text:
In my previous post about the grand old trade of basket-making I included several extracts from some 18th century books, in which I preserved the long s (ſ) as used in the original printed texts. This got me thinking about when to use long s and when not. Like most readers of this blog I realised that long s was used initially and medially, whereas short s was used finally (mirroring Greek practice with regards to final lowercase sigma ς and non-final lowercase sigma σ), although there were, I thought, some exceptions. But what exactly were the rules ?
"The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green" in Robert Dodsley's Triffles (London, 1745)
(In roman typeface f and ſ are very similar but are easily distinguished by the horizontal bar, which goes all the way through the vertical stem of the letter 'f' but only extends to the left of the vertical stem of the long s; and in italic typeface long s is even more clearly distinguished from the letter 'f' as it has no horizontal bar at all)
Turning first to my 1785 copy of Thomas Dyche's bestselling A Guide to the English Tongue (first published in 1709, or 1707 according to some, and reprinted innumerable times over the century) for some help from a contemporary grammarian, I was confounded by his advise that :
The long ſ muſt never be uſed at the End of a Word, nor immediately after the short s.
Well, I already knew that long s was never used at the end of a word, but why warn against using long s after short s when short s should only occur at the end of a word ?
The 1756 edition of Nathan Bailey's An Universal Etymological English Dictionary also gives some advise on the use of long s (although this advise does not seem to occur in the 1737 or 1753 editions) :
A long ſ muſt never be placed at the end of a word, as maintainſ, nor a ſhort s in the middle of a word, as conspires.
Similarly vague advise is given in James Barclay's A Complete and Universal English Dictionary (London, 1792) :
All the ſmall Conſonants retain their form, the long ſ and the ſhort s only excepted. The former is for the moſt part made uſe of at the beginning, and in the middle of words ; and the laſt only at their terminations.
I felt sure that John Smith's compendious Printer's Grammar (London, 1787) would enumerate the rules for the letter 's', but I was disappointed to find that although it gives the rules for R Rotunda, the rules for long s are not given, save for one obscure rule (see Short ST Ligature after G below) which does not seem to be much used in practice.
So, all in all, none of these contemporary sources are much help in the finer details of how to use long s. The internet turns up a couple of useful documents : Instructions for the proper setting of Blackletter Typefaces discusses the rules for German Fraktur typesetting ; whilst 18th Century Ligatures and Fonts by David Manthey specifically discusses 18th century English typographic practice. According to Manthey long s is not used at the end of the word or before an apostrophe, before or after the letter 'f', or before the letters 'b' and 'k' , although he notes that some books do use a long s before the ketter 'k'. This is clearly not the entire story, because long s does commonly occur before both 'b' and 'k' in 18th century books on my bookshelves, including, for example, Thomas Dyche's Guide to the English Tongue.
To get the bottom of this I have enlisted the help of Google Book Search (see note at bottom of the post) to empirically check what the usage rules for long s and short s were in printed books from the 16th through 18th centuries. It transpires that the rules are quite complicated, with various exceptions, and vary subtly from country to country as well as over time. I have summarised below my current understanding of the rules as used in roman and italic typography in various different countries, and as I do more research I will expand the rules to cover other countries. At present I do not cover the rules for the use of long s in blackletter or fraktur typography, but may do so in the future. It should also be noted that the rules for the use of long s in typography do not necessarily correspond to the usage of long s in handwriting, and in 18th century handwritten letters and documents long s is generally much more restricted in usage than in printed books from the same place and time. I am planning to write a separate post on long s in handwritten English in February 2013.
Rules for Long S in English
The following rules for the use of long s and short s are applicable to books in English, Welsh and other languages published in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and other English-speaking countries during the 17th and 18th centuries.
- short s is used at the end of a word (e.g. his, complains, ſucceſs)
- short s is used before an apostrophe (e.g. clos'd, us'd)
- short s is used before the letter 'f' (e.g. ſatisfaction, misfortune, transfuſe, transfix, transfer, ſucceſsful)
- short s is used after the letter 'f' (e.g. offset), although not if the word is hyphenated (e.g. off-ſet) [see Short S before and after F for details]
- short s is used before the letter 'b' in books published during the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century (e.g. husband, Shaftsbury), but long s is used in books published during the second half of the 18th century (e.g. huſband, Shaftſbury) [see Short S before B and K for details]
- short s is used before the letter 'k' in books published during the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century (e.g. skin, ask, risk, masked), but long s is used in books published during the second half of the 18th century (e.g. ſkin, aſk, riſk, maſked) [see Short S before B and K for details]
- Compound words with the first element ending in double s and the second element beginning with s are normally and correctly written with a dividing hyphen (e.g. Croſs-ſtitch, Croſs-ſtaff), but very occasionally may be written as a single word, in which case the middle letter 's' is written short (e.g. Croſsſtitch, croſsſtaff).
- long s is used initially and medially except for the exceptions noted above (e.g. ſong, uſe, preſs, ſubſtitute)
- long s is used before a hyphen at a line break (e.g. neceſ-ſary, pleaſ-ed), even when it would normally be a short s (e.g. Shaftſ-bury and huſ-band in a book where Shaftsbury and husband are normal), although exceptions do occur (e.g. Mans-field)
- double s is normally written as double long s medially and as long s followed by short s finally (e.g. poſſeſs, poſſeſſion), although in some late 18th and early 19th century books a different rule is applied, reflecting contemporary usage in handwriting, in which long s is used exclusively before short s medially and finally [see Rules for Long S in some late 18th and early 19th century books for details]
- short s is used before a hyphen in compound words with the first element ending in the letter 's' (e.g. croſs-piece, croſs-examination, Preſs-work, bird's-neſt)
- long s is maintained in abbreviations such as ſ. for ſubſtantive, and Geneſ. for Geneſis (this rule means that it is practically impossible to implement fully correct automatic contextual substitution of long s at the font level)
Usage in 16th and early 17th century books may be somewhat different (see Rules for Long S in Early Printed Books for details), and books in English published in continental Europe may not apply the same rules [for example, Henry St. John Bolingbroke's Letters on the Study and Use of History (Basil: J. J. Tourneisen, 1788) and Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Basil: J. J. Tourneisen, 1789) apply French typographic rules, with short s before the letters 'h', 'b' and 'k']. Most importantly, the above rules do not necessarily apply to handwriting, as long s was generally restricted to being used before short s medially and finally (e.g. poſseſs) in most 18th century English handwritten letters and documents.
Rules for Long S in French
The rules for the use of long s in books published in France and other French-speaking countries during the 17th and 18th centuries are much the same as those used in English typography, but with some significant differences, notably that short s was used before the letter 'h'.
