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Nearly two-thirds of respondents to this week's RBJ Daily Report Snap Poll are concerned about climate change, which has been the focus of much discussion since Superstorm Sandy.
Some say the United States needs a tax on carbon emissions to mitigate global warming and generate revenue to finance infrastructure projects to reduce damage from storms.
Slightly more than half of respondents support such a tax to counteract climate change, but 18 percent say they would support a tax only if it is revenue-neutral. Forty-eight percent oppose a tax on carbon emissions.
Opponents say a carbon tax would hurt the economy in general and low-income people in particular, because they spend more of their disposable income on energy.
In the wake of Superstorm Sandy, New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo said that "anyone who says there is not a change in weather patterns is denying reality." And New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg said: "While the increase in extreme weather we have experienced in New York City and around the world may or may not be the result of (climate change), the risk that it might be … should compel all elected leaders to take immediate action."
A few weeks before the storm, reinsurance giant Munich Re issued a report that said the frequency of natural disasters has been rising dramatically since 1980. That report echoes the findings of the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which said that increased risk will force governments to alter how they respond to climate change.
Roughly 840 readers participated in this week's poll, which was conducted Nov. 26 and 27.
Are you concerned about climate change?
Very concerned: 42%
Somewhat concerned: 20%
Not very concerned: 17%
Not at all concerned: 21%
Do you support a tax on carbon emissions to counteract climate change?
Yes: 35%
Yes, but only if it is revenue-neutral: 18%
No: 48%
If people remember back in the '70s, we all were going to freeze because of the upcoming ice age that was going to destroy everything. Climate change is cyclical. The overall mean temperature has been rising and falling for millions of years. The whole idea of the United Nations and Al Gore making billions of dollars on you paying taxes to displace your carbon footprint is total fraud!
—Dan Zarpentine
I think it's incredible that a number of our prominent federal congressional members deny that global warming is a problem—even to the point that they deny it's even happening. I hope they come to their senses.
—Al Schnucker, Schnucker Packaging Inc.
There is absolutely no question greenhouse gases adversely impact climate. We must use nuclear, wind, solar and replace coal with natural gas as an interim measure. We should also impose significant tariffs on products from China, or any other nation that makes little or no effort to reduce emissions. Larger incentives are needed to help the electric vehicle buyers and implement high-speed rail. The U.S. has the resources and technology to be a world leader in reducing greenhouse gases; all we need now is the will. Our political leaders need look no further than this summer's drought in the West and Superstorm Sandy to recognize the social and economic impact of continued reticence to act.
—Frank Orienter, retired, RG&E
Ever since Earth was formed, there were and are constant weather changes. Man cannot change the weather—except use it to subject us to more taxes and regulation.
—John L. Sackett Jr., Sackett Farms
We'd better be concerned with continuing to burn fossil fuels unabated. Recent extreme weather events are evidence of climate change and will only get worse. Instead of hydrofracking in New York State, we should pursue sustainable energy alternatives.
—Art Maurer
This is where science faces off against a society that is ignorant. Ignorance can be corrected. For "stupid" there is no help. Let's hope that ignorance is what we are facing and we correct it in time. Let's jump over the fossil fuel bridge to nowhere and start a Marshall Plan for energy conservation, energy efficiency and renewable energy now.
—Ruth S. Young
Carbon tax is just another excuse for the government to pick our pockets. It sounds too much like another power grab where the government manipulates the free market.
—Debbie Gleason
A tax isn't going to change anyone's behavior, and unless the monies are specifically earmarked for alternative energy development, it won't help slow the trend of climate change. The only purpose of such a tax is to make folks feel less guilty, as if the "fee" will absolve them of poor energy choices. We don't need this tax; we need better energy consumption through behavioral changes, and we need faster development of alternative energy sources.
—Scott Ireland
What we have learned from more than 100 years of "study" is that "global warming" (and cooling, for that matter) are naturally occurring repetitive Earth cycles. There is no proof that the cause lies with human activity. However, the study of global warming funded by large taxpayer-funded research grants is big business. It keeps a lot of scientists and academics employed. No global warming, no job! If you want to know the truth about this ruse, follow the money! To say humans are the cause of global warming is fantasy.
—George Thomas, Ogden
How can a tax possibly counteract climate change? It didn't work the last time the climate warmed back around 1400 A.D. The assumption that a carbon emissions tax would change world climate is erroneous. It's simply an additional attempt to crush taxpayers and make them even more dependent on government. How much are the Chinese, the world's greatest polluters, going to be taxed?
—George Dounce
This poll was very one-sided with zero information from real climatologists included. The whole topic is nothing but a money grab!
—Tawney Farmer
A tax on carbon emissions will only feed the fat hog of irresponsible government spending. It will have no impact on improving the environment.
—Jim Weisbeck, Bloomfield
Another tax? Really?
—Stuart Small, Pittsford Insurance Agency LLC
Taxes must be balanced within the global economy. Sadly, we can't afford to tax in United States if China and Southeast Asian markets don't do similarly.
—D. Kennedy, Webster
Climate change—what a farce! A carbon tax will crush businesses who are already buried under a mountain of EPA regulations. This administration is following Saul Alinski tactics word for word. If you don't know that name—look it up.
—Joe Dattilo
The climate has been changing for much longer than we humans have existed. When the glaciers receded and formed many aspects of this region wasn't that a result of "global warming"? How many humans and cars and factories were around then? While I believe humans have an impact and we should be conscious of that that impact, in the grand scheme of things, our impact is minimal.
—Peter Short, Pittsford
Carbon tax schemes are just another form of wealth redistribution. By raising energy costs on carbon fuel sources it hurts low- to middle-income families, and retirees the most. Especially electricity, the largest percent comes from coal. If this type of tax goes into effect, it will accelerate our decline and lead to another recession at best.
—Joe Hinchman
Twenty thousand years ago, Rochester was in an Ice Age and under 50 feet of ice. I don't think any taxes or campaign pledges made the ice go away, and none will stop it from coming again. Besides, future generations will be too busy digging out from the pile of debt we left them to notice the mountain of ice coming their way.
—Ian Cunningham
A couple of years ago, Kevin Williams wrote an excellent article about the fallacy of global warming and I wholeheartedly believe it. And—do we really need another item to tax?
—Daniel Mossien, architect
I believe there is climate change; it has been changing for four and a half billion years and will continue to change in the future. A little reading on the topic will show that in recent history we have experienced 1,500-year warming-cooling cycles that have not been governed by CO2 but by cycles in the energy from the sun (a more intuitive explanation). Generally civilization prospers more in warming periods than cooling periods. We would be better served by spending our money adapting to wherever we are in the cycle than wasting trillions of dollars trying fiddle with the small, if any, changes that come from manmade CO2 levels.
—Bob Worden, Penn Yan
This country needs an energy policy.
—Rowland Billy, CIH Galica EHS
In the 1970s, it was global cooling. In the 2000s, it was global warming. Now it is climate change. Yes, the climate changes. It gets warm in the summer and it gets cold in the winter. Do we need yet one more tax so our elected officials can prevent the climate from changing? Probably not.
—Doug Lyon, Lyon Capital Management
I am concerned about climate changes will affect us negatively. Research data seem to show with great probability that there has been a general increase in global temperature. The interpretation about the cause has been focused on human causes. Unfortunately, this limits the search for other contributing factors. I am in favor for reducing human factors that affect climate, health, and nature negatively. Carbon dioxide is one of the factors, but many others remain. Those polluting factors actually indicate inefficient production processes and related financial losses. Since business concerns about pollution are practically non-existing, sadly, we need financial and law-enforcements to protect the environment for the well-being of all of our citizens. Accepted ways are our highway regulating laws. Businesses have to learn that they cannot run rough-shot over the health and well-being of all our citizens. This will also improve their bottom line.
—Ingo H. Leubner
We have temperature data for slightly more than 100 years, yet the earth is 4.5 billion years old. As an engineer with a strong science background, I know that extrapolation is extremely risky. I recall seeing tropical fossils from Cohocton at the RMSC from long before humans existed! I recommend reading Michael Crichton's "State of Fear" for an excellent analysis of the data and the frenzy surrounding climate change.
—Karen Zilora, Creative Scanning Solutions, Inc.
Some people go through all kinds of mental gyrations, denial, head-in-the-sand tactics to convince themselves that either there is no climate change, or we do not have a culpable hand in it. All I can say to them is: Wake up! Every single day another scientific study or report comes out stating the hard facts—we are currently at unprecedented levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. We are cooking the whole planet. There is nowhere to hide, no "Planet B." Through my own efforts, business, contract jobs, and community action groups to which I belong, I have been trying my darnedest to waken and educate people about what we must do to significantly lower our own and our collective carbon footprints. Think of the world we'll be leaving to our children and their children. Many islands and coastal areas under water. Super storms becoming the norm. Droughts causing food shortages. Lack of potable (or any) water killing millions. Please take this seriously before it's really much too late.
—Margie Campaigne, Margie's Green Irene Mart
The science of climate change is indisputable, the consequences potentially devastating, and the benefits of moving to less centralized and more renewable energy sources obvious. The economics are in favor of renewable energy created at home: reduced military expenditures; and possible reductions in the costs from severe climate change (crop loss from drought and floods, disrupted freeze/thaw cycles, damage to homes and infrastructures from storms, etc). How you make the most effective changes may be open for discussion, but the necessity of making changes is not.
—Jeff Schuetz, Mitchell Pierson Jr. Realtors.
At this time, I am more concerned about our fiscal health than I am climate solutions. That is because, in the scheme of things, fiscal health is a short-term issue, and climate conditions demand a long-term solution. I also at this time not in favor of a carbon tax but I could be moved to a revenue neutral version if it can be agreeably defined. I do believe that we need regulations on industries to force more competitive ideas regarding the easing of the climate effects. We are not going to be able to reverse the change as part of it is natural and has occurred over hundreds of years. Other parts, by simple logic, are the things we have done to exacerbate the problem. I believe we should make every attempt at conserving energy of all types and controlling the waste stream to be environmentally neutral. Funding to cover incentives to do this can be approached in a variety of ways, i.e. deposits on recyclables, as has been successfully done in some areas. This issue needs a lot more thought before we go off and start new taxes. Let's hope we can get creative and get the job done.
—Bob Stein
Mother Nature has been running the show for millions of years, she knows what she's doing. It's the human race that's causing so many issues, not her.
—Rich Calabrese Jr.
I suggest that the reader who answers yes take a couple of geology courses. Or get some geology books out of the library while it's still legal to do so. The planet has many clues in its rocks and soil. An education might help people understand the real science on this subject.
—Karl Schuler
It's interesting that they have changed the name of the "Big Crisis" from global cooling to global warming to climate change, in less than 50 years. Of course there has to be a crisis. As Rahm Emmanuel said, "A crisis is a terrible thing to waste." The media loves a crisis because they can write/broadcast story after story about it. Politicians love a crisis because they can use it to pass laws and regulations and increase taxes; i.e. gain power. In the case of global warming, thousands of scientists have been able to get billions of dollars in grants from world governments, as long as their research added to the crisis. Any scientist who goes against the wstablishment is branded a heretic and not allowed to publish. Also that maverick is cut off from government funding. Technically, the climate has been changing constantly forever. Nothing we have been experiencing is outside the boundaries of the normal weather patterns as measured over the last few thousand years. The reference to changing weather since 1980 cleverly ignores the global cooling era in the '60s and '70s and the multiple hurricanes that hit the Northeast in the '50s. So, I'm not worried about climate change. I'm worried about politicians who want to manufacture a crisis to pass more regulations and taxes.
—Dennis Ditch
The tax should not hit middle and lower class. The manufacturers should be taxed. Vice President Al Gore tried to make people aware of this—but no one paid attention.
—Maureen Goodwin
No, because the carbon tax will not be used for reducing carbon emissions. It will be used for additional government workers to add to the roster of government employee unions.
—Jay Birnbaum
To further stimulate and incentivize investment in development of alternative energy resources, renewable, non-carbon based energy producers should be given preferential treatment, such as increased development credits and offering super-low interest loans. We know the market and the need is there; we should be making it easier for innovators and entrepreneurs to bring new systems and products to market. Additional incentives should be given to those who might be able to offer to sell back the excess renewable energy they've produced back to the national grid. More focus on developing alternatives to carbon-based energy will not only help solve our environmental crisis, but the new technologies and products will spur new industries and jobs, which will greatly improve our economic security. My question is, why has it taken so long to arrive at this point? What are we waiting for?
—E. Onoff, Pittsford
If you don't believe in global warming, then please visit NASA's website; in particular http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ . It is a reality that we cannot ignore. However we'd be better off in instituting tax breaks for those utilizing green energy rather than taxing those who are not.
—Joanne Greene-Blose
Unfortunately, climate change has become a political issue in this country—largely ignoring the science surrounding the issue. We ignore this risk (and fossil energy depletion) to our peril. Taxing emissions is the most practical way that I can see to change our course towards sustainability.
—Bill LaBine, Airtight Services
The economic system and society need education/understanding and both incentives and disincentives to impact significant change. The significant decline in cigarette smoking over the last 50 years is a classic example.
—Mike Bleeg, Strategic Results
It used to be an imminent Ice Age was upon us, then it was global warming, now they've rebranded as "climate change." The pursuit of government grants knows no limits it would appear. Strangely, nobody seems to want to look at the obvious impact that the big fiery ball of gas up in the sky seems to have on our climate. Nah, it must all be our fault, so tax carbon! This is being pursued like a bad tort case. Since we haven't figured out how to get revenue from the sun's pockets, we're going after the next biggest pocket: humanity. I don't doubt that flatulent sheep in New Zealand are busily adding carbon to the atmosphere along with automobiles and factories, but I suspect these sources of "climate change" are marginal compared to the obvious: solar activity. Certainly the alarmist models have been proven wrong over the last decade, so what's the emergency? Buy a sweater or get some swim trunks and then, when the sea level rises, move inland or build a polder.
—Craig Rideout
Any tax will end up in the general fund. Any increased tax must be offset by other tax decreases to maintain our ability to compete globally while encouraging lower emissions.
—Dan Schreiber
If the carbon tax is used as a primer to promote awareness, as well as reward reduction participants (i.e.; "Zero Carbon Footprint"), I am all for it!
—Hutch Hutchison, In T'Hutch Ltd.
Impose any more carbon emission taxes that will further increase utility rates. The carbon emission tax is just another attack on the middle class!
—John Rynne, president, Rynne, Murphy & Associates, Inc.
This climate change discussion is a bit like the Tea Party tax discussion. Odd that they, on the right, who don't wish to pass a burden of debt on to future generations of Americans are quite comfortable passing an overheated planet on to future generations of Americans. Suppose, that there is no climate change effect from all human activity? Would be wrong to protect our atmosphere and our water and our climate from chemicals that aren't exactly wholesome? Even the "doubters" would benefit from clean air and clean water and stable climate so what's to lose by taking corrective measures?
—Wayne Donner Rush
With each natural disaster, you can always count on the Envirokleptocrats to exploit the tragedy as proof positive of "Man-Caused Climate Change." And, the only solution is to impose a carbon tax! I can't help but notice that those demanding we plebeians make draconian changes to our lifestyles to reduce our carbon footprint are among the most profligate producers of CO2 emissions themselves. Lost in all the hyperbole spewed by these hypocrites is the fact that carbon emissions have been reduced to 1992 levels, without government regulation. Of course the facts have never mattered to these people because saving the planet is just an excuse to get their greedy little fingers in our wallets. It was none other than Karl Marx himself who first proposed using environmental guilt to advance the statist agenda. The names change, but the song remains the same!
—John Woodman
11/30/12 (c) 2012 Rochester Business Journal. To obtain permission to reprint this article, call 585-546-8303 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.


