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Posted by Editor on 12/18/99
2000 Adrenalin Event Staff Needed!
Trilife Sports International is an event marketing/promotion company that executes the 24 Hours of Adrenalin team and solo mountain bike series across North America. Trilife takes pride in hosting some of the largest mountain biking festivals in the world. The professional approach we bring to events is regarded as top class within the event industry. We are looking for some dedicated, hard working team players to take on various roles within our 2000 event season. This experience is perfect for those who are aspiring for careers in event marketing/management.
Road Crew Manager
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subset: commoncrawl


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Frequently asked questions
Why can't I make Cassandra listen on 0.0.0.0 (all my addresses)?
What happens to existing data in my cluster when I add new nodes?
Can I add/remove/rename Column Families on a working cluster?
Does it matter which node a Thrift or higher-level client connects to?
I delete data from Cassandra, but disk usage stays the same. What gives?
Why does nodeprobe ring only show one entry, even though my nodes logged that they see each other joining the ring?
Nodetool says "Connection refused to host: 127.0.1.1" for any remote host. What gives?
Why were none of the keyspaces described in storage-conf.xml loaded?
Insert operation throws InvalidRequestException with message "A long is exactly 8 bytes"
Cassandra says "ClusterName mismatch: oldClusterName != newClusterName" and refuses to start
Is there an authentication/authorization mechanism for Cassandra?
Why aren't range slices/sequential scans giving me the expected results?
Why does top report that Cassandra is using a lot more memory than the Java heap max?
I'm getting java.io.IOException: Cannot run program "ln" when trying to snapshot or update a keyspace
I have a row or key cache hit rate of 0.XX123456789. Is that XX% or 0.XX% ?
Commit Log gets very big. Cassandra does not delete "old" commit logs. Why?
Why can't I make Cassandra listen on 0.0.0.0 (all my addresses)?
Cassandra is a gossip-based distributed system. ListenAddress is also "contact me here address," i.e., the address it tells other nodes to reach it at. Telling other nodes "contact me on any of my addresses" is a bad idea; if different nodes in the cluster pick different addresses for you, Bad Things happen.
If you don't want to manually specify an IP to ListenAddress for each node in your cluster (understandable!), leave it blank and Cassandra will use InetAddress.getLocalHost() to pick an address. Then it's up to you or your ops team to make things resolve correctly (/etc/hosts/, dns, etc).
One exception to this process is JMX, which by default binds to 0.0.0.0 (Java bug 6425769).
See CASSANDRA-256 and CASSANDRA-43 for more gory details.
What ports does Cassandra use?
By default, Cassandra uses 7000 for cluster communication, 9160 for clients (Thrift), and 8080 for JMX. These are all editable in the configuration file or bin/cassandra.in.sh (for JVM options). All ports are TCP. See also RunningCassandra.
Why does Cassandra slow down after doing a lot of inserts?
This is a symptom of memory pressure, resulting in a storm of GC operations as the JVM frantically tries to free enough heap to continue to operate. Eventually, the server will crash from OutOfMemory; usually, but not always, it will be able to log this final error before the JVM terminates.
You can increase the amount of memory the JVM uses, or decrease the insert threshold before Cassandra flushes its memtables. See MemtableThresholds for details.
Setting your cache sizes too large can result in memory pressure.
What happens to existing data in my cluster when I add new nodes?
Starting a new node with the -b [bootstrap] option will cause it to contact other nodes in the cluster to copy the right data to itself.
In Cassandra 0.5 and above, there is an "AutoBootStrap" option in the config file. When enabled, using the "-b" options is unnecessary, because new nodes will automatically bootstrap themselves when they start up for the first time. Even with AutoBootstrap it is recommended that you always specify the InitialToken because the picking of an initial token will almost certainly result in an unbalanced ring. If you are building the initial cluster you certainly don't want to leave InitialToken blank. Pick the tokens such that the ring will be balanced afterward and explicitly set them on each node. See token selection in the operations wiki.
Unless you know precisely what you're doing and are aware of how the Cassandra internals work you should never introduce a new empty node to your cluster and have autoboostrap disabled. In version 0.7 under write load it will cause writes to be sent to the new node before the schema arrives from another member of the cluster. This would also indicate to clients that the new node is responsible for servicing reads for data that it definitely doesn't have.
In Cassandra 0.4 and below, it is recommended that you manually specify a value for "InitialToken" in the config file of a new node.
Can I add/remove/rename Column Families on a working cluster?
Yes, but it's important that you do it correctly.
- Empty the commitlog with "nodetool drain."
- Shutdown Cassandra and verify that there is no remaining data in the commitlog.
- Delete the sstable files (-Data.db, -Index.db, and -Filter.db) for any CFs removed, and rename the files for any CFs that were renamed.
- Make necessary changes to your storage-conf.xml.
- Start Cassandra back up and your edits should take effect.
see also: CASSANDRA-44
Does it matter which node a Thrift or higher-level client connects to?
No, any node in the cluster will work; Cassandra nodes proxy your request as needed. This leaves the client with a number of options for end point selection:
- You can maintain a list of contact nodes (all or a subset of the nodes in the cluster), and configure your clients to choose among them.
- Use round-robin DNS and create a record that points to a set of contact nodes (recommended).
Use the get_string_property("token map") RPC to obtain an update-to-date list of the nodes in the cluster and cycle through them.
- Deploy a load-balancer, proxy, etc.
When using a higher-level client you should investigate which, if any, options are implemented by your higher-level client to help you distribute your requests across nodes in a cluster.
What kind of hardware should I run Cassandra on?
See [CassandraHardware].
What are SSTables and Memtables?
See MemtableSSTable and MemtableThresholds.
Why is it so hard to work with TimeUUIDType in Java?
TimeUUID's are difficult to use from java clients because java.util.UUID does not support generating version 1 (time-based) UUIDs. Here is one way to work with them and Cassandra:
Use the UUID generator from: http://johannburkard.de/software/uuid/
Below are three methods that are quite useful in working with the uuids as they come in and out of Cassandra.
Generate a new UUID to use in a TimeUUIDType sorted column family.
/** * Gets a new time uuid. * * @return the time uuid */ public static java.util.UUID getTimeUUID() { return java.util.UUID.fromString(new com.eaio.uuid.UUID().toString()); }
When you read out of cassandra your getting a byte[] that needs to be converted into a TimeUUID and since the java.util.UUID doesn't seem to have a simple way of doing this, pass it through the eaio uuid dealio again.
/** * Returns an instance of uuid. * * @param uuid the uuid * @return the java.util. uuid */ public static java.util.UUID toUUID( byte[] uuid ) { long msb = 0; long lsb = 0; assert uuid.length == 16; for (int i=0; i<8; i++) msb = (msb << 8) | (uuid[i] & 0xff); for (int i=8; i<16; i++) lsb = (lsb << 8) | (uuid[i] & 0xff); long mostSigBits = msb; long leastSigBits = lsb; com.eaio.uuid.UUID u = new com.eaio.uuid.UUID(msb,lsb); return java.util.UUID.fromString(u.toString()); }
When you want to actually place the UUID into the Column then you'll want to convert it like this. This method is often used in conjuntion with the getTimeUUID() mentioned above.
/** * As byte array. * * @param uuid the uuid * * @return the byte[] */ public static byte[] asByteArray(java.util.UUID uuid) { long msb = uuid.getMostSignificantBits(); long lsb = uuid.getLeastSignificantBits(); byte[] buffer = new byte[16]; for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) { buffer[i] = (byte) (msb >>> 8 * (7 - i)); } for (int i = 8; i < 16; i++) { buffer[i] = (byte) (lsb >>> 8 * (7 - i)); } return buffer; }
Further, it is often useful to create a TimeUUID object from some time other than the present: for example, to use as the lower bound in a SlicePredicate to retrieve all columns whose TimeUUID comes after time X. Most libraries don't provide this functionality, probably because this breaks the "Universal" part of UUID: this should give you pause! Never assume such a UUID is unique: use it only as a marker for a specific time.
With those disclaimers out of the way, if you feel a need to create a TimeUUID based on a specific date, here is some code that will work:
public static java.util.UUID uuidForDate(Date d) { /* Magic number obtained from #cassandra's thobbs, who claims to have stolen it from a Python library. */ final long NUM_100NS_INTERVALS_SINCE_UUID_EPOCH = 0x01b21dd213814000L; long origTime = d.getTime(); long time = origTime * 10000 + NUM_100NS_INTERVALS_SINCE_UUID_EPOCH; long timeLow = time & 0xffffffffL; long timeMid = time & 0xffff00000000L; long timeHi = time & 0xfff000000000000L; long upperLong = (timeLow << 32) | (timeMid >> 16) | (1 << 12) | (timeHi >> 48) ; return new java.util.UUID(upperLong, 0xC000000000000000L); }
I delete data from Cassandra, but disk usage stays the same. What gives?
Data you write to Cassandra gets persisted to SSTables. Since SSTables are immutable, the data can't actually be removed when you perform a delete, instead, a marker (also called a "tombstone") is written to indicate the value's new status. Never fear though, on the first compaction that occurs after GCGraceSeconds (hint: storage-conf.xml) have expired, the data will be expunged completely and the corresponding disk space recovered. See DistributedDeletes for more detail.
Why are reads slower than writes?
Unlike all major relational databases and some NoSQL systems, Cassandra does not use b-trees and in-place updates on disk. Instead, it uses a sstable/memtable model like Bigtable's: writes to each ColumnFamily are grouped together in an in-memory structure before being flushed (sorted and written to disk). This means that writes cost no random I/O, compared to a b-tree system which not only has to seek to the data location to overwrite, but also may have to seek to read different levels of the index if it outgrows disk cache!
The downside is that on a read, Cassandra has to (potentially) merge row fragments from multiple sstables on disk. We think this is a tradeoff worth making, first because scaling writes has always been harder than scaling reads, and second because as your data corpus grows Cassandra's read disadvantage narrows vs b-tree systems that have to do multiple seeks against a large index. See MemtableSSTable for more details.
Why does nodeprobe ring only show one entry, even though my nodes logged that they see each other joining the ring?
This happens when you have the same token assigned to each node. Don't do that.
Most often this bites people who deploy by installing Cassandra on a VM (especially when using the Debian package, which auto-starts Cassandra after installation, thus generating and saving a token), then cloning that VM to other nodes.
The easiest fix is to wipe the data and commitlog directories, thus making sure that each node will generate a random token on the next restart.
Why do deleted keys show up during range scans?
Because get_range_slice says, "apply this predicate to the range of rows given," meaning, if the predicate result is empty, we have to include an empty result for that row key. It is perfectly valid to perform such a query returning empty column lists for some or all keys, even if no deletions have been performed.
So to special case leaving out result entries for deletions, we would have to check the entire rest of the row to make sure there is no undeleted data anywhere else either (in which case leaving the key out would be an error).
This is what we used to do with the old get_key_range method, but the performance hit turned out to be unacceptable.
See DistributedDeletes for more on how deletes work in Cassandra.
Can I change the ReplicationFactor on a live cluster?
Yes, but it will require restarting and running repair manually to change the replica count of existing data.
Alter the ReplicationFactor for the desired keyspace(s) in the storage configuration on each node in the cluster.
- Restart cassandra on each node in the cluster.
If you're reducing the ReplicationFactor:
- Run "nodetool cleanup" on the cluster to remove surplus replicated data. Cleanup runs on a per-node basis.
If you're increasing the ReplicationFactor:
- Run "nodetool repair" to run an anti-entropy repair on the cluster. Repair runs on a per-node basis. This is an intensive process that will result in adverse cluster performance. It's highly recommended to do rolling repairs, as an attempt to repair the entire cluster at once will most likely swamp it and may even kill it.
