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European Commission
Brussels, 13 July 2012
Road Safety: The Roadworthiness Package – Tougher vehicle checks to save lives
What is in the new Roadworthiness Package?
There are three parts to the roadworthiness package: periodic roadworthiness tests; technical roadside inspections of commercial vehicles; and vehicle registration.
Each issue is dealt with in turn in the MEMO below.
Periodic Roadworthiness Tests - the main improvements
The current rules: Directive 2009/40/EC fixes minimum standards for the periodic roadworthiness tests of motor vehicles - these are the regular vehicle checks required by law. The Directive applies to passenger cars, buses and coaches and heavy goods vehicles and their trailers, but not to scooters and motorbikes.
Under the new proposals (see chart below for summary of details for private motorists):
1. The scope of vehicles to be tested shall be extended to the highest risk group of road users, the powered two or three wheelers (motorcycles and mopeds) and light trailers (under 3.5 tons). These two categories of vehicles are currently excluded from the obligation under EU law.
The proposal further defines the limits of the scope of the exemptions from testing Member States may grant to certain vehicles e.g. agricultural vehicles and certain vehicles that are not used in intercommunity traffic with a design speed of less than 40 km/h.
These exemptions include also vehicles of historic interest, which have now been more precisely defined.
2. As regards the frequency of testing two aspects have to be considered, age and yearly mileage. Therefore the test frequency of older cars shall be increased and vehicles with high mileage will be subject to annual testing as it is already the case for taxis and ambulances.
For some categories of vehicles, the current frequency of periodic inspections is deemed too low to ensure that they are free of defects. The proposal increases the minimum standards for frequency of PTI (periodic technical inspection) for three vehicles categories:
Cars first inspection after 4 years, then after 2 years and later annually
(moving to 4-2-1 instead of the current 4-2-2 minimum standard)
Cars and light commercial vehicles up to 3.5 tonnes which reach at the date of first inspection (after 4 years) a mileage of more than 160.000 km shall be inspected annually after the first test (4-1-1 instead of the existing 4-2-2)
Changers for private motorists / by country:
*) Periodicity 4-2-1 means first test after 4 years, next test after 2 years, afterward tests every year.
°) Scooters currently not tested.
Source: CITA, AUTOFORE.
3. The equipment to be used for testing shall fulfil certain minimum requirements allowing for efficient performing the test methods described.
The availability and characteristics of the testing equipment determine the quality of the roadworthiness tests. Currently, EU law does not contain provisions concerning test equipment.
Therefore the proposal includes a list of the minimum equipment required for the PTI and its technical specification.
A transitional period is defined to allow for a smooth replacement of existing testing equipment that does not meet the required standards.
4. Inspectors performing roadworthiness tests shall meet a certain level of knowledge and skills and be properly trained.
High standard of roadworthiness testing requires a high level of skills and competences of the testing personnel. The proposal introduces areas of knowledge an applicant for a inspectors post should have, a training system including initial training and periodic refresher trainings and the areas these trainings shall cover.
A transitional period is defined to allow for a smooth transition of existing testing personnel into the periodic training regime.
5. Detected deficiencies shall be assessed according to common rules related to their risk.
The judgement about the technical condition of a vehicle should be harmonised across the EU and for that to be possible, the failures detected should be assessed according to a common standard. To that end the Commission adopted in 2010 recommendations for the assessment of defects. The recommendations defined 3 categories of defects (minor, major and dangerous) according to their consequences for vehicle safety and assigned one or more of these categories to the possible defects as listed in the directive.
These rules on the assessment of defects and the definition of the categories will now be introduced into the regulation.
6. Quality assurance of roadworthiness test activities performed by authorised private bodies shall be performed by national supervision.
Establish the obligation for Member States to supervise the operation of inspection bodies and the quality of the inspections carried out by these bodies
To assure that the high quality of testing is kept over time Member States are required to set up a quality assurance system that covers the processes of authorisation, supervision and withdrawal, suspension or cancellation of the authorisation to perform roadworthiness tests.
7. Registering of mileage readings will provide official evidence to detect kilometre fraud
The proposal establishes clear rules on the legal quality of odometer (mileage) fraud. With the registration of the mileage readings at each vehicle test, the basis to detect manipulations of the mileage readings is provided. With the keeping of these data the basis for a more efficient checking of the mileage is given and the basis for further cross-border use of this information once the interconnection of the national registers is in place.
Technical Roadside Inspections of Commercial Vehicles - the main improvements
The current rules: Directive 2009/40/EC is complemented by Directive 2000/30/EC, which provides the requirement to control the technical state of commercial vehicles in between periodic inspections (with technical roadside inspections). These are additional on-the-spot roadside checks for commercial vehicles.
Under the new proposals:
1. The selection of vehicles should be based on the risk profile of the operators and target on high risk undertakings to reduce the burden on such operators that maintain their vehicles in a proper way. Risk profiling will be based on the results of previous roadworthiness tests and roadside inspections taking into account the number and severity of defects detected as well as a time-factor providing higher importance to recent performed checks.
2. Currently technical roadside inspections apply to commercial vehicles of more than 3.5 tonnes. The proposal extends this obligation to undergo RSI to light commercial vehicles (under 3.5 tonnes) and their trailers as such vehicles are being used more frequently in road transport These vehicles are not covered by certain requirements such as the requirement of training for professional drivers or the installation of speed limitation devices ending up in a relatively high number of road accidents involving such vehicles.
3. Number of technical roadside inspections per year and Member State will be linked to the number of registered commercial vehicles to provide for a more equal distribution of the roadside checks among the Member States.
4. Technical roadside inspections will be performed in a stepwise approach. First an initial check of the overall condition of the vehicle and its documentation, such as roadworthiness certificates or previous roadside inspection reports. A more detailed roadside inspection may be performed on the basis of the outcome of the initial inspection. More detailed inspections shall be carried out using a mobile inspection unit or a test centre in the close vicinity.
5. The securing of cargo should be included in the roadside checks. Inadequate cargo securing is considered as factor related to up to 25% of accidents involving trucks.
6. Harmonisation of standards for the assessment of deficiencies, level of knowledge and skills of inspectors performing roadside inspectors based on the requirements for periodic roadworthiness tests and regularly concerted inspection activities will contribute to avoid unfair treatment.
Vehicle Registration- the main improvements
The current rules: Directive 1999/37/EC on registration documents for vehicles sets out the requirements for the issuing of registration certificates, their mutual recognition and the harmonised minimum content of vehicle registration certificates.
Under the new proposals:
1. Data on registered vehicles shall be kept in national electronic registers
2. Technical data arriving from vehicle approval, but not necessarily printed on registration documents, should be made available to the inspector for the purpose of the roadworthiness test.
3. An effective enforcement of the roadworthiness should be provided via the vehicle registration regime.
The key facts and figures
On technical checks for older vehicles
There is a clear correlation between severity of accidents and vehicle age. Empiric evidence shows that between year five and year six, the number of serious accidents (with fatalities) related to technical failure increases substantially.
The challenge is to provide for adequate technical control for these older vehicles.
The challenge is to provide for adequate technical control of vehicles older than 6 years.
On vehicle Checks for motor bikes and scooters
Motorcycle riders are the group of road users with the highest safety risk, which moreover defies the overall diminishing trend in the number of fatalities with still more than 4,500 killed persons1 per year. 8% of accidents involving motorcycles are caused or linked to technical defects.
Moped drivers are overrepresented in the number of fatalities, with more than 1,400 drivers killed2. 500 of these victims are young people in the age of 14 to 21 years. More than 25,000 moped riders have been seriously injured where nearly 9,000 of these victims are young people in the age of 14 to 21 years.
Access to data
In the course of roadworthiness tests and roadside inspections, an important amount of data on the vehicle and its performance is collected. This data could potentially be used by the different authorities to ensure the follow up of the detection of defects, to organise targeted checks, but also to enhance their policy making. Similarly, roadworthiness testing and roadside inspections would be more effective if they had access to complete information on the history of the vehicle and its technical characteristics. This exchange of information is also crucial in relation to combat mileage (odometer) fraud especially related to the intra EU second hand market.
What happens next?
The main objective of the proposed measures is to enhance road safety and to contribute to the political target of reduction of yearly road fatalities by 50% until 20203.
More than 1,200 lives could be saved and more than 36,000 accidents could be avoided.4
The monetized benefit to society is estimated by more than € 5,600 million.
More specifically, the measures under the Roadworthiness Package have three immediate objectives:
1. To enhance protection of vulnerable road users and young people in particular,
2. To provide for a single European area for technical roadworthiness control based on harmonized standards for aspects of control, equipment, qualification of inspectors and assessment of defects and on co-operation among Member States,
3. To lessen administrative burden for those road transport undertakings that comply with the technical road safety requirements.
The proposals must be approved by both the European Parliament and Member States before becoming law.
In a longer perspective, a second phase would consist of putting into place a harmonised intra-community data exchange system linking the existing databases and allowing EU-wide access of these data for control purposes, for instance to verify at any time across the borders the correctness of odometer data.
Such an EU-wide access of data could then potentially also provide for a mutual recognition of roadworthiness certificates once the necessary harmonisation of roadworthiness controls is reached at European level.
For more information please see: IP/12/780
CARE Database
CARE Database
Policy Orientations on Road Safety 2011-2020 (COM (2010) 389 final
Impact assessment on measures enhancing roadworthiness tests (SWD(2012) 206)
Side Bar


