an all-black coat.[8]
The tongue of felids is covered with horny papillae, which rasp meat from prey and aid in grooming.
All felids have protractible claws, in other words they have the ability to protract their claws from a retracted, at-rest position. Although in a few species, such as the cheetah, the claws remain visible even when at rest (retracted). The claws are retracted when the animal is relaxed and protracted when they are in use. They are attached to the terminal bone of the toe with a tough ligament; when the animal contracts muscles in the toe to straighten it, the ligament forces the claw outwards.[8] Cats have five toes on their forefeet and four on their hindfeet, reflecting their reliance on gripping and holding down their prey with their claws.[citation needed] In Felidae, the baculum is shorter than in Canidae.[10]
Felids have relatively large eyes, situated to provide binocular vision. Their night vision is especially good due to the presence of a tapetum lucidum, which reflects light back inside the eyeball, and gives felid eyes their distinctive shine. As a result, the eyes of felids are about six times more light sensitive than those of humans, and many species are at least partially nocturnal. The retina of felids also contains a relatively high proportion ofrod cells, adapted for distinguishing moving objects in conditions of dim light, which are complemented by the presence of cone cells for sensing color during the day. However, felids appear to have relatively poor color vision in comparison with humans.[8] This is explained by the fact that felids see moving objects more "colorfully" than still objects, but in an intact environment, are unable to distinguish color tones alone (like turquoise compared to teal, for example).[citation needed]
The external ears of felids are also large, and especially sensitive to high-frequency sounds in the smaller cats. This sensitivity allows them to locate small rodentprey; cats themselves do not apparently produce such sounds.[8]
Felids also have a highly developed sense of smell, although not to the degree seen in canids; this is further supplemented by the presence of a vomeronasal organ in the roof of the mouth, allowing the animal to "taste" the air. The use of this organ is associated with the Flehmen response, in which the upper lip is curled upwards. Most felids are unable to taste sweetness due to a mutated gene in their taste buds. Exceptions include members of the genera Leopardus andOtocolobus.[citation needed]
Felids possess highly sensitive whiskers set deep within the skin, which provide the cat with sensory information about the slightest air movement around it. For this reason, whiskers are very helpful to nocturnal hunters.
Most felids are able to land on their feet after a fall, an ability that relies on vision and the sense of balance acting together.[citation needed]
Felids have a relatively small number of teeth compared with other carnivorans, a feature associated with their short muzzles. With a few exceptions, such as thelynx, they have the dental formula: . The canine teeth are large, reaching exceptional size in the extinct saber-tooth species. The upper third premolar and lower molar are adapted as carnassial teeth, suited to tearing and cutting flesh.[8]
The jaws of felids can only move vertically. This prevents them from being able to chew efficiently, but makes it easier for their powerful masseter jaw muscles to hold struggling prey.
All felids share a broadly similar set of vocalisations, but with some variation between species. In particular, the pitch of calls varies, with larger species producing deeper sounds; overall, the frequency of felid calls ranges between 50 and 10,000 hertz.
All felids are able to spit, hiss, growl, snarl, and mew. The first four sounds are all used in an aggressive context. The spitting sound is a sudden burst, typically used when making threats, especially towards other species. The hiss is a prolonged, atonal sound used in close range to other members of the species, when the animal is uncertain whether to attack or retreat. Growling is used to indicate a willingness to attack, while the higher-pitched snarl is used when adopting a defensive posture.
The mewing sound may be used either as a close-contact call, typically between a mother and kittens, or as a louder, longer distance call, primarily during the mating season. The acoustic properties of the mew vary somewhat between different felid species; extreme examples include the whistling sound made by cougars and the mew-grunt of lions and tigers.
Most felids seem to be able to purr, vibrating the muscles in their larynx to produce a distinctive buzzing sound. In the wild, purring is used while a mother is caring for kittens. Precisely which species of felid are able to purr is a matter of debate, but the sound has been recorded in most of the smaller species, as well as the cheetah and cougar, and may also be found in the big cats.
Other common felid vocalisations include the gurgle, wah-wah, prusten, and roar. The first two sounds are found only among the Felinae (small cats). Gurgling is a quiet sound used during meetings between friendly individuals, as well as during courtship and when nursing kittens. The wah-wah is a short, deep-sounding call used in close contact, and is not found in all species (it is, for example, absent in the domestic cat).