Can I Store BLOBs in Cassandra?
Currently Cassandra isn't optimized specifically for large file or BLOB storage. However, files of around 64Mb and smaller can be easily stored in the database without splitting them into smaller chunks. This is primarily due to the fact that Cassandra's public API is based on Thrift, which offers no streaming abilities; any value written or fetched has to fit in to memory. Other non Thrift interfaces may solve this problem in the future, but there are currently no plans to change Thrift's behavior. When planning applications that require storing BLOBS, you should also consider these attributes of Cassandra as well:
- The main limitation on a column and super column size is that all the data for a single key and column must fit (on disk) on a single machine(node) in the cluster. Because keys alone are used to determine the nodes responsible for replicating their data, the amount of data associated with a single key has this upper bound. This is an inherent limitation of the distribution model.
When large columns are created and retrieved, that columns data is loaded into RAM which can get resource intensive quickly. Consider, loading 200 rows with columns that store 10Mb image files each into RAM. That small result set would consume about 2Gb of RAM. Clearly as more and more large columns are loaded, RAM would start to get consumed quickly. This can be worked around, but will take some upfront planning and testing to get a workable solution for most applications. You can find more information regarding this behavior here: memtables, and a possible solution in 0.7 here: CASSANDRA-16.
Please refer to the notes in the Cassandra limitations section for more information: Cassandra Limitations
Nodetool says "Connection refused to host: 127.0.1.1" for any remote host. What gives?
Nodetool relies on JMX, which in turn relies on RMI, which in turn sets up it's own listeners and connectors as needed on each end of the exchange. Normally all of this happens behind the scenes transparently, but incorrect name resolution for either the host connecting, or the one being connected to, can result in crossed wires and confusing exceptions.
If you are not using DNS, then make sure that your /etc/hosts files are accurate on both ends. If that fails try passing the -Djava.rmi.server.hostname=$IP option to the JVM at startup (where $IP is the address of the interface you can reach from the remote machine).
How can I iterate over all the rows in a ColumnFamily?
Simple but slow: Use get_range_slices, start with the empty string, and after each call use the last key read as the start key in the next iteration.
Better: use HadoopSupport.
Why were none of the keyspaces described in storage-conf.xml loaded?
Prior to 0.7, cassandra loaded a set of static keyspaces defined in a storage-conf.xml file. CASSANDRA-44 added the ability to modify schema dynamically on a live cluster. Part of this change required that we ignore the schema defined in storage-conf.xml. Additionally, 0.7 converts to YAML based configuration.
If you have an existing storage-conf.xml file, you will first need to convert it to YAML using the bin/config-converter tool, which can generate a cassandra.yaml file from a storage-conf.xml file. Once you have a cassandra.yaml, it is possible to do a one-time load of the schema it defines. 0.7 adds a loadSchemaFromYAML method to StorageServiceMBean (triggered via JMX: see https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-1001 ) which will load the schema defined in cassandra.yaml, but this is a one-time operation. A node that has had its schema defined via loadSchemaFromYAML will load its schema from the system table on subsequent restarts, which means that any further changes to the schema need to be made using the system_* thrift operations (see API).
It is recommended that you only perform schema updates on one node and let cassandra propagate changes to the rest of the cluster. If you try to perform the same updates simultaneously on multiple nodes, you run the risk of introducing inconsistent migrations, which will lead to a confused cluster.
See LiveSchemaUpdates for more information.
Is there a GUI admin tool for Cassandra?
The closest is chiton, a GTK data browser.
Another java UI http://code.google.com/p/cassandra-gui, a Swing data browser.
Insert operation throws InvalidRequestException with message "A long is exactly 8 bytes"
You are propably using LongType column sorter in your column family. LongType assumes that the numbers stored into column names are exactly 64bit (8 bytes) long and in big endian format. Example code how to pack and unpack an integer for storing into cassandra and unpacking it for php:
/** * Takes php integer and packs it to 64bit (8 bytes) long big endian binary representation. * @param $x integer * @return string eight bytes long binary repersentation of the integer in big endian order. */ public static function pack_longtype($x) { return pack('C8', ($x >> 56) & 0xff, ($x >> 48) & 0xff, ($x >> 40) & 0xff, ($x >> 32) & 0xff, ($x >> 24) & 0xff, ($x >> 16) & 0xff, ($x >> 8) & 0xff, $x & 0xff); } /** * Takes eight bytes long big endian binary representation of an integer and unpacks it to a php integer. * @param $x * @return php integer */ public static function unpack_longtype($x) { $a = unpack('C8', $x); return ($a[1] << 56) + ($a[2] << 48) + ($a[3] << 40) + ($a[4] << 32) + ($a[5] << 24) + ($a[6] << 16) + ($a[7] << 8) + $a[8]; }
Cassandra says "ClusterName mismatch: oldClusterName != newClusterName" and refuses to start
To prevent operator errors, Cassandra stores the name of the cluster in its system table. If you need to rename a cluster for some reason, it is safe to remove system/LocationInfo* after forcing a compaction on all ColumnFamilies (with the old cluster name) if you've specified the node's token in the config file, or if you don't care about preserving the node's token (for instance in single node clusters.)
Are batch_mutate operations atomic?
As a special case, mutations against a single key are atomic but not isolated. Reads which occur during such a mutation may see part of the write before they see the whole thing. More generally, batch_mutate operations are not atomic. batch_mutate allows grouping operations on many keys into a single call in order to save on the cost of network round-trips. If batch_mutate fails in the middle of its list of mutations, no rollback occurs and the mutations that have already been applied stay applied. The client should typically retry the batch_mutate operation.
Is Hadoop (i.e. Map/Reduce, Pig, Hive) supported?
For the latest on Hadoop-Cassandra integration, see HadoopSupport.
Can a Cassandra cluster be multi-tenant?
There is work being done to support more multi-tenant capabilities such as scheduling and auth. For more information, see MultiTenant.
Who is using Cassandra and for what?
For information on who is using Cassandra and what they are using it for, see CassandraUsers.
Are there any OBDC drivers for Cassandra?
Are there ways to do logging directly to Cassandra?
For information on logging directly to Cassandra, see LoggingToCassandra.
On RHEL nodes are unable to join the ring
Check if selinux is on, if it is turn it OFF
Is there an authentication/authorization mechanism for Cassandra?
Yes. For details, see ExtensibleAuth.
How do I bulk load data into Cassandra?
See BulkLoading
Why aren't range slices/sequential scans giving me the expected results?
You're probably using the RandomPartitioner. This is the default because it avoids hotspots, but it means your rows are ordered by the md5 of the row key rather than lexicographically by the raw key bytes.
You can start out with a start key and end key of [empty] and use the row count argument instead, if your goal is paging the rows. To get the next page, start from the last key you got in the previous page.
You can also use intra-row ordering of column names to get ordered results within a row; with appropriate row 'bucketing,' you often don't need the rows themselves to be ordered.
How do I unsubscribe from the email list?
Send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com
I compacted, so why did space used not decrease?
SSTables that are obsoleted by a compaction are deleted asynchronously when the JVM performs a GC. You can force a GC from jconsole if necessary, but Cassandra will force one itself if it detects that it is low on space. A compaction marker is also added to obsolete sstables so they can be deleted on startup if the server does not perform a GC before being restarted. Read more on this subject here.
Why does top report that Cassandra is using a lot more memory than the Java heap max?
Cassandra uses mmap to do zero-copy reads. That is, we use the operating system's virtual memory system to map the sstable data files into the Cassandra process' address space. This will "use" virtual memory; i.e. address space, and will be reported by tools like top accordingly, but on 64 bit systems virtual address space is effectively unlimited so you should not worry about that.
What matters from the perspective of "memory use" in the sense as it is normally meant, is the amount of data allocated on brk() or mmap'd /dev/zero, which represent real memory used. The key issue is that for a mmap'd file, there is never a need to retain the data resident in physical memory. Thus, whatever you do keep resident in physical memory is essentially just there as a cache, in the same way as normal I/O will cause the kernel page cache to retain data that you read/write.
The difference between normal I/O and mmap() is that in the mmap() case the memory is actually mapped to the process, thus affecting the virtual size as reported by top. The main argument for using mmap() instead of standard I/O is the fact that reading entails just touching memory - in the case of the memory being resident, you just read it - you don't even take a page fault (so no overhead in entering the kernel and doing a semi-context switch). This is covered in more detail here.
I'm getting java.io.IOException: Cannot run program "ln" when trying to snapshot or update a keyspace
Updating a keyspace first takes a snapshot. This involves creating hardlinks to the existing SSTables, but Java has no native way to create hard links, so it must fork "ln". When forking, there must be as much memory free as the parent process, even though the child isn't going to use it all. Because Java is a large process, this is problematic. The solution is to install Java Native Access so it can create the hard links itself.
How does Cassandra decide which nodes have what data?
The set of nodes (a single node, or several) responsible for any given piece of data is determined by:
- The row key (data is partitioned on row key)
The replication factor (decides how many nodes are in the replica set for a given row)
The replication strategy (decides which nodes are part of said replica set)
In the case of the SimpleStrategy, replicas are placed on succeeding nodes in the ring. The first node is determined by the partitioner and the row key, and the remainder are placed on succeeding node. In the case of NetworkTopologyStrategy placement is affected by data-center and rack awareness, and the placement will depend on how nodes in different racks or data centers are placed in the ring.
It is important to understand that Cassandra does not alter the replica set for a given row key based on changing characteristics like current load, which nodes are up or down, or which node your client happens to talk to.
I have a row or key cache hit rate of 0.XX123456789 reported by JMX. Is that XX% or 0.XX% ?
Commit Log gets very big. Cassandra does not delete "old" commit logs. Why?
You probably have one or more Column Families with very low throughput. These will typically not be flushed by crossing the throughput or operations thresholds, causing old commit segments to be retained until the memtable_flush_after_min threshold has been crossed. The default value for this threshold is 60 minutes and may be decreased via cassandra-cli by doing:
update column family XXX with memtable_flush_after=YY;
where YY is a number of minutes.
What are seeds?
If you configure your nodes to refer some node as seed, nodes in your ring tend to send Gossip message to seeds more often ( Refer to ArchitectureGossip for details ) than to non-seeds. In other words, seeds are worked as hubs of Gossip network. With seeds, each node can detect status changes of other nodes quickly.
Seeds are also referred by new nodes on bootstrap to learn other nodes in ring. When you add a new node to ring, you need to specify at least one live seed to contact. Once a node join the ring, it learns about the other nodes, so it doesn't need seed on subsequent boot.
If you configure a node as seed, it doesn't auto_bootstrap. So if you want to add a node to ring and make it seed, auto_bootstrap first, and then make it seed next.
Does single seed mean single point of failure?
If you are using replicated CF on the ring, only one seed in the ring doesn't mean single point of failure. The ring can operate or boot without the seed. However, it will need more time to spread status changes of node over the ring. It is recommended to have multiple seeds in production system.