- short s is used at the end of a word (e.g. ils, hommes)
- short s is used before an apostrophe (e.g. s'il and s'eſt)
- short s is used before the letter 'f' (e.g. ſatisfaction, toutesfois)
- short s is used before the letter 'b' (e.g. presbyter)
- short s is used before the letter 'h' (e.g. déshabiller, déshonnête)
- long s is used initially and medially except for the exceptions noted above (e.g. ſans, eſt, ſubſtituer)
- long s is normally used before a hyphen at a line break (e.g. leſ-quels, paſ-ſer, déſ-honneur), although I have seen some books where short s is used (e.g. les-quels, pas-ſer, dés-honneur)
- short s is normally used before a hyphen in compound words (e.g. tres-bien), although I have seen long s used in 16th century French books (e.g. treſ-bien)
- long s is maintained in abbreviations such as Geneſ. for Geneſis
Rules for Long S in Italian
The rules for the use of long s in books published in Italy seem to be basically the same as those used in French typography :
- short s is used at the end of a word
- short s is used before an apostrophe (e.g. s'informaſſero, fuſs'egli)
- short s is used before an accented vowel (e.g. paſsò, ricusò, sù, sì, così), but not an unaccented letter (e.g. paſſo, ſi)
- short s is used before the letter 'f' (e.g. ſoddisfare, ſoddisfazione, trasfigurazione, sfogo, sfarzo)
- short s is used before the letter 'b' (e.g. sbaglio, sbagliato)
- long s is used initially and medially except for the exceptions noted above
- long s is used before a hyphen in both hyphenated words and at a line break (e.g. reſtaſ-ſero)
The most interesting peculiarity of Italian practice is the use of short s before an accented vowel, which is a typographic feature that I have not noticed in French books.
In some Italian books I have occaionally seen double s before the letter 'i' writen as long s followed by short s (e.g. utiliſsima, but on the same page as compreſſioni, proſſima, etc.). And in some 16th century Italian books double s before the letter 'i' may be written as a short s followed by a long s. See Rules for Long S in Early Printed Books below for details.
Rules for Long S in Spanish
It has been a little more difficult to ascertain the rules for long s in books published in Spain as Google Book Search does not return many 18th century Spanish books (and even fewer Portuguese books), but I have tried to determine the basic rules from the following three books :
- Estragos de la Luxuria (Barcelona, 1736)
- Autos sacramentales alegoricos, y historiales del Phenix de los Poetas el Espanol (Madrid, 1760)
- Memorias de las reynas catholicas (Madrid, 1770)
From these three books it appears that the rules for Spanish books are similar to those for French books, but with the important difference that (in both roman and italic type) the sequence ſs (not a ligature) is used before the letter 'i', whereas the sequence ſſ is used before all other letters (e.g. illuſtriſsimos but confeſſores) :
Estragos de la Luxuria (Barcelona, 1736)
In summary, the rules for Spanish books are :
- short s is used at the end of a word
- short s may be used before an accented vowel (e.g. sí, sì, sé, sè, Apoſtasìa, Apoſtasía, abrasò, paſsò), but not an unaccented letter (e.g. ſi, ſe, paſſo)
- short s is used before the letter 'f' (e.g.transformandoſe, transfigura, ſatisfaccion)
- short s is used before the letter 'b' (e.g. presbytero)
- short s is used before the letter 'h' (e.g. deshoneſtos, deshoneſtidad)
- short s is used after a long s and before the letter 'i' (e.g. illuſtriſsimo, paſsion, confeſsion, poſsible), but double long s is used before any letter other than the letter 'i' (e.g. exceſſo, comiſſario, neceſſaria, paſſa)
- long s is used initially and medially except for the exceptions noted above
- long s is used before a hyphen in both hyphenated words and at a line break, even when it would normally be a short s (e.g. tranſ-formados, copioſiſ-ſimo)
As with Italian books, Spanish books usually use a short s before an accented vowel, although from the three books that I have examined closely it is not quite clear what the exact rule is. For example, Memorias de las reynas catholicas (Madrid, 1770) consistantly uses short s before an accented letter 'i' (e.g. sí), but consistantly uses a long s before an accented letter 'o' (e.g. paſſó, caſó, preciſó, Caſóle); whereas Estragos de la Luxuria (Barcelona, 1736) uses short s both before an accented letter 'i' (e.g. sì) and an accented letter 'o' (e.g. abrasò, paſsò).
Rules for Long S in Other Languages
Other languages may use different rules to those used in English and French typography. For example, my only early Dutch book, Simon Stevin's Het Burgerlyk Leven [Vita Politica] (Amsterdam, 1684) follows the German practice of using short s medially at the end of the elements of a compound word (e.g. misverſtants, Rechtsgeleerden, wisconſtige, Straatsburg, Godsdienſten, misgaan, boosheyt, dusdonig and misbruyk).
Rules for Long S in Early Printed Books
In 16th century and early 17th century books printed in roman or italic typefaces (as opposed to blackletter) the rules for the use of long s may be slightly different to those enumerated above. For example, in italic text it was common to use a ligature of long s and short s (ß) for double-s, whereas a double long s ligature was normally used in roman text. This can be seen in the following extract from an English pamphlet published in 1586, which has the words witneße, aßuring, thankfulneße, goodneße and bleßings :
The True Copie of a Letter from the Qveenes Maiestie (London, 1586)
But in that part of the same pamphlet that is set in roman typeface the words bleſſings and goodneſſe are written with a double long s ligature :
And this French book published in 1615 has Confeßions in italic type, but confeſſion in roman type :
Advis de ce qu'il y a à reformer en la Compagnie des Jesuites (1615) page 13
This ligature is still occasionally met with in a word-final position in italic text late into the 17th century, for example in this page from Hooke's Micrographia, which has this example of the word Addreß, although unligatured long s and short s are used elsewhere at the end of a word (e.g. ſmalneſs) as well as occasionally in the middle of a word (e.g. aſsiſted, alongside aſſiſtances) in italic text.
