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ObjectiveThe Fund seeks to maximize total return, consisting of capital appreciation and current income. Principal Investment Strategies:
The Fund follows a value oriented strategy. The Fund invests in, and may shift frequently among, a wide range of asset classes and market sectors. These include foreign and domestic equity and debt securities, money market instruments, and derivatives. The Fund is classified as a diversified portfolio, but is not managed as a balanced portfolio. As a result, the Adviser has considerable flexibility in selecting the types of investments and market sectors for investment of the Fund's assets and is not required to maintain any minimum portion of the Fund's assets in any particular asset class. Thus, during the course of a business cycle, for example, the Fund may invest solely in equity securities, debt securities or money market instruments, or in a combination of these classes of investments. For each asset class, the Adviser uses a valuation approach to investing by examining the overall economic picture, the characteristics of individual securities, historical market information and technical analysis to determine securities which it believes are overvalued or undervalued. The Fund may use either long or short positions in pursuit of its objective. The Fund's investment performance will depend in large part on the asset allocation selected by the portfolio managers. Currently, the portfolio managers view the U.S. equity markets as highly overvalued by most traditional measurements, and have positioned the Fund to seek profits in a major U.S. equity market decline through a variety of investment practices, including puts and short sales, together with its investments in short-term fixed income securities. The Fund is flexibly managed, however, and the Adviser may, without notice, change the Fund's asset positioning quickly and decisively. The Fund may invest in a wide range of assets. Equity securities in which the Fund may invest include common stock, preferred stock (including convertible preferred stock), warrants and depository receipts. Debt securities in which the Fund may invest include U.S. corporate debt, U.S. government and agency debt and foreign sovereign and other debt securities (including sovereign and other debt securities from emerging market issuers). The Fund may invest up to 65% of its assets in the equity and debt securities of foreign issuers. The Fund may also invest in debt securities convertible into shares of common stock. The Fund's debt securities may have fixed, floating or variable rates of interest. The Fund may make short sales, which are transactions in which the Fund sells a security it does not own, with the expectation that the security's value will decline. To complete a short sale, the Fund must borrow the security to make delivery, and then replace the security by purchasing it. The total market value of all the Fund's short sales may not exceed 50% of the value of the Fund's net assets. In addition, the Fund's short sales of the securities of any single issuer listed on a national securities exchange may not exceed 5% of the value of the Fund's net assets, and the Fund may not sell short more than 5% of the outstanding securities of a single class of securities of an issuer. The Fund may enter into short sales of securities the Fund owns, but such sales cannot exceed 5% of the value of the Fund's net assets. The Fund's compliance with these limitations is calculated at the time a transaction is effected.
Comstock Capital Value Fund
Portfolio details
This Fund utilizes short selling and derivatives. Short selling of securities and use of derivatives pose special risks and may not be suitable for certain investors. Short selling is the sale of a borrowed security and losses are realized if a price of a security increases between the date the security is sold and the date the Fund replaces it. Derivatives may be riskier than other types of investments because they may respond more to changes in economic conditions than other investments.
The Fund's share price will fluctuate with changes in the market value of the Fund's portfolio securities. Stocks are subject to market, economic and business risks that cause their prices to fluctuate. When you sell Fund shares, they may be worth less than what you paid for them. Consequently, you can lose money by investing in the Fund.Investors should carefully consider the investment objectives, risks, charges and expenses of the Fund before investing. The prospectus, which contains more complete information about this and other matters, should be read carefully before investing. To obtain a prospectus, please call 800-GABELLI or visit www.gabelli.com.
Distributed by G.distributors, LLC


text:
Stem cell and bone marrow transplants are powerful treatments that offer options to patients with many different diseases, including leukemia and anemia.
Patients receive care through The Coleman Foundation Comprehensive Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant Clinic. The clinic is accredited by the Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy, showing that Rush complies with quality standards for cell collection, laboratory processing and transplantation.
Specialists at Rush are involved in research to improve transplantation efficiency and to develop new treatment options for patients whose cancer has relapsed after stem cell transplantation.

subset: commoncrawl


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From a human rights persective one would say this is wrong, however, African cultures differ vastly from Western ones, if contraception (condoms) were used then the spread of HIV could be reduced. African societies are over populated and have been for many years, so is this not also a question of how to not only control the spread of the HIV virus but also how to reduce the population to allow for a better standard of living in poor African states?
At these moment it is very important to control the situation in the African countries where the dreadful diseases like AIDS are spreading like an epidemic. The people over there must be given knowledge of how to use contraceptives or condoms. But the condition over there is so pathetic that it is impossible to make them all understand about these fact.
Oh Its very bad i feel very bad while reading this article it should not happen....
Smith Alan
Court today agreed with the Legal Assistance Centre that the Public Service Act does not apply to the forced sterilisation cases, in which the LAC is representing several women suing the Government of Namibia for damages.
Thank you for sharing to us.there are many person searching about that now they will find enough resources by your post.I would like to join your blog anyway so please continue sharing with us
Really great post, Thank you for sharing This knowledge.Excellently written article, if only all bloggers offered the same level of content as you, the internet would be a much better place. Please keep it up!


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Next Episode of Calendar is
The main bulletin of 'Calendar' brings viewers in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and certain parts of the North Midlands and North West Norfolk up to date with the latest news, sport and weather.
Looks like something went completely wrong!
But don't worry - it can happen to the best of us,
- and it just happened to you.
Please try again later or contact us.


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class level information of stored java class owned by the user
Columns ___________________________ NAME name of the java class MAJOR the major version number of the java class as defined in JVM specification MINOR the minor version number of the java class as defined in JVM specification KIND is the stored object a java class or java interface? ACCESSIBILITY the accessiblity of the java class IS_INNER is this java class an inner class IS_ABSTRACT is this an abstract class? IS_FINAL is this an final class? IS_DEBUG does this class contain debug information? SOURCE source designation of the java class SUPER super class of this java class OUTER outer class of this java class if this java class is an inner class


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Creation 26(4):24–25, September 2004
Browse our latest digital issue Subscribe
Horseshoe crab meets ET?
Horseshoe crabs are hailed as a primitive animal from a time long before any life conquered land—at least by evolutionists. But researchers at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, USA,1 one of the world's leading marine research centres, are now using them to step up the search for alien life on Mars and beyond.
One of the scientists, immunologist Dr. Norman Wainwright, said, 'One of the reasons the horseshoe crab has survived for so long is its advanced immune system' [emphasis added].2
Weird and wonderful immune system
The vertebrates (i.e. animals with backbones) have 'acquired'/'specific' immunity. This means that in humans, certain blood cells produce specific antibodies in response to foreign material. However, it takes time to build up antibody protection against microbial invaders.
By contrast, horseshoe crabs (and other invertebrates) react much faster, because they rely on 'innate'/'natural' immunity. That is, their blood cells do not produce antibodies; rather, their immune response to invading germs is more general.
These properties mean that horseshoe crab blood has long been used to test for poisons from microbes. And now it is being used to make sure that instruments used to hunt for life from outer space will not be contaminated by any microbes from earth (see box for more detail).
Primitive or advanced?
Amazing blood-clotting design in 'primitive' creature used in space research!
These 'broad-spectrum' immune reactions of horseshoe crabs and other invertebrates are considered to be quite ancient.3 From an evolutionary perspective then—with its corollary millions-of-years belief—it is understandable that horseshoe crabs are claimed to be primitive. Evolutionists believe that such physiological systems were around long before the evolution of specialized antibody-producing cells.
Yet, as shown, Wainwright used the epithet 'advanced', supposedly to explain how these creatures have managed to survive down through the eons of time. This is intriguing because it is the opposite of what is conventionally taught.
Ironically, in an article about marine biology published one month earlier,4 Wainwright said precisely the opposite, 'Horseshoe crab blood cells act like a primitive immune system' [emphasis added].5 It would appear that the prospect of using horseshoe crab blood to prospect for ET life now justifies the promotion of this humble creature. But how can the same physiology be described as advanced and primitive at the same time?
And if it is so 'primitive', then why has it survived for the alleged millions of years? Clearly, the system works well, so how would natural selection favour the development of a new complex immune system? Since the vertebrate immune system would not work at all unless all steps were in place, natural selection would work against replacing the invertebrate immune system by an incomplete vertebrate one.
This just goes to demonstrate the scientific meaninglessness of evolutionized terms such as 'primitive' and 'advanced'. They tell us nothing about the real relationships between living creatures, but reveal a great deal about the bias of the person who uses them.
It is more biblical, and indeed more scientific, to say that all immune systems are designed very well for their purpose!
'Living fossils'
References and notes
References and notes
- This is based in Massachusetts and was established back in 1888. Numerous Nobel laureates have done work there. Return to text.
- Wainwright, N., cited in: Onion, A., Alien blood test, ABC News website, abcnews.go.com, 31 July 2003. Return to text.
- Roitt, I., Brostoff, J. and Male, D., Immunology, 4th ed., Mosby, London, p. 17.3, 1996. Return to text.
- Palmer, S., Of mollusks and men, Focus 127:78–82, June 2003. Return to text.
- Wainwright, N., cited in ref. 4, p. 80. Return to text.


