text:
Meet The Wall Street Journal Columnist Dismissing Science
Research ››› ››› SHAUNA THEEL
Matt Ridley, a science writer and the author of The Rational Optimist, frequently uses his Wall Street Journal column to dismiss the threat of climate change and argue that climate scientists should not be trusted. But experts say that Ridley, who is an advisor to the right-wing Global Warming Policy Foundation, is misleading readers about climate science.
WSJ Columnist Matt Ridley Distrusts Climate Scientists
Ridley Often Disputes Climate Science In His Regular Journal Column. Since 2011, Matt Ridley has written about climate science and policies to reduce carbon emissions 18 times in his column at The Wall Street Journal, excluding articles on energy that did not explicitly discuss climate policy. At least seven of these articles, as detailed below, contained distortions of the science. Ridley has also distorted climate science in his work for the Global Warming Policy Foundation, a right-wing group that opposes actions to address climate change, and writing for other publications. [Factiva search, 10/15/12]
Ridley Compared Climate Scientists To Eugenicists. Matt Ridley compared climate science to eugenics in part because eugenicists "insist[ed] that its tenets were beyond reasonable challenge." Ridley argued that due to the scientific consensus on manmade global warming, climate science is subject to more "confirmation bias," and suggested that it is more like a "cult" than a scientific discipline. From Ridley's pamphlet for The Global Warming Policy Foundation, including an excerpt from a Wall Street Journal column by Ridley:
[T]here are many examples of scientific orthodoxies that brooked little dissent in their heyday and yet were often wrong, such as behaviourism and Freudianism. In one case, the parallel with climate science is uncomfortably close. In the first half of the twentieth century, eugenics was a theory about future danger, based on prediction, demanding short-term pain for long-term gain and insisting that its tenets were beyond reasonable challenge.
When a discipline defers to a single authority, and demands adherence to a set of beliefs, then it becomes a cult.
[T]he way to combat confirmation bias - the tendency to behave like a defence attorney rather than a judge when assessing a theory in science - is to avoid monopoly. So long as there are competing scientific centres, some will prick the bubbles of theory reinforcement in which other scientists live.
For constructive critics, this is the problem with modern climate science. They do not think it is a conspiracy theory, but a monopoly that clings to one hypothesis (that carbon dioxide will cause dangerous global warming) and brooks less and less dissent. Again and again, climate sceptics are told they should respect the consensus, an admonition wholly against the tradition of science. [The Global Warming Policy Foundation, October 2012]
Ridley Compared People Who Accept Climate Science To Conspiracy Theorists. In a September 2011 Wall Street Journal article, Ridley said that writer Michael Shermer's guide to diagnosing a conspiracy theorist who is wrong "describes many who strive to blame most climate change on man-made carbon dioxide emissions," as well as those who deny global warming (a false equivalence as one side has peddled conspiracy theories, while Ridley cites no examples of climate activists doing so):
Here is Mr. [Michael] Shermer's final diagnostic of a wrong conspiracy theory: "The conspiracy theorist defends the conspiracy theory tenaciously to the point of refusing to consider alternative explanations for the events in question, rejecting all disconfirming evidence for his theory and blatantly seeking only confirmatory evidence to support what he has already determined to be the truth."
This describes many of those who strive to blame most climate change on man-made carbon dioxide emissions. Of course, they reply that it also describes those who strive to blame most climate change on the sun.
That's how belief systems work: On both sides, there is huge belief, buttressed by confirmation bias, and equally huge belief that the belief and the conspiracy are all on the other side. Rick Perry, Al Gore -- each thinks the other is a mad conspiracy theorist who will not let the facts get in the way of prejudices. Maybe both are right. [The Wall Street Journal, 9/10/11]
Science Writer Chris Mooney: Ridley's Argument Is "Quite Predictable" And Unconvincing. Chris Mooney, a science writer who has written extensively about confirmation bias and climate science, noted that Ridley's argument relies on the premise that there is a "unique reason not to trust" climate scientists, yet there is no reason to think "they're acting differently than other scientists." Mooney said that while Ridley is correct that any one scientist is subject to confirmation bias, there is "no reason to think climate scientists are more susceptible or that the scientific process doesn't work here." He explained that Ridley, who identifies as a libertarian, has views that are "quite predictable -- we always see this with highly intelligent libertarians." He added that it was "disappointing" that Ridley, who Mooney said is normally a good science writer, would try to dismiss one area of science. Mooney stated, "I don't you think you get to pick and choose" which bodies of science are legitimate. [Phone conversation, 10/15/12]
Climate "Skeptics" Often Cherry-Pick Evidence To Maintain Their Worldview. John Cook of SkepticalScience wrote about how the concept of confirmation bias, which Ridley was referring to, applies to those who reject the science of climate change:
A growing body of research has found that when a person's worldview is threatened by scientific evidence, they interpret the science in a biased manner. One issue where this influence is strongest is climate change.
For supporters of an unregulated free market, regulating polluting industries to reduce global warming is so unpalatable that they are far more likely to reject that climate change is happening.
The mechanism by which ideology such as this influences our scientific views is confirmation bias. We place greater weight on evidence that confirms our beliefs, while ignoring or resisting conflicting evidence. This can be a challenge when confronted with a convergence of evidence and a scientific consensus, but confirmation bias is up to the task. Let's look at some examples.
The most common manifestation of confirmation bias is cherry picking, where one carefully selects a small piece of data that paints a friendly picture and overlooks any inconvenient evidence.
So what happens when 97 out of 100 of climate scientists agree that humans are causing global warming?
Those who reject the scientific consensus lavish their attention on the 3% minority, magnifying their significance and turning a blind eye to the 97% of scientific experts. [The Conversation, 9/6/12]
Attempts To Explain Recent Warming Without Significant Greenhouse Gas Contribution Have Failed. As Mike Brotherton, a professor of astrophysics, noted in a blog post responding to Ridley's columns, climate scientists have one incentive to go against the tide -- they would likely become quite famous if they were able to overturn manmade global warming. However, competing hypotheses have repeatedly failed to explain the warming over the last century. For instance, climate contrarians often point to changes in solar activity and cosmic rays to explain away manmade global warming. But as the New Scientist explained, cosmic rays "cannot explain global warming":
Changes in the number of cosmic rays hitting the atmosphere due to changes in solar activity cannot explain global warming, as average cosmic ray intensities have been increasing since 1985 even as the world has warmed - the opposite of what should happen if cosmic rays produce climate-cooling clouds.
Thus, as the evidence mounts, rejecting climate science becomes more and more in line with outright denial than skepticism. [MikeBrotherton.com, 8/8/12] [Media Matters, 8/31/11]
NRC: Significant Manmade Global Warming Has Been "So Thoroughly Examined And Tested" That There Is A "Vanishingly Small" Likelihood It Would Be Overturned. From a comprehensive study of climate change by the National Research Council:
From a philosophical perspective, science never proves anything--in the manner that mathematics or other formal logical systems prove things--because science is fundamentally based on observations. Any scientific theory is thus, in principle, subject to being refined or overturned by new observations. In practical terms, however, scientific uncertainties are not all the same. Some scientific conclusions or theories have been so thoroughly examined and tested, and supported by so many independent observations and results, that their likelihood of subsequently being found to be wrong is vanishingly small. Such conclusions and theories are then regarded as settled facts. This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities. In other cases, particularly for matters that are at the leading edge of active research, uncertainties may be substantial and important. In these cases, care must be taken not to draw stronger conclusions than warranted by the available evidence. [National Research Council, 2010, via Professor Scott Mandia]
Matt Ridley Downplays Evidence Of Climate Change Threat
Ridley Suggested "The Threat Of A Dangerously Large Warming Is So Improbable As To Be Negligible." Ridley reportedly denies that he is a "climate skeptic," and instead calls himself a "lukewarmer." In a speech last year, Ridley suggested that "the threat of a dangerously large warming is so improbable as to be negligible":
I am not a 'denier'. I fully accept that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, the climate has been warming and that man is very likely to be at least partly responsible.