Micrographia (London, 1665) page 13
Another peculiarity that is seen in some 16th century Italian books is the use of short s before long s medially before the letter 'i', but double long s before any other letter :
I Discorsi di M. Pietro And. Matthioli (Venice, 1563)
amplisſima, utilisſima, longhisſimi, diligentisſimi, etc., but note potentiſſi-mi at the end of the second to last line; cf. neceſſaria, Praſſagora, trapaſſo
This typographic feature can also be seen in some later books, though I am not yet sure how widespread it was :
Title Page to Metoposcopia (Leipzig, 1661)
completisſima, deſideratisſima, artificioſisſmè, jucundisſima, utilisſima
Short S before and after F
In 17th and 18th century English and French typography the main exceptions to the rule that short s is not used at the start of a word or in the middle of a word is that short s is used next to a letter f instead of the expected long s (so misfortune and offset, but never miſfortune or offſet). The reason for this must be related to the fact that the two letters ſ and f are extremely similar, although as the combination of the two letters does not cause any more confusion to the reader than any other combination of long s and another letter (the combinations fl and ſl are far more confusable) it does not really explain why long s should be avoided before or after a letter 'f', other than perhaps for aesthetic reasons. In all probability the rule is inherited from blackletter usage, as is evidenced by this 1604 pamphlet about a mermaid that was sighted in Wales, which has ſatisfaction :
Whatever the reasons, this is an absolute rule, and Google Book Search only finds a handful of exceptions from the 17th and 18th century, which are most probably typographical errors (or in the case of the Swedish-English dictionary due to unfamiliarity with English typographical rules) :
- miſfortune in Anglorum Speculum (London, 1684) [but misfortune elsewhere]
- ſatiſfie and ſatiſfied in The Decisions of the Lords of Council and Session (Edinburgh, 1698)
- miſfortune in The annals of the Church (London, 1712) [but misfortune elsewhere]
- miſfortune in An Historical Essay Upon the Loyalty of Presbyterians (1713) [but misfortune elsewhere]
- ſatiſfaction in An Enquiry Into the Time of the Coming of the Messiah (London, 1751) [but on the same page as ſatisfied]
- miſfortune in Svenskt och engelskt lexicon (1788)
Similarly, Google Book Search finds 628 French books published between 1700 and 1799 with ſatisfaction but only two books with ſatiſfaction.
Short S before B and K
As a general rule English books published in the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century have a short s before the letters 'b' and 'k' (so husband and ask), whereas books published during the second half of the 18th century have a long s (so huſband and aſk).
Tryals for High-Treason Part V (London, 1720) p.287
Short s before b and k: Husband, ask'd
The Instructive and Entertaining Fables of Pilpay (London, 1775) p.215
Long s before b and k: Huſband, aſk
This is not a hard and fast rule, as it is possible to find examples of books from the 17th and early 18th century that show huſband and aſk, but they are few and far between. For example, whereas Google Book Search finds 138 books published between 1600 and 1720 with husband, Google Book Search only finds nine genuine books from this period that have huſband (excluding false positives and hyphenated huſ-band), and in almost all cases huſband is not used exclusively :
- The Dutch Courtezan (London, 1605) [mostly husband but a couple of instances of huſband]
- The breast-plate of faith and love (London, 1651) [mostly husband but one instance of huſband]
- Tryon's Letters, Domestick and Foreign, to Several Persons of Quality (London, 1700)
- The Present State of Trinity College in Cambridge (London, 1710) [mostly husband but one instance of huſband]
- Dialogue between Timothy and Philatheus (London, 1711) [one instance each of husband and huſband]
- The Universal Library; Or, Compleat Summary of Science (1712) [two instances of huſband]
- The Works of Petronius Arbiter (London, 1714) [mixture of both husband and huſband]
- Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy (London, 1718) [mostly husband but a couple of instances of huſband]
- An Historical Essay Concerning Witchcraft (London, 1718) [mostly husband but one instance of huſband]
Likewise, it is possible to find books from the late 18th century that use long s but show husband and ask, but these are relatively few in number. For example, whereas Google Book Search finds 444 books published between 1760 and 1780 that have huſband, it only finds 60 that have husband (excluding false positives on HUSBAND).
The results of Google Book Search searches on the two spellings of husband and ask (as well as presbyter(e) in French books) from 1640 to 1799 are tabulated below in ten-year segments (matches for HUSBAND and ASK have been discounted, but otherwise figures have not been adjusted for false positives such as huſ-band).
The change in the usage of short s to long s before 'b' and 'k' appears even more dramatic if these figures are plotted on a graph :
But for French books, no change in rule occured in the middle of the century, and short s continued to be used in front of the letter 'b' throughout the 18th century, as can be seen from the distribution of the words presbyter(e) and preſbyter(e) :
So why then did the change in rule for 's' before 'b'and 'k' happen in England during the 1740s and 1750s ? According to John Smith's Printer's Grammar (London, 1787) page 45 the Dutch type that was most comonly used in England before the advent of the home-grown typefaces of William Calson did not have "ſb" or "ſk" ligatures, and that it was Caslon who first cast "ſb" and "ſk" ligatures. So with the growth in popularity of Caslon's typefaces ligatured "ſb" and "ſk" took the place of "sb" and "sk"—but further research is required to confirm to this hypothesis.
As to why this rule (as well as the French rule of short s before 'h') developed in the first place, I suspect that it goes back to blackletter usage, but that is something for future investigation (all I can say at present is that Caxton's Chaucer (1476, 1483) seems to use long s before the letters 'f', 'b' and 'k'). It is perhaps significant that the letters 'b', 'k' and 'h' all have the same initial vertical stroke, but quite what the significance of this is I am not sure.
Short S before H
L'Enfant Indocile (London & Paris, 1779) p.106
Short s before h: déshabillée
French and English typographic practice differs in one important respect : French (and also Spanish) typography uses a short s before the letter 'h', whereas English typography uses a long s.
For example, Google Book Search finds 86 books with déshabiller or its various grammatical forms (déshabillé, déshabillée, déshabille, déshabilles, déshabillez or déshabillent) during the period 1700–1799, but only a single book that uses long s : déſhabillé occurs three times in Appel a l'impartiale postérité, par la citoyenne Roland (Paris, 1795).
On the other hand, for the period 1640–1799 Google Books finds 54 books with dishonour and 196 books with diſhonour, but closer inspection shows that almost every single example of dishonour in pre-1790 books is in fact diſhonour or DISHONOUR in the actual text. Similar results were obtained when comparing the occurences of worship and worſhip. Thus it seems that short s was not used before the letter 'h' in English typography.
Short ST Ligature after G
According to John Smith's The Printer's Grammar, first published in 1755, there is a particular rule for italic text only that a short st-ligature is used after the letter 'g' in place of a long st-ligature :
In the mean time, and as I have before declared ;
Italic diſcovers a particular delicacy, and ſhews a ma-
thematical judgement in the Letter-cutter, to keep the
Slopings of that tender-faced Letter within ſuch de-
grees as are required for each Body, and as do not de-
triment its individuals. But this precaution is not
always uſed; for we may obſerve that in ſome Italics
the lower-caſe g will not admit another g to ſtand
after it, without putting a Hair-ſpace between them,
to prevent their preſſing againſt each other : neither
will it give way to ſ and the ligature ſt ; and therefore
a round st is caſt to ſome Italic Founts, to be uſed
after the letter g ; but where the round st is wanting
an st in two pieces might be uſed without diſcredit to
the work, rather than to ſuffer the long ſt to cauſe a
gap between the g and the ſaid ligature.