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In honor of yesterday's National Day of Appreciation for Abortion Providers, we talked to retired provider Dr. Suzanne Poppema about the future of abortion care, the potential consequences of defunding Planned Parenthood, and how the climate of shame around abortion actually leads to more unsafe clinics.
Dr. Poppema is the immediate past chair of Physicians for Reproductive Choice and Health, and she shared her thoughts on some of the most pressing issues affecting abortion rights today. Below, a sampling:
On the need for abortion
No matter what kind of blocks are placed in the way of women getting abortions, the need to have an abortion is such a strong, driving need that women are virtually willing to walk over broken glass and hot rocks in order to have an abortion if that's what they need to do. [...] If women can't choose when and if to become mothers, very little else amounts to a hill of beans.
On the next generation of abortion providers
With the establishment of Medical Students for Choice and now the family planning residencies and fellowships both in ob-gyn and family medicine, and the quality of the people who are filling those positions — there are more people who want to do it than there are positions — makes me feel much more confident about young people being there to do the work.
On the psychological effects of the anti-choice movement
One of the best effects — or best bad effects — that the anti-abortion movement has had is to create shame around abortion, when in fact you're showing intellectual honesty and moral capability and tremendous responsibility. My favorite myth is that only irresponsible women have abortions, [when] of course you're being the most responsible you absolutely can be when you say, I understand what it means to be a parent, and I understand the kind of parent that I want to be, and I cannot be a mother right now.
On how to fight against unsafe clinics like Kermit Gosnell's
The way to prevent that is to make abortion and good reproductive healthcare more available to more people. People go to a clinic like that because they think it's cheaper, and so I think that all insurance and all Medicaid [...] should cover both birth control and abortion. [...] And abortion is so regulated that we've had patients who came and said, "I know this is illegal but I still need to have this done." [...] So if you think it's illegal anyway, then you might as well go to a cheap one, so then we're back to the cost issue. [...] And then because women think it's a bad thing, and it's shameful, etc., they go to a clinic that looks awful, that doesn't seem professional at all, and they're not scared away. [...] Women don't expect to be treated with compassion, intelligence, professionalism, and good care when they're seeking abortion care. That's not okay.
On what will happen if Planned Parenthood is defunded
What's going to happen is a lot of women will no longer be able to get reproductive healthcare and the number of abortions will have to go up, because they're not going to suddenly be able to be moms even though they can't get healthcare — they're just going to get pregnant more often. And then we're going to see more and more bad clinics come up, and people getting really bad care.
On what she'd like anti-choicers to know
I would like them to know that this is medical work that is intellectually demanding and emotionally incredibly rewarding because it's one of the few times in medicine where people come to you with a known problem and ninety-nine times out of a hundred when they leave your office you've solved that problem. [...] I've always felt privileged that I was able to be with women as they took a huge step on the right path in their lives, for them at that time.
Physicians For Reproductive Choice And Health [Official Site]

