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The Source of Light
As you know, we are in a study of 1 John and I want to have you open your Bible tonight again to 1 John chapter 1. Before we come to the Lord's table, I want us to look at the Word of God. And it is a fitting text, 1 John chapter 1 verse 5 through chapter 2 verse 1. Let me read this text for you.
:And this is the message we have heard from Him and announced to you that God is light and in Him there is no darkness at all. If we say that we have fellowship with Him and yet walk in the darkness, we lie and do not practice the truth. But if we walk in the light as He Himself is in the light, we have fellowship with one another and the blood of Jesus, His Son, cleanses us from all sin. If we say that we have no sin, we are deceiving ourselves and the truth is not in us. If we confess our sins, He is faithful and righteous to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness. If we say that we have not sinned, we make Him a liar and His Word is not in us."
I've simply titled this portion of Scripture, "Confession of sin, a certain proof of salvation." We've been saying all along that 1 John is a certain word in an uncertain age. And the first certainty that John affirmed for us in the opening four verses was the certainty of the incarnation, the certainty of God in flesh, the living word of life, the manifest eternal life which was with the Father and manifested to us, none other than Jesus Christ. The first certainty then is the coming into the world of the Son of God.
And the second certainty that John addresses himself to is this matter of the certainty of salvation. He is certain that God in the flesh came. He saw Him, he heard Him his hands handled Him. Then it becomes a matter of are we certain since we know that God did come into the world in human flesh in the form of Jesus Christ, are we certain of our salvation in Him? And so the matter of certainty with regard to salvation becomes really the theme of the rest of the epistle, although he will again on several occasions cycle back through the certainty concerning Christ. The rest of the epistle spends most of its time dealing with certain proofs of salvation that we are actually in Christ and the beneficiaries of the incarnation.
The first one that he presents to us is the confession of sin. That is a certain proof of salvation. Now John begins this section in verse 5 with this word, "And this is the message we have heard from Him and announced to you that God is light and in Him there is no darkness at all." I'm not sure tonight we're going to get pass that, but this is a teaching time and I want to give you everything I can to enrich this what appears on the surface simple understanding. John tells us about the nature of God. Other gospel writers, Matthew, Mark and Luke tell us what God did. They tell us what Jesus Christ who is God did, what He said. But John features who He is. John is concerned that we know something of the nature of God, not just His works, something of the nature of Jesus Christ. If you read John in his gospel, chapter 4 verse 24, John says, "God is spirit." Here in the verse that we're looking at, verse 5, he says, "God is light." Over in chapter 4 and verse 8 he says, "God is love." John wants us to know who God is, not just what He does, has done, will do.
And the same is true of John's approach to Christ. If you read the gospel of John, Jesus is repeatedly presented as the great "I am." Presenting, first of all, His essential nature, as well as telling us something of His mighty power in His works and the words that He spoke. Here John focuses on God as the foundation for what is to come. And he focuses on the reality that God is light. And that becomes foundational for the rest of the epistle, as well as for the very passage I just read. God is light. Not God is a light, not God is the light, but God is light. God is essential light. That reality is basically presented throughout all of Scripture and I want to take some time tonight to help you understand what that means.
If I say to you God is spirit, you understand that. That is God is immaterial. We follow that up with God is eternal spirit, that is He is eternally immaterial. He has no physical form. That's very clear in Scripture. That's not hard to understand. And if I say to you God is love, you understand that. You understand what it means to love and it can be demonstrated that God is love in His attitude toward the other members of the Trinity, His attitude toward the human race which Scripture says is clearly manifest love. But when I say to you God is light, what does that mean? What does it say when it says God is light? The reality of that is very, very important for an understanding of the rest of this epistle because this is so foundational to the nature of God. We do know in the Old Testament that God appeared as light. That He manifested Himself, for example, to the children of Israel in the account that's given to us in the book of Exodus when Moses went up into the mountain while they were wandering in the wilderness to receive from God the Law. You remember he was told by God that he should go and lead the people. Moses was fearful about his ability to do that and he said, "I'm not going to do that unless You go with me, Your presence goes with me." To which God responded, "My presence will go with you," to which Moses responded, "How am I going to know that? Show me Your glory?"
You remember the account in Exodus 33 and 34, how God tucked Moses in a cave or some cleft of the rock and then God allowed a portion of His glory to pass by. Not the full glory because God said no man can see me and live. And the glory that Moses saw was some kind of light, some kind of light. In fact, the light that emanated from the presence of God, got on the face of Moses so that when he came down the mountain to speak to the children of Israel, his face was shining with the reflection of that light. The apostle Paul even writes about that in the third chapter of 2 Corinthians. So God manifest Himself to Moses as light. He manifested Himself to the children of Israel by leading them during the day, you remember, by a cloud, a cloud of light, as it were, in the sky, and at night, another form of light, a pillar of fire by which they were led. When at the end of the book of Exodus the tabernacle was completed, the light which represented God came down from heaven, the Shekinah, the presence of God, manifest light came down and came into the tabernacle and dwelt in the Holy of Holies. Later on in Israel's history when the temple was completed, the permanent place representing the presence of God, the glory of God again came down and dwelt in the temple. God manifested Himself on those occasions as light. Also we see in the New Testament that Jesus on the Mount of Transfiguration allowed the disciples to see who He really was and He manifested Himself as light. You remember He was transfigured before them as shining light that sent them into a comma of terror.
So God manifests Himself as light. First Timothy 6:15 and 16 describes God this way, "The blessed and only sovereign, the King of kings and Lord of Lords who alone possesses immortality and dwells in unapproachable light." And that echoes what God said to Moses, "No man can see Me and live, the light is too glorious, too all glorious for any creature to see it in its fullness." In Psalm 104 verses 1 and 2 it says, "Bless the Lord, O my soul, O Lord my God, You are very great, You are clothed with splendor and majesty, covering Yourself with light as with a cloak." As we cover ourselves with a garment, with clothing, so God covers Himself with light.
Now not only is God light in Himself, essential light, but He is the source of our light. Psalm 27:1, very familiar Psalm, familiar opening, "The Lord is my light and my salvation." What does that mean? God is light, I understand that He manifested Himself as light. He is my light but what does that mean? Well we find out a little more about what that means when we come to Jesus Christ. For Jesus Christ is also light. In fact, Jesus Christ is called the light of the world, as we shall see.
God is light. God conveys that light to us. Jesus Christ is that very light of God incarnate. Now putting that all together it's a pretty simple thought. God is light, He grants that light to us, but it is conveyed to us through the Lord Jesus Christ. Look at 2 Corinthians 4:4, a very important portion of Scripture in this regard. Second Corinthians 4:4, stay with me on this, I'm going to help you to understand this concept of light, 2 Corinthians 4:4 tells us that the god of this world has blinded the minds of the unbelieving in order that they might not see the light. What light? The light of the gospel of the glory of Christ who is the image of God. So here we see that the light that is essentially God, comes to us through the image of God who is Christ. The light shines from God through Christ to us. Verse 5 then, Paul says, "We do not preach ourselves but we preach Christ Jesus because He's the source of light." Verse 6, "For God who said light shall shine out of darkness is the one who has shone in our hearts to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ." So there it comes again.
God is light. He conveys that light to us through the glory of Christ by means of the gospel...by means of the gospel. God is light. Jesus Christ is light. And we become light through Christ. This...this idea, this concept appears in a number of other places and we'll look at the New Testament, Colossians 1:12 says, "The Father God has qualified us to share in the inheritance of the saints in light." And then he goes on to say, "He delivered us from the domain of darkness and transferred us to the kingdom of His beloved Son." It is the Kingdom of His beloved Son that is the domain of light. Light then comes to us through the Son. We enter into the Kingdom of light through the Son who provides redemption, the forgiveness of sins. God is light. Jesus Christ is the very image of the invisible God. It is through Him that the very light of God is conveyed to us in the gospel. Philippians also chapter 2 verse 15 says that we appear in the world as light. We appear in the world as lights. Backing up yet again to Ephesians chapter 8, Paul writes, "You were formerly darkness but now you are light in the Lord." Peter, getting on the same bandwagon, as it were, 1 Peter 2:9 says, "God has called us out of darkness into His marvelous light." Jesus says in Matthew 5:14, "You are the light of the world." God is light. Jesus Christ is light. And we who come to Christ share in that light.