text:
Wednesday, July 11th was a day of firsts like no other: our first day as innkeepers at the historic Inn at Ormsby Hill; our first day living in the beautiful town of Manchester, Vermont; our first day as employers and business owners. It was, without doubt a daunting day. Imagine our surprise when, overriding our feelings of anxiety, we felt giddy with joy, awe, and gratefulness. We know are in the right place at the right time in our lives.
Our prior life as on again, off again expatriates in Tokyo Japan ended in September 2011 after 32 years, 2 kids, and 17 moves. On the surface, our past years make us questionably qualified to be innkeepers and caretakers of this beautiful bed and breakfast. Peeling back the layers of our life, we discovered that our experiences perfectly prepared us for our new roles. Here are some life lessons we think will help us make your stay at Ormsby Hill truly wonderful:
- Do not fear change because it is the springboard to growth and satisfaction.
- Curiosity and openness lead to learning.
- The most valuable lessons come from unexpected sources, like children, pets, or guests.
- Every person, plant, and animal deserves unconditional respect.
We look forward to meeting each one of you as your own journey intersects with ours at The Inn at Ormsby Hill.


text:
Anna Garrett needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 79 designs submitted by 17 freelance designers.
National Association of Women in Health Care
I am a pharmacist who has practiced for 18 years in a number of health care settings. Women who work in health care have a tendency to get overwhelmed with the responsibilities of caregiving in their jobs and families, and forget to take care of themselves. This new association with be about supporting the minds, bodies and spirits of women in all health care fields.
The audience for this association will include women in all health care related fields (nurses, pharmacists, physicians, social workers, etc) Target age range 40-60. Member is likely to have children living at home and may be caring for aging parents. There are no existing organizations of this kind that I'm aware of.
National Association of Women in Health Care (NAWHC abbreviated)
Must have tagline: Promoting Self-Care for Women in Health Care
Color scheme: soothing, feel free to experiment
Want a clean, simple design
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
U.S. and Brazilian officials have agreed on a path for a negotiated settlement for Brazilian's long-running dispute with the United States over its cotton program.
Trade Representative Ron Kirk and Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack announced the agreement in a joint press release from Washington this morning. The agreement could prevent Brazil from implementing trade restrictions against a number of U.S. products.
"I am pleased that our teams have been able to make substantial progress towards the goal of a negotiated settlement which would avoid the imposition of countermeasures against U.S. trade, including U.S. exports and intellectual property rights," said Ambassador Kirk. "We now have a clear path forward, one that is in the best interest of both the United States and Brazil."
As a result of the discussions, the United States has avoided imposition of higher tariffs against hundreds of millions of dollars in U.S. goods exports which were scheduled to go into effect this week, Kirk noted.
"I am so pleased that we were able to agree on a path forward with Brazil that will avoid the imposition of countermeasures on U.S. agricultural products and industrial goods that Brazil had announced would go into effect on Wednesday," said Vilsack. "Both the United States and Brazil will benefit by working together to resolve our dispute.
"I am also pleased that our path forward respects our farm bill process and the role of Congress in shaping our commodity programs. I look forward to working with Congress and Brazil to crafting a long-term, mutually-agreeable solution to this dispute that meets the needs of American farmers, workers and consumers."
In 2005 and again in 2008, the World Trade Organization found that certain U.S. agricultural subsidies are inconsistent with WTO commitments. Those included:
- Payments to cotton producers under the marketing loan and countercyclical programs;
- Export credit guarantees under the GSM-102 Program, a USDA program used to provide guarantees for credit extended by private U.S. banks to approved foreign banks for purchases of U.S. agricultural products by foreign buyers.
Last Aug. 31, 2009, WTO arbitrators issued arbitration awards in this dispute. These awards provided the level of countermeasures that Brazil could impose against U.S. trade. The annual amount of countermeasures has two parts: 1) a fixed amount of $147.3 million for the cotton payments and 2) an amount for the GSM-102 program that varies based upon program usage. Using the data that we have given Brazil (in accordance with the arbitrators' award), the current total of authorized countermeasures is $820 million.
The arbitrators also provided that Brazil could impose cross-sectoral countermeasures (i.e. countermeasures in sectors outside of trade in goods, specifically intellectual property and services). It may impose cross-sectoral countermeasures to the extent that it applies total countermeasures in excess of a threshold.
The threshold varies annually, but is currently approximately $560 million. Therefore, of the approximately $820 million in countermeasures Brazil could impose now, about $260 million of that could be cross-sectoral, according to USDA officials.


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A hood is not a good project IMO for a beginner, it can be done, but the learning curve is much better taught on a smaller, cheaper project (air cleaner, batt box, etc), that if it goes south you will not just walk away, which as already mentioned is the normal outcome when considering doing a second project.jus1975 wrote:I want to try making a CF hood by using my factory hood to make the mold. But will the mold release agent stick to the paint of my factory hood. I dont want to damage the hood
DIY fiber hood
Shocks, Springs, Brakes, Frame, Body Work, etc
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Kenya-born Richard Leakey has served as head of Kenya Wildlife Service, an IUCN Member. Much of his life has been devoted to conservation and he has been a leading figure in the fight to preserve the African elephant by banning the ivory trade.
In 2004, Richard Leakey founded Wildlife Direct, a Kenya-based charity which supports conservationists in Africa directly on the ground. The organization played a significant role in protecting mountain gorillas in Virunga National Park.
Here Leakey, a long-standing member of the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, shares his views on what's needed to combat poaching and the escalating illegal trade in wildlife. Audio.