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ICE dancing legends Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean are planning to skate back to Sheffield - not to do the Bolero but to help sick, disabled and disadvantaged kids on to the ice.
And in an exclusive chat - listen to it in full here - they praised the city's iceSheffield facilities so highly that they believe it could help produce the next Torvill and Dean.
The Olympic gold and four time world champions say a Variety lunch, celebrating their achievements and hosted by Eamonn Holmes at the Dorchester, will raise vital funds for them to host ice dancing sessions for children around the UK.
The charity helps support sick, disabled and disadvantaged children.
They are still looking at where the sessions will be but say they plan to include Sheffield - the city close to their hearts, where they have entertained thousand of fans at the Arena. They also always skated on steel blades made in Sheffield.
Chris, now aged 57, said of the lunch and charity plans: "We're very proud. Variety is fantastic charity and to be associated with it is a real honour. To be ambassadors for the charity is a big deal for us. We want to help and support them in any way that we can.
"What we hope to do is to be involved and organise days at ice rinks. That's something we feel we can do. Whether they are disabled, disadvantaged or sick children - we just want to give them a great day out.
"We did it not so long ago in Manchester. We want to get it off the ground through Variety around the country and into Sheffield as well."
He said: "We've been skating on Sheffield steel blades all our lives and we used to start our tours at Sheffield Arena. We've been there many times."
Jayne, 58, aded: "With Chris and I it would be possible. It's not only something different for the children but also for the parents who come along too. They enjoyed watching their child doing something different."
She added: "I know they have some excellent facilities at iceSheffield, so lets hope children there can take advantage of it and utilise it. There's every opportunity for them there and some good coaches, so lets hope it can produce future champions.
Chris believes it could help produce a future Torvill and Dean. He said: "I would like to think there will be. It's all to do with funding. You look at the summer Olympics we did and the Government funded the sport. Look at how successful many of the events were. That's what it comes down to. Getting the young kids on the ladder, giving them the right coaching and supporting them through their career."
It's more than 30 years since they captivated the world and won gold with their ice dance routine set to Ravel's Bolero at the Sarajevo Winter Olympics in 1984.
Chris revealed they can appreciate what they did perhaps more now looking back at old video footage than at the time - when they were in a 'trance like state'.
He told us: "What tends to happen is your memory gets blurred but then you watch it back gain and it puts you right back there. But at the time we were so trained up and conditioned that we were almost in a trance like state while we were doing it.
"It's only when you look back at it, through old footage and video that you can remember it. We've done the Bolero many times. But that performance was 32 years ago."
Millions of fans watched them host TV's Dancing On Ice and they have warm memories of their live shows at the Arena in Sheffield. But will the TV show ever return?
Chris believes it could. He said: "May be they'll want to bring Dancing On Ice back again. TV is like that. Sometimes they will rest it then they say let's do it again."
Jayne added: "We've jut finished pantomime in Manchester. We might do that again. We also have another couple of projects ."
The ice favourites have no plans to hang up their skates while they can continue to perform and give value for money.
Chris added: "We stay healthy, look after ourselves and know what we're capable of. So I think as long as we can still give performance that's worth a ticket price then we'll keep performing."
* The Variety lunch was on Thursday, January 7, 2016. For event details see https://www.variety.org.uk/events/torvill-and-dean-tribute-lunch
AUDIO: Listen to Digital Editor Graham Walker's chat with Torvill and Dean - CLICK HERE

subset: commoncrawl


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Date(s) - Tue. Mar. 20, 2018
7:00 pm - 9:30 pm
Doors 6:30 pm. Third Tuesday of every month, with different featured poets each time, and a chance to read your own work during the open mic section at the end.
Hosted by Harris Gardner and Gloria Mindock
Tickets: $4


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|Taken at 1 month old
Saturday, October 1, 2011
Life With 2 Girls
4 comments:
Hang in there, it will get better! I remember juggling also when my girls were younger, now it's juggling all the places they need to go to! LOL It's great to get your feelings out, it helps a lot. I hope you get some sleep soon. Your girls are beautiful! Have a great week!ReplyDelete
I'm sure you will get into a groove soon. It will take time. Hang in there. I love the idea of donations for gifts. The girls look very happy!ReplyDelete
Hello! I'm glad to see that life with two girls, though sleepless, is going well for you. :) I'm sure Avery makes a wonderful big sister!ReplyDelete
I'm sorry your privacy is being compromised by someone in your town. If it's someone you know, I would just tell them to keep quiet. If you decide to start a new blog please let me know so that I can follow!
AJ also started a school two mornings a week. I'm loving the time to myself! We are expecting a boy in Janaury.
I have a 2 year old and a 2 month old. I'm finding that it's still way harder to take care of the 2 year old! Comparing to my oldest, my new one is super easy! She sleeps all day and all night and can be by herself. My son was never like that. He never slept period and never wanted to be put down! I guess it depends on the baby!ReplyDelete
Enjoy your babies :) Time goes by fast. I remember in theory how hard it was with my son when he never slept until he was one, but now that those days are over, it doesn't really matter that he didn't sleep :)


