text:
Top Items:
Lauren Windsor / The Nation:
Caught on Tape: What Mitch McConnell Complained About to a Roomful of Billionaires (Exclusive) — At a secret meeting of elite donors convened by the Koch brothers, McConnell laid out his plan for shrinking the federal government and whined about having to vote on minimum wage bills.
Kristina Peterson / Wall Street Journal: McConnell: Will Use Budget to Undo Obama Agenda if GOP Captures Senate
Mike Lux / The Huffington Post: Politicians and Billionaires: Pledging Allegiance to Each Other in Secret
Sarah Jones / PoliticusUSA: Mitch McConnell Promises the Kochs That Republicans Can Do Their Bidding With 51 Votes
Hart Williams / his vorpal sword: How Mitch McConnell sells out the American People to Kochs + Cronies
Sahil Kapur / Talking Points Memo: AUDIO: McConnell Explains How He'd Force A Shutdown War With Obama
Joan McCarter / Daily Kos: Arkansas Senate candidate Tom Cotton applauded by Kochs for voting against his state
Joel Gehrke / National Review: Liberals Catch Mitch McConnell Repeating His Public Statements in Private
Jim Hoft / The Gateway Pundit: Liberal Bombshell: Mitch McConnell Wants Accountable Govt., Responsible Spending
Sam Stein / The Huffington Post:
At Koch Retreat, Top GOP Senate Candidates Credited Koch Network For Their Rise — WASHINGTON — Three top Republican Senate candidates heaped praise on the political network built by the conservative billionaires Charles and David Koch during a secretive conference held by the brothers this past summer …
Greg Sargent / Washington Post: Morning Plum: GOP Senate candidates confirm extent of Koch brothers' influence
Joan McCarter / Daily Kos: Mitch McConnell exposes Kochs' extremist agenda, and just how committed to it he is
Daniel Strauss / Talking Points Memo: Iowa GOPer Joni Ernst Credits Kochs For Plucking Her From Obscurity (AUDIO)
Jonathan Martin / New York Times: Mitch McConnell Is Headed Down the Stretch
Lady Libertine:
EXCLUSIVE AUDIO: Mitch McConnell at the Koch Brothers Donor Summit
EXCLUSIVE AUDIO: Mitch McConnell at the Koch Brothers Donor Summit
Discussion: addictinginfo.org, PoliticusUSA, Talking Points Memo and Daily Kos
Sarah Jones / PoliticusUSA: The Epic Stupidity of the Rich Who Run the GOP Gets Caught On Secret Tape
Caitlin MacNeal / Talking Points Memo: AUDIO: McConnell Whines About 'Gosh Darn' Minimum Wage Bill
Josh Israel / ThinkProgress:
McConnell Promises Billionaire Donors He Won't Waste Time On 'Gosh Darn' Minimum Wage Increases
McConnell Promises Billionaire Donors He Won't Waste Time On 'Gosh Darn' Minimum Wage Increases
Melissa McEwan / Shakesville: In the News — Here is some stuff in the news today...
CBO's Publications:
An Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook: 2014 to 2024 — The federal budget deficit has fallen sharply during the past few years, and it is on a path to decline further this year and next year. However, later in the coming decade, if current laws governing federal taxes …
Discussion: ThinkProgress, ABC News, U.S. News, New York Times, National Review, Washington Free Beacon, Washington Post, Hit & Run and Wall Street Journal
John Parkinson / ABC News: US Economy Growing Slower Than White House Predicted
Katherine Peralta / U.S. News: CBO Projects Narrower Budget Deficit in 2014
Binyamin Appelbaum / New York Times: Budget Office Raises Deficit Estimate for Fiscal Year to $506 Billion
Vero de Rugy / National Review: The CBO's New Budget Outlook: Debt Ahoy!
Lori Montgomery / Washington Post: CBO: Deficit falls to $506 billion in 2014, but debt continues to rise
Peter Suderman / Hit & Run: CBO: Deficit is Down, But Debt Remains High
Pedro Nicolaci da Costa / Wall Street Journal: Fed Policy, Revenues, Help Relieve U.S. Budget Pressure: CBO
New York Times:
Medicare: Not Such a Budget-Buster Anymore
Medicare: Not Such a Budget-Buster Anymore
Discussion: Washington Post and Prairie Weather
Paul Waldman / Washington Post: Yes, Obamacare is cutting the deficit
Romina Boccia / Daily Signal:
New Report Shows U.S. Deficit for Just This Year Is Huge
New Report Shows U.S. Deficit for Just This Year Is Huge
Discussion: Hot Air, Wall Street Journal, CBO's Publications and VodkaPundit
Doug Elmendorf / CBO's Publications: Remarks on CBO's Updated Budget and Economic Projections
Stephen Green / VodkaPundit: Surprise: We Have a Spending Problem
Kathie Obradovich / Des Moines Register:
Steve King: Fall budget battle hinges on immigration — Congressman Steve King said today the threat of another government shutdown could be Republicans' leverage to pass border security and immigration legislation this fall. — Congress must act before the end of September to either approve …
Discussion: Talking Points Memo and PoliticusUSA
Igor Bobic / The Huffington Post:
Marco Rubio Hints At A Government Shutdown Fight Over Immigration
Marco Rubio Hints At A Government Shutdown Fight Over Immigration
Discussion: Washington Monthly, The Atlantic Online, ThinkProgress, The New Republic, Hot Air and Talking Points Memo
Igor Volsky / ThinkProgress: Republicans Threaten To Shut Down The Government If Obama Extends Relief To Immigrants
Danny Vinik / The New Republic: Stop Twisting Republican Quotes. They're Not Threatening Another Government Shutdown.
Noah Rothman / Hot Air: Liberal magazine cautions journalists WH playing them with shutdown fears, is ignored
Matthew Boyle / BREITBART.COM:
Discussion: Politico, Talking Points Memo, New York Magazine and The Daily Caller
Burgess Everett / Politico: Dems paint GOP as shutdown party
Caitlin MacNeal / Talking Points Memo: Steve King: Executive Action On Immigration Could Trigger Shutdown
Matt K. Lewis / The Daily Caller: The Universe vs. Marco Rubio
Byron York / Washington Examiner:
Marco Rubio's course correction on immigration
Marco Rubio's course correction on immigration
Discussion: Washington Monthly, Twitchy and Hot Air
Ed Kilgore / Washington Monthly: Marco Rubio, Leader of the Pack
Thisistwitchy / Twitchy: Chameleon Marco Rubio changes his amnesty colors. Again.
Ahiza Garcia / Talking Points Memo:
Ben Stein: Michael Brown Was 'Armed With His Incredibly Strong, Scary Self' — Conservative pundit Ben Stein appeared on Newsmax on Tuesday to discuss the fatal police shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo., and challenged the use of the term "unarmed" to describe Brown.
Jelani Cobb / New Yorker: Between the World and Ferguson
Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand: 'I Will Help Hillary Get Elected' — Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand isn't positive Hillary Clinton will run for president, but the woman who took Clinton's former New York Senate seat would like to think so. — "In my mind, she's definitely running," Gillibrand tells PEOPLE.
Discussion: CNN, Washington Post and OnPolitics
Lucy McCalmont / Politico:
Kirsten Gillibrand: Peers called me 'porky'
Kirsten Gillibrand: Peers called me 'porky'
Discussion: Talking Points Memo and ThinkProgress
Brendan James / Talking Points Memo: Gillibrand To Male Colleague Who Called Her 'Porky': 'Thanks A—hole'
Catherine Thompson / Talking Points Memo:
WATCH: The Jon Stewart Ferguson Segment You've Been Waiting For — "The Daily Show" returned from hiatus Tuesday night and Jon Stewart finally tackled the situation in Ferguson, Mo., directing the brunt of his criticism at what he saw as Fox News' misplaced outrage over the police shooting of an unarmed black teenager.
Discussion: Washington Monthly
Ed Kilgore / Washington Monthly: "You Really Have No Idea, Do You?"
Josh Feldman / Mediaite:
Jon Stewart Goes After Fox in Powerful Ferguson Monologue
Jon Stewart Goes After Fox in Powerful Ferguson Monologue
Discussion: The Raw Story, Washington Post, BuzzFeed, Ring of Fire and Gawker
Arturo Garcia / The Raw Story: Jon Stewart shreds Fox News for having 'no f*cking idea' how to discuss Ferguson
Alison Vingiano / BuzzFeed: Jon Stewart Demolishes Fox News On Their Ferguson Coverage
Amy Eddings / Ring of Fire: Jon Stewart Blasts Fox News for Ferguson Coverage
Mark Follman / Mother Jones:
Michael Brown's Mom Laid Flowers Where He Was Shot—and Police Crushed Them — New details emerge about callous tactics that fueled anger in Ferguson. — As darkness fell on Canfield Drive on August 9, a makeshift memorial sprang up in the middle of the street where Michael Brown's body …
Discussion: Little Green Footballs, Gawker, BillMoyers.com, addictinginfo.org and Daily Kos
Little Green Footballs: Report: Police Ran Over and Destroyed Michael Brown Memorial, Police Dog Urinated on It
Ian Haney López / BillMoyers.com: The Humanity of Michael Brown
DeWyn / addictinginfo.org: Ferguson Police Drive Over Michael Brown Memorial, After Letting Dog Pee On It
Josh Barro / New York Times:
Everyday Economics: Don't Want Me to Recline My Airline Seat? You Can Pay Me — Don't Want Me to Recline My Airline Seat? You Can Pay Me — I fly a lot. When I fly, I recline. I don't feel guilty about it. And I'm going to keep doing it, unless you pay me to stop.