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Think of The Blues Brothers as the original soul revival act -- beating Amy Winehouse to the punch by a couple of decades. While the fictional band's concept and impact has been watered down by time and some awful sequels, the original film's still great.
The deadpan comedy of John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd is a marvel, of course. So are musical sequences featuring Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles, Cab Calloway and James Brown.
The movie is musically affectionate and hilarious at the same time. It was released in June of 1980. There's been nothing like it since.
In association with AltDaily,


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Press Releases & Statements
USCIRF strongly condemns the irresponsible and hostile actions taken against Uighur Muslims in Egypt. The government of Egypt continues a campaign of rounding up and deporting these individuals back to China, a country with a record of harsh repression of the Uighur community. USCIRF's Chairman Daniel Mark said, "These latest moves show a calculated indifference to the Uighur Muslim community."
USCIRF expressed relief that the Vietnamese government has released religious prisoner of conscience Pastor Nguyen Cong Chinh and allowed him, his wife Tran Thi Hong, and their five children to leave the country. Pastor Chinh was sentenced in 2012 to
USCIRF welcomes the White House nomination of Governor Sam Brownback of Kansas as the Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom. As a Senator from 1996-2011, he was at the forefront of international religious freedom issues.
Bagir: I write recognizing that this letter never may reach you. Through my position as a Commissioner on the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), I have become aware of your dire situation and have resolved to dedicate my efforts to securing your unconditional release from prison.
USCIRF is increasingly concerned with the escalation of arrests of members of the Baha'i community in Yemen. USCIRF calls for the immediate release of all Baha'i prisoners of conscience and decries the targeting of individuals based solely on their religion or belief.
7/20/17: MALDIVES: Maldives Ruling Party Should Repudiate Attacks on UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief
USCIRF strongly condemns the verbal and online attacks against UN Special Rapporteur Ahmed Shaheed
USCIRF denounces the Russian Supreme Court ruling on Monday rejecting an appeal by the Jehovah's Witnesses against an April decision declaring them as extremist.
7/13/17: Open Letter from USCIRF Vice Chair Sandra Jolley to Gulmira Imin on the 8th Anniversary of Her Arrest
Dear Gulmira:I write to you as July 14th comes to an end. On that day eight years ago, as you know all too well, Chinese government officials arrested you. While this open letter may never reach you, I want you to know that as a Commissioner on the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, I am ardently advocating on your behalf.
Muslims around the world recently marked the end of the holy month of Ramadan. "The Chinese government has taken unprecedented steps to trample on the religious freedom of Uighur Muslims particularly during Ramadan," said USCIRF Chairman Daniel Mark.
The U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) released a May 30 letter to Secretary of State Rex Tillerson calling on him to "take steps to address severe violations of religious freedom and other human rights" in Sudan. In the letter, USCIRF called on Secretary Tillerson to maintain existing sanctions on the Sudanese government due to deteriorating religious freedom conditions.


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This cache is my favorite...hands down! It was challenging to get the boat and the tide schedule to cooperate to do this cache! Some people may read the cache description and shy away from doing it....don't!! It's easier than it sounds and is perfectly safe. You'll see some gorgeous scenery!
I did Doug26's Goosefare Brook cache yesterday. I loved the twist of looking for the 2 digit # and figuring out the creative way to find it! It adds a new dimension to the game.
Another favorite is Wildes Road WMA...the view is incredible (especially in the winter).


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BBC News
- Jeremy Hunt: Next PM 'must be trustworthy to avoid no Brexit'
- Lee Pomeroy death: Accused 'stabbed man over train aisle row'
- Chickens 'left to rot' at major supplier Moy Park's farms
- Two arrests over leaked A-level paper
- Brexit: Survival of UK in doubt, Gordon Brown warns
- Norfolk gang made £300k from selling sick dogs and puppies
- RAF fighters escorted Jet2 flight after 'miscommunication'
- Ian Paisley holiday 'funded by Maldives government minister'
- Miss England launches make up-free contest 'to boost confidence'
- Divorce: New law could lead to 'spike' - minister
- Essex Strep A outbreak: Twelve people dead
- Tesco customer in a pickle over labelling
- Fifa Women's World Cup: Five ways women's football beats men's
- Fashion firms criticised for using fake bump models
- Sandwichgate: How to stop the office thieves
- Brexit: John McDonnell warns Labour must shift policy
- Pink rainbows spotted over south and west of England
- Do you know the hygiene hot spots in your home?
- Why is Labour asking MPs if they'll run again?
- Jeremy Hunt: 'I am trustworthy'
- The Brighton tailor whose identity became his business
- Boris Johnson: 'I make models of buses'
- UK's F35 stealth jets fly first operational missions
- Martlesham Cat rescued after days trapped in bunker
- Kapten tube poster: TfL sorry for 'sex assault joke' Tube ad
- Evidence halted over memory changes
- Cannabis oil smuggling mum visited by police
- Peter Colwell death: Gamekeeper guilty of shotgun manslaughter
- Darren Cumberbatch inquest: Police restraint contributed to death
- Newspaper headlines: Johnson's 'do or die' Brexit pledge
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Facebook business pages are a bit like nightclubs as there are two broad types. You can use Facebook's Graph Search to see the first nightclub as a place that is hiving with people (the right sort of people), queues down the block, and a general buzz of excitement. The second is a depressing place containing a handful of sorry souls drinking away their sorrows.
It's not hard to decide which nightclub you'd prefer. And it's the same with Facebook: your business Facebook page should have the crowd, the buzz, and the excitement. But how do you get it?
One proven method is borrowed directly from the world of nightclubs – run promotions.
Facebook promotions give users a reason to interact with your page in order to build enthusiasm. There are many types of promotions that you can run. Here is the top five:
1. Competition
For small businesses this is one of the most common and effective types of promotion to run. There are many different ways you can set it up but the basic principal is that you offer the user a chance to win a prize if they do something in return.
The thing you get the user to do is usually to like your page, but you can decide if other objectives are more important for your competition, like building an email list.
You can run competitions by yourself on your own timeline, but the best way to set one up is to use an app. By using an app you can be more confident that your promotion is adhering to Facebook's rules, plus it looks more professional. Most apps also have a fan-gate that is very useful – with a fan-gate users can only enter your competition if they like your page.
There is one other thing to consider when running a Facebook competition: the prize. Make sure it is of value and is relevant to your target user. Keep in mind that prizes where the winner is required to spend money (like a $50 voucher for a shop where everything is $500 plus) are rarely popular.
2. Special Offer
A special offer has more limited uses than a competition but this type of promotion can still be very effective. It usually takes the form of a coupon or discount and is linked to a user liking your page in order to get the offer. The best way to run a special offer promotion is by using an app that has fan-gate functionality.
3. Exclusive Content
This is another style of promotion that generally requires an app in order to make it work efficiently. With this promotion you offer the user something in return for an action (a like or a share on your page). The "something" could be an eBook or another item that can be downloaded.
Just make sure your offering is desirable and of good quality or else this type of promotion will not work.
4. Contest
A contest is different to a promotion as it has the potential to generate engagement as well as new likes. The whole idea behind a contest is interaction. It usually starts by asking the user to contribute something. This could be the answer to a question, such as "What is your favorite thing about owning a dog and why?." Or you can ask your fans to send in a photograph or a video of their dog enjoying life.
You then get the other users of your Facebook page to vote on who they think should be the winner (who gave the best answer, had the best photo, or submitted the best video).
There's a lot of interaction with this type of promotion (both in the participation and the voting) that will help to build your page, and drive visitors to your website.
5. Poll
This type of promotion is harder to execute and it doesn't suit all businesses. But if you're in the right sector and come up with great ideas, polls can work. It could be "Do you like the latest Tom Cruise movie?" with the option for the user to click either yes or no. Or you could run something much more local and specific to your business. Participating in the poll means interacting with your page, which is always good.
Become a Popular Place to Hang Out
Remember that while Facebook is a great way to build your Facebook page and encourage interaction, there are also reasons why your business should be on Google+ and other platforms. You'll want to assess all of your social media options, and have a good understanding of the objectives you want to achieve. If you do this right, you'll know what you're getting into with Facebook promotions. And you won't end up hanging with that sorry soul in the nightclub.