subset: commoncrawl


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Bloodless penguin – and more surgery hasslesSeptember 24, 2013 at 9:57 pm | Posted in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | 3 Comments
Tags: blood, blood test, GP, phlebotomist, Rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatology, rheumatology nurse, surgery
I mentioned to the facilities manager as I left work this morning that I was off for a blood test. When I saw him later he asked, 'So did they manage to confirm you had blood then?' Well – actually it was a bit of a struggle! The first attempt to prove I had blood was a dismal failure – in went the needle, out came … nothing. The rhuemy nurse waggled the needle about – nothing happened … except that it hurt … she waggled it about some more … OUCH! We mutually agreed that perhaps trying another spot would be better. It wasn't. Hmm … I'd walked in rapidly and everything, the blood should have been flowing … but perhaps the problem was that it had all rushed to my head a moment before!
'Why would it do that?' I hear you cry. Because she'd just told me that the system of monthly blood tests was changing – in fact it was going. The new guidelines from the hospital are that we only need three-monthly blood tests done by the rheumy nurse. Well OK … that's fine by me… but here's the rub.
At the moment I go in for my blood test, have a chat about my arthritis and general health, query anything that's bothering me rhuemy-wise (usually not a lot, 'cause I'm lucky most of the time!) and book the next appointment. Now the appointment times are being reduced, so I will only see her every three months and have less time for a chat about how things are going because she will have less time per patient, even though she's not seen us for three months. On top of that – she can no longer book the next appointment – because, mind-bogglingly, 'the system' won't allow booking three months ahead!
I do wonder how much this has to do with the computer system and how much it has to do with the fact that the further in advance appointments are booked, statistically the more patients are likely to fail to attend! So now, instead of a simple month-by-month process of blood tests and booking, I have to remember to do an extra thing – phone about three weeks before my next test is due and book it.
Well, that's not so bad – after all it's only three-monthly, isn't it? I'm still spending less time than I was before attending monthly? Not so fast … I am also supposed to attend in the two intervening months for a 2.5 minute appointment with a phlebotomist, who will just have time to say 'Hi', take the blood and throw me out again – but on top of that, that won't even be an appointment but a 'walk in'. So if they're not busy (hah, what are the chances of that, especially as I happen to know they're short staffed) I could get seen straight away, but if they are busy I could be waiting who knows how long.
I told my nurse I would probably simply not bother attending the phlebotomy walk-ins and she said she thought I would not be alone – she'd heard the same from a number of patients! Of course you could say, and quite rightly, that we're putting our own health at risk doing that and the service is there … but in six years I've never had a blood issue, and I do have a full-time job and I don't have time to sit about for an hour waiting for a blood test, so … we'll see.
Anyway, back to today's blood test – when she scraped me off the ceiling and calmed me down and got the blood flowing round the body again, she was finally able to draw blood … which, I hope, will be fine as usual!
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Sparano AND Rex. Fatty's ****ty defense and retarded onside decision are two major culprits in this loss.
I am TIRED of seeing ridiculous substitutions stalling our drive every time we have the slightest bit of momentum. We would have 3 timeouts right now and who knows, if we didn't keep taking the ball out of sanchez' hands we'd likely have more points on the board. Its just ridiculous.. It was OK when we had brad smith and we ran 4-5 wildcat plays a game in 09' or 10', but this is just so predictable.. and taking Mark out drains the last ounce of confidence that he has.
THIS IS NOT HOW GAMES ARE WON. Let Tebow do what he does best and be a personal punt protector.
Sparano AND Rex. Fatty's ****ty defense and retarded onside decision are two major culprits in this loss.
wrong thread
That was the worst called offensive game I've ever seen. Hackett, Schotty, Heimerdinger......nope. Tonight. That was the WORST I have ever seen.
Tony didn't call the onside kick. Tony didn't give up 150+ rushing yards to Foster.
Agreed on all counts
2-14. Stay the course.
If we are always snapping the ball on 1 or zero seconds how diffucult is it for the defense to cheat?
Poor coaching.
To be fair. There were some pretty good play calls this game. And we moved the ball alright against one of the best D's in the league with a bunch of ****ty players.
JJ Watt cost us the game, not Sparano.
Sporano appears to be a huge downgrade from schottemheimer. That hiring was terrible.
Not to mention the brilliant play we came out of one of those wasted timeouts with was an option.
Overall not a bad game called by Sparano but man, he saved his worst for last. He completely stalled the offensive momentum after Greene's best run of the night. And we really could have used those timeouts. That's all on Sparano.
Gruden was annoying, but he correctly pointed out several times how the absurd amount of substitutions and trickery hurts the offense.
Sparano's play calling was great tonight IMO. Caught a truly great defense off guard several times tonight with perfect play calls at the perfect time.
Like I said, if you want to b*tch about the substitutions tonight, why hadn't you complained about it all season? After all, it's been happening all season.
But all in all, tonight was Sparano's best game with the Jets. He tried EVERYTHING he could to make the Jets win.


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Jalapeno Cornbread
Santa Fe Special Soup
We can easily bring this tradition into our communities, and I think the holiday season is a perfect time to do this. You can check with shelters in your area for the homeless, battered spouses, abandoned children...and ask about opportunities there to help prepare and serve food. Ask if they could use your help on a regular basis, even once a month.
If you are beset with a difficult challenge or wish blessings for a special event, whether it be great personal loss, a stressful important decision, or a family birthday...say a prayer, make some food, find some people (invite friends over, bring it to work, share it with your neighbors), and serve it. This act of preparing and serving food with love and prayer is very potent! Such an offering brings power to your prayer, a deep sense of fulfillment, and brings the hand of the Divine into the resolution of your affairs.
One day my husband came home and said he wanted to start serving langar to the homeless every Saturday. He made a few phone calls, I rounded up a few pots, and the next thing we knew we were preparing food for 200 people every week (we did this for over a year) and served it at the Union Rescue Mission in downtown Los Angeles. As word spread of what we had undertaken, donations came in to help pay for the food and two 60-quart stainless steel pots manifested. A local market donated fresh vegetables. Someone donated baking trays (we made cornbread every week) and in no time it became a community project.
This is to say that it doesn't take a lot for you to make a difference. When you do something with goodness in your heart, it generates more goodness. Who knows what lives you may touch? Even the smallest bit of love and kindness goes a long, long way toward making this world a finer place.
This month I would like to share with you a few recipes for cooking in large quantity. All you need are larger pots (or use a few 6-8 quart pots), big baking trays (the disposable aluminum roaster pans are fine), and another person or two to share in preparation.
10 cups cornmeal
5 cups whole-wheat flour
3/4 cup powdered buttermilk
4 heaping tbsp. baking powder
2 tbsp. salt
3 1/2 cups safflower or olive oil
1 3/4 cups honey
7 cups nonfat milk
10-15 jalapeno chilies, chopped (use the seeds too!)
1 large red onion in 1/4 inch dice
Before mixing batter, have ready:
Mix cornmeal, flour, buttermilk powder, baking powder, and salt in large bowl. Add oil, honey and milk. Mix lightly. Add peppers and onion. Mix enough just to combine. Immediately pour into baking pan(s). Bake 350° F till toothpick comes out clean (time depends on size of pan, depth of batter), about 30-35 minutes for small pans, and up to an hour for one large pan. Once the top is browning (check after about 15-20 minutes), cover with foil to prevent over browning.
1 cup olive oil
3/4 cup chopped garlic
8 cups chopped onions (about 2 1/2 lbs)
1/2 bunch celery, chopped
3 gal. water
2 tsp. cumin powder
1 tbsp. dry oregano
2 tsp. pepper
1/2 cup vegetable broth powder
2 tbsp. New Mexican red chili powder
5 lbs. rose potatoes, cut into nice bite-size chunks
6 carrots, scrubbed and sliced
1 28-oz can chopped tomatoes
15 long green (Anaheim) chilies, roasted, peeled and chopped (I always use fresh and roast them myself, but you may use canned instead, about 12 oz.)
5 lb. butternut squash, peeled, seeds removed, and chopped into 3/4 inch cubes
2 lb. frozen corn or cut kernels from 8-10 ears of corn
2 bunches spinach, washed and chopped
2 tbsp. salt (to taste)
Heat olive oil in 20-quart soup pot. Saute onions, garlic and celery until tender. Add water and seasonings. Bring to light boil. Meanwhile, prep veggies and add to pot as they are done. Add salt. Adjust seasoning. Simmer with all ingredients 30-45 minutes.
For a nice rich Tortilla Soup, take out about 6 cups of soup (with just a little broth) and puree until smooth. Mix this back into the soup. Just before serving, add 4-6 cups of broken corn tortilla chips.