Discussion: Guardian, Washington Post, Althouse, Gawker, The Daily Caller and Unfogged
Jana Kasperkevic / Guardian: To recline or not to recline: which side are you on?
Christopher Ingraham / Washington Post: Americans strongly agree: You shouldn't stop people from reclining on planes
Ann Althouse / Althouse: The Knee Defender and the Water Offender.
Rachel Stoltzfoos / The Daily Caller: Passenger Uses 'Knee Defender,' Ruins Flight For Everybody
Heebie-Geebie / Unfogged: Fight! Airplane fight!
FBI Examining Whether Russia Is Tied to JPMorgan Hacking — Russian hackers attacked the U.S. financial system in mid-August, infiltrating and stealing data from JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPM) and at least one other bank, an incident the FBI is investigating as a possible retaliation …
Discussion: Telegraph, The Daily Caller and Washington Free Beacon
Attorney: East Point police fired Taser at man 13 times before death — EAST POINT, Ga. — Only Channel 2 Action News has learned that police Tased a man in handcuffs up to 13 times before he died. — We're learning about the department policies the officers allegedly violated during this deadly encounter.
Discussion: Hinterland Gazette
Janet Shan / Hinterland Gazette: Gregory Towns Tased Up to 13 Times While in Handcuffs Until He Died …
David Edwards / The Raw Story:
Georgia cops fired Taser 13 times 'as a cattle prod' to make tired man walk before he died
Georgia cops fired Taser 13 times 'as a cattle prod' to make tired man walk before he died
Discussion: Hullabaloo and addictinginfo.org
Dana Bash / CNN:
McConnell to CNN: Obama would have 'a lot of congressional support' for action against ISIS — Nicholasville, Kentucky (CNN) - Sen. Mitch McConnell knew how surprising it was going to sound to room full of Kentucky voters that he backs President Barack Obama on something.
Julie Pace / ABC News:
Obama Again Faces Congress Question on Syria
Obama Again Faces Congress Question on Syria
Discussion: CNN
New York Times:
Ukraine Says Russian Forces Lead Major New Offensive in East — NOVOAZOVSK, Ukraine — Tanks, artillery and infantry have crossed from Russia into an unbreached part of eastern Ukraine in recent days, attacking Ukrainian forces and causing panic and wholesale retreat not only in this small border town …
Discussion: Vox, Hit & Run, RIA Novosti, Business Insider, Mashable, Guardian, Politico, The Dish and National Review
Thomas Graham / Politico: Who Cares About Ukraine? — Vladimir Putin does.
Jordan Weissmann / Slate:
Burger King Says It's Not Trying to Dodge Taxes by Moving to Canada. Is It Telling the Truth? — Burger King swears it's not moving to Canada for the taxes. — Jordan Weissmann is Slate's senior business and economics correspondent. — The fast food chain is officially set to purchase Tim Hortons …
Discussion: New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg View, Daily Signal, Eschaton and The Daily Banter
Maureen Farrell / Wall Street Journal: Goldman Sachs, Skadden, Arps Still on Kings of Inversion Deals
Megan McArdle / Bloomberg View: Burger King and the Whopper About Taxes
Michael Luciano / The Daily Banter: The 'Boycott Burger King' Hashtag Is Perfect For Privileged Yuppies
David Harsanyi / The Federalist:
The Left's Ridiculous Burger King Freakout
The Left's Ridiculous Burger King Freakout
Discussion: The Daily Caller, The PJ Tatler, Capitol Report, Bloomberg, Daily Kos, The Dish, The Huffington Post, Gawker and Wall Street Journal
Bryan Preston / The PJ Tatler: Will Democrats Retaliate Against Burger King for Abdicating to Canada?
Robert Schroeder / Capitol Report: Joe Biden beating the drums at secret fundraisers
Richard Rubin / Bloomberg: Boehner, Camp Profit From Corporate Bid to Avoid U.S. Tax
Hamilton Nolan / Gawker: Powerful Congressmen Have Powerful Conflicts of Interest
Elise Gould / Economic Policy Institute:
Why America's Workers Need Faster Wage Growth—And What We Can Do About It — The last year has been a poor one for American workers' wages. Comparing the first half of 2014 with the first half of 2013, real (inflation-adjusted) hourly wages fell for workers in nearly every decile—even for those with a bachelor's or advanced degree.
Discussion: ThinkProgress, Wall Street Journal, Progress Illinois and Shakesville
Bryce Covert / ThinkProgress: Income Inequality Costs The Middle Class $18,000 A Year
Josh Zumbrun / Wall Street Journal: A Look at Income Inequality, Hour by Hour
Melissa McEwan / Shakesville: Wage Stagnation: Our Central Economic Challenge
Thomas B. Edsall / New York Times:
The Expanding World of Poverty Capitalism — In Orange County, Calif., the probation department's "supervised electronic confinement program," which monitors the movements of low-risk offenders, has been outsourced to a private company, Sentinel Offender Services.
Discussion: Balkinization
Sandy Levinson / Balkinization: "Poverty Capitalism"
The United States Department of Justice:
Former Iowa State Senator Pleads Guilty to Concealing Federal Campaign Expenditures — A former Iowa State Senator pleaded guilty today to concealing payments he received from a presidential campaign in exchange for switching his support and services from one candidate to another and to obstructing …
Discussion: Yahoo! News, New York Times and OpenSecrets.org
Chris Moody / Yahoo! News: Former Iowa Republican official admits to taking payment for support of Ron Paul's presidential …
David S. Joachim / New York Times: Ex-Iowa State Senator Admits Taking Cash to Switch Allegiance
Cindy Boren / Washington Post:
ESPN says it regrets Michael Sam shower report that drew criticism — After it found itself at the epicenter of a storm of criticism over a report on the shower habits of Michael Sam, the first openly gay player on an NFL roster, and his teammates, ESPN responded Wednesday morning with a further statement on the report.
Discussion: Althouse, Hot Air, Mediaite, Shakesville and ESPN
Ann Althouse / Althouse: "ESPN regrets... we collectively failed to meet the standards we have set in reporting …
Allahpundit / Hot Air: ESPN apologizes for reporting on whether Michael Sam is showering with his teammates after practice
Eddie Scarry / Mediaite: ESPN: Sorry We Covered Michael Sam's Locker Room Showering
Melissa McEwan / Shakesville: Good Grief — [Content Note: Homophobia.] — Yesterday …
Nick Wagoner / ESPN: Michael Sam still on Rams roster


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Fraph Marketing | Foodcart Franchise in Metro ManilaFRAPH MARKETING was established in October 2016 and still growing and improving with the Help of the ever increasing market demand. The company also provides a comprehensive and Systematic approach both for the franchisee and consumers.
See packages here
204 Bldg. 1 Edsa Brgy. South Triangle,
1103 Quezon City, Philippines
Contact Number:
0935 121 9851 (Globe)
0998 261 1638 (Smart)
426 4471
Email Address:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Alexander House Hotel & Utopia Spa5
East Street,Turners Hill, East Grinstead, RH10 4QD
Price FromView Rooms
- Very Good
- 128 guest reviews
"Quick night away from the kids, comfortable, great service, staff lovely and nice Spa to boot!!..."
"Fantastic hotel and grounds with very helpful and friendly staff... Thoroughly enjoyed it!!..."
"I love this hotel and the spa is fantastic - service is exemplary and the setting is great - a very relaxing hotel. However the food in AGs..."
"The most friendliest hotel I have been to In A long time. relaxed yet professional from the moment you arrive Beds and pillows that are li..."
"This was booked as a birthday present and did not disappoint. Stunning surroundings and fantastic facilities. Hospitality faultless, as was..."
About the hotel
The boutique, 5-star Alexander House and Utopia Spa is just 6 miles from Gatwick and close to M25 junction 6 and M23 junction 10. It offers luxurious rooms with full use of the award-winning spa facilities, as well as complimentary Wi-Fi, complimentary parking and a choice of restaurants and vibrant bars. Set in a country house surrounded by 120 acres of parkland, rooms at Alexander House feature large beds and marble bathrooms, many with Victorian baths, double showers or over-sized baths for 2.
Rooms also include designer toiletries, bathrobes and slippers. The Utopia Spa has plunge pools, a yoga studio and a wide range of beauty treatments available. There is also a gym, fitness suite and tennis courts. The AG's 3-Rosette restaurant offers fine dining whilst the Reflections Restaurant overlooks the courtyard and has its own champagne bar. There are terraces for Al fresco dining and various luxurious lounges.