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Oliver rajamani
Indian Folk & Gypsy
Critics distinguish Rajamani for having redefined Romani music-more commonly known as Gypsy music-by taking it back to its ancient roots in India as well as blending Indian folk and Romani music with Texas traditions. Rajamani has created his own unique style of music which he labels "Flamenco India".
An Austin World Music award winner, a nominee of the 2008 US Artist Award and the 2014 nominee of the prestigious German world music award in the European Charts, Rajamani has toured internationally and has recorded and performed with artists wide-ranging in style including Gypsy Kings, Willie Nelson, Edie Brickell, L. Shanker, Eric Johnson, Paravai Munniamma, Dotschy Reinhardt from the Django Reinhardt family amongst many other international artists. He has been a featured artist on the NPR BBC radio amongst numerous other radio, TV stations and magazines.
Rajamani's unique musical sound and original compositions are drawn from the historic 'Romani trail' and the lonestar state of Texas. From India's melismatic folk and spiritual chants, strings and drumming, the raw Arabic tones of the oud, the spirited torch of traditional Gypsy flamenco, to the lonestar country and blues of Texas, Rajamani masterfully creates with no trace of boarders yet paying homage to tradition. Rajamani sings in exotic tongues from India as well as English and Spanish. His music is a sound that is at once foreign and familiar. Drawing upon ancient Eastern traditions, his music resonates in a deep place within its listeners, while remaining accessible and satisfying to the foreigner's ear.


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Writing a maintain ventory of office equipment furniture business plan will force you to objectively develop and evaluate your tactical and strategic plans. It will also help you identify the opportunities and risks encountered as a result of your decisions.
"Quick Quote - Business Plan" - Talk to our consultants to maintain inventory of office equipment or furniture:
Your business plan needs to cover The market, Market segmentation, Consumer analysis, Competition, Product features and benefits, Competitive analysis, Positioning, Advertising and promotion, Sales, Research and development, Operations, People, Payback and exit plan and professional Financial Projections
A strategic business plan need to include details of key personnel and their relevant experience are also important, as is operational information like office location, special equipment and expected employee headcount.
Please contact us at 877-334-4780 or email@example.com if
you have any questions - Business planning to maintain inventory of office equipment or furniture
Contact us for a business plan to maintain ventory of office equipment furniture and to start writing your commerce business plan to raise venture capital and meet angel investors today!


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My guy and I are pretty close. (Shoot, I would hope so, right? We've lived together for over two years and we're getting married next summer, so we kinda better be.) We share a bed night after night, wake up next to each other, brush our teeth next to each other—you get the picture.
The one thing we don't do together? Shower together.
In fact, I'm pretty sure that, in almost four years together, we've shared a shower a total of about six times—and we've attempted shower sex on only half of those occasions. (We're not very coordinated when it comes to getting busy on slippery surfaces—plus, our bed is like three feet from our bathroom.)
We have a pretty good reason for our lack of co-showering, namely the fact that we're not exactly shower compatible: He likes to take long, slow showers—preferring to use his cleaning time to relax and unwind—while I'd rather get in, get out, and get on with my life. Plus, neither of us like waiting our turn to get under the spray.
Still, even though I don't wish things were different, I know this not-showering-together thing is kinda weird. Aren't couples supposed to soap up in tandem? Like, maybe on the weekends? Or, at the very least, to help save money on the water bill? Couples on TV and in the movies are forever getting it on under some serious water pressure.
My good friend, Laura, showers with her live-in boyfriend every morning. And sometimes again at night. When she and her man have a bad day, get in a fight—you name it—they get the water running and jump in the shower together to talk things out. In fact, she says all of their best conversations have happened in the shower.
Clearly, she and I are on completely opposite ends of the spectrum when it comes to our coupled showering habits. So, we gotta ask you—where do you fall? Are you down with showering with you guy? Am I totally missing out?
Want more from Natasha? Follow her on Twitter or find her on Facebook.


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No burritos, just Chinese and Thai
A Mexican comes to America and opens a Chinese and Thai restaurant. No, it's not the start of a joke. It's the story of Jose Cruz's life. And yes, there's even a priest involved.
Born in Michoacán, Mexico, Cruz had plans to enter the priesthood. He enrolled in seminary school, which brought him to America. After seminary, he was given a year to decide whether that was the life for him and realized it wasn't when he fell in love with his now wife, Rocio. They now have five children.
But Cruz credits his time at Clergy University for where he is today. "The seminary taught me two things that I've carried with me my whole life: One – discipline. Two: to live every moment like it's my last," he says. "It really helped me succeed and give everything I have to my work and my family. In the seminary, I learned hard work pays off."
Which helps explain Cruz's success. Fourteen years ago, he got his start in the restaurant business as a dishwasher. He worked his way up and became a cook, then a manager and last month, opened his own restaurant — Park City Chinese and Thai.
"I really do feel like I've lived the American dream. I started from scratch," Cruz added.
It's a safe assumption that there were no family recipes that inspired Cruz to open an Asian restaurant. So how did he settle on the cuisine choice?
"Six years ago, I started a restaurant delivery service. I knew a lot of people in the business and wanted to help them get their food into people's homes. Over the last six years, one of the biggest requests I had from customers was Chinese and Thai food, and there weren't a lot of affordable options, especially late at night. There was a need, so Rocio and I decided to open Park City Chinese and Thai to fill that void," he explained.
And while business is booming at his new restaurant, Cruz understands the initial skepticism. "When I went to the city to apply for a business license, they asked if the name of my business was correct," he chuckled at the memory. "They figured I would be cooking burritos and tacos."
But Cruz wasn't swayed by stereotype and stayed committed to Asian fare. He and his wife read a lot of books, took classes and even asked a friend who had worked in Chinese restaurants to taste-test their recipes. After they mastered the Chinese food, they hired a group from Thailand to teach them some of their dishes, especially the curries. And, Cruz says, you can taste the love they put into each dish.
"We prepare everything fresh. We don't even cut the peppers until a meal is ordered. We believe in healthy, delicious food at a good price."
And in case you're wondering, the menus are written in English.
Park City Chinese and Thai
Start a dialogue, stay on topic and be civil.
If you don't follow the rules, your comment may be deleted.
Sundance 2019 dipped slightly but still brought in $182.5 million and more than 120K attendees
A study pegged the number of Sundance Film Festival attendees at 122,313, with the event generating an economic impact of $182.5 million. Both numbers represent a slight decrease from the 2018 festival.