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What's new in May 2017
May 18, 2017
Discover more about the 90 books that have been published to Oxford Scholarship Online (OSO) this month. They span a vast range of subjects — from Quantum Field Theory to rethinking public institutions in India, and from the fight for control in modern corporations to transnational reception in English political thought.
This update includes The Political Economy of Clean Energy Transitions, an Open Access title by Douglas Arent, Channing Arndt, Mackay Miller, Finn Tarp, and Owen Zinaman.
You can find new books in the following subject modules:
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Start browsing OSO now or find out how your institution can sign up to a free trial of University Press Scholarship Online.


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Marinepits wrote:And how many copies have you bought?
Pit♥Bull wrote:Fine looking young fellow.
A little thin, but I'm sure it's due to Joyce's cookin.
iluvk9 wrote:Well, Ladies..I could always try for a "little get-together" at my house and invite them all....
Marinepits wrote:I wanna go swimming with Mr August.
iluvk9 wrote:mnp13 wrote:NICE!
So, I think we should have a combined Pin-up and Fireman's Calendar kick off party! What do you think?
Joyce, shall we plan it at your house?
Only if I get get Mr. August to attend. And if I GET Mr August.
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The Deja Vu Review is a weekly meme hosted by Brittany at The Book Addicts Guide. Its an opportunity to revisit old books you might have read before you launched your blog, but that you think should maybe still be highlighted.
A cute love story
So I'm a bit late in getting this one up, but when I saw the question for the week I couldn't resist. Especially since the book I am going to review is one that I was recently talking about with a friend, who I convinced to read it and who gave it 5 stars (yes, my book recommendation powers are just that awesome!)
Last Chance, My Love
Author: Lynne Connolly
Read: 2009
Rating: 4 stars
In most romance novels, there is a standard boy meets girl, boy and girl hook up, girl and boy get married, and depending on the publisher, girl pops out numerous kids in the epilogue. (yes, all tongue in cheek, but hey, if it works…). What I loved the most about Last Chance, My Love was that it focused on life after marriage and re-discovering love. The two main characters, Miranda and Daniel, had been married for several years, but health issues for her had resulted in them becoming further and further apart in their daily lives. So he tries to rekindle what they once had. Of all the historical romance I have read in the past, this one felt real to me – it didn't seem to be the overly tedious courtship, but real (if that makes sense). After reading it, I went out and bought the other books in the series and never read them, so they are now on the pile as my memories of this one have been rejuvenated.


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Story highlights
- The fisherman found a salp, a scientist says
- The creatures are plankton eaters found around the world
- Salps are important part of the ocean food chain
Did a fisherman pull some sort of shape-shifting alien from the ocean off New Zealand?
If you've ever seen the 1989 movie "The Abyss," you have an idea what I'm talking about.
When Stewart Fraser spotted the translucent creature floating in the Pacific 40 miles off the North Island's Karikari Peninsula, he wasn't sure he even wanted on his boat, he told the UK's Mail Online.
"I was in two minds whether to haul it in, but curiosity got the better of me and I decided to take a closer look," he told the Mail. "It was quite something, and I'd never seen anything like it before."
Dennis Gordon, a scientist with New Zealand's NIWA water and atmospheric research agency, told the New Zealand Herald the see-through creature is a salp, and it's really not that rare. Salps are found around the world, and often in big numbers, scientists say. While Fraser pulled up a lone salp, scientists say they have often been found in chains more than 30 feet long.
And Gordon said some salps reproduce so rapidly that they can double their population in a day.
But obviously, they are really hard to spot, which protects the salp from other creatures that would like to make a meal of them, Paul Cox, director of conservation and communication at the National Marine Aquarium, told the Mail.
"In common with other defenseless animals that occupy open water -- jellies and hydroids for example -- the translucence presumably provides some protection from predation. Being see-through is a pretty good camouflage in water," Cox said.
Gordon told the Herald that when they can be caught, scalps are a good food source for some fish, seals and turtles. They are more nutritious than jellyfish, he said.
He also said the salps, which feed by taking in water through internal filters, are important predators themselves, but not one that any human needs to be afraid of.
"They can eat the smallest plant plankton and can even eat bacteria, so they can exist in parts of the ocean where nothing else can live. The significance of that is they are an intermediary in the food chain,'' the Herald quoted Gordon as saying.
So what does a rapidly reproducing, filter-feeding, translucent predator feel like?
"Scaly and was quite firm, almost jelly like," Fraser told the Mail.


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Snoop Dogg isn't the only canine with a nose for weed ... TMZ has learned the rapper was ARRESTED in Texas this weekend after a drug-sniffing dog uncovered marijuana on his tour bus.
Law enforcement sources tell us ... Snoop's tour bus was stopped at a border patrol checkpoint in Sierra Blanca -- a small town in West Texas where Willie Nelson was popped for weed back in 2010.
It's all pretty ironic -- considering Snoop RAILED against cops in 2010 for arresting the country singer, claiming, "They better leave Willie the f**k alone." (video below)
We're told the border patrol ran a standard inspection of the bus with the dog ... when the animal alerted the agents to a possible hit in a waste basket in the back of the vehicle.
The agents claim they found a red prescription bottle with several joints inside. We're told the bottle contained under a half-ounce of weed.
Cops say Snoop admitted the dope belonged to him. Snoop has a prescription for cannabis in California, but law enforcement tells us, there is a zero tolerance policy for weed in Texas ... regardless of his status in other states.
Snoop was issued a citation for misdemeanor drug possession and released.
Attempts to reach the rapper's rep were unsuccessful.
1:25PM PT: The Justice of the Peace in Hudspeth County, TX tells TMZ, Snoop can resolve the entire matter by paying a $537 fine ... unless he wants to challenge the citation, in which case he can make his case in court.
See also
- 'Jersey Shore' The Unit -- Charged with Drug Possession, Hedges on Guilt
- 'Teen Mom' Amber Portwood -- Police Report Reveals a Slew of Prescription Pills
- 'Lean On Me' Actor Jermaine Hopkins -- Arrested for Trying to Buy 200 POUNDS of Weed
More Today in TMZ History


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Gymnastics aims to upset No. 1 Michigan
No. 20 gymnastics has a specific mindset this weekend when competing against some top-ranked teams — upsets happen.
Last Friday, CMU was on the losing end of an upset after being defeated by Ball State, but, Saturday, the team hopes the roles are reversed as it faces Michigan, the No. 1 team in the nation.
The Chippewas will travel to Minneapolis for the quad meet against the Wolverines, host No. 12 Minnesota and Iowa State, and head coach Jerry Reighard said the team is not over analyzing or stressing about what the teams are ranked.
"Honestly, Ball State wasn't supposed to beat CMU as far as rankings go," Reighard said. "Our approach is we're going in there to hit a 196, and, if others times can't handle that or other teams pass it, we really can't control that."
Despite the loss to the Cardinals last weekend, the Chippewas did set some high scores at the meet, and the team looks to take that energy into the quad meet.
At Ball State, CMU established new season highs in three events, including registering a 49.075 in the balance beam.
Sophomores Taylor Noonan and Kylie Fagan received outstanding scores, with Noonan winning the balance beam with a career-high 9.925. For the second-straight week, Fagan claimed the top spot on the uneven bars.
The Chippewas line-up will look a little different at Minneapolis, with some gymnasts reducing events or not competing at all.
Freshman Megan Lamphere recently severely injured her knee and will not be competing or traveling, Reighard said, which leaves her spot open for freshmen who have never competed.
Previously competing all-around, junior Brittany Petzold and sophomore Halle Moraw will be limited this weekend and possibly more of the first half of the season. Petzold will compete in just one event on Saturday, while Moraw will participate in two.
"(There will be) a little bit of conservativeness on my part because it's the right thing to do," Reighard said.
CMU has faced all three of its upcoming opponents in previous years, having a 1-0 record versus Minnesota, going 1-3 against Iowa State, and claiming six of 34 meets against Michigan.
With three-straight wins to start the 2013 season, Michigan was on the fast track to the No. 1 spot. Last weekend, the Wolverines put up the nation's second highest score so far this year, with a score of 197.350 against Illinois.
Saturday's dual meet will begin at 7 p.m.


text: I am Bigrock95 from Arlington, MA. and a frequent visitor to Maine. For the past twenty years, I have spent time at Acadia NP during the summer. Last September was my first time Geocaching in the area. I created "A Maine Man's Point" (GCKH4G). I began a discussion with the NP Rangers to consider a pilot project of a multi-stage virtual cache. This multi-stage cache should provide an educational opportunity with enough difficulty to challenge and entertain the most-experienced cacher. Anyone interested in working on the development committee ? PLease email me or reply to the post and I will put you in contact with the rangers involved. Thanks.