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Cognitive science, the interdisciplinary scientific investigation of the mind and intelligence. It encompasses the ideas and methods of psychology, linguistics, philosophy, computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), neuroscience (see neurology), and anthropology. The term cognition, as used by cognitive scientists, refers to many kinds of thinking, including those involved in perception, problem solving, learning, decision making, language use, and emotional experience.
Nature and significance
According to some early modern philosophical theories and commonsense views, minds are not amenable to scientific study because they are immaterial or supernatural, as are souls and spirits (see mind-body dualism). Cognitive science, in contrast, treats the mind as wholly material. It aims to collect empirical evidence bearing on mental processes and phenomena and to develop theories that explain that evidence, which can come from many disciplines. Psychologists, for example, collect behavioral evidence in studies of language comprehension, inference making, social interaction, and emotional experience. Linguists systematically gather evidence about how people produce and understand sentences that are well-structured and meaningful. Neuroscientists use brain scans and other techniques to investigate the neural activity that accompanies different kinds of thought. And anthropologists study the nature of cognition as it occurs in many different cultural contexts.
The contributions of philosophy and computer science to the investigation of cognition are primarily theoretical. Philosophy asks very general questions about the nature of knowledge (epistemology), reality (metaphysics), and morality (ethics), among other topics. Many of these questions are directly relevant to how the mind works or to how it might work better. For example, a central epistemological question is how minds gain knowledge of the external world, and a central metaphysical question is whether mind and body are fundamentally different kinds of things.
Computer science has been very important in cognitive science for two reasons. First, the notion of computation has been invaluable for developing ideas about how thinking might be a natural process. Previously, scientific theories of the mind relied on clumsy and unproductive analogies with mechanical devices such as clocks and electronic switchboards. The advent of computer programs made it possible to see how a mechanical device could solve complex problems by manipulating symbols, or representations, according to algorithmic procedures (computations), generating productive analogies for how minds might work in similar ways. Standard programming languages, for example, allowed for sequences of "IF…THEN…" instructions, which suggest a model of how people make plans (see below Approaches). Second, computers themselves have been useful for testing scientific hypotheses about mental organization and functioning. A given hypothesis is modeled in a program by constructing algorithms that mimic the entities and processes the hypothesis proposes. The program is then run on a computer, and if the computer's output is similar in appropriate ways to real human performance, the hypothesis is considered to be supported.
Empirical theories of the mind are invaluable for guiding practice in many applied domains, including education, or pedagogy (see also educational psychology); operations research and human resources management; and engineering, in particular the design of tools and other devices that can be used effectively without placing excessive demands on people's mental capacities (see human-factors engineering). Legal and medical reasoning (the reasoning involved in diagnosing and treating illness) also have been investigated by means of both psychological experiments and computational models. Cognitive science is particularly central to medicine because of the importance of mental illnesses such as depression and schizophrenia, whose explanation and treatment require an understanding of the cognitive and neural processes that underlie the operations of healthy minds.
Antecedents and early development
Attempts to understand the mind can be traced to the ancient Greeks, most notably to Plato and Aristotle. Of the two, Aristotle was the more scientific, tying his theories about mental processes more closely to observation than to abstract speculation. With the rise of modern science in the 17th and 18th centuries, philosophers such as John Locke and David Hume attempted to develop accounts of mental operations that would be as objective as Newtonian physics, but their efforts were hampered by a lack of robust experimental methods and theoretical ideas.
Scientific psychology did not arise until the mid-19th century, when the German physiologist Wilhelm Wundt and others developed more rigorous methods for conducting psychological experiments. In the 1920s and '30s, much research in psychology and linguistics, among other social sciences, was dominated by an ultraexperimental approach called behaviourism, which rejected theorizing about "invisible" mental processes and emphasized the formulation of general laws that govern observable human behaviour. By the late 1950s, however, it had become clear that behaviourists could not even explain how rats learn to run mazes much less how humans learn complex behaviours such as those involved in language use.
The modern origins of cognitive science lie in the mid-1950s, when a brilliant group of interdisciplinary thinkers began to apply ideas from the theory of computation to the scientific explanation of human thought. The computer scientists and psychologists Herbert Simon, Allen Newell, Marvin Minsky, and John McCarthy pioneered the new field of artificial intelligence, which was founded at an academic conference at Dartmouth College in 1956 with the ultimate aim of building computers and robots that could perform tasks commonly associated with human intelligence. The psychologist George Miller and the theoretical linguist Noam Chomsky also developed computational alternatives to behaviourist theories in their fields. These six figures have since been recognized as the founders of cognitive science.
The term itself, however, was not coined until the 1970s, when the interdisciplinary field became more formally organized. During this period the Cognitive Science Society and the journal Cognitive Science were founded, and programs and departments of cognitive science were established at many universities. By the late 20th century, cognitive science had become a flourishing academic enterprise with hundreds of departments throughout the world and numerous international societies, journals, and conferences.
Despite its impressive growth, cognitive science has not achieved a set of foundational theories that dominate the discipline in the way that modern physics is dominated by relativity and quantum mechanics and that modern biology is organized around evolution and genetics. Cognitive science encompasses several competing research traditions that differ from each other primarily in their views of the nature of mental representations and of the procedures by which such representations are manipulated. The most important approaches are: (1) rule-based models based on symbol processing, (2) connectionist models based on neural networks, and (3) theoretical neuroscience, which is in part an attempt to integrate aspects of the other two approaches in a neurologically realistic account of brain activity.
In the 1970s computer modeling of the mind was dominated by the rule-based approach of Newell and Simon, which continued to be widely influential in later decades, particularly through the work of the Canadian-born psychologist John R. Anderson. According to this view, thinking consists of the application of inference rules of the form "IF…THEN…" to complex symbols having approximately the internal structure of natural language sentences. For example, the rule "IF you eat too much, THEN you will have a stomach ache," when applied to the symbol "you ate too much," yields the symbol "you will have a stomach ache." The latter symbol, when combined with the rule "IF you have a stomach ache, THEN you should lie down," yields the symbol "you should lie down"; and so on. Rule-based systems have been used to model many complex kinds of thinking, including problem solving and language use, and they have had practical applications in building expert systems in areas such as medicine.
An alternative approach, known as connectionism, or parallel-distributed processing, emerged in the 1980s. Theorists such as Geoffrey Hinton, David Rumelhart, and James McClelland argued that human thinking can be represented in structures called artificial neural networks, which are simplified models of the neurological structure of the brain. Each network consists of simple processing units and a set of connections between them. Signals between nodes are transmitted on the basis of the connections, the strength of the signal depending on the activation values of the input nodes and the weights of the connections. Thoughts, such as "dogs are furry," consist of patterns of simultaneous neural firing activity. Cognitive tasks, such as facial recognition, are performed by the generation of firing activity in a network whose connection weights have been learned through past experience.
The distinguishing characteristic of the connectionist approach is that computational processes are carried out collectively and in parallel rather than in step-by-step fashion, as in the rule-based model and in most kinds of computer programs. Computations are accomplished not through a series of inferences but rather through the simultaneous satisfaction of multiple constraints. Thus, the model is appropriate to explaining decision making, for example, much of which is a matter of determining how well different proposed actions coherently accomplish different goals. Connectionist models have been very successful in explaining many other important psychological phenomena, including language learning and analogical inference.
Later developments in cognitive science suggested the possibility of a synthesis, known as theoretical neuroscience, that would integrate the explanatory successes of rule-based and connectionist models. In the 1990s and 2000s, cognitive psychology became increasingly tied to neuroscience because of the development of new brain-measuring techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI; see also magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), which allowed psychologists to observe brain activity accompanying the performance of various experimental tasks. Developmental, social, and clinical psychology also became increasingly concerned with brain processes.
Detailed understanding of these processes, however, required the development of computational models that were much more neurologically realistic than earlier rule-based and connectionist ones, taking into account the firing behaviour of large populations of neurons in specific regions of the brain. (Decision making, for example, involves interactions between areas responsible for high-level reasoning, such as the prefrontal cortex, and those associated with emotion, such as the amygdala.) Theoretical neuroscience, as it came to be called, encompassed attempts by rule-based theorists to correlate inferential processes with brain activity, as well as efforts by neural network theorists (notably McClelland) to build ever more realistic computational models of many mental functions, including the kinds of inferences easily modeled by rules.
In the early 21st century, researchers in theoretical neuroscience were still some years away from a grand unified theory of the mind that would tie together the diverse phenomena previously modeled by using rules and simple neural networks. Nevertheless, highly creative research was moving in that direction.
Even without a general theory, cognitive science has managed to produce illuminating explanations of many kinds of human thinking. Even some less-well-defined topics, such as creativity and emotion, have been fruitfully addressed. Yet many aspects of cognitive science remain controversial.
The major outstanding question concerns whether a fully scientific approach to the study of mind is really possible. The major stumbling block is consciousness, which some philosophers think is beyond the realm of scientific explanation. Various thought experiments have been developed to show that the phenomenal or "felt" aspects of consciousness—"what it is like" to have a particular sensation, feeling, emotion, or other conscious experience—cannot be captured solely in terms of the physical properties of brains and nervous systems. The American philosopher John Searle used another thought experiment, known as the Chinese room argument, to support his claim that conscious mental states such as understanding cannot consist of computational processes.
The history of science shows, however, that philosophical assumptions can be overthrown by powerful empirical theories. By the early 21st century, researchers in cognitive science had already generated many interesting ideas about how consciousness might be achieved through the interaction of multiple brain areas in the construction of representations of representations (see mind, philosophy of: consciousness reconsidered).
Another controversy concerns the role that neuroscience ought to play in the continuing development of cognitive science. In the 1970s artificial intelligence was clearly the preeminent field within the discipline, providing a theoretical framework and a research agenda based on computational models of symbol processing. Although researchers succeeded in building robots and computers capable of complicated planning and game playing (notably chess playing), in other domains, particularly language use and scientific creativity, even the best computers continued to fall far short of human performance. Owing in part to these limitations, in the 1980s and '90s researchers in artificial intelligence largely abandoned attempts to model human intelligence in favour of developing solutions to commercially important engineering problems. Meanwhile, neuroscience, relying on experimental techniques such as brain scanning and theoretical techniques such as computational modeling, played an increasingly important role in cognitive science. Its influence has been resisted, however, by those who believe that psychological investigations can proceed independently of neuroscientific ones.
Perhaps the biggest challenge to cognitive science concerns not its feasibility but its desirability. The prospect of computational and neuroscientific explanations of human thought threatens to undermine certain fundamental assumptions about human life and human nature, including belief in personal immortality, freedom of the will, and moral responsibility. Part of the philosophical project of cognitive science concerns building a new, positive view of the meaning of life consonant with a scientific understanding of how the mind works.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
information processing: Basic conceptsThe cognitive sciences, the interdisciplinary field that focuses on the study of the human mind, have contributed to the development of neurocomputers, a new class of parallel, distributed-information processors that mimic the functioning of the human brain, including its capabilities for self-organization and learning. So-called neural…
psychology: Impact and aftermath of the cognitive revolution…led to the development of cognitive science. In conjunction with concurrent analyses and advances in areas from computer science and artificial intelligence to neuroscience, genetics, and applications of evolutionary theory, the scientific study of the mind and mental activity quickly became the foundation for much of the evolving new psychological…
George A. Millerand of cognitive neuroscience (
seecognitive science). He also made significant contributions to psycholinguistics and the study of human communication. One of Miller's most famous discoveries was that human short-term memory is generally limited to holding seven pieces of information, plus or minus two.…
Mind, in the Western tradition, the complex of faculties involved in perceiving, remembering, considering, evaluating, and deciding. Mind is in some sense reflected in such occurrences as sensations, perceptions, emotions, memory, desires, various types of reasoning, motives, choices, traits of personality, and the unconscious. A brief treatment of mind follows. The…
Intelligence, in military science, information concerning an enemy or an area. The term is also used for an agency that gathers such information. Military intelligence is as old as warfare itself. Even in biblical times, Moses sent spies to live with the Canaanites in order to learn about their ways and…
More About Cognitive science3 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- information processing
- psychology
- work of Miller