The Printer's Grammar (London, 1787) pages 23-24.
However, I have thusfar been unable to find any examples of this rule in practice. For example, Google Book Search finds several examples of Kingſton in italic type, but no examples of Kingston in books that use a long s :
- An Universal, Historical, Geographical, Chronological and Poetical Dictionary (London, 1703)
- Athenae Britannicae, or, A Critical History of the Oxford and Cambrige Writers and Writings (London, 1716) page 322
- The History of England (London, 1722) page 78
- Scanderbeg: Or, Love and Liberty (London, 1747) page 92
- An Introduction to the Italian Language (London, 1778) page 109
- A Collection of Treaties (London, 1790) page 288
Rules for Long S in some late 18th and early 19th century books
Prior to the complete abandonment of long s in English typography around the turn of the 19th century, there was a short-lived attempt to reform typographic practice to reflect actual usage in contemporary handwriting. Throughout the 18th century, in handwritten English letters and documents, long s was only regularly used in words spelled with a double s medially or finally, in which cases long s was followed by short s (e.g. poſseſs). This was in contrast with normal typographic rules which used long s for both letters in the middle of a word (e.g. poſſeſs). During the 1790s and early 1800s (circa 1792–1805) some publishers in England and Scotland produced books that adhered to the simplified rules for long s used in handwriting.
The rise of the handwriting rules for long s can be seen in The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer edited and published in Edinburgh by James Anderson between 1791 and 1793. Volumes 1–6 use the normal late 18th century rules for long s, whereas volumes 7–18 use long s before short s medially and finally, and elsewhere only before b, h and k (usage of long s before b and k is erratic, but long s is always used before h).
The Bee vol.6 (Edinburgh, 1791) p.125
Vols. 1-6 (1791): normal typographic long s rules
The Bee vol.7 (Edinburgh, 1792) p.77
Vols. 7-18 (1792–1793): long s before s, b, h and k: tenderneſs, aſsiduity, distinguiſhed, ſhe, ſhewn, laviſh, huſband, taſk of bloodſhed (p.270)
The Bee is the only publication that I have been able to find that used long s before b, h and k as well as before short s, although some other books written and published by James Anderson used long s before h as well as before short s (e.g. General View of the Agriculture and Rural Economy of the County of Aberdeen (Edinburgh, 1794)). Other books published in England and Scotland during the last decade of the 18th century and the first decade of the 19th century that used the handwriting rule for long s did so exclusively, with long s not normally used in any other position (although in some books long s or long s ligatures did occasionally slip in in unexpected places).
These handwriting-based rules for long s were only used by a relatively small number of publishers for a short period of time, and by the middle of the first decade of the 1800s these rules had been discarded in favour of not using long s at all in most publications, as discussed below. About the latest publication that I have found that only uses long s only before short s (although not throughout the entire book) is an edition of Robinson Crusoe published in London in 1805.
The Life and most Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (London, 1805) p.82
uneasineſs, impoſsible, expreſs, paſsage, poſseſsion, happineſs, poſseſsed, goodneſs, diſsipated
The Demise of the Long S
Long s was used in the vast majority of books published in English during the 17th and 18th centuries, but suddenly and dramatically falls out of fashion at the end of the 18th century, reflecting the widespread adoption of new, modern typefaces based on those developed by Bodini and Didot during the 1790s. In England this movement was spearheaded by the printer William Bulmer, who set the benchmark for the new typographical style with his 1791 edition of The Dramatic Works of Shakspeare, printed using a typeface cut by William Martin. The ſ-free typeface used by Bulmer can be seen in this Advertisement to his 1795 edition of Poems by Goldsmith and Parnell :
Although throughout most of the 1790s the vast majority of English books continued to use long s, during the last two or three years of the century books printed using modern typefaces started to become widespread, and in 1801 short s books overtook long s books. The rise of short s and decline of long s, as measured by the occurences of the word those compared with thoſe in Google Book Search, is charted below.
The death knell for long s was finally sounded on September 10th 1803 when, with no announcement or any of the fuss that accompanied the typographic reform of October 3rd 1932 (see the articles in the issues of Sept. 26th and 27th 1932), The Times newspaper quietly switched to a modern typeface with no long s or old-fashioned ligatures (this was one of several reforms instituted by John Walter the Second, who became joint proprietor and exclusive manager of The Times at the beginning of 1803).
The Times Issues 5810 & 5811 (September 9th and 10th 1803)
(compare the words ſubſcribed/subscribed and Tueſday/Tuesday in the first paragraph)
After the end of the first decade of the 19th century very few books continued to use long s in any shape or form, and those that did were often reprints of earlier editions that had been typeset before long s went out of fashion. Perhaps the last major publication to be printed using long s was the 5th edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica (Edinburgh, 1817), its anachronous use of normal long s rules being due to the fact that it was a reprint with a some corrections of the 4th edition that had been published in 1810 (the 6th edition, published in 1823, was the first to be typeset in a modern font with no long s).
By the second half of the 19th century long s had entirely died out, except for the occasional deliberate antiquarian usage (for example, my 1894 edition of Coridon's Song and Other Verses uses long s exclusively before short s in words such as poſseſs).
As might be expected, the demise of long s in France seems to have occured a little earlier than in England. Based on the following Google Book Search data for il est and il eſt, it seems that short s started to gain popularity from the mid 1780s, and long s had been almost completely displaced by 1793 (many of the post-1792 examples of long s are from books published outside France).
|il est
|il eſt
Note on Methodology
The statistics given here are based on the results returned from searches of Google Book Search (filtering on the appropriate language and "Full view only"), which allows me to distinguish between words with long s and words with short s only because the OCR software used by Google Book Search normally recognises long s as the letter 'f', and so, for example, I can find instances of huſband by searching for 'hufband'. However, for a number of reasons the results obtained are not 100% accurate.
Firstly, the search engine does not allow case-sensitive searches, so whereas searching for 'hufband' only matches instances of huſband, searching for 'husband' matches instances of both husband and HUSBAND, which skews the results in favour of short s.