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THE BEST OF ACC With Bill Banfield JUNE, JULY
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Hello, I am from Panama and visiting LA for bussines, I join this site cuz will be great to hit some balls when I finish work about 6:30, better than stay at the hotel boring...I dont travel with my racket so I gonna need one barrow...sorry about that... I am in level 3.5 or so..
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Ouch, downtown to Westwood is a big journey, are you sure you have the right place?
I'm free Wed-Fri this week.
Hello...Hmmm...I think it could be like 30 minutes by car, from downtown LA , no? Wednesday will be better for me. I am traveling back to Panama on Feb 3. :)
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Home >Needlecraft>All Cross Stitch Patterns>Cross Stitch to Calm: Striped Star Cross Stitch Chart Download
Stitch away your stress with the simple, yet meditative craft of cross stitch!
This modern Cross Stitch to Calm chart offers the perfect opportunity to enjoy a new pastime whilst creating beautiful art for yourself and others. All you need is some embroidery thread, a needle and a piece of fabric!
Every year, one in four people will experience a mental health problem. The registered charity, Mind, makes sure that anyone with a mental health problem has somewhere to turn for advice and support. Relaxing activities like cross stitch can help reduce stress and improve your mental wellbeing, so we are delighted to have created 6 calming cross stitch kits, which will raise a minimum of £5,000 for Mind. Our aim is to help Mind make sure that no one has to face a mental health problem alone.
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bada wrote:Captain_Jack wrote:bada wrote:exactly right captain. This is why I am enjoying this run the Seahawks are having so much. Even though no championship have come of it, it has been so much fun to know that they have a good chance to win any sunday. For much of the last 25 years, I was just hoping to keep the games competitive.
The NFC Championship game a few years ago was the greatest live sporting experience I have ever had. The stadium was so electric and filled with emotions. VERY intense. Had it not been 30 years of crap filled years before that, it still would have been cool, but not nearly the same atmosphere.
Things go in cycles and it wont be long before the Niners are back on top. Although I hope that day never comes!
Well and I can't wait for the day when the Seahawks stop winning the division by default
But really that stadium you guys have is unbelievable, loudest stadium I've ever been in...very similar to Oracle, the energy is just great!
Ah, you have been to Qwest? Oh yes, I think you said you went up for a Niner game if I remember correctly.
Yes, the stadium is amazingly loud. Beautiful stadium as well. Great place to watch a game. Man, this is making me jones BAD for my season tickets to get here. I think they ship in the next couple days!!!
I think I was the one that said that. I went up there this past season. No idiots or assho*es around me. A bunch of classy Seahawks fans around me. Could never say the same about Cardinals fans. Boy... those guys will piss you off. I don't care much anyway... it's not like they have anything to cheer for.
I went to Dallas couple years ago to watch them against the Niners. Those guys are bastards. We won that game, anyway.


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While the entire bathroom vanity cabinet is made of solid Rubberwood, this creative vanity style offers an outstanding opportunity to individually enhance your bathroom.
This beautiful single sink modern bathroom vanity is ideal for any size bathroom. Its unique style captivates its extraordinary elegant modern feel. A spacious white cultured marble countertop allows for a comfortable experience every time. The 3 large wall cabinets allow for plenty of flexible storage. At the pinnacle of this bathroom vanity cabinet sits a fashionable, contemporary sink.
Every element included in this modern bathroom vanity was designed to exquisitely offer a state of luxury, while the combination of these parts delivers an atmosphere of rest and relaxation.
Warehouse Location
2920 Commodore Dr Suite 120
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You can just see the love in Bill Long's one-of-a-kind furniture pieces—love of the wood, that defining grain, and the pure form. It's a passion that Long has nurtured for almost 30 years as a restorer of fine period furnishings for Golden Associates Antiques, though it wasn't until the recession hit that he began focusing on building his own designs.
"I love what I do and consider myself blessed," says Long, in the shop of his Hollywood farmhouse, surrounded by chests and tables in varying stages of disrepair, slabs of raw wood, and original works waiting to be finished. Next to a chest of drawers dating to the early 1700s (which will sell for around $14,000 after restoration) sits one of Long's modern creations, a one-armed rocker that seems to emerge organically from the gnarled wood. The artist only uses wood felled from area plantations or recovered from the murky depths of the Edisto and Santee rivers. As a native Charlestonian and College of Charleston graduate, he continues the city's long tradition of furniture makers, and his reverence for that heritage extends down to the source of the wood itself. "That's just part of being Southern," he says.
Several years ago, Long had just set to work carving an impressive piece of mahogany he'd been saving for about 10 years when friend and neighbor Helen Bradham walked into his shop and ordered him to stop. "I told him that he was going to make it into a table for me," recalls Bradham, adding that today no visitor to her home can resist running a hand over that silky smooth tabletop. Long built a pedestal and polished the wood in its original shape, the underside still carrying his initial carving marks. "It's so rare to find someone so full of magic and talent, with such individual, unique ideas. When you walk away from his shop, you know you were in the presence of a true master," says Bradham.
Inspired, Long began to build benches and more tables as the raw wood serendipitously fell in his way. In direct opposition to the confines of his period restoration work, he followed the shape of the wood, letting its inherent qualities dictate the flow of each piece. As a respectful nod to furniture maker George Nakashima—one of the fathers of the 20th-century American craft movement—Long incorporated butterfly joinery into a tabletop, but at irregular, off-centered intervals. With his Old-World building and finishing techniques applied to a modern design aesthetic, Long's own style emerged. Fifteen pieces in and with growing outside interest, he looked to Rebekah Jacob Gallery to help with the business of his new life as an artist.
"Art is so subjective," says the craftsman. "But I know if I please myself, I'll please others—and that's what's happening." A pair of benches adorns the downtown law office of Young Clement Rivers, and a chair is in the works for a New York couple. A massive chunk of sunken cypress still bearing the marks of the axe that felled it hundreds of years ago also waits, destined to become a dining table.
"Once I have a vision, the execution is nothing," says Long with a grin. "I'm just letting the wood be what it is."
View Long's work at Rebekah Jacob Gallery, 502 King St., or at rebekahjacobgallery.com.


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October 26, 2010
Buttering Up Great Aunt Hattie
The first thing you should realize is that no amount of begging or asking or demanding is going to make Aunt Hattie change her mind. There are a few "tricks" you can try though!
1. Try to find out (gently) what her objection is to your seeing the documents and photos. There may be something which she considers a disgrace and if so, it will be your job to reassure her that you can be trusted. Don't lie to her though. If your intent is to share the facts with your entire family, then don't tell her you won't tell a soul.
2. Mean what you say. "I won't tell anyone else" means that you will keep quiet about whatever she shows you. Some will disagree with me but in my mind that promise only lasts while Aunt Hattie is living. After she is gone, you may have to make some decisions about sharing or not sharing what you have learned.
3. Visit or phone Aunt Hattie frequently. Not to ask questions but to talk, take her out for a meal, just sit and have tea or coffee with her. Get her talking about her childhood and enjoy her stories. Eventually she may relax and start showing you items from her treasures.
4. Take Aunt Hattie your own photos or documents - don't overwhelm her, just take one or two each time you visit. Show them to her, talk about the people and what the photos or documents mean to you. When Auntie sees your passion and genuine caring for the people involved, she may relent and share her items with you.
5. Be patient. It may take your Auntie a year or more to decide you shall be privy to the family secrets. Don't push her and don't rush her. Let her come around (if she does) in her own time and her own way.
6. Try an end run - find out who Aunt Hattie is closest to in the family and get them on your side. They can gently work their magic with her and hopefully persuade her to share.
7. Don't give up. But don't be overbearing either. In my hubby's family he had a step grandmother who would not talk about his grandfather's misdeeds - which were quite outrageous! Eventually she opened up and filled us in on quite a bit. Patience and getting to know us were the magic that worked for us.
3 comments:
I loved this but sadly it came to late for me. My aunt destroyed and lied about the family history. When she passed we found all documents and photos missing. We were shocked.
I had spent a lot of money searching wrong dates and names she had given me. I have found nothing so far in my new search that is shocking or something to hide.
- Greg Lamberson said...
Great tip. We didn't have any Aunt Hatties (well, I didn't), but we easily could have. Overall my family is made up of about 60% angels and 40% scorpions! lol
- The Grandmother Here said...
Sometimes Aunt Hattie is afraid you'll take her pictures/documents away and never bring them back. Now that scanners are portable you might be able to scan the pictures right on her dining room table.
My cousin found an old English marriage certificate with the marital status column cut out. What was Granny trying to hide? We'll just send for a copy and find out!


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From young, soup has been served regularly in my family's daily diet. As far as I can recall, my mom has been boiling different types of Chinese soups almost every day. After I got married, I too enjoyed all the home-boiled soups of my mother-in-law. Now, as a "minister of home affair cum head chef", I continued with our family's tradition to boil soups for the family as my son is a big fan of soup. The soups I had tried making consist of both Chinese and Western version as shown in the soup categories of this blog.
150g chicken breast meat
1000ml chicken stocks (I used 3 tbsp of concentrated chicken stock to mix with 1 liter water)
1 packet sweet corn cream style (380g) – De Monte or any other brand
1 packet enoki mushrooms * (cut away the tough part of the stems; if you think it is too long, then cut into halve, rinse with running water)
4 pcs fresh shitake mushrooms * (blanch over hot water and slice them thinly)
4 stocks of baby sweetcorns * (slice thinly)
1-2 eggs (lightly beaten and mix with 2-3 tsp water)
1-2 slices of ginger *
Spring onions for ganishing - chopped
Corn flour mixture (dilute some cornflour with water, adjust the consistency according to your personal preference)
Note: * - my personal add-on. Other recommended ingredients are: tofu and green peas
Salt (I had omitted it because the chicken stocks is tasty enough on its own)
1) Rinse and pat dry chicken breast meat. Cut into small & long strips. Marinate with light soya sauce, sugar and cornflour for about 15-30 minutes.
2) Bring the chicken stocks/ water in a pot to boil. Add in chicken concentrated stock if used.
3) Add in ginger slice, baby sweetcorns and mushrooms. Simmer for 10 minutes.
4) Add in cream corn and stir well.
5) Add in chicken strips and stir well until it is fully cooked.
6) Add in cornflour mixture and stir gently to thicken.
7) Pour the egg mixture slowly into the soup, stir until it forms thin egg shreds on the surface. Turn off the heat.
8) Season with salt, pepper and sprinkle some spring onions before serving.


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Helping Kids Deal With a Parent's Diagnosis
Where can I go to get help for my kids in dealing with a parent's cancer?
Christina Bach, MSW, LCSW, OSW-C, Oncology Social Worker at the Abramson Cancer Center at Penn Presbyterian, responds:
Kids Konnected is a great place to start; as well as the American Cancer Society and CancerCare. All these organizations offer great resources.
Also, be sure to talk with your kids' school administrators, counselors and teachers about your diagnosis. Often kids show subtle behavior changes that teachers can pick up on. Its helpful that folks who have regular interaction with your children are aware that they are dealing with an added stressor that can impact their actions and behaviors.
There are also plenty of books written by and/or for children of all age levels.
This question and answer was part of the OncoLink Brown Bag Chat Series. View the transcript from Finding the Cancer Resources You Need.


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- Research
- Open Access
Time delay induced transition of gene switch and stochastic resonance in a genetic transcriptional regulatory model
- Canjun Wang1Email author,
- Ming Yi2, 3Email author,
- Keli Yang1 and
- Lijian Yang4
© Wang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2012
- Published: 16 July 2012
Noise, nonlinear interactions, positive and negative feedbacks within signaling pathways, time delays, protein oligomerization, and crosstalk between different pathways are main characters in the regulatory of gene expression. However, only a single noise source or only delay time in the deterministic model is considered in the gene transcriptional regulatory system in previous researches. The combined effects of correlated noise and time delays on the gene regulatory model still remain not to be fully understood.
The roles of time delay on gene switch and stochastic resonance are systematically explored based on a famous gene transcriptional regulatory model subject to correlated noise. Two cases, including linear time delay appearing in the degradation process (case I) and nonlinear time delay appearing in the synthesis process (case II) are considered, respectively. For case I: Our theoretical results show that time delay can induce gene switch, i.e., the TF-A monomer concentration shifts from the high concentration state to the low concentration state ("on"→"off"). With increasing the time delay, the transition from "on" to "off" state can be further accelerated. Moreover, it is found that the stochastic resonance can be enhanced by both the time delay and correlated noise intensity. However, the additive noise original from the synthesis rate restrains the stochastic resonance. It is also very interesting that a resonance bi-peaks structure appears under large additive noise intensity. The theoretical results by using small-delay time-approximation approach are consistent well with our numerical simulation. For case II: Our numerical simulation results show that time delay can also induce the gene switch, however different with case I, the TF-A monomer concentration shifts from the low concentration state to the high concentration state ("off"→"on"). With increasing time delay, the transition from "on" to "off" state can be further enhanced. Moreover, it is found that the stochastic resonance can be weaken by the time delay.
The stochastic delay dynamic approach can identify key physiological control parameters to which the behavior of special genetic regulatory systems is particularly sensitive. Such parameters might provide targets for pharmacological intervention. Thus, it would be highly interesting to investigate if similar experimental techniques could be used to bring out the delay-induced switch and stochastic resonance in the stochastic gene transcriptional regulatory process.
- Noise Intensity
- Stochastic Resonance
- Correlate Noise
- Gene Switch
- Small Time Delay
In recent years, a plenty of researches show that noises play a positive role in many fields. Many novel phenomena are found, such as noise induced transition [1–3], reentrance phenomena [4, 5], stochastic resonance [6, 7], noise enhanced stability [8, 9], current reveal [10–12], noise enhanced coherence resonance [13, 14], and so on. On the other hand, in many cases, the delay reflects transmission times related to the transport of matter, energy, and information through the system. Understanding the behavior of time-delayed dynamical systems is a first step in improving the knowledge of memory in general, whose analysis is especially important in medicine, biology and control theory. Recently, the combined effects of noises and time delays have been the subject of increased interest. In the field of pure statistical physics, the bistable systems with noise and time delay simultaneous have been investigated in detail [15–17]. Brownian motor with time-delayed feedback is studied by Wu [18]. The effect of time delay on feedback control of a flashing ratchet has been also investigated [19]. The integration of noise and time delay completely suppresses the population explosion in a mutualism [20]. Effects of time delays and noises in competitive systems have been investigated [21]. These results implicated that the combination of noise and time delay could provide an efficient tool for understanding real systems.
Regulation of gene expression by signals outside and inside the cell plays important roles in many biological processes. As the basic principles of genetic regulation have been characterized, it has become increasingly evident that nonlinear interactions, positive and negative feedback within signaling pathways, time delays, protein oligomerization, and crosstalk between different pathways need to be considered for understanding genetic regulation [22–28]. Smolen et al. have introduced a simple genetic regulatory model that incorporates known features of genetic regulatory using an explicitly mathematical dynamic systems approach [22, 23]. The simplest model manifested multiple stable steady states, and brief perturbations could switch the model between these states. Moreover, the effects of macromolecular transport and stochastic fluctuations on dynamics of genetic regulatory systems are investigated. Liu et al. [25] have studied the effects of the correlation between the noise of the decomposed rate k d and the noise of the synthesis rate R bas . They found that a successive switch process (i.e., "on"→"off"→"on", which we call the reentrance transition or twice switch) occurs with increasing the noise intensities, and a critical noise intensity exists at which the mean first passage time of the switch process is the largest. The effect of the color cross-correlated on the switch is investigated [26]. Wang [27] et al. also have investigated the effects of delay time, which is the time required for movement of TF-A protein to the nucleus. Their results showed that the delay time restrains the transition from the low concentration state to the high concentration state. However, these studies only consider single noise source, in particular, the delay-induced switch-like behaviors has not been explored yet. In addition, in this case the delay time appears in both deterministic and fluctuating forces simultaneously, hence it is very difficult to study from a view of theoretical analysis.
Stochastic resonance (SR), which was originally discovered by Benzi and Nicolis [29, 30] in the context of modeling the switch of the Earth's climate between ice ages and periods of relative warmth, is an important aspect in many scientific fields, which has been investigated extensively due to its potential applications from both the theoretical and experimental points of view. SR is a common case and generic enough to be observable in a large variety of nonlinear dynamical systems, including the occurrence of SR in physical systems, biological system, ecological system, laser system, etc. In the biophysics field, the study of SR phenomenon has turned into a forward subject. The SR phenomenon and its applications were extensively found. Such as, noise enhancement of information transfer in crayfish mechanoreceptors by SR [7]. SR can be used as a measuring tool to quantify the ability of the human brain to interpret noise contaminated visual patterns [31] and appears in an anti-tumor system modulated by a seasonal external field [32]. Oscillation and noise determine signal transduction in shark multimodal sensory cells [33]. The gene expression can be regulated by signals from outside and within the cell. Thereby, in the gene transcriptional regulatory process, the external environmental factors, such as the electromagnetic field on the earth, the solar terms and seasonal variation, are the common features. This means that the transcriptional regulatory of gene should have a periodic form. In this case, the bistability, noise and the signal exist simultaneously, so the combined effects of noises and delay time on the SR should be investigated.
We would like to emphasize that the combined effects of correlated noise and time delay on dynamical behaviors of gene regulatory network are rarely investigated. In this article, the statistical properties of gene switch and stochastic resonance induced by time delay in two different cases (i.e., linear time delay case and nonlinear time delay case) are explored. Our investigation is a significant try forward understanding the basic mechanisms of the delay induced gene switch and stochastic resonance in realistic yet complex organisms from a view of theory, and will motivate the further experimental research for gene network.
Deterministic gene transcriptional regulatory model
Two stable steady states are presented as and , respectively. One unstable steady state is , where p = K d - [(R bas + k f )/k d ]2 /3, q = K d (k f - 2R bas )/(3k d ) - 2[(R bas + k f )/(3k d )]3 and
Stochastic model with correlated noise and time delay
Where D and α denote the multiplicative and additive noise intensities, respectively, and λ represents the coupling strength between the two noise terms (i.e., correlated intensity).
In order to more exactly predict the dynamics of the genetic regulation model, it is necessary to consider macromolecular transport in these biochemical reactions. Transport can be diffusive or active, and in some cases a time delay may suffice to model active transport. Smolen et al. [22, 23] have considered that the binding processes of gene transcriptional regulatory are comparatively rapid, and would probably not be reasonable for overall cellular nuclear concentration of TF-A, because the equilibration time would be on the order of the degradation time for TF-A protein. However, a short time scale for equilibration is more likely for nuclear concentration of TF-A. This is because the rate constants k f and k d include implicitly entrance and exit of TF-A protein from the relatively small nuclear volume and are thus larger than those governing the dynamics of overall cellular concentration of TF-A. Therefore, the time delay should be considered in this model. This delay time appears between any change in the level of nuclear TF-A and the appearance in the nucleus of TF-A synthesized and degrading process in response to that change.
Case I: Linear time delay appearing in the degradation process
where the τ1 (time delay) previous to the time when dx/dt is computed. Because k d x(t - τ) is dependent linearly on the TF-A monomer concentration, for simplicity, we call this form of time delay as linear time delay. In addition, only small time delay is investigated in Case I since the theoretical approximation methods below are applicable for the small delay time.
Case II: Nonlinear time delay appearing in the synthesis process
Second, the rate constant k f includes implicitly entrance and exit of TF-A protein from the relatively small nuclear volume, thus larger than those governing the dynamics of overall cellular [TF-A]. We may consider the local time delay appearing in the synthesis process. The model incorporates a time delay τ2 = τ' + τ″, where τ' is the time taken for the transcription of tf-a mRNA and its movement to translation, and τ″ is the time required for movement of TF-A protein to the nucleus. Namely, the local time delay is introduced into the Hill function. The simplest kinetic model of genetic regulation with time delay appearing in Hill function is presented by Case II in Figure 4.
where the first term on the right side is evaluated at a time τ2 (delay time) previous to the time when dx/dt is computed, and is nonlinear time-delayed, and the delay time does not appear in the stochastic force. Because is dependent nonlinearly on the TF-A monomer concentration, for simplicity, we regard this case as nonlinear time delay case.
Below, the statistics properties of our theoretical model subjected to correlated noise and time delay are explored in the two different cases (i.e., linear time delay case and nonlinear time delay case). Considering the difficulties in theoretical analysis, we will investigate the two different time delays in the gene model, respectively.
Methods and results
Results for case I
Steady-state probability distribution
Mean value
Mean first passage time
Here, the potential U0(x) is given by Eq.(3) and Φ(x) is given by Eq.(23).
By virtue of Eq.(28), the effects of τ1 on the MFPT can be analyzed. MFPT as a function of τ1 is plotted in Figure 6(b). It shows that MFPT decreases monotonously as τ1 increases. From the view point of physics, it means that the delay time can speed up the transition between the two steady states (low concentration state and high concentration state). Namely, the delay time can accelerate the transition of gene switch from "on" state to "off" state.
Effects of time delay on stochastic resonance
where ξ(t) and η(t) are the Gaussian white noise, and their statistical properties are given by Eqs.(5)-(8). A is the amplitude of input periodic signal, Ω is the frequency, and τ1 is the delay time.
Signal to noise ratio
in which U(x), x + , x-, x u and φ n (x, t) are defined by Eq.(3) and Eq.(31), respectively.
For the general asymmetric nonlinear dynamical system, the SR phenomenon has been found, and the related theory has been developed [42]. Here, we only simply list this method for calculating signal to noise ratio (SNR).
where the constants μ1, 2 and β1, 2 depend on the detailed structure of the system under study. For the asymmetric case, μ1 ≠ μ2 and β1 = β2.
The SNR as a function of multiplicative noise intensity D with different delay time τ1 = 0.1, 0.3, 0.4 is plotted in Figure 8(a) according to the theoretical results (Eq.(31)) (the other parameters are fixed). It is found that there is a single peak in R SNR vs. D. The height of the peak is increased as the delay time τ1 increases, and the position of the peak shifts from the large D to small D. It implicates that the R SNR is enhanced with the increasement of delay time τ1. It must be pointed out that the observed SR is obvious when the additive noise intensity α is very weak.
The SNR as a function of the multiplicative noise intensity D with different additive noise intensity α = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 is plotted in Figure 8(c) according to the theoretical results (Eq.(31)) (the other parameters are fixed). Comparing the curve of SNR for α = 0.01 to the curve of SNR for α = 0.02, the height of the peak is decreased greatly, and the position shifts slightly from the small value of D to the large value of D. Specially, when α = 0.05, the resonance bi-peaks structure is found in the curve of SNR. It means that the curve of SNR is changed from one peak to two peaks as α increases. It must be emphasized that the height of the first peak of SNR is more lower than the one of the second peak, and the position of the first peak is located in the very small value of the multiplicative noise intensity D. Namely, the additive noise intensity α can restrain the SR and induce the multiple SR.
The SNR as a function of the multiplicative noise intensity D with different correlated noise intensity λ = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 is shown in Figure 8(e) according to the theoretical results (Eq.(31)) (the other parameters are fixed). It is seen that the height of the peak is enhanced greatly as the λ increases, the positions of the peaks are almost not distinct. It means that the correlated noise intensity λ can improve the SR.
Why these different control parameters exhibit various regulatory properties on the SR? One possible reason is that the potential function of the bistable gene model is adjusted differently. The symmetry of potential wells and the height of potential barrier have different dependences on these parameters. The quantitative analysis about the underlying mechanisms of time delay - enhance SR is our next task.
In order to check the valid of our theoretical approximate method, the numerical simulation is performed by directly integrating the Eq.(28) with Eqs.(5)-(8). Using the Euler method, the numerical data of time series are calculated using a fast Fourier transform. To reduce the variance of the result, the 1024 ensembles of power spectra are averaged. The output signal-to-noise ratio is defined as R = 10log 10(S p (Ω s )/S n (Ω s )), where S p (Ω s ) is the height of the peak in the power spectrum at the input frequency Ω s and S n (Ω s ) is the height of the noisy background in the power spectrum around Ω s . The parameters are chosen as the same value in the theoretical analysis. The results are plotted in Figure 8(b), Figure 8(d) and Figure 8(f). Compared its to the theoretical results (Figure 8(a), Figure 8(c) and Figure 8(e)), respectively, it is clear that the trends of the approximate theoretical results in the SNR are consistent with the numerical simulation, which implies that the approximate method is credible.
Results for case II
When the time delay appears in the Hill function, Eq.(10) becomes a nonlinear time delay stochastic equation. It is difficult to deal with the small time delay approximate method from the aspect of the theory. Hence the following results are given by direct simulation for the stochastic delay differential equation, i.e., Eq.(10), which can be formally integrated by using a simple forward Eular algorithm with a small time step for time delay.
Steady-state probability distribution
Figure 9 shows the SPD as a function of the TF-A monomer concentration x for different delay time (the other parameters are fixed). The peak height of TF-A monomer concentration distribution near the low concentration state is higher than that near the high concentration state when the delay time is small. It implies that the gene switch is mainly in the "off" position by tuning the delay time to a very low value. However, if increasing the delay time, the peak height of TF-A monomer concentration distribution near the high concentration state becomes more pronounced. It means that the concentration of TF-A monomer increases, and a jump of the switch to the "on" position occurs. Therefore, delay time τ2 can be also used as a control parameter for the switch process in the genetic regulatory system. However, compared with case I, the time delay τ1 induces the transition of gene switch from "on" to "off".
Mean value
The numerical results of the mean value of x(t) for this system as a function of τ2 are plotted in Figure 10(a). The result presents the mean value of x(t) increases with τ2 increasing. In summary, when the model incorporated a nonlinear time delay , this delay time induces the switch from the "off" state to the "on" state. It is noticed that the time delays τ2 and τ1 play the opposite roles in our genetic regulatory process.
Mean first passage time
Similar, making use of the MFPT of the process x(t) to reach the high concentration state x + (t) with initial condition x(t = 0) = x-, we can investigate the transition time from "on" state to "off" state. According to the definition of MFPT given by Hu [43], the MFPT as a function of τ2 is shown in Figure 10(b). It shows that MFPT decreases monotonously as τ2 increases. Physically, it means that the delay time τ2 can speed up the transition between the two steady states (low concentration state and high concentration state). Namely, the delay time can accelerate the transition of gene switch from "on" state to "off" state. The roles of τ1 and τ2 here are similar.
Stochastic resonance
where ξ(t) and η(t) are the Gaussian white noise, and their statistical properties are given by Eqs.(5)-(8). A is the amplitude of input periodic signal, Ω is the frequency, and τ2 is the delay time.
In this article, the regulatory properties of time delay on gene switch and stochastic resonance are systematically studied based on a bistable gene transcriptional regulatory model. This gene model is driven by the correlated noise and time delay simultaneously. Two cases, including linear time delay appearing in the degradation process (case I) and nonlinear time delay appearing in the synthesis process (case II) are considered, respectively. We mainly focus our research on two aspects, i.e., the dynamical switch characters (including the steady probability distribution, the mean value and the mean first passage time) and the stochastic resonance phenomenon.
For case I: Our theoretical results show that (i) the delay time τ1 resulting from the degradation process can induce the gene switch process, i.e., the TF-A monomer concentration x shifts from the high concentration state to the low concentration state ("on"→ "off"). Increasement of delay time τ1 can further speed up the transition from "on" to "off" state. (ii) The stochastic resonance can be enhanced by the time delay τ1 and the correlated noise intensity λ. However, the additive noise original from the synthesis rate R bas suppresses the stochastic resonance. It is very novel that the bi-peaks structure is found when a = 0.05. Through our stochastic delay dynamic approach, the critical physiological control parameters to which the behavior of special genetic regulatory systems is particularly sensitive are identified. Our theoretical results based on small-delay time-approximation approach are consistent with the numerical simulation, which implies that the approximate method is reliable.
For case II: Our numerical simulation results show that time delay τ2 can also induce the gene switch, while different from case I, the TF-A monomer concentration shifts from the low concentration state to the high concentration state ("off"→ "on"). The time delays in two cases play the opposite roles. With increasing the time delay τ2, the transition from "on" to "off" state can be further accelerated, which is similar to case I. Moreover, it is found that the stochastic resonance can be weaken by the time delay τ2. These insights on the combined effects of noises and time delay would be beneficial to understanding the basic mechanism of how living systems optimally facilitate to function under real environments.
The main result of our works is the time delays in both case I and case II induce gene switch, and the switch process can be further accelerated with increasing time delay. In order to demonstrate this theoretical result, an example is provided by using a biological system, i.e., the inducible lac genetic switch for Escherichia coli cells [44]. In Ref. [44], the switching of the lac operon from one phenotype to the other incorporates parameters, obtained from recently published in vivo single-molecule fluorescence experiments, has been investigated. It is found that anomalous sub-diffusion for macromolecules, as measured experimentally [44], can affect greatly the switch behavior. The authors predict an increase in the rebinding rate of transcription factor due to anomalous sub-diffusion. The underlying mechanism can be illustrated as below: the anomalous sub-diffusion behavior of the transcription factor causes it to spend more time (i.e., larger time delay) near the operator following unbinding than would be expected for purely Brownian diffusion, leading to more encounters with the operator and a potentially greater probability of rebinding. Hence this means that the time delay due to sub-diffusion in cellular crowding environment can increase the switch process of lac genetic system for Escherichia coli easily. It is consistent with our theoretical finding. Though a detailed modeling for sub-diffusion is not included in our work, the effect of complex sub-diffusion is replaced by introducing directly time delay. A full computational study of gene transcriptional system under macromolecule crowding using spatially resolved models is our next task.
To test our predictions quantitatively, one would ideally like to perform an experiment on this gene transcriptional regulatory model with tunable time delay and noise intensity, in which all the parameters concentrations of components and rate constants are the same as our theoretical model. To our knowledge, this clearly seems a very difficult experiment to perform, what we do is to give a primary picture of the integrated effects of time delay and noise. Recently, with the development of synthetic biology, some artificial gene networks are designed by genetic engineer. Moreover, it is increasingly being recognized that some biological parameters, including time delay and feedback strength, can be controlled by using micro-fluidic devices in gene regulatory network. So we wish that the time delay-accelerated transition of gene switch and time delay-enhanced or suppressed stochastic resonance could be examined in future.
This project was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.11047146 (CJ Wang), Grant No.10905089 (M Yi) and Grant No.11047107 and No.11105058 (LJ Yang)), the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi province of China (Grant No.2010JQ1014 (CJ Wang)) and the Science Foundation of Baoji University of Science and Arts of China (Grant No.ZK11053 (CJ Wang)).
This article has been published as part of BMC Systems Biology Volume 6 Supplement 1, 2012: Selected articles from The 5th IEEE International Conference on Systems Biology (ISB 2011). The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcsystbiol/supplements/6/S1.
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MIDDLEBURY — The Middlebury Union High School softball team, buoyed by the continued return to health of junior starting pitcher Jess Gipson and a balanced attack, picked up a much-needed win on Thursday, 8-6 over visiting South Burlington.
The Tigers led, 8-1, when Gipson, making her first start after returning from a shoulder injury, left the mound after four strong innings.
No matter how you look at it, the fact that Vermont ranks fifth in the nation in per pupil spending in public schools is good news. The U.S. Census Bureau reported that Vermont spends $15,175 per pupil in public schools compared to the national average of $10,499. At the top of the heap is New York, which spent $18,126 per pupil in 2009. The District of Columbia was second at $16,408; third was New Jersey ($16,271), and Alaska was fourth at $15,552.
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MIDDLEBURY — The discovery of environmental contamination at the Connor Homes building on Route 7 South in Middlebury has halted the planned sale of the 115,000-square-foot manufacturing plant to booming hard cider maker Green Mountain Beverage (GMB).
It also put on hold Connor Homes' plans to lease the 131,000-square-foot former Tubbs furniture plant in the Brandon Industrial Park.
MIDDLEBURY — Clouds tempered the sunshine Sunday morning, but the rain held off as 593 Middlebury College seniors received their degrees on a pleasantly warm but dry morning.
Commencement speaker Chris Waddell challenged those in the sea of hopeful young faces, some belonging to 20-somethings nervous about what life held next for them, to be prepared for the unexpected and to make the most of what life throws their way.
"It's not what happens to you. It's what you do with what happens to you," he said.
BRISTOL — As divided as it was, Monday's annual meeting of the Bristol Police District in Holley Hall was a testament to the effectiveness of democracy in a small-town setting. The 2010-2011 fiscal year police spending plan of $337,322 was passed by a thin margin of 19-16 in a paper ballot vote.
MIDDLEBURY — The Middlebury Volunteer Fire Department is proposing a $5.2 million makeover of its Seymour Street and East Middlebury stations, a plan that could go to the voters as soon as next March.
Members of the Middlebury Fire Station Committee outlined their preliminary plans to the town selectboard on Tuesday, calling for the replacement of the East Middlebury station with a slightly smaller, more energy efficient structure, and an expansion/renovation of the Seymour Street facility.
ADDISON COUNTY — On this Memorial Day Weekend, locals will get plenty of chances to remember the sacrifices of the women and men who died in service to our country and to feel the first thrills of summer in parades around the county.
Look for parades in Orwell, Middlebury, Vergennes and Bristol this weekend. There will also be readings of patriotic and nostalgic verse and plenty of men and women in uniform to go up and thank.
ADDISON COUNTY — Middlebury filmmaker Tim Joy is living proof that a guy can fulfill his boyhood dreams. He makes movies with a high-tech, radio-controlled helicopter and pulls off stunts with actual vehicles rigged to steer using an external device.
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Aberdeen Teenager Sentenced for School Crash
ABERDEEN - An Aberdeen teenager who crashed his vehicle into an elementary school a year ago has been ordered to spend more than three months in jail and make restitution.
Eighteen-year-old Andrew Randall pleaded guilty to vehicular battery in a plea agreement with prosecutors. The American News reports that the charge will not go on his record if he completes his sentence and four years of probation.
Authorities say Randall was driving a vehicle that crashed into the school the night of Jan. 17, 2012, seriously injuring himself and a passenger and causing about $30,000 in damage to the school's library. He admitted drinking alcohol and speeding before the crash.
Randall was 17 years old at the time but his case was transferred to adult court.
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