Now that demonstrates the relationship of light but doesn't define what it is. What is it? Listen to Psalm 36:9, the psalmist writes. "For you...with you... for with you is the fountain of life, in Your light we see light." Now just think about that for a moment. With you is the fountain of life. In Your light we see light. That is a Hebrew parallelism. Those are two statements saying the same thing. You are the fountain of life. In Your light we see fountain of light. What that verse does is equate life with...what?...life. That equates light with life. It's only because of God that we have life. It's only because of His light that we see light. Life and light are linked in Psalm 36 verse 9. Life and light are linked. And right there you have the first way to understand the concept that God is light. God is light in the sense that God is life. As light emanates from its source, life emanates from its source.
To show you this I want to take you back to John's gospel, chapter1...John's gospel chapter 1. This is one of those wonderful foundational truths that's going to enrich your understanding of Scripture every time you come across these ideas. In John 1, "In the beginning was the Word," that's Jesus Christ, "The Word was with God, the Word was God, He was in the beginning with God. All things came into being by Him and apart from Him nothing came into being that has come into being." Why? Verse 4, "In Him was life...and listen to this...and the life was the light." You see it? There you have John defining life as light, light as life. And verse 5, "The light shines in the darkness and the darkness did not comprehend it." That life was the light of men. The eternal Word, the one who created everything, the one who made everything, apart from Him nothing came into being that has come into being. He is clearly the source of life. Whoever is the creator is the source of life. God created ex nihilo(?) out of nothing everything that exists and therefore demonstrates He is the source of life. And Jesus Himself being God is the Creator, all things were created by Him and for Him. He is the source of life, verse 4, in Him was life and the life is the light. Light equals life. Light equals life. Men would not live if God hadn't given them life. There is no other source for life other than God.
That's true physically. That's what he's saying here. All things came into being by Him. He's talking about creation here. In Him was life, all that lives received their life from Him and including mankind and life is that light. God demonstrates that He is life by manifesting Himself in light. Gives that life to man physically in creation, He gives it spiritually through the new creation and the new birth. The eternal life possessed by God and by the Lord Jesus Christ and by the Holy Spirit, the eternal life is the source of all life, all things that live both physically and spiritually, both temporally and eternally. Everything that lives takes its life from the source who is God.
Speaking of Christ again, Colossians 1:16, "By Him all things were created, both in the heavens and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities, all things have been created by Him and for Him, He's before all things and in Him all things hold together." The Lord who created is the source of all life. Life with God is given to all that lives. That's true temporally and it's also true spiritually. Our eternal life comes from God. Through His Son by the gospel, that becomes then the discussion starting in verse 5 of John 1. "The light shines in the darkness and the darkness didn't comprehend it. There came a man sent from God, his name was John, John the Baptist, he came for a witness that he might bear witness of the light that all might believe through him, he was not the light." Obviously John the Baptist wasn't the creator, he's not the source of life. He was not the light but he came that he might bear witness of the light, that he might point to, verse 9, the true light which coming into the world enlightens every man. And that is a very simple statement. Everybody who lives, lives because he's received life from the Creator. The Creator is the source of all life, physical life and spiritual life, temporal life and eternal life. So at the beginning of the chapter we hear that He is the source of all created life, now we find that He is the source of spiritual life because John is pointing to Him as the one who is the true light. Then in verses 10 to 13, that eternal life becomes the theme. "He was in the world, the world was made through Him, the world didn't know Him. He came to His own, those who were His own did not receive Him but as many as received Him, to them He gave the right to become children of God." He gave them spiritual life. They were born spiritually. If they believed in His name, they were born, verse 13, they received life, not human life, not by blood or the will of the flesh or the will of man, but from God.
Light is life. And God is the source of all life whether it's physical and temporal, whether it's spiritual and eternal. When we talk about "God is light," we're talking about God as the source of all life.
Now if you look over to the second chapter of John, and into the third chapter, come to the end of chapter 2 starting in verse 23 you could...you'll read this on your own, I won't go through it, down to verse 21 of chapter 3, through this section John emphasizes that all people are in need of this life. And this very wonderful story here is the story about a man named Nicodemus. And Jesus said to the man, "What you need is life." Verse 3, "Truly, truly I say to you, unless one is born again," you need to be born, you need to enter into eternal life. If you're not, you'll never see the Kingdom of God. Verse 5, "Unless one is born of water and the spirit, he can't enter the Kingdom of God." And then down in verse 14, "As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up that whoever believes may in Him have eternal...what?...life. For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have eternal life." It's all about life.
But notice this. There's a change as you come down to verse 19, "And this is the judgment, not that the life had come into the world but that the light is come into the world."
That is the source of spiritual life, just as He is the source of all natural life. " The light has come into the world and man loved the darkness rather than the light, for their deeds were evil. For everyone who does evil hates the light and doesn't come to the light, lest his deeds should be exposed. But he who practices the truth comes to the light that his deeds may be manifested as having been wrought in God."
Light is life. Light, as John presents it, is the eternal life of God. And the passage that we see there in John chapter 3, light, life and even the term salvation is used all relating to the same great reality, eternal life. God then is the source of all life, including eternal life. He dispenses that eternal life to us so that we become the light, through the light incarnate who is Jesus Christ. And for that, turn to chapter 8 and verse 12. Jesus speaking again to the people on the Mount of Olives said, "I am the light of the world. He who follows Me shall not walk in the darkness." Listen to this, "But shall have the light of...what?...the light of what? Life...the light that is life. He is the source of life. He is life because He is God. He not only is life, He gives life. Whoever receives Him receives that life and so we become the possessors of life eternal. God is the light who gives to us the light through His Son who is that light.
The same idea appears again in John chapter 12 verse 46, "I have come...Jesus says in verse 46...as light into the world." What He means by that is He didn't come to bring information, He came to bring life. "I've come as light into the world that everyone who believes in Me may not remain in darkness." And what happens when you believe in Christ, what is He talking about? You don't just receive information, you don't just receive illumination. You receive life. That's the point. And down in verse 50 He even mentions eternal life. Back in verse 47 He came, He says, to save the world. Saving the world, giving eternal life, bringing light is the same thing. Light equals eternal life.
Well, with that in mind turn back to 1 John. And when you come to 1 John, at this point, and you read again verse 5, "This is the message we have heard from Him and announce to you that God is light and in Him there is no darkness at all." Does that take on some new meaning for you? I hope if you were listening. What does that mean "God is light?" He doesn't mean that just that God is just information, it means that God is life, He is the source of all life, especially as far as the gospel is concerned and the New Testament is concerned, especially eternal life for all who believe. And in God's life there is no darkness at all. What does that mean? There is no death, there is no dying. There is nothing contrary to life. And since God is life and light and no darkness and no death, and Christ is life and light and no darkness and no death, and we have been given that life, there is then for us no death. We, like Christ, and like God live forever in that eternal life.
Now that then poses the question, who possesses this, right? How can we be sure that we have this life? Well, it's not just if we say we have it, verse 6, it's if we, verse 7, walk in the light. And John then sets up a series of contrasts that we're going to look at starting next week. John then goes on to discuss who is really a possessor of the light, who really has the life, as opposed to those who are still in the darkness. That basically sets up the rest of the book.
You notice this theme comes back a few times. Turn to chapter 2 and verse 9, it might be on the same page. Chapter 2 verse 9, "The one who says he's in the light," that doesn't do it. "You say you have the life, you say you're in the light, you hate your brother? You're in the darkness." Verse 10, "The one who loves his brother abides in the light and there's no cause for stumbling in him." Verse 11, "The one who hates his brother is in the darkness and walks in the darkness, doesn't know where he's going because the darkness has blinded his eyes." So this is the way it goes through this epistle. It's a contrast between who is in the light, who has the light and who does not. Even over in chapter 5 verses 11 and 12, the same thing is basically emphasized. "The witness is this that God has given us eternal life, this life is in His Son, he who has the Son has the life, he who doesn't have the Son of God doesn't have the life." And remember, life and light are synonymous.