Secondly, hyphenated words at a line break may match with the corresponding unhyphenated word, so searching for 'hufband' may match instances of 'huſ-band', which is not relevant as long s is expected before a hyphen (Google Book Search shows 583 matches for 'huf-band', but only 3 for 'hus-band' for the period 1700–1799).
Thirdly, long s is sometimes recognised by the OCR software as a short s, especially when typeset in italics.
Fourthly, the publication date given by Google Book Search for some books is wrong (for various reasons which I need not go into here), which I often found was the explanation for an isolated unexpected result.
Fifthly, when Google Book Search returns more than a page's worth of results, the number of results may go down significantly by the time you get to the last page.
Finally, and to me this is most perplexing, Google Book Search searches in March 2008 gave me over twice as many matches than in May 2008 using the same search criteria, so, for example, I got 438 matches for 'husband' and 956 matches for 'hufband' for the period 1790–1799 in March, but only 187 and 441 matches respectively for the same search when redone in May (nevertheless, the figures for March and May showed exactly the same trends for husband versus huſband). For consistency, the figures shown for 'husband/hufband' and 'ask/afk' are those that I obtained in May 2008 (I may try redoing this experiment in a year's time—providing Google Book Search does not improve its OCR software to recognise long s in pre-19th century books—and see if the trends for husband versus huſband and ask versus aſk are roughly the same or not).
And Finally...
If you have managed to get this far, you may well be interested in my brief, illustrated history of the long s (The Long and the Short of the Letter S), which to most people's surprise starts in Roman times.
And if the rules of long s are not enough for you, try out my Rules for R Rotunda (a post that I think needs some revision when I have the time).
Addendum [2010-12-17]
Google have now released the Books Ngram Viewer which allows you to plot the relative frequency of up to five words (or n-grams) over a given period of time. The following are the results for some of the words discussed above, which tend to confirm my original findings.
N-gram plot for "ask" vs. "afk" ("aſk") in English, 1700–1900
This shows that long s was not widely used before the letter k in English before about 1740
N-gram plot for "husband" vs. "hufband" ("huſband") in English, 1700–1900
This shows that long s was not widely used before the letter b in English before about 1740
N-gram plot for "also" vs. "alfo" ("alſo") in English, 1700–1900
This shows that long s went out of use in English about 1800
N-gram plot for "those" vs. "thofe" ("thoſe") in English, 1700–1900
This shows that long s went out of use in English about 1800
N-gram plot for "est" vs. "eſt" ("eſt") in French, 1700–1900
This shows that long s suddenly started to go out of use in French in 1780
N-gram plot for "se" vs. "fe" ("ſe") in Spanish, 1700–1900
This seems to show that long s went out of use in Spanish about 1760
[As of 2013, Google Ngram Viewer no longer supports searches for words with long s using 'f', as long s is normalized to short s by Google's OCR software in most cases. Searching using an actual long s also fails as the long s is converted to short s before the search operation is processed (you get a message such as "Replaced huſband with husband to match how we processed the books"). However, you can still use the 'f' hack for long s in ordinary Google Books search.]
First published: 2006-06-12
Revised and extended: 2008-05-26
Rules for French added: 2008-06-05
Rules for Spanish added: 2008-06-09
Rules for Italian added: 2008-06-12
Google Ngrams added: 2010-12-17
Last revised: 2013-01-30
A version of this post, edited by Werner Lemberg, was published in TUGboat (The Communications of the TeX Users Group) as Andrew West, The rules for long s, TUGboat Volume 32, Number 1, 2011 (TUGboat #100) pages 47–55.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


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Seven Students to Receive Scholarships April 9
Seven students will receive scholarships honoring their academic achievements and extracurricular involvement at the 47th annual Friends of Augustana and Augustana Women Scholarship Breakfast on Saturday, April 9.
The event will begin at 9 a.m. in the 3-in-1 room in Augustana's Morrison Commons and will include a presentation by Brad Heegel, director of special projects, on the Augustana Band's January 2011 tour of Egypt.
Tickets for the event are $12 and can be reserved by calling 605.274.5521.
The scholarship recipients are:
Elizabeth Balcer Scholarships
- Alyssa Weber, a sophomore religion major from Aberdeen, S.D., is a chapel musician and a member of the College/Community Band. She is the daughter of Rick and Debra Weber.
- Tiffany Newman, a freshman government/international affairs and secondary education from Faulkton, S.D., is involved with the College Republicans and has served as a mentor at Thomas Edison Middle School. She is the daughter of Marlin and Marilyn Newman.
- Emily Schlehuber, a freshman majoring in psychology and English from Fort Collins, Colo., is a volunteer for the Big Brother Big Sister Program. She is the daughter of Joy Santner and David Schlehuber.
Cora Stavig Scholarships
- Hannah Miller, a junior elementary education major from Mankato, Minn., has served on the Faith Fest Central Committee, Chapel staff, New Student Orientation, Union Board of Governors and the College/Community Band and Quartet. She is the daughter of Tim and Jodie Miller.
- Rebecca Fahey, a freshman music education major from Spearfish, S.D., is a member of the Augustana Band, Collegiate Choral and Theatre. She is the daughter of Patrick and Lisa Fahey.
- Alexis Ronke, a freshman elementary and special education major from Sioux Falls, is active in Friends Link and in the Council for Exceptional Children. She is the daughter of Kelly Hoffman.
Friends of Augustana Scholarship
- Noelle Harris, a junior nursing major from St. Cloud, Minn., serves as a peer advisor, works as a music coordinator for the Chapel of Reconciliation and is a member of the Augustana Nursing Student Association (ANSA) and the gay-straight alliance (GSA). She is the daughter of Donna Harris.
Kelly Sprecher
Director of Communications & Media Relations


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Jaguars sign former Seahawks CB Marcus Trufant, adding to revamped secondary
JACKSONVILLE, Fla. – The Jacksonville Jaguars continue to revamp their secondary, signing free agent cornerback Marcus Trufant and reuniting him with coach Gus Bradley.
The team released veteran cornerback Antwaun Molden to make room for the former Seattle Seahawks starter.
Trufant, a first-round draft pick in 2003, is entering his 11th season in the NFL. He has started 125 games, totaling 638 tackles and 21 interceptions. He played the last four seasons under Bradley, the former Seahawks defensive coordinator.
Trufant will help mentor a defensive backfield that includes five rookies.
The Jaguars drafted safety Johnathan Cyprien in the second round, cornerback Dwayne Gratz in the third and safety Josh Evans in the sixth. The team also selected cornerbacks Jeremy Harris and Demetrius McCray in the seventh round.


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How my heart aches for My Oldest Son! He is 8 years old, in third grade and being bullied at school. This is the second school year this has happened. By the same boy and his recruits. Another child, whom my son once thought was his friend, has begun to harass him as well.