The problem is that you can accept all the basic tenets of greenhouse physics and still conclude that the threat of a dangerously large warming is so improbable as to be negligible, while the threat of real harm from climate-mitigation policies is already so high as to be worrying, that the cure is proving far worse than the disease is ever likely to be. Or as I put it once, we may be putting a tourniquet round our necks to stop a nosebleed. [Speech by Matt Ridley, 10/31/11, via Watts Up With That?] [The New Scientist, 6/10/10]
Ridley Incorrectly Contended Antarctic Sea Ice Growth Casts Doubt On Global Warming. In a Wall Street Journal column on Arctic sea ice retreat last month, Ridley contended that Antarctic sea ice growth casts doubt on global warming:
There's also the puzzling fact that Antarctic sea ice shows no sign of summer retreat, and the current winter's peak extent is well above average. The sea-dominated Southern Hemisphere is certainly warming more slowly than the land-dominated Northern Hemisphere, but it has still been warming. If warming is supposed to be "global," shouldn't sea ice retreat at both ends of the world? [The Wall Street Journal, 9/21/12, emphasis added]
But The Associated Press spoke to experts who explained that scientists have "long predicted that Antarctica would not respond as quickly to global warming as other places":
The Arctic ice responds more directly to warmth. In the Antarctic, the main driver is wind, [Ted] Maksym and other scientists say. Changes in the strength and motion of winds are now pushing the ice farther north, extending its reach.
Those changes in wind are tied in a complicated way to climate change from greenhouse gases, Maksym and [Ted] Scambos say. Climate change has created essentially a wall of wind that keeps cool weather bottled up in Antarctica, NASA's Abdalati says.
Mark Serreze, director of the snow and ice data center, says computer models have long predicted that Antarctica would not respond as quickly to global warming as other places. Since 1960, the Arctic has warmed the most of the world's regions, and Antarctica has warmed the least, according to NASA data.
And the slight rise in Antarctic sea ice cannot be compared to the record breaking Arctic sea ice decline: daily sea ice extent for the Arctic is well outside of two standard deviations from the 1997-2000 average, while the Antarctic daily sea ice extent is only slightly outside of this range for 2012, as illustrated in these charts from the National Snow and Ice Data Center:
[The Associated Press, 10/10/12] [Media Matters, 9/21/12]
Ridley Misrepresented Ocean Acidification In His WSJ Column. A Media Matters study of Wall Street Journal coverage from January 2011 to June 2012 found that the paper only mentioned ocean acidification, which poses a serious threat to ocean life and is caused by the same carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to global warming, three times. All three mentions were in columns that downplayed the threat. The most information that Wall Street Journal readers got about ocean acidification during that time was a column by Ridley dedicated to distorting and cherry-picking the science on ocean acidification. That article "confuse[d]" the effects of short-term natural variation in pH with the effects of longer-term changes and "misstate[d]" the effect of higher acidity on marine species overall, according to Lisa Suatoni, a scientist at the Natural Resources Defense Council.
And experts said the section of Ridley's book on ocean acidification, which mirrored his column at times, contained "misconceptions," "cherry-picked evidence," and "unsupported" claims. Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg noted that Ridley claimed that ocean life can simply adapt to the changes, for example stating that some coral reefs grow in warm areas of the ocean, but he overlooked that the rapidity of the changes in the ocean's chemistry is what poses a threat to ocean life. Andy Ridgwell echoed this point, noting that Ridley cited one period in the past as "an example of successful adaptation to temperature rise" but that adaptation occurred over the course of "about 4000 to 5000 years. In the future, we are looking at a few degrees in a hundred years - perhaps 50 times faster." Ridgwell added that a large body of scientific literature shows "increasing acidification leading to decreased calcification" in organisms such as corals that use carbonate to build their skeletons, but Ridley cherry-picked one study that examined a hypothetical scenario rather than the observed and projected changes. [Media Matters, 6/28/12] [Natural Resources Defense Council, 1/12/12] [New Scientist, 6/10/10] [Wall Street Journal, 1/7/12]
Ridley Invalidly Compared Predicting The Climate To Predicting The Weather. Ridley compared predictions about the climate to predictions about the weather in a pamphlet for the Global Warming Policy Foundation:
Climate scientists and their media champions equate such scepticism with scepticism about, say, the theory of evolution. Yet evolution is an explanation of facts; dangerous man-made climate change is a prediction about the future. Theories about the future are always less reliable than theories about the past. I can have confidence that the reports that it rained last Tuesday are true, while doubting the forecast that it will rain next Tuesday. [The Global Warming Policy Foundation, October 2012]
But as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change explained, comparing climate science to meteorology is invalid:
[L]ong-term variations brought about by changes in the composition of the atmosphere are much more predictable than individual weather events. As an example, while we cannot predict the outcome of a single coin toss or roll of the dice, we can predict the statistical behaviour of a large number of such trials. [Media Matters, 8/31/11]
And science writer Chris Mooney said that despite Ridley's dismissal of comparing climate science to evolution science, "some aspects of climate research are fundamental in the same sense as evolution." [Phone conversation, 10/15/12]
Ridley Falsely Claimed Most Polar Bear Populations Are Growing. According to The Guardian's George Monbiot, Ridley claimed in his book, The Rational Optimist, that "11 of 13 populations" of polar bears are "growing or steady." In fact, there are 19 subpopulations of polar bears, and according to the most comprehensive research by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Polar Bear Specialist Group, 8 are declining, 3 are stable, 1 is increasing, and there is insufficient data to assess the other 7 subpopulations, as can be seen by this map created by the group:
Ridley Downplayed Sea Level Rise And Arctic Ice Melt To Claim Global Warming Is Just A "Nosebleed." Ridley repeatedly compares global warming to a "nosebleed." In a column for the British paper The Times, Ridley claimed that one area that will only experience a "nosebleed" type impact is Arctic sea ice retreat. But as The Carbon Brief has noted, Arctic sea ice loss "leads to further regional warming." Ridley also cited a paper that concluded that sea-level rise is "occurring more slowly than expected," according to The Carbon Brief. But Ridley cherry-picked a paper that runs counter to the majority of other recent research, and a review found that "Most recent developments indicate that sea level is currently rising, slightly faster since the early 1990s than during the previous decades." [The Carbon Brief, 4/7/11]
Ridley Claimed Climate Sensitivity Is Low In Contrast To The Body Of Scientific Literature. SkepticalScience noted many "misleading and inaccurate claims" in an article that Ridley wrote in WIRED, including his suggestion that he "suspect[s] that the net positive feedbacks from water vapor in the atmosphere [is] low, so that we face only 1 to 2 degrees Celsius of warming this century." But SkepticalScience writer and environmental scientist Dana Nuccitelli explained that the "literature consistently shows" that water vapor has a strong positive feedback, amplifying warming. She added:
Ridley suggests that "lukewarmers" also think we only face 1-2°C warming this century, but under what emissions scenario does this belief apply? For example, if we reach an atmospheric CO2 level of 900 ppm by 2100 (which is entirely plausible if we follow Ridley's advice and don't worry about global warming or take action to mitigate it), a resulting 2°C warming over the next century (~2.8°C since pre-industrial times) would correspond to a climate sensitivity of only about 1.6°C for doubled CO2.
Do "lukewarmers" really believe that climate sensitivity cannot be higher than 1.6°C when the body of scientific literature puts the likely range between 2°C and 4.5°C for doubled CO2[?] [SkepticalScience, 8/29/12]
Ridley Misled On Natural Carbon Emissions. In an August 6, 2011 Wall Street Journal column, Ridley misleadingly said that "97% of the carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere each year is from nature" in order to argue that cutting carbon emissions might "hinder us, in adapting to" a volcanic eruption:
The possibility of another [volcanic eruption like] Katla or Laki reminds us of the need to prepare for dangerous climate change of the natural as well as the man-made variety. Abrupt climate change has been a sporadic feature of history since long before the industrial revolution, mostly in the form of cooling caused by volcanoes.
[A]lthough it is a myth that volcanoes produce more carbon dioxide than fossil fuels do, the natural world far outpaces our cars and factories. Roughly 97% of the carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere each year is from nature, not human activity.
Savage lurches in the global climate will happen one day, whether by manmade warming or volcanic cooling. Cutting carbon emissions might mitigate the former, but it will not help us, and may even hinder us, in adapting to the next Katla or Laki. [The Wall Street Journal, 8/6/11]
Scott Mandia, a professor of Physical Sciences, wrote in an email to Media Matters that it is "silly" to argue that we should "keep drastically warming the world" to avoid "temporary volcanic cooling":
To argue that we need to keep drastically warming the world for generations in order to "protect" us from temporary volcanic cooling is about as silly an argument I have ever heard. Recall the massive Mt. Pinatubo volcano in 1991 that caused about 0.5C cooling for a few years? Where are we now? Obviously much warmer than we were in 1991 and Pinatubo is a distant memory.
Ridley also repeats the very misleading meme that nature emits more CO2 than humans. He fails to tell his readers that nature also absorbs about the same CO2 that it emits. Consider this analogy: There are two massive gorillas on a see-saw. One is CO2 entering the air from nature and the other is CO2 removed from the air by nature. Both very large but are in balance. Now humans hand one gorilla a small dog. See-saw now tips and one can say that ALL of the tipping was due to that human-caused doggy.
This chart from SkepticalScience illustrates how that natural balance is upset by manmade carbon emissions:
[Email exchange, 10/25/12, via Climate Science Rapid Response Team][Skeptical Science, 6/26/10]
Ridley Advises The Global Warming Policy Foundation
The Journal Does Not Disclose That Ridley is An Advisor To The Global Warming Policy Foundation. The biography accompanying Ridley's weekly column for the Weekend Review does not disclose that he is a member of the "Academic Advisory Council" at The Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF) when he writes about climate and energy issues in his column. The Foundation recently "gratefully acknowledge[d] the permission to reprint" three columns that Ridley had written for The Wall Street Journal. The only time the Journal has mentioned Ridley's ties to the GWPF was in quoting his work for the Foundation in the "Notable & Quotable" section, according to a Factiva search. [The Global Warming Policy Foundation, October 2012] [The Wall Street Journal, 9/21/12] [The Wall Street Journal, 3/7/12 and 5/5/11]
Journal Editor: Ridley "Has Never Received Money From The Global Warming Policy Foundation." When asked by Media Matters reporter Joe Strupp why the Journal has not disclosed Ridley's connection to the Global Warming Policy Foundation, the editor of the Weekend Review, Gary Rosen, responded:
Matt has never received any money from the Global Warming Policy Foundation or donated to them. He told me that he doesn't necessarily agree with all their views but likes what they do to challenge what he considers misguided energy and climate policy in the UK. [Email exchange, 10/17/12]
GWPF Founder Is Chairman Of A Company That Represents Oil Companies. Lord Lawson, who founded The Global Warming Policy Foundation, is the Chairman of Central Europe Trust Ltd. While Lawson claimed in 2009 that the company has not had "any oil company clients for many years now," its website still lists several oil companies as clients. From The Carbon Brief:
It is not clear who funds the foundation.
[Founder] Lord Lawson is chairman of Central Europe Trust Ltd, which on its website states it represents clients including BP Amoco, Texaco and Royal Dutch/Shell Group. This prompted Lord Prescott to say in Parliament of the foundation: "From what I can see of it, it is not so much a thinktank as a petrol tank." Lawson has said that there are no links between the foundation and his chairmanship. In a letter responding to Lord Prescott, then Deputy Prime Minister, dated November 2009, he states: "[CET Ltd] has not, in fact, had any oil company clients for many years now, and at the present time its only involvement in the energy sector is a small interest in wind and other renewables." [The Carbon Brief, accessed 10/10/12]
The Global Warming Policy Foundation's Academic Advisory Council also includes Ian Pilmer, who is the director of seven mining companies. [SourceWatch, accessed 10/10/12]
GWPF Pushed Debunked Claim That Scientists Were Found "Fudging" Data In "Climategate." The Guardian reported:
The foundation has been a vocal critic of climate scientists and climate policies since it launched on the eve of the Copenhagen climate summit in December 2009. Lawson's statement in the accounts says such timing was "deliberate", but that it was "entirely fortuitous" that it coincided with the unauthorised release of thousands of emails from climate scientists working at the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit.
The foundation called for a public inquiry into the contents of the emails and Lawson later criticised climate scientists for "fudging" data when he gave testified before the science and technology select committee at a parliamentary inquiry last March. The scientists denied the accusation and a parliamentary inquiry later concluded that there was no evidence to challenge the "scientific consensus" that global warming is induced by human activities. It did, however, scold the university for not tackling a "culture of withholding information". [The Guardian, 1/20/11]
GWPF Pushes Misleading Claims On Climate Science. The Carbon Brief noted that The Global Warming Policy Foundation uses a temperature graph on their website that obscures the upward temperature trend:
A graphic used on the website at the launch of the foundation was criticized for showing an inaccurate temperature in 2003. Although now corrected, the graphic still present on the website shows a decline in temperature from 2001 to 2008; misrepresenting the overall trend in rising temperatures by cherry-picking just a few years of data to create a negative trend. The first decade in this century was in fact the warmest decade in the instrumental record, containing six of the hottest years on record. [The Carbon Brief, accessed 10/10/12]
Here is the chart that the Global Warming Policy Foundation uses:
[The Global Warming Policy Foundation, accessed 10/10/12]
Here is a chart from Skeptical Science showing why using this short-term trend is misleading:
The Carbon Brief further noted that the organization cherry-picked studies that were not clearly peer-reviewed and whose authors had ties to ExxonMobil:
The list of '900+' papers linked to by the Global Warming Policy Foundation as supporting climate scepticism included more articles published in Energy and Environment than any other journal.
We reported last week that nine out of the top 10 authors listed by the GWPF were linked to ExxonMobil. We also discovered that prominent scientists featured on the list didn't agree that their work supported skepticism about anthropogenic global warming - and had unsuccessfully asked for their work to be removed from similar lists in the past.
We used the same data analysis tools to examine where the papers on the list were published. The most cited journal by a clear margin was Energy and Environment, which provided 131 papers to the list - almost 15 percent of the total.
Energy and Environment's editor Sonja-Boehmer Christiansen has said that she is "following [her] political agenda" in editing the journal, which is co-edited by Benny Peiser, director of the Global Warming Policy Foundation.
Christiansen noted in evidence submitted to the UK Parliament that E&E has been characterised as " a journal of choice for climate skeptics," also stating: "If this [is] so, it happened by default as other publication opportunities were closed to them..."
It is unclear whether E&E is peer-reviewed. [The Carbon Brief, 4/21/11]
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But to have any chance of succeeding with voters
Do give Brown this: The books are a lot more balanced now than they were when he took office in January — balanced with additional spending cuts and rosy revenue projections. The revenues didn't come in as hoped, and that's about to result in even deeper cuts — a continuing saga of slashing.
But Brown's No. 1 priority upon returning to the governor's office after a 28-year absence was to pull together a bipartisan legislative coalition that would authorize a special election asking voters to extend temporary tax increases. Simply put, he failed. Republicans balked. There's no need to rehash it further here.
So now the Democratic governor has changed routes and is headed straight to the voters with a different tax plan. But in detouring around legislative gridlock — created by a two-thirds vote requirement — Brown seems to be driving into a multi-vehicle smashup at the ballot box.
Politically, the governor appears to have survived the first-year failure. His job approval rating (47%) has held relatively steady, although disapproval (36%) has been inching up, according to a recent survey by the nonpartisan Field Poll.But Brown can't afford to fail again in his second year. More important, California can't afford it.
If the governor can't sell voters on a temporary tax hike next November, it probably will mean a shorter school year and even steeper university tuitions — blows to K-12 quality and higher education affordability that will result in long-term damage to California's economy.
Additionally, fewer criminals will be locked up, the safety net for the poor and infirm will be further shredded and many parks will be shuttered. If you don't believe it, look around. Most of that is already happening.
"We cut the ongoing budget deficit by more than half, reduced the state's workforce by about 5,500 positions and cut unnecessary expenses like cell phones and state cars," Brown asserted in a prepared statement announcing his tax proposal. "We actually cut state expenses by over $10 billion…
"The stark truth is that without new tax revenue, we will have no other choice but to make deeper and more damaging cuts to schools, universities, public safety and our courts."
But to have any chance of succeeding with voters, Brown needs to nudge aside some well-meaning — if pesky — allies.
There's a pot full of other tax-hike initiatives also headed toward the ballot. It doesn't take any political genius to understand how that would turn out. There'd be a horrendous collision and irreparable voter confusion. And the response would be "no on everything."
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text: This is a port of the linux pcmcia-cs project to Apple's Operating Systems. Only the core parts of the code from the linux code have been used, ie, Card Services, the PCI to Cardbus bridge controllers, Driver Services and Cardbus enabler. Code used from the pcmcia-cs sources is under Mozilla Public License. No code under the GNU Public License should be present in Apple's released port of this code. Please see the files COPYING and LICENSE for more information. To get the complete version of pcmcia-cs sources please go to: http://pcmcia-cs.sourceforge.net The files: IOPCCard.h, IOPCCardBridge.h, IOPCCard16Device.h, IOCardBusDevice.h are released under the Apple Public Source License Version 1.1. Please read the file APPLE_LICENSE before using these files. Most of documentation in the file PCMCIA-PROG should apply to this port. Other documentation may or may not be as useful. Major differences in using this code compared to the linux port include: * Drivers are written IOKit style. Cardbus drivers are the written the same way as PCI drivers and can use either IOPCIDevice or IOCardBusDevice as their provider, 16 bit cards should use IOPCCard16Device. * IOKit style driver matching is used instead of running a daemon to handle the matching of inserted cards. Each driver specifies what cards it can match against as part of its kernel extension bundle instead of having one large file. * IOKit style interrupts are preconfigured for drivers. RequestIRQ and ReleaseIRQ should not be called. If you have questions/comments about this port please direct them to Apple thru the usual channels, ie, http://www.apple.com/publicsource. Please don't bother the maintainers of linux port, if there is shared problem it is Apple's best interest to get it back in the pcmcia-cs source base.


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January 13, 2014
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As a leader in the international medical insurance market, IMG has provided Global Peace of Mind® to over a million people worldwide in more than 170 countries. For over 20 years, IMG has been providing top-tier global medical insurance benefits and has developed a reputation of excellence in the international community. With its around-the-clock medical management services, multilingual claims administrators and highly trained customer service professionals, IMG is confident in its ability to provide the products international travelers need, backed by the services they want. IMG is based in Indianapolis, Indiana USA. Its companies include IMG Europe Ltd, Akeso Care Management®, iTravelInsured®, and IMG-Stop LossSM. IMG's family of companies is committed to being with its international clients wherever they happen to be.
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Fallout 76 launches November 14 but you can get in the mood of post-nuclear West Virginia with live action launch trailer. The next B.E.T.A. session is tomorrow October 30 and will run from 7PM until 11 PM ET on all platforms this time.
$233 of $400 per month
Become a patron →
playing Lunar: SSSC & Lunar 2 on my RetroBox ... [url] (18 Hours ago)
lol truly (1 Day ago)
That's some Star Trek shit. (1 Day ago)
the other amazing thing in that video is the use of the node tools that can just be plugged whilst in VR. You can imagine devs in the future building games in VR instead of on a monitor. (1 Day ago)
There's other videos showing it mapped to avatar eyes, and it's 1:1 movement. It even detects the size of the pupil and maps it to an object. (1 Day ago)
Yeah, you'd have thought Valve would have put that in there. eye tracking with those controllers would have made it a true next gen headset. (1 Day ago)
Once eye tracking gets utilized it'll quickly become a must have feature I think (1 Day ago)
GSY is getting some nice content at 3 pm CEST with our July podcast and some videos of the Deus Ex Mankind Divided preview build. :) (> 3 Months ago)
For once we'll be live at 4:30 pm CEST. Blim should not even be tired! (> 3 Months ago)
More Quantum Break coverage coming in a few hours, 9:00 a.m CEST. (> 3 Months ago)
We'll have a full review up for Firewatch at 7 pm CET. Videos will only be tomorrow though. (> 3 Months ago)
Tonight's livestream will be at 9:15 GMT+1, not GMT+2 as first stated. (> 3 Months ago)
New GSY Live dedicated this time to Just Cause 3 on Tuesday 9:30 GMT+2 (> 3 Months ago)
Join us tomorrow at 10 pm GMT+2 for a new livestream. We'll be playing Rise of the Tomb Raider. (> 3 Months ago)


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Los Santos in GTA III Era
Los Santos
Downtown Los Santos, Santa Maria Beach, Los Santos Observatory and Vinewood Sign.
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.Mentioned in GTA IV
Seen in a poster of Umberto Robina's house in GTA Vice City Stories.
|San Andreas
Los Santos is a fictional city located in San Andreas, and it is the first city encountered in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. Los Santos is the biggest city of the State of San Andreas. Los Santos is based on Los Angeles, California. Los Santos translates to 'The Saints', a play on Los Angeles, meaning 'The Angels'. This also applies to the two cities' nicknames - "The City of Saints" and "City of Angels".
Like Los Angeles, Los Santos is a huge, sprawling co-mingling of cultures and perspectives, full of two-bit hoodlums and small-time actors. The population of over 3 million people is divided into 32 districts, which are home to movie and television studios, multi-million dollar estates, crack-ridden ghettos, and a busy international airport. Numerous roads and a central rail line connect Los Santos to San Fierro and Las Venturas. The most infamous street in the city is Grove Street, located in Ganton, southeast of downtown Los Santos, and just minutes south of East Los Santos, which contains a predominantly Hispanic population. Grove Street is home to the Families gang, a once powerful gang whose influence faded due to highly successful drug trafficking by the rival Ballas gang.
Los Santos' police are corrupt and the politicians avoid the streets like the plague. There is a motocross track, several basketball courts, and an observatory (modeled after the Griffith Observatory) to satisfy stargazers. Occasionally, independent drug dealers are seen carrying huge wads of cash from recent transactions. Graffiti is commonplace and gambling venues like the racetrack are frequented by many of the city's denizens. The suburbs nestled in the north hills (modeled after the Hollywood Hills) are home to wealthy businessmen, movie stars, and Madd Dogg, the killer rap artist, alike. The occasional shack or trailer park can also be spotted within this highly affluent district, testaments to the period prior to the gentrification of northern Los Santos.
Los Santos is the hometown of GTA San Andreas protagonist Carl Johnson, who returns from living in Liberty City for five years, after his brother informs him of their mother's death. The game starts upon CJ's arrival in Los Santos, and the story revolves around a lengthy gang wars between CJ's gang, The Grove Street Families, and their fiercest rivals, the Ballas. Tensions between rival Hispanic gangs, Varrios Los Aztecas and Los Santos Vagos, also threaten the tenuous hold with which GSF clings to its paltry territories. However, due to the betrayal of senior members Big Smoke and Ryder, GSF leader Sweet Johnson is arrested and CJ is run out of town by C.R.A.S.H., causing the disbandment of the Grove Street Families and the mass takeover of Los Santos by the Ballas and Vagos, with the Ballas taking all of what used to be Grove Street territory.
The city is torn apart over the issue of gang warfare. The Grove Street Families and Ballas constantly spar over total dominance in Ganton, Idlewood, Jefferson, Willowfield, and even East Los Santos. In 1992, police officers Frank Tenpenny and Eddie Pulaski of C.R.A.S.H. (Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums) are charged with murder and sexual assault, after their extensive corruption becomes blatantly obvious, even to the general public. However, Pulaski had already been murdered by CJ in the Arco del Oeste area prior to those events, after he and Tenpenny, who were using CJ as their patsy, decide there is no more use for him. Alone at the court hearing, however, Tenpenny is released when the prosecutor inexplicably drops all charges. The entire city, outraged that Tenpenny walks free from horrendously heinous charges of which he is obviously guilty, erupts in riots. This is a reenactment of the L.A. Riots (also known as the Rodney King Riots) after the release of the police officers that brutally beat up Rodney King. During the ensuing chaos, CJ kills cocaine drug lord and ex-gang member Big Smoke. CJ then chases after Officer Tenpenny, who dies when his stolen Fire Truck careens off the side of the overpass over Grove Street. When news of Tenpenny's death reaches the people of Los Santos, the riots cease, and the Grove Street Families regain their spot as the strongest gang in Los Santos.
Western Los Santos
The "wealthy" side of town containing Vinewood, Rodeo and Mulholland, known around the world as the offices, studios, shopping destinations and homes of the rich and famous.
- Rodeo Drive (incorporated into Rodeo).
- Century Plaza Hotel
- St. Regis Los Angeles Hotel & Spa
- Mulholland (Hollywood Hills) and Richman (Bel Air)
- Stahl House (as the Mulholland Safehouse).
- Chemosphere
- Hollywood Sign (as the Vinewood Sign).
- Mulholland Drive (incorporated into Mulholland).
- Market (West Hollywood), Vinewood (Hollywood) and Temple (North Hollywood)
- Melrose Avenue
- El Capitan Theater (as the El Dritch Theatre, across the street from Cathay Theater).
- Randy's Donuts (as Jim's Sticky Ring).
- Grauman's Chinese Theater (as the Cathay Theater).
- Capitol Records Tower (as the Blastin' Fools Records Tower).
- Walk of Fame
- Whisky a Go Go
- Carney's Express Limited
- Hollywood Masonic Temple (located just beside El Dritch Theatre, across the street from Cathay Theater).
- House of Blues
- Hollywood Boulevard
- Sunset Boulevard
- Hyatt West Hollywood
- Argyle Hotel
- Chateau Marmont Hotel
- Santa Monica Pier (incorporated into Santa Maria Beach).
- Muscle Beach
- Venice Boardwalk
East Los Santos
The "poor" side of the city, made up primarily of lower-class suburbs that are all subject to violent crime, marked by the Ballas-Grove Street War and the area where the Los Santos Riots started, which eventually spread to the entire Los Santos area..
- The Forum (as the Los Santos Forum).
- Imperial Courts (B Dup's house)
- Shrine Auditorium (as the Alhambra).
- Jordan Downs (crack house in Cleaning The Hood)
- Las Colinas (Los Feliz) and Los Flores (Boyle Heights)
- Ocean Docks (Port of Los Angeles, San Pedro)
- Terminal Island (incorporated into Ocean Docks).
- Vincent Thomas Bridge (as the unnamed suspension bridge connecting the Ocean Docks island).
- Los Angeles River (the sewer in Just Business)
Central Los Santos
The middle section of the city, containing major corporate headquarters in Downtown, civic-minded buildings around Pershing Square, and their airport.
- Bonaventure Hotel (as the Atrium).
- City Hall (at Pershing Square).
- Two California Plaza
- Beverly Wilshire Hotel
- Beverly Hills City Hall (as the Los Santos Police Headquarters at Pershing Square).
- Biltmore Hotel (at Pershing Square).
- Downtown (Downtown), Commerce (Civic Center), Conference Center (Convention Center) and Verdant Bluffs (Griffith Park)
- Los Angeles Convention Center (as the Los Santos Conference Center).
- Gas Company Tower
- US Bank Tower (as Los Santos Tower)
- Standard Hotel
- Sunset Vine Tower
- Figueroa Tower
- Griffith Observatory
- Interstate 110 and Interstate 105 (as Los Santos Freeway)
- Los Santos International Airport (Los Angeles Int. Airport "L.A.X.")
- Mulholland Intersection (US 101 and SR 110 Intersection (Four Level Interchange)
- North Broadway Viaduct
- 6th Street Bridge
Gang Territory
Los Santos is the only city that has gang territories (without exploiting the Territory Glitch). There are 57 territories in Los Santos.
Los Santos generally experiences hot and fine weather, which is frequently accompanied by haze. Occasionally, Los Santos also experience showers, but almost never thunderstorms which last long. Mist sometimes occurs which usually restricts you from visualising the tips of the skyscrapers located throught Downtown Los Santos.
Sports Teams
Los Santos has a baseball team, the Los Santos Saints. Oddly, this is the only known sports team in Los Santos in 1992. In 1992, Los Angeles held a hockey team, the Los Angeles Kings, two basketball teams, the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers, along with two football teams, Los Angeles Raiders and Los Angeles Rams, with a baseball team, Los Angeles Dodgers and another baseball team in Anaheim, a suburb of Los Angeles not depicted in the game, the Los Angeles Angels, whom the Saints could very well be named after.
|Part of this article are based on realistic Speculation and might not turn out to be correct.
- In Grand Theft Auto IV, there are a lot of references to Los Santos (in television, radio, different characters, etc.), confirming that it does exist within the GTA IV Era. They also confirm that "Vinewood" still exists as their Hollywood parody.
- It's possible that in the GTA IV era, Ganton, Idlewood, East Los Santos, East Beach and Santa Maria (which are based off Compton, Inglewood, East Los Angeles, Long Beach and Santa Monica, which are separate from Los Angeles but are part of it's metro area.) are separate cities from Los Santos, but are part of it's metropolitan area, to coincide with the real-life Los Angeles Metro Area.
- According to many rumor, Los Santos could be the setting of the next GTA.


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Butte County is a place of natural beauty with countless opportunities for recreation in both rural and urban environments. Many Butte County residents live in one of the five incorporated towns or cities: Biggs, Chico, Gridley, Oroville or Paradise. Butte County government provides services to residents through 23 diverse departments. Services include elections, road maintenance, public safety, solid waste disposal, and health and human services to name a few.
Tuesday, July 25, 2017/Categories: News and Announcements
For Immediate Release: July 25, 2017, 1:00 pm
Contact: Casey Hatcher, (530) 518-3508
Visit: ButteCounty.net |Facebook | Twitter @County of Butte
Oroville, CA - The Butte County Board of Supervisors approved fee waivers to assist Wall Fire victims as they clean up burned properties and rebuild homes and other structures. The purpose of the fee waivers is to encourage rebuilding and elimination of hazardous and blighted areas. The community at large will benefit from such assistance by restoring property values, and removing debris, hazardous materials, and blight caused by the fire. The fee waivers and streamlined services will be available for any fires declared local emergencies during the 2017 CAL FIRE-defined fire season.
Residents should visit the Fire Assistance Center to meet one-on-one with County staff and talk through the steps to clean up their properties and begin rebuilding. Staff can help residents understand the available fee waivers and begin recovering from the Wall Fire. The Fire Assistance Center is open Monday through Friday from 12:00 pm to 3:00 pm and is located at the Department of Development Services building, 7 County Center Drive in Oroville. Walk-in visits are welcome, and residents can call 530.538.7473. Information is also available online at www.buttecounty.net/fireassistancecenter.
Number of views (29948)
/Tags: wallfire
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Wednesday night's public hearing will be the final review of Terrebonne's master plan before the Parish Council votes to adopt the document, which aims to chart local government's direction over the next two decades.
Wednesday night's public hearing will be the final review of Terrebonne's master plan before the Parish Council votes to adopt the document, which aims to chart local government's direction over the next two decades.
Vision 2030, a 300-page draft plan, details strategies intended to guide parish leaders over the next 17 years. None of the recommendations are mandated, but local government officials use the guidelines to plan roads, housing, drainage systems, land use and other long-term development.
The parish began updating the master plan in 2009 to incorporate changes to population and community needs, which were impacted by the 2005 and 2008 hurricanes. The public has had the opportunity to provide input at periodic meetings held over the past few years.
The plan uses population and demographic data included in the 2010 Census. The plan predicts a steady population increase through 2030, though it won't be as brisk as the growth experienced in the 1990s and 2000s. Those two decades saw between 7 percent and 8 percent growth, according to the plan.
Terrebonne's 2010 population was 111,680. That figure is expected to grow 4.5 percent by 2020 and another 5 percent the following decade, bringing the population to 122,907, according to the plan.
About 11 percent of Terrebonne's population is 65 years or older. By 2030, about 16 percent will reach that age, the plan says.
One of the focuses in the plan is an emphasis on keeping the parish resilient, said Pat Gordon, Terrebonne's planning and zoning director.
The most expensive and difficult task proposed targets flood-prone homes and businesses, Gordon said, by making them better able to withstand future storms.
Gordon said future planning efforts ought to concentrate on building elevated structures using tougher construction standards.
The plan also suggests expanding zoning, or land-use rules, to more rural communities north of Houma. Currently zoning is in place in incorporated parts of Houma and along the La. 311 corridor and Martin Luther King Boulevard.
Zoning designates individual pieces of property for commercial, residential or industrial use and attempts to keep similar uses in the same vicinity.
Zoning has been hotly debated over the years in Terrebonne. Proponents say such rules are necessary to encourage orderly commercial and residential development. Opponents decry it as an intrusive government telling landowners what they can and can't do with their property.
Gordon predicts, however, that "a lot of neighborhoods in the rural areas (are) in support of zoning regulations because it will maintain the residential integrity of the neighborhoods."
Better public sewers, roads and traffic planning are other focus areas included in the plan. Such improvements, the document says, will encourage growth and tourism.
The plan also includes specific beautification projects for downtown Houma.
Bayou communities saw populations dip about 20 percent after 2010, the plan estimates.
Once new levees are in place and tested, "there is going to be a resurgence of growth that's going to take place in the bayou communities," Gordon said.
Affordable flood insurance will be an issue for many in Terrebonne, he added.
"If I was an individual living down the bayou I would find some way of elevating my house, so I wouldn't have to pay astronomical flood insurance rates," he said.
The parish has already used FEMA money to help hundreds of residents whose homes repeatedly flooded either elevate or move to higher ground, said Chris Pulaski, Terrebonne's senior planner.
Another challenge, the plan acknowledges, is that nearly 90 percent of Terrebonne's land is "environmentally sensitive," meaning that the costs to develop in these areas — if it's even physically or legally possible — is too expensive to consider.
The plan also addresses the need for more efficient highways and roads.
Promoting carpooling, shuttle buses, flex-time work schedules to reduce peak-time traffic and establishing park-and-ride facilities are some of the traffic-reducing proposals detailed in the plan.
The plan suggests restructuring the transit system to serve more employment centers. It mentions providing free Wi-Fi on the bus to encourage young people to ride.
"When programs come through for workforce housing, one of the biggest considerations is whether there is going to be efficient public transportation," Pulaski said.
Both Pulaski and Gordon say there is no question that Terrebonne Parish faces challenges and that not everything in the plan is meant to be set in stone.
"But we have a plan, unlike other coastal communities" Gordon said. "We are encouraging growth in particular areas by building roads and more levees. With the Levee District and the recovery dollars, we're spending a quarter of a billion dollars in levee and drainage improvements. We are certainly stronger than we've ever been."
"That's why the master plan is updated every five years," Pulaski said. "What we see as a priority today may not be the same as tomorrow. There may be another round of storms heading our way. But with this plan, we aren't just waiting around to see what happens."
The full plan is available for review on the local government's website, tpcg.org.
A final public hearing on the plan is set for 6 p.m. Wednesday on the second floor of the Government Tower, 8026 Main St. The council is scheduled to vote on the plan afterward.


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Major Section: PROGRAMMING
An ACL2 ordinal is either a natural number or, for an infinite ordinal, a
list whose elements are exponent-coefficient pairs (see o-p). In the latter
case, this function returns the
car of the first pair in the list. In
the case of a natural number, the value returned is 0 (since a natural
n, can be thought of as (w^0)n).
For the corresponding coefficient, see o-first-coeff.


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Quoizel Harmony
6 In Stock
About Quoizel
Quoizel, one of the nation's leading manufacturers of quality decorative lighting and home accessories, takes pride in creating timeless pieces designed with you in mind.
From fine European Tiffany style table lamps to the Americana comfort of cozy cottage outdoor fixtures and modern contemporary mirrors, the beauty of Quoizel comes from a balance of form and function. Quoizel also offers a wide selection of lighting that includes: Chandeliers, Pendants, Flush Mounts, Track Lighting, Wall Sconces, Bathroom Lighting, Outdoor Wall and Ceiling Lighting, and Outdoor Post Lights.
About The Quoizel Harmony Collection
This clean design has minimal ornamentation and and pure lines, giving it a peaceful, Zen-like appeal. The soft glow and texture of the linen glass add a special warmth to the exterior of your home. Fluorescent fixtures in this collection use energy-efficient flourescent bulbs, which are included. The fluorescent fixtures meet Title 24 requirements.
All Quoizel products (including Freight) ship for FREE within the contiguous United States on orders over $50.
All Quoizel products that ship via UPS or FedEx Ground within the contiguous United States are FREE to return.
We do not charge a restocking fee for any returnable Quoizel products.
If you find a Quoizel product on another site for less than us, we will match it PLUS 10% of the difference. Learn more


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About the GDG platform
The GDG platform is a membership level within the wider Google Developers Community Groups program and it offers tailored support to organizers of local GDG chapters.
GDGs are local groups of developers who are specifically interested in Google products and APIs. Each local group is called a GDG chapter and can host a variety of technical activities for developers - from just a few people getting together to watch our latest videos, to large gatherings with demos and tech talks, to hackathons.
Google Developers supports and recognizes GDG chapters, but doesn't own or manage them.
Questions or feedback? Get in touch.
A GDG is...
Run by passionate individuals in local developer communities
A group to share ideas and network with fellow developers
A place to learn about Google technologies and development tools, as well as what local companies and developers are doing with these technologies
Focused on developers and educational technical content
Open to and free for all interested
A GDG is NOT...
Run by a corporation
A place to hear sales pitches
Focused on end users or consumer content
A closed group
A group to discuss business topics (this is covered by the GBG program)
Chapter statuses
Program membership
StandardOrganizers of any developer group
GDG PlatformOrganizers of GDG groups
Meetup contentTemplate agendas, slides, event formats, speaker notes, content bundles (curated 1-pagers with all you need to know about a product and/or topic), and more to help you run events for your community more effectively.
|Can use / modify for meetup use
|Can use / modify for meetup use
Event seriesSeasonal meetup events, competitions, and hackathons authored and sponsored by Google Developers.
|Access to event series
|Access to event series with priority support
Financial sponsorshipsMonetary contribution from Google Developers.
|Can apply
|Can apply on a priority basis
Speaker recommendationsSupport to find speakers for your events.
|Can request
|Can request
SwagBranded physical items to give out to meetup attendees.
|Can request design templates for meetups
Can request design templates for meetups
Organizers of top performing GDGs are rewarded with GDG branded swag
TrainingCommunity management webinars, videos, and deep-dives into specific technologies.
|Can access most content and join all webinars
|Can access all content and join all webinars
Early access programsExclusive preview and access to unreleased Google products.
|Available upon request and review
|Available to all GDG organizers
CoachingSupport to grow your group and as an individual leader.
|Can request
|Available to select GDG organizers
NewsletterMonthly newsletter with top news from the community, upcoming events and trainings, and spotlight stories from organizers.
|Can subscribe
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Group directoryDirectory of all groups viewable to the general public.
|All GDG chapters are listed
Case studiesWritten and video stories about our top organizers, GDG chapters, and events.
|Can submit / be featured
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SummitsExclusive training and networking events for members hosted by Google Developers.
|Can be invited to attend select regional and global summits
|Can be invited to attend select regional, global, and GDG-only summits with Google speakers
BrandingLockups to be used in activities related to the program.
|Can request Google Developers brand endorsement for individual meetups but Google Developers branding is not required
|Can use GDG platform official branding, including custom GDG chapter lockups
Platform managementDedicated support and infrastructure managed by Google Developers, including:
|Available to all GDG organizers
Event sponsorshipsMonetary contribution to help attend select events organized by Google Developers like Google I/O.
|Limited access
|Priority access
Google restricts access to some of its services in certain countries or regions, such as Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria.


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66 John Street, Kilkenny City, Co. Kilkenny
Read more about Kudeta | View Map of Area | Photos
The Bridge, John Street, Kilkenny City, Co. Kilkenny, R95 WTV0
We are proud to introduce Yindees Downtown. Bringing you a unique blend of authentic Thai and Eastern dishes in a modern intimate setting.
Read more about Yindees Downtown | View Map of Area | Photos


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Previously discussed :
[2009-10-01 : Unicode 5.2 has now been released (Unicode Code Charts, BabelMap)]
As most of us are still trying to get to grips with Unicode 5.1, which was only released three weeks ago, it may seem a little premature to start talking about Unicode 5.2, but I'm blogging about it early this time because 5.2 promises to a very important release of Unicode, with
12,799 6,648 new characters and a record 16 15 new scripts, including the long awaited CJK Extension-C (4,149 characters) and major historical scripts such as Egyptian Hieroglyphs (1,071 characters) and Tangut (5,910 characters), as well as the famous woman's writing of southern China (Tangut and Nüshu were originally in Amd.6, but have since been removed for further study, and will not now be encoded until Unicode 6.0 at the earliest).
[This blog post has been updated several times since first published on 2008-04-27. The most recent update on 2009-08-10 reflects the final repertoires of ISO/IEC 10646:2003 Amdendments 5 and 6, which will be identical to the contents of Unicode 5.2 (Unicode 5.2 Code Charts).]
Unicode 5.2 will correspond to Amendments 5 and 6 of ISO/IEC 10646: 2003 (see Unicode Liaison Report for WG 2 meeting 52). Both these amendments have now completed their two rounds of technical balloting, and so no more changes will be made to their character repertoire. It is anticipated that Unicode 5.2 will be released at the end of September 2009 (which incidentally will be the first autumnal release of a new Unicode version since 3.0 in September 1999).
Amendment 5 (5,611 characters)
Amendment 5 has now been published (December 2008), and can be downloaded for free from the ISO Publicly Available Standards site.
New Scripts
- Avestan @ 10B00..10B3F (61 characters)
- Egyptian Hieroglyphs @ 13000..1342F (1,071 characters) [the "Gardiner Set"]
- Tai Tham [aka Lanna] @ 1A20..1AAF (127 characters)
- Tai Viet @ AA80..AADF (72 characters)
Other New Blocks
- CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C @ 2A700..2B73F (4,149 characters)
- Hangul Jamo Extended-A @ A960..A97F (29 characters) [Old Hangul]
- Hangul Jamo Extended-B @ D7B0..D7FF (72 characters) [Old Hangul]
Additions to Existing Blocks
- CJK Compatibility Ideographs : Japanese ARIB ideographs (3 characters : U+FA6B..U+FA6D)
- CJK Unified Ideographs : Japanese ARIB ideographs (3 characters : U+9FC4 and U+9FC6)
- Coptic : cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (7 characters : U+2CEB..U+2CF1)
- Hangul Jamo : Old Hangul (16 characters : U+115A..U+115E, U+11A3..U+11A7, U+11FA..U+11FF)
- Supplemental Punctuation : word separator middle dot (1 character : U+2E31)
Glyph Changes
Amendment 5 will also introduce changes to the representative glyph shape used in the code charts for the following characters (the new glyphs are given in N3465) :
Amendment 6 (1,037 characters)
Amendment 6 has now completed its two rounds or technical balloting (PDAM and FPDAM ballots), and after it has completed its final FDAM ballot it will be published. No more technical changes can now be made to the character repertoire, and so the character names and code points in the Amd.6 Code Charts can be relied on.
New Scripts
- Bamum @ A6A0..A6FF (88 characters) [originally in Amd.5, but removed for further study, and now added back to Amd.6]
- Imperial Aramaic @ 10840..1085F (31 characters)
- Inscriptional Pahlavi @ 10B60..10B7F (27 characters)
- Inscriptional Parthian @ 10B40..10B5F (30 characters)
- Javanese @ A980..A9DF (91 characters)
- Kaithi @ 11080..110CF (66 characters, including two section marks)
- Lisu [aka Fraser alphabet] @ A4D0..A4FF (48 characters)
- Meetei Mayek @ ABC0..ABFF (56 characters) [23 historical characters have been removed for further study following objections from India to the encoding of historical characters for this script]
Nushu [nüshu 女書 "women's script"] (389 characters)[removed for further study in light of concerns expressed by the UK]
- Old South Arabian [aka Sabaean] @ 10A60..10A7F (32 characters)
- Old Turkic [aka Orkhon-Yenisey] @ 10C00..10C4F (73 characters)
- Samaritan @ 0800..083F (61 characters)
Tangut (5,910 characters)[removed to Amd. 7 in light of concerns by UK, Ireland and Germany, as well as various Tangut experts; and now removed from Amd.7 for further study]
Other New Blocks
- Common Indic Number Forms @ A830..A83F (10 characters)
- Devanagari Extended @ A8E0..A8FF (28 characters) [Vedic Extensions]
- Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement @ 1F100..1F1FF (63 characters) [Japanese TV Symbols and circled WZ]
- Enclosed Ideographic Supplement @ 1F200..1F2FF (44 characters) [Japanese TV Symbols]
- Myanmar Extended-A @ AA60..AA7F (28 characters) [additions for Khamti Shan, including one tone mark for Pao Karen]
- Rumi Numeral Symbols @ 10E60..10E7F (31 characters)
- Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended @ 18B0..18FF (70 characters) [29 additions for General Cree, Ojibway, Beaver Dene and Carrier and 41 additions for Moose Cree, Beaver Dene, Hare Dene and Chipewyan Dene]
- Vedic Extensions @ 1CD0..1CFF (35 characters) [various characters added]
Additions to Existing Blocks
- Bengali : Ganda mark (1 character : U+09FB)
- CJK Unified Ideographs : additions for HKSCS (5 characters : U+9FC7..U+9FCB)
- Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement : Phonetic diacritic for describing Khoisan languages (1 character : U+1DFD)
- Currency Symbols : Livre Tournois sign, Spesmilo sign and Tenge sign (3 characters : U+20B6..U+20B8)
- Cyrillic Supplement : Cyrillic capital and small letter Pe with Descender for Abkhazian (2 characters : U+0524..U+0525)
- Devanagari : Vedic Extensions (5 characters : U+0900, U+094E, U+0955, U+0979..U+097A)
- Dingbats : Heavy exclamation mark (1 character : U+2757)
- Enclosed CJK Letters and Months : Japanese TV Symbols (12 characters : U+3244..U+324F)
- Latin Extended-C : phonetic symbols (3 characters : U+2C70, U+2C7E..U+2C7F)
- Miscellaneous Symbols : Japanese TV Symbols and a Soccer Ball symbol (59 characters : U+269E..U+269F, U+26BD..U+26BF, U+26C4..U+26CD, U+26CF..U+26E1, U+26E3, U+26E8..U+26FF)
- Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows : heavy symbols (5 characters : U+2B55..2B59)
- Miscellaneous Technical : decimal exponent symbol (1 character : U+23E8)
- Myanmar : combining marks for Khamti Shan (4 characters : U+109A..U+109D)
- New Tai Lue : High Sua, Low Sua and number sign (3 characters : U+19AA..U+19AB, U+19DA)
- Number Forms : Japanese TV Symbols (4 characters : U+2150..U+2152, U+2189)
- Phoenician : number signs (2 characters : U+1091A..U+1091B)
- Tibetan : religious symbols (4 characters : U+0FD5..U+0FD8)
- Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics : Additions for Woods Cree and Blackfoot (10 characters : U+1400, U+1677..U+167F)
Unicode 5.2 Fonts
The following are some free or shareware fonts that include some of the characters added in Unicode 5.2:
- Aboriginal Serif / Aboriginal Sans Serif (covers all the new Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics characters)
- Aegyptus (includes the 1,071 characters in the new Egyptian Hireroglyphs block [13000..1342F], as well as many as yet unencoded hieroglyphs and other characters in the Supplementary Private Use Area-A) [NB Under Windows 7 Egyptian hieroglyphs and all the other Unicode 5.2 characters in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane render as two .notdef glyphs in Notepad and most other Windows applications — this is due to a problem with the version of Uniscribe that ships with Windows 7, which supports Unicode 5.1 but is not forwardly compatible with Unicode 5.2]
- HanaMin (includes the eight new characters in the main CJK Unified Ideographs block [9FC4..9FCB], all 4,149 characters in the CJK-C block, the three new characters in the CJK Compatibility Ideographs block [FA6B..FA6D], most of the characters in the Enclosed Ideographic Supplement block, and the four new characters in the Enclosed CJK Letters and Months block])
- New Athena Unicode (includes the seven new Coptic characters in the range 2CEB..2CF1)
- LisuTzimu (covers the new Lisu block)
- Padauk (covers Myanmar Extended-A)
- Quivira (includes various new Latin, Cyrillic and Coptic characters, as well as some of the new currency signs, fraction signs and symbols)
- Tai Heritage Pro (covers Tai Viet)
- Tibetan Machine Uni (includes the four svasti signs at 0FD5..0FD8)
- UnBatang (includes the new characters in the Jamo block, and all the characters in the new Hangul Jamo Extended-A and Hangul Jamo Extended-B blocks)


text:
Reserve Law Enforcement Academy, Course #0080
What is a reserve officer?
"Reserve Officers" are included under the definition "specially commissioned Washington peace officer" under RCW 10.93.020(5). This includes any law enforcement officer who does not serve as a law enforcement officer of this state on a full-time basis, but who when called into active service, is fully commissioned on the same basis as full-time officers to enforce the criminal laws of this state.
Contact your local Sheriff's Office or Police Department and ask for their Reserve Coordinator. All recruits must be associated with a sponsoring agency. WSCJTC does not schedule Reserve Officer Academies.
Academy Information:
This class is a minimum of 249.5 hours in length. The Reserve Academy curriculum adopted by the Commission is designed similar to that of the Basic Academy, including student performance objectives for each instructional block. It is designed to provide reserves with the basic knowledge and skills required for safe, proper and effective law enforcement service.
Instructional blocks include:
Graduates of a Commission approved Reserve Academy who, upon academy completion, have passed a certification examination developed and administered by the Commission, will receive the state's basic reserve officers certificate. Such certification satisfies the basic training requirements for reserve officers under the Washington Aid Peace Powers Act, RCW 10.93.090.
A reserve certificate cannot be used in place of Peace Officer Certification.
Academy Coordinators:
Deciding to hold a Basic Law Enforcement Reserve Academy should not be taken lightly. Your job of teaching and shaping everyday citizens into a voluntary Law Enforcement professionals is a serious endeavor. Give yourself AMPLE preparation Time before and after submitting the required documentation to avoid pressure and stressful situations. Take the time to put together a teaching team. Organization is key to a successful academy. Here is a quick start guide to setting up your academy. BLERA Quick Start Guide.pdf
Information regarding hosting a reserve academy can be found in the 2016 Reserve Academy Resource Guide DOC v.7 08-2016.pdf
The Basic Reserve Academy curriculum is updated periodically to reflect changes in law and procedure. An agency approved for an academy will have the most current curriculum provided to them.
Required documents:
Form 1271 This form is filled out by agencies looking to host a WSCJTC sponsored Reserve Academy. The form must be turned into our office at least 60 days prior to the planned start of the academy.
Form CJ 1271 Request for Reserve Academy Recognition R.12-17
Academy Schedule Every academy must have an academy schedule filled out completely in order to be approved by CJTC. Please remember that Firearms, DT, and EVOC must be taught by the approved instructor from your application. Graduation ceremonies must be scheduled at least 7 business days after the final exam. No new information can be taught once the final exam has been given. The reserve program is moving towards standardization between academies. We suggest using the BLERA Class Schedule Template to help you create a schedule.
Form 1270 Applications are filled out by the potential recruit, their sponsoring agency, and the hosting agency. Agencies must submit applications to the Academy Commander of the host agency. Only the Academy Commander will submit applications to our office. The Academy Commander must submit applications at least 7 days prior to the start of an academy.
Form CJ 1270 - Application form for Basic Reserve Academy9-2018.pdf
Form 1272 The request for certificates form is filled out by the Academy Commander. This form must be turned into our office at least 21 days prior to the end of an academy.
Request for Certificates (R. 03-15)
Form 1273 Termination forms are filled out by the Academy Commander for any recruit that does not complete the academy.
Termination Form (R.09-09)
Form CJ-1903 The agency sponsoring a recruit reserve must fill this form out and submit it to the Academy Commander. A recruit that will not be reserve officers does not need this form turned in. The Academy Commander must submit all Notice of Hire forms to our office at least 21 days prior to the end of the academy. Certificates of Completion will not be produced by WSCJTC without this.
To access these forms, please go to Notice of Officer Hire and Notice of Officer Separation Forms
Form CJ-1902 the agency sponsoring a recruit reserve must fill this form out if 1) WSCJTC has already received form CJ 1903 - Notice of Hire, and 2) the recruit reserve did not complete the reserve academy.
To access these forms, please go to Notice of Officer Hire and Notice of Officer Separation Forms
Rev. 05/2016


text:
U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
WASHINGTON--The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is inviting the public to comment as it develops a plan to review its significant regulations pursuant to Executive Order (EO) 13563, "Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review." 76 Fed. Reg. 3821 (Jan. 21, 2011).
Executive Order 13563 directs each federal agency to develop "a preliminary plan, consistent with law and its resources and regulatory priorities, under which the agency will periodically review its existing significant regulations to determine whether such regulations should be modified, streamlined, expanded or repealed to make the agency's regulatory program more effective and/or less burdensome in achieving its regulatory objectives."
The EEOC is soliciting public comment to assist in the development of its plan to periodically review existing significant regulations, including input on factors the Commission should consider, the process it should use, and the specific regulations that should be reviewed in the next two years.
Public comments may be submitted to email@example.com through March 22, 2011. For more information regarding EEOC's plan for retrospective analysis of significant regulations pursuant to EO 13563, see http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/regulations/comment_retrospective.cfm.
The EEOC enforces federal laws prohibiting employment discrimination. More information about the EEOC can be obtained at www.eeoc.gov.


text:
Aboot the TJ Canada Rail Jam
Brandon Thomas ca me out on top at the rail competition of the Toe Jam's third stop in Wasaga Beach, Canada. Rail contest? But I thought this was the boat stop of the tour! Well, it is, but since there is a boat contest at every other stop, it makes sense there would be a just-for-fun rail contest, right?
Of course it wasn't just about the fun. There was money, and one spot for the Toe Jam finals in Orlando. Since this is the last stop before the finals, many of the top riders are already qualified, and so it came down to the three riders who tied for 5th: Grant Roberts, Keaton Bowlby and Chris Kallas. Tomorrow the three will have a ride off to determine who earns the coveted spot.
Back to the action today though. The rumor about things being slower in Canada is true. Throw in wakeskate time to the mix and it wasn't the most efficient contest in the world. But the wait just made the riding that much more exciting. The final four were some usuals: Stu Shinn, Nick Taylor, Brandon Thomas and Reed Hansen, and as always, these guys know how to put on a show. Nick Taylor did half of his run switch. Reed Hansen was popping v flips in the flat and hitting all the rails but the a frame, with tricks like a switch board slide and plenty of shuvs out. Stu Shinn is just on fire and there is nothing else to say about it. Brandon Thomas was the last one off the dock and had THE run of the day. Bigspins out of just about everything, a few switch tricks and use of the entire course earned him another well-deserved Toe Jam title.
Just before the final face off between Reed and BT though was one of the most entertaining parts of the day. Some riders who didn't make the top sixteen (and others who did) took hits on the handmade pool gap. Scott Byerly's masonry work held up to Reed Hansen's kickflip attempts, Yan Letcomte's 360 attempts and one "make" from Grant Roberts on a backside 180, among other things. It was just a preview of what's to come tomorrow, and I don't have any good straight ollie shots, the only thing really landed, so I can't put up and pictures or you will all whine. And anyway, just to mix things up the whole gallery is going to be front boards. Maybe a backlip or two will slip in there, but only photos of people with their backs forward. Of course it you are reading this you probably already went through it, but at least now you know why!
Tomorrow is the official boat final, where two more invitations to finals will be handed out. Brian Grubb (and everyone else) will try to break Stu Shinn's boat contest streak of late.