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W.W. Norton & Company, 2009 - Music - 704 pages
The story of jazz as it has never been told before, from the inside out: a comprehensive, eloquent, scrupulously researched page-turner.
In this vivid history of jazz, a respected critic and a leading scholar capture the excitement of America's unique music with intellectual bite, unprecedented insight, and the passion of unabashed fans. They explain what jazz is, where it came from, and who created it and why, all within the broader context of American life and culture. Emphasizing its African American roots, Jazz traces the history of the music over the last hundred years. From ragtime and blues to the international craze for swing, from the heated protests of the avantgarde to the radical diversity of today's artists, Jazz describes the travails and triumphs of musical innovators struggling for work, respect, and cultural acceptance set against the backdrop of American history, commerce, and politics. With vibrant photographs by legendary jazz chronicler Herman Leonard, Jazz is also an arresting visual history of a century of music.
What people are saying - Write a review
JazzUser Review - Not Available - Book Verdict
Jazz studies usually focus on facts and figures or appreciation and interpretation. This new work skillfully blends both approaches in a deeply informed and analytical way that is clear for beginners ... Read full review
Review: JazzUser Review - Sam Poole - Goodreads
Sprawling and enlightening at points, excessive and misguided at others. Annoying tendency to downplay race and identity politics to focus on strict history. Clear agenda missed at points. Quick read and pretty complete. Read full review
Jazz Form and Improvisation
The Roots of Jazz
New Orleans
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Recognizing that Google's search engine can become a repository for far too much information, McAfee this week released an updated version of its Foundstone SiteDigger security tool that helps enterprises identify damaging information that may be exposed on the Web.
The Foundstone SiteDigger 2.0 tool uses search information gathered by Google to quickly pinpoint potentially damaging confidential data, such as financial records, passwords, and personal information on an organization's Web site.
Mark Curphey, director of consulting for Foundstone professional services at McAfee, said sophisticated search engine technology and methods for discovering information are proliferating at a rapid rate. "Search engines have become so powerful, it's just a matter of hackers asking for the right thing," Curphey said.
Hackers can take advantage of search technology to get access to critical files through access to password form fields, URLs for network administration interfaces, application server interfaces, or database queries.
The freely downloadable SiteDigger 2.0 can find 800 information types, up from 150 types in the previous version released in August 2004. The tool uses Google's Web services API to create queries to connect to Google's database of preindexed information and search for damaging data.
Curphey cited as examples a law firm exposing settlements from divorce cases, or a power utility company exposing PINs for the door entry systems of microwave towers in a presentation.
Laura Koetzle, research director of computing systems for Forrester Research, said customers also need to determine whether data inadvertently exposed in search engines could embarrass the company or even amount to a violation of privacy regulations such as required protection of records.
"You want to be sure you haven't unwittingly exposed information," Koetzle said.


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For two decades, his track record as an expert witness won forensic psychiatrist and former UVA law professor Park Dietz acclaim– and plenty of high-profile cases. The convictions of would-be Reagan assassin John Hinckley Jr., serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer, the Unibomber Ted Kaczynski, and South Carolina killer mom Susan Smith all came with Dietz as a witness to the prosecution. But some pundits claim the recent reversal of quintuple kid-killer Andrea Yates' conviction based on a Dietz error may spell an end to his courtroom career.
The focus has shifted from what Yates did and why she did it to what Dietz did and why he did it. Was his erroneous testimony an honest mistake on a minor issue, or a deliberate lie under oath that served as a linchpin for the prosecution's case? Or has Dietz simply become a scapegoat for an embarrassed prosecution?
Dietz's fancy courtroom footwork was the subject of The Hook's December 4, 2003 cover story, "Park Dietz deflates the insanity defense." Now, pundits are calling him a "hired gun," a "whore," and– worst of all in the high-dollar world of expert witnesses– "toast."
Ironically, Dietz sparked the latest furor less for his cerebral gymnastics than for possible braggadocio over his role as consultant to the television show Law & Order.
People sympathetic toward Yates, or categorically opposed to the death penalty are appalled, more than ever, that Dietz's testimony caused her conviction, and might have caused her death. And then there are the others, who are annoyed that the state will have to retry this woman who drowned her children, and that she may in this way escape punishment. They're not happy with Dietz either.
No one, it seems, wants to be reminded of Andrea Yates.
The story dates back to June 20, 2001 when Houston resident Andrea Kennedy Yates, then 36, drowned her five children one by one in the family bathtub, because– she said– Satan required this act.
Less than a year later, despite a vigorously argued insanity defense, a Texas jury returned a verdict of guilty on the charge of capital murder, and four days later recommended life imprisonment.
Now almost three years after the trial, a three-judge panel of the Texas Court of Appeals has overturned the conviction and ordered a new trial for Yates. (Prosecutors have the option of first seeking a review from all nine judges on the 1st District Court of Appeals and a review by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals.)
Whatever private reasons the members of the Appeals Court might have had for overturning the verdict– sympathy for the defendant or discomfort with the Texas limitations on the insanity defense– the only reason mentioned in their written opinion is the testimony by the prosecution's star witness, Park Dietz.
Dietz, a consultant for the long-running TV show Law & Order, testified that an episode of that show involved facts similar to the Yates's case. That turned out to be wrong. There never was such an episode.
The Court of Appeals decided that this testimony and the use that both sides made of it unfairly prejudiced the jury against Yates.
What's not in dispute is that Yates's mental condition deteriorated after the birth of her youngest child, Mary, on November 30, 2000. At trial, the only real question about Dietz's qualifications was his familiarity with the kind of post-partum depression Yates might have suffered from, among other mental disorders.
Compared with Dietz's other qualifications, his work in Hollywood might have been of trivial importance to this or any other issue in the Yates case. Yet it was on this tangential point that the defense, on cross-examination, attacked Dietz, having no clue where it would lead.
George Parnham, defense attorney for Yates, was fishing for an admission from Dietz that the shows he consulted on did not involve post-partum depression. He caught this answer from Dietz instead:
"As a matter of fact, there was a show of a woman with postpartum depression who drowned her children in the bathtub and was found insane, and it was aired shortly before the crime occurred."
Apart from the objectionable, but not objected to, reference to the killings as a "crime" before the jury had decided, Dietz went beyond the question to volunteer that the show had been aired shortly before Yates had killed her children.
Parnham didn't pursue this line of questioning further, but in closing arguments, both prosecution and defense would spin this unexpected snippet of testimony in their own special ways.
Was Dietz implying that Yates had been inspired by the television show to kill her children and feign insanity to escape punishment? Dietz never actually said that, a point overlooked in most of the media coverage last week.
"Not only did I never draw a connection," Dietz tells The Hook, "but I at all points thought there could be no such connection."
One might have expected in its closing arguments that the defense– focusing on insanity– to have claimed that, if anything, TV had made Yates kill her children. After all, testimony indicated she was crazy enough to think the TV was talking to her. Or the defense might have simply pointed out to the jury the obvious: there had never been any proof that such a show existed, and that there had never been any expert testimony linking Yates's actions to the show. (Or the defense might have ignored the point altogether.)
Curiously, the defense simply tried to brush aside Dietz's remark in its closing, "Or maybe even we heard some evidence that she saw some show on TV and knew she could drown her children and get away with it."
From a legal standpoint, it's a stretch to say there was such evidence, and particularly odd to hear it from the defense.
The prosecution took Dietz's mistake further in suggesting that the TV show gave her the idea of how to get out of marriage and child-rearing. In the prosecution's closing remarks, prosecutor Joseph Owmby said, "These thoughts came to her, and she watches Law & Order regularly, she sees this program. There is a way out. She tells that to Dr. Dietz. A way out."
Notice that the prosecution doesn't actually come out and say that Yates had been inspired by a TV show, much less say that she told Dietz that she had seen the show. But the implication is there.
In fact, neither Dietz nor any other expert witness alluded to this show in their opinions on Yates's sanity. Dietz's expert opinion that Yates knew her actions were wrong was mostly based on her psychotic delusion that those actions were dictated by Satan, and thus by definition wrong, as well as on other statements by her that suggested to him an appreciation of how others would view her actions as wrongful. Yates's habit of watching TV never entered into Dietz's opinion on her legal sanity.