So let's go back to chapter 1 verse 5. When John starts after the introduction of the first four verses in which he affirms the reality of the incarnation and himself as a personal eyewitness, as he starts in to the main emphasis of his epistle, it is critical to have a foundation. And the foundation is that God is light, that's the foundation, God is the source of life, God has given that life through His Son to those who believe. Then the question arises, how do we know who has received that light? How do we know who possesses the life, the eternal life of God? So John puts himself in a position, you could say he's poised to reject claims by those who have no right to claim the light, and to affirm the reality of salvation to those who do have a right to claim the light.
Now remember, there is a polemic tone in all of this because John is trying to protect the churches to whom he writes from deceivers, false teachers, false prophets, liars. John's passion is for the truth. And he wants to expose the liars. And so this whole epistle is at the very foundation of the safety of the church. It is being able to distinguish who really has eternal life. Who really has the light. Who is really in the fellowship. And who is not. Because false teachers are successful because they claim to be in the light. They claim to know the truth. They claim to have the life of God, to be possessors of eternal life. And we're going to see that the first test that John applies to determine whether somebody is really in the light, really possesses the life, really has received eternal life is their attitude toward sin...their attitude toward sin. And in the passage that is before us in this first chapter, John attacks the notion that someone can have eternal life who denies sin. It's a rather simple test to know who possesses eternal life, they confess their sin. And so now you know where we're going in the epistle, where John is going and how important it is that he starts this section by saying, "And this is the message we have heard from Him and announce to you." And he's saying, "This is what I'm telling you because I heard it from Jesus, God is light. This is not my opinion, this is a message we heard from Him, from the incarnate one, the word of life, light incarnate and we're telling it to you. I'm telling you what God in human flesh told me."
Now I want to just mention one other thing that I think will help you. We now understand that when we talk about God as light, we're talking about life. God as the source of life. But there are a couple of things that we want to attach to that. I think they can be easily understood throughout Scripture. There are some properties of God's life that are important to understand. To say that God is life is a general statement, but let's get more specific. When you look at Scripture you will often find light associated with two things. First of all, it is associated with truth. And secondly, it is associated with virtue. When you read through the Scripture you will find that light often indicates truth, there's an intellectual side to it, a knowledge side. And on the other hand you will find that light often speaks of moral conduct. And to show you that, because I think you need to fill up your concept of light, God as light obviously has those two properties of being absolutely true and absolutely pure. God's life is true and holy. And it's an editing process right here in my mind as I stand here and decide how many verses I want to show you, but, for example, here's just a familiar statement, "Thy Word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path." That looks at Scripture as light that is true. Proverbs 6:23, "The commandment is a lamp and the teaching is light." So there's an intellectual aspect to this light. The light of God, the life of God is inextricably linked to, characterized by truth. That's very important to recognize. You can't even talk about the light of the gospel without talking about the truth of the gospel. You can't talk about the Word of God as light without talking about its truthfulness. Psalm 119:130, "The unfolding of Thy words gives light." So that the life of God is characterized by the truth, it features the truth. Very often, as I said, you'll read the Scripture and you'll come across passages of Scripture in which light refers to the truth. It is light to our otherwise dark minds.
But you'll also find, and I won't take the time to go through all kinds of Scriptures on this because our time is nearly gone, light also appears in Scripture in a moral sense. It appears as holiness, virtue, righteousness. For example, in Isaiah 5:20, and there are so many illustrations, I'm just picking a few favorites of mine, it says, "Woe to those who call evil good and good evil," another way to say that, who substitute darkness for light and light for darkness, in that little comparison, darkness equals evil, and light equals good. That kind of discussion appears a number of places in the Old Testament as it does a number of places in the New Testament. We read one earlier, Ephesians 5 and verse 8, if you kind of follow along. "You were formerly darkness, now you are light in the Lord, walk as children of light for the fruit...verse 9...of the light is in all goodness and righteousness and truth." There you have them both.
What is the characteristic of this life? The characteristic is righteousness and truth so that you are learning what's pleasing to the Lord and you are no longer participating in the unfruitful deeds of darkness. All of those things are exposed to the light. You have arisen from the dead and Christ is shining on you because you're living in the light.
So when you think about God as light or God as life, understand that the two great properties of that life are truth and righteousness...truth and holiness. And that becomes very important for John because if you say that you are a possessor of the light, that you are in the light, you have received eternal life, then what we should know about you is that you are devoted to the truth and to righteousness. Because that is the essential nature of that eternal life which God imparts. That's back to 1 John 2:9, if you say you're in the light and you hate your brother, you're not in the light, you're in the darkness because the property of that light is righteousness and righteousness doesn't hate, it loves. So when we think about this eternal life, it touches precisely where we live in a practical sense. If you have eternal life, it manifests itself in your devotion to the truth and your commitment to holiness because this is that eternal life which comes from God. That's why John says, if you say God is light, and He's given you His life, then I can say that since the life of God is characterized by truth and righteousness, if He's given His life to you, then your life, the life that God has granted you in faith through Jesus Christ who is that life, if that has happened then the manifestation of that life in you will be in your commitment to truth and righteousness. John is then saying, if I look at your life and the truth isn't there and I look at your life and the righteousness isn't there, then you're lying when you say you have the life because you don't. Because this life of God is a life that cannot be divorced from the truth of God who cannot lie or from the holiness of God, who cannot sin. In Him there is no darkness at all, no death, no deceit and no iniquity. God is absolutely perfect in knowledge and perfect in holiness. That's His life. That's the essence of His life and when He imparts it to you, it is that very life.
Now obviously we fall short of being like God because that wonderful life is incarcerated in our fallen flesh. But the evidences of that life are manifest in our devotion to the truth and holiness. And as God has nothing to do with the darkness, so we long to have nothing to do with the darkness, nothing to do with the darkness of deception, nothing to do with the darkness of transgression. So this is where John's going to take us. It's not what you say. It's not what you claim. It's what we see, the truth and virtue. And it starts right here. If you say you have the life of God, but you don't have God's attitude toward sin, if you don't have God's truthful and holy hatred of sin, you're lying...you're lying. You don't have His life because His life is consistent with Him. He's the source.
And that brings us to where we need to be. One of the reasons we come to the Lord's table is to confess our sin. If you're reluctant to do that, if you don't see for what it is, if you don't render the same verdict on sin that God does, if you don't homologeo, say the same thing about sin that God says, then you don't have the life of God because if the life of God were in you, your inner being would be saying the same thing about sin that God says, as well as saying the same thing about truth that He says. But if you are a true believer and you are a possessor of the light, then you're going to acknowledge your sin, you're going to see it the way God sees it. And eagerly you're going to do what it says, you're going to confess your sin and in the confessing of your sin, you're going to be agreeing with God. And that faithful and righteous God will forgive you and cleanse you from all unrighteousness. Let's bow together in prayer.
Father, as we contemplate this marvelously rich truth and the foundation of what John is going to be saying in this epistle, we don't want it merely to be a lesson in biblical theology. We want it to become a point of hard examination. We want to look at our own lives. We say we're in the light. We say the light is in us. But do we manifest the characteristics of that divine life, truth, holiness? That's what John presents to us. It doesn't mean anything to say it if it's not supported by the reality and it starts with us acknowledging the very divine attitude, the attitude of the living God toward sin. That is an indicator that we have the life, when we see our sin as He sees it, as it truly is and long for holiness. And that's why this table is so important, Lord, that we would come and that we would examine ourselves and that we would confess our sins and that we would repent, and receive again that foot washing, that cleansing that we need day by day to demonstrate the reality of our life and to be useful to You. We know that all our sins in Christ are covered and it is our willingness to confess that proves that indeed we have received that eternal life because we demonstrate your attitude toward sin. We thank You that You gave Your Son, the Lord Jesus Christ to pay in full the penalty for our sin. We long for the day when we enter in to the full light of eternal glory where the longing for pure truth and pure virtue will be forever fulfilled. Until then, it is the pursuit of our hearts to know the truth, to live it obediently in holiness and that involves doing what You've asked us to do, confessing our sins and we bring them before You now, thanking You that provision has been made through Jesus Christ.