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WLSMV missing data
Mplus Discussion
Missing Data Modeling
posted on Sunday, October 02, 2005 - 4:33 pm
I am estimating several models which involve a single factor or multiple factors predicting various outcome variables (one at a time). In some of these models (i.e., those that contain a substantial amount of missing data) I am using the TYPE = MISSING command. Data missing on variables used to estimate the latent factors have already been listwise deleted, so technically, missing data on the outcome variable can only be handeled using this command. All analyses use the WLSMV estimator. I understand that MPLUS models missingness differently when WLSMV is used depending on whether covariates are included in the model.
1. Would it be correct that when one of my models involves one latent factor predicting a single outcome (and TYPE = MISSING is specified) that pairwise deletion is being used?
2. Would it be correct that when one of my models involves multiple latent factors predicting a single outcome (and TYPE = MISSING is specified) that some other method of handling missing data is being used?
3. If so, could you please describe this other method of handling missing data (i.e., what is being done to handle the missing data)?
4. Is it problematic that I already listwise deleted (a small) part of the sample to estimate the latent factors, and am then using the "MISSING" command on missing data on an outcome variable being predicted by the latent factors? What sort of an impact do you think this mixed approach towards dealing with missing data in my study will have on my results? (I am trying to get a sense of whether I should go back and re-estimate these models with the missing data on the variables used to estimate the latent factors re-included in the data set)
posted on Monday, October 03, 2005 - 10:40 am
1. Pairwise deletion is used with categorical outcomes and Type = Missing.
2. The number of factors does not influence the missing data handling, only whether or not observed covariates are present.
4. Listwise deletion is obtained when Type = Missing is not used. Type = Missing gives pairwise deletion with categorical outcomes. I would recommend using Type = Missing throughout.
Matthew Diemer
posted on Friday, April 07, 2006 - 11:34 am
Can the WLSMV estimator be used (in version 4.0) with complex sample data that contains both categorical and continuous indicators?
I am also specifying missing because of some issues in missing data (longitudinal design where parents/teachers also respond) and analyzing a subpopulation of respondents.
So, can the following code function in MPlus, or is this too many subcommands?
subpopulation = f2race1 ne 4 and ses1band eq 1 and f2evdost eq 0 and f3f1pnwt ne 99;
Type = general complex missing;
estimator is wlsmv;
and weight is f3f1pnwt;
cluster is sch_id;
stratification is sstratid;
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, April 07, 2006 - 12:25 pm
This should work. But the proof is in doing it.
Kim Henry
posted on Thursday, July 10, 2008 - 11:46 am
I want to make sure that I understand how mplus handles missing data when type=WLSMV? If I understand correctly, only information from the X variables is used when dealing with missing data on the outcome variables (that is, for example, when estimating the regression of Y1 on X1-X3, Y2 is not used to help consider missingness on Y1. Is this correct? And, when I write this up, is their a term for this type of consideration of the missingness. For example, in MLR - missing data is dealt with by using full information maximum likelihood.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, July 10, 2008 - 2:26 pm
There is not a term for this that I know. WLSMV with covariates x works in 4 steps: univariate probit regression of each u on the x's using all people with data on that u (and the x's), bivariate probit regression of each pair of u's on the x's using all people with data for that pair, estimation of the weight matrix, and fitting the model using weighted least squares. The first 2 steps use ML estimation. This means that this is better than pairwise present data for the u's because missingness is allowed to be affected by the x's and so can be quite selective. So it has an MAR flavor wrt the x's. But the final results in step 4 are not MAR in the sense that for the u's only pairs of u's are used in the first 2 ML steps, not all of them. So for instance attrition giving missingness for a later u predicted by an early u would not give consistent results. This is the price paid for the simplicity of the WLSMV approach.
Erika Wolf
posted on Friday, March 12, 2010 - 8:21 am
Do you have a citation that would be approporiate for describing how WLSMV handles missing data (re--your response above on 7/10/08)? Thank you.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, March 12, 2010 - 8:35 am
The only place we describe this in on page 7 of the user's guide. You can look for a citation on pairwise present which is the method we use when there are no covariates.
leah lipsky
posted on Monday, March 15, 2010 - 12:36 pm
If I'm using WLSMV with missing data, how do I know how many subjects are used in the model (I'm assuming that with pairwise deletion, the model only estimates based on subjects with no missing data)? My full sample is N = 413, and I know there are missing data for my 2 dependent variables, but the output says there are 413 observations.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Monday, March 15, 2010 - 5:50 pm
Pairwise deletion uses different sample sizes for different pairs of dependent variables, but it sounds like you have only one pair given only 2 DVs. That sounds like none of the 413 has missing on both DVs. I believe in this case that Mplus would delete subjects with missing on both DVs.
leah lipsky
posted on Tuesday, March 16, 2010 - 6:53 am
Thanks for your response. I should have clarified that there are 2 IVs and 2 DVs. I checked my variables, and there are 45 subjects who were missing for both DVs, and 2 subjects are missing for both IVs. It sounds like you're saying I should expect the number of observations to be the full sample (n = 413) reduced by the number of subjects who are missing on both DVs (n = 45), but this is not the case (output says # observations = 413). I'd very much appreciate any further advice. Thank you.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, March 16, 2010 - 7:13 am
Please send your input, data, output, and your license number to
Inna Altschul
posted on Tuesday, March 22, 2011 - 7:50 am
In reference to Bengt's post above on 7/10/2008 - I'm wondering what estimation and handling of missing data are used for those outcomes that are not declared as categorical but estimated using WLSMV (because there are categorical predictors that are also dependent variables in the path model). Specifically, my outcome variable is continuous (and with considerable missing data); several of my key predictor variables are categorical or binary, these variables are also dependent variables in the model, which necessitates use of WLSMV. Given this set up, what process is used to estimate Y (continuous outcome) on U (categorical predictor), and how is missing data on Y handled?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, March 22, 2011 - 5:46 pm
Missing data is handled the same way for all outcomes when using WLSMV - it doesn't matter if some are continuous.
Fabian Schweizer
posted on Tuesday, June 14, 2011 - 4:20 am
I'm a bit confused about earlier discussions in this forum about missing data treatment
with WLSMV. I've read several articles that report to use the WLSMV estimator for parameter estimation. At the same time, these papers report using the FIML method to handle missing data.
From the technical appendix (WLSMV with missing data) I understand that WLSMV uses
unvariate FIML estimates as the first stage estimate "sigma^1".
If WLSMV can use FIML estimates at stage one, using pairwise deletion as missing data treatment doesn't make sense to me (given that MAR holds), as FIML is said to be more efficient under MAR than pairwise deletion.
With TYPE=GENERAL and ESTIMATOR=WLSMV (in MPLus Version 5), does WLSMV use a FIML method or pairwise deletion for missing data treatment?
I'd be very grateful for any advice on this topic.
Thank you!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, June 14, 2011 - 2:29 pm
Missing data theory does not apply to the univariate case. Therefore, it is not involved in the univariate FIML estimates that are used as first stage estimates.
WLSMV uses pairwise present for missing. Maximum likelihood and categorical outcomes uses FIML.
Sarah Ryan
posted on Thursday, October 06, 2011 - 11:37 am
Regarding your above explanation of missing data handling by WLSMV on Thursday 10/8/2008, let me make sure I understand.
"WLSMV with covariates x works in 4 steps: univariate probit regression of each u on the x's using all people with data on that u (and the x's)...,"
"... So it has an MAR flavor wrt the x's. But the final results in step 4 are not MAR in the sense that for the u's only pairs of u's are used in the first 2 ML steps, not all of them. So for instance attrition giving missingness for a later u predicted by an early u would not give consistent results. "
q2) MEANING THAT WE MUST BE CONFIDENT THAT THE ESTIMATES IN STAGE1 WERE THE "TRUE VALUES" (IN PARTICULAR, FOR THOSE MISSING ON THE U IN STAGE1) IN ORDER TO CONCLUDE THAT WE HAVE OBTAINED CONSISTENT RESULTS IN THE FINAL STAGE?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, October 06, 2011 - 9:53 pm
Q1) Meaning that the case is dropped, which would also be the case when FIML is used and there is only 1 DV.
Q2) I think it is the Stage 2 (conditional correlation) estimation that we should worry about. "So for instance attrition giving missingness for a later u predicted by an early u would not give consistent results. "
To avoid missingness with WLSMV you can first do Multiple Imputation. See Topic 9, May 2011 version.
Carolyn CL
posted on Wednesday, August 14, 2013 - 10:06 am
Dear Drs. Muthen,
I am estimating a structural equation model with missing data on x's (two of which are continuous latent variables) and y's. Two of my y's are categorical ordinal variables which has lead to the use of WLSMV estimation with theta parametrization. Because I wish to use FIML estimation methods to deal with the missing data, I included an auxiliary variable (family SES at birth) which I allow to correlate with all observed variables (Enders, 2010).
I am having a difficult time clearly articulating the estimation method in my Methods section, as I wish to draw a comparison between the WLSMV and FIML methods.
For the sake of clarity, I re-estimated the method treating the ordinal level y variables as continuous, in order to compare the WLSMV and FIML methods. In both cases, the 'Numer of observations' corresponds to the full sample. In both cases, the number of observed missing data patterns and covariance coverage are the same. In the case of the WLSMV, the Chi-square and df values are smaller. CFI and RMSEA are comparable for both estimation methods. In terms of the parameters, the regression coefficient estimates tend to be slightly larger and the standard errors slightly smaller in the WLSMV method.
(see below)
Carolyn CL
posted on Wednesday, August 14, 2013 - 10:08 am
(NOTE: When running the model using FIML, I get an expected error message:
Am I correct in the following:
(i) The weighted least squares estimation with missing data method gives parameter estimates that are similar to those using full information maximum likelihood estimation when missing data assumptions are met (Asparouhov & Muth�n, 2010).
(ii) Missing data assumptions are that missing data in y are explained by a covariate x (in this case, family SES at birth and other x's).
(iii) By using a saturated correlate model (whereby all observed variables are allowed to correlate with an
auxiliary variable associated with attrition) all participants who contributed information to the model
were retained in the WLSMV analyses (Davey, Shanahan and Schafer, 2001; Enders, 2010).
(iv) The estimation of the parameters in WLSMV benefited from the retention of complete and partial data, including that of participants who would have been more likely to desist from the study over time.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, August 15, 2013 - 8:49 am
In the future, please limit your post to one window.
Regarding the error message, please send the output and your license number to
(i) Weighedt least squares and maximum likelihood handle missing data differently. The results may differ due to this.
(ii) Missing data with maximum likelihood can also be explained by y.
(iii-iv) I don't understand what you are saying.
posted on Thursday, September 11, 2014 - 2:40 am
I have categorical opbserved variables which I am using in SEM - I know the default estimator is WLSMV but I would like to use ML as I know it can handle missing data through FIML apporach...
Is using ML with categorical observed variables sensible?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, September 11, 2014 - 6:11 am
Yes, it results in logistic regression as the default if the categorical variables are put on the CATEGORICAL list.
posted on Thursday, September 11, 2014 - 7:57 am
Thanks for your reply.
When I use ML I receive the following message, I suspect as I have 15 categorical observed variables:
This means I obtain no goodness of fit indeces... Could I report AIC/BIC in the write-up for a paper?