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Xinjiang, conventional Sinkiang, in full Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, officially Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, Chinese (Pinyin) Xinjiang Weiwu'er Zizhiqu or (Wade-Giles romanization) Hsin-chiang Wei-wu-erh Tzu-chih-ch'ü, Uygur also spelled Uighur or Uyghur, autonomous region of China, occupying the northwestern corner of the country. It is bordered by the Chinese provinces of Qinghai and Gansu to the east, the Tibet Autonomous Region to the south, Afghanistan and the disputed territory of Kashmir to the southwest, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the west, Kazakhstan to the northwest, Russia to the north, and Mongolia to the northeast. It is China's largest political unit. Its capital is at Ürümqi (Wulumuqi).
Known to the Chinese as Xiyu ("Western Regions") for centuries, the area became Xinjiang ("New Borders") upon its annexation under the Qing (Manchu) dynasty in the 18th century. Westerners long called it Chinese Turkistan to distinguish it from Russian Turkistan. Xinjiang is an area of lonely, rugged mountains and vast desert basins. Its indigenous population of agriculturalists and pastoralists (principally Uighurs) inhabit oases strung out along the mountain foothills or wander the arid plains in search of pasturage. Since the establishment of firm Chinese control in 1949, serious efforts have been made to integrate the regional economy into that of the country, and these efforts have been accompanied by a great increase in the Han (Chinese) population there. The policy of the Chinese government is to allow the ethnic groups to develop and maintain their own cultural identities. However, the extent to which that policy has been successful in Xinjiang has been interpreted variously; ethnic tensions exist, especially between Uighurs and Han. Area 635,900 square miles (1,646,900 square km). Pop. (2010) 21,813,334.
Xinjiang can be divided into five physiographic regions: the Northern Highlands, the Junggar (Dzungarian) Basin, the Tien (Tian) Shan ("Celestial Mountains"), the Tarim Basin, and the Kunlun Mountains. These regions run roughly from east to west, the high mountains alternating with large basins.
In the north the Northern Highlands extend in a semicircle along the Mongolian border. The major range in this area is the Altai Mountains, with average heights of approximately 4,500 feet (1,400 metres) above sea level. The slopes of the Altai Mountains on the Chinese (western) side are relatively gentle, with numerous rolling and dome-shaped hills.
The triangular-shaped Junggar Basin, or Dzungaria, with an area of some 147,000 square miles (380,000 square km), is bordered by the Altai Mountains on the northeast, the Tien Shan on the south, and the Zhongghar (Dzungarian) Alatau (Alataw) Mountains (principally of Kazakhstan) on the northwest. The basin is open on both the east and west. It contains a ring of oases at the foot of the enclosing mountains and a steppe and desert belt in the centre of the depression.
The Tien Shan occupies nearly one-fourth of the area of Xinjiang. The mountains stretch into the region from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan and run eastward from the border for about 1,000 miles (1,600 km). They are highest in the west and taper off slightly to the east. The highest mountains are Khan Tängiri (Hantengri) Peak on the Kazakh border, which rises to an elevation of 22,949 feet (6,995 metres); and Victory Peak (Russian Pik Pobedy) on the Kyrgyz border, which attains 24,406 feet (7,439 metres). They are found in a cluster of mountains, from which ridges extend southwestward along the boundary between China and Kyrgyzstan. The Tien Shan is perpetually covered by snow, and numerous long glaciers descend its slopes from extensive snowfields.
The Tarim Basin is surrounded by the Tien Shan to the north, the Pamirs range to the west, and the Kunlun Mountains to the south. It occupies about half of Xinjiang, extending some 850 miles (1,370 km) from west to east and about 350 (560 km) miles from north to south. The basin consists of a central desert, alluvial fans at the foot of the mountains, and isolated oases. The desert—the Takla Makan—covers an area of approximately 123,550 square miles (320,000 square km) and is nearly barren. The core of the basin has an elevation ranging from about 4,000 feet (1,200 metres) above sea level in the west to about 2,500 feet (760 metres) in the east. However, the Turfan (Tulufan) Depression—northeast of the Takla Makan and between the Bogda and Qoltag mountain ranges to the north and south, respectively—is 505 feet (154 metres) below sea level.
The Kunlun Mountains form the northern rampart of the Plateau of Tibet. With its tallest peaks surpassing 24,000 feet (7,300 metres), the central part of the range forms an almost impenetrable barrier to movement from north to south. There are passes on the west and east, such as the Karakoram in the Kashmir region and the Korgan in Xinjiang. In the east the Altun Mountains turn northeast and eventually merge with the Qilian Mountains in Gansu province.
The drainage pattern of Xinjiang is unique within China. The only stream whose waters reach the sea is the Irtysh River, which rises in north-central Xinjiang (as the Ertix River), flows west and crosses into Kazakhstan (where it is called the Ertis), and, as the Irtysh, flows through Russia into the Ob River, which then empties into the Arctic Ocean. Other streams in Xinjiang issue from the mountains and disappear into inland deserts or salt lakes. The principal river of the region, the Tarim, is fed by largely intermittent streams that rise in the Kunlun Mountains and in the Tien Shan. It flows generally eastward across the Tarim Basin, becoming intermittent in its lower reaches.
Remote from the ocean and enclosed by high mountains, Xinjiang is cut off from marine climatic influences. It therefore has a continental, dry climate. The Tien Shan separates the dry south from the slightly less arid north, so the northern slopes of the Tien Shan are more humid than those of the south.
Precipitation not only is scanty but also fluctuates widely from year to year. On the average, the annual rainfall is about 6.5 inches (165 mm). Average January temperatures in the Tarim Basin are about 20 °F (−7 °C), compared with 5 °F (−15 °C) in many parts of the Junggar Basin. In the summer, average temperatures north of the Tien Shan are lower than they are south of the mountains. In the Junggar Basin, July averages vary from 70 °F (21 °C) in the north to 75 °F (24 °C) in the south. In the Tarim Basin, July temperatures average about 80 °F (27 °C). The hottest part of Xinjiang is the Turfan Depression, where a maximum of 120 °F (49 °C) and a July mean of 90 °F (32 °C) were recorded.
Plant and animal life
Because of the great expanses of desert, the plant life of much of Xinjiang is monotonous. There are pine forests in the Tien Shan and stands of drought-tolerant trees in many places on the edge of the Takla Makan Desert. Apart from these trees, the most common are varieties of poplar and willow. In the Tien Shan and other mountains there is a great assortment of plants and wildflowers, many of which have never been classified. Nonetheless, more than 3,000 plant species have been identified in Xinjiang, of which some 300 have economic or medicinal value.
Animal life is of greater interest, and big-game hunting is an attraction of the Tien Shan. The mountains are inhabited by antelopes, ibex (wild goats), wapiti (elks), various wild sheep, leopards, wolves, bears, lynx, and marmots. There are wild horses in the north, wild camels in the southern and eastern fringes of the Takla Makan Desert, and wild yaks (large, long-haired oxen) and wild asses on the Tibetan frontier. Birdlife is concentrated in wetter areas. The few varieties of fish are mostly of the carp family. Snakes are not numerous and appear to be harmless. Scorpions and centipedes, however, abound. During the summer, horseflies, mosquitoes, flies, and midges are thick in the woods. A great variety of butterflies are found in the mountains.
Population composition
Xinjiang is inhabited by more than 40 different ethnic groups, the largest of which are the Uighurs and the Han (Chinese). In addition to Hui (Chinese Muslims), other groups include Mongolians, Khalkha, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Tungusic-speaking Manchu and Sibos, Tajiks, Tatars, Russians, and Tahurs.
The Han migration altered the pattern of population distribution and ethnic composition of Xinjiang. In 1953 about three-fourths of the population lived south of the mountains in the Tarim Basin. The Han influx was directed mainly to the Junggar Basin because of its resource potential. The Kazakhs, the third largest minority group in the region, are nomadic herders in the steppes of the Junggar Basin; they are especially concentrated in the upper Ili (Yili) River valley.
There are two major language groups besides Chinese in the region. The Mongolians speak languages of the Mongolian branch of the Altaic group, and the Uighurs, Kazakhs, and Uzbeks speak the Turkic branch of the Altaic group. The Tajiks, however, belong to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language group. Mongolian, Uighur, and Kazakh are written languages in everyday use; Mongolian has its own script, while Uighur and Kazakh are written in the Arabic script.
The largest Muslim groups in China are the Uighurs and the Hui. The Kazakhs and Tajiks also follow Islam, while the Mongolians are adherents of Buddhism.
Settlement patterns
There are many differences in rural settlement patterns in the north and the south. Oasis agriculture in the Tarim Basin occupies a large part of the population, and only a small percentage is engaged in animal husbandry. North of the Tien Shan the grasslands support many of the inhabitants, who are pastoralists.
Xinjiang has some major cities. Ürümqi, the regional capital, was once an agricultural centre for the Junggar Basin; it subsequently underwent considerable industrial and commercial development. Karamay, also in the Junggar Basin, was developed in the late 1950s as a centre of the petroleum industry. Shihezi, near the southern edge of the Junggar Basin, is a significant agricultural processing centre. Kuldja (Yining), located in the upper Ili River valley near Kazakhstan, is an administrative town with a growing food-processing industry. Kashgar (Kashi), the largest city of the Tarim Basin, is an ancient centre for the manufacture of handicrafts such as textiles, rugs, and tanned leather. Turfan, a vital highway and railway communication centre in northeastern Xinjiang, has growing petrochemical and cotton textile industries.
Because of the dry climate, most of the cultivated land in Xinjiang depends entirely on irrigation. The various ethnic groups in the region have had rich experience in water conservancy techniques, of which the wells of the qanāt system in the Turfan and Hami depressions are a fine example. Since the 1950s these have been greatly supplemented with canals and reservoirs, and the amount of arable land has almost tripled.
Xinjiang is self-sufficient in food grains. About half of the total crop area produces winter and spring wheat. Corn (maize), another important crop, is grown more in the south than in the north. Rice, kaoliang (a variety of grain sorghum), and millet are also produced in large quantities. Significant crops of long-staple cotton are produced in the Turfan Depression and the greater Tarim Basin, and cotton has become an important cash crop. Xinjiang is one of China's main fruit-producing regions; its sweet Hami melons, seedless Turpan grapes, fragrant Korla pears, and crisp Ili apples are well known. Sugar beets support an important sugar-refining industry in northwestern China. Hops and silkworm cocoons are increasingly produced on a large scale for national markets and for export. Livestock raising has been given renewed attention, particularly north of the Tien Shan.
Resources and manufacturing
Mineral resources include deposits of coal, iron, zinc, chrome, nickel, and copper, as well as molybdenum and tungsten (used in strengthening steel). Gold is produced from placer and lode deposits on the southern slopes of the Altai Mountains. Xinjiang's products of national significance include petroleum and natural gas. Since the first oil well was developed at Karamay in 1955, that region has been extensively developed; subsequently, a second region has been exploited, at Dushanzi to the south. The exploitation of both petroleum and natural gas in the Tarim and Hami basins (the Tu-Ha Oil Field) also has expanded significantly since the late 1980s, with major fields being developed in both basins. West-east pipelines were built to transport natural gas from Xinjiang to cities on China's east coast.
Xinjiang's heavy industry includes iron and steel works and a cement factory at Ürümqi and a farm-tool plant at Kashgar. Petrochemical plants have been established at Karamay, Dushanzi, Ürümqi, Korla (in the northeastern Tarim Basin), and Zepu (at the western edge of the basin). Thermal power generation is also important for the region. Industries processing agricultural and animal products have been established near the sources of raw materials and include several textile mills and beet sugar mills.
A system of roads encircles the Tarim Basin along the foothills of the surrounding mountain ranges, and roads run along the northern foothills of the Tien Shan in the Junggar Basin. The two basins are connected by roads that cross the Tien Shan near Ürümqi and west of Ürümqi. There are roads leading to Kazakhstan in the north, through passes in the Junggar Basin, and to Tajikistan in the south, through a pass near Kashgar, which was the historic gateway of the Silk Road that long facilitated trade between Asia and Europe. The region is also connected by road to Gansu and Qinghai in the southeast.
A railway crosses Xinjiang from Gansu through Hami, Ürümqi, and the Dzungarian (Junggar) Gate (Chinese: Alataw Shankou; a pass through the Zhongghar Alatau range), connecting with the railway system of Kazakhstan. The northern and southern sectors of the province have also been linked by a railway constructed across the Tien Shan, from Turfan to Korla and further to Aksu and Kashgar. There are some dozen airports scattered in different cities of the region, with Ürümqi being the centre of civil aviation services.
Government and society
Constitutional framework
The administrative structure of Xinjiang reflects the policies of recognition of ethnic minorities and self-administration, in which local leaders are appointed to governmental positions. The Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang is divided on the subregional level into three types of administrative units. There are two prefecture-level municipalities (dijishi), five autonomous prefectures (zizhizhou), and seven prefectures (diqu). The region is further subdivided into districts under municipalities (shixiaqu), county-level municipalities (xianjishi), counties (xian), and autonomous counties (zizhixian).
Before World War II the educational system in the region was minimal. Since 1949, educational facilities have been broadened, and the literacy rate is better than the national average. Institutions of higher learning, concentrated in Ürümqi, include Xinjiang University (1924); Xinjiang Agricultural University (1952; the former Xinjiang "August First" Institute of Agriculture); Xinjiang Medical University (1956); Xinjiang Petroleum Institute (1958); and Xinjiang Normal University (1978). Standard education is supplemented by instruction broadcast over radio and television. The provincial library and museum are also in Ürümqi.
Cultural life
The indigenous peoples of Xinjiang practice a variety of cultural traditions. The dominant Uighur are sedentary farmers whose social organization is centred upon the village. Many of the important Uighur cultural forms are rooted in Islam. Spoken Uighur predominates despite the popularization of Mandarin Chinese. Islam itself has revived since the onslaught of the Cultural Revolution during the 1960s and '70s, and there are now numerous mosques and a training academy for clergy. The popular Uighur performing arts tradition called muqam emphasizes ancient songs and dances accompanied by traditional instrumental groups. Professional troupes, first organized in the 1950s, are dominated by Uighur balladeers and dancers, although administrative duties are often performed by Han troupe members.
The Kazakhs are pastoralists related to the people of Kazakhstan. They migrate seasonally in search of pasturage and live in dome-shaped, portable tents known as gers, or yurts. Livestock includes sheep, goats, and some cattle; horses are kept for prestige. The basic social unit is the extended family. Political organization extends through a hierarchy of chiefs. Although there is a concept of national origin, the chiefs are seldom united politically.
Like the Kazakhs, the Mongolians traditionally have been pastoralists who live in yurts, but their society is more firmly organized. The basic social unit is the nuclear family. As part of their traditions, there was an established political hierarchy of groups, the smallest of which was a group of several households known as a bag. The average person, or free nomad (arat), owed allegiance to nobles (taiji) and princes (noyan or wang). However, this system has diminished in importance as larger numbers of Mongolians become settled on farms or in urban areas.
Xinjiang possesses unique scenic sites and renowned cultural relics in addition to its colourful ethnic features. The ancient Silk Road traverses the whole region, roughly along an east-west line, and there are numerous temples and ancient towns along the route. Areas of special note include Tian ("Heavenly") Lake in the Bogda Mountains (an eastern extension of the Tien Shan), the Kizil caves on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin near the ancient Buddhist centre of Kucha, and the site of the ancient capital city of the Gaochang state and the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha caves on Huoyan ("Flaming") Mountain, both near Turfan. Noted local handicrafts are rugs, small swords, musical instruments of the different minority groups, jade ware, and small felt hats, all of which are popular with tourists.Chiao-Min Hsieh Victor C. Falkenheim The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Far to the northwest of the heartland of Chinese civilization, the Xinjiang region was thinly populated by herders and oasis farmers organized into small kingdoms and tribal alliances. A military commandery (duhufu) named Xiyu was set up for the region under the Xi (Western) Han dynasty in 60 bce, with its headquarters at Wulei (now Luntai, in the northern Tarim Basin). Later, an extension of the Great Wall was built 300 miles (480 km) west of the present Gansu-Xinjiang border. The Han capital of Chang'an (near present-day Xi'an), in Shaanxi province, came into contact with the Roman Empire over the Silk Road, a trade route that passed through a series of oasis settlements south of the Tien Shan. This route carried Chinese silk to the Roman world in exchange for precious metals, glassware, and woolen cloth.
With the decline of Han power in the 3rd century ce, the area passed under the control of local Uighur leaders. The resurgence of imperial power during the Tang period (618–907) increased Chinese influence in the region, though many elements of western Asian culture were transmitted along the trade routes. The Tang dynasty set up two military commanderies—Anxi (640) and Beiting (702)—for the areas north and south of the Tien Shan, respectively. As Tang power decreased in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, Arab influence increased, and Islam gained many converts. The Turkic language came to be spoken in the oases, while Mongolian remained the language of the steppes.
Xinjiang was again incorporated into the Chinese empire when it was conquered by the Mongol leader Genghis (Chinggis) Khan in the 13th century. The Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12) successfully asserted control over the Xinjiang region, defeating the resistance of stubborn tribes in the north and sending loyal Muslims from Gansu to settle in the oases of northern Xinjiang in the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1884 the Qing government created a new Xinjiang province.
After the Chinese Revolution of 1911–12, Yang Zengxin, a Han commander of native Turkic troops, seized control of Xinjiang and later was appointed governor by the Beijing government. He maintained control until his assassination in 1928, which was followed by a series of rulers and shifting allegiances, mainly under Jin Shuren (governed 1928–33) and Sheng Shicai (1933–44). Following the communist victory in 1949, the central government implemented moderate policies toward the local minorities, and Xinjiang was established as an autonomous region in 1955. About that time, the quasi-military Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, consisting mainly of veterans from the People's Liberation Army and of educated urban youths, started setting up plantations, and these played an important role in the region's stability and economic development.
Radical policies established elsewhere in China during the Great Leap Forward (1958–60) and the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) were also implemented in Xinjiang, however. The food shortages caused by these disruptions, as well as the break in Sino-Soviet relations in the early 1960s, sparked a mass exodus of Kazakh people in 1962 into Kazakhstan (which then was part of the Soviet Union). This caused massive political instability and heightened ethnic tensions along the border area. After the Cultural Revolution, political and economic policies were moderated, leading to widespread improvement in the livelihood of farmers and pastoralists and to relative stability and economic growth in the region. This was accompanied—especially from the late 1990s—by increased economic investment in Xinjiang, as well as by an influx of Han from other parts of China. While the overall economic situation of the region improved as a result, inequities between the Uighur and Han populations became more pronounced. These economic disparities, along with ethnic tensions between Uighurs and Han, have precipitated occasional Uighur protests and disturbances. A notable outbreak of violence occurred in July 2009 (mainly in Ürümqi), during which scores of people were killed and hundreds were injured.Victor C. Falkenheim The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Turkistan: Uighur Autonomous Region of SinkiangAfter 1912 Sinkiang was under the rule of warlords, but in 1942 the governor, Shen Shih-tsai, declared his allegiance to the Nationalist Chinese government. After a succession of revolts against Chinese authority, mainly in the north, a measure of autonomy…
China: East Turkistan…in 1884 a new province, Xinjiang, was established over the area, which had never before been integrated into China.…
Qianlong: Dynastic achievements…of the New Province (Xinjiang) in northwest China, which enlarged the empire by approximately 600,000 square miles (1,600,000 square km). In the south, campaigns were less successful, but Chinese authority was nonetheless reinforced by them. An anti-Chinese revolt at Lhasa, Tibet, was easily put down in 1752, and Qianlong…
Uighur…the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang; a small number live in the Central Asian republics. There were some 10,000,000 Uighurs in China and at least a combined total of 300,000 in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan in the early 21st century.…
Ili crisis…China as the province of Xinjiang (now the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang). Of more immediate importance, the victory encouraged the rise of a militant faction within the Chinese government, which was partially responsible for China's embroilment in the Sino-French War (1883–85) over Vietnam.…
More About Xinjiang7 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- dynastic achievements of Qianlong
- history of Turkistan
- Ili crisis
- In Ili crisis
- origin in land dispute