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Lauralee Bell
My favorite [moment] that I wasn't in was when Paul went undercover and his dad Carl thought he'd betrayed him by going against the police. Then finally after months Paul was able to tell his dad the truth. There were tears, hugs, relief as an audience! Amazing! - Lauralee Bell

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Saskatchewan Rivers School Division is a blend of rural and urban education, with the head office (Education Centre) located in the City of Prince Albert. It includes the communities of Big River, Birch Hills, Canwood, Christopher Lake, Debden, Kinistino, Meath Park, Shellbrook, St. Louis and the rural areas around Prince Albert.
Saskatchewan Rivers is the third largest public school division in the province, with 32 schools and approximately 8600 students.
Saskatchewan Rivers is committed to providing quality education for all students as exemplified by the motto "Excellence for Every Learner".
For more information about our school division, contact the Education Centre at 764-1571 or visit our website.
Saskatchewan Rivers Public School Division, a place of excellence.
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I was looking through a magazine the other day and it caused me to wonder, what would we look like if these advertisers wouldn't tell us how to look? I didn't even have to open the magazine and on the cover, the alleged woman of today was smiling at me.
She wore a low-cut, pink miniskirt. She wore no glasses or braces, she was slim, and had overly white perfect teeth. Come to think of it, when was the last time you saw a cover girl who wore glasses, had braces, or was flat chested?
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(In trademark red-checked shirt and red socks, Terkel sips a Quad Club martini during Alumni Weekend 2004)
One of my heroes is Studs Terkel. And this year it is his centenary. Terkel died in 2008 at 96. He's my hero because of the way he interviewed people and did oral history.
In a lovely article in The University of Chicago Magazine (h/t to Peter Lederer), the author says
Terkel became famous once he began to interview the unfamous people whom he described as the "et cetera" of history.His voice was soothing and warm. His tone was sympathetic and interested. He engaged with people in such a way that good conversation was ineluctable. His books, Division Street, and Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do, told us about America and the ways of everyday life. And, by extension, about our own condition wherever we are.
I used to listen to his radio programme when I was in Chicago doing my PhD at Northwestern. WMFT was a classical music station, the nearest thing I could find to BBC Radio 3 (in pre-internet and iPlayer days). For an hour each morning up would pop Studs Terkel talking to someone...anyone...famous or ordinary...it was always interesting. I remember thinking what a great job, to be able to talk to people all the time.
As much as I enjoy reading books, I love going out on an interview never knowing whether I will hear something so interesting, it makes me go "Wow." That feeling of coming across something new is a tremendous feeling.
Maybe Terkel didn't theorize in the way that social scientists are "meant" to do, but in fact he did so. Terkel drew out the salient details of a person's story in such a way that the story made sense and had a feeling of completeness about it that rambling narratives never achieve. To do that with the "et cetera" of society is a wonderful skill.
I've just published my first foray into oral history with Peter Lederer on "Becoming a Cosmopolitan Lawyer", which can be downloaded from SSRN or the Fordham Law Review, along with other papers. We are planning much more.
Oral history is a great way to learn about the world and I encourage legal and socio-legal researchers to use it. There's a long list of resources here.
But the final word must go to Studs Terkel
People are hungry for stories. It's part of our very being. Storytelling is a form of history, of immortality too. It goes from one generation to another.