Dietz flatly denies having assisted the prosecution in the preparation of its closing remarks. He says that he learned of the use the prosecution made of his testimony about Law & Order at the same time he learned that he had made a mistake in his testimony, on March 14, 2002, five days after he'd testified. By then it was too late. The jury had convicted Yates two days earlier.
The jury was told of the error in Dietz's testimony, but by that time the jury's only options were to recommend life imprisonment or the death penalty. On March 16, the jury chose life imprisonment.
"Law & Order informed me on March 14 about Mr. Owmby's reliance on the TV episode in his closing statement," Dietz tells The Hook. "I never dreamed he might do so, and I had no input to this closing argument."
Confusion escalated because Owmby had asked Dietz to research the show in two "passing conversations," says Dietz.
"I never researched it," says Dietz, "because I didn't think any TV show could have anything to do with the Yates murder other than as a point of irony."
Last week Dietz gave an interview on ABC's Good Morning America, in which he claimed that there wasn't any question that Yates knew right from wrong, and that "with that kind of smoking gun evidence, it would be silly to make up something else"–begging the question of whether he had been, just this once, silly.
Dietz said on Good Morning America that his was an honest mistake caused by prosecutors who told him there had been such an episode on Law & Order at the time that Dietz was advising the show. He said as soon as he discovered the error, he had offered to fly back to Houston to set the record straight, but was told just to write a letter, a detailed letter which never made it into the record. Thus, he concluded, "the three judge panel didn't have access to the full story."
The Texas prosecutors, for their part, have denied to ABC and to the Associated Press that they ever told Dietz that there had been an episode of Law & Order such as Dietz described at trial. They admit they might have asked him when they were preparing for trial if there had been such an episode.
"A citizen had written to them that a few days before the homicides, a re-run of Law & Order aired on A&E about a mother acquitted by reason of insanity after drowning her children," Dietz tells The Hook. The prosecutors are reported by The Houston Chronicle on January 7, 2005, as saying that a local school teacher had emailed them about such a show, although it was said by the teacher to be an episode of LA Law from the '80s.
Dietz's first written communication to the prosecutors concerning his testimony makes no mention of the prosecutors having contributed to his error. That letter is reproduced here for the first time in print. [See letter.]
Dietz told The Hook by email that at the time he wrote this letter he did not recall his having discussed the existence of such a TV show with the prosecutors prior to trial. A year later, in 2003, while preparing to go before a Harris County grand jury investigating whether he had committed perjury in his mistaken testimony in this case (the grand jury decided he had not), he found a note to himself, regarding a phone conversation with the prosecutors prior to the Yates trial.
Dietz believes now that he mixed up his recollection of the Law & Order episode, "Angel," based on the Susan Smith murders, and the phone conversation with the Yates prosecutors about the supposed LA Law episode, which to date has not been confirmed to exist.
In her book-length account of the trial, "Are You There Alone? The Unspeakable Crime of Andrea Yates, author Suzanne O'Malley suggests that she knew of what she calls Dietz's "mistestimony" as early as the day it occurred, Saturday, March 9, 2002.
Rather than alerting Dietz, with whom, as a former writer on Law & Order, she had once worked, she tried to interest several NBC news programs in the story of the mistake. When that didn't pan out, she ran the story past other networks, which also passed. Then she handed it off to a stringer, Steven Long, who allegedly thought his "scoop" would run in the New York Post.
O'Malley confusingly says (on page 207) that the scoop was supposed to "run the following day, Saturday, March 9, 2002, the day Dietz was cross-examined." This statement might make sense if she meant, "the day after Dietz was cross-examined."
O'Malley also tells of defense attorney Parnham calling her "just after eight on the night of the guilty verdict." He had been trying earlier that day, March 12, to get through to NBC to get someone to testify to Dietz's mistake in the sentencing phase of the trial. She put him in touch with Dick Wolf at NBC. It seems possible from her account that her March 12 call to Dick Wolf was not her first.
Although O'Malley is less than clear on some points, her account will lead some to conclude that she knew before March 12 a mistake had been made, and that she had been in close contact with Parnham on this issue before the evening of March 12. She takes particular pride in quoting Parnham's words to her after the jury gave his client life in prison. "George Parnham found me in the corridor outside," she writes (on page 210). "'You saved her life,' he said."
Did O'Malley, or Parnham, save Yates's life by waiting to reveal Dietz's error in the sentencing phase?
If whoever first discovered the error had told the defense or the prosecution about the error on or before March 12, this story would not be about whether Dietz deliberately lied under oath or made an honest mistake. It might be about prosecutorial misconduct or ineffective assistance of the defense counsel. Or maybe the ethics of journalists looking for a scoop.
At the moment, though, the reversal of the Yates conviction has been the occasion for condemnation not of Texas law and lawyers but of Park Dietz. Is he a fair target or a convenient scapegoat?
Deborah Denno, professor at Fordham Law School, was quoted in the January 7, 2005 issue of The New York Times calling Dietz, "a hired gun in the worse sense."
That same evening on the FoxNews program On the Record with Greta Van Susteren Dietz was called by a panel of experts a "whore," who, in the view of several of them, deliberately lied in order to assure Yates's conviction and possible execution.
As to his future usefulness as an expert witness, he is "toast," they claimed. Within the legal community, "toast" is probably a greater insult than "whore" or "hired gun in the worst sense"– the latter two epithets being routinely hurled at the other guy's expert witnesses.
"He's an insidious guy," said one of the experts, Geoffrey Fieger. "He's a very, very bright guy, but he doesn't appear to have a soul."
Fieger, a Michigan attorney, well-known for his over-the-top putdowns of witnesses averse to his case, had once sued The Jenny Jones Show on behalf of the family of Scott Amedure, who in 1995 had surprised Jonathan Schmitz during a taping of a "Secret Admirer" segment of the show with a proclamation of a hitherto secret crush. For this, Schmitz had killed him.
Dietz had testified for The Jenny Jones Show that there was no way of predicting that Schmitz would murder anyone. Six years later, now in his capacity as a Fox expert on the Yates decision, Fieger illustrated Dietz's alleged lack of credibility by noting that the Jenny Jones jury had ignored Dietz and awarded Fieger's client 29 million dollars.
What Fieger neglected to mention to the Fox audience was that the Michigan Court of Appeals eventually agreed with Dietz and took away that 29 million dollars, so Fieger might have 29 million reasons to be annoyed with Dietz.
Van Susteren seemed particularly concerned with the alleged six-figure fee Dietz earned for his work on the Yates case.
What began as at best a side-show over Dietz's Hollywood connections may have revealed in him an imperfect memory and even a willingness to gild the lily, by, for example, characterizing the evidence of Yates' alleged sanity as "smoking gun evidence." But does it make the case that Dietz is a "whore" or "hired gun in the worst sense"?
The best evidence that Dietz's conduct in the Yates case stemmed more from quirks in Texas law and less from his desire to give prosecutors the answer they were seeking would come soon enough.
A year after the Yates conviction, another Texas mom, Deanna Laney, killed two of her kids and wounded another, this time by stoning them. In the Laney case there was no question that the defendant had heard and modeled her behavior on the story of a mentally ill child-killing mother seen on TV: Andrea Yates.
Like Yates, Laney had acted under the force of a religious delusion. Like Yates she faced the prosecution's expert, Park Dietz.
But unlike Yates, who had heard the voice of Satan, Laney had heard God, albeit a God who emitted the odor of burning sulphur, and required the same acts as Yates' Satan.
Dietz, although he was working for the prosecution, agreed with the defense experts that Laney could not tell right from wrong. Trial testimony indicated that she believed killing her children was God's work, and therefore good– not Satan's work and therefore bad.
See an excerpt from the PowerPoint presentation used by Dietz in the Laney case (below):
Comparison between Mrs. Laney and Mrs. YatesPerception Laney Yates Instruction from... God SatanExpected outcome... Heaven HellExpected punishment... No YesThought God approved... Yes NoThought did wrong... No YesSaw killing as a sin... No Yessource: Phillip J. Resnick, M.D.
The result in the Laney case suggests that Dietz was in that case and in the earlier Yates case all too faithfully applying Texas law. That law, not unlike the law in Virginia or most other Anglo-American jurisdictions, dictated a different result from what common sense says were identical cases about a parent committing the ultimate crime.
Whatever one's feelings are about infanticide and the criminal punishment of mentally disordered mothers who commit this act, the problem doesn't seem to be the moral laxity of the expert witnesses in the cases that follow, so much as the moral rigidity of the law itself. If the law supposes that Mrs. Yates is sane and Mrs. Laney is not, then as Dickens's Mr. Bumble observed, "the law is an ass– an idiot." Don't hold your breath waiting for an appellate court to reach that conclusion.
Andrea Yates, with attorney George Parnham at left, enters the courtroom before closing arguments in March 2002.FILE PHOTO BY REUTERS
Now based in Newport Beach, California, Dietz was on the UVA Law and UVA medical faculties in the late 1980s.FILE PHOTO BY JEN FARIELLO


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drop top-level hypotheses
Major Section: PROOF-CHECKER-COMMANDS
Examples: (drop 2 3) -- drop the second and third hypotheses drop -- drop all top-level hypothesesNote: If there are no top-level hypotheses, then the instruction
General Forms: (drop n1 n2 ...) -- Drop the hypotheses with the indicated indices.
drop -- Drop all the top-level hypotheses.
drop will fail. If any of the indices is out of range, i.e. is not
an integer between one and the number of top-level hypotheses
(inclusive), then
(drop n1 n2 ...) will fail.


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Mayor, Quezon City, 2010 – 2016 Chairman, Management Committee
Chairman, Executive Committee
Chairman, Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council
Chairman, Environment Policy Management Council
Chairman, Quezon City School Board
Chairman, Literacy Coordinating Council of Quezon City
President, 2010-2016, League of Cities of the Philippines
Mayor Herbert M Bautista is known as a pioneer and progressive advocate of solutions for environment issues and climate change. Under his leadership, Quezon City became the first city in the Philippines to implement a Green Building Ordinance, enforcing sustainable building designs throughout the city. He has mandated a greening program as a component of all road and real estate development projects. He is leading the city to reduce its carbon footprint through the shift of public facilities towards alternative energy sources, wider installation of systems for resource reuse, and restrictions in the use of nonbiodegradable materials such as plastic bags. His climate change mitigation activism has led to the recognition of the city's success stories in global forums and international movements, where he is recognized as a pioneer and a strong advocate of environmental and disaster-risk reduction programs.
Mayor Bautista's urban development framework anchors the City's housing and resettlement program on disaster-risk reduction as well as quality of life enrichment. The priority is to move the poor from danger areas towards new townships, a project he is implementing in multiples, in collaboration with the private sector and national government agencies.
He has led the city towards the formulation and adoption of systematic frameworks for development that are aligned with the perspectives of the present and future vision of the city. These foundations are the new Comrehensive Development Plan, the product of the democratized participation of the City Development Council; the new Comprehensive Land Use Plan which has resulted in the Amended Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance of 2013. He has also actively pushed for the city's enacment of an Investment Incentives Code, for the city to further stimulate the influx of desirable investments.
Mayor Bautista is probably one of the youngest officials of the Philippines who have had a long and fruitful experience in government and the youth movement.
He was elected into Office in May 2010 and reelected by a landslide for another term in 2013. Concurrently, he is the public relations officer for the National Capital Region of the League of Cities of the Philippines, as well as Chairman of the Social Development Committee of the Regional Development Council of the Metro Manila Development Authority.
Prior to being Mayor, he was Vice Mayor of Quezon City for 12 years, leading the City Council to enact landmark ordinances for children, senior citizens, indigents, environmental protection, and many others, including the pioneering Green Building Ordinance.
His representation and advocacy of the youth sector is extensive. Mayor Herbert Bautista's 25 years in local government service, started when he was Barangay Youth Leader at 17. From 1986 to 1989, he was President of the Kabataang Barangay National Federation and was appointed ex-officio City Councilor representing the Youth Sector of Quezon City. From 1992 to 1995, he was elected Councilor of Quezon City and was concurrently Chairperson of the Committee on Tourism and Cultural Affairs. From 1999 to 2001, he was appointed by the President of the Philippines as the Commission-at-Large of the National Youth Commission.
He was Vice Mayor of Quezon City for three terms, from 2001 to 2010, but previously already been Vice Mayor from 1995 to 1998, having been the youngest elected vice mayor of the City in 1995 at 27 years old.
In 1992, he graduated from the San Beda College of Manila with a baccalaureate degree in Philosophy and Letters. He was adjudged Most Outstanding Centennial Bedan Alumnus in recognition of his sterling contribution and leadership in civil governance and politics. He also has a Master's of Arts degree in Public Administration from the University of the Philippines National College of Public Administration and Governance (UP- NCPAG).
Mayor Bautista is also an alumnus of the National Defense College of the Philippines where he obtained his Master's degree in National Security Administration. He is working towards his Doctorate degree in Political Science (International Studies and Development) from the University of the Philippines.
In 2010, he was invited by the World Bank to take the course, "Leadership in Local Government: Decision, Action, Results (DARE) Program," a Joint Training Program of the Singapore-World Bank Institute and the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy. In 2012, he was invited by the Singapore Government for a leadership course at the Temasek University where he led the Quezon City team to tackle the problems of socialized housing in Quezon City, adapting best practices from other parts of the world.


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GETFSENT(3) BSD Programmer's Manual GETFSENT(3)
getfsent, getfsspec, getfsfile, setfsent, endfsent - get file system descriptor file entry
#include <fstab.h> struct fstab * getfsent(void); struct fstab * getfsspec(const char *spec); struct fstab * getfsfile(const char *file); int setfsent(void); void endfsent(void);
The getfsent(), getfsspec(), and getfsfile() functions each return a pointer to an object with the following structure containing the broken- out fields of a line in the file system description file, <fstab.h>. struct fstab { char *fs_spec; /* block special device name */ char *fs_file; /* file system path prefix */ char *fs_vfstype; /* type of file system */ char *fs_mntops; /* comma separated mount options */ char *fs_type; /* rw, ro, sw, or xx */ int fs_freq; /* dump frequency, in days */ int fs_passno; /* pass number on parallel fsck */ }; The fields have meanings described in fstab(5). setfsent() opens the file (closing any previously opened file) or rewinds it if it is already open. endfsent() closes the file. The getfsspec() and getfsfile() functions search the entire file (opening it if necessary) for a matching special file name or file system file name. For programs wishing to read the entire database, getfsent() reads the next entry (opening the file if necessary). All entries in the file with a type field equivalent to FSTAB_XX are ig- nored.
The getfsent(), getfsspec(), and getfsfile() functions return a null pointer on EOF or error. The setfsent() function returns 0 on failure or 1 on success. The endfsent() function returns nothing.
/etc/fstab file system table
The getfsent() function appeared in 4.0BSD; the endfsent(), getfsfile(), getfsspec(), and setfsent() functions appeared in 4.3BSD.
These functions use static data storage; if the data is needed for future use, it should be copied before any subsequent calls overwrite it. MirOS BSD #10-current June 4, 1993 1
Generated on 2017-04-03 16:26:17 by $MirOS: src/scripts/roff2htm,v 1.88 2017/01/29 00:51:06 tg Exp $
These manual pages and other documentation are copyrighted by their respective writers;
their source is available at our CVSweb,
AnonCVS, and other mirrors. The rest is Copyright © 2002–2017 The MirOS Project, Germany.
This product includes material provided by mirabilos.
This manual page's HTML representation is supposed to be valid XHTML/1.1; if not, please send a bug report — diffs preferred.


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Iran Today: Presidential Election --- Is Ali Larijani The Real Winner?
Fars: Guardian Council May Disqualify Moderate Rouhani
In an indication of growing concern over the campaign of moderate Hassan Rouhani, Fars News --- close to the Revolutionary Guards --- has declared, from an "informed source", that the Guardian Council will discuss the candidacy tomorrow.
The source said the Council will re-examine Rouhani's qualifications, considering charges that he is being supported by leaders of "sedition" and lawlessness.


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Pavel Bure wrote:joker10277 wrote:columbia wrote:The PP would not have been nearly as effective without Sullivan bringing the puck into the zone. One could criticize him for being overly cautious after that (passing up shots), but he was one of the best values on the team last year.
The problem with sullivan at this stage is he's a PP specialist, sid needs a better winger at even strength, sullivan is too old, small and weak along the boards to be with sid, and if he can't play top 6 he certainly can't play bottom 6.
I was very satisfied with what we got out of Sullivan this year. It was right about at the high end of what I expected him to do and the game I expected him to play. Would sign again for the same price.
He was good after the first 30 games, but I don't think sid is giving the pens a break on his salary and signing long term, to skate on a line with sully and duper. Plus last season was the healthiest sully's been in about a decade, I wouldn't count on it happening again, if sully comes back it will probably be because the pens missed out on plans a and b. I'd sign Brad Boyes for 2.5-3 and move duper to the left wing boyes on the right and see what you have.


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Skip Top Navigation Skip to Content
Our aviation system is served by a diverse mixture of airports ranging in size from small back-country airports to Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, the state's busiest commercial airport. The system is comprised of public use airports, both publicly and privately owned, which are conveniently located to meet a full range of transportation needs for commercial, business, personal, recreation, training and medical emergencies. With significant change expected in coming years, WSDOT Aviation conducts long-term planning to face the challenge of maintaining and improving our aviation system for the future. There is a growing recognition that Washington's network of 135 public use airports needs to be managed as an integrated system, to more strategically invest the public resources necessary to preserve future aviation capacity. It is the state's role to guide development of a coherent statewide strategy to ensure that adequate aviation capacity exists to accommodate predicted growth. The last system plan was completed in 2009 as part of the Long-Term Air Transportation Study. The study included a systemwide airport inventory and 25 year forecast.
The 2015 Washington Aviation System Plan update is currently underway.
The collected data is also available on the web at Airport Information System.


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So you got yourself a new board (you can do this on used ones, too) but didn't have the foresight or cash to get it airbrushed. Fret not my bland friends, here's how you can turn your plain Jane shred sled into a ripping work of art…
What you'll need:
-Masking tape
-Spray paint
-A well-ventilated area
-Clear acrylic sealant
-Paper to prevent overspray
Step 1
Clean the board thoroughly. Scrape any old wax off and use a rag with a bit of acetone on it to clean the surface up. Even if a board is brand new there's still foam dust on it so make sure it's clean! It doesn't hurt to lightly hit the area with a piece of sandpaper that's in the 180-220 grit zone.
Step 2
Sketch your design on a piece of paper or look on the web for some ideas.
Step 3
Tape off desired design. While you may wanna get all nuts and create the next great work of art, unless you're name is Rick Griffin, keep it simple stupid. Fill in bigger gaps with paper or cardboard. If you have thin enough tape, go ahead and tape off the stringer for a more professional look.
Step 4
Spray it! After your design is taped off, shake your can of paint vigorously for a few minutes, then shake it some more—you really want the paint mixed well. As you spray, keep the tip at least 6" from the surface of the board taking care not to flood an area with paint. Your hand should always be moving so as to create an even coat.
Step 5
Slowly and carefully remove the tape. If you do it too fast or haphazardly you'll make a mess of your new design.
Step 6
Let the paint dry for at least five minutes, longer if it's cool out.
Step 7
Apply a clear coat to seal the design. I've found that the best sealant is "Krylon UV Resistant Clear Acrylic Coating". Spray in nice even strokes so as not to create puddles. Let it dry for ten minutes or more and go rip!


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Welcome to The Saddlery, the online presence for Aberconwy Equestrian Supplies. You will find an impressive range of products from all the top brands for both the horse, and the rider, and all at affordable prices.
This website accepts payments in GBP £ Sterling via WorldPay.
Your cart is currently empty.


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Realize Your Future in Medicine
Whether you are seeking a career in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, or an allied health field, our internationally recognized faculty, dedicated academic advisors, network of clinical and research opportunities, and resource-rich campus in New York City will help you realize your future in medicine.
Our students come from a wide range of backgrounds. Some have already begun a career and are looking for more from their professional lives, others have experienced personal situations that inspired them to go into a medical field, and some are seeking the science education they didn't take as an undergraduate. No matter your situation, we will set you on the path to medical school.


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Two dozen state Department of Transportation workers at the agency's Wolf Road offices were informed on Friday that they'll be off the job after Dec. 31.
"It was purposefully not made public," said one DOT employee, speaking on condition of anonymity. The employee, who was not among those targeted, said the agency will lose almost 100 workers statewide.
Although no layoff notices have gone out, these personal notifications have been communicated over the last few days to some of the 898 workers slated for layoff by Gov. David Paterson.
"People have been called in and they are moving toward the process of layoff," said Darcy Wells, spokeswoman for the Public Employees Federation, a major state union.
The state Budget Division said formal layoff notices — which must be issued at least three weeks before the end of employment — will be going out next month. Supervisors in state agencies have been making the rounds and telling those on layoff lists that they'll get their pink slips next month.
For the most part, this week's warnings have been given discreetly, without public postings. Some state workers believe e-mails are being avoided in order to guard against leaks.
By keeping people on the job until the close of business on Dec. 31, the governor is adhering to the oft-mentioned memorandum of understanding his administration signed with PEF and the Civil Service Employees Association that guaranteed no layoffs in exchange for the unions' support for a less-generous Tier V pension package. The timeline may sidestep potential litigation.
Well said PEF is looking beyond the Paterson administration, appealing to representatives of governor-elect Andrew Cuomo.
"We're not dealing with Paterson at all at this point," she said, adding they are hoping Cuomo will consider rescinding the layoffs and expand a recently completed early-retirement program instead.


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15% off on Orders $100 or more! Coupon Code at Checkout: CFS15
Do you need your Invitations Printed Fast!?
Most products we can Print & Ship the same day for a Rush fee (Proof included and needs to be confirmed by 2PM CST) - you can see fees at Checkout.
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Avila Beach Golf Resort
Photo by: John Patrick Images
The Avila Beach Golf Resort is the most well-known of the Central Coast Golf Courses, and a wholly-unique golf experience for each of our guests. Designed by Olin Dutra and Desmond Muirhead and opened for play in 1969, we are located 3 miles off Highway 101, south of San Luis Obispo and northwest of Pismo Beach. Nestled in the surrounding hills and on the edge of the bay, the resort includes a par 71, 6500-yard championship course, extensive and beautifully crafted event facilities and a neighborhood bar that also serves tasty sandwiches and small bites.
The golf course has kikuyu grass fairways (think Riviera CC) and quick, classic bent grass greens. The front nine is situated on hilly terrain with small, often-elevated, smooth greens within oak-lined valleys. The back nine transverses a tidal estuary, with several forced carries over the water and multi-level greens to test your will and your skill. Golfers of all abilities will enjoy the challenge of this scenic course.
After enjoying your visit to our Golf Course, be sure to visit the many attractions our area has to offer. Avila's beach town is a stop you won't want to miss with its quaint restaurants, family beaches, aquarium, camping and deep sea fishing. Take your time venturing through Avila's shops
and boutiques on Front St. located right next to the shore. In our summer months, April through September, Avila's Front St. provides a safe and fun Farmers' Market, where you can find farm fresh produce, tasty treats, and a get to experience serene ocean views. Perfect for family outings, Avila Valley Barn is just 5 miles from the Golf Resort and offers more farm fresh groceries, homemade ice cream, tractor rides, farm animals and much more. If you head North on the 101 you find the famous town of San Luis Obispo which carries a unique downtown shopping experience, and is home to the reputable Cal Poly State University.
World-class facilities and top notch service are the standard at the Avila Beach Golf Resort. From the meticulously groomed fairways and greens, to our attentive customer service, your experience at the Avila Beach Golf Resort will be unparalleled.
Plan your wedding and/or next private event along side Avila's breathtaking coastline. Call (805) 595-4000 x 503 or email email@example.com *Visit our Facebook & Pinterest pages to see recent photos from the venue!


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On Not Having HIV Med Side Effects -- and Keeping It That Way
Part of the Series Other Sides of HIV: People Taking HIV Meds Share Stories About Side Effects
I was diagnosed on July 10, 2008, in Queens, N.Y. I was 22. I was a student at the time. I started taking HIV meds in January of 2010 and I'm still on the same regimen. The way my doctor told it to me was that the guidelines at the time said that, if your T cells hit below 300, then you immediately started medication. So my T cells, when I was diagnosed, were at 7-something -- 760, more or less. And after a year of being diagnosed, my T cells just kept declining -- by 100, by 200. They got to the point where it was about 3-something. And so my doctor was just like, "You know, being that you're so young, I would have preferred to wait. But your T cells are too low. So let's start you on medication."
At the time, the two options that were really common were Atripla [efavirenz/tenofovir/FTC] and a cocktail which is Reyataz [atazanavir], Norvir [ritonavir] and Truvada [tenofovir/FTC]. The reason that I chose the cocktail was because of the less side effects known, and because if I missed a dose, there was also less chance of building resistance in my body.
I didn't actually do any research. I pretty much just went in with the best faith in my doctor. She told me those were the two most common, the two that worked the best. And so I said, "Fine. Let's do it."
At the beginning of taking the medication, maybe the first night, I felt a little warm during the night. Maybe I had the runs. As I recall, maybe there was some diarrhea the first week. After that it was just peachy. I really had no complaints, none whatsoever.
The only thing that I have noticed is that my skin gets drier. Prior to the medication, I never had to put on any sort of moisturizer, and now I do. I need to drink more water. I feel like I dry out faster. That's it, really.
Oh, if I don't eat well, I find that I have more runs. I'm not sure if it's correlated to the medication or not, but I think it might be. Especially if I don't take the medication with a full meal, sometimes I may have nausea.
When I get the nausea, just drinking some seltzer water will probably help.
But to avoid it, definitely having a meal before taking the medication is important. Because if you don't take the medication, one, with a full meal and, two, with enough water, what happens is they kind of get stuck in your throat -- or in your esophagus, or whatever -- and if you burp you literally just feel like a bitterness up your throat. So you definitely have to have a full glass of water to have the pills.
I definitely pay more attention to my health. Before I was diagnosed, I just really didn't think too much about my meals and my diet. But now I know that if I don't eat well, the medication will probably have more of a harsh effect on my body. And plus, the research they did on these meds says that they usually work better when you take them on a full stomach. So I definitely understand that your diet is essential to your well-being when you're HIV positive.
It was hard to adjust to thinking more about my health, because it was more stress than I already had. Not only did I have to worry about school and work, now I have to worry about: Am I eating well? Am I sleeping well? Am I eating enough vegetables? Enough fruits? Because I knew that I needed that extra detoxification of, say, the liver, with more greens, and more energy with fruit. I don't feel well, either mentally or physically, when I don't eat well.
Eating well is definitely having breakfast before noon. Obviously, that's really important. I don't really eat fruit, and I don't really eat vegetables. So I bought a $30 small blender, and the easiest thing for me is to just throw the fruit and vegetables in together. And that will be like my breakfast.
Then, definitely having lunch. And a good dinner. Usually chicken and fish are my most common dinners. I usually put it with rice. Then I'll have some snacks, maybe, in between -- some carrots with hummus. That's a good snack.
I'm allergic to some fruit, like apples and cherries, so I can't really snack on them. If I could, that would be awesome.
I cannot emphasize enough that we need to really eat well and get enough rest, and always, always stay hydrated and flushing out your system -- because you're putting so much work into your liver and your kidneys. You really need to stay hydrated, and eat well so that your body stays strong enough to deal with all these medications you're putting into your body.
I think that's really important. I don't think that they emphasized that too much when I was diagnosed -- how much water and eating well and sleeping were important to your health.
This article is part of a transcribed conversation between Eric T. and Olivia Ford, executive editor of TheBody.com and TheBodyPRO.com. It has been edited for clarity.
Want to share your "Other Sides of HIV" story about dealing with side effects, good or bad? Write out your story (1,000 words or fewer, please!), or film a YouTube video, and email it to firstname.lastname@example.com. In the coming months, we'll be posting readers' "Other Sides" stories here in our Resource Center on Keeping Up With Your HIV Meds.


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Seven-Year-Old Gives Dad a Piggyback Ride
As a parent, there are few greater bonding experiences than giving your child a piggyback ride. But imagine if your child was so strong that he could give you a ride on his back. Sorta changes the dynamic, doesn't it?
Seven-year-old Yang Jinlong, who lives in the Anhui province of China, is reportedly so powerful that he can heft 200-pound bags of cement, pull cars and carry his father on his back. Incredibly, he already weighs more than 110 pounds and is still growing.
According to his family, the young strongman has a voracious appetite and eats three bowls of rice or noodles at each meal. And, they say, he first showed his strength at the age of nine-months-old when he lifted an oil drum weighing 11 pounds.
Not surprisingly, Yang said he aspires to be an Olympic weightlifter when he grows up. We're no experts, but he already seems well on his way.


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TriZetto delivers world-class, healthcare IT solutions that enable healthcare organizations to work more efficiently and collaboratively to deliver better health. TriZetto solutions help health plans and TPAs increase administrative efficiency, improve the cost and quality of care, and succeed in the retail healthcare market. TriZetto solutions help physicians and health systems simplify business processes and execute strategies for population health management, accountable care, and value-based initiatives. TriZetto's healthcare expertise, innovative solutions and comprehensive services help simplify healthcare for everyone.


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Find Your Perfect Home.
Powers Lake Real Estate
Powers Lake is located in Wisconsin. Powers Lake, Wisconsin has a population of 1,092. Powers Lake is less family-centric than the surrounding county with 15.28% of the households containing married families with children. The county average for households married with children is 31.64%.
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The average high temperature in July is 81 degrees, with an average low temperature in January of 14.3 degrees. The average rainfall is approximately 35.5 inches per year, with inches of snow per year.
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As announced For Honor had a big place at Ubisoft's press conference, with two trailers, one showing the new faction, the other new game mode called Breach.
$233 of $400 per month
Become a patron →
playing Lunar: SSSC & Lunar 2 on my RetroBox ... [url] (1 Day ago)
lol truly (2 Days ago)
That's some Star Trek shit. (2 Days ago)
the other amazing thing in that video is the use of the node tools that can just be plugged whilst in VR. You can imagine devs in the future building games in VR instead of on a monitor. (2 Days ago)
There's other videos showing it mapped to avatar eyes, and it's 1:1 movement. It even detects the size of the pupil and maps it to an object. (2 Days ago)
Yeah, you'd have thought Valve would have put that in there. eye tracking with those controllers would have made it a true next gen headset. (2 Days ago)
Once eye tracking gets utilized it'll quickly become a must have feature I think (2 Days ago)
GSY is getting some nice content at 3 pm CEST with our July podcast and some videos of the Deus Ex Mankind Divided preview build. :) (> 3 Months ago)
For once we'll be live at 4:30 pm CEST. Blim should not even be tired! (> 3 Months ago)
More Quantum Break coverage coming in a few hours, 9:00 a.m CEST. (> 3 Months ago)
We'll have a full review up for Firewatch at 7 pm CET. Videos will only be tomorrow though. (> 3 Months ago)
Tonight's livestream will be at 9:15 GMT+1, not GMT+2 as first stated. (> 3 Months ago)
New GSY Live dedicated this time to Just Cause 3 on Tuesday 9:30 GMT+2 (> 3 Months ago)
Join us tomorrow at 10 pm GMT+2 for a new livestream. We'll be playing Rise of the Tomb Raider. (> 3 Months ago)


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The Secret Is In The Sauce BLOGATHON!
Last week I joined an elite society of trained operatives. We masquerade as normal, regular ol' women who are just going about our business (taking care of our families, working, writing, perhaps whipping out a quiche or baby quilt every now and then) and who happen to enjoy an occasional blog post or two. Seems innocent enough, yes?
We work under a veil of secrecy.
Codename: "The Secret Is In The Sauce"
Recruitment into this hallowed league is deceptively simple: one needs only to click on the cute little pink leopard-skin badge over in the right-hand column..over there...lower...no, lower...almost...Oh, for heaven's sakes! It looks like this:
One click will introduce you to a network of blogging women so friendly, so charming, so supportive...that you might think they are mere civilians. You know, nice ladies who write thank-you notes and would not be caught dead wearing white shoes after Labor Day.
But don't make that rookie mistake. Tread with much respect and do not look directly into the LCD glow of their pupils lest you unleash an unearthly torrent of pointy-nointy Ninja stars. [Bwang!] (Those things really smart, BTW.)
Included here for your consideration are links to five of my saucy sisters-in-arms' blogs, along with some [ahem] "post titles" to give you a little taste of what to expect:
Nanny Goats in Panties
"World Peace? I'd settle for covered parking."
Happy Meals & Happy Hour
"Bartending School: What College Recruiters Don't Want Your High Schooler to Know"
American in Norway
"I swear, if one more person asks me if I know ABBA..."
Blah, Blah, Blah, Blog
"I'll tell you what you can do with your tuna-noodle casserole."
Texas Word Tangle
"Parent-teacher what? Oh, I don't THINK so."
Remember, when you visit:
- Don't make any sudden moves.
- Tell them their hair "has loads of body and manageability." (Trust me. Just say it.)
- And, for God's sakes, don't set your sweaty Big Gulp down anywhere without a coaster under it!
Good luck, my friend.


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ADDISON — A Tuesday forum at Addison Central School will look at the Addison Northwest Supervisory Union unification process. It is sponsored by the ANwSU committee that is spearheading what is expected to become the third formal effort since 2005 to unify union governance under one board.
Beginning at 6:30 p.m., committee members will to address unification issues, including those that led to Addison's petitioned defeat last year of the one-board initiative. Addison overturned its approval of unification in May 2009 after all five ANwSU towns backed it overwhelmingly that March.


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If you are already a customer, you may login to retrieve your shopping cart.
McClure's Pickles are manufactured on a small scale using the finest, local produce that they can find to create a delicious, crispy and fresh tasting pickle. Available in two varieties but whether you choose Garlic & Dill or Spicy these pickles are a tasty addition to any sandwich or just straight out of the jar!


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Things have been super crazy busy around here lately!! I have been making up samples for my summer camps so that the kids (and their parents) can see what they will be learning in class.
We drove to Oregon last week (it was the kid's spring break from school) to see my dad so I had a TON of crochet time. 9 hours there and just about the same back. My dad lives right be the coast so I got to sit on the beach and crochet - oh, my! Soooo relaxing! I started a half double crochet hat. This one is done and I will share it on Friday.
This crochet work is being done on our way back. It is going to be an Ugly Bunny Pincushion.
In other news, my husband started and finished this project in one day!! Now it's up to me to do my part. Can you guess what it is?
These I got for free from behind a liquor store very near to me that just changed owners. There are three of them and they were sitting outside the back door of the store. I went in and asked if they were trash and if I could have them. The owner said sure! WHOOPPEEE!!! We are going to paint them and use them as fabric and yarn storage for my summer camps. Can you imagine how yummy and accessible the supplies will be displayed in these??!! I am so excited to finish them!
This is a very small ripple blanket is also a sample for class. From teaching knitting after school this year, I have been totally amazed at what kids can learn and how quickly they can master skills that were somewhat difficult for me.
And...this is the book I am reading right now. It has tons of great information that I hope to incorporate into my gardening this year.
Click on the links on the sidebar for more great WIPs!


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Richard Kind, Lynn Cohen and More Join Mike Reiss' RUBBLE Reading with Barefoot Theatre, 2/11
Barefoot Theatre Company will continue its new bareNaked Reading Series (Molly Marinik, Program Director; Jennie West, Co-Producer) with a reading of RUBBLE by four-time Emmy Award winning writer Mike Reiss ("The Simpsons," "The Critic") on Monday, February 11, 2013 at 7:00pm.
The reading of RUBBLE is free, with extremely limited seating available. To inquire about admission please email email@example.com.
Directed by James Valletti, the reading of RUBBLE will feature a cast of Richard Kind (last on Broadway in 2004 in SLY FOX), Lynn Cohen (Israel Horovitz's NEW SHORTS presented by Barefoot Theatre Company), Elisabeth Anthony Gray (the up-coming BREAKFAST AT TIFFANY'S on Broadway), Ronald Cohen ("Boardwalk Empire"), Mark G. Cisneros (BTC's RAFT OF THE MEDUSA), John Gazzale (BTC's DOG DAY AFTERNOON), David Rasche (Broadway's SPEED-THE-PLOW), Minna Taylor (Atlantic Theatre's JACKIE AND ME), Kenneth King (CLOCKWORK ORANGE at Edinburgh Finge), and Lydia Gladstone (HARRY & EDDIE).
The bareNaked Reading Series kicked off in January with the reading of Joe Pintauro's SNOW ORCHID. On March 11 at 7pm will be a reading of ALLIGATOR by Hilary Bettis ("American Girls"), directed by Jerry Ruiz ("26 Miles" by Quiara Alegria Hudes) featuring Barefoot Ensemble Members in the cast, with more TBA.
Information on the April, May and June readings will be announced at a later date.
In 1999, Barefoot Theatre Company (Producing Artistic Director, Francisco Solorzano) was founded by a multicultural group of artists determined to produce vital, thought-provoking works, both new and existing. We embrace the importance of the collaborative process, nurture our ensemble commitment, and continue to learn from the younger generations we mentor. Barefoot Theatre Company's most recent collaborations include the Off Broadway Revival of Pintauro's RAFT OF THE MEDUSA as well as a workshop of the new play, F**KING VIGWAN (OR SWAG) by Pulitzer Prize nominee Kristoffer Diaz both at the legendary Cherry Lane Theatre.
All readings will be held at "The Loft" (East 3RD Productions) 684 Broadway, #5W - corner of Broadway and East 3rd Street. Admission is free with a confirmed RSVP, however seating is limited. To RSVP please send the play title, number of seats requested and contact information to email@example.com, a member of the Barefoot Theatre Company will inform you if confirmed.
For more information about the bareNaked Reading Series or Barefoot Theatre Company, visit www.BarefootTheatreCompany.org.
Photo Credit: Peter James Zielinski