Is there any other way to obtain RMSEA, CFI or TLI?
posted on Thursday, September 11, 2014 - 8:50 am
From previous posts, I am under the impression that I should request TECH10 - however, I am not sure which part of the TECH10 output would give me an indication of how good is the fit of the model - could you help pls?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, September 12, 2014 - 7:16 am
The frequency table chi-squares do not work well with more than about 8 variables.
TECH10 gives observed and estimate univariate and bivariate proportions. The standardized residuals are in the metric of z-scores. These values show where model misfit may be.
posted on Friday, September 12, 2014 - 8:09 am
It does sound though as if there is no way of obtaining RMSEA, CFI or TLI - am I correct?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, September 12, 2014 - 3:51 pm
That is correct.
Ashley Turbeville
posted on Monday, September 15, 2014 - 8:42 am
I'm running an EFA with categorical and continuous variables with varying missingness on the indicators (N = 997; 21 variables). I'm using the WLSMV estimator, Type = Missing, and culstering by by community group (24 communities), but I want to ensure I understand how this method handles missingness for EFAs.
My understanding is that this method uses pairwise deletion, is that correct? However, my output indicates that I have 997 observations and I'm a bit confused as there are some variables with missingness on both variables, as was posted above.
Additionally, does clustering change the way missingness is handled in any way?
Thank you!
Ashley Turbeville
posted on Monday, September 15, 2014 - 9:21 am
I apologize for the additional post. I realized that the type that I'm actually using is type = individual and listwise = off (to do pairwise delete). It is my understanding that Type = missing is no longer used and received an error message.
Thank you,
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, September 15, 2014 - 10:21 am
TYPE=MISSING is the default. The full number of observations is printed although each correlation is based on however many people have both variables. Clustering does not change how missingness is handled.
Parissa Ballard
posted on Wednesday, June 03, 2015 - 10:01 am
I have read though this forum but still need some guidance on handling NMAR longitudinal missing data (due to attrition). Wave 1 has 1,182 participants and 400 completed Wave 2. My final longitudinal models use cross-lagged SEM and and multi-group analyses. Estimator is WLSMV because I have both continuous and categorical variables. As I understand it, it is not possible to go multi-group analysis with imputed data (and I am not sure imputing data makes sense when 65% of Wave 2 data are missing) and FIML is not possible with WLSMV.
Can you recommend an approach for handling missing data in this case (or point me to resources to help make this decision)? Thank you very much.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, June 03, 2015 - 10:43 am
Try using ML.
Ping Kuo
posted on Monday, August 24, 2015 - 6:35 am
I'm running a CFA of three-factor model using WLSMV.
(a) If I did not use Type function, is type=missing default?
(b) In the situation above, the pairwise deletion is used. Is it correct?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, August 24, 2015 - 7:11 am
a. Yes, this has been the case for some time.
b. Yes, when the model has no covariates.
Ping Kuo
posted on Monday, August 24, 2015 - 8:40 am
Thanks for your quick responses.
If I test longitudinal measurement invariance using WLSMV ( I did not use the type function), is the pairwise deletion used? In my LMI model, the same factors at difference time points are correlated.
Could WLSMV and FIML be used together?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, August 24, 2015 - 11:20 am
Whenever you use one of the weighted least squares estimators in a model without covariates, pairwise present is used as the default.
No, you can use only one estimator at a time.
posted on Tuesday, October 27, 2015 - 5:07 pm
I am estimating a model over 3 waves of data. I have NO missing data on my observed exogenous variables or my observed outcome measure. However, on my mediating latent variables, I do have missing data. How does Mplus handle this under the WLSMV pairwise approach, since I have valid data for each case on my exogenous predictor and final outcome variable?
Thank you.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, October 27, 2015 - 5:50 pm
I assume you mean you have missing data on the indicators of your mediating latent variables. If missingness on indicators for a person is to some extent related to the values of the indicators that are observed for the person, or with the observed outcome measure, that would be missing under MAR, but WLSMV wouldn't accommodate that like ML would. But if missing is only correlated with the exogenous variables, WLSMV is fine.
Daniel Gladwell
posted on Monday, June 27, 2016 - 9:21 am
Dear Muthen's
I am attempting to get further clarity on which individuals are dropped/retained when they have missing data. If I am using WLSMV estimator and have the following model:
SOC BY Ind1 Ind2 Ind3
Am I right in thinking that a) under the default setting individuals are dropped if they are missing data on any of Y1, Y2, X or Z? b) that they are retained if they have complete responses to those variables and have a response for either Ind1, Ind2 or Ind3?
If I am correct on b) does the SEM in effect do i) FIML using their responses to the one indicator they have completed to estimate their likely responses to the other indicators had they completed them and then ii) take the responses for the one variable and the imputed responses to the other two to estimate their latent scores?
I have attempted to read around but would it be possible to point me to a source that summarises the approach taken to keeping/dropping individuals due to nonresponse when using the WLSMV estimator?
Many thanks,
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, June 27, 2016 - 7:32 pm
In Mplus, the default is to use all available information. With WLSMV, this is done using pairwise present. The model is estimated conditioned on the observed exogenous covariates so cases with missing on one or more of these variables is dropped.
Daniel Gladwell
posted on Tuesday, June 28, 2016 - 1:27 am
Many thanks for your response.
Concerning my earlier questions when using WLSMV for a SEM if an individual only has a completed response for one of Ind1, Ind2 or Ind3 does Mplus
a) estimate the individual's expected score for that latent variable and then include this in the structural regression OR
b) does that individual only contribute to the SEM by i) supporting the estimation of the threshold for that indicator and ii) by informing other correlations in the structural regression?
Many thanks in advance,
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, June 28, 2016 - 8:25 am
If ind1, ind2, and ind3 are endogenous variables, with WLSMV Mplus uses pairwise present. Each correlation is based on the maximum number of observations available for each pair of variables. Each observed threshold is based on the maximum number of observations for that variable.
JIn Liu
posted on Friday, January 20, 2017 - 3:17 pm
I am working on a factor analysis project.
Here is my missing data information.
A few missing values of item responses (74 out of 22,360) were identified.
498 out of 569 students have completed responses.
Would that be appropriate to use the WLMSV with default missing data handling (pairwise deletion)?
Or should I try the MLR with default missing data handling with FIML?
A few of my variables have bad skewness&kurtosis.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Friday, January 20, 2017 - 6:04 pm
I assume your outcomes are categorical.
I would try ML (FIML) if computationally possible. Or Bayes.
For estimator choices with categorical outcomes, see our FAQ:
Estimator choices with categorical outcomes
JIn Liu
posted on Saturday, January 21, 2017 - 6:08 am
Hello, Dr. Muthen
Thanks for your quick reply. I did use ML with FIML before. That is the default estimation method in M-plus with missing data. Right?
But the reviewer pointed out that a few of my items are with bad skewness & kurtosis values.
How should I address that with ML (FIML).
I tried WLMSV with pairwise deletion...
That is the only option for WLMSV. The conclusions are similar comapred with ML with FIML. Any other options available if I use WLMSV estimator?
Thanks a lot.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Saturday, January 21, 2017 - 2:49 pm
No, ML is not the default for missing. You can use WLSMV or Bayes as well. Plus MLR.
You say that some items have bad skewness and that you tried WLSMV. That sounds like you treat the items as categorical. Note that ML (and MLR) can be used with categorical items. ML does not mean continuous-normal variables. MLR is suitable for continuous-non-normal variables as well as categorical variables.
Alexander Tokarev
posted on Wednesday, March 29, 2017 - 8:42 am
Dear Professors Muthen,
I would like to ask a few questions to get some clarity about missing data with WLSMV
1) If some publications claim to use WLSMV for their analyses, yet they simultaneously say that FIML is used for treating missing data. Is this incorrect?
2) After reading the Mplus manual, I am still a bit confused: when WLSMV is used with categorical outcomes, and you have several IVs, is that when pairwise present is used?
3) If so, does that effectively mean that in treating missing data, your DV uses as many cases as it is available for each IV
4) What if missing data are only present for the IVs, would Mplus still use pairwise present?
Thank you
Kind regards
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, March 30, 2017 - 9:23 am
1) No, WLSMV does not give FIML.
2)- 3) No, pairwise refers to the outcomes.
4) Missing on IVs gets deleted unless you bring them into the model. See chapter 10 of our new book.
posted on Monday, May 22, 2017 - 2:40 pm
I used a data set (N=101) to test missing value handling in Mplus when WLSMV is used. The following are selected cases from the data. There are two cases, each of which has value on only one variable (i.e., missing values on the other variables). For the purposed of practice, I defined Y1 as a categorical variable, while Y2 and Y3 are continuous.
3 2 5
2 . .
. 1 .
2 2 4
2 0 7
1 2 2
1 0 4
2 2 2
4 5 1
3 4 3
1) I regressed Y1 on Y2 and Y3. Mplus output shows 99 cases were analyzed.
2) A CFA was conducted withY1-Y3 as indicators. Again, Y1 is categorical, while Y2 and Y3 are continuous, and WLSMV was the estimator. This time, Mplus output shows the entire sample (N=101) were analyzed.
As I know, pairwise deletion is used to handle missing values when WLS estimators are used for model estimation and pairwise refers to outcome variables only. It is straightforward that 2 cases were deleted from the regression model, but it is hard to understand how the CFA model uses the entire sample, in which there are missing values in each pair of variables.
Your help will be appreciated!
Joyce Weeland
posted on Wednesday, May 24, 2017 - 3:59 am
Dear Linda or Bengt,
I have a very basic question. My colleagues and I are writing a paper on norm-scores of a certain questionnaire. We have some missing data. We were wondering if we can use FIML in Mplus to calculate the estimated means and sd's. If so, what would be the most efficient way to do this (e.g., per item or scale). Should we include other information than just the item scores for FIML to properly work?
Thank you,
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, May 24, 2017 - 5:45 pm
Item scores should work well.
Joyce Weeland
posted on Monday, May 29, 2017 - 8:45 am
Dear Bengt,
Thank you for your quick reply. Can we export the newly estimated mean item scores and sd's?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Monday, May 29, 2017 - 5:54 pm
Use Savedata's Results = option.
posted on Monday, June 05, 2017 - 6:16 pm
Dear Dr. Muthen,
May I ask how ESTIMATOR=WLSMV or ESTIMATOR=ML for path analysis deal with missing data of outcome variable. I am still confused. Thank you!
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Saturday, June 10, 2017 - 1:18 pm
In regression where the DV has missing data, no method uses those subjects, not even FIML (ML under MAR). See also chapter 10 in our new book.
Edwin Wouters
posted on Thursday, March 15, 2018 - 6:26 am
Dear Prof. Muthen,
How is missing data handled when using WLSMV?
Can I say "The model was estimated based on the observed exogenous variables. Missing data theory applies only to endogenous dependent variables."?
Thanks in advance,
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, March 15, 2018 - 4:43 pm
See our FAQ:
Estimator choices with categorical outcomes
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text: London - When Usain Bolt won the 200 metres, the Twitter world went nuts - so much so that the Jamaican speedster generated another kind of Olympic record."Record alert!" Twitter said in a tweet. "@usainbolt sets a new Olympic Games conversation record with over 80 000 TPM for his 200m victory."TPM is Twitterspeak for tweets per minute.Bolt, who became the only man with two Olympic titles in the 200m, has never been shy about his skills.His Twitter profile says he is "The most naturally gifted athlete the world has ever seen."Now he has a Twitter record of sorts to add to his "living legend" contention.


text: Penny's artwork has been exhibited throughout the United States and Europe winning numerous awards and accolades. Her work is represented in a number of museums including the Brooklyn Museum of Art, National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institute, and the Museum Duren, Germany. Penny works and lives in Brooklyn, New York.


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|Via Maja Casablancas, I think
|Via Viktor Vauthier
|Above and below, via Freunde von Freunden's look at Johanna Burke's home
Also windows.
|Via Maja Casablancas, I think
|Via Viktor Vauthier
|Above and below, via Freunde von Freunden's look at Johanna Burke's home
thank you for reminding me I need to get a plant to spice up my old dormitory room and create more oxygen as well! all these apartments are so wonderful! :)
These houses are perfect. love the photographs and plants are so nice. fresh. beautiful.
yeah greenery :)
I feel like jumping in the garden tomorrow now x
hello joy girl :)
you have such a beautiful blog
i like it so much
stunning post here. love these photos
so inspiring
hope you're having a great week
The one with the jungle in the middle of the room! All of them. So inspiring. Want to go and buy plants...
Oh to have such big dreamy windows in my home! heaven!
Almost makes me wish I cared more about the plants in my house. I have a tendency to only garden in the summer. My little cactus has been extremely resilient to my neglect though... maybe a cactus garden is the way to go. Such beautiful & inspiring photos.
so pretty and dreamy!
Some cool spaces!
oh wow, I bought a glass dome a while ago and couldn't find any inspiration on what to do with it. The photo with the cactus looks awesome though! I know what will be displayed in there from now on...
thanks for sharing!
I would also like to live in such a home.
i like the bamboo annex.


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His 5 minute major will be more ice time than he'll get tonight.
Doesn't really matter. It lets Vitale rest a little too since I'm sure he isn't 100% from 2 games ago.
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Opening statement: Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage Systemic Racism and Religious Discrimination M-103
The Government has the power to take action to protect people who are being harmed by racism and Islamophobia, and we call on it to boldly do so. There is considerable scope for the Government to develop positions, policies and programs that promote inclusion and respect, especially for racial and religious minorities. These types of actions are consistent with the values of Canadians and the Charter.


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The Swans beat the Reds on their way to winning the League Cup in 2012-13 and the captain that season - and now manager - is keen to channel their good form into another victory
Monk, who was club captain when the Swans won the competition in 2013, will take his team to Merseyside on Tuesday with a spring in their step following a 2-0 win over Leicester City on Saturday.
That victory lifted the Welsh club into sixth place in the Premier League and was a welcome tonic after a run of five top-flight games without a win.
Swansea triumphed 3-1 at Anfield en route to winning the League Cup two seasons ago and Monk cannot wait to visit the famous ground again.
"It's one that we're really excited about - we go up there with nothing to lose," he told the press. "Anfield's always a special place to play and we did well in the cup game that we played there before.
"Hopefully we can take that sort of performance [against Leicester] up there but it's one that we'll go up and enjoy. Liverpool will obviously be favourites but hopefully we can put a performance on that will make everyone proud.
"We have to take [the League Cup] seriously. It's a cup that we've done very well in in the past, having won it in recent history, and it's one that we'd like to do well in again."
Swansea knocked out Liverpool's local rivals, Everton, in the last round and go into the game with striker Wilfried Bony bang in form after four goals in his last three games. Jonjo Shelvey could come up against his former club, who are managed by ex-Swans boss Brendan Rodgers.
Liverpool are behind Swansea only on goal difference in the Premier League but head into the tie after a difficult week that saw them lose 3-0 to Real Madrid in the Champions League before being held to a 0-0 stalemate by Hull City.
Much has been made of the Reds' defensive vulnerability this season, with the clean sheet against Hull representing only their second in 13 games in all competitions.
Rodgers' side progressed to round four of the League Cup courtesy of a mammoth penalty shootout win over Middlesbrough, which ended 14-13 in their favour, and history is on their side in this fixture. In 19 meetings with Swansea at Anfield, Liverpool have lost just twice.


text:
Game On! Sports Schedule for March 8-10, 2013
We haven't quite reached hoops heaven yet, but this weekend gets us closer, as conference tournaments begin in earnest and the NBA offers a full slate of action.
The Miami Heat continues its quest to never lose again, while the traditional Duke-North Carolina rivalry is rekindled, highlighting a weekend of phenomenal traditional matchups that also features Indiana-Michigan and Syracuse-Georgetown. In the NHL, the Chicago Blackhawks will seek to keep its ridiculously hot streak to start the season intact. Basically, there's something for everyone this weekend.
Here's a look at this weekend's sports schedule. All times Eastern:
Friday, March 8
Oklahoma City at Charlotte 7 p.m.
Indiana at Orlando 7 p.m.
Washington at Brooklyn 7:30 p.m.
Dallas at Detroit 7:30 p.m.
Memphis at Cleveland 7:30 p.m.
Atlanta at Boston 8 p.m. (ESPN)
Philadelphia at Miami 8 p.m.
Utah at Chicago 8 p.m.
Portland at San Antonio 8:30 p.m.
Phoenix at Sacramento 10 p.m.
Toronto at Los Angeles Lakers 10:30 p.m.
Houston at Golden State 10:30 p.m. (ESPN)
NCAA Men's Basketball Top 25
No games scheduled
Ottawa at New York Rangers 7 p.m.
Winnipeg at Florida 7:30 p.m.
Edmonton at Nashville 8 p.m.
Chicago at Colorado 9 p.m.
Calgary at Anaheim 10:30 p.m.
Saturday, March 9
Brooklyn at Atlanta 7 p.m.
Utah at New York 7:30 p.m.
Charlotte at Washington 8 p.m.
New Orleans at Memphis 8 p.m.
Minnesota at Denver 9 p.m.
Houston at Phoenix 9 p.m.
Milwaukee at Golden State 10:30 p.m.
NCAA Men's Basketball Top 25
(3) Duke at North Carolina 9 p.m. (ESPN)
(4) Kansas at Baylor 6 p.m. (ESPN)
(17) Syracuse at (5) Georgetown 12 p.m. (ESPN)
Clemson at (6) Miami (FL) 2:30 p.m.
(24) Notre Dame at (8) Louisville 4 p.m. (CBS)
(9) Kansas State at (13) Oklahoma State 1:30 p.m.
(11) Florida at Kentucky 12 p.m. (CBS)
(12) New Mexico at Air Force 6 p.m.
(15) Marquette at St. John's 2 p.m. (ESPN)
La Salle at (16) Saint Louis 1:30 p.m. (NBC Sports Network)
Arizona State at (18) Arizona 4:30 p.m. (Fox Sports Net)
(19) Oregon at Utah 2:30 p.m.
(20) Pittsburgh at DePaul 2 p.m.
(23) UCLA at Washington 2 p.m. (CBS)
UAB at (25) Memphis 12 p.m. (CBS Sports Network)
Ohio Valley Conference Tournament Final - 6 p.m. (ESPN)
Philadelphia at Boston 1 p.m.
Washington at New York Islanders 1 p.m.
Detroit at Columbus 2 p.m.
St. Louis at San Jose 4 p.m.
Pittsburgh at Toronto 7 p.m.
New Jersey at Carolina 7 p.m.
Montreal at Tampa Bay 7 p.m.
Minnesota at Nashville 8 p.m.
Dallas at Phoenix 8 p.m.
Calgary at Los Angeles 10:00 p.m.
Sunday, March 10
Boston at Oklahoma City 1 p.m. (ABC)
Chicago at Los Angeles Lakers 3:30 p.m. (ABC)
Cleveland at Toronto 6 p.m.
Philadelphia at Orlando 6 p.m.
Indiana at Miami 6 p.m.
Portland at New Orleans 7 p.m.
Dallas at Minnesota 7 p.m.
Milwaukee at Sacramento 9 p.m.
Detroit at Los Angeles Clippers 9:30 p.m.
NCAA Men's Basketball Top 25
(2) Indiana at (7) Michigan 4 p.m. (CBS)
Northwestern at (10) Michigan State 6 p.m.
Illinois at (14) Ohio State 12:30 p.m. (ESPN)
(21) Virginia Commonwealth at Temple 12 p.m. (CBS)
(22) Wisconsin at Penn State 12 p.m.
Big South Conference Tournament Final - 12 p.m. (ESPN2)
New York Rangers at Washington 12:30 p.m.
Columbus at Detroit 5 p.m.
Montreal at Florida 6 p.m.
Winnipeg at New Jersey 7 p.m.
New York Islanders at Pittsburgh 7 p.m.
Edmonton at Chicago 7 p.m.
Buffalo at Philadelphia 7:30 p.m.
Vancouver at Minnesota 8 p.m.
San Jose at Colorado 8 p.m.
St. Louis at Anaheim 8 p.m.
NASCAR Sprint Cup Series at Las Vegas - Las Vegas Motor Speedway 3 p.m. (Fox)