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When it comes time to restore a car, the trim can become a big part of the build. If you redo an entire car, you can't just bolt on those old parts with a new paint job. That would almost be like putting on a tuxedo with a dirty pair of sneakers. Most people will paint the car and then send out their trim to be completely redone or restored. This usually takes some time and can be an issue if you're pressed for time.
When you decide to build a car, you should always look into the availability of parts, as that could save you some cash. What do we mean? Sometimes it's easier to buy new aftermarket parts, as we did for this '64 Impala, instead of restoring old trim. Building show vehicles usually means deadlines and time issues. Buying new trim will cut your time in half, as you'll have it in hand and won't have to be waiting on it to come back from the chrome shop or the polisher.
The "now" factor allows you to put your ride together quickly instead of waiting. And these days, the quality of aftermarket replacement parts, like those from CARS, Inc. and other restoration parts businesses that you'll see mentioned in LRM, is right there, with a cost factor that won't bust your budget. Now follow along as this Impala gets put together using off-the-shelf moldings from CARS, Inc.


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As Clinton waits, O'Malley moves
Democratic Gov. Martin O'Malley is so serious about laying the groundwork for a possible 2016 presidential bid, he's even talked to the elephant in the room: Hillary Clinton.
O'Malley told political allies at a closed-door meeting in mid-April that he called Clinton, who told him he should do what he needs to do. For him, that includes visiting early primary states, campaigning and fundraising for fellow Democrats, and growing his political network.
Story Continued Below
But the biggest hurdle for O'Malley, or any other Democratic contender, is still Clinton herself. She's frozen the field as potential challengers wait to see what she does. O'Malley's moves are a reminder that eventually there will be a thaw regardless of what Clinton does — or doesn't do.
Michael Stratton, who attended the April meeting, said O'Malley is taking all the necessary steps for a possible presidential bid.
( Also on POLITICO: Jeb 2016: The Bush battle within)
"He's making a concrete effort now," said Stratton, a veteran Democratic presidential campaign operative based in Colorado. "He has to put a marker down at this time if he is going to be in this conversation."
Several attendees said they believe O'Malley is laying the ground for a campaign whether or not Clinton gets in the race.
O'Malley spokeswoman Elisabeth Smith disputed that characterization.
"Anyone who left the meeting with that impression is mistaken," Smith said in a statement. "The governor hasn't made any decisions about his next steps and certainly did not voice any that day."
So far, the Maryland governor has taken many of the steps he'd need to launch a presidential campaign. During his meeting with political supporters from across the country at the Hilton Baltimore, O'Malley outlined in a PowerPoint presentation his plans to fundraise and campaign for Democratic candidates and continue to build his political network over the next several months.
( Also on POLITICO:Rove vs. Clinton)
He's also visiting key primary states like New Hampshire and Iowa. Last week, he attended an event for South Carolina Democratic gubernatorial candidate state Sen. Vincent Sheheen, and Wednesday he'll be inside the Beltway headlining a fundraiser for Bakari Sellers, a Democratic candidate for South Carolina lieutenant governor.
O'Malley has made no secret that he is considering a presidential run, but he has held off making an official announcement.
Still, O'Malley's camp said no final decisions have been made.
"Gov. O'Malley has repeatedly said that he is looking at the possibility of running for president in 2016. The responsible thing is to be prepared for that possibility, and that's what he's trying to do," O'Malley spokeswoman Smith said.
While other presidential contenders have been waiting for Clinton's next move, O'Malley has been more aggressive. He has also traveled to Wisconsin, California and Nevada in recent weeks. He is expected to make trips to Maine, Michigan, Florida and Pennsylvania.
( Also on POLITICO: Reid criticizes Graham abortion bill)
Former Pennsylvania Gov. Ed Rendell said that other possible Democratic presidential candidates, like Sens. Mark Warner of Virginia and Amy Klobuchar of Minnesota are biding their time to see what Clinton will do. Vice President Joe Biden, who is widely considered to be the front-runner if Clinton chooses not to run, has met with some fundraisers and has made several visits to key states like South Carolina.
"I think he is an attractive candidate in general, but in terms of Hillary Clinton, Martin should not run if Hillary runs," Rendell said, praising O'Malley's tenure as Baltimore mayor and Maryland governor. "He would be better off being a loyal soldier. He actually would fit the demographic well as a vice president to Hillary."
While Clinton is the obvious front-runner — several Democratic lobbyists, political operatives, local officials and others have said supporting O'Malley in a primary could be more politically advantageous since Clinton already has a slew of long-time advisers. And, his liberal legislative victories on everything from gay marriage to pushing through legislation that makes Maryland's gun laws among the toughest in the country are also attractive to the party activists.


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Rule #1 - Be Patient - Rule #2 - Don't ask when, if you don't contribute - Rule #3 - You have coding skills - LinuxMCE's small brother is available: http://www.agocontrol.com
Recompile Xine to be able to use all of is features? Is it possible??Conect the MC box to my DSLRouter (Is it possible with Wireless conection?)Conect the MC box to my network (better Samba or NFS?)
1. Possible but probably not easy, I expect that would probably take a lot of figuring out.
I think it's a known limitation of LMCE to only utilize a single optical (CD or DVD) drive. You can find some more information on suitable hardware here: http://wiki.linuxmce.org/index.php/Category:Hardware
keep in mind you also have support for jukeboxes...and while you can only have one standard optical drive per machine..you CAN have one on each machine, and it will utilise them...AND...you can have multiple jukeboxes.-Thom


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beating bezoars with fermatas on forte
Architecture from A to Z
dada inspired hand puppets
Stand upright, Speak your thoughts - Voltaire
Watch out. They can ruin your day…
Living Well and Dating Again After Separation
Living in the Real World
An absurd look at the human condition featuring stories, reviews, essays, travel and a humorous take on daily events that could affect YOU!
Personal experiences in the world of Male Chastity
Words, words, words
A Hopefully Formerly Depressed Human Vows To Practice Self-Approval
The thoughts of a mess of a girl who dreams of being uncomplicated and whole.
Fiction, Monologues, Plays & More
Music, Gig Reviews and Articles
A journey through infertility, life with twins, and other random thoughts.
Incoherent introspection.
Anna Fonté: the things she writes want you to look at them.
postcards of the hanging
Myfanwy Tristram, comic artist


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Let's Stay In Touch
Get and stay connected by sharing your contact information with City staff as part of the Neighborhood Network. Digital contacts help us share timely information and save on printing and postage. You can:
The Downtown and Overlake neighborhoods contain Redmond's two urban centers. The Bear Creek, Sammamish Valley, Southeast Redmond, and Willows / Rose Hill neighborhoods include a variety of land uses such as business parks, industrial and manufacturing, and residential. The remaining neighborhoods of Education Hill, Grass Lawn, Idylwood, and North Redmond predominantly include residential land uses.
To learn more about Redmond's neighborhoods, please visit the respective neighborhood pages or contact Neighborhood Planning staff, 425-556-2440.


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Water Gardens & Features Q & A
Q: How do you split water lilies?
A: Whether they're hardy, tropical, day or night bloomer, water lilies beautify decorative backyard ponds. Their vivid colors add a dash of drama in an otherwise green landscape, which is probably why you added them to the pond in the first place!
In the confines of an aquatic pot or plant basket in a decorative pond, water lilies can quickly run out of space and nutrients.
When those flowers stop blossoming and the leaves grow to excess, it's a sure sign that it's time to divide and replant the lilies. With a little know-how, splitting lilies is a chore that can be done in no time. Here's how to do it:
1. Remove your overgrown plants from the water garden in the spring, sometime around March or April, when the water temperature starts to rise. Put on your waterproof gardening gloves, like the Aqua Gloves™, and carefully lift the plant to a work space and remove it from its container. You may need to cut open the basket, depending how pot-bound the plant is.
2. Next, wash off old soil and roots not attached to the plant. Split the crown of the plant with a sharp knife to cut through the creamy white rhizome, saving the youngest parts of the clump, typically around the outside edge, for repotting. Examine the rhizome for damage or signs of disease, like soft patches of rot. Cut those portions off.
3. Trim the long, coarse roots back to 4 to 5 inches. Line your new plant basket with landscape cloth or similar material and position three to five pieces of rhizome in the basket with their growing tips facing outward to help avoid competition as the crowns develop.
4. Fill in around the rhizomes with aquatic soil, like Microbe-Lift® Aquatic Plant Media, making sure the roots are spread well into the soil and the crown is sitting just below the soil surface. Gently press the plant in and compact the soil.
5. Finish repotting by applying a layer of gravel. This helps anchor plants, keeps the soil in the pot and deters fish from digging out the plants. Return the lily to the water garden taking care when positioning the
pot not to tip the lily out.
You can expect to divide your water lilies every few years or so, depending on your particular variety and growth rate. To keep you plants healthy and thriving between transplanting, be sure to fertilize regularly with aquatic plant foods, like TetraPond® LilyGro™ Tablets, Microbe-Lift® Bloom & Grow™ or the convenient Fertilizer Spikes.
POND TALK: How often do you split and repot your water lilies?
Filed under: Aquatic Plants, Water Gardens & Features | Tagged: splitting water lilies, water lilies, water lily |