The bully was in his classroom last year. He threatened my son and our lives...at the age of 7! He continually told lies about my son to try and get him in trouble. He even told his Grandmother my son poured water over his head at the school fall festival. The Grandmother was getting all over me until...I told her my son didn't even attend the festival as he was sick. She walked away...dragging the bully with her. Her head bowed in embarrassment...tears in her eyes. She waited until the last bell rang to take her grandson in the classroom. I waited for her and told her it wasn't her fault but to please find out the facts before she went around accusing others.
My heart breaks....
Hurtful words, threats and now, physical abuse. My son, who was in Occupational Therapy at school once a week last year, was trying to cross the monkey bars yesterday. A big effort is put into this. What should have been a proud moment turned into pain as the boy came from the other side and kicked his hands off. Causing him to fall and get hurt. This has happened two different times....school has been in for 6 days.
My son asked the bully why he wanted to hurt him...the bully replied, he wanted to kill him. Such strong words from a young child in third grade! My son keeps asking me WHY MAMA? WHY, does this boy want to treat me this way? This comes from a boy with such empathy. The one that cries over a hurt bug. Who comforts his twin brothers when they are hurt or cry.
I fight my tears as I explain that some children just hurt inside. They find a way to release this by hurting others in any way they can. I told my son that..He is the bigger of the two. He is the one that everyone looks up to. He is the one that can do anything and everything! I tell him about the Beauty that is inside each of us. Some let it shine through...others keep it hidden. They try to darken others days but Our Light Within Will Brighten Even the Darkest Day!
He left for school full of encouragement and a YES I CAN attitude! He felt like he could accomplish anything that presents itself to him. He would talk to this boy and tell him he isn't going to take it any longer! How Proud I am of him!
My husband did talk to the Assistant Principal today and told her of the situation since the teacher couldn't control it by just our son telling her. She called me and told me that both teachers will pay close attention and the two shouldn't meet on the playground. She also said she talked to the boy and his grandmother and they would co-operate. The Assistant Principal stated that she wish she could tell me that this bullying wouldn't happen again....but she couldn't . My son it to immediately tell the teacher if the boy bothers him again.
I pray for this little boy. A cute little blonde haired boy that lives with his grandparents while his Daddy, new Step Mama and half brother and sister live together. A broken home...breaks the spirit and being of such a small, young child at times. The only attention he gets is to inflict pain in words and actions, towards my son.
My first born child at the age of 40. My little man.
We are going tomorrow to another school, one in our zone. I asked my son if he wanted to change schools, he replied..YES ...I won't be bullied by ? and ?.


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The words "hands-free" and "Bluetooth" have been so commonplace lately that some people don't even react to the terms and the importance of the technology that lies behind the tags. If you've ever driven behind someone still using a handset while driving, you know what I'm talking about. Considering how easy it is to get Bluetooth in the car, it's difficult to understand what drivers are waiting for. When are these people going to get a clue!
Studies have shown the dangers of driving while talking. So some state governments have pushed for legislation to stop people from multi-tasking in their cars. Why it isn't a federal law, like with seat belts is a mystery. Nonetheless manufacturers have responded to the situation with a plethora of solutions. You have Bluetooth ear pieces, portable Bluetooth devices that attach to your car's visor and of course built-in Bluetooth on your car radio. Whatever suits your needs, the key here is that all of them are fairly inexpensive.
Clarion has its own very affordable solution. Clarion's long standing reputation for safety consists of ergonomic designs that keep the driver's eyes on the road rather than fishing for buttons. Remember the ergonomic design of Clarion's Pro Audio 7770? Strategically placed curves and Braille style dots on that piece were magnificent.
Today, Clarion's approach is the same with a twist of 21st Century style. The new Clarion CZ500 is a single-din CD player with built-in Bluetooth that packs a powerful punch in a budget package. Its well designed faceplate is stylish with differentiating colors and chrome accents (part of a new family design for the company's new radios), while keeping all vital functions close to the driver. For ease of use Clarion opted to use a quarter-sized rotary knob and a circular spider-patterned buttons to navigate through menus, source, and functions. The operation is very fluid. The concave source button is directly in the middle while the track and seek buttons are on opposite sides.
Directly above at 11 o'clock and 1 o'clock are the Band and Menu buttons which also act as phone functions. Down south at 7 o'clock and 5 o'clock is Clarion's Preset scan/Auto memory store (PS/AS) and Sound button. The 1-6 preset station buttons multifunction as music options such as scan, repeat, random, play/pause, previous folder/10 tracks, and next folder/10 tracks. They are placed underneath a vibrant blue display. With these basic essentials in easy-to-reach locations, exploring the CZ500's functions is quite simple.
Key Features
Ergonomics aren't the only impressive feature the CZ500 has. There's also a built-in 50×4 amplifier and a slew of standard options. Of course it offers USB input with iPod integration, the aforementioned Bluetooth for hands-free calling and the ability for adding more entertainment. It's ready for HD Radio with THD300 (iTunes tagging), XM Satellite Radio, and has the customary auxiliary input. All that and it still boasts front and rear 6V outputs along with a subwoofer output. Not bad for an MSRP of $249, although you will find it for less at various retailers.
Music Playback
Clarion recognizes consumers' diverse taste in portable music devices. Behind the unit is a pigtail with an USB port for users that store music on portable USB data drives which they can directly plug into. In addition, Clarion uses a convenient way to connect the iPod. Unlike some head units on the market that require an additional cable, Clarion has taken a sleek approach and utilizes the USB input as part of its integration. Using iPod's USB charging/data cable and plugging it in directly into the iPod, the CZ500 seamlessly recognizes it as an iPod and confirms connection with the Clarion logo on its screen. The iPod menus are easily maneuvered using the rotary and menu buttons. Identical iPod user interface is displayed on the CZ500 screen. Another popular source is the aux in. This enables any device with a headphone output such as a voice recorder to easily transmit through the car's speaker system using a standard 3.5mm minijack. And you also have the Bluetooth option.
Somtimes connecting Bluetooth devices can be tricky; but pairing the phone with the source unit was simple. Within seconds the phone confirmed connection. I was able to then launch Pandora and stream the music to the CZ500. The A2DP worked flawlessly. When a phone call came in the music paused.
Answering was easy, using the Band button on the CZ500. The caller's voice was transmitted through the cars front speakers clearly. I had connected the Bluetooth microphone on the back of the radio and mounted it in the cabin of my car, within close range of my vocals. I was able to converse comfortably while driving, each side able to hear with minimal trouble. To disconnect, I simply hit the Menu button. Phonebook data transfer and other phone features such as missed and received calls are part of the CZ500's system. It also has a dialer so the user can dial a number directly from the radio.