In contrast, prusten and roaring are found only in big cats. Prusten is a short, soft, snorting sound reported in tigers, jaguars, snow leopards, and clouded leopards; it is used during contact between friendly individuals. The roar is an especially loud call with a distinctive pattern that depends on the species. The ability to roar comes from an elongated and specially adapted larynx and hyoid apparatus.[11] When air passes through the larynx on the way from the lungs, the cartilage walls of the larynx vibrate, producing sound. Only lions, leopards, tigers and jaguars are truly able to roar, although the loudest mews of snow leopards have a similar, if less structured, sound.[8] Tigers and jaguars have a very snarly roar, while the roar of leopards and lions is much more throaty.[citation needed]
Social and territorial behavior
Territorial marking
Within the Felidae, male felids usually urinate backwards by curving the tip of the glans penis backward.[12][10] Urine marking by felids is also known as "spray-urinating"[13] or "spray-marking".[14] To identify their territories, male tigers mark trees by spraying urine[15][16] and anal gland secretions, as well as marking trails with scat. Males show a grimacing face, called the Flehmen response, when identifying a female's reproductive condition by sniffing their urine markings.
Lions use urine to mark their territories. They often scrape the ground while urinating, and the urine often flows in short spurts, instead of flowing continuously. They often urinate on vegetation, or on tree trunks at least one meter high.[17]
Male cheetahs mark their territory by urinating on objects that stand out, such as trees, logs, or termite mounds. The whole coalition contributes to the scent. Males will attempt to kill any intruders, and fights result in serious injury or death.[18] When male cheetahs urine-mark their territories, they stand one meter away from a tree or rock surface with the tail raised, pointing the penis either horizontally backward or 60° upward.[19] The odor of cheetah urine (unlike that of other large felids) cannot be easily detected by humans.[20]
Traditionally, five subfamilies have been distinguished within family Felidae based on phenotypical features: theFelinae, the Pantherinae, the Acinonychinae (cheetahs), the extinct Machairodontinae, and the extinctProailurinae.[2]
Genetic classification
Genetic research has provided a basis for a more concise classification for the living members of the cat family based on genotypical groupings.[1][21][22] Specifically, eight genetic lineages have been identified:[23]
- Lineage 1 Pantherinae : Panthera, Uncia, Neofelis
- Lineage 2: Pardofelis, Catopuma
- Lineage 3: Leptailurus, Caracal, Profelis
- Lineage 4: Leopardus
- Lineage 5: Lynx
- Lineage 6: Puma, Acinonyx
- Lineage 7: Prionailurus, Otocolobus
- Lineage 8: Felis
The last four lineages are more related to each other than to any of the first four, and so form a clade within the Felinae subfamily of family Felidae.
Extant species
The following is the complete list of genera within family Felidae, grouped according to the traditional phenotypical classification with the corresponding genotypical lineages indicated:
- Family Felidae[1]
- Subfamily Pantherinae
- Genus Panthera [Lineage 1]
- Genus Uncia [Lineage 1]
- Snow leopard (Uncia uncia)
- Genus Neofelis [Lineage 1]
- Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa)
- Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi)
- Genus Panthera [Lineage 1]
- Subfamily Felinae
- Genus Pardofelis [Lineage 2]
- Marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata)
- Genus Catopuma [Lineage 2]
- Bay cat (Catopuma badia)
- Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii)
- Genus Leptailurus [Lineage 3]
- Serval (Leptailurus serval)
- Genus Caracal [Lineage 3]
- Caracal (Caracal caracal)
- Genus Profelis [Lineage 3]
- African golden cat (Profelis aurata)
- Genus Leopardus [Lineage 4]
- Pantanal cat (Leopardus braccatus)
- Colocolo (Leopardus colocolo)
- Geoffroy's cat (Leopardus geoffroyi)
- Kodkod (Leopardus guigna)
- Andean mountain cat (Leopardus jacobitus)
- Pampas cat (Leopardus pajeros)
- Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)
- Oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus)
- Margay (Leopardus wiedii)
- Genus Lynx [Lineage 5]
- Canadian lynx (Lynx canadensis)
- Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx)
- Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)
- Bobcat (Lynx rufus)
- Genus Puma [Lineage 6]
- Cougar (Puma concolor)
- Jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi)
- Genus Acinonyx[24][Lineage 6]
- Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)
- Genus Prionailurus [Lineage 7]
- Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)
- Iriomote cat (Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis)
- Flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps)
- Rusty-spotted cat (Prionailurus rubiginosus)
- Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus)
- Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)
- Genus Otocolobus [Lineage 7]
- Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul)
- Genus Felis [Lineage 8]
- Chinese mountain cat (Felis bieti)
- Domestic cat (Felis catus)
- Jungle cat (Felis chaus)
- Sand cat (Felis margarita)
- Black-footed cat (Felis nigripes)
- Wildcat (Felis silvestris)
- Genus Pardofelis [Lineage 2]
- Subfamily Pantherinae
Fossil felids
Possibly the oldest known true felid (Proailurus) lived in the late Oligocene and early Miocene epochs. During the Miocene, it gave way to Pseudaelurus. Pseudaelurus is believed to be the latest common ancestor of the two extant subfamilies and the extinct subfamily, Machairodontinae. This group, better known as the saber-tooth cats, became extinct in the Late Pleistocene era. The group includes the genera Smilodon, Machairodus andHomotherium. The Metailurini were originally classified as a distinct tribe within the Machairodontinae, though they count as members of the Felinae in recent times.[26][27] Most extinct cat-like animals, once regarded as members of the Felidae, later turned out to be members of related, but distinct, families: the "false sabretooths" Nimravidae andBarbourofelidae. As a result, sabretooth "cats" seem to belong to four different lineages. The total number of fossil felids known to science is low compared to other carnivoran families, such as dogs and bears. Felidae radiated quite recently and most of the extant species are relatively young.
Genera of the Felidae
The list follows McKenna and Bell's Classification of Mammals for prehistoric genera (1997)[2] and Wozencraft (2005) in Wilson and Reeder's Mammal Species of the World for extant genera.[1] Pseudaelurus is included in the Felinae as per McKenna & Bell, despite its basal position in felid evolution. Inconsistent with McKenna and Bell, three additional prehistoric genera, Miracinonyx, Lokontailurus and Xenosmilus, are listed.Sivapanthera is included in the Felinae (not Acinonychinae) and Ischrosmilus is included in the genus Smilodon.
- †Proailurinae
- Felinae
- †Pseudaelurus
- †Sivaelurus
- †Vishnufelis
- †Pikermia
- †Abelia
- †Nimravides
- †Pratifelis
- †Adelphailurus
- †Metailurus
- †Dinofelis
- †Dolichofelis
- †Sivapardus
- †Jansofelis
- †Sivapanthera
- Acinonyx
- †Miracinonyx
- Puma
- Felis
- Prionailurus
- Lynx
- Leopardus
- Leptailurus
- Caracal
- Profelis
- Catopuma
- Pardofelis
- Pantherinae
- †Machairodontinae
- †Machairodus (Late Miocene, Africa, Eurasia, North America)
- †Homotherium (Pliocene, Pleistocene; Africa, Eurasia, North America)
- †Xenosmilus (Pleistocene; North America)
- †Lokotunjailurus (Latest Miocene; Africa)
- †Miomachairodus (Middle Miocene; Africa, Asia)
- †Hemimachairodus
- †Paramachairodus (Late Miocene; Eurasia, Africa)
- †Megantereon (Pliocene, Pleistocene; North America, Africa, Eurasia)
- †Smilodon (Late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene; North- and South America)
See also
Cited references
- ^ a b c d e Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–548. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c McKenna, Malcolm C.; Susan K. Bell (2000-02-15). Classification of Mammals. Columbia University Press. p. 631. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6.
- ^ Mott, Maryann (2006-01-11). "Cats Climb New family Tree". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
- ^ Vella, Carolyn; et al. (2002). Robinson's Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians, 4th ed. Oxford: Butterworh-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-4069-3.
- ^ Eizirik E., Murphy W.J., Koepfli K.P., Johnson W.E., Dragoo J.W., O'Brien S.J. (2010). "Pattern and timing of the diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56: 49–63. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033.
- ^ Gaubert P., Veron G. (2003). "Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia". Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B 270 (1532): 2523–30. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2521. PMC 1691530. PMID 14667345.
- ^ Xia, Li; Weihua Li, Hong Wang, Jie Cao, Kenji Maehashi, Liquan Huang, Alexander A. Bachmanov, Danielle R. Reed, Véronique Legrand-Defretin, Gary K. Beauchamp and Joseph G. Brand (July 2005). "Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats' Indifference toward Sugar". Public Library of Science 1 (1): e3.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010003. PMC 1183522. PMID 16103917. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
- ^ a b c d e f g Sunquist, Mel; Sunquist, Fiona (2002). Wild cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 5–16. ISBN 0-226-77999-8.
- ^ Vratislav Mazak: Der Tiger. Nachdruck der 3. Auflage von 1983. Westarp Wissenschaften Hohenwarsleben, 2004 ISBN 3-89432-759-6
- ^ a b R. F. Ewer (1973). The Carnivores. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8493-3. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ Weissengruber, GE; G Forstenpointner, G Peters, A Kübber-Heiss, and WT Fitch (September 2002). "Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and the Indian Armadillo. (Felis silvestris f. catus)". Journal of Anatomy (Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland) 201 (3): 195–209. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x. PMC 1570911. PMID 12363272.
- ^ Reena Mathur (2010). Animal Behaviour 3/e. Rastogi Publications. ISBN 978-81-7133-747-7. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ John W. S. Bradshaw; Rachel A. Casey; Sarah L. Brown (31 January 2013). The Behaviour of the Domestic Cat. CABI. pp. 104–. ISBN 978-1-78064-120-1. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
- ^ Stefan Schulz (17 March 2005). The Chemistry of Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals II. Springer. pp. 249–. ISBN 978-3-540-21308-6. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
- ^ John Seidenstic (1996). Tigers. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 63–. ISBN 978-0-89658-295-8. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ Burger, B. V.; Viviers, M. Z.; Bekker, J. P. I.; Roux, M.; Fish, N.; Fourie, W. B.; Weibchen, G. (2008). "Chemical Characterization of Territorial Marking Fluid of Male Bengal Tiger, Panthera tigris". Journal of Chemical Ecology 34 (5): 659–671. doi:10.1007/s10886-008-9462-y. PMID 18437496.
- ^ Schaller, George B (2009-10-15). The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations. ISBN 9780226736600.
- ^ Cheetahs (Revised Edition) - Dianne M. MacMillan - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-11-20.
- ^ T. M. Caro (15 August 1994). Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains: Group Living in an Asocial Species. University of Chicago Press. pp. 203–. ISBN 978-0-226-09433-5. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ The Chemistry of Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals II - Google Books. Books.google.com. 2005-03-17. Retrieved 2012-11-20.
- ^ Johnson WE, Eizirik E, Pecon-Slattery J, et al. (January 2006). "The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment". Science 311 (5757): 73–7.doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146.
- ^ O'Brien SJ, Johnson WE (2005). "Big cat genomics". Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 6 (1): 407–29. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162151. PMID 16124868.
- ^ Johnson, W. E.; & O'Brien S. J. (1997). Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes. J Mol Evol (1997) 44: S98-116. Retrieved on 2009-11-08 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9071018?dopt=Abstract.
- ^ http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000003
- ^ Ice Age Animals, Illinois State Museum
- ^ van den Hoek Ostende, Lars W.; Michael Morlo and Doris Nagel (July 2006). "Fossils explained 52 Majestic killers: the sabre-toothed cats". Geology Today 22 (4): 150–157. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2006.00572.x. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
- ^ Turner, Alan (1997-04-15). The Big Cats and their fossil relatives. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-231-10228-5.
General references
- Shoemaker, Alan (1996). "1996 Taxonomic and Legal Status of the Felidae". Felid Taxonomic Advisory Group of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association. Archived from the original on 2006-06-12. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
- Turner, A. (1997). The big cats and their fossil relatives. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10229-1.
- Kirby, G. (1984). "Cat family". In Macdonald, D. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
External links
Felidae at the Encyclopedia of Life