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- Home
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- Hope and Help
Hope and Help
Life brings many challenges for every member of the human family. Some challenges are the result of unwise choices that all of us make from time to time. Other challenges may have nothing to do with our choices at all but are the result of others' actions. And sometimes our situation is not a result of choices but is simply a part of the experience of life. But in every circumstance, hope and peace can be found in the gospel of Jesus Christ and in the infinite Atonement of Christ, who understands our burdens.
Please prayerfully use these topic pages whenever you feel burdened, to gain hope or help for your needs, or to support those you care about. The topics are listed in alphabetical order.
Some pages here may be enhanced and additional topics added based on your feedback.
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|2013-02-21, 09:26
|Link #40501
That one guy
Join Date: Nov 2011
It's not that he doesn't know. He just doesn't care. He may know full well that you have a lot to fight for. He just doesn't really care. But I do guess the former just laughs in your face and relishes the fact he ruins every single thing you've worked for.
|2013-02-21, 10:53
|Link #40502
Just another Idiot
Join Date: Sep 2009
Location: Delusion world
As specialize war machine, Ignite Sigma trade the versatility of IS for raw fire power and heavier physical defenses (a lightning Bruiser might you). But in exchange it has less bus slot than normal IS.
It is something akin to Sliver Gospel, a unit that can easily lay a large city to waste almost instantly but not only can it dish out heavier damages, it can take punishment....lots of it.
Due to its defense, you probably need a group of ISes to take one unit down....making the unit kind of resemble a Dungeon Boss fight from MMORPG (Doom to fail if you try to solo it...because there is a timer before you fail mission objective and you are doing chip damages).
*Age add the element into the villain*
Villain: If Freewill is the ability to choose to do evil....why are you not using it to its fullest potential? (The rather common reason to why God permit evil)
Last edited by agetreme; 2013-02-21 at 11:04.
|2013-02-21, 22:31
|Link #40504
I am no one
Join Date: Apr 2010
Location: Inside your head
@ AIC question
it's a half-sphere projection roughly 1.5-2 meter radius, so it'll cover a lot of area in front of Schwarzer Regen and protect what's behind it nicely.
Fun fact: if AIC and PIC didn't cancel each other, then the enemy pilot caught in the field will simply die of heart attack
@ Age
Basically you have an unholy offspring of Joker and Gauron
Which as Stratospear claimed, need to be set on fire
|2013-02-22, 00:24
|Link #40505
Titans Test Team Pilot
Join Date: Feb 2008
Location: The Elysium
|2013-02-22, 03:50
|Link #40508
Senior Member
Join Date: Sep 2011
Assume they're close and not care? What would it matter to them what friends call one another? Unless they were talking about committing acts of terrorism nobody would blink at what they say.
Honestly, just think to yourself "What would an average human being do?". Girls aren't aliens man, they may have different tastes but it doesn't mean they're not human or rational.
|2013-02-22, 04:51
|Link #40512
That one guy
Join Date: Nov 2011
this line of questioning becomes problematic because there are certain parameters which have to be met to give a clear answer. All we can answer with really is no one would really care since this is using normal social outlook and for all intents and purposes people would possibly imagine that their parents were making drunken bets on giving their children asinine names. Now this might not be what you want to hear but this would be the only feasible answer in our head. We wouldn't give you these answers because those would be rude and in other routes we can't find a way to say it without either being hurtful or lying through our teeth. Eras gave you the basic gist of the general answer.
And by "we" I actually just mean "me".
|2013-02-22, 05:06
|Link #40513
Senior Member
Join Date: Sep 2011
Since when did "Having no prior/few prior knowledge on males" equal to "All info came from Yaoi manga"? The tankobon shows there's like, what, 3 in the entire school who fit that description? Rin even calls them "Damn Yaoi fanatics", so no they don't populate the earth.
And really, even they knew how males acted like; they just made the yaoi doujin of Ichika and Dan for kicks. Really, if ANYBODY uses manga and anime as a template on how people are/how they act, I am giving them a Darwin award because obviously they're lacking upstairs.
And I'm going to play devils advocate and be blunt here: Jak, do you not talk to females in RL? Sure we guys like videogames or guns and they like clothes and make-up, but we'd still react the same if someone placed a loaded gun against their head. Really, I joke around with my seatmates and they're no aliens nor do they see the world through some kind of girls only lens.
Before asking your question, think of whether it can apply to normal people in general, not just girls. Demi once asked me if girls really got pissy during their time of the month and I didn't rag on him for it because that's a question that can be applied ONLY to females; guys don't get that time of the month.
Asking us how girls would react if they saw someone's spine jut out or make light of death isn't applicable because being female doesn't immediately change your answer; both males and females have an equal chance of panicking and puking.
And again, ISA girls are not supersoldiers or variations thereof. They are civilians, albeit ones with a slightly stilted view of their gender's superiority - they obviously don't take the females>males thing too seriously and treat the IS like a trend or a cool thing, not as a weapon. Frankly speaking, they are normal as can be disregarding the some of the main characters.
|2013-02-22, 08:04
|Link #40514
I am no one
Join Date: Apr 2010
Location: Inside your head
I guess jak asked because as we knew, canon females are pure undistilled 2-D, and not only in art style. Unabashed ego, one track mind, superhuman abilities etc. Wish fulfillment and fetish embodiment to a T
He probably wanted to know 'extreme end' of yaoi fangirl, only because such thing are possible, but rare enough that he never met them (I did, unfortunately).
Eras and Demi both has their point if you want some realism, but if you want stereotypical female caricature, then pull something that's creepy/funny enough to happen normally. As usual, it's up to you to decide.
@ Stratos
If the attack come from the front (or anywhere Laura pointed her palm), sure thing, and especially of who/what's behind SR is close enough.
@ Demi
My bad, but I meant just that.
Last edited by ZeroXSEED; 2013-02-22 at 08:17.
|2013-02-22, 08:20
|Link #40515
That one guy
Join Date: Nov 2011
My cousin is half fujoshi, don't ask. I can easily tell him if it's a yes or no. But considering the type of fic he's writing it's hard to reason in if he's basing it off the anime side or the testosterone fueled videogame side. And honestly I can't imagine a mesh between the two. Without him utterly clarifying the scenario and which kind of people are involved... well... guessing is the best shot we got.
Also it's the academy. We know that they are practically clueless about men but that's like roughly 70-80% in my estimation. There should still be those who have healthy relations with males outside of their family and within the same age range. Honestly ISA doesn't only take in those bred for rep candidacy, they also take in those common folk who have the potential to be one.
|2013-02-22, 08:28
|Link #40516
I am no one
Join Date: Apr 2010
Location: Inside your head
Actually from what I can see, Jak's guys are Out of Placed... and not in a bad way, a bunch of dead-serious no-nonsense testosterone-drinking young guys of western origin met a bunch of borderline clueless carefree high school student -most of which are Japanese girls-.
This is both plot and comedy goldmine if he play the card right, if only because cultural clash.
|2013-02-22, 08:38
|Link #40518
I am no one
Join Date: Apr 2010
Location: Inside your head
Ah, you
Joke aside, I said if he can play that mood-swing right, it'll work somehow. Besides, if he wanted help, he always ask, until then he always work by himself and so far there's not much problem.
We should just ask if he want realistic or cartoonish answer, it's his fic and our task is to give advice.
|2013-02-22, 08:46
|Link #40519
That one guy
Join Date: Nov 2011
it would save us a lot of misunderstanding if he does so. I can understand the feeling of not wanting to give anything away and keep your material as surprise. But sometimes the questions just feel random and non-sensical. And even with the given answers it's like something is already expected.
Also, why does this sound like a familiar quote?
"War isn't a battle of grand scale. It's a contest to see who can commit the greater atrocity."
|fanfic ideas, fanfiction, ff.net, harem, is fanfic, warning fanfic spoilers, wincest
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After denying that he was not the father of Lauryn Hill's sixth baby, Rohan Marley is now engaged to Brazilian model Isabeli Fontana. In case you missed it, Rohan was openly dating Isabeli while Lauryn was pregnant, and she took to twitter to let the world know how much she loves Rohan and posted a pic of them getting cozy:
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The happy couple have not set a date but plan to marry in Ethiopia.
Isabeli tells Veja Magazine:
"Rohan told me we have to return to the roots so the marriage will last forever."
Isabeli's mother, however is not so sure,
"I think everything is happening too fast, but everything has a different rhythm with Isabeli."
This will be 28-year-old Isabeli's third marriage and 39-year-old Rohan's second.
If Lauren wasn't good enough to marry, then why keep having babies???
Spotted at rhymeswithsnitch
FOLLOW ME ON TWITTER: @Sweet_Sweetback
Lauryn Hill To Rohan Marley: "You Are Not The Father"


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|New York, N.Y.
|High School:
|Dalton School
2013-14: Overall record: 59-12...NFC record: 26-5...NFC first team all-star...finished 13th at the NCAA Championship (3/23)...was fourth at the NCAA Northeast Regional (3/9)...captured third place at the New England Championship (2/22) on the strength of a 12-1 performance in the "A" pool...ranked 11th at The Big One Invitational (11/2)...won 17 of 18 bouts in her NFC debut (11/16) courtesy of sweeps of Boston University, Brandeis, Wellesley, UMass, and New Hampshire while going 2-1 versus Sacred Heart...went 12-6 at the Brandeis Invitational (12/8) after defeating St. John's, 3-0, topping Yale, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, and Columbia by 2-1 margins, and picking up a win over Brown...blanked Boston College and Vassar while securing a 2-1 decision against Tufts, helping her finish at 9-4 in the NFC season finale (1/25)...won 12 of her 13 bouts at the Eric Sollee Invitational (2/2) as she swept NYU and Haverford, defeated both of her foes from NJIT and Hunter, in addition to registering a 2-1 outing against Stevens...amassed a ledger of 13-2 at the Duke Invitational (2/9) by going 3-0 versus UNC, Brandeis, and Temple in addition to generating 2-1 marks against Duke and Air Force...bested all of her opponents from Brandeis, Harvard, and Boston College for a 9-0 performance at the Beanpot (2/12).
Off the Fencing Strip at MIT: Major is undecided.
High School: A 2013 graduate of the Dalton School...finished 32nd in the nation in Under-20 women's sabre...National Merit Scholarship finalist.


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Education communautaire pour une meilleure santé de la reproduction : Un guide de formation
6-day training curriculum to strengthen practical skills of health workers working in the community. Emphasizes building relationships with local communities to help them identify and manage their health problems. Incorporates many practical exercises and guidelines for conducting two field visits. French (1999) (AF01).


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Tuesday, 27 March 2012
A Martha Moment In Pink...
So you know that I'm heading to see Martha live next week! Yes, I'm going to be a part of the studio audience (along with four other gorgeous gal pals) and I'm just so excited. I've been a fan of Martha since forever - how couldn't you be, I say... Even if you're not into her style or approach to things - it's simply extraordinary what the lady has achieved in one lifetime... Getting things done in this world isn't easy, and she's someone who has managed to make things happen, and shape our aesthetic vernacular in a way that few people can... And, the fact that she's helped to bring craft back into the arena, not only as a very satisfying way to spend ones time, but also as a way of making a living is a gigantic feat... And so for that, I tip my hat...
We've been instructed to wear some spring colours to the taping - no mutes and no busy patterns, which has been tricky for me cause I love my muted tones... Never one to shy away from a challenge though, I headed out to J Crew and got myself some colour - yes, a fluoro pink sweater and peep toe pumps! Too much, you think? Well, one things for sure, I wont be missed!
2 comments:
- Scandi Coast Home Australia said...
Wow! That's one feisty spring outfit.
Keeping the pants plain are we? ;o)
Have fun and tell us all about it......please?
Tania Maree xx
- 27 March 2012 at 8:07 am
- Mrs. Sutton said...
Gorgeous colours! I usually steer clear of bright colours, but I have to say that with the sun shining high in the sky and a smile on my face, hot pinks and reds are really calling to me now! Have a great time on Martha!
- 27 March 2012 at 10:19 pm
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ATLANTA — When Sherwood Pictures' Courageous opens nationally in theaters Sept. 30, the film will demonstrate that Protestants and Catholics can indeed work together.
The film, which is a product of the Sherwood Baptist Church in Albany, Ga., has partnered with a Catholic public-relations agency and a variety of Catholic ministries to successfully market the motion picture, which is about four police officers struggling with issues of fatherhood.
At least 10 Catholic men's, marriage and family ministries have partnered with the filmmakers to help support and promote the film. They include the Knights of Columbus' Fathers for Good, Alexander House, National Fellowship of Catholic Men, The King's Men, the National Association of Catholic Family Life Ministers, Fraternus, That Man Is You, Familia and The Men of St. Joseph.
It's not the first time that Catholics have gotten behind one of the Baptist church's films.
The Catholic PR firm The Maximus Group was originally approached by Sherwood Pictures to help promote the church's 2008 film Fireproof rather late in the marketing campaign. That film focused on a troubled marriage and the importance of strengthening marriage. The movie went on to become one of 2008's independent hits.
With Courageous, Sherwood involved Maximus early on. Maximus staff, for example, had an opportunity to see the script and make suggestions.
"We were able to have the confidence, before production began, that there would be nothing in the script that Catholics would have to worry about from a sacramental or doctrinal point of view," explained Lisa Wheeler, executive vice president and co-founder of Maximus. "It's made by Protestants, so it's not told through a Catholic lens, but there's nothing in it that we would object to."
As production began, Maximus brought two groups of Catholic influencers (in the interest of full disclosure, I was a member of one of these groups) on the set of the film to watch the film being shot. Maximus later consulted with various Catholic ministries to talk about ways the film could help the work that many of them were already doing.
Over the course of the summer, more than 300 grassroots screenings took place. Among them, the film has been screened for the U.S. bishops, the National Association of Catholic Family Life Ministers, the Catholic Marketing Network and the Knights of Columbus. Several Catholic apostolates have jumped on board to help promote and support the film.
For example, the Houston-based men's apostolate That Man Is You has already been active in what the film models: helping churches to set up men's accountability groups so that men have a place where they can gather that's centered on spirituality and being accountable to their commitments as husbands and fathers.
Response to the film has been overwhelmingly positive. Catholic father of eight Chris Larson of Rice, Minn., saw the film at a screening in the Twin Cities this summer.
"It was great," said Larson. "Each actor reminded me of the things that I've learned over the years of being married with children. It might be the wake-up call men need to return to their home and love their wife and children by dying to their selfish needs."
Others have said they enjoyed the film but wonder if it will be able to reach a wide audience.
Lisa Schmidt, part-time music coordinator at St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Church in West Des Moines, Iowa, described the movie as "genuinely entertaining … and well written."
While she and her husband, Joel, enjoyed the film, Schmidt said that the end, like all of Sherwood's pictures, "became very in-your-face evangelism. It became more 'Jesus pitch' than story."
But, overall, she says the movie's message is a needed one in today's society.
"While men within the pews can and will stand to benefit from the film, it's critical that men outside the pews be introduced to this message," said Schmidt. "The message is awesome. If every man and father lived it out, our country and world would be in a better place."
"The film isn't one that you would measure artistically," admitted Wheeler. "It's been made with the intention of being a tool for the needs of a faith community. Most ministries recognize that's the film's content and message and are supportive because it's what we want to happen with Catholic men. We want them to rise up and be leaders in their families, be accountable for their choices, and to have the courage to counter the temptations of the world."
As with The Passion of the Christ, the film's producers are encouraging faith-based and men's groups to pre-purchase showings of the film.
The marriage ministry Alexander House is hosting a showing of the film the night it opens in San Antonio.
"We're promoting it because it's inspirational," said Julie Alexander, who operates Alexander House with her husband, Greg. "Men need good examples of what it means to be a Christian man, and the film does a good job of hitting those points."
Will audiences respond? All those involved hope so. Out of all Sherwood Pictures' films, Courageous will have the largest opening. Kris Fuhr, vice president of Sony's Provident Films, expects the movie will open on 1,000 screens.
Brian Caulfield, editor of the Fathers for Good website, an initiative of the Knights of Columbus, is looking forward to moviegoers' — and Catholics' — reactions.
"The movie stresses the importance of fathers in the lives of their family," he said. "It presents positive messages about fathers in a medium that doesn't always do so. Courageous should be an incentive for Catholic filmmakers that this can be done."
Register senior writer Tim Drake is based in St. Joseph, Minnesota.


text: A Better Way To Balance Heavy Walled Truck Tires July 23, 2008 06:28 AM Tweet TAGS: Marketing, Overseas December 18, 2014 By AgWeb.com Editors Email Heavy walled truck tires are just hard to keep balanced. The weights fly off after a while. Some are glued on some pressed on the bead, but it's a continuing problem. Centramatic automatic balancers have been around close to 30 years. You'll see them on UPS trucks, Hummers in the military and thousands of over the road trucks. Centramatic has sold some in to Mexico used on the drive shaft for the hammers on flour mills. And a few farmers have bought them to balance the main drives on combines. It's simple how they work. The center disc slides over the studs between the wheel and hub. The outside ring has stainless steel bb's in synthetic fluid. As the tires roll and get above 15 mph, the bb's go in orbit and settle where the imbalance is. In a strobe light demonstration you can see the bb's in clusters where extra weight is needed to balance the wheel. A balanced tire can be 10 degrees cooler on the side wall because of less flexing. Cooler tires wear off less rubber than hot tires, giving you 25 to 50 % longer tire life. That adds up to quite a savings if you have 6 to 18 tires. And Centramatic's can prevent cupping on your steer tires. The test truck was a 1997 Ford F250 crew cab diesel. With diesels being so popular in the 3/4 ton trucks and larger, the extra weight from a diesel engine keeps your front tires working. The tires had 10,424 miles on them. And as most of these 10 ply E rated 16 inch tires do after a few miles, you can feel the vibration in the steering wheel and notice the extra effort it takes to steer through the gravel ribbons in the road. And that's how this truck felt with 10,000 miles on the tires. We added the Centramatic balancers and you guessed it, the vibrations gone and it steered better. That vibration at the steering wheel does get irritating doesn't it? Beside reducing your tire heat and increasing tire life, according to Centramatic, the design also helps reduce brake heat and brake dust that transfers to the tires and wheels. These "On Board" balancers will keep your tires balanced automatically as your drive on your truck and trailer. It's hard to keep a tire balanced on the rough roads that a lot of trucks live on. So just after a few months of driving, your tires don't fill new anymore. Pot holes, gravel ruts and washboards constantly beat on your tires. The heavy duty tires on your trucks and trailers have a deep thick sidewall that takes the first impact from the road surface. These thick tires are dramatically harder to keep balanced than a car tire considering the weight they carry and abuse dished out. I know several folks who just gave up trying to keep the trailer tires balanced. Just a hand full of trailer manufactures balance tires on new trailers. I guess the horses and boats don't complain much in the trailer. But trailer tires will last longer if you keep them balanced. Having your tires automatically balance as your drive makes economic sense and a balanced tire could increase fuel economy. How long do you think those lead weights will keep that heavy 10 ply tire bouncing down those ruts and pot holes in balance? Come on guess! Centramatic has been in business in Ft. Worth since 1985 and holds over 10 patents in balancers. They come with a 5-year unlimited mile warranty, and they offer a no-risk money back guarantee. These balancer discs will also protect your tires from brake dust and brake heat. Whether you are driving highways or those rough gravel roads. You will be able to tell the difference in handling and driving fatigue. For more info go to www.Centramatic.com Back to news