With Bluetooth it doesn't matter if you are listening to the iPod, or the radio, when a call is received it will automatically default to it, then return to the previous source. All in all, Clarion's CZ500 is an attractive product. I appreciated the new family design and the feature set is well-rounded. Having Bluetooth was key and the ergonomics was quite commendable. For the price, it's a very nice package. For consumers looking for a simple solution that takes care of key entertainment needs, this "basic" unit should fit the bill nicely.


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Bill to Add Speeding to Point Structure Defeated Again
PIERRE - A watered down version of a measure that was narrowly defeated last year in the South Dakota House, failed to even leave the Transportation Committee the second time around.
The bill would have added speeding violations to the existing point structure, so that habitual offenders would face losing their license. As it currently stands, South Dakota's serial speeders are only confronted with fines.
The sponsor of the bill, Rep. Steve Hickey from Sioux Falls presented the committee with data that indicates that the most frequent offenders, making up less than .1%, or 500 of South Dakota's 600,000 registered drivers, receive approximately 13% of all speeding tickets. This works out on average to about 10 speeding tickets per year for these speed demons.
Despite these statistics, the Transportation Committee was unmoved to send the bill to another floor vote, citing a lack of need, and even concern that repeat offenders who lose their licenses might not be able to get to work. Rep. Manny Steele of Sioux Falls called the proposed crackdown "overkill".
It is a fact of basic physics that increased speed translates into increased force of impact if the object in motion hits something. Stated simply, driving faster makes the vehicle more deadly to everyone involved in the event of a collision. High speed also magnifies the chance of an accident, as simple errors can result in the driver quickly losing control of the vehicle.
The rules of the road exist to protect all of us, and clearly a greater deterrent needs to be put into place, as fines do not seem to be preventing repeat offenders from flooring it. A small minority of drivers should not be able to flout the law and take all of our lives in their irresponsible hands, simply because they have the extra cash to afford to do so.


text:
|Goodrich Advertisements of The Shadow radio show.
"I was first introduced to The Shadow through the pulps in 2002," Dwight explained. "I quickly determined that I was going to embark in not only putting together a complete Shadow pulp run, but the highest grade one in existence. Today I have completed this and need only a handful of upgrades including still needing a sharp issue number one. Well, collecting the pulps then led to wanting to acquire other rare Shadow radio, pulp and movie related collectibles. I have been very fortunate in acquiring many rare Shadow items from: Street & Smith, Blue Coal (the product of the D.L.&W and Glen Alden Coal Company), Carey Salt, Goodrich Silvertown Tires and others."
|A few pieces of Dwight's archival collection.
Interesting Trivia
The 1939 Christmas season opened the doors for promotion in New York City when R.H. Macy's in New York made The Shadow a feature of its Christmas Toyland. A man dressed in cloak and mask awed and delighted thousands of children and parents in Macy's "Radio Televisionland" (titled appropriately since the parade was first televised in 1939). Macy's even planned to make a huge "Shadow" balloon for the 1939 Thanksgiving Day parade, but verification with department store records verifies that plans for it fell through.
Dwight's collectible piece, along with department store records courtesy of Macy's, helped verify the correct calendar year of 1939. For a short while, there was some debate as to what calendar year this event was done because one booklet in a Radio Spirits Shadow collection inaccurately claimed The Shadow was featured in the 1941 Macy's Thanksgiving Day parade. Dwight helped pinpoint the correct year and records at Macy's substantiated that fact. (There could have been two years, but nothing has been found to verify 1941.)
|A few pieces of Dwight's archival collection.
"I have acquired a total of 12 Shadow advertising signs from the 1930's and 40's," Dwight explains with pride. "My favorites are my Blue Coal Shadow silkscreen advertising sign (18" x 24") which is pictured on the back of Martin's fabulous Shadow radio book. I also enjoy have two 18" x 34" Shadow trolley signs from 1932 and 1934."
|Trolley Car sign and vintage ad with same image.
"I also recently acquired the only known Blue Coal Shadow Gum," Dwight continued. "I have a near mint example of the Shadow board game from 1940, a near mint example of The Shadow Blue Coal cape and the 1940 Street & Smith Shadow children's costume complete with the only known original box. I also have the only known example of The Shadow stationery in the original cellophane from 1940."
|Shadow collector rings
The proud possessor of complete sets of the Blue Coal and Carey Salt rings, Shadow Lapel Pin, and Shadow Glow in the Dark button; all with the original card and mailers, Dwight has arranged for most of his treasures to be professionally framed.
Other treasures in his collection include the 1934 Shadow wooden stamper, two rare Shadow postcards from 1931, a number of rare Shadow buttons some with the original cards, all of the known stickers from the 30's, and dozens of mint matchbooks used to promote The Shadow radio program.
In the summer of 1945, The Shadow graced the inside and outside of matchbooks. Matches were an obvious giveaway and always accepted by customers when offered free with deliveries of their coal orders. The matchbooks were velvet smooth and sold to Blue Coal dealers in multiples of 500. The price was $3.00 per thousand if the dealer wanted his name, address and phone number printed on them.
|Dwight purchased this from Hake's. A vintage advertisement for Doc Savage on radio.
To promote the matchbooks, a marketing tie-in was featured in the broadcast of September 9, 1945, titled "The Shadow in Danger." The story concerned the theft of $8,000 from the police fund and jeopardized Commissioner Weston's reputation in an apparent ghost yarn. Cardona was held on suspicion of larceny when the funds for poor kids he withdrew from the bank vanished before he arrived at the police station. Lamont and Margot, victims of a similar robbery, suspect a stranger on the streets asking for a light is hypnotizing people so he can pick their pockets. When the Commissioner's assistant, Muriel, is found dead in a hotel room with Cardona's gun, and a matchbook bearing an image of The Shadow (shown cloaked and from behind) is found on the scene, Weston blames the series of crimes on The Shadow.
LAMONT: That's the angle I can't figure.
MARGOT: Will chewing on that package of matches help you? Want to get sulfur poisoning?
LAMONT: Huh? I didn't realize I was doing it, Margot. By the way, how do you like the design on the inside cover? I just had them printed.
MARGOT: The figure of a man almost hidden by shadows. Are you anxious to let people know who the Shadow is?
LAMONT: You know I'm not.
MARGOT: Then, why advertise yourself on the inside of match covers? Suppose somebody looks like a shadow to me. I think it's dangerous.
