text:
Lily Johnson
VOL. XXIV — NO. 11 BETHEL INSTITUTE, St. Paul, Minnesota
Class Day Closes School Year
Gloria Anderson
Highest scholastic honor of the
Seminary Senior Class goes to Lily
Johnson of Willmar, Minnesota.
Miss Johnson has been at Bethel
four years, taking the Christian
Workers' Course and three years
of Seminary. She had previously
taken two years of college at St.
Cloud Teacher's College.
While at Bethel Miss Johnson
has been active as secretary of
her Middleman and Junior. classes,
Vice-president of the BWA, mem-ber
of the Arian Chorus, student
teacher of Bethel Club.
The graduating classes of the
Bethel Junior College and the Be-thel
Theological Seminary will be
honored at commencement exer-cises
at seven-thirty tonight at the
First Swedish Baptist Church in
Minneapolis. Thirty-one students
are graduating from the college
and fifteen from the seminary.
President Walter C. Coffey of
the University of Minnesota will
give the commencement address
on the subject "Technical Train-ing
Is Not Enough". The Bethel
Male Chorus, Male Quartet, and
Arian Chorus will furnish special
Ground Broken
For Dorm Wing
On Friday, May 18, President
Henry Wingblade broke ground
for the new wing of the girl's dor-mitory.
The priority came through
unexpectedly on May 12, and work-men
under Mr. Thor Knutsen be-gan
excavating almost immediate-ly.
The $60,000.00 addition will be
built on the same style and will
be nearly as large as the present
structure. It will provide rooming
facilities for forty-nine, girls. Also It is expected that the wing will
contained in the new wing will be be ready for use by the beginning
a large dining hall covering the of the fall quarter.
Scholarships and
Awards Presented
The annual class day exercises of Bethel College and Seminary
were held today, beginning at 10:00 A. M.
Following is the program:
Prelude—Andante so s t cnut o Edonard Batiste
Processional—Processional March A Guilmonte
Ruth Rask
Hymn No. 264 "0 Zion Haste"
Devotions Ladell Erickson
Message Dr. Henry Wingblade
Music by Girls' Trio Selected
Grace Jorgenson, Norma Baustian, Jean Hamlett
Presentation of Awards for Student Activities:
a) ATHLETICS—Presented by Coach Edwards.
GIRLS' BASKETBALL—Elaine Ballentyne, Jean Hamlett, Marie Ann
Hedberg, Betty Nyman, Carol Peterson, Lois Raymetz, Marianne
Schouweiler, Pauline Widen, Eunice Wood, captain.
BOYS' BASKETBALL—Robert Daley, Robert Hails, Wendell Lindstrom,
Robert Nelson, Walfred Peterson, Clarence Sahlin, Robert Sandin,
captain, and Harris Youngquist.
BASEBALL—Walter Eddy, Cecil Lindblom, Wesley Lindblom, Robert
Nelson, William Peterson, Clarence Sahlin, captain, Robert Sandin,
Frank Shindo, and Harris Youngquist.
SWEATER—Clarence Sahlin.
b) STUDENT PUBLICATIONS—presented by Miss Effie V. Nelson.
CLARION—Bronze charms to Mabel Anderson, Norma Seaquist, Audrey
Skarp, and Robert Sandin.
Silver charm to William Thompson.
Honorable mention to Carl Ekstrand, Elaine Pegors, Robert Nelson,
Walfred Peterson, Jean Hamlett, and Dorothy Dahlman.
THE SPIRE—Bronze charms to Gloria Anderson, LeRoy Grodner, Doris
M. Johnson, Jacquelyn Lundquist, Jeanette Lyster, William McBir-nie,
Jr., Gene Nyman, Robert Sandin, Marianne Schouweiler, Gerald
Smith, and William Thompson.
Silver charms to Dana Larson and Florence Van Dyke.
Gold charms to Walfred Peterson and William Peterson.
c) MUSIC—Presented by Nels Stjernstrom.
ARIAN CHORUS—Bronze charms to Gloria Anderson, Gretchen Clauson,
Dorothy Dahlman, and Ruth Rask.
MALE CHORUS—Bronze charms to Eugene Johnson, William Peter-son,
and Clarence Sahlin.
"Climbin' Up the Mountain"
"Tell Someone About Jesus" Male Quartette
David Danielson, Lloyd Nordstrom, William Peterson, Roger Youngquist
Awarding of Certificates, Prizes, and Scholarships—
President Henry Wingblade
a) Certificate in Religious Education to Greta Fredrikson, Mildred Lind-blom,
and Dorothy Reichel.
b) Bethel Alumni Association Scholarship, twenty-five dollars to Lucille
Kirstein, College.
c) Bethel Alumni Association Schol?.rship, thirty-five dollars to Betty
Person, College.
d) Bethel Alumni Association Scholarship, twenty-five dollars, to Wil-liam
Peterson, Seminary.
e) Bethel Alumni Association Scholarship, thirty-five dollars, to Grace
Swanson, Seminary.
(Continued on page 4)
From Portland, Oregon comes
Gloria Anderson, valedictorian of
the junior college. Blonde "Glory"
came to Bethel from Grant High
School in Portland in 1943. Since
her entrance she has engaged
in numerous activities, including
Chapel and Arian Choruses, and
Clarion and Spire staffs: This year
she was vice-president of the Soph-omore
Dr.W. C. Coffey
Address Grads
Klingberg Speaks
To Class of 1945
"Peace Through Christian Influ-ence"
was the subject of Rev. Had-don
Klingberg's address to the gra-duates
at the Baccalaureate Ves-per
Service in the college chapel
Sunday May 27, at 4:00 P. M. Pro-fessor
C. E. Carlson, advisor of the
graduating class, gave the invoca-tion.
Scripture was read by Dean
Emery A. Johnson, after which
Dean Karl J. Karlson led in prayer.
The thirty-six voice Arian Chorus
was directed by Mr. Nels Stjern-strom
in two numbers, "This Is
My Country" and "Dearest Lord
Jesus". Many friends of Bethel
from the Twin City area were
present, among them, Rev. Martin
Erikson, pastor of the Payne Ave-nue
Baptist Church of St. Paul,
who pronounced the benediction.
A lunch was served after the ser-vice.
entire basement floor, which will
serve both men and women stu-dents.
A small chapel, a lounge
for women only, increased laundry
facilities, and a new boiler room
are also planned.
Page 2 THE BETHEL CLARION
Winning College
the Child Building
to Christ Character
"The Day
of March
Has Come"
"Grow old along with me!
The best is yet to be,—
The last of life, for which the first was made;
Our times are in His hand
Who saith, "A whole I planned,
"Youth shows but half;
Trust God; see all—nor be afraid."
It was Robert Browning who sang thus, and he knew well of what
he sang. Read the whole poem "Rabbi Ben Ezra" over and over again.
Years ago I heard Governor Gifford Pinchot tell of a young man
who knew exactly when he would reach his twenty-first birthday, indeed
the very hour. It was to be two in the morning.
The family went to bed and to sleep, but not he. Though in bed,
he watched the time, and just at two he leaped out of bed and shouted
"Man in the house! Man in the house!" The family, aroused, asked
"Here! Here!" shouted the young man, pointing to himself. "Twen-ty-
one! Man in the House!"
Well, it is a wonderful thing to be ready to go—to reach the day of
What shall we then do with the day and with the future days?
Raymond Robbins came back from the gold fields of Alaska with one
million dollars he had dug out with his two hands—and still young. He
looked about for a commission.
Seeing with his own eyes thieves being made out of drunkards'
children, his blood boiled and he threw himself into the fight for the
child life of Chicago.
Wendell Phillips, the brilliant young lawyer, was all ready and look-ing
for a client. He saw a slave child for sale—and then he knew what
he would do with his life.
The same was true of Francis Willard, and of Borden of Yale, and
of the great Lincoln and of the moral and spiritual heroes of all time.
What about us? Are we going to identify ourselves with "the still
sad music of humanity", see the gaping needs through the eyes oft the
great Christ, and catch the contagion of Calvary?—or are we to live
selfish; indulgent lives? God forbid.
"Where cross the crowded ways of life,
Where sound the cries of race and clan,
Above the noise of selfish strife,
We -Bear thy voice, 0 Son of Man."
"Mid haunts of wretchedness and need,
O'er shadowed threshholds dark with fears,
From paths where hide the lures of greed,—
We catch the vision of thy tears."
A bl-weekly campus newspaper.
1480 North Snelling Ave., St. Paul, Minn.
1. To maintain and promote the Christian principles of Bethel
2. To promote scholarship.
3. To foster more school spirit.
4. To establish a better understanding among the students.
Co-editors Norma Seaquist, Audrey Skarp
News Editor Elaine Pegors
Sports Editor Robert Nelson
Circulation Manager Robert Sandin
Business Manager William Thompson
Business Advisor Dean Emery Johnson
Typists Jean Hamlett, Dorothy Dahlman
By Lily Johnson
The most enjoyed and swiftly
consumed five years of my life
were the years I spent at Bethel.
Here in the presence of a conse-crated
Christian faculty and an in-spiring
group of Christian youth
I, along with many other of my
classmates, have seen, and partial-ly
grasped, the vision of the great
task before us. It is with pride
that we leave Bethel to actively
meet this task as alumni of a
Christian institution.
Of the many needs of our world
today, the one that to me seems
most real is the need of child
evangelism. It is the appallingly
bad criminal record of youth, the
poor record of child evangelism,
and the statements of leading men
of children's word that lead me to
this field.
With the present conditions so
challenging, I, as many others, feel
that we must obey the command
of Christ to go, teach, and win the
lost. We feel that winning the lost
can best be done by dealing with
youth. Perhaps we through our
teaching may reach only one child,
but that child may prove to be an-other
Moody, Finney, or Spurgeon.
In one church, fo cite such a case,
only one child accepted the Lord
in an entire year. Who was that
child? Robert Moffat. Yes, per-haps
we may win one child, one
very young child, but we may
through his life see the results of
our preparation here at Bethel.
So that is one vision seen here
—a vision of child evangelism—a
vision truly great.
Visit Bethel
Conwell Anderson, S 2/c of the
United States Navy, has spent a
few days visiting Bethel friends
before going to his home in Sister
Bay, Wisconsin. Connie has just
returned from Okinawa, where he
took part in two invasions and one
air battle. His ship, the USS Em-mons,
was sunk April 6, and sixty-five
men were lost. Connie spent
an hour on a raft before being
picked up. He was wounded so
was hospitalized on his way back
to the States for a 30-day leave.
He was accompanied to Bethel by
his cousin, Weston Seaquist, who
is a sophomore at the University
of Wisconsin.
Another former Bethelite visited
the campus last week in the per-son
of Gordon Johnson, who is tak-ing
Chaplain training in the SV-12
program of the Navy. Gordon fin-ished
a course at Harvard in Feb-
By Gloria Anderson
Francis Bacon said : "Reading
maketh a full man; conference a
ready man; and writing an exact
man." We have all set goals in
our lives, and we have come to
college for aid in attaining those
goals, for all of us wish to suc-ceed.
We have realized that, quot-ing
Ironquil, "all glory comes from
daring to begin", and so two years
ago, we entered the door of Be-thel.
We knew then that it would
mean work, but work presents a
challenge. Work is basic for all
progress and happiness. In our
classroom' we have been taught
to think. In the laboratory we have
learned through doing. The dram-atization
of education is there- in
the laboratory. New fields have
been opened to us, our views have
broadened, and the habits which
have been formed here, the things
we do, are the builders of our
character. We shall leave Bethel,
knowing and accepting the chal-lenge
which has been given to us—
that of continuous effort.
But college life consists not only
of time spent in the classrooms,
but also the hours we have lived
together, which is the real test of
life. The trouble With the world is
that we, the peoples of the world,
have not learned to live together.
Here at school, we have learned
that we must give and take. We
have tried to be unselfish, for to
live for self is to live in vain. We
have made lasting friendships
here. By that I do not mean ac-quaintances,
to whom one would
ackiiovviledge a greeting if they
were to meet again. But rather
friends—one who will listen and
try to understand, be sympathetic,
and offer counsel. A friend is an-other
self, but he can see you as
others see you. Here we have
made such friends.
The most important part of each
day is the quiet hour, that time
we spend alone with God, our tru-est
Friend. With our Bibles, we
must spend a part of each day in
quiet meditation and thought and
talk to our Heavenly Father, the
giver of all strength, to whom we_
owe all that we are.
ruary, and since then has taken
training in Princeton Seminary.
On Monday evening, May 21, he
and Miss Alta Bordem, a graduate
of Moody Bible Institute, were
united in marriage. The ceremony
took place in the Bethesda Free
Church, Minneapolis, Rev. Prince
officiating. After a week at Pe-quot
Lake, Gordy will return to
Princeton. Mrs. Johnson will re-main
in Minneapolis for a time and
will join her husband later.
1573 University Avenue
Midway 9910
THE BETHEL CLARION Page 3
Sem Snatches
By Dana Larson
With apologies to the editor I
come in with late copy, and it is
with much brain strain (as the
moron said when he put a sieve
on his head) that it was done at
all. The increased activity of exam
time, spring, packing, etc. has
caused high pressure in the crani-um
chamber, so yours truly should
not be held responsible.
Life in the dorm has been rela-tively
quiet (or have you heard
otherwise) this year in spite of
the presence of "Jo" Wankerbug.
In latter weeks he has apparently
taken over his brother's handle.
To you he might be known as Bur
ton. It is surprising too in the
light of the fact that only two of
the seriouseniors were dormites,
Gene "Eye"man of course was dor-mah.
Joe Landerson was here
too but his attentions were over
around Painavenue district some-where.
Bobber Gerud did his bestoo li-ven
things up but Ray An' Son
seems to have cramped histyle on
that end of the hall. H. "Sigfried"
C. contributed his part but that
was only spasmodic due to his ul-tra
curricular activities. Speaking
of such things brings to mind Gil-bird
Force a Line. I'm sure you
all know about him but always re-member
the mortal of the story is
Doris Johnson. Bob Daily was do-ing
something he doesn't seem to
have gotten fully organized as yet.
Maybe he'll take a couple years
asome other guys r know.
There were a couple other odd
ends of somebody's family tree
around here too that helped to
shape things up. Perhaps they're
friends of yours—Carl Apple-branch
and Harris Youngtwig.
Harris apparently has been here
because he hasn't been all there.
At any rate he's taking unto him-self
his bitter half in about a
weak. I hope it dozen't turn out
to be sour grips.
But let us continue—now look
at Built Hompson. Ow—my eyes!
Let's not look. Someone just hol-lered
VOLLEYBALL. More studies
have been interrupted that way—
'Bye now.
Ne. 9042
Visit Our Soda and
Sandwich Grill
1545 W. Larpenteur at Snelling
"Direct Your Feet to
Pete's Retreat"
—Where Students and
Faculty Meet Around
the Coffee Cup.
We being now a sound-minded
body, this Sophomore Graduating
Class of June 1945 hereby make
and declare this instrument con-sisting
of three pages to be our
last will and testament hereby re-voking
all former wills by us made.
We here direct the Freshman
Class to pay our just debts and
graduation expenses, and we, as
individual class members will the
Phyllis Johnson wills her ability
to hear the gong to Eleanor Nel-son.
Elmer Johnson wills "hans
svenska bok till Eddie Shimatsu
Linskogh." Little sister Gladys
Klassen wills her height to Big sis-ter
Jean Lindblom. Clarion Ed-itor
Norma Seaquist wills the lat-est
print to Bob Nelson. Gloria
Anderson wills her ability to wink,
which by the way she learned at
Bethel, to Bob Sandin. Jane Lar-son,
with Harold's consent, wills
that favorite bench in Como Park
to Jackie and Clary. Lawrence
Wagstrom wills his Model T to
Farmer Bill Thompson in ex-change
for his horse. Gladys Bill-er
wills her suit case, I mean brief
case, (got the wrong grip on that
one) to Peggy Peterson. Alice Ol-son
wills her alarming alarm clock
to Frank Shin(do guaranteeing
that it will get him to class with
time on his hands, that is, if he
wears a wrist watch. Kay Darling
wills her last name to Grace Jor-genson—
get the hint Bob Daley.
Walfred Peterson and Marianne S.
will their seats in the Government
Class to love birds Doris Johnson
and Gil Forsline for advanced
study. Adeline Sivertson wills her
size 10's to Carol Peterson for a
better understanding in her sopho-more
year. Luella Enander wills
her huge appetite to Mary Lou Ra-demacher.
Arleth Brask wills her
poetic ability to Walter Eddy, but
Eddy, just don't make it verse
and verse. Joyce Gilbert wills her
telephone monopoly to Mae Belle
Anderson, who we know will put
in a good line. Lorene Janssen
wills her boots and saddle to Miss
Effie Nelson and promises to try
and keep her posted. Earl Trude
wills his tennis courtin' ability
(which led to wedded bliss) to
Carl Appelquist. Ladell Erickson
wills her unused Rural Soc book
to Dorothy Carlson, who, she feels
confident, will keep the book in
the same condition.
In concluding we as the sopho-more
graduating class wish to
C. E. Carlson's ability to fry eggs
to the next sophomore adviser,
and— the ability of all sophomores
to rise 6:00 in the morning, that
is, when there's a breakfast in
Como Park.
At last it looks as though we
can make use of our summer
clothes and put away our sweaters.
Those who sent their winter
clothes home can now live in com-fort
in our beautiful Minnesota
climate.... In anticipation of a
hot summer, the girls are having
their curls cut. Lillian Nelson led
the way, Annela Krueger and Flo-x4ence
Hedman, followed suit....
Mary Lou Rademacher and Doris
J. Johnson took a week-end jaunt
to the farm "to milk a cow"....
Lucky girl Elaine Pegors received
a dozen roses for her birthday
from her air-corps boy friend who
is stationed in Florida.... Lily
Johnson just dreads packing her
things because she knows she'll
weep buckets of tears, as if we
haven't had enough rain.... I
guess Gladys Biller hasn't heard
that telephone calls are to be lim-ited
to five minutes. She spent a
good half hour talking to Lowell
the other evening.... Dorothy Rei-chel
still has that dreamy look in
her eyes when you speak of the
J. S. banquet.... It's strange that
neither Jean Hamlett nor Gene Ny-man
would offer the score of the
tennis game they . played bright
and early last Saturday for one
spectator, Janet Walker.... Wily
is it Arlene Peterson is inviting all
servicemen who happen to be in
Seattle to visit Ballard Baptist
Church? Maxine Olson could do
the same for Elim Baptist Church,
same city. Gayle Sherman is
throwing all care to the winds and
is entertaining two boys—you ask
her who they are—We'll miss Mad-elyn
.Thomas jumping up-down
and gleefully saying, "Only
more weeks (days, hours) and I'll
see my mummy"...,. Marianne
Schouweiler answers all impudent
coffee shop customers with the
same line, "Next year it will be
different". It is not necessary to
emphasize the fact that Gretchen
is enjoying her last few days at
Bethel. Who wouldn't enjoy them
with a handsome sailor around?
Well, Ferns, have a glorious sum-mer
and return with plenty of
news to fill this column.
General Hardware
F. 0. Hagen J. W. Hagen
755 N. Snelling Ave., St. Paul
2—Auto Repairing
3—Tire Repairing
4—Accessory Parts
SNELLI NG and BREDA
Confusion Worse Confounded Fern Snatches
By Doris M. Johnson
To the Contrary Notwithstanding
By WALFRED PETERSON
The poet summed such a situation up with this:
... Hear the loud alarum bells..
Brazen bells!
What a tale of terror now their turbulency tells! .
... How they clang a clash and roar!
What a horror they outpour
On the bosom of the palpitating air! ...
The St. Paul Pioneer Press summed the situation up with this:
"Bethel Institute-: 12: 42 P. M., damage $10.00."
Both completely failed to sum it up effectively. They forgot all
the glamor in the great Bethel conflagration. Joel Anderson's heroic
spraying of sundry chemicals was completely neglected. Eric Borge-son's
bunny rabbit's almost singed bustle was not mentioned. The know-ledge
that two trucks, one chief's car, and one squad car rushed to the
scene was squenched in the brevity of the news report, and Poe just
didn't know about anything except bells, bells, bells. The fact that the
challenge of the Bethel boys to a soft ball game went unaccepted by
the squench squad was not seen in the Dispatch, but that might have
been a face saving measure for the firemen. It was really the only
event for which the bulk of the monks boys left their monastary all
year, and the sole story on which Flash-bulb Larson was caught with his
camera down—at his church.
Soph Class Will
By MABEL ANDERSON
Meats at Fair Prices
Fruits and Vegetables
597 Snelling Avenue North Ne. 8621
f) Swedberg Memorial Scholarship, twenty-five dollars, given by the
Baptist Church at Ellison Bay, Wis., to Robert Bergerud.
g) Samuel Fletcher Kerfoot Scholarship in Memoriam, by Harold L.
Kerfoot, son of Dr. Samuel Fletcher Kerfoot, fifty dollars, to Robert
h) Dr. C: G. Emanuel Merit Scholarship, fifty dollars, to Earl Trude.
i) Mr. and Mrs. Arnold W. Peterson Annual Scholarship, fifty dollars,
to Le Roy Gardner.
j) Boston Young People's Society Scholarship, fifty dollars, to William
k) P. E. Parson Memorial Scholarship, fifty dollars, to Gladys Biller.
To be awarded in September:
1) The Freda Wall Memorial Encouragement Scholarship, fifty dollars.
m) Dr. and Mrs. Carl G. Burton Scholarship, one hundred dollars.
n) Mr. and Mrs. Gustaf Westmo Scholarship, fifty dollars.
Presentation of Class Gifts Joel Anderson, Seminary
Earl Trude, College
Solo—"Beside Still Waters"
Roger Youngquist
Winning the Child for Christ Lily Johnson, Seminary
College Building Character Gloria Anderson, College
The Anderson Press
4210 E. 34th St. DUpont 2011
Minneapolis, Minn.
LINCOLN 5c-10c $1.
And Up
Larpenteur and Snelling
Page 4 THE BETHEL CLARION
Indians Win Students Plan Summer Work
on Road Trip
Bethel traveled to Mankato and
New Ulm on May 25 and 26 to play
the last two games of the 1945
season. Displaying unusual power
at the plate, the Indians easily
smothered Bethany Junior College
by the score of 10-3, and continued
on the victory trail by defeating
Dr. Martin Luther College, 2-0.
On the rather muddy Mankato
diamond, Bethel took the lead after
two pitches in the first inning, and
although handicapped by occasion-al
lapses in the field, they were
never headed. Wes Lindblom
pitched well throughout the game,
becoming more and more effective
every inning.
Bill Peterson and Captain Clar-ence
Sahlin led the hitting, Pete
with three solid singles, and Sah-lin
with two triples. Eddy, Ed-wards,
and Wes Lindblom each got
two hits as the Indians collected
a grand total of fourteen blows for
the seven innings.
At New Ulm, the story was a
little different, with Luther's Ko-lander
holding the Bethelites to a
mere four hits. However. Left
Fielder, Paul Edwards came thru
twice, with men in scoring posi-tion
to drive in Bethel's two runs,
and that was enough to win.
The Chiefs' first score came in
the fourth inning when with two
out Sahlin beat out an infield hit,
stole second and scored on Ed-wards'
liner into right field. In the
first half of the sixth Bill Peterson
was safe on an error by Shortstop
Voigt, and Sahlin fanned for the
second out, but Edwards again pro-duced
into center, and Bill crossed
the plate with the second run.
Meanwhile the Indians set down
D. M. L. C. without much trouble,
playing their best ball game of the
season. Except for flareups in the
third and fifth innings, Luther nev-er
threatened seriously, and the
Indians finished the season on a
victorious note.
Luther Box Score
Petermann, lb 3 0 0 0
Dietz, 2b 3 0 1 0
Voigt, ss 3 0 1 2
Gutzke, if 2 0 0 0
Moldenhauer, c 3 0 0 0
R. Kolander, 3b 3 0 0 1
Scharlemann, rf 3 0 0 0
K. Kolander, p 3 0 1 0
Goede, cf 2 0 1 • 0
26 0 4 3
Eddy, 3b-cf 3 0 0 0
Gustafson, cf-3b 3 0 1 0
Peterson, c 3 1 0 1
Sahlin, ss 3 1 1 0
Edwards, cf 3 0 2 0
Lindblom, if 3 0 0 0
Youngquist, rf 3 0 0 0
Shindo, 2b ' 3 0 0 0
Sandin, p 3 0 0 0
Total 27 2 4 1
Bethel 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 4 1
Luther 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3
College and Seminary students
and graduates are now making
plans for their summer work in
various churches and districts
throughout the United States.
Harold Carlson, Lloyd Nordstrom
and Gene Johnson will be conduct-ing
evangelistic meetings on the
West coast. Maurice Lundh and
Irwin Bjelland will also be on the
West coast, teaching Bible Schools
and conducting evening meetings
in the Columbia Conference Chur-ches—
Washington and Oregon. In
the B.Y.P.U. trailer we find Clar-ence
Sahlin and Alford Gustafson
who will conduct Bible Schools in
North Central Minn., while Robert
and Irene Hails, in the conference
trailer, will work hi the Roseau
and Canadian area.
Four of the seminary men plan
to enter the armed forces as chap-lains,
Gene Nyman in the Navy
Chaplaincy, Kenneth Norquist,
Russell Honeywell, and Aaron
Backus in the Army. Missionary
Donald Ganstrom expects to sail
for Africa sometime during the
summer. William Peterson will
carry on work in New Haven, Con-necticut,
Francis McOlash in Mus-kegon,
Michigan, Stuart McBirnie
in Des Moines, Iowa, and Robert
Bergerud in Moline, Illinois.
Many students will be acting as
pastors or aiding in Wisconsin
churches. These are Roger Young-quist
at Eau Claire and Grants-burg;
Cory Grotheim, Osceola;
Lloyd Mattson, Spirit; Burton An-kerberg,
East Balsam Lake; Frank
May, Wentworth. Lloyd Sprecher
will continue his pastorate at Mill-town;
Warner Lundberg at Wood
River; and Ralph Johnson at Ash-land.
The majority of the workers will
be serving in the state of Minne-sota.
Harris Youngquist will be-gin
work at Alma and Wanger,
where he will serve during the
coming year while attending the
University of North Dakota at
Grand Forks. Birdell Emmel will
be at Hasty, Elwood Anderson at
Forest Lake and Stacy, Elmer
Johnson at Lake City, Paul Ed-wards
at Deerwood and Aitkin, An-ders
Nilsson at Campbell, Joel An-derson
at Lake Crystal, Charles
Fox at Osage, Paul Meyers at Ox-lip,
George Johnson at Warroad,
and Val Hauk at Hutchinson. Oth-ers
who have been student pastors
during the year and will serve the
churches during the summer are:
Dallas West, Becker; Warren
Johnson, Mora; Ray Ashman, Glo-ry
and Dad's Corner; Cecil Lind-
Pittsburgh Coal
410 St. Peter St.
Cedar 1851
blom, Meadow Lake; Dana Larson,
Cushing; Wesley Lindblom, Forest
Lake; Robert Swanson, Harris and
Rush Point; Harold McClure, Clear
Lake; Roland Gustafson, Anoka;
Ray Hanson, Brunswick and Grass-ton;
David Danielson, Dalbo; Or-ville
Burch, Red Whig.
As in the past, Paul Nagano
will work among the Japanese-
Americans in the Twin Cities and
Vazul Tanyas at the Rice Street
Rumanian Mission in St. Paul.
Other St. Paul churches to be sup-plied
by Bethelites are: Highland
Park, Gunnar Hoglund; Church of
God, Frederick Skackelton; John-son
Parkway Church, Melville
Chatfield; Bethany and Prospect
Park, Lee Kingsley; and Immanu-el,
Warren Magnuson. Don Ken-yan
will be at the St. Paul Bible
Institute and Ernest Malyon in
South St. Paul. Lester Pipkin
plans work at Minnetonka Beach,
and Robert Otto will continue his
newly begun pastorate at Elim
Chapel, Minneapolis.
There are others who will also
aid in evangelistic and missionary
work but final details have not
been negotiated as yet.
Edwards Leads
Club in Hitting
Paul Edwards is the leading hit-ter
of the 1945 edition of the Be-thel
baseball team, it was revealed
by the final averages compiled last
Tuesday. Edwards connected for
ten hits in twenty-six times at bat
for an average of .417. Captain
Clarence Sahlin was second with
.333, and Roland Gustafson was the
third regular, batting .292. The
Bethelites as a team batted .218,
getting forty-two runs and fifty-nine
hits over the nine-game sche-dule.
Following are the individual av-erages
for the season:
Edwards 26. 4 10 1 3 .417
Sahlin 27 10 9 7 8 .333
Gustafson 24 6 7 5 3 .292
Sandin 30 5 6 4 6 .200
Peterson 32 5 6 1 7 .187
Youngquist ....23 0 5 1 9 .174
W. Lindblom 19 3 3 4 4 .158
Eddy 34 4 5 2 8 .147
Shindo 28 3 4 2 8 .143
Nelson 6 0 2 0 2 .333
Nyman 12 2 2 2 2 .167
C. Lindblom 8 0 1 0 1 .125
Forsline 2 0 0 0 1 .000
Totals 271 42 59 29 62 .218
Click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.