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Soft shell drinking pouch with carabineer clip attachment. Ideal for hiking and camping.
Park picnic blanket. Classic blanket with tartan pattern. The backing protects against water and dirt. The handle makes it easy to carry this blanket. Blanket size is 145 x 130 cm. Acrylic with water resistant backing.
Chill picnic lounge set. Picnic set including comfortable blanket with water resistant backing (152 x 124cm) and 2 inflatable pillows with soft fleece covers. The blanket folds down to a compact zipped tote with handle for easy carrying and two pockets to store small accessories. Ideal for use in the garden, park or at the beach. Polyester fleece with water resistant backing.
Modesto picnic carrier. The picnic carrier consists of 2 compartments, one to hold your food and one to hold up to 3 bottles of wine. The set includes a cutting board, two knives & forks and a wine opener, all stored in a separate zipped compartment. The carrier is equipped with durable straps for easy carrying. Exclusive design. 600D Polyester.
Chair with a metal frame, 600 D Polyester Seat and cup holder which can be folded into a separate nylon carry case
Travel chair which expands as a seat and folds for convenient storage. Seat made from durable polyester and the frame is made from black metal. Ideal for sporting events and camping.
Picnic set for 2 people in 600D polyester case with easy carry handle. Includes 11 picnic accessories.
Travel chair which expands as a seat and folds for convenient storage. Seat made from durable polyester and the frame is made from black metal. Arm rests built in with mesh pockets for holding drinks. Ideal for sporting events and camping.
Twenty five piece polyester (600D) picnic rucksack with plastic cutlery for four people.
2 person picnic backpack and cooler in 600D polyester with bottle cooler compartment.
Willow picnic basket for two people with stainless steel cutlery with plastic handles, two ceramic plates, and two 0.21 ml ceramic mugs.
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|Visible's Books at Amazon
|The Darkening Splendor
of an Unknown World
A spellbinding tale of mystery and the occult; haunted by a malevolent presence, Alan Douglas, a New York Detective, moves to Hawaii - where he encounters kidnappings, grisly murders, weird events and dark forces leading to a thunderous showdown of good and evil in a tale both horrifying and sublime...
Click here for more information or click the Kindle icon to buy from Amazon.
|Spiritual Survival
in a Temporal World
Visible stamps his unique, inspired and seemingly effortless style within the pages of 'Spiritual Survival'; this outstanding guide will enable every seeker of truth and spirit to not merely navigate the spiritual path, but to thrive upon it during our extra-ordinary transit.
Click here for more information or choose an icon to buy your preferred format from Amazon.
|The Curious Tale of
Ash and The Whine
Infused with a wealth of occult wisdom and comparable to the works of Hermann Hesse, 'Ash and The Whine' is a not only a brilliant supernatural thriller in its own right - but one which also relays the truth about those responsible for 911 and other terror attacks in recent times...
Click here for more information or choose an icon to buy your preferred format from Amazon.


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By Armando Orozco
Be wary the next time you enter your passcode into your iPhone on the bus – someone could be shoulder surfing. In fact, a team of researchers from the University of North Carolina has developed a system to watch you pecking out characters on your phone, analyse the video, and produce a pretty accurate guess of what you were typing.
When people talk about key loggers, they're usually thinking about malware that sits on a computer and surreptitiously monitors what keys people are pressing. But these university researchers are applying an entirely different approach to key logging. Instead of putting software on computers, they are investigating ways to monitor the text that people input into their mobile phones. They do it by taking video of your phone, either directly (over your shoulder or from the side), or simply by reading the reflections of your phone's screen in your glasses.
The researchers developed a mechanism for looking at mobile phone screens using cheap, mobile videocameras. The cameras record video of people typing on 'soft' keyboards, such as those used by Apple's iPhone. These keyboards commonly use 'pop out' animations, in which the key being pressed gets bigger when pressed, to confirm to the user that they have selected the right letter. The pop-out animation makes it easier to see which keys are being pressed in the video.
Mobile cameras have increased dramatically in quality lately, making them far more capable of capturing reflected keyboard images. These cameras are embedded in smartphones, of course, or if you wanted to get even techier, you could buy one of these.
The researchers' mechanism involves identifying the phone within the video image, so that it can follow the phone as it moves around. Their process then compares images of the phone from the video with a reference image, mapping features on the phone to features on the reference image, which helps to compensate for distortion (especially if the phone is reflected in a pair of concave sunglasses, for example). This creates a stable enough image of the phone in the video to let the automated process detect key presses on the soft keyboard, mapping their position to tell which keys have been pressed.
Their keyboard-sniffing methodology then runs the data through a language parsing system that matches what the video thinks you entered against dictionary models, to produce estimates of what was actually typed. The results were surprisingly accurate, with scores of good (or above). All of the tests scored above the threshold indicating an understandable result.
So, this system could be used to sniff passwords that you entered on your phone. But what about if your password was deliberate gibberish? It turns out that even single-character recognition (not run through a parsing engine to find likely dictionary words) was remarkably accurate. Over half of gibberish passwords would have been recognised, according to the researchers' tests.
What does all this mean? This was theoretical work – it's unlikely that anyone is going to be recording reflections of your phone as you type in your password on the bus. Nevertheless, it shows how insecure mobile systems can be, with the right exploit. If nothing else, it's a fascinating insight into human ingenuity. You can read the study here.


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Emmy-winning producer Craig McCracken, among the most sought-after talent in TV animation, is the creator/executive producer of Disney Channel's upcoming "Wander Over Yonder", an animated comedy series about best friends and epic enemies, set in surreal places across the universe. Wander is an overly-optimistic intergalactic traveler who, along with his loyal but bullish steed, Sylvia, goes from planet to planet helping people to live free and have fun, all against the evil reign of Lord Hater and his army of Watchdogs.
Episode Dates and Show Summary for Wander Over Yonder (Newest First)


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Learn more about contingency fees here
Moreover, judges throw out frivolous cases and can sanction lawyers who bring them. And as explained above, the contingency fee system acts to screen out baseless lawsuits. Researchers have looked into this, as well. For example, the Harvard School of Public Health studied medical malpractices cases and found no evidence of frivolous cases, stating "[p]ortraits of a malpractice system that is stricken with frivolous litigation are overblown."
Learn more here
(For more information about "who pays", see http://www.epi.org/publications/entry/bp157/)
In 2005, the Economic Policy Institute ("EPI") released a study debunking common myths about the costs of the legal system and its burden on consumers. According to EPI, "There is no historical correlation between the inflated estimates of the costs of the tort system and corporate profits, product quality, productivity, or research and development (R&D) spending. Evidence suggests that the tort system, without the proposed restrictions, has actually been beneficial to the economy in all these areas." Moreover, says EPI, "significant tort law change would be more likely to slow employment growth than to promote it. Endlessly repeating that so-called 'tort reform' will create jobs does not make it true."