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By The Numbers: Raiders
It was a big win for the Redskins on Sunday, despite being just the fourth game of the regular season. Going into the bye week at 1-3 might not seem all that majestic, but with the Eagles and Giants at 0-4, and the Cowboys at 2-2, Washington is very much still in the thick of things in the NFC East thanks to the victory, despite the slow start.
Here is a look at some of the more interesting, and telling numbers and statistics from the Redskins 24-14 victory over the Oakland Raiders on Sunday. Most of these stats are from the official NFL stats, and I got the NFL betting lines at TopBet.eu Sportsbook. Read the rest of this entry »
Tags: Alfred Morris, Brian Orakpo, london fletcher, matt flynn, Robert Griffin III, Roy Helu, Ryan Kerrigan


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Chapel Hill News
Feds OK next step on Orange-Durham light-rail line
A first-step approval issued Tuesday by the Federal Transit Administration means that Triangle Transit can get rolling on plans for a 17-mile light-rail line to connect UNC-Chapel Hill and East Durham.
The letter formally authorizes Triangle Transit to begin developing the region's first new rail transit project since 2006, when the FTA killed a long-planned 28-mile train line between Durham and Raleigh.
"We can now proceed to complete the environmental process, advance our engineering and make final alignment decisions," David King, Triangle Transit's general manager, said Tuesday in a news release. "We will also use this time to strengthen our financial plan and work with our municipal and university partners on land use and housing issues around stations. We appreciate FTA's vote of confidence in our work on this project."
The trains would run from UNC Hospitals east along N.C. 54, turning north from Meadowmont toward Patterson Place on U.S. 15-501, then past South Square, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University and downtown Durham to Alston Avenue near N.C. Central University. Planners are considering alternate paths to take the trains through or around the Meadowmont neighborhood.
An environmental impact statement is to be completed by February 2016, followed by three years of engineering work. If state and federal funding were approved, construction would take four or five years, Triangle Transit said.
Residents, planners and elected officials in Wake, Durham and Orange counties have spent the past eight years collaborating and arguing over plans for new trains and beefed-up bus service to serve the fast-growing region.
Durham and Orange counties began collecting a half-cent sales tax last April, after receiving voter approval, to help pay for the light rail line and for enhanced bus service. State and federal funding would be needed to cover most of the cost of the light-rail line, estimated at $1.34 billion in 2012 dollars.
The Durham transit plan also includes a rush-hour commuter train line from Durham through Research Triangle Park and Raleigh to Garner. That part of the plan is on hold because no action has been taken on a corresponding transit plan for Wake County.
The Wake commissioners have refused to take up the Wake transit plan developed in 2011 by Triangle Transit and county officials. They are expected to take the first step toward ending their inaction Friday at the commissioners' daylong retreat in Holly Springs.


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Cabela's has leaked its Black Friday 2012 ad. They'll be starting the online portion of this sale on Thanksgiving Day, so you can get started on your shopping early. They will also be giving away gifts for the first 600 people waiting in line, ranging from a $10 gift card to a $799 Browning rifle.
Cabela's Black Friday sale gets going at 5 am and goes for only 5 hours, so make sure you don't miss out.


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Really not much to say about the New York Giants' 17-10 loss to the 4-6 Philadelphia Eagles. This was the same team that just lost to the Arizona Cardinals at home.
The second half woes, and more importantly those woes at home, continue to haunt Tom Coughlin's Giants. Since Coughlin took over in 2004, the Giants are 8-20 at home in the second half of the season.
This includes two 0-4 seasons in 2006 and 2007.
It is really unfathomable that the Giants are so inept at home, yet are considered one of the best road teams in the NFL. If they could just put it together for one season and not have so many let down games, they may have more bye weeks in the playoffs.
Here is the game in a nut shell, because I do not want to get in to this travesty more than I have to.
The offensive line was terrible; they are one of the worst units in football. The receivers dropped way too many key passes that stalled drives. Eli Manning made one huge mistake and had another late that was sort of his fault. The defense played well until allowing a 8:51, 18 play 80-yard touchdown drive that included six converted third downs.
That about sums it up. Sorry if you were looking for more, I'm just having trouble not putting my fist through my laptop screen.


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Former worldwide creative director and chairman of Doyle Dane Bernbach International
Bill Bernbach had the nerve and the wit to hire me in 1959. Some years later, I had the nerve and the wit to hire Bob Kuperman. Neither event made any headlines. Typically, people made headlines when they left Doyle Dane Bernbach, not when they got hired.
What happened in the interim was not magic. We breathed each other's air, celebrated each other's triumphs and wept over each other's failures. (A triumph meant that Bernbach had OK'd an ad, a failure meant that he hadn't.)
Bernbach's disciples learned the lesson. So I wept in David Reider's office and in Helmut Krone's, beamed for Phyllis Robinson and Julian Koenig, and generally felt my way around.
I also got lucky. Volkswagen came my way because I had worked for a few months for a Volkswagen dealer, and because Koenig left the agency and because Reider couldn't get along with Krone. I did El Al because I was born to.
I assaulted people in the halls, begging for work. I loved the business, and DDB people around the world knew it.
And, now, so do you.
By the time I published Bill Bernbach's Book: A History Of The Advertising That Changed The History Of Advertising in 1987, we at DDB had long ago concluded that what happens to society would affect everyone with ever-increasing speed, and that the most powerful force in the world was and would be public opinion, requiring all of us in the communications business to persuade, not sell.
What we learned together at DDB was that the metabolism of the world had changed and would continue to change at a rapid pace, requiring new vehicles to carry ideas to it. Our philosophy was to ally ourselves with great ideas and carry them to the public. We wholly believed that we practiced our craft on behalf of society, and that we must not just believe in what we sell, but that we must sell what we believe in.
I dedicated the book to those who would continue to energetically pursue this kind of vision, who would make the great contributions to our world of communications in the years to come. I am not saying that we predicted the web, but our belief at DDB in the power of persuasion, authenticity and public opinion was ahead of its time, and has certainly proven compatible with how media has evolved in a digital world.
Years ago, I wrote that Bernbach was a visionary with a visionary's zeal. And that he was also a worrier. Most of all, he worried about our doing nothing less than a brilliant job for clients. He believed the best way of winning new business was doing excellent work for the clients already in hand. That is why DDB did not do a new-business presentation for more than 20 years. Yet, he had a knack for dispelling the worries of other people. When Whitney Ruben, the head of Levy's Bakery, fretted about Bernbach's suggestion that the product's name be changed from Levy's Real Rye to Levy's Real Jewish Rye, Bill calmed the waters with the observation: "For God's sake, your name is Levy's. They're not going to mistake you for High Episcopalian." The "You don't have to be Jewish to love Levy's" poster campaign went on to run for many years.
When it came to our most iconic work, Volkswagen, our mantra was always: "The product. The product. Stay with the product." Simple and, ultimately, the manufacturing philosophy and the advertising philosophy were one and the same. The brand spoke with one voice throughout the world and people everywhere recognised that simple and authentic voice.
This was the DDB "shot heard around the world" and it was created by the vibrant people at DDB and Volkswagen of America. In many ways, the brand and the ads were just like us: irreverent, honest and different. A bunch of guys and women (Robinson was the first female copy chief in the business) who were up from the streets of New York - not the streets of Connecticut.
But the most impressive thing about Bernbach was not the specific ads that he inspired, but his creative philosophy that was built on a comprehensive examination of humanity that incorporated genetics, evolution, art, literature and a whole lot more.
When he was presented with the Partner in Science Award by the The Salk Institute, the citation read: "For his penetrating insights into the depths of human behaviour, for his constant refusal to acknowledge the distinction between art and science. For the simple act of giving himself, and, above all, for his help in explaining us to ourselves."
This last clause is extremely important. I once wrote that what Bernbach did was invent the "wheel of persuasion" because he could explain us to ourselves. He could explain us, change minds and perhaps even change men themselves.
That is what DDB means when it says its heritage is one of creativity and humanity, even - at times - creativity for humanity. That, and a whole lot more, is Bernbach's and his agency's legacy.
Former president and chief executive of Doyle Dane Bernbach New York
My first meeting (if you could call it that) with Bill Bernbach was in an elevator. He said: "Hello." I mumbled a weak "Hello, Mr Bernbach" in return.
I was 22 years old, fresh out of art school and had been at Doyle Dane Bernbach for one month. It was 1963, and by then most of the first shots of what became known as the "creative revolution" had been fired - mostly by Bernbach and his troops.
Bernbach was leading the agency by roaming the halls and dashing in and out of art directors' and writers' offices, but hadn't yet made it back to where the Young Turks - such as myself - sat, slaving over glue pots and pasting ads together. So this encounter in the elevator terrified me.
After all, this was Bill Bernbach: the Bernbach that everyone in the agency constantly talked about and whose approval was all that mattered to every art director and writer at DDB.
Selling work and winning creative awards paled in the face of being able to say: "We showed the ad to Bill and he liked it."
"Bill liked it" were the three most important words in the world to a creative person.
For a year after, my exposure to Bernbach was limited to the halls, elevators and DDB Christmas party at the Waldorf Astoria.
One day, when I was a junior art director and in one of my rages over an ad that was killed by a client, I announced to the account executive: "I am going to see Bernbach. I've had enough of this client." And before I could stop myself, there I was sitting outside his office, next to his long-time secretary Nancy Underwood, and shaking like a leaf. To my amazement, the man sitting behind the round table spoke to me more like a caring grandfather than like the mythical figure I was in such a nervous state about meeting. He was patient, listened, looked at the ad and gave me some ideas for improvement. Before I knew it, I was back downstairs working on a new ad.
It was like a dream. Did I really just have a meeting with Bernbach? I went storming up there like a self-entitled creative brat and he treated me with respect and kindness. He took the time to listen to a young, egotistical kid from Brooklyn with an accent that made English sound like his second language. He provided me with lifelong inspiration and confidence by telling me that I was one of the young talents in the agency and he was expecting big things from me.
As the years passed, my relationship with Bernbach changed. I became more comfortable in his presence, but it was always clear that he was the teacher and I remained the student. He repeatedly asked me to call him "Bill", and my reply was always the same: "Mr Bernbach, I can't call you anything but Mr Bernbach." He'd laugh and we'd go on with whatever we were talking about.
I discovered things about him that I certainly didn't expect. If you presented to him and he didn't like a particular ad in a campaign, he simply ignored it. He would never address why he didn't like it, or why it didn't work - he just ignored it.
I learned this the hard way in a meeting with Bob Gage. We were showing Bernbach five new ads and I noted that there was one ad that he hadn't said a word about. I did this several times and, on the final try, I received a swift kick under the table from Gage. As we were leaving his office, Gage whispered to me: "If he doesn't talk about it, he doesn't like it." If Bill suggested a line for an ad, it was more than just a suggestion.
I learned little things about him - such as how he was a fastidious dresser and only wore blue shirts because someone once told him he looked best in them, plus they photograph well. On a trip with him to Chicago, I found he, like me, was a "white-knuckle flyer", and that every once in a while he spoke above a whisper. While I still adored him, I started to see that he wasn't perfect. I think this made most of us who worked for him love him even more. He was human and had faults - just like the rest of us.
My relationship with Bernbach became one of the most important in my life. To this day, it's hard for me to talk about him without tears welling up in my eyes.I still have the note he took the time to write to me when I left DDB in 1971. His ideas about the business have been my guiding principles. He pointed out that we are not in the communication business (as many thought then and still think today), but in the persuasion business.
That persuasion is not a science, it's an art.
Research, customer insight and product information may tell us what to say in an ad, but it is how you say it that really matters, and that has never more been true than today.
How you say it takes talent, and figuring out how to say it in the most impactful and effective way takes special talent.
This is what I, and every art director and writer then and now, owe Bernbach.
He made talent count. He made the business one where wit, intelligence and artistry not only mattered but were essential to succeed. He gave us and the world a different view of what we did every day for a living. He called it the "aesthetic choice". Even though I worked for greats such as Carl Ally, Mary Wells and Jay Chiat, I never really stopped working for one man: Bill Bernbach.