text:
Emerald Jenny Foundation
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
On Jul 30, 2007, at 11:21 AM, Sam Ruby wrote: > > Dan Connolly wrote: >> On Thu, 2007-07-26 at 14:30 -0700, John Foliot wrote: >>> Mr. Bratt, Mr. Berners-Lee, Ms. Brewer, Mr. Connolly, >>> >>> I am writing today regarding an issue that both shocks and >>> profoundly >>> disappoints me. While I understand that to a large extent there >>> is little >>> that can be done at this point, I personally feel that the issue I >>> am >>> referring to should be brought directly to your attention, as it >>> indirectly >>> affects the reputation and public position of the W3C. >> [...] >> John, your complaint is acknowledged. >> Yes, accessibility is essential part of our charter... >> http://www.w3.org/2007/03/HTML-WG-charter.html#coordination >> ... but figuring out how to achieve it is hard work. >> Organizing the W3C HTML WG as primarily a large mailing list is >> somewhat risky; typically, W3C Working Groups establish mutual >> trust and respect in face-to-face meetings and teleconferences >> which results in more sensitivity than we are seeing in >> the HTML WG mailing list and nearby forums such as IRC. >> (The particular discussion you cite is in a WHATWG forum, >> not a W3C forum, but I think that matters only a little.) > > Other standards organizations cope, and do so by having policies for > dealing with situations such as these. For example: > > http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3683.html > http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3934.html > http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc4633.html > > I submit that if the W3C is not willing to establish and enforce > similar policies that this noble experiment is openness may not > produce the results you seek. While it's good to have a process for removing people who are severely and consistently disruptive, I don't think the complaint that was raised rises to this level. The linked IRC log in the original complaint did not even seem especially rude to me, for IRC. For example, the log includes people discussing whether one way of embedding static images is better than another for accessibility reasons, and trying test cases on various screen readers. And in general I would not draw too many conclusions about people's attitudes from an out-of-context IRC log. Regards, MaciejReceived on Monday, 30 July 2007 19:01:45 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Wednesday, 7 January 2015 15:06:16 UTC


text:
Time sure flies when you're having fun! So we have come to the last episode, which in true reality show fashion, should try to tie up all those silly loose ends generated throughout the season. Of course, NatGeo is not as slick as Bravo's stable of reality shows, or smarmy like TLCs Sister Wives (i.e. no crying Kody or Meri or Robyn, no kids running around a cul-de-sac jubilantly flying kites). Hmm....I wonder what we'll see?
Before we start, here's some Michael Cawley inspired artwork of the polygamists whose ends were still hanging loose in the last episode.
Uncle Art, son Ezra and wife Gloria
So I can hear you thinking, "But what about Rose Marie?" Ah yes, when we last left Rose Marie, she was accompanied by her father and about to step into the Brethren's office door. She had decided to leave it up to the Brethren to decide which man in their small community she will marry.
According to the narrator, we learn this is the first time "outsiders" have been allowed in a Brethren's office. From the look of his office, I can see why. See how carefully Brethren Cawley has organized his office and desk? At first glance it looks like a normal office, but when you look a little closer...
Anyway, being that Brethren Cawley has the same last name as Michael Cawley I supposed it would be safe to assume they are related. In fact, they are. Now, I won't spill the beans on how close a relationship it is, but I will say that male pattern baldness is inherited from a man's mother.
After the meeting, (and apparently after being coached by the producers) Rose Marie decided to approach her mother with a question...What if she feels the Brethren made the wrong choice? Could she still say no?
Rose got this look of total mortification on her face. You could almost hear her mind saying "Not in front of the cameras...NOT IN FRONT OF THE CAMERAS!!!" She hurriedly spitted out "If you don't feel right about it, you do not do anything." OOPS, wrong answer Rose. So Rose Marie spelled it out by saying that "Papa" said if you go to the Brethren for help and they give you a name, you don't say no because "...it's the Priesthood and they have a direct line to God...saying no to the them is like saying no to God." Yikes, how is Rose going to get out of this? Well, she fell back on how she had been taught. She explained "If you believe these men get inspiration from Heavenly Father...then if the answer comes from the Brethren then you are exercising your faith that Heavenly Father is working in your behalf and you believe that those men represent Him." But then she adds "...but you are the one whose going to live with the choice."
So, in other words, Rose Marie you should have just taken your chances because now you no longer have a choice. Get ready for that 70 year old husband. Stick a fork in Rose Marie, she's done.
Next, we have Ezra's story arc. The Brethren decided he needed two things before they would approve his marriage: 1) $10000 in the bank and 2) a place to live.
Of course, a sensible, dutiful son would take the advice of his father. He would put his marriage plans on hold, join the missionaries and prove to the Brethren he is worthy to be married. But Ezra isn't sensible or dutiful. In fact, he's irrational, immature and already a ne'er do well at 19 years of age. He wants everything NOW, and doesn't have a clue how to get it. And the way he shakes when he's around Tiffany makes me wonder if all this "I need it NOW" is driven by his need to...release his inner tensions if you know what I mean.
Anyway, his parents - Uncle Art and Gloria still want to meet and discuss with him about North Dakota and how he plans on meeting the requirements set by the Brethren. Now, this meeting might have worked if Ezra was level-headed and sensible. But he isn't. It's obvious he has no idea how to go about setting goals, making plans to meet those goals and saving money. He doesn't even know how much money, if any, he will be making. What a dumb-ass.
But it was particularly cruel of Uncle Art to imply that Tiffany may not wait for him, and that he hopes "Absence makes her heart grow fonder." Gee, maybe that's the reason Ezra is so messed up, ya think?
And when Ezra tells Tiffany he is leaving for North Dakota, she is so sad. She even tells him to remember he's got a girlfriend at home but she seemed resigned to the fact he will stray anyway. So it's a contest who will get the Dear John/Jane letter first.
Don't worry, Tiffany. He'll return like a bad penny always does.
|I saved myself for marriage. I haven't kiss a guy before...
Now here are two people who were thrown together because Kellie couldn't get Hyrum's name out of her head when she was a sophomore in high school.
Hyrum kind of understands what's going on. As we watch him packing up his clothes for the move to his brother's house, he talks about barely knowing Kellie.
In fact, he's talking like he's moving into a co-ed dorm room, and Kellie will be his roommate. Kellie says she definitely likes him, and that "love ...will come after we get to know each other and live with each other..."
|Sorry, but I kissed a girl before
Ay Carumba!!! I have a feeling Kellie's gonna be in for some disappointment. Something tells me Hyrum will be pulling as many strings as possible to get a girl he really likes to marry him in a couple of years. Yep, marriage to Kellie may be duty, but Hyrum looks like he wants a wife who could match him shot for shot of tequila. A girl similar to ...Connie Cawley, perhaps. (Ha, betcha thought I was going to say Rebecca, didn't you!)
In what could be the most uncomfortable scene for the entire season, Hyrum and Kellie sit down for lunch with each other.
|Yeah, I heard about that...
With Kellie giggling incessantly, Hyrum tries to engage her in conversation. "Do you want to bite this?" Hyrum says, putting a slice of red bell pepper in Kellie's face. "Do you want to take a bite out of me?" Hyrum asks suggestively, with Kellie immediately recoiling away.
The only time Kellie answered like a mature woman was when Hyrum asked her "Do you want to have kids?"
"Well, not right now!" she says with a straight face, that immediately dissolves into giggles.
I wonder if Hyrum has Rebecca on speed dial? Like, he needs H E L P!!!
And Kellie needs a T-shirt that says "Hyrum Kissed A Girl Before, And All He Gave Me Was This Fever Blister."
Good grief. When Michael Cawley brings out that torn picture of what he envisioned his life to be in the year 2040, all I can say is...What a strange 18 year old he must have been. I mean really strange. And I wonder how the corner of his masterpiece got torn off.
And then he starts this discourse on "Raising up a Righteous Royal Seed" and housing them in...hold on to your chapeaus, rusty shipping containers from China no less.
Yep, seven wives
and 50 children, housing the "excess" righteous royal seeds in shipping containers. No wonder Connie is throwing him a WTF look while he's going gaga about containers at the table.
The wives most vehemently against the container housing were Rose and Connie, with Runaway wife Teresa wanting to spend the money on standard additions to the home. Yeah, like regular people in Centennial Park do.
Once inside the containers (which are not just eyesores, but damn ugly rusty eyesores) we see an amazing turn of events. Suddenly Rose is on board with Michael. So is Runaway Wife Teresa. Connie has been left slowly twisting in the wind. The containers will stay and be used as housing for Michael's righteous royal seed. Sorry Connie, but next time wear a shirt that doesn't have pink horsies and chickies on it if you want to be taken seriously.
So what do two sister wives do when their hubby goes off to work for 5 weeks. Well, in the case of Rebecca and Marleen, you have a steak night and drink lots and lots of wine.
|How does she walk in those things?
At the conference, Marleen fielded questions like a professional. Professional polygamist, that is. For example, driving home the fact that she isn't like the polygamists of the FLDS. She chose to live her life as a polygamist and she has never been abused, Thank you very much. Actually I believe her. Who'd want to try and mess with a woman wearing 7 inch heels? Those things are lethal weapons!
The episode ends with the Centennial Park families going to worship. Uncle Art asked Rose Cawley to step up to the podium and give testimony.
Rose said she was grateful for the film crew (being that they are right there in her face). It's what God wanted them to do so people can see "what we want them to see."
And what she says is so true of this series. It wasn't a matter of showing outsiders Centennial Park, but one of only showing outsiders the Centennial Park the insiders want them to see. We saw the older, wiser polygamists and the new generation. We saw how they place couples into marriage. We saw how the community "missionaries" help to build houses and schools.
But as outsiders, we can also see how some things just don't make sense.
For example, saying that woman makes the choice who they will marry when in actuality their choice must be approved by the Brethren. And if a woman decides to allow the Brethren to "place" her in marriage, if she believes in her religion she will not say no to their choice of husband.
We saw a 15 year old girl break down in tears at the thought of not being able to bear children for her future husband.
We are told there is no abuse, but we see Art Hammon throwing a boot at a young man's head, and saying to son Ezra "You get kisses from your mother, you get a kick in the ass from me."
And don't forget the bedtime story reading by Michael Cawley that said women who live in monogamy are condemning their daughters to live as harlots in the street. And although the producers strove to "hide" the huge mansions, they are still there for all to see, courtesy of Google Map. Huge mansions being built while the groundwater of Centennial Park is too radioactive to drink, and still no building of their temple on Berry Knoll. Why are the super wealthy men of Centennial Park not taking better care of their community?
The good people of Centennial Park may think we outsiders only see the facade, but they need to know that facade is crumbling and their dark secrets are slowly but surely being seen in all their glory. Centennial Park wake up.


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Fitts' LawAugust 19, 2004
Taking a page from the book of HCI specialists, mezzoblue v5 makes liberal use of large link target areas for the sake of easier use.
First introduced to me by Kevin Cheng, Fitts' Law states:
The time to acquire a target is a function of the distance to and size of the target.
On the web that means the bigger your link area, the better. It also roughly means that grouping elements likely to be used together is a smart idea, but the target area is what I'm interested in at the moment.
Once stated, it's a fairly obvious and intuitive principle that's all too often overlooked. The new header of mezzoblue puts the idea to work. Instead of maddeningly small target areas that surround only the link text itself:
I've adjusted the link boundary area to fill as much logical space as possible and create non-visible, clickable haloes around each link:
While it might have been possible to expand each even further into the boundaries surrounding it, the key word is 'logical' — the ability to click an area with no apparent link is more confusing than useful.
A larger clickable area means less precise mouse movement is required to focus on the link. Without impacting the design in any way (the halo is non-visible after all) the usability of the header improves. While the main goal is increased usability in this case, there are positive implications for accessibility as well. Those with motor skill disabilities may have difficulty using a mouse; larger areas to click makes the act easier, which makes a big difference to them.
A personal example: Windows XP comes with a utility called MouseKeys that allow those who are uncomfortable with a mouse to control a cursor with the keyboard instead. It's frustrating and inaccurate, but I'm forced to use it when on my PC due to the testing setup here.
My PC keyboard navigation skills have always been sharp, but MouseKeys are tough to operate efficiently; the cursor is either too fast or too slow. Smaller areas are much trickier to hover so larger links are helpful and appreciated, especially for important elements like primary navigation.
Though I'm using CSS to apply Fitts, the two sometimes collide. Secondary navigation on this site which appears in the red contextual bar underneath the header could use more space for instance, but the background image used for the faint shadow effect requires precise clipping. (Throwing in an extra
<span> element could work around this if I were so inclined.) And I don't see a comfortable way to apply the principle to links within body copy, since a larger link area would shift the type baseline and cause ugly gaps between lines of text.
This application of Fitts is just a preliminary stab, there is definitely room for improvement. More reading on Fitt's Law.
Reader Comments
I half-agree with James. Visual feedback is very important in HCI. Users can't tell they've acquired their target when they point to the area above the links because the feedback is too subtle. Sure, the cursor changes and the link text changes (slightly) but the feedback on the site logo is much more noticeable (yet, to your credit, remains stylish).
Fitt's Law is important but no HCI law should be used in isolation. Fitt's Law + Visual Feedback is more than the sum of the two. I'm an HCI major btw, so even if I can talk about HCI my design skills suck. I suggest some sort of highlighting across the entire link area, or a border around it but it's up to you to make it look good as well as be effective.
Take Paul's, James's and David's comments together and you have it.
Fitts' Law is a good HCI model for web designers to understand, but it's important to remember that it's only valid if the user actually knows how big the click target is. In the case of Mezzoblue, the user has to guess, because there is no defined target area. Visual feedback isn't part of Fitts' Law, but it's also important to consider.
Oh and FYI, HCI usually means Human Computer Interaction, not Human Computer Interface as appears in the introduction.
This was a very interesting article Dave, I like the idea of using big links, though I think it would be much more effective if the links were actually visibly larger.
Also, I think you should apply this principle the the the red bar ("selectionbar" as it's id calls it) At the moment, having the large red background, but still having to hover directly over the text is slightly confusing.
Dave P wrote:
"…explain the thinking behind the check box titled "remember me, or forget me"… do they [screen readers] pronounce it "Check box: remember me or forget me link". Is "Remember Details? (_click here to forget_)" too uncool for you?"
I don't understand your problem with the remember me text, it makes perfect sense, although it may be more logical to take the forget me link out of the label. Using _click here_ for link text is never correct because it unneccessarily describes the mechanics of operating a link, and assumes the user is using a mouse, which is not always the case as Dave pointed out in this article by the use of keyboard navigation. If the user doesn't know how to operate a link, they probably wouldn't have even made it to the site, so _click here_ is quite useless.
Just wanted to make a quick comment that up until this article I was unaware that the navigation had a larger clickable area than what is visually noticeable. I had to scroll to the top while reading the article to confirm what exactly was clickable. Heh.
Something that is often overlooked, and very useful for keyboard users, is increasing the visibility of links when the link area is focussed. Using a:focus helps in this, in a similar way as a:hover helps highlighting a link.
I'm the kind of guy who hears someone relate a problem and try to solve it. And in your article, Dave, you were wishing that there was a way to increase the target area for links in the body copy.
So I got to pondering this, and wondered: what if you added a bunch of transparent gifs to the page, all linked, and absolutely positioned them over each 'real' link in the article? These images would have a much larger acquisition area, because you can make them any size you want, really.
The trouble with this approach is simply the difficulty (or the time it takes) to compute where each gif should be positioned to, and the size they need to be.
That said, I'd rather kick out this idea and see if anyone else has some insight into it that I don't. Maybe there's a way for either the server or the browser to make these determinations.
Another thought is to add some kind of large "Article links" button that reveals a list of the links in the body copy. If they are structured as a list, you can, again, do anything you want, using CSS, to make the targets as big as needed. A compromise? Maybe not. I think of all the articles or books I read in print, and remember that citations appeared as end notes or footnotes, not inline with the copy, and maybe there's some precedent for doing the same thing here.
I agree about the nav links at the top. They just need something in the background during mouse-over to establish better defined link-targets.
Kewl site revision! Looking foward to stopping by!
Fitts' Law applies "where applicable". Body copy is simply a place where you are bound by circumstance.
Good stuff - I always expect the entire main logo on a website to be clickable anyway, but the larger click area for the navigation is a welcome addition.
As an aside, I notice that you indicate which area the user is in with a darker block above the relevant link (which also accentuates the larger click area), but you don't do this for the 'home' link. Did you leave it out intentionally?
Fitts' Law is fun to quote when windows fanatics try to tell you how much Mac OS X sucks because the buttons are so big. "Its a waste of pixels," they say. "I have faster target aqcuisition," I say. "Is this conversation over, because I have something productive to do," says me.
Yes, Fitt's law is very important, just as Gom's and Hick's laws. And I happy to see that at least some web-designers use them.
BTW: Your improvements does not work in IE…
"Your improvements does not work in IE…"
Whoops, that's what happens when you miss one little display:inline. Thanks, they should work now.
I agree with the bigger links. It makes it much easier to navigate. I use big links on my site too.
One little thing I noticed other than the larger clickable region not working in IE is that the cursor doesn't change to a pointer over your sitenav in IE. Granted your audience most likely is web people who should know better than to use IE. I didn't know if you intentionally did this or it was an oversight.
I love the large contentnav regions on the homepage. One other little thing is I expected the contentnav links on the secondary pages to fill the orangeish block vertically. I would have thought it more consistent to make the contentnav links function the same as the sitenav links (entire colored section above and below the text being clickable is what I am talking about).
Sorry, I didn't know it, but you fixed the pointer issue while I was typing my previous comment so you can disregard that part of it.
Just found the site, and I'm having fun catching up. One small point about Fitt's law is that it works best if the area to click is obvious as well as large. So while you have large targets in your navbar, I still *initially* have to work to aim at the text until I learn that there's actually a bigger target there.
Having said that you're still way ahead of my site!
Dave W.:
Even though I'm a bleeding heart Mac guy and I hate Windows, the critics are absolutely right when they say that Fitts' Law is largely lost on OS X.
The most glaring example is in the design of the dock and the menubar. What are the four easiest places on the screen to click on? The four corners. You can even do it with your eyes closed. Okay, now move your mouse to the upper left corner in OS X and click. Does it pull up the Apple menu? Nope. Try the same thing in the upper right corner. Does it pull up the Date/Time menu? Nope again. The Windows equivalent is the taskbar (a MUCH better designed navigation aid than the dock and probably the only thing I really love about Windows). Move your mouse to the lower left corner of the screen in Windows and click. What happens? The Start menu pops up and your entire machine is available to you.
The dock largely ignores these principles and positions itself in a constantly shifting area along one edge of your screen. Let's say you have the dock positioned on the bottom of your screen and you have five program icons stored in there. Let's say Photoshop is on the left and it's about 500 pixels from the left corner of your screen. Now start opening up documents and applications. Now your dock has 15 items in it and the Photoshop icon is more like 40 pixels from the left corner. Bad, bad, bad.
Anyway, I know this post is about the web and not OS X so I'll shut up now. I just hope PowerOn Software finally ports their great utility GoMac to OS X so I can get rid of this damned dock and use the taskbar again. For now, I just rely on LaunchBar.
Mike D.,
"Move your mouse to the lower left corner of the screen in Windows and click."
Up until XP, that was pretty useless too. The new big green button is a marked improvement over the two pixels of margin surrounding the old Start button.
"Okay, now move your mouse to the upper left corner in OS X and click."
I thought of writing an article about this a while ago, maybe I should have. If you configure Exposé so that the corners trigger it, it's a heck of an application of Fitts. Switching between open windows/documents is even easier than hitting F9/F10, and it's amazing what a difference it makes. (It's not perfect since accidental triggering is a bit too easy, and it takes a while to get used to.) You won't mind so much about the Apple menu/clock.
Anyway, a lot of things could be better in both OS's. Back to the web.
Hear hear for Fitt's! That Tog column was what introduced me to this concept a couple years ago and I find it is largely ignored, particularly on complex sites - where designers feel the need to cram in as much as possible.
I've since always tried to keep that in mind and it has served me well. One place in particular that I find UI folks ignore this in: Search and form buttons.
Too often you get this tiny little 'go' button that is about the size of your mouse arrow - maddening!
P.S. The new site is excellent!
"Up until XP, nothing. The new big green button is a marked improvement over the two pixels of margin surrounding the old Start button."
Just to point out that this is an XP enhancment all around, since even in "classic" mode the start button margin is clickable.
In response to Dave's and Robert Hahn's wish for increased link area inline, there is a solution. Styling your 's position:relative and applying padding will give the desired result. One caveat - horizontal padding will create extra spacing in your line of text. The vertical padding works.
I have this technique in place on my blog (www.dbenton.com/go/) and I keep my horizontal padding to a minimum and rely mostly on the vertical. I use padding: 10px 3px 10px 3px;
I have only recently added this. It works in IE6 and Firefox. No other browsers have been tested, so let me know.
Also, a couple of folks mentioned that they hadn't realized the link area had grown. I did (the gradient above the current section tipped me off), but I had to check, it was not intuitively clear at a glance. Useful, but only if the user has a good memory.
Ha, it's late! The above "Styling your 's position:relative"
Should read: "Styling your A elements position:relative"
Sorry for the superfluous post.
David Benton, that's an interesting technique, however it can interfere with a user wanting to select a piece of text to copy on the line above or below that is covered by the link region. This technique may help, but if your going to do it, you need to increase the line-height so it doesn't overlap lines above and below as much.
Yes it is working now.
As long as we are on the subject of Fitt's there is one major flaw when calculating fitt's - it does not take into account if the target area is wider than it is tall (like application menus) or if it is taller than it is wide (like your menu). Or to be more precise - it does take this into account, but the people using fitt's does not. The target size is define as a one-dimensional object (e.g. a circle), whereas a web object is an 2-dimensional object (usually a rectangle).
People who calculate fitt's usually set the target area to the width of the object - which will yield incorrect results if you acquire the target vertically. Fitt's law need to be enhanced with 2D space or even better an "angle of attack" within a 2D space.
Another thing to remember when calculating effeciency is that Fitt's law cannot be used by itself. Fitt's law is only a measurement of the how long it takes to acquire or modifying an object, not the actual activation of the object (GOMS), not the time it takes to initiate the move (GOMS), nor the time it takes to decide which object to manipulate (Hick's law).
It does not matter if we make all the buttons big, if we cannot decide which one to click on - or if we have to activate it by right-double-clicking :)
I'm really unconvinced by your argument about the "logical space" for a link. The title image works because it highlights when you hover over it, but you don't carry that metaphor over to the links in the top right. If you did, it would be obvious which you were selecting, even if you extended the region into the visually distinct area.
I wouldn't describe the darker blue area as an illogical area to click, because it's not less logical than the blank bit: perhaps I'm tired of the web, but I had to check other browsers just to make sure I wasn't missing some crazy menu stuff due to a rendering problem in the nightly build of my current browser.
Since I'm writing a comment, I might as well ask you to explain the thinking behind the check box titled "remember me, or forget me", if there was any. Does that actually work for screen-readers, or do they pronounce it "Check box: remember me or forget me link". Is "Remember Details? (_click here to forget_)" too uncool for you?
Microsoft actually has taken user interface design and fitts law very seriously, and for quite some time! check out the MSDN section on this at http://msdn.microsoft.com/nhp/default.asp?contentid=28000443&frame=true. As you can see, Microsoft knows all about fitts law. An this site also has useful little pointers for other interface design issues, mostly though to do with application design.
And heres the another big crux of the law.
Any Target that is positioned on the boundry, is very easy to target. The reason being that only direction is needed, as distance is irrelevant. The pointer cannot move beyond the bounderies can it! Also, when Fitts is applied to hand movement, it was disscovered that targeting a object (for a right handed person) away from the body, and to the right is easiest to achieve.
And who ever said that macs employ Fitts law better that windows? That little x in the corner of each window. Beacuse of its posistion, it is almost infinitly posible to target. As well as the new start button in the opposite corner. Macs however require the user to target an object at the bottom in the middle somewhere? I don't want to choose sides, but I think windows has one up over macs on this disscusion
Lachlan, have you been trying to plagiarize my site again?
Just kidding. You have a good point. I was trying to figure out what drawbacks there might be, but this hadn't occured to me.
I just did some testing and I can still copy text above or below a link. It decreases the area where it is possible to select text, but the overlap doesn't completely cover the lines above and below. Again this is IE6 and Firefox tested only.
I'm not willing to increase the line-height as much as would be necessary, but I think I will decrease vertical padding to 7px. I can handle a little bit of overlap, as I don't believe there to be a lot of cutting & pasting from my site and I'm not concerned about facilitating it.
Ok, 7px vertical padding is in place and I've removed the horizontal padding altogether, making the effect subtler. The link now overlaps about half of the lines directly above and below it. Text selection is a bit easier.
You know, that's very interesting. I've never even thought about it until now, but that can even be useful for everybody.
I've on numerous occasions clicked on the wrong link or whatever because I was in a hurry and the target area was fairly small. This should be a secondary concern though for the masses, and a primary concern for the control challenged people out there.
Major props go to you for even trying to accomodate it.
The skip links that appear when navigating the links are cool… although, you do need to take out the 'skip to sidebar' link when there is no sidebar.
How to get bigger links in body copy? Heres what I use:
a{ padding: 2px; margin:-2px;}
How does MacOS employ Fitts law better than other OSes? The application menu is always at the top of the screen and so only needs direction to use. Other OSes keep the application menu with the application window, which means you have to target it with more accuracy and it is therefore slower to use. As for closing windows…use the keyboard, it's way faster.
Thanks for the tip on Fitt's Law, it's nice to have a name for the linking convention. One thing I've noticed lately is a tendency of CSS designers to employ large link spaces. Many of the sites linked through CSS Vault have large link areas for main navigation. Check out: http://skinnyj.com/ and http://www.redhatwine.com/ for two recent notables.
I've been seeing large link design for a while now, and it has bled into my own design work, (http://tunedesigngroup.com). I initially liked the look of the big links, but the access issues are even more reason to like it.
I wonder how many designers are doing it for look and how many are conscious of Fitt's Law. I would guess more are interested in the layout, but on the other hand I'm seeing this on well built CSS/XHTML pages, so maybe they've been aware all along.
David Benton wrote:
"Lachlan, have you been trying to plagiarize my site again?"
David, don't worry. Although, I do plagiarize nearly everything I read ;-), I was actually only intending for anyone wishing to quote your words as I have done here, giving due credit, of course.
Robert Hahn, wouldn't that just defeat the purpose if the body copy was placed above the link, thus reducing the size of the link essentially back to it's original size?
However, it wouldn't work the way you suggested anyway because of the way the stacking context works. What you wanted was to set:
a { position: relative; z-index: -1; }
but it doesn't work, especially if you have a non-transparent background on the containing block, because the text get's hidden, though the clickable area still covers up the text. I think the best way is to just set the padding so that it covers the text above and below as minimially as possible, and/or increase the line-height so it doesn't overlap any text; or you can just hope that any user wishing to "plagiarize" your work, can get around it by starting selection outside the link region
Correction, that technique I just wrote does work, although it seems that Mozilla allows the link to still cover the text above and to the left, but text covers the link below and to the right. However, Opera get's it correct and reduces the size of the clickable region, as I described, to it's original size.
David Benton,
thanks for the tip. I checked out your site to see it in action — it's extremely slick, and I'll consider rolling into my own site.
Lachlan Hunt,
good catch on the selecting text issue. How do you think things would change if we set a z-index value of 900 for the copy, and 800 for the link? would that help? (I guess I should just try it, but it's Saturday and I'm feeling lazy.)
What about a follow up on Hick's law?
Anyway, here's some reading on Fitt's and Hick's law(s):
And a bit more general, Topics in human-computer interaction:
They were interesting examples, though as you pointed out, there were several caveats. I had a think about it, and came up with a potential solution that addresses all of them.
Let me know what you think.
I have compiled my thoughts and recommendations for body copy Fitts' links on my blog. I have taken into consideration Dave, Lachlan, Robert, and Terrence's thoughts and come up with what I think is a best method. I have also listed limitations of the technique.
I'd be especially interested in hearing your thoughts and having the technique tested in some more browsers (anyone with a Mac out there?)
Thanks, y'all.
Cool! I forgot that I had mentioned that to you. I'm really glad you wrote this up as the comments clearly indicate that you've sparked some interest and educated a few more people on it. I love the redesign.
I hope that no further clarifications will be necessary, but I need to make a couple after reading Lachlan's alternate method.
He said:
"David should have applied the background to the p element but for some reason, he thought he need to use span."
I thought this because it is true. Test the method in Opera. The spans are used to correctly show the way that rendering engines (Opera specifically) treat the text in the examples; they are not necessary in the Real World. Opera treats each line as you described the spans to be treated - above because they occur later in the document. Therefore, if the background were applied to the P, the link would appear to extend down below the line, but it would not be clickable there.
Setting a positive z-index does indeed solve this problem. Thanks, Lachlan. Could've sworn I'd tried that. I believe this to be a hack for an Opera non-compliance. By my reading of the spec, all text in a P should remain on the same plane. An element placed inside that P (a child element) should not be above part of the text and below another part.
Lachlan said:
"Used :hover styles to indicate the selected link."
As the caveat said, this technique should always be used with an appropriate a:hover style. Why is it still a caveat? Because we've begun to encroach upon designers' rights, and they may not want to do as we say.
Lachlan said:
"Backgrounds can be used because the padding does not cover surrounding text until the link is hovered."
Yes and no. That addresses one of my concerns. The other involves placement of a background image, which will be altered by setting position:relative and by increasing the size of the containing block. I'll leave the possible issues as an excersise for the reader. Also, we are again limiting designers and they may revolt.
So, caveats 2 and 3 stand. Lachlan's solution for 1 works (thanks for that, btw), but he misunderstood the example (not an opera user, I take it). 4 is fixed, but I was never worried about that one. If you are this method is for you.
The target area in Lachlan's method is not increased until mouse over, so I'd like to hear from Mr Fitt or someone with more expertise regarding larger target area vs sticky links (esentially what the Lachlan technique provides).
Finally, I really like this method, Lachlan. I like the stickiness of the links - it feels like an accessibilty tool (and I like accessibility). I'll update my page with these new ideas and add a link to you page. This has been fun.
There is an astonishingly easy solution for your problem with the size of body copy links:
Simply enlarge your tiny body copy font size and the area of clickable link will also enlarge.
"And I don't see a comfortable way to apply the principle to links within body copy, since a larger link area would shift the type baseline and cause ugly gaps between lines of text."
Using my preferred font size for your body text rather than yours would help… ;-)
"Using my preferred font size for your body text rather than yours would help…"
Only if your preferred font size is bigger than mine. Proportionately speaking, that wouldn't help at all.
Oh, and, no.
Good stuff: like this kind of discussions! I agree with the visual feedback-item: to see that you are on a text-link (by bg-color and changing txt-color) gives contrast with normal text and makes it a lot easier to see where you are (and to decide to click or not).
Made an illustration on http://home.hetnet.nl/~francky-m/Francky's_testpage_fitts_law.htm
with testing results for different browsers (see over there).
Btw, an other way to use Fitts'Law is to make a link for going back (in text or image) as much as possible in the same position as the link to get there. For instance: the language-flag on http://www.cosbo-amsterdam.nl/test/simpel/index.html gives a quick return for Dutch people who just want to have a glance at the English summary. (It is a test-site, the rest isn't working to much!)
Good luck, Francky-M


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text: Amazing Arms\\nShape show-'em-off shoulders, biceps and triceps—easily!\\n__Works: __Works shoulders, obliques, back____ \\n \\nStand with feet hip-width apart, knees bent, a weight in each hand, arms down. Bend forward slightly at waist; extend arms to sides at shoulder level, palms forward. Rotate torso left. Let arms follow; look at left hand (as shown). Return to center; rotate right to finish rep. Do two sets of 10 reps.\\n__Works: __Works shoulders, biceps, abs____ \\n \\nSit with legs together, knees bent, a weight in each hand. Tilt torso back 45 degrees and lift feet. Hold tilt as you straighten arms forward at chest level, palms up. With elbows in place, curl arms toward head (as shown). Keep body still as you curl arms out and in. Do two sets of 10 reps.\\n__Works: __Works chest, biceps, abs, butt____ \\n \\nLie faceup with feet flat, a weight in each hand, arms out to sides at shoulder level, palms up. Press heels and shoulders into floor as you lift hips as high as you can. Maintain lift as you bring left knee toward chest, and palms together in front (as shown). Lower foot and arms. Repeat with right leg for one rep. Do two sets of 10 reps, lowering hips to rest between sets.\\n__Works: __Works shoulders, triceps, back, butt, legs____ \\n \\nStart in a lunge, with right thigh parallel to floor, knee over ankle, a weight in left hand. Lean forward and place right hand on right thigh. Draw left elbow up to bring weight to ribs. Hold elbow in place, extend arm behind you. Raise chest to vertical as you bring left arm forward and overhead (as shown). Return to start. Do 10 reps; switch sides and do 10 more. Do two sets.\\n__Works: __Works shoulders, biceps, back, abs____ \\n \\nKneel with arms down, a weight in each hand. Lift arms out to shoulder height, palms up, elbows soft. Lean back, rotate torso left and look left (as shown). Return to center, upright; lean back; rotate right to finish rep. Return to center. Do two sets of 10 reps.\\n__Works: __Works shoulders, back, abs____ \\n \\nStand with feet hip-width apart, a weight in each hand, arms down. Slowly roll down from waist, one vertebra at a time, allowing head and arms to dangle above floor. Hold for one count, then slowly roll up and bring arms to shoulder height, palms in (as shown). Arch back slightly and reach arms back alongside head and slightly out to sides, palms up. Return to start. Do two sets of 10 reps.


text:
Although 60MW is underway, developers are mainly holding or seeking consents for the longer term due to depressed demand for electricity.
There has been little construction activity and the overall capacity of wind generation in New Zealand stayed at 622MW in 2012.
The year started with developer Meridian Energy pulling out of the consent battle for the Project Hayes wind farm in Otago, in the lower half of South Island. The largest wind energy operator, which is also the largest generator in New Zealand, cited more attractive wind projects as the main reason for dropping the 633MW scheme after lengthy planning and environment court appeals.
Those other projects are on a smaller scale and only one, Mill Creek, had the go ahead in 2012. The 60MW, 26 turbine project near Wellington started construction in September and should be complete by the end of 2014.
Eric Pyle, CEO of the New Zealand Wind Energy Association, sees the green light for Mill Creek as encouraging for the wind industry in the face of sluggish electricity demand. "All generators have substantially slowed building projects," he says. "That covers every form of generation, not just wind."
Some major industrial electricity users are cutting production or renegotiating supply contracts. There is also uncertainty over costs, with a long-running review of transmission pricing not due to reach a conclusion until later this year at the earliest.
Graeme Purches, community relations manager at operator TrustPower, pulls no punches. "The market for new generation is stuffed at the moment. There's not enough demand, too much uncertainty."
TrustPower sees better immediate prospects across the Tasman region, and last year announced investment in the 270MW Snowtown 2 in South Australia. "We are not planning anything in New Zealand at the moment, all our investment is in Australia," Purches says.


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Fox got the upfront season rolling in a big way Wednesday by announcing the pickup of five new comedies and four new dramas for the 2013-14 season.
On the comedy side, Fox has ordered "Brooklyn Nine-Nine," a single-camera comedy from producers Dan Goor and Michael Schur of "Parks and Recreation," which will star "SNL" alum Andy Samberg and Andre Braugher as a mismatched set of cops.
In "Dads," from "Family Guy" creator and polarizing Oscars host Seth MacFarlane, Seth Green and Giovanni Ribisi play childhood best friends whose fathers move in with them. "Enlisted" is a single-camera comedy about three brothers on a Florida Army base, written and created by "South Park" veteran Kevin Biegal, while "Us & Them," starring Jason Ritter and Alexis Bledel, is adapted from the hit BBC sitcom "Gavin & Stacey."
PHOTOS: Cable vs. broadcast ratings
Rounding out the comedy slate is "Surviving Jack," starring "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit's" Christopher Meloni as a dad in '90s SoCal. It is based on Justin Halpern's semi-autobiographical book, "I Suck at Girls."
Now for the serious stuff: Fox has ordered "Almost Human," from prolific producer J.J. Abrams and creator-executive producer J.H. Wyman. Set 25 years in the future at a time when flesh-and-blood cops work alongside androids, it stars Lili Taylor and Michael Ealy.
"Gang Related" is another law enforcement drama, albeit one a little closer to home: It stars Ramon Rodriguez as a member of L.A.'s anti-gang task force who finds his loyalties divided.
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Fox will announce its complete fall lineup at its upfront presentation Monday in New York City.
Mystery solved: NBC cancels 'Deception'
Piers Morgan developing drama about Fleet Street tabloids for Starz
Jimmy Fallon and John Krasinski face off in lip-syncing battle
PHOTOS: TV shows and their spinoffs
Overrated/Underrated 2014
PHOTOS: 101 best-written TV shows of all time


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Ways to Be Safe Against Carbon Monoxide in Your Home
Carbon monoxide (CO) is odorless, colorless, hard to detect, and extremely dangerous. The gas is often called "the invisible killer." It is critical that your family is protected from exposure. The CDC reports that there were a total of 5,149 deaths from unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning from 1999 – 2010, or an average of 430 deaths every year, and the National Fire Protection Agency has issued warnings about the dangers of the gas. It is important that you and your family have protections in place. We have provided information that will help you keep your family safe:
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text: .Dd February 22, 2002 .Dt KEXTLOAD 8 .Os Darwin .Sh NAME .Nm kextload .Nd loads, validates, and generates symbols for a kernel extension (kext) .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm .Op Fl h [ .Fl v Op 0-6 | .Fl q ] .Op Fl t .Op Fl i | I .Op Fl x .Op Fl z .Op Fl e .Op Fl c .Op Fl D .Op Fl k Ar kernel_file .Op Fl d Ar extension \&.\|.\|. .Op Fl r Ar directory \&.\|.\|. [ .Fl l | m | n | A | .Fl a Ar kext_id@address ] \&.\|.\|. .Op Fl s Ar directory .Op Fl p Ar personality \&.\|.\|. .Op Fl b bundle_id \&.\|.\|. .Op Fl - .Op Ar extension \&.\|.\|. .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Nm program is used to explicitly load kernel extensions (kexts), validate them to see that they can be loaded by other mechanisms, such as .Xr kextd 8 , and to generate symbol files for debugging the kext in a running kernel. In order to load a kext into the kernel .Nm must be invoked as the superuser; for all other uses it can be invoked by any user. .Pp .Nm is a formal interface for kext loading in the Darwin OS and in Mac OS X. Software and installers can rely on its presence and invoke it in order to load kexts. .Pp .Nm has many options, but most of them are rarely necessary. See the EXAMPLES section for tips on common uses. The arguments and options available are these: .Bl -tag -width -indent .It Ar extension The pathname of a kext bundle to load or otherwise use. Kexts can also be specified by CFBundleIdentifier with the .Fl b option. .It Fl a Ar kext_id@address Treat the kext whose CFBundleIdenfier is .Ar kext_id as being loaded at .Ar address when generating symbol files and not loading. When generating symbols only, all dependencies must have known addresses. Use this option repeatedly for every nonkernel dependency. This option implies the use of the .Fl n option. See also .Fl A and .Fl n . .It Fl A When generating symbol files and not loading, look up all dependency kext addresses within the running kernel. This option implies the use of the .Fl n option. See also .Fl a and .Fl n . .It Fl b Ar bundle_id Look up the kext whose CFBundleIdentifier is .Ar bundle_id within the set of known kexts and load it. See the .Fl d , .Fl e , and .Fl r options for more information. .It Fl c Ignore any repository cache files and scan all kext bundles to gather information. If this option is not given, .Nm will attempt to use cache files and to create them if they are out of date or don't exist. .It Fl d Ar extension Add .Ar extension to the set of known kexts for resolving dependencies. This is useful for adding a single kext from a directory while excluding the others. See the .Fl e and .Fl r options for more information. .It Fl D Don't check the kernel for already loaded kexts when resolving dependencies. This behavior is now the default and so this option is deprecated and redundant. Note that this can result in load failures if a different version of a dependency is already loaded. This option is relevant only when loading a kext into the kernel. The .Fl A option overrides this option as it must check the kernel for which kexts are loaded. .It Fl e Don't use the contents of /System/Library/Extensions as the default repository of kexts. If you use this option you will have to explicitly specify all dependencies of the kext being loaded or otherwise worked on using the .Fl d and .Fl r options. .It Fl h Print a help message describing each option flag. .It Fl i Interactive mode; pause at each stage of loading for user input to continue. This allows for debugger setup when the kext needs to be debugged during its earliest stages of running. .It Fl I (capital i) Interactive mode as .Fl i for the specified kext and all of its dependencies. .It Fl k Ar kernel_file Link against the given .Ar kernel_file (default is /mach). Allowed only with the .Fl n option to generate debug symbols. .It Fl l Load and start the kext only; don't send I/O Kit personalities to the kernel to begin matching. Matching may still occur if the personalities are present from an earlier load operation. You may want to use .Xr kextunload 8 before loading a kext with this option. .It Fl L Same as .Fl r (remains for backward compatibility). .It Fl m Don't load the kext, but do send its personalities to the kernel to begin matching. Use this option after you have loaded a driver with .Fl l and after setting up the debugger. .It Fl n Neither load the kext nor send personalities to the kernel. This option is for use when generating debug symbols only with the .Fl s option, or when validating kexts with the .Fl t option. See also the .Fl a and .Fl A options. .It Fl p Ar personality Send only the named personalities from the kext to the kernel. Repeat for each personality desired, or use the .Fl i option to have .Nm ask for each personality. .It Fl q Quiet mode; print no informational or error messages. This option excludes .Fl v . If .Nm is run with .Fl q in a way that might require user interaction, as with the .Fl i and .Fl I options, and some uses of .Fl n , the program will silently exit with an error status. .It Fl r Ar directory Use .Ar directory as a repository of kexts. This adds to the set of known kexts for resolving dependencies or looking up by CFBundleIdentifier when using the .Fl b option. This is not recursive; only the directory's immediate contents are scanned. See also the .Fl c , .Fl d , and .Fl e options. .It Fl s Ar directory Write all generated symbol files into .Ar directory . The directory must already exist. Symbol files are named after the CFBundleIdentifier of each kexts with a .Ar .sym suffix appended. .It Fl t Perform all possible tests on the named kext(s) and indicate whether the kext is loadable, or if not, what problems it has. Note that tests are performed in three stages, validation, authentication, and dependency resolution; a failure at any stage can make tests in further stages impossible. Thus, a kext with validation failures may have unreported authentication problems or missing dependencies. .It Fl v Op 1-6 Verbose mode; print information about the kext scanning and loading process. Higher levels of verbosity include all lower levels. The levels of verbose output are these: .Bl -tag -width "xxx" .It 0 suppresses informational messages (errors are still printed); see also .Fl q .It 1 prints basic kext scanning information .It 2 prints basic load information .It 3 prints detailed kext scanning information .It 4 prints basic information on every kext encountered .It 5 prints detailed information on every kext encountered .It 6 prints detailed load information .El If .Fl v is not specified only the essential information about the load operation is printed (such as whether the kext was already loaded). .Pp A kext can also specify verbose printing for just itself using the OSBundleDebugLevel top-level info dictionary property. Its values are 1 and 2, for basic and detailed information, respectively. .Pp This option excludes .Fl q . .It Fl x Run .Nm in safe boot mode (indicating startup with the Shift key held down). Kexts that don't specify a proper value for the OSBundleRequired info dictionary property, or those in which every personality contains a nonzero IOKitDebug property, will not load. This option implies the use of the .Fl c option. .It Fl z Don't authenticate kexts. This option is for convenience during development, and is allowed only for operations that don't actually load a kext into the kernel (such as when generating symbols). .It Fl Z Don't try to resolve dependencies. This option is allowed only when using the .Fl n and .Fl t options to test a kext for problems. It is not allowed with the .Fl s option as generating symbols requires dependencies to be resolved. .It Fl - End of all options. Only kext names follow. .El .Sh EXAMPLES Here are the common uses and usage patterns for .Nm . .Ss Basic loading To load a kext you must run .Nm as the superuser and supply a kext bundle name; no options are required: .Bd -literal -offset indent kextload TabletDriver.kext .Ed .Pp Alternatively, you can use the .Fl b option to specify a kext by its CFBundleIdentifier: .Bd -literal -offset indent kextload -b com.mycompany.driver.TabletDriver .Ed .Pp With no additional options .Nm will look in /System/Library/Extensions for a kext with the given CFBundleIdentifier. Adding repository directories with the .Fl r option or individual kexts with the .Fl d option expands the set of kexts that .Nm looks among: .Bd -literal -offset indent kextload -r ${USER}/Library/Extensions TabletDriver.kext .Ed .Pp If you're modifying system startup to load a kext, be sure to check whether the system is starting up in safe boot mode (typically when the user presses the Shift key) and use the .Fl x option to indicate this. (The various rc files in /etc can simply use the $SafeBoot shell variable on the command line. It evaluates to an empty string during normal startup and \(lq-x\(rq during safe boot mode.) .Ss Validating Kexts The .Fl t option causes .Nm to perform all possible validation and authentication checks on the specified kexts and to attempt to resolve their dependencies. If there are any problems with the specified kexts, .Nm prints a list of the problems. .Pp The .Fl t option is typically used with .Fl n after a load failure to pinpoint a problem. It can be used with any other set of options, however. .Pp If you want to validate a kext in isolation, as in a build environment where dependencies may not be available, you can use the .Fl e and .Fl Z options to omit the /System/Library/Extensions repository and to suppress dependency resolution, respectively: .Bd -literal -offset indent kextload -entZ PacketSniffer.kext .Ed .Pp Only validation and authentication checks will be performed. .Ss Generating Debug Symbols When Loading To generate a symbol file for use with gdb when loading a kext, use the .Fl s option to specify a directory where symbol files will be written for the kext being loaded and all its dependencies. .Bd -literal -offset indent kextload -s ~/ksyms PacketSniffer.kext .Ed .Pp .Ss Generating Debug Symbols For an Already-Loaded Kext If you want to generate symbols for a kext that's already loaded, whether on the same system or on another, use the .Fl s option along with the .Fl n option. Since in this case addresses must be known for the kext and all its dependencies, though, you must specify these. If you don't indicate them on the command line, .Nm will ask you for the load address of each kext needed. Use .Xr kextstat 8 on the machine you're generating symbols for to get these addresses and enter them at each prompt. .Bd -literal -offset indent kextload -n -s ~/ksyms GrobbleEthernet.kext enter the hexadecimal load addresses for these modules: com.apple.iokit.IONetworkingFamily: 0x1001000 .\|.\|. .Ed .Pp Alternatively, if you know the CFBundleIdentifiers of all the kexts, you can use the .Fl a option for each kext (you needn't specify .Fl n when using the .Fl a option): .Bd -literal -offset indent kextload -s ~/ksyms \\ -a com.apple.iokit.IONetworkingFamily@0x1001000 \\ -a com.apple.iokit.IOPCIFamily@0x1004000 \\ -a com.mycompany.driver.GrobbleEthernet@0x1007000 \\ GrobbleEthernet.kext .Ed .Pp Simplest of all, however, provided you can run .Nm on the same machine as the loaded kext, is to use the .Fl A option, which checks with the kernel for all loaded kexts and automatically gets their load addresses. .Bd -literal -offset indent kextload -s ~/ksyms -A GrobbleEthernet.kext .Ed .Pp .Ss Explicitly Specifying Dependencies Because .Nm resolves dependencies automatically, it's possible that a kext other than the one you intend might get used as a dependency (such as when there are multiple versions, or if you're working on a new version of a kext that's already installed in /System/Library/Extensions). By default, when loading a kext into the kernel .Nm checks which versions of possible dependencies are already loaded in order to assure a successful load. When not loading, however, it always chooses the most recent versions of any dependencies. .Pp If you want to have complete control over the set of extensions used to resolve dependencies, use the .Fl e , .Fl d , and .Fl r options. The .Fl e option excludes the standard /System/Library/Extensions folder, leaving the set of candidate extensions for dependency resolution entirely up to you. To specify candidate dependencies you use either .Fl d , which names a single kext as a candidate, or .Fl r , which adds an entire directory of extensions. .Bd -literal -offset indent kextload -n -s ~/ksyms -e \\ -d /System/Library/Extensions/System.kext \\ -r ~/TestKexts -d JoystickSupport.kext JoystickDriver.kext .Ed .Pp Note also that if you use .Fl e , you must supply some version of the System.kext bundle in order to supply information about the kernel. This should always match the kernel you're linking against, which is by default the installed kernel on the machine you're using .Nm on; you can use the .Fl k option to indicate a different kernel file. .Ss Debug-Loading an I/O Kit Driver If you need to debug an I/O Kit driver's early startup code, you must load the driver on the target machine without starting matching by using the .Fl l option: .Bd -literal -offset indent kextload -l DiskController.kext .Ed .Pp Once you have done this, you can use the generated symbol file in your debug session to set breakpoints and then trigger matching by running .Nm again on the target machine with the .Fl m option: .Bd -literal -offset indent kextload -m DiskController.kext .Ed .Pp You may wish to use the .Fl p option as well in order to send selected personalities to the kernel. Alternatively, you can use the .Fl i option for the whole process, which causes .Nm to pause just before loading any personalities and then to ask you for each personality whether that one should be sent to the kernel: .Bd -literal -offset indent kextload -i DiskController.kext .Ed .Pp .Ss Debug-Loading a non-I/O Kit Kext A non-I/O Kit kext doesn't have a personality-matching phase of loading; it just starts executing. In order to debug a non-I/O Kit kext's startup code, you must use the .Fl i or .Fl I option, which pauses loading at each significant stage so that you can set up your debugging session as needed before proceeding. .Sh FILES .Bl -tag -width "/System/Library/Extensions" -compact .It Pa /System/Library/Extensions The standard system repository of kernel extensions .It Pa directoryname.kextcache A cache of all kext info dictionaries (plists) for a given directory .El .Sh DIAGNOSTICS .Nm exits with a zero status upon success. Upon failure, it prints an error message and continues processing any kexts if possible, then exits with a nonzero status. .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr kextcache 8 , .Xr kextd 8 , .Xr kextstat 8 , .Xr kextunload 8 .Sh BUGS Upon encountering a kext with validation errors, .Nm typically prints an error message about that kext, even if it isn't involved in the load request.