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Facilities Show/hide
- Main
- Hotel Non-Smoking Throughout, Disabled Facilities, Air conditioning in rooms, 24 Hour Reception, Cots available, Wedding Licence, Safety Deposit Box, Tea/Coffee making facilities in each room, Hairdryer in each room, Iron And Board In Each Room, Telephone In Each Room, 24 Hour Room Service, Concierge, Laundry/Valet Service, Wake Up Call Available, Interconnecting rooms available, Doctor on call, Porter, Ground floor bedrooms, Lift to all floors
- Parking
- Car parking available onsite, Airport Shuttle
- Business
- Wi-Fi Available, Meeting Facilities, Wi-Fi Available In Public Areas, Wi-Fi Available In Rooms, Secretary Service, Translation Service, Private dining services
- Dining
- Restaurant, Lounge Menu, Bar, Breakfast to go
- Leisure
- Gymnasium, Indoor Pool, Aerobics Studio, Fitness Centre, Sauna, Steam Rooms, Massage, Beauty Salon/Manicure, Jacuzzi, Mountain Bike Hire, Croquet, Tennis Courts, CD Player, [Channels] News, [Channels] Movies (Free), [Channels] Music, [Channels] Childrens
- In Room Entertainment
- Video/DVD Player, TV, Radio
- Accessibility
- Disabled Access Public Areas, Disabled Access Bedrooms, Disabled toilets on ground floor, Wheelchair Access, Wheelchair Access To Reception, Wheelchair Access To Conference Rooms, Wheelchair Access To Leisure Facilities, Wheelchair Access To Disabled Car Parking Spaces
Useful Info Show/hide
- From 15:00 hours
- By 11:00 hours
- Up to 12 years old
- The price shown is based on the occupancy and dates you have searched for. Prices and availability are subject to change based on the arrival date, number of nights and occupancy searched for. All prices are inclusive of all local taxes.
- Pets are not allowed
Customer Reviews
Our reviews are from genuine LateRooms.com customers. We verify that the customer has stayed before leaving a review.
Very Good
92% would recommend it to a friend
Customer service
Food quality
Room quality
If you book through a 'discounted website' they give you the worst rooms.
Even if the hotel was not busy. No air-con and broken fan in room. 5* properties should have shaving mirror in room.
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The ambience is very nice, and certainly somewhere I would visit again, however in terms of value for money I think in hindsight that i paid for the setting rather than the room which was very small and lacking in quality, there was no iron in the room when questioned they said there was, when they realised there error they finally delivered a broken iron, I just gave up.The staff were very nice however attention to detail let this area down slightly being served more than one course at the same time, and forgetting to carry out requests.
Please don't let this spoil your visit but when I spend £400 for a single night I want it perfect.
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Italic languages, certain Indo-European languages that were once spoken in the Apennine Peninsula (modern Italy) and in the eastern part of the Po valley. These include the Latin, Faliscan, Osco-Umbrian, South Picene, and Venetic languages, which have in common a considerable number of features that separate them from the other languages of the same area—e.g., from Greek and Etruscan. (In a more narrow sense, the term Italic languages excludes Latin and denotes only Osco-Umbrian, South Picene, Faliscan, and Venetic.)
For a long time the Italic languages have been considered to be an Indo-European subfamily like Celtic, Germanic, or Slavic. Today some scholars are inclined to distinguish within the so-called Italic branch at least three independent members of the Indo-European family: Latin (with Faliscan), Osco-Umbrian (with South Picene), and Venetic (if indeed this is an Italic language, as will be assumed in this article). They attribute the similarities—i.e., the unifying phenomena in the division—to a convergence that took place when the speakers of these different idioms were integrated into the "Italic" civilization of the early 1st millennium bce. The culture that resulted is known as the "Etruscan koine."
Distribution and origins
Languages of the group
Latin is the language of Latium and of Rome; its earliest known documents date to the 6th century bce. Rich epigraphic evidence and an extensive literature began at the end of the 3rd century bce, at the time when Roman Latin was emerging as the predominant language of Italy. By 100 ce at the latest, Latin had effaced all the other dialects between Sicily and the Alps, with the exception of Greek in the colonies of Magna Graecia.
The other Italic languages—Italic languages in the narrow sense—are known through local and personal names transmitted by Greek and Roman sources, and especially from inscriptions.
Before Latin spread out, Oscan was the most widely spoken group of dialects of the Apennine Peninsula. It was used by the Samnites in Samnium and Campania, by the inhabitants of Lucania and Bruttium, and, with slight variations, by smaller tribes between Latium and the Adriatic coast—the Volsci, Marsi, Paeligni, Vestini, and Marrucini. (Those distinct "minor dialects" within the Oscan language continuum are referred to as Volscian, Marsian, Paelignian, etc., and collectively as Sabellic, or Sabellian, dialects; this term can also refer more generally to the Italic languages other than Latin and Venetic, roughly comparable to the narrow sense of the term Italic languages.) The legendary Sabines, who shared the earliest history of Rome, probably also spoke an Oscan dialect. The most important Oscan texts come from Campanian cities, as do the oldest ones (several so-called Paleo-Oscan, or "Pre-Samnite," vessel inscriptions of the form "I belong to So-and-so," dating to as early as the mid-6th century bce). The largest text, a treaty between Nola and Abella from the 2nd century bce, is carved on a stone slab, called the Cippus Abellanus. In Bantia, a nearly unknown town of Lucania, the Tabula Bantina is preserved, the most extensive Oscan inscription. It is a bronze tablet with penal laws concerning municipal administration, written in Latin letters during the first half of the 1st century bce. The oldest Oscan text of any length is the so-called Agnone Tablet of about 250 bce (a small bronze tablet found near Fonte Romito, between Agnone and Capracotta), detailing cultic instructions related to the worship of Ceres and other divinities. The remainder of the Oscan corpus includes diverse material, some of which is of considerable cultural interest (short cultic and sacrificial texts, curse tablets, and several types of municipal inscriptions).
The Umbrian idiom, closely related to Oscan, is known from a few small inscriptions and from the Tabulae Iguvinae (Iguvine Tables), which consist of seven bronze tablets found at Gubbio (the ancient Iguvium). Constituting one of the largest and most important epigraphic documents of antiquity, the tablets contain ritual regulations of a sacred brotherhood to which a considerable part of the public cults of Iguvium was delegated. The Tabulae Iguvinae were incised, partly in the Umbrian alphabet and partly in Latin letters, within the last three centuries bce, but portions of the text itself result from a far more remote oral tradition.
South Picene
Approximately two dozen short inscriptions from the southern part of ancient Picenum (most of them found near Ascoli Piceno and Teramo) preserve extremely early remains (6th and 5th centuries bce) of the Italic language now known as South Picene. Formerly referred to as Old Sabellian or Central Adriatic, South Picene shows close affinities to Oscan and Umbrian. (North Picene, known mainly from a 12-line inscription of about 500 bce on a stele from Novilara, is not an Italic language and may not even be an Indo-European language.)
Faliscan inscriptions appear only in the immediate surroundings of Falerii (the present Civita Castellana in central Italy), which, except for its dialect, seems to have been a completely Etruscan city. The Faliscan corpus consists mainly of short sepulchral inscriptions, most of which date to the 4th century bce and later. There are, however, several important Archaic Faliscan vessel inscriptions, including some from as early as the 6th century bce that show evidence of poetic composition.
The language represented by inscriptions from the territory of the Veneti—between the Po River, the Carnic Alps, and Istria—is called Venetic. The majority of discoveries come from sanctuaries at Este and Làgole di Calalzo. The Venetic inscriptions (of which there are about 300, ranging from the 5th to the 1st century bce) consist almost entirely of brief epitaphs and dedications.
Several very early texts cannot be ascribed with certainty to any of the individual languages listed above but show linguistic features of a broadly Osco-Umbrian/South Picene type. The most important of these is found on an inscribed flask from Poggio Sommavilla (in Sabine territory), dating from the end of the 7th century bce.
Writing systems
The scripts used for writing these languages include the Greek alphabet in Bruttium and Lucania and the Latin alphabet and various derivations of the Etruscan alphabet in the other regions. Five "national" or "native" alphabets are distinguished: South Picene, Faliscan, Venetic, Oscan, and Umbrian.
Origins of the Italic languages
The Italic languages must have been brought from the original area of the Indo-European languages, perhaps in eastern parts of central Europe, when their speakers crossed the Alps. This is attested to by a stratum of very old place-names of non-Indo-European origin—e.g., Tarracina (modern Terracina), Capua—that covers not only the Apennine Peninsula but also Greece and Anatolia. This stratum is ascribed to a "Mediterranean" language believed to have dominated large parts of the ancient world before the arrival of the Indo-European peoples. Nothing is known about the date, the path, and the circumstances of the above-mentioned immigration, and none of the many attempts to combine archaeological evidence with linguistic prehistory has led to convincing results. Thus, the only resources available for studying the Italic languages are exclusively linguistic methods of comparative philology.
Linguistic characteristics
Many of the phonetic processes that make the attested Italic languages differ from the reconstructed Indo-European language seem to have occurred relatively late in time. The only one that can confidently be placed outside of Italy—that is, before the immigration over the Alps—is the change to ss in combinations of d (dental occlusive, or dental stop) + t. This is a feature common to Celtic, Germanic, and the Italic languages. For example, Latin visus comes from the older, reconstructed form *wissos 'seen'; this is cognate with High German gi-wiss 'surely known' and Old Irish ro-fess 'is known,' all of these forms deriving from an Indo-European term *wid-to-s, with d + t. (An asterisk [*] before a word means that it is not attested but reconstructed.)
The development of the Indo-European labiovelar stop kw is more complex. (A labiovelar stop is a sound pronounced with simultaneous articulation—movement—of the lips and the velum, the soft palate.) From this sound there has resulted a qu in Latin, p in Osco-Umbrian and South Picene, c in Irish, and p in Brythonic Celtic; e.g., Latin quis 'who(ever)' is cognate with Oscan pis and Umbrian pis (similarly South Picene pim 'whom[ever]' or 'which[ever]'), these forms deriving from Indo-European *kwis; and Irish cia is related to Welsh pwy, 'who,' derived from Indo-European *kwei. Some scholars have tried to trace this development back to an Italo-Celtic unity, but the change of Brythonic kw to p is surely later than the dropping of the p in Common Celtic. It is sounder, therefore, to assume independent processes in the different languages.
Other features developed in Italy itself—e.g., the use of the voiceless dental spirant (fricative) f that is shared with Etruscan and is lacking in marginal districts of Venetic. In all Italic languages this f sound replaced the Indo-European voiced aspirated sounds (represented as bh, dh, gwh) in initial position. Examples of the use of f in Italic are as follows: Latin frater 'brother' = Umbrian frater, from Indo-European *bhrātēr; Latin facio 'I do, make' is related to Oscan fakiiad 'he should do' and Venetic fagsto 'he made,' based on an Indo-European stem *dhə-k-. A more recent common process in Latin and Osco-Umbrian is the use of the full system of five short vowels in initial syllables only; short vowels of noninitial syllables in Latin became less open—e.g., facio 'I do, make,' but in-ficio, the compound of in + facio. In Osco-Umbrian these vowels tend to be lost completely—e.g., Umbrian benust 'he will have come,' but Oscan cebnust 'he will have come near.' Some differences between Latin and Osco-Umbrian/South Picene probably arose during the last centuries bce—e.g., Osco-Umbrian/South Picene ō changed to u (Oscan dúnúm, South Picene dúnoí, Latin dōnum 'gift'), ē became i (Oscan ligud, Latin lēge 'law' in the ablative singular; South Picene spolítiú, Latin Spolētium [name of a town in Umbria, modern Spoleto]), and final ā developed into o (viú [ú in the Oscan national alphabet = o], Latin via 'way'). Indo-European voiced aspirated sounds (bh, dh, gwh) in internal position probably first became voiced spirants (e.g., sounds such as v) in all Italic languages and, later, voiced stops in Latin and Venetic and the voiceless spirant f in Osco-Umbrian, South Picene, and Faliscan. Examples of these changes (for Indo-European dh) are the voiced stop b in Latin liberi '(free) children' and Venetic louderobos 'children' (in the dative plural) versus the voiceless spirant f in Oscan loufro- 'free' and Faliscan loferta 'freed woman.' Examples for Indo-European bh are Oscan tfei, Umbrian tefe, South Picene tefeí versus Latin tibi 'to/for you.'
In contrast to the phonology, which shows so many correlations among the Italic languages, there are few definite connections between these tongues in their grammars. A characteristic innovation is the extension of the ablative singular case from o-stems and pronouns, where it occurred originally, to other declension classes: Latin praidad 'with the plunder,' later praeda, meretod 'by merit,' Oscan toutad 'by the people,' slaagid 'of the border,' South Picene arítih (-h represents earlier -d) 'with skill.' Many of the morphological features common to Osco-Umbrian, South Picene, and Latin are shared by other Indo-European languages; that is, they are not Italic in a specific sense. For example, the a-subjunctive—e.g., Latin faciat 'may he do' and Oscan fakiiad—is also Celtic; passive endings in -r—e.g., Oscan vincter and Latin vincitur 'he is conquered,' South Picene qolofítúr 'he honours/supports' or 'honour/support is shown to'—are found in Celtic, Hittite, and Tocharian as well. More important are the discrepancies. For example, the genitive singular of o-stems shows -ī in Latin, Faliscan, and Venetic and in the Celtic languages, but -eis in Osco-Umbrian and South Picene; the nominative plural of the same class is marked by -oi in early Latin, Celtic, and Greek but by -ōs in Osco-Umbrian, South Picene, Germanic, Sanskrit, and other languages. In addition, the perfect stems of secondary verbs (verbs derived from nouns or from other verbs) are formed by -u- or -v- in Latin, by -t(t)- in Oscan, by -s- in Venetic, and by a variety of formants in Umbrian—e.g., Latin donavit 'he has given' = Oscan duunated = Venetic donasto, Umbrian combifiansiust 'he will have announced' (with formant -nky-).
Lexical comparison leads to more specific data about the history of the Italic languages. There are linguistic boundaries called isoglosses that may date back to pre-Italic history: e.g., Oscan humuns, Latin homines, and Gothic gumans 'human beings' derive from an Indo-European root that meant 'earth'; and Oscan anamúm 'mind' (accusative singular) is directly related to Latin animus 'mind, soul' and Irish anam 'soul,' these words deriving from an Indo-European root meaning 'to breathe' (compare Greek anemos 'wind'). There are many old differences between Latin on the one hand and Osco-Umbrian (and South Picene) on the other. Latin ignis 'fire' = Sanskrit agni, but Umbrian pir 'fire' = Greek pŷr = Old English fyr; Latin aqua 'water' = Gothic ahwa, but Umbrian utur 'water' = Greek hydōr = Old English wæter; Latin filius, filia 'son, daughter,' but Oscan puklu and South Picene puqloh 'son' = Sanskrit putra, and Oscan futír 'daughter' = Greek thygatēr = Gothic dauhtar. Adjectives of totality in Latin are omnis, cunctus, totus, in Osco-Umbrian sollo-, sevo-, allo- (cognate to English all). 'The people' or 'the state' is expressed in Latin by populus or civitas (the latter literally 'citizenship,' based on civis 'citizen'), but by Oscan touto, Umbrian tuta, South Picene toúta = Irish túath = Gothic thiuda.
Certain lexical fields that reflect the acquisition of the Mediterranean culture show an independent terminology. The following forms strongly suggest that Latin and Osco-Umbrian speakers were not in contact with each other when they began to build cities: Latin porta 'gate,' Oscan veru 'gate'; Latin arx 'citadel,' Umbrian ocar 'citadel, castle'; Latin moenia 'walls, ramparts,' murus 'wall,' Oscan feíhúss (accusative plural) 'walls.' On the other hand, Latins and Osco-Umbrians adopted the same terms for 'write' and 'read'; Latin scribere 'to write,' Oscan scriftas 'written'; Latin legere 'to read,' Paelignian lexe 'you will read.' It is known that the Latin and Osco-Umbrian alphabets are derived from the Etruscan alphabet; the spread of these terms can, therefore, be attributed to a period of Etruscan predominance. Etruscan features are obvious in archaic Italic religion; Osco-Umbrians and Veneti adopted even the Etruscan word for 'god'—ais. Many other religious terms show a close community among Italic peoples; e.g., the Latin forms pius 'pious, obedient' and piare 'to honour with religious rites' are equivalent to Volscian pihom (neuter singular) and Umbrian pihatu (imperative); Latin feriae 'religious days' is related to Oscan fiisiais (ablative plural); and Latin sacer 'sacred,' sacrare 'to consecrate, dedicate,' sanctus 'consecrated' are cognates with Oscan sakrid (ablative singular), sakrafír (subjunctive passive), saahtúm (neuter singular). These correspondences in religious vocabulary extend to whole phrases, some inherited from Indo-European forms of expression and therefore of very great antiquity: e.g., the Umbrian prayer formula ueiro pequo…salua seritu 'keep safe men (and) livestock' is directly comparable to Latin pastores pecuaque salva servassis 'may you keep safe shepherds and livestock' (in an ancient Roman prayer), and both are cognate with similar expressions in Vedic Sanskrit and Avestan.
The Etruscan supremacy ended with the foundation of local republics in Rome and in other cities of Italy in approximately 500 bce; when that occurred, the unifying force of Etruscan culture lost its influence. Early republican terminology developed independently; e.g., Latin consul 'consul' but Oscan meddíss designate the first magistrate, to Latin senatus 'senate' corresponds Oscan kúmparakineís (genitive singular), and to Latin comitia 'assembly' the Oscan forms comono or kúmbennieís. The last period of Italic language history is characterized by an increasing influence of Roman models. For example, Oscan ceus 'citizen' is a Latin loanword that stems from a form *ceuis, which existed about 200 bce and was intermediate between Old Latin ceivis and its later form civis; Oscan aídil and kvaísstur imitate Latin aedilis and quaestor, terms for offices in the Roman government; and the Veneti adopted the Roman word for 'freed man,' libertus. In addition, the Oscan Tabula Bantina slavishly copied the juridical style and terminology of the Romans.
Beyond vocabulary, the Italic languages share features of expression that are prominent in formal modes of discourse, such as prayers, oaths and curses, and legal formulations. For many such compositions, the distinction between "prose" and "poetry" is an artificial one: prayers or juridical formulas that otherwise appear to be prose may show elaborate structures dependent on sequences of isosyllabic cola (i.e., phrases with equal numbers of syllables, like lines of verse) or other rhythmic patterns, marked effects arising from antithesis or synonymy, and a high degree of asyndeton (i.e., lack of connective words such as and). Perhaps most striking is the phonetic feature of alliteration, pervasive throughout early Latin poetry, as well as in formal documents composed in Oscan, Umbrian, and South Picene. For Latin and Umbrian, compare the parallel phrases salua seritu and salva servassis in the prayer mentioned above, with the latter preceded by pastores pecuaque; an Oscan curse includes the sequence fakinss, fangvam, biass, biítam '(I hand over to the divinity [i.e., I curse] his) deeds, tongue, strength, life'; and note the concluding sequence viat vepetí 'he lies in the tomb' in the depiction of a South Picene epitaph.Jürgen Untermann Brent Vine
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Indo-European languages: ItalicThe principal language of the Italic group is Latin, originally the speech of the city of Rome and the ancestor of the modern Romance languages: Italian, Romanian, Spanish, Portuguese,…
Tocharian languages: Linguistic characteristics…form in
r(as in Italic and Celtic)— e.g.,Tocharian A klyoṣtär, B klyaustär'is heard.' The third person plural preterite (past) ends in - r, similar to Latin and Sanskrit perfect forms and the Hittite preterite. The noun shows less of its Indo-European origins. However, it preserves three numbers (singular, dual,…
Italy, country of south-central Europe, occupying a peninsula that juts deep into the Mediterranean Sea. Italy comprises some of the most varied and scenic landscapes on Earth and is often described as a country shaped like a boot. At its broad top stand the Alps, which are among the world's…
Po River
Po River, longest river in Italy, rising in the Monte Viso group of the Cottian Alps on Italy's western frontier and emptying into the Adriatic Sea in the east after a course of 405 miles (652 km). Its drainage basin covers 27,062 square miles (70,091 square km), forming…
Latin language
Latin language, Indo-European language in the Italic group and ancestral to the modern Romance languages. Originally spoken by small groups of people living along the lower Tiber River, Latin spread with the increase of Roman political power, first throughout Italy…
More About Italic languages2 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- branch of Indo-European languages
- Tocharian languages


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South Dakota State's John Stiegelmeier on Indiana State Win, South Dakota Match-up
Fresh off their first shutout win in three years, South Dakota State is riding a two-game winning streak into the final two weeks of the regular season, knowing they need another pair of victories to be in the discussion for an FCS playoff berth.
Last Saturday's 29-0 win over Indiana State in Brookings was a combination of defense and special teams play.
On defense, the Jackrabbits held the Sycamores to just 161 yards of total offense, and forced a takeaway for the 10th straight game.
Head Coach John Stiegelmeier told me he and his staff thought the defense played very well against Indiana State:
On special teams, after a shaky few weeks of kicking the football Justin Syrovatka was a perfect 3-for-3 on field goals, and the Jacks also notched a blocked punt and field goal in the game:
But the success of the field goal unit meant three chances missed by the SDSU offense to put the ball in the end zone, but it wasn't for a lack of moving the football:
The last three weeks have featured a pair of wins sandwiched around a bye week. One big key for the Jackrabbits during that stretch, a lot of key players that had been banged up earlier in the season are now starting to get healthy again:
This week it's the return of the South Dakota Showdown Series, sponsored by South Dakota Corn, as South Dakota State and South Dakota meet for the 107th time in a series that dates back to South Dakota's first year as a state - 1889.
This will be the first time the Jackrabbits and Coyotes have played at the Dakotadome since 2003. SDSU has indoor experience at North Dakota State and Northern Iowa, but things are a bit different in Vermillion:
While the Jacks have won two straight, USD has dropped its last three, but the Coyotes have taken great steps forward on offense this season, switching from Josh Vander Maten to Kevin Earl at quarterback five games into the season:
As the Coyote running game, head coach Joe Glenn told me this week he had no idea who'd be in the backfield Saturday, as starters Trevor Bouma (broken clavacle) and Jordan Roberts are banged up. Coach Stiegelmeier says whoever is back there is more than capable of carrying the ball:
Offensively, the Jacks are preparing to try and control the line of scrimmage, after giving up 25 sacks in league play this year. On the other side of the ball is Tyler Starr, who is one sack away from setting the USD all-time career record. As a unit, the Coyotes have 20 sacks this season. Those numbers are an area of concern for SDSU:
Coming into this weekend, South Dakota State is one of just three (North Dakota State, Youngstown State) Missouri Valley Conference teams to have four losses or fewer overall. That seems to be the maximum number of defeats a team can suffer to even be in consideration for one of the 24 FCS playoff spots, a fact Stiegelmeier has shared with his team:
This is the second meeting between the two rivals since the series resumed after a nine-year hiatus last season. And while some say things might have started to settle in for the fans after that first meeting as members of the Missouri Valley Conference, Stiegelmeier actually thinks things might be turned up a couple of additional notches this time around:
Kickoff in Vermillion is 1:00pm Saturday.


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Watch the Philly 4th of July Jam with The Roots, Aloe Blacc, Nicki Minaj and more
Aloe Blacc, Jennifer Hudson, Ed Sheeran, Nicki Minaj and The Roots performed at the Wawa Welcome America on July 4th, hosted by Marlon Wayans. Joining The Roots were Philly R&B singer Bilal and DJ Jazzy Jeff. Earlier last week, Aloe Blacc stopped by WXPN to record a session for an upcoming World Cafe with David Dye.
Below, watch the July 4th Jam in its entirety via VH-1.


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• Homeowner Association Attorneys
• Davis - Stirling Attorneys
• HOA Attorneys
• Davis-Stirling Act • HOA-CID Glossary
Disadvantages of Retaining a Sole Practitioner Attorney
Michael T. Chulak & Associates, a Law Corporation has extensive experience in homeowner association law including all aspects of the Davis-Stirling Act. We represent homeowner associations as well as members of community associations who have a legal claim against their HOA. Our homeowner association lawyers provide services throughout California including the following areas:
HOA Attorney Seminars
Michael T. Chulak & Associates offers free homeowner association legal seminars throughout California .
Topics covered:
Who should attend:
There is always a question and answer session. Valuable handouts are provided.
Make reservations now; seating is limited. Call (818) 991-9019 or view our schedule of seminars and register online. The schedule is updated monthly.
Another Alternative...
Arrange a Private Free Homeowner Association Legal Seminar
You can arrange a private, free homeowner association seminar for your homeowner association, real estate brokerage office or other similar group anywhere in Los Angeles or Ventura counties by calling (818) 991-9019 or via email.
Why CC&Rs Must Be Updated
The Perfect Analogy
Imagine you are driving down a highway when you see a 70 MPH highway sign. You
are driving exactly 70 MPH. A CHP officer pulls you over and states that he
stopped you for speeding.
The following:
Ask Yourself - What is the result if your Association's CC&Rs do not reflect the current law? Will someone end up like the driver described above?
Remember - the Davis - Stirling Act which is the primary body of homeowner association law (and the basis of your CC&Rs) was adopted in 1985 and has been revised every year since that date.
Ask Yourself: Are your homeowner association's CC&Rs misleading the following:
For a no cost initial consultation, call us today.
Can't Afford Restated or Amended CC&Rs?
HOA Assessment Collections
Michael T. Chulak and Associates represents homeowner associations throughout California in collecting delinquent assessments. No initial fee or deposit is required. While our collection procedures rarely require us to proceed to foreclosure, our firm uses both the judicial foreclosure process and the non-judicial foreclosure process when appropriate. Only a law firm can foreclose judicially. Lien services may not use the courts and are required to foreclose non-judicially. The judicial foreclosure process is often superior because a deficiency judgment is possible to obtain and the threat of a lawsuit tends to force the debtor into an early resolution.
No Initial Fee Assessment Collections
Judicial Foreclosure Service
The "No Initial Fee Assessment Collection Service" offered by Michael T. Chulak & Associates provides the following benefits to homeowner associations:
You may ask: Why do lien services use the non-judicial foreclosure process to collect delinquent assessments? The answer: Only attorneys can practice law by filing lawsuits and using the courts.
If your association is experiencing delinquent assessments, call us today for a no cost consultation.
Owner Claims Against HOA
The most common claim made by the owners of condominium units against their homeowner associations is that their unit is experiencing water intrusion because the association has failed to maintain the common area. Generally, this involves leaking roofs, decks, planters, walls, and windows, and often improper slopes and drainage. When a condominium unit owner makes a claim against the association, it is generally because the statue of limitations has run and therefore a claim cannot be made against the developer of the condominium community.
If you are a member of an association board, don't let this happen to your association. A competent management company combined with good legal advice can save your association thousands of dollars.
Construction Defect Seminars
Call to arrange a convenient time at your location.
Michael T. Chulak & Associates offers construction defect legal seminars to members of homeowner associations who believe their homes and/or association property has construction defects.
Topics covered:
There is always a question and answer session designed to answer legal and construction questions.
Legal Review -
Hiring an HOA management company is one of the most important and challenging decisions to be made by the board of directors of a homeowner association. We can assist your board make that decision by providing a legal review of the proposed property management agreement for any association located in California. For $100, we will do the following:
At the conclusion of our review, we will provide your board of directors with a letter outlining our findings and opinions.
We urge you to avoid signing a management agreement that you will regret at a future date. Spending $100 now may save your homeowner association thousands of dollars later.
Michael T. Chulak & Associates represents homeowner associations and property owners throughout California on a contingency basis in dealing with builders who are responsible for defective construction, including mold infestations. Generally, we can meet or beat the contingent fee percentages proposed by our competitors. We regularly advance all or some of the costs of litigation including expert fees.
Associations and property owners should know their legal rights and not be misled or intimidated when attempting to seek redress for construction defects. The attorneys with Michael T. Chulak & Associates are available to assist you in this regard. We are homeowner / consumer advocates.
Many homeowner associations and homeowners in California new home developments are finding that the common areas of their communities and their individual homes have construction defects which are not attributable to the lack of ordinary maintenance. These construction defects include roof leaks, deck leaks, mold infestations, deteriorating streets, improper drainage, structural failure, inadequate soil preparation, faulty electrical wiring, insufficient insulation and sound proofing, inadequate equipment, cracked slabs, peeling paint and other defects too numerous to list. The construction defects can be caused by poor design, poor construction, poor choice of materials or defective materials.
Nearly all CC&Rs impose upon homeowner associations the duty to maintain and repair the common areas. Legally, this duty includes paying for the correction of defective conditions, including those set forth above. These repairs, which can be quite expensive, can be paid for in several ways:
Developer to Homeowner Transition
Every new community association will transition from developer (subdivider) control to homeowner control. Sometimes the transition is smooth. Sometime it is not.
Professional developers will usually hire an HOA Transition Consultant such as Michael T. Chulak & Associates to assist in the turnover of responsibility to the homeowners. Other developers do not hire a transition consultant leaving the homeowners at a substantial disadvantage.
The HOA transition services offered by Michael T. Chulak & Associates include the following:
A question and answer session to answer any questions not otherwise addressed.
Transition Consultants should always represent the association, and not the developer, regardless of which entity pays the consultation fee.
Section 2792.23 of the Regulations of the Real Estate Commissioner of California sets forth the documents developers (subdividers) are required to turn over to homeowner associations that they form.
Why Management Companies Should
Not Provide
Management companies should not provide property maintenance services directly (including handyman and landscape maintenance) because providing these services directly creates a conflict of interest with their HOA clients that cannot be addressed satisfactorily.
Management companies have the responsibility (a fiduciary duty) to make certain that their clients receive the greatest value possible for every dollar spent on property maintenance services. This means the management company must make certain that their clients do not pay an excessive billing rate, do not pay for an excessive number of hours billed, do not pay for inferior work, do not pay for unnecessary work, and that maintenance is scheduled so as to minimize the number of service calls in order to minimize the client's overall cost.
Management companies that provide property maintenance services directly are in business to maximize their profit. This legitimate goal is in direct conflict with the property owner's goal of minimizing maintenance costs, We believe a management company cannot reconcile this conflict of interest if it provides maintenance services directly to its clients. For example, it is possible that the need to meet payroll costs could influence the management company's judgment as to how much maintenance is "necessary" at client properties.
A management company that hires only independent, third party property maintenance companies has the incentive and ability to fully protect its clients without regard to the profitability of the maintenance operation. A management company that provides maintenance services directly may not have the same incentive or ability.
By law, a management company, as agent for the owner, has the duty to put the client's interest above its own. Your management company should do exactly that.
For additional information about construction law, construction defects, homeowner association law or any other legal matter call us today for a no cost consultation.
Why Management Companies Should Not
We believe that accepting homeowner association property management accounts from home builders creates a conflict of interest for the management company that cannot be reconciled.
Not every developer is liable for construction defects and breaches its duty to the association, and not every management company hired by a home builder breaches its duty to the association and its members. However, as a board member, you should be aware of the risks and understand the dangers.
Please visit HomeownerAssociationTransitionServices.com for a list of developer responsibilities.
HOA - Condominium Association Receiverships
Attorney Michael Chulak is available to provide receivership services for homeowner associations that have become insolvent and/or dysfunctional. In addition to being an experienced HOA attorney, Michael Chulak is an owner of a homeowner association management company, CoastManagement.net, established in 1987.
HOA Laws and Rules
Our links above provide direct access to the Davis-Stirling Act which is the primary body of law dealing with common interest developments including condominiums, planned developments, stock cooperatives, and community apartment projects. Our link to HOA Questions and Answers provides answers to the most common questions encountered by members of homeowner associations with an emphasis on HOA Law, HOA Rules, CC&Rs, Bylaws and Construction Defects.
HOA Law Articles
We add articles to this section of our website on a regular basis:
Real Estate Law Articles
Business Law Articles
Homeowner Association Problems
Call us today for a no cost consultation regarding any homeowner association problem or send your question to us via email from our HOA Questions and Answers link above. This is your opportunity to obtain assistance from a California HOA attorney.
Expert Witnesses and Consultants Needed
In connection with our extensive litigation practice, Michael T. Chulak &
Associates regularly utilizes the services of expert witnesses and
consultants. If you believe you have the knowledge, experience and overall
ability to provide these services, we invite you to complete an
and return it with your current resume. Upon receipt, we will enter the
information into our database for use by our litigation attorneys and
support staff. Please view our websites to become familiar with our
areas of
The information presented on this site was prepared for general information purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. It should not be relied upon as a substitute for consulting with a licensed attorney in your state. The law is constantly changing. In addition, the information presented may not be up - to - date or 100% complete. Our attorneys are licensed to practice law in California and seek to represent clients only in California. Sending us an email or other communication does not create an attorney - client relationship. Only signing a retainer agreement will establish an attorney - client relationship. This is an advertisement.
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Toxic Mold.


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In November 2014, both year 6 classes from New End Primary came to Burgh House as part of Kids in Museums' Takeover Day! The classes spent the day learning about the importance of memory to museums, hearing from long term Hampstead residents about their lives and experiences, recording their own oral histories and conducting their own object reminiscence sessions. Come to the museum to have a look through this exhibition to see how they responded to the objects they handled.
Click on the video below to listen to the children's oral histories, which are also available to listen to in the Museum.


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Item description: This Purifiers Air Purifier product is by Alen - Why Customers Love the Alen T500 Air PurifierCovering up to 500 square feet, the Alen T500 includes an easy to replace HEPA-OdorCell Filter with Pre-Filter removing 95% of PM down to 0.3 microns and 99% of PM down to 2.5 microns in size. Alen also provides versatile filter options for additional concerns including: allergens, asthma, light and heavy odors, tobacco smoke, bacteria, mold and chemicals such as formaldehyde.Who Needs an Alen T500The T500 includes a HEPA-OdorCell Filter, making it perfect for those who have problems with Allergies, Asthma, and Pet Odors. If you have more specific concerns, Alen has other filter options including: HEPA-Fresh (Allergens and Light Odor), HEPA-Silver (Mold and Bacteria), HEPA-Pure (Allergies and Asthma).The different types of filter upgrades are depicted below.How an Alen T500 WorksThe Alen T500 features HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) style filtration, combining three types of filter technology to purify and freshen the air. Polluted air first passes through Alen's washable Pre-Filter to capture large particles, extending the life of the filter. Air then moves through a unique, HEPA style material that attracts and captures up to 95% of dust, pollen, pet dander, mold spores and other airborne pollutants. The T500's ozone-safe Ionizer complements the HEPA style filter by charging particles in the air, causing them to stick together and become more easily captured.Instructions for UseAfter conducting air quality studies, our experts have found the air quality in a room can be returned to pre-cleaned levels only two hours after turning off an air purifier. Based on these findings, we recommend you run your air purifier 24/7 to maintain the cleanest air possible. If you run your air purifier at the recommended levels, your air purifier will require a new filter every 6-8 months.What's in the Alen T500 Box?Unit Size (HxWxD): 22"x 6"x 10" Weight: 9lbs. Includes Filters Alen provides you with the HEPA-Pure Filter Filter Life: 6-8 months depending on useAlen T500 Air Purifier Manual... Learn More
Manufacturer: Alen
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Some games, Gen Chat is overwhelmed with gold farmers hawking their wares. Other games, its dead silent. And on still others, it can be a cesspool.
WoW's Gen Chat is decidedly schizophrenic. In the capital cities, Gen Chat is active and reasonably well behaved.* Outside of Stormwind and Orgrimmar (and Northern Barrens), Gen Chat is notable for its silence. Occasionally you'll see the guild recruitment posts, especially in the starting zones, but for the most part Gen Chat out in the world is merely a marker to let you know when you left one zone for another. Given that so few people actually use Gen Chat, its hard to tell if Gen Chat actually transcends the cross-server zones.**
In this post LFG/LFR World of Warcraft, Gen Chat's utility has declined. Yes, there's Trade Chat and the LFG channel, but once the queues came along a lot of in-game chat activity vanished.
By comparison, Gen Chat in Aion is very busy, but unfortunately most of it is filled with gold farmers. I suspect there are conversations in Gen Chat that are worth following in Aion, but they are drowned out by the flood of gold farmer spam. I never thought I'd say this, but in the worst days of WoW gold farmer spam (in Wrath), we never even came close to what I've seen on an average night in Aion. As much as some people gripe about the miscellaneous topics in Gen Chat, I'd much rather have that than gold farmer spam.
I think the only world where SWTOR's Gen Chat isn't that busy is on Quesh.*** Between the LFG requests and miscellaneous talk, Gen Chat in The Old Republic resembles a pub on a busy night. I'm not sure how much of this is due to people who migrated from SW:Galaxies, but it doesn't surprise me that a game built on leveling would have an active chat environment in the various game zones.
LOTRO doesn't have a true chat channel marked General, but it does have Regional and Advice channels, which are what a F2P player will mostly see. Like everything else about LOTRO, the chat channels are mellower than most. Yes, there are arguments that flare up, but LOTRO chat channels reflect the player base.
Some F2P games tend to isolate players away from the "subscribers" Gen Chat, so I can't say how much different the subs have it. Age of Conan is a prime example of the 'isolate the freebies' environment, and I can understand why. By keeping the F2P players in a separate chat channel, that eliminates a lot of the fly by night gold farmer spam in the regular chat channels. Throughout much of 2012, the F2P channel in AoC was very much dead. There were people playing the game --just going to Tortage would show people that-- but they weren't saying anything. In recent months, Funcom has done some server consolidation, and the formerly dead F2P Gen Chat is now active. Topics in AoC tend to remain tied to the game, since that is the only outlet available to F2P players, but also because AoC's servers tend to have a more global contingent than most other MMOs. I'm not sure why this is the case, but I've seen far more "pardon my English, it isn't my first language" in AoC's Gen Chat than in any other MMO I've played.
Why are some Gen Chats more active than others? I've thought about this a bit over the past few months, and I don't believe there's a single item you can point to that explains the differences. That said, here are a few of the ideas that I believe contribute to the success and/or failure of Gen Chat:
- Some of Gen Chat's activity is due to game design. A game like TOR, which has a lot of Heroic group quests in each planet, encourages activity by forcing players who want to run them to ask the old fashioned way. A game that has a strong RP player base, such as LOTRO and the WoW RP servers, will have more activity as well. Those players tend to be interested in the social aspects of the game, and will speak up more often.
- Some games encourage self-isolation, and for a social person that can be grating at times. While it can be fun to group up in LOTRO, a lot of content can be taken care of solo. The same with TOR and WoW. Blizzard used to have a lot of group quests in the Old World, but the Cata revision streamlined zone quests and eliminated most group quests. LFR takes care of the need to see end game content as part of a guild, and LFG is famous for silent dungeon runs. With TOR, you can solo quest all the way to max level and complete your class story without grouping once. And without a burning in-game need to join a guild, the outlet some people have is to talk in Gen Chat.
- The need to join a guild also factors into Gen Chat activity. Sure, guilds are optional in every MMO, but being guildless makes playing some games much harder. However, other games (like TOR) make it very easy to play the game guildless, and those games have more active Gen Chat than others. It may not be a direct correlation, since there are quite a few WoW players who create a guild just to avoid being pestered by guild invites, but the games that have huge guilds and emphasize guild oriented activity are also the ones that have the least amount of Gen Chat activity.
- Finally, in some games the argument could be made that Gen Chat has been rendered obsolete. Look at WoW, for example. You have so many methods of communication --both in and out of the game itself-- that Gen Chat is more a method of last resort. Additionally, the game design in Mists has been pushing people into doing dailies --lots of dailies-- prior to any raiding, and there isn't a centralized chat that enables players out and about in various regions on a server to communicate together. The mentality becomes "get the dailies done and then get on to other things," which isn't very conducive to chatting away either. The old "standing around and fishing at the Dal fountain" design just isn't there anymore. True, this isn't the only time that Blizz has put a lot of dailies as a gatekeeper for raiding --Quel'Danas and Firelands come to mind-- but those patches came later in each expac, not at the beginning. Starting an expac with dailies as a gatekeeper is quite different, and sets the tone for the entire expac.
Some of the funniest as well as the most vile things I've read in an MMO came out of Gen Chat. I once got into a discussion about the original Robert E. Howard short stories in an AoC session, and there was the "what events would a Star Wars Olympics have?" discussion during last Summer's Games. I've learned a bit about theorycrafting in a WoW Gen Chat session, and I found out that some people who play LOTRO know far more Quenya than I do (which ain't hard to do, really). The Gen Chat is the watering hole for an MMO, and when a Gen Chat turns toxic that's an indicator of larger problems in the game.
Here's to hoping your Gen Chat experiences are fun and interesting.
*Compared to Trade Chat, that is.
**It apparently does, but you'd never guess it.
***Okay, maybe Ilum too, but it's been a while since I've been there.
****The need to avoid being harassed also speaks to the importance of guilds in a game.


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Obenshain unhappy with our new train
The two new state-subsidized Amtrak trains–- including the Lynchburg-Charlottesville-New York service slated to begin October 1–- have drawn the wrath of fiscally conservative Harrisonburg state senator Mark Obenshain, according to a Lynchburg News story.
3 comments
Have to agree with intermodal on the back burner this does seem like a luxury. And UVA folks don't seem to see any improvement in the time saved or schedule.
Having a train running through central VA is cost saver for those who want to travel. This is not just for UVa. This is for everyone who does not want to drive the distance. I would hope that people in central VA would see the benefit in not having to waste gas while taking a relaxing and safer ride.
We'd take rail trips to D.C. regularly (just to visit Hogate's) if Amtrak's inefficiency didn't make it prohibitively expensive.
But Lynchburg? Why in the world would we want to go there?


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I have a fleetwood manufactured home on a cinder block foundation built in
2013 and I was curious about what the floor weight capacity
is. I'm looking to build a home gym in one of the bedrooms. The power rack
I'm looking at purchasing is 300 lbs by itself and it's about 100 sq feet.
Plus the weight bar, weights, and bench I will be adding to that, probably another 200 lbs. Any idea if the floor would be able to hold that much weight safely
without causing any damage? I tried to look this up with the manufacturer
but was unable to find this specific information.
Floor weight capacity
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Structures Technical Advisory Panel for Research
The Structures Technical Advisory Panel (TAP) assists the Structures & Geotechnical Program Steering Committee in developing a coherent, coordinated research agenda in support of Department goals, ensuring technical quality of research projects, and developing appropriate deployment paths for research products.
- Develop structure research thrust areas.
- Solicit, review, evaluate, and rank structure research problem statements.
- Review, evaluate and rank structure research proposals.
- Ensure technical quality of structure research projects.
- Identify deployment opportunities for research products and oversee deployment implementation.
- Sponsor multi-disciplinary Work Teams who will be responsible for providing technical support and implementing structure research deployment plans.
- Assist in development of program level multi-year integrated research plans.
Structures TAP Strategic Plan
Ensure structure and seismic research effectively supports the goals of the Department and meets the needs of practicing bridge engineers. Develop overarching research thrust areas to create a framework for the development and evaluation of structure and seismic research proposals. Ensure the highest priority research is being investigated by the most qualified research institution. Ensure the successful evaluation and implementation of structure and seismic research results. Develop and document an effective, efficient Structure research program process. Maintain strong internal and external lines of communication and forge strategic partnerships to support the Structure Research program.
The Seismic Research Program cover these categories of research work:
1- Improved seismic details
2- Soil/foundation Interaction
3- Advanced Composite materials testing/evaluation.
4- Seismic Response Modification Devices
5- Strong Motion Instrumentation, SMIP and Bridge performance Monitoring
6- Ground Motion Investigation
7- Developing new design Tools
8- Steel Bridges research
Completed Research Reports:
( you can also browse the reports by vendor here)
Vendor Main Report Report No. Aerospace Development of Machine-Augmented Composite for Infrastructure Applications (CD) Report ATR 2004-1 all files Aerospace The Application of Qualification Testing, Field Testing and Accelerated Testing of Estimating Long-Term Durability of Composite Materials for Caltrans Applications 2004, 2005 7796-1 all files Aerospace Using Composites in Seismic Retrofit Applications 2005 7796-2 all files Cal Poly Concrete Bridge Deck Crack Sealing: An Overview of Research Report 59A0459 all files Caltrans SEISMIC HAZARD MAPS 1996 all files CSUS Plastic Energy Absorbtion Capacity of #18 Reinforcing Bar Splices Under Monotonic Loading Report 638041-33174 all files Missouri S&T Crack Detection in RC Columns Report 59A0571 all files North Carolina State University A706 Grade 80 Reinforcement for Seismic Applications Report 65A0525 San Jose State University The Effects of Heat of Hydration of Mass Concrete for Cast-In-Place Concrete Piles Report 59A0521 all files Texas A&M A General Methodology to Non-Destructively Evaluate Bridge Structural Safety all files UC Berkeley Analysis of Ordinary Bridges Crossing Fault Rupture Zones Report EERC 2008-01 all files UC Berkeley Near-Fault Seismic Ground Motions Report Report EERC 2007-03 all files UC Berkeley Effects of Local Deformations on Lateral Response of Bridge Frames DESIGN/ANALYSIS EXAMPLE , Report 1/2, Report 2/2 all files UC Berkeley Viscous Heating of Fluid Dampers Under Wind and Seismic Loading: Experimental Studies, Mathematical Modeling and Design Formulae Report EERC 2006/-01 all files UC Berkeley Fatigue Life Evaluation of Changeable Message Sign Structures, Report 1997-13 all files UC Davis Development of Guidelines for Incorporation of Vertical Ground Motion Effects in Seismic Design of Highway Bridges Report 59A0434 all files UC Irvine Long-Term Structural Performance Monitoring of Bridges all files UC Irvine Socio-Economic Effect of Seismic Retrofit Implemented on Bridges in Los Angeles Highway Network Report all files UC Irvine DETERMINING THE EFFECTIVE SYSTEM DAMPING OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES Report 2009-001 all files UC Irvine VERIFICATION OF COMPUTER ANALYSIS MODELS FOR SUSPENSION BRIDGES Report 2009-002 all files UC Irvine Structural_Qualificaton_Testing_of_Composit-Jacketed_Circular_and_Rectangular_Bridge_Columns Report 1999-01 all files UC San Diego Long-Term Performance of Epoxy Bonded Rebar Couplers report SSRP 09/09 UC San Diego Experimental and Analytical Investigation on Stiffness and Ultimate Capacity of Bridge Abutments Report 2007-12 all files UC San Diego A DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE FOR BRIDGE STRUCTURES WITH ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES Report 2007-08 all files UC San Diego Performance of Lead-Rubber and Sliding Bearings under Different Axial Load and Velocity Conditions 06-5 Report 2006-05 all files UC San Diego A Simplified Method For Prediction of Long-Term Prestress Loss in Post-Tensioned Concrete Bridges Report 2006/21 all files UC San Diego Structrual Response Assessment of Soil Nail Wall Facings Report 96/01 all files UC San Diego Assessment of FRP Composite Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Structures at the Component and Systems Level Through Progressive Damage and Non-Destructive Evaluation Report 2006/12 all files UC San Diego Cyclic Tests of Structural Wall with Highly-Confined Boundary Elements Phase III-Web Crushing (CD) Report 2001/27 all files UC San Diego Development of Resistance Factors For LRFD Design For FRP Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Bridges Report 2006/13 all files UC San Diego Effect of Pile Diameter on the Modulus of Sup-Grade reaction Report 2001/22 all files UC San Diego Effects of Construction Methods on the Axial Capacity of Drilled Shafts Report 2004/17 all files UC San Diego Effects of Fabrication Procedures and Weld Melt-Through on Fatigue Resistance of Orthotropic Steel Deck Welds Report 2007/13 all files UC San Diego Experimental Investigation of Ductility of In-Ground Hinges in Solid and Hollow Prestressed Piles Report 97/17 all files UC San Diego Experimental Verification of the Influence of Time0Dependent Material Properties on Long-Term Bridge Characteristics Report 2006/20 all files UC San Diego Field Investigation Report for Abutment Backfill Characterization Report 2005/02 all files UC San Diego Flexural Behavior of Circular Hollow Columns with a Single Layer of Reinforcement under Seismic Loading Report 2000/13 all files UC San Diego Full Scale Load Testing of Sand-Jacks Report 2005/06 all files UC San Diego Hygrothermal Effects on Durability and Moisture Kinetics of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites Report 2006/15 all files UC San Diego Investigation of Integrity and Effectiveness of RC Bridge Deck Rehabilitation with CFRP Composites Report 04/08 all files UC San Diego Response of the Coronado Bay Bridge Pile-to-Pile Cap Connections Under Simulated Seismic Loads Report 97/11 all files UC San Diego Seismic Design and Performance of Precast Concrete Segmental Bridge Columns (CD) Report 2001/25 all files UC San Diego Seismic Performance of CIDH Pile-Supported Footings (CD) Report 2001/26 all files UC San Diego Seismic Performance of Circular Hollow Columns Subjected to High Shear (CD) Report 2001/01 all files UC San Diego Seismic Performance of Hollow Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Piers with Highly-Confined Boundary Element Phase I & Phase II Report 99/15 all files UC San Diego Seismic Performance of Precast Segmental Bridge Superstructures (CD) Report 2001/24 all files UC San Diego Seismic Response of Integral Bridge Connections Report 2000/16 all files UC San Diego Seismic Response of Precast Segmental Bridge Superstructures Report 2006/18 all files UC San Diego Seismic Response of Sacrificial Exterior Shear Keys in Bridge Abutments Report 2004/14 all files UC San Diego Seismic Response of Sacrificial Shear Keys in Bridge Abutments Report 2001/23 all files UC San Diego Seismic Testing of Precast Segmental Bridges Phase III: Bridge System Test Report 2005/01 all files UC San Diego Structural Systems Research Report Report 2006/16 all files UC San Diego The Assessment of Aspects Related to Defect Criticality in CFRP Strengthened Concrete Flexural Members Report 2006/11 all files UC San Diego Durability Data for FRP Rehabilitation Systems Report 2009/05 all files UC San Diego
Structural Response of Near Surface Mounted CFRP Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Overhang Report
2009/03 all files UC San Diego TILT: The Treasure Island Liquefaction Test Report 2001/17 all files UCLA Full Scale Cyclic Testing of Foundation Support Systems for Highway Bridges.
Part I: Drilled Shaft Foundations
2007/01 all files UCLA Abutment Backwalls: Full scale Cyclic Testing of Fondation Support Systems for Highway Bridges, Part II UCLA-SGEL 2007/02 all files UN Reno Impact f Aspect Ratio on Two-Column Bent Seismic Performance Report 2004-03 all files UN Reno Recommendations for the Design of Beams and Posts in Bridge Falsework Report 2005/11 all files UN Reno Seismic Performance of RC Bridge Columns Reinforced with Two Interlocking Spirals Report 2004/06 all files UN Reno Seismic Performance of RC Bridge Frames with Architectural Flared Columns Report 2003-03 all files UN Reno Static and Dynamic Performance of Bridge Bents with Architectural-Flared Columns Report 2003-08 all files UN Reno Laterally Loaded Long or Intermediate Shafts of Small or Large Diameter in Layered Soil TOC, Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Abstract, Refs. 59A0348 all files USC Damper System Identification and Damage Detection Report all files
Our Mailing Address
Division of Engineering Services
Office of Earthquake Engineering
P.O. Box 168041, MS 9 2/5I
Sacramento, California 95816-8041


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Dr. Gary will be out of the office on Saturday, June 22nd.
Back in the office on Tuesday, June 25th.
Natural Allergy Relief
In the last 20 years or so, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of allergies people are experiencing. These sensitivities are attributable to various factors, including pollution, alterations of the food supply, stress and many other factors. Many allergies could develop into autoimmune diseases down the road if the inflammatory process that is underlying the initial allergic reaction is not addressed. I consider it my job, a primary focus of my practice, to uncover the root of a patient's immunology issues.
A traditional allergist would perform certain types of tests (such as a skin-prick test or a blood test) to identify everything that a person has been sensitized to, whether or not those allergens are currently causing any problems. The advantage of the alternative methods that we use is we can determine more precisely what you are reacting to in this particular moment in time, desensitize those things that are currently causing problems and proceed from there.
The desensitization process we use is a technique called NAET (Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Technique), which is based primarily on principles of acupuncture, but doesn't involve needles. In conjunction with NAET, we may also employ other solutions like chiropractic adjustments, supplementation and/or dietary changes to treat immune system imbalances. Our ultimate goal is not only eliminating immediate reactions, but preventing future allergies and the inflammation process that accompanies those reactions.


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REMINDER: Santa Photos at Advertiser Photography By Steven Starts Saturday
REMINDER: Advertiser Photography by Steven will start taking Santa photos at their Burien studio beginning this weekend – Saturday, Dec. 1 and Sunday, Dec. 2!
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To schedule your private session in their "virtual line" for Santa for please use our online calendar.
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Photography by Steven is located at 243 SW 152nd Street in downtown Burien.
For more information call 206-433-0988.
[Would you like to have a Blogvertorial story, Ad and/or Event Listing like this on a popular, fast-growing website seen by over 51,000 interested Local Readers every month? Email us for more info, or check out our Advertise page!]


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Loyalty's short shelf life spotlighted
Two-and-a-half years ago, President Barack Obama gave his first defense secretary a surprise parting gift at an outdoor retirement ceremony held on the grounds of the Pentagon: The Presidential Medal of Freedom.
"The integrity of Bob Gates," is a reminder that "civility, respectful discourse and citizenship over partisanship" are "timeless virtues that we need now more than ever."
Story Continued Below
That was then.
( Also on POLITICO: The secret life of Robert Gates)
Now, Gates has written a memoir that questions Obama's faith in the mission he assigned to American forces in Afghanistan and Vice President Joe Biden's judgment on matters of war and peace. In turn, the tome has raised questions about Gates' timing: whether such insider histories have a chilling effect on the quality and candor of debate in the president's war council and whether Gates has broken an unwritten code of loyalty to the president.
"Cabinet members who don't leave on principle ought to avoid undercutting the president while he's still in office," said Sandy Berger, who was national security adviser during President Bill Clinton's second term. "I think they have that duty of loyalty to the president. It makes me uncomfortable to see Gates do this."
Gates felt that there was no time to waste in adding to the public debate.
( WATCH: Jay Carney pushes back on Robert Gates Afghanistan claims)
"The national security issues discussed in the book — Pentagon funding, use of force, the welfare of our troops, etc. — are hugely consequential and should not be kicked down the road for historians to mull over," said a person close to Gates. "They are still relevant today and he believes they need to be aired and debated now."
The contemporary-history genre has become a recurring headache for White House officials over the years, and a way for the public to understand how their leaders make decisions in time to effect change if necessary.
In 1947, the same year he left office, former Secretary of State James F. Byrnes published a book, "Speaking Frankly," that recounted insider details of the 1945 Yalta conference and the debate among President Franklin Roosevelt, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill over whether to include French leader Charles de Gaulle in conversations about how to reconstitute post-war Europe.
( WATCH: David Axelrod slams 'vague' Robert Gates book)
Stalin "said General de Gaulle was 'very unrealistic,' and reiterated that even though 'France had not done much fighting in the war, yet de Gaulle has demanded equal rights with the Soviets, the British and the Americans, who have done the fighting,'" wrote Byrnes, who was director of the office of war mobilization at the time. "President Roosevelt did not take issue with Stalin on de Gaulle. The President had great admiration for France and its people but he did not admire de Gaulle. On several occasions he referred to a conversation at Casablanca in which de Gaulle compared himself with Joan of Arc as the spiritual leader of France and with Clemenceau as the political leader."
In 1998, Robert Reich, who served as President Bill Clinton's Labor Secretary, published an insider's account of his four years in office called "Locked in the Cabinet." A year later, former White House aide George Stephanopoulos sent Washington whisperers atwitter with his book about the internal politics of the Clinton White House and how he was frozen out of the president's inner circle. George W. Bush's Treasury secretary, Paul O'Neill, gave author Ron Suskind his papers for a critical book called "The Price of Loyalty," and Bush Press Secretary Scott McClellan burned his former boss and his decision-making in the Iraq War with "What happened" in 2008.
Former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, who wrote a memoir of the second term of the Clinton administration, said there's a value to writing about recent history but not in trashing the people you worked with.
( Opinion: Obama's insincere war)
"My own sense is it's important to write memoirs because everybody has their own view of history and its important to get it out," said Albright, who worked with Gates on the National Security Council staff during the Carter administration.