text: NEW Disney TFA Spot - All About Rey (HI RES) Star Wars Jimi Paradise 00:01 Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on Google Plus About Jimi Paradise This is a short description in the author block about the author. You edit it by entering text in the "Biographical Info" field in the user admin panel. RELATED POSTS


text: Share: Comments Print April 8, 2013 at 11:14 AM Washougal noise complaint turns into dogfight Posted by Nick Provenza WASHOUGAL (AP) — The city of Washougal installed an $8,000 acoustic fence but it hasn't dampened noise complaints from neighbors in an industrial park. The Northwest Underwater Construction Company complains about the barking of dogs next-door at West Columbia Gorge Humane Society. The company countered last fall with a high-pitched siren designed to quell the barks. The Human Society complained it disturbed the dogs. The Columbian reports the disputed has escalated with videotaping. Company owner Jesse Hutton records the shelter to document the noise. Shelter employees, who are mostly women, say they feel threatened. Now the kennel is recording Hutton when he records them. The shelter has operated in the industrial area for 18 years. The construction company moved in last year. Comments | More in General news, The Blotter | Topics: dog barking, fight, Washougal


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Configure collaboration and messaging on your Mac. Log in to your company account just as you would log in to webmail and IceWarp Configurator takes care of the rest.MacOS 10+


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U.S. Forces Command CSM Michael Grinston on inadequate training.
2 Soldiers Make NASA's Final Crew
23 Jul 2013 | Posted by Member 26835147
Two Army, out of 6,000 NASA applicants made it to the final crew. This is their story.
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Over 900 paratroopers and 110 civilian parachutists from seven different countries conducted a commemorative airborne operation in remembrance of.
The Bell V-280 Valor recently completed flight demonstrations of its low-speed agility key performance parameter.
American veterans watched US rangers re-enact an event from World War II during which Allied forces scaled cliffs above.
Some additional verses of "Blood on the Risers" sung by "Screaming Eagle" WWII Veteran Vince Speranza.
Soldiers fire the Stryker Anti-Tank Guided Missile variant.
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In 1944 Jim Radford was a 15 year old 'galley boy' serving with the Merchant Navy on the Empire.
The Russian Defense Ministry has published a video of their new missile defense system.
Air drop that ends with a bang!


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Mount Cook Cycling and Mt Biking
Love Cycling? Love Mountain Biking? Then the Mt Cook region has everything you desire, and more!
1 / 5
The Aoraki Mt Cook region is famous for its phenomenal mountain and lake views, and its awesome adventure activities. The region is now offering more for cyclists and mountain bikers with the new Alps 2 Ocean Cycleway.
For Cyclists and Trail Bikers
I recommend the scenic cycle along State Highway 80 from Aoraki Mt Cook Village to Glentanner (24km). At Glentanner you can stay and relax, enjoy the activities and scenery and then take a purposely designed chopper ride (including your bike!) to Braemar Station to meet up with the Alps to Ocean Cycle Trail. Glentanner Park Centre is a great place to stay, and has storage space for your bikes.
The Alps to Ocean Cycle Trail is currently under development with many great parts ready to go! Eventually the trail will start in Aoraki Mt Cook village and finish in the seaside town of Oamaru. Of course it is up to you which parts you would like to do.
Currently, I recommend continuing on from Braemar Station, from here you will cycle along the new and exceptional trail which takes you around the top of Lake Pukaki, and then onto Twizel (45km).
What a great way to enjoy the Mt Cook region!
For more information on the Alps 2 Ocean Cycleway please visit the cycle page on our website, and the NZ Cycle Trail website.
For Mountain Bikers
Glentanner Station is 45,000 acres of high country farm land. If you are staying at Glentanner Park (Mount Cook's holiday park, flightseeing and activity centre) then you can ask for permission in advance to explore by bike the varied terrain of the station. As you can see by the photos, you will be in awe of Aoraki Mt Cook and the rest of the scenery around you.
Glentanner Park Centre has storing space for bikes, so no need to worry about that!
For more information please visit the Mt Biking page on our website or phone +64 3 4351855 or 0800453682.
Happy Pedalling!
Article by
Glentanner Park Centre
We offer a wide range of budget style accommodation at Mount Cook. Self contained units, bunk rooms, campervan and tent sites with cafe, communal cooking facilities, laundry and BBQ pavilion.


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On Saturday, August 27 Forbes writer Brian Capozzi stared furtively into his computer's screen. "This is a test... Do not publish," he typed. He typed it again and again. He typed it until the page was full, and then he set it to "preview," and then— Oh no. Oh fuck. Oh no no no no no no FUCK.
Wait, no, not the automated syndication on Yahoo! Nooooooooo FUCK.
Judge not Brian Capozzi. He knew not what he did. His is an error that could strike anyone, at any time, on any internet media platform. In this case, it was on Forbes.com (cache here) and syndicated (automatically?) onto Yahoo.com (still live). We should actually be grateful that this happened. We needed someone to break the "This is a test... Do not publish" ice. Look, it happened, and the world didn't end! It's almost poetic, like reading the internal monologue of a crappy computer. Stupid computer, can't you read? I said "do not publish." [Yahoo via]


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PHOTOS: FameFlynet Pictures
Yaassss! Bulging Royal Marine, pin-up hotness, television Gladiator and BQ Sex Siren Deluxe David McIntosh was spotted walking, working out and biking in Miami Beach.
The model hotness apparently was inspired by Cristiano Ronaldo and David Agbodji to test drive his new S/S 2014 Short Short Collection that leaves little to the imagination. More bulging and sporno-tastic images AFTER THE JUMP ...
Continue reading "SPORNO: David McIntosh's Shirtless Workout in Short Shorts" »


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Sorry for the delay, end of semester and all, so I'll keep this short, this post is just the pictures @alma took of me when I cut my hair short! Hope you enjoy them!
Read More
Hey hey!!!
So I've been talking a bit about my room and showed you pictures, now I filmed it with my laptop. I was really nervous at the beginning of the video so sorry about that. Without further ado here you go:
And also: PICTURES! :3
And yup that's that. Also if you haven't seen yet, I've got a new set
Read More
Moon Eladrin
SG Set
by gossip
Last Friday I went to Sintra and even though it was a foggy weather and raining got a few awesome pictures. Hope you like them.
Read More
Hey SGLand!
So Moon Eladrin has been accepted for MR and will come out in April 14.
Anyway, I just recently went to the USA on vacations and stuff and today (in like a couple of hours) my classes start so I will leave all the details about my trip for later and now I'll just get down to business: Moon Eladrin sneak peek...
Read More
Hey SGLand!
So as you guys know, I have made a new set shot by the lovely Gossip Suicide whom was really supportive, gave me some guidance and did overall an amazing job! We were also pretty lucky with the weather and the light in the set, and it got some pretty colours!
Anyway without any more suspense
*drumroll* here is the preview for Winter...
Read More
So I forgot to tell you guys, but I finished my room! YAY!
So here are pics:
Other than that, life's been good, got a B+ on one assignment, wish I had a better grade but it is what it is, also got an A on another, so hopefully if I get another A in the last 2 assignments and on the final it
Read More
Hey! So here is a short post but with good news! I am finally going to shoot a new set. I know I have waited for almost a year for that but I am finally really planning it. I already chose the clothes and place. And I already have title ideas. Anyway, this is a little sneakpeak of the clothes I am going to use
Read More
Thanks sweetie.
You're very welcome ! I want you to be a SG soon. I will keep supporting you ^^
With this lady, it's absolutely dead quiet and it makes me a little sad so I haven't hope anymore. Thanx for your kind words.
Your drawings are very cute, you have talent you know


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Finding useful health information on the Internet can be difficult, but we're here to help. This page gathers quality information from trusted sources. You can learn more about the disease, visit handpicked websites, and find resources to help you in your daily life. Need more information? Click the menu on the left to find more!
Medical Disclaimer
The medical information on this site is provided as an information resource only, and is not to be used or relied on for any diagnostic or treatment purposes. This information is not intended to be patient education, does not create any patient-physician relationship, and should not be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment.
Lemierre syndrome
Lemierre syndrome is a rare disease that is typically characterized by the following four findings: (1) pharyngitis or tonsillitis; followed by (2) oropharyngeal infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum, a bacteria that is normally present in the pharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and genital tract of humans; leading to (3) internal jugular vein thrombosis; and subsequent (4) septic emboli (pus-containing tissue that migrates from its original location in the body to the lungs or other parts of the body). Antibiotics are usually the primary treatment. Source: Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD), supported by ORDR-NCATS and NHGRI.
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Genetic & Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) GARD provides the public with access to current, reliable, and easy-to-understand information about rare or genetic diseases in English or Spanish.
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Resources can help guide your quest for factual and reliable information.
VHL Alliance Newsletter
The newsletter is designed to educate and empower patients and all those impacted by VHL. It is a critical piece of VHLA's educational and support efforts.
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There are no true rules for the VHL journey. It is different for everyone. VHL impacts everyone, the VHLer and those who love the VHLer. Read how others are living through and thriving during their journey.
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A reference handbook patients, caregivers and healthcare providers; it explains how VHL occurs, how to monitor and test for possible medical issues, and common treatment options to consider.
MdDS Friends Support Group on Facebook
Please join over 3700 people living with Mal deDebarquement Syndrome for support and conversation.
Understanding Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS)
Resource for people living with MdDS and those who support them including medical professionals can be found here.