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- Publish date:
- Updated on
- Year
- 1875
Billy the Kid is arrested for the first time
On this day in 1875, 15-year-old Billy the Kid is arrested for the first time.
An older acquaintance of Billy's had stolen a bag of clothes from a Chinese laundryman as a joke and convinced the always affable Billy to hide it for him. When Billy was literally caught holding the bag, a Silver City policeman threw him in the local jail to teach him a lesson. Languishing in a cramped cell for this petty offense, Billy discovered a deep-seated terror of confinement. After enduring his imprisonment for two days, he took advantage of his diminutive frame to worm his way up a chimney and escape. From that day forward Billy would be on the wrong side of the law, though he would soon be guilty of crimes far more serious than hiding a stolen bag of laundry.
Born in New York City in either 1859 or 1860, the boy who would later achieve an almost inexplicable level of worldwide fame as Billy the Kid, was at various times known as Henry McCarty, Henry Antrim, and William Bonney, reflecting the uncertain identity of his real father. The young Billy's home life was equally uncertain and perhaps even abusive, and he had a rootless childhood that took him to Indiana, Kansas, and finally Silver City, New Mexico, where his mother settled down and ran a boarding house. Although she was plagued by tuberculosis, Billy's mother, Catherine, was reportedly "a jolly Irish lady, full of life and mischief." She died when Billy was just 14, leaving the boy to eke out a meager existence on his own.
Unquestionably, Billy's childhood was a hard and difficult one, but no more so than that of thousands of other young orphans. For a time the boy even seemed to be headed for an unremarkable life as a hard-working, honest, and unusually friendly young man. The owner of a hotel where Billy worked for his room and board later even praised his young employee as "the only kid who ever worked here who never stole anything." Only after his unjust arrest and imprisonment for hiding a bag of dirty laundry did the good-natured and hardworking William Bonney start down the road to becoming the ruthless murdering outlaw Billy the Kid.


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top from urban outfitters // shorts from romwe // flannel shirt from salvation army // beanie from dresslink // boots from jessica buurman
GUESS WHO HAS GOT INTO UNIVERSITY?!!! Yep, that's right, your gal Mannie right here, all the revision has finally paid off! So it has been a while since I've done an outfit post, so here it is. And I thought it would be time for a little update too.
I managed to get into my first choice university to study mathematics with management with an A* in maths, A in textiles, A in chinese, A in the extended project, A in A/S further maths... along with a C in english aha! (For those of you who have no idea what I'm talking about, they are my A-level examination grades which are required to enter universities in the UK. Of course, I was absolutely thrilled with my results that I burst out crying when I opened my envelope in college.
Currently I've been busy packing for university (leaving in 2 week's time eeeeek!). I'm sure it'll be an amazing experience, even better than others claimed because my best friend Natalia has also got into the same university... I live in room 004 and she lives in room 005, I think we will definitely get sick of each other in no time haha!
Let's move onto this outfit, I have recently received a pair of boots from Jessica Buurman and I absolutely love it, I have never owned a cowgirl styled boots so these boots intrigued me so much I can't wait to get more wear out of them as I layer up some woollen socks with them in this coming winter!
Jessica Buurman boots: http://www.shopjessicabuurman.com/carmen-gold-studded-ankle-boots-p-685.html
I will definitely be back with another post sooner than you'd expect, so stay tuned :)
Mannie x


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Search the Community
Showing results for tags 'museum'.
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Shooting Down Some Mustang Myths
Tom Griffith posted a topic in Second World War (1939 - 1945)Well, I see that some of the folks apparently get their history from fairy tale books, and are "commenting" like crazy on the P-51 posts in this forum. Back when I was a young man, there was a real chick-flick, called "Love Story." The theme song to it was sung by Andy Williams, and aside from being on the Top 100 Songs list for a number of weeks, it may have won some awards, too. The title and first line of the song was "Where Do I Begin?". That's fitting for what follows. Before I get cookin', please know that about 90% of the stuff that I grew up learning about the P-51 Mustang and its siblings, the A-36A and the F-6, was W-R-O-N-G! I've had to be educated - many times from folks who knew a lot more about the subject than I even thought I knew, and other times by reading many books and articles. This has all helped me immensely. I have also read a number of official USAAF books, as well as USAAF and North American Aviation documents. Furthermore, I have done some checking with archivists, etc. I'm working on my Doctorate in Mustangology, you might say! ...so here's where I begin: The Mustang (which it wasn't called until the RAF accepted it - and it was a British name at that - and, neither North American Aviation nor the USAAF/USAAC gave it an official name at that point in history, because it was not developed for any branch of the US military) was designed 100% by Americans, and engineering drawings, etc were all done by Americans as well. I'm talking about the gang at NAA. It *WAS* designed based on British specifications but the Brits did not develop, design nor draft any of the drawings that resulted in getting the protype aircraft built. True, they made "suggestions" and "contributions" throughout its development and operational history, many of which were incorporated into the production Mustangs as the War went on and on. NAA called the prototype "NA-73x" and the first samples provided to the RAF (the USAAF latched onto a couple of the samples, too) were called "NA-73." The first 380 production aircraft that the Brits called "Mustang Mk I" were also NA-73s. The next batch, 300 aircraft, was designated NA-83 by North American. Because there were no real differences between the NA-73 and NA-83, the 300 later aircraft too, were called "Mustang Mk I." The only difference I've ever seen is that the -73s had rounded cross-section exhaust stacks, and the -83s had fish-tail ejector exhaust tips. After those 680 were built and supplied, the Brits wanted the aircraft to be armed with four 20 mm cannons, replacing the four .50 Cal Browning Machine Guns and the four.30 Cal BMGs. NAA came up with NA-91 which the RAF called "Mustang Mk IA." The USAAF naturally got a couple of those, liked them and this resulted in the P-51 (no suffix), which by the way, is mislabeled "P-51A" in the article that I just read on this website. There were about 150 P-51s, and about 50 were fitted with 2 cameras and were called the "P-51-1-NA." They kept their 20 mm cannons, by the way. They were renamed "F-6A" to reflect their photo-recon roles. Some sources even go so far as clarifying that the F-6As were later called "P-51-2-NA." Note that the two NA-91 aircraft that had their Allisons replaced with Merlins, along with less major changes, became the XP-51B, and at first they still had the monster 20 mm cannons in the wings. Photos of them in their early stages of testing had the cannons still installed (they were WAAAY too long-barreled to miss!), and later ones had the cannons removed and the leading edge of the wings were smoothly faired over where the guns long fairings had been before. Not discussed in previous comments, though, was the fact that THIS aircraft came along at a point in history where the official NAA and USAAF name of "Apache" was given to this "family" of aircraft. The Brits naturally continued to call it "Mustang." In mid-1942, though, both the USAAF and NAA, in a nearly unique situation, officially renamed it "Mustang," following the RAF name. As a aside, the A-36A (NAA gave it the production name of "NA-97"). FYI , NAA gave these "NA-number" designations to all aircraft in chronological order by this simple numbering system, according to the debut of the projects, regardless of whether the aircraft was a B-25 Mitchell or an AT-6/SNJ. The first B-25 was NA-50, and the first AT-6 was NA-26, for what it's worth. Each version of an existing NAA aircraft was given whatever was the "next number in the sequence." So, from the NA-73x prototype, the sequence of production aircraft in the Mustang family were: NA-73, -83, -91, -97, -99, -102, -103, -104, -106, -109, -110, -111, -122, -124, -126 and -129 (for the P-51L-NT, equivalent to the P-51H [which was the NA-126, BTW] which was canceled). I posted this arcane info only to underscore the fact that the Mustang family was not composed of a series of consecutive "NA-numbers." Interspersed in the above number sequence were I mention this because the A-36A (no prototype and the only version built – 500 total) has been misnamed "Apache" in probably 90% of all sources, be they books or websites by "experts." The official NAA and USAAF name was always – ALWAYS – "Mustang." Pilots in the USAAF's 12th Air Force called it by a name that they themselves came up with: "Invader." The pilots went so far as to petition (not sure if it was to both the USAAF and NAA or only one of them) to rename the A-36A to "Invader." This was in vain, because Douglas Aircraft had already been given this official name and EVERY aircraft in what I call the "Mustang family" (including the F-6 line – the P-51A photo recon version was the F-6B; the P-51B/C, F-6C; the P-51D, F-6D; the P-51K, F-6K) was "Mustang" … period (or exclamation mark!), end of sentence. I've got a 1944 USAAF book with this info and a scan of an official 1944 US government document on naming of aircraft. Not enough "proof," some folks say – well, the two major Mustang books clearly state this fact. Those books, "Mustang: The Story of the P-51 Fighter" by Robert Gruenhagen and "Mustang Designer: Edgar Schmued and the P-51," by Ray Wagner. Gruenhagen was an NAA historian and Wagner was an author of a number of books on aircraft. Gruenhagen is still alive, although advanced in age and physically ill – a friend, an author in his own right, had been in contact with Bob, as he calls him, and said that his mind was still sharp as the proverbial tack. Ray Wagner has been dead for a while, AFAIK. Oh, and an online expert, Joe Baugher clearly states the fact that the A-36A, was called "Mustang." Furthermore, having used the Boeing Archives for reference before (Boeing acquired NAA's surviving documents that came into possession of them when North American Rockwell acquired NAA. Boeing, in turn, acquired NAR and Boeing now has the documents, photos, etc in their historical archives), I contacted Boeing's historical archivist via email, asking if he could find references to "Apache" being given to the A-36 in anything from NAA. (BTW, I also have scans of two different pages from "Skywriter," NAA's employee newsletter and they both state "A-36 Mustang). The archivist replied with a clear statement when I told him that I couldn't find ANYTHING official, that called the A-36A "Apache" and here's his reply, copied and pasted from the email to me: "I agree, Apache was a tentative name given to the XP-51 and P-51 prior to the USAAF giving official names around the end of 1942. The name never applied to the A-36." I can see it coming – someone will say, "I've got proof that will trump all of your authors and sources." The "proof"? The National Museum of the US Air Force in Dayton, OH has a beautiful A-36A named "Margie H," on display. This museum is on my "must visit" list, BTW. The placard clearly has "North American A-36A APACHE" on it…so, there you go – it's "Apache." I'm going to attempt to attach it to this comment. I've never been a quitter, so I contacted the Curator at the NMUSAF in September, 2017. Here's the main paragraph from the first reply from him: "Thank you for contacting the National Museum of the United States Air Force. We are circulating an update to the sign text with the correct associated nickname, "Mustang". At present, we have been unable to locate any contemporary source which designates the aircraft A-36A "Apache". Should we locate any such resource we will let certainly let you know. The nickname "Apache" will now be mentioned in the body of the text, described instead as a popular nickname. The main signage will read North American A-36A Mustang." I guess that the only thing that I need to spread more love on is that nonsense statement (I'll be paraphrasing here) that said, "the Mustang wasn't any kind of fighter until they put a British engine into it." TRUE, Allison V12 as it existed in the Allison-engined Mustangs was at best, a "medium altitude" engine, and its power, and therefore airspeed and rate of climb fell off around 12-13,000 ft. What made the production Merlin Mustangs "greater," was that the Merlin, as used in the XP-51Bs and the P-51B up through the P-51B-5-NA had two-stage, two-speed superchargers (with a liquid-cooled aftercooler) – that was a Packard Merlin Dash 3 engine. What made the Merlin Mustangs eventually even GREATER, though, was upgrading the engine to a Dash 7 which happened in the P-51B-10-NA and later Mustangs. Had the production P-51Bs and later had Dash 1 engines, they'd have had similar restrictions to the power output at higher altitudes. I say all this because there was proof that "Merlinizing" an aircraft did nothing magical to it (and NO, the Merlin got its name from a small bird of prey, not Merlin the great magician!) – the case in point was the P-40F. It had a V-1650-1 in it, and while it had a higher rate of climb for a while, it, too was NOT a high-altitude engine. Furthermore, had any of the newer Allisons be fitted into any pre-B-model P-51s – like the basic Allison in the P-63 (but obviously with a different prop reduction gearbox setup!) – they would've theoretically been good performers at high altitudes, too. I'm looking forward to Comments from the folks who read this. I'm "full of it" when it comes to info about Mustangs.
Port Moresby, PNG, War Museum
David Metherell posted a topic in Battlefields, Monuments & MuseumsIf you get a chance to visit Papua New Guinea, stop by their museum in Port Moresby.


text:
As one of the world's most remote island chains, the Phoenix Islands — located within the Republic of Kiribati in the heart of the Pacific Ocean — comprise an island archipelago and ocean wilderness area of immense global value. One of Earth's last intact oceanic coral archipelago ecosystems, Kiribati's eight islands boast unique coral reefs and globally-important bird populations. In fact, more than 120 species of coral and 514 species of reef fish have been identified (including several new species) with unique assemblages reflecting the islands' remoteness in the central Pacific. The coral-reef-based ecosystem, unlike most of the reefs in the world today, is healthy with an abundance of key marine species seldom encountered elsewhere.
With a number of emerging threats, however, isolation can no longer be relied upon to conserve these islands. Vulnerability to climate change — including sea level rise and ocean acidification and warming — and increasing global pressure on tuna resources put the existence of the Phoenix Islands and the well-being of Kiribati's people in jeopardy.
CI supported the Kiribati government's 2006 declaration of the Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA), and since then, we have partnered in the design, establishment and implementation of the 408,250-square-kilometer protected area (157,626 square miles or about the size of California) — right in the midst of the world's largest remaining tuna fishery. Since Kiribati first envisioned the PIPA, CI has supported a number of pivotal steps along the way to full implementation, including legal designation in 2008; the creation of a conservation trust in 2009; five scientific expeditions; designation as the world's largest and deepest UNESCO World Heritage site in 2010; and restoration of three of the eight islands. We also continue to leverage partnerships and investment with the New England Aquarium and Kiribati's leadership. The region's first large-scale marine protected area, PIPA is recognized as the founding site in the Pacific Island Forum Leaders' Pacific Oceanscape — and has generated a sea change in how we view our oceans.
Kiribati has few viable paths toward economic development given its lack of resources, small home market, limited infrastructure and remoteness from external markets. Like many other island nations, its wealth lies within its waters — all 3.5 million square kilometers (1.4 million square miles or an area roughly the size of India). Revenue from commercial fishing and licensing amount to almost half of its national income, and fishing fleets from South Korea, Japan, China and the United States pay licensing fees to operate in Kiribati's territorial waters. However, due to its large span and limited monitoring capacity, Kiribati also loses untold millions of dollars of income per year from illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in its surrounding ocean waters.
With support from CI's
Global Conservation Fund (GCF), the PIPA partners (the Government of Kiribati, the New England Aquarium and CI) established the
PIPA Conservation Trust, a non-governmental organization established under the laws of the Republic of Kiribati. Its primary objective is to provide long-term sustainable financing for the conservation of terrestrial and marine biodiversity in the PIPA. The trust is governed by its board of directors appointed by the PIPA partners. With contributions from GCF and the Government of Kiribati, the trust has an endowment of US$ 5 million and aims to add another US$ 8.5 million by 2015.
I've been a scientific explorer for most of my adult life, and this work has taken me all over the world. I've made over 7,000 dives in every sea on Earth, explored depths of 18,000 feet in submersibles, and even lived underwater for 30 days in a specialized habitat..
About 10 years ago I was asked to lead a scientific expedition to the remote Phoenix Islands, one island group of the Republic of Kiribati in the central Pacific, five days from anywhere. At that time these islands had never been dived, so this was a once in a lifetime opportunity, and one that proved to be a turning point for me, both personally and professionally. -
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