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I talked about the importance of writing up your family history, awhile ago. Here are a few ideas for jump starting the writing of your family history and some topics to add meat to the bones of just boring old names and dates. My friend Andrea sent me a terrific quote a few weeks ago that is very appropriate:
"Better to write something now, than everything never."
Here goes my list:
History of that city, or rural area
Example: The city of Tifton, GA (and the county) was named for Captain Henry Tift, who built large sawmills to harvest the lumber that would be central to this community. My great-great grandfather John Smith was born in Tifton. Many rural areas were named for large slaveowners.
Geography-what was the landscape like?
Example: Many of my ancestors from Hardin County lived along the Tennessee River, so that was a major influence on people's lives. At the turn of the century, steamboat travel was frequent as were, according to the local paper, drownings of local citizens.
Migration patterns: where did most of the people that settled here come from? Where did many go to?
Examples: Most of the people in early Tennessee were a part of the westward migration from Virginia and North Carolina. This matches exactly the path of the slaveowner of my Tennessee ancestor, Malinda Holt. Also, I have mapped the migration of African-Americans from this county to Northern industries in the 1940s.
Items from U.S. national history, State history, and/or county history
Example: My friend Marion's family is from Caroline County, VA, and I think the fact that the Lovings story happened there is very interesting (the couple that won a Supreme Court ruling against laws forbidding interracial marriages). Hardin County, TN was the site of a large Civil War battle and in many ways that informed the experiences of many slaves who ran away and joined the war effort. Tennessee had more black volunteers than any other state.
Use slave narratives & autobiographies from that area to document the slave experience, even if its not your ancestor
Example: For my ancestors from Montgomery County, MD, I include excerpts from the autobiography of Josiah Henson who was enslaved there. For Hardin County, TN, I use the WPA slave narrative of Edward Bradley, who was enslaved there.
Laws relating to slaves and freedmen
Example: After the Civil War, Maryland's Eastern Shore utilized the apprenticing laws to basically re-enslave the children of their former slaves. The Freedmen's Bureau had to fight to get their children back. I discuss this in my write-up of my ancestors from Somerset County, MD.
Illnesses and deaths
Example: There was a smallpox epidemic in 1873 in Jacksonville, FL, where my dad's family lived, which forced many people to temporarily flee the city. Also, the 1918 flu pandemic touched just about every community. Use mortality census records for this topic as well.
Prominent People (both black and white)
Example: Harry Hooks amassed a fortune as a freed black shoemaker in Hardin County, TN before the Civil War, even enabling him to purchase his wife & children. Also, many prominent whites in the county, like William Cherry, were Unionists during the Civil War, which created an interesting dynamic there versus other Southern cities.
Major African-American churches, schools & businesses
Example: My grandfather owned two successful pharmacies in the booming 1940s business district of Jacksonville, Florida, which in part explains why this family never migrated North along with so many others. I find this community he was a part of simply fascinating, and I have documented other black businesses that existed alongside his.
This is by no means complete, but perhaps its given you some ideas to get started. For those who have started, can you tell me other topics that you have added to your family histories?


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These Nature photos are taken in and around my garden located in Canberra , Australia. I try to capture things I find Interesting and/or Beautiful , sometimes I'll write about a picture but this is predominately a place a few words and many pretty pictures. I'm looking forward to capturing some of the essence of the garden here and seeing how it evolves through the seasonal changes. Thanks for stopping by. Enjoy :)
Friday, 13 January 2012
Posted by Tammy at 11:25 am
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The future of Palo Alto's composting services probably won't be settled until at least early 2014 as the city prepares to perform a series of complex studies and survey its options for a possible waste-to-energy plant in the Baylands.
The city this week unveiled an action plan outlining the next steps in one of its most complex and polarizing dilemmas. The issue emerged as a hot topic because of the recent closure of the landfill, which included the city's composting operation.
The Baylands landfill received its final load of yard trimmings on March 31, according to a new report from Charles Muir, an environmental specialist in the Public Works Department.
The landfill's closure means the city will now have to export its yard trimmings to Gilroy. That prospect has galvanized the city's green community, with many residents urging the City Council to keep composting local. Last year, a large coalition of environmentalists succeeded in passing Measure E, an initiative that undedicated 10 acres of Byxbee Park in the Baylands and made them available for an anaerobic digester, a plant that would process local food waste and yard trimmings and convert them into electricity.
The passage of Measure E answered the crucial question of where the new composting operation could be located. But, as Muir's report makes clear, it is prompting many other questions about the costs and impacts of a proposed plant. The staff's action plan includes a long list of complex and expensive homework assignments that the city would have to complete before the council could make the big decision in early 2014 on whether to proceed with the plant.
Those assignments include environmental and financial analyses, a request for proposals from technology companies and the creation of a new "Organics Resource Recovery Strategy" to guide the future of the city's waste operation.
The proposed strategy document would "describe the amounts and types of organic materials that are available for energy/compost and export options, evaluate the current and potential future programs for collecting and conveying organic materials, define the process that will be used for comparing current organics management with the options provided by vendor proposals, and develop the city's strategy for encouraging or discouraging alternative organics management options such as food waste disposers and home composting," Muir wrote.
The proposed action plan underscores the nature of the city's composting dilemma, which is slated to dominate council meetings for at least the next year-and-a-half. Under this plan, the city would immediately start to develop the strategy document and the request for proposals, which would address possible composting technologies as well as options for exporting food scraps and yard trimmings.
Palo Alto would launch its state-mandated environmental analysis for the new plant in July 2013 with the goal of having the study completed by January 2014. The council would then decide in February 2014 whether to build the new waste-to-energy plant or to export its compostable waste.
The analysis won't be cheap. To help meet the action plan's timeline, Public Works staff is asking the council to add $290,224 to its contract with the city's consultant, Alternative Resources, Inc., for a total not to exceed $517,682 in fiscal year 2013.
Some of the city's best-known conservationists, including former councilwomen Emily Renzel and Enid Pearson and land-use attorney Tom Jordan, have consistently opposed the construction of a new plant in the Baylands.
They greeted the proposed action plan with jeers and urged the council not to authorize the increase in the consultant's contract. Renzel, who serves as the coordinator of the Baylands Conservation Committee, ripped the proposed action plan (among other things) for failing to give time for the city's commissions to review the work that would have to be performed at the landfill.
"By approving the budget amendment, the strategic plan and the timeline, you are setting yourselves up for all sorts of crazy decision-making with inadequate information, inadequate environmental review and novel technologies," Renzel wrote in a letter to the council.
Pearson concurred and argued in her letter that Measure E created "a totally chaotic situation wherein the city staff has to guess what needs to be done, to which part of the park, and when."
She also cited the lawsuit that opponents of Measure E filed, questioning the legality of the measure. The judgment, she said, is expected in the middle of September.
"It is imprudent to continue pouring money into a project that might prove to be illegal," Pearson wrote. "The city does not have to act now and can wait a minimum time to make such a critical decision."


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Walid Taha is a professor of computer science at Sweden's Halmstad University, and an expert on domain-specific languages. He recently talked with Dr. Dobb's editor in chief Jonathan Erickson.
Dr. Dobb's: What kind of applications are well-served by a DSL?
Taha: Applications that you can build using tools such as Excel, AutoCAD, and Simulink. All of these are great examples of DSLs, although we don't always think of them as such.
Dr. Dobb's: What's the most exotic DSL you've seen?
Taha: Blender.org is way cool. A lot of kids seem to be using it to build all kinds of beautiful games and other pieces of art.
Dr. Dobb's: Do developers need special skills to build and use DSLs?
Taha: Developers need knowledge of or the ability to understand the domain, and a good understanding of what it takes to define and implement a language for the particular group of domain experts at hand.
Dr. Dobb's: Five or 10 years from now, won't unique, nonstandard DSLs be difficult to maintain, once the original developer is no longer around?
Taha: This is a valid concern, but it shouldn't be a deterrent from using DSL. This is, fundamentally, an economic concern and should be addressed as such. That also means that there are many aspects of that question that should be considered. For example, if the domain is small enough, and the software isn't free (as in open source), then sure, the implementation may ultimately not be maintainable. On the other hand, if the domain is large enough, and the software is free, there should be enough commercial interest to maintain and evolve the DSL.
Dr. Dobb's: Have DSL productivity gains for developers been proved, or is this just another sales pitch?
Taha: I would say neither. I don't know where we would be without Excel, and I know that a lot of really simple tasks would take me and millions of others much longer. Even though studies demonstrating productivity gains are rare, that doesn't mean that [the gains] aren't very real. In many cases, one sees DSLs that clearly let users get done in a few hours what would have normally taken several months (e.g., tools for simulation of systems). When the difference is huge, it often seems like taking the time to do a controlled study is of purely academic interest.


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