Discovering Weston is blaming The Shadow, Lamont realizes the newly-printed matchbooks may cause similar problems in the future so he tosses them all into a fire. He places an editorial in the newspaper to rout out the pickpocket and then makes arrangements for Margot to bring the police to an abandoned warehouse on River Street where the confrontation gets ugly. Cardona has been beaten horribly, and the pickpocket, Paul, attempts to eliminate The Shadow by turning out the lights and finding the outline of the invisible avenger. Moments after learning Cardona and The Shadow were not involved and now forced to defend himself, Commissioner Weston fires two shots in rapid succession, and Paul drops dead.
|Blue Coal Salesman Book and green Trolly Car sign.
"I am still on the hunt and will pay record prices for other original Shadow pulp paintings, rare Shadow posters/signs, any of the signs that are in the Shadow Salesman book as I do not want to take them out of the book," Dwight explained. "Rare items such as The Shadow gun and holster, The Shadow disguise kit, The Shadow Tect-o-lite, The Shadow flashlight, The Shadow sheet music, Displays promoting The Shadow character (Street & Ssmith, Powerhouse Candy, Blue Coal, Goodrich Silvertown, etc.), a sharp copy of The Shadow issue #1, or a complete high grade Shadow pulp run and other rare items, even some that I already have."
|Original radio scripts for The Shadow.
Just recently Dwight came across a rare advertisement (I think it is a trolley car sign) that features The Shadow, but is really promoting Boston Blackie. Various artists reusing signs from one radio program for another is not common... but have been found before. But this one is unusual and worth a peak.
I have often gone by the adage that how much money someone has is never impressive but what they did to make that money, can be impressive. Folks with super large collections are not always impressive but the quality of the displays... in this case, Dwight's collection... is impressive. If you ever come across any rare Shadow merchandise, especially high quality originals, give Dwight a call or drop him an e-mail. He's always on the lookout for additional items to add to his collection. His info is listed below.
Dwight Fuhro


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The Battle of the Nile at Aboukir Bay 1798
In Aboukir Bay on 1 August 1798, Rear Admiral Horatio Nelson achieved one of the most decisive victories in the age of sail and re-established British command of the Mediterranean. With a fleet of fourteen ships, he captured six and destroyed seven French vessels out of a total of seventeen.
Since May 1798 Nelson had been searching for the French fleet. The French force sailed from Toulon in May, escorting the transports of General Napoleon Bonaparte's army to Egypt. Nelson's arrival ended eighteen months without a British presence in the Mediterranean. It was a risky venture since the Home Fleet was left without a reserve but the government hoped a victory would cause Austria to declare war on France.
The French position in Aboukir Bay appeared a very strong one with the ships anchored parallel to the shore. The French commander Admiral Brueys hoped that any attackers would be have to approach his ships head on while the French vessels could fire broadsides. However, there were wide gaps between the ships and none of the four French frigates were employed on scouting duties so Nelson's fleet achieved complete surprise at 1430 on 1 August.
Nelson's thirteen 74 gun ships and one 50 gun vessel were in theory outnumbered by Brueys' 120 gun flagship, three 80 gun ships and nine 74s plus four frigates. But five British ships led by Captain Thomas Foley in HMS Goliath passed between the leading French vessel and the shallow waters to engage the enemy from the landward side. This proved to be the key moment. With the remainder of Nelson's line sailing down the seaward side, eight French ships of the line were engaged by thirteen British ones.
The fighting was fierce and Nelson himself was hit in the forehead. At 2200 the magazine of the 120 gun French flagship L'Orient blew up in a massive explosion. By this time the French line was in complete disarray and Nelson ordered the last four French ships of the line to be engaged; two escaped with two frigates whilst the other two were captured.
The British suffered 218 killed and 677 wounded. French losses were far worse with an estimated 5225 men killed, wounded and captured. Napoleon's army in Egypt was cut off and forced to surrender by a British force in 1801, although its illustrious commander had returned to France in 1799. France's enemies were much encouraged by the great victory and the victor himself became Baron Nelson of the Nile.
Further reading:
- B. Lavery, "Nelson: Aboukir 1798" in E.J. Grove (Ed.) Great Battles of the Royal Navy (London, 1994).


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This is a Dirk Nowitzki-Vince Carter 2009-2010 Upper Deck SP GAME USED JERSEY Combo Materials 220/499 #dirkvcartercombo
This is yet another great card that appeals to all collectors young and old. Nowitzki has about 4-5 years left before he decides to hang up his shoes. This is a good time for the young ones to add to there personal collections.
All GU cards sold have a $3 charge for shipping. DFWSPORTSCARDZ uses priority mail on all cards to ensure they get to that persons front door.
We have been on EBay for over 8 years and have a 100% positive feedback on all transactions.


text:
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* The price is an average of the daily rate. It does not mean that is the lowest rate available. The deals are subject to availability. Please refer to the promo description when you are booking to find its terms and conditions.
The fabulous Savoy Hotel is a unique boutique hotel in the city of Copenhagen. This delicate, recently renovated and beautiful hotel is ideally located in the center of Copenhagen and has a wide selection of rooms that allow to rest and to indulge in fine luxury. The Savoy Hotel also provides a delicious buffet breakfast to be enjoyed in the cozy courtyard that also is overlooked by all the 66 rooms inside the Savoy Hotel. To top it all off, the Savoy Hotel also provides a special lunchbox in order to prepare you for a full day of traveling in the magical city of Copenhagen.


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U20 WJC Game Day: 12-30-13
Group A
Canada 5 vs. Slovakia 3
Jonathan Drouin, Canada, 1-1-2, +2, 12 PIM, 5 SOG
Tournament totals: 3 GP, 2-5-7, +4, 12 PIM
Jonathan Drouin took a minor and misconduct for checking to the head 10 seconds into Canada's thrilling 5-3 win over Slovakia, but rebounded with an assist on Canada's 2nd goal and their 3rd goal to key a huge comeback. The Canadians avoided the trap of getting caught looking ahead to their next opponent tomorrow (USA) that tripped up Russia.
Group B
Russia 1 vs. Finland 4
Henri Ikonen, Finland, 0-1-1, E, 0 PIM, 3 SOG
Tournament totals: 3 GP, 0-1-1, -2, 2 PIM
Andrey Vasilevskiy, Russia, DNP
Tournament totals: 2 GP, 2-0-0, 0 SO, 0.67 GAA, .970 sv%
Henri Ikonen assisted on a Third Period PP goal as Finland upset Russia 4-1. The point is Ikonen's first of the tournament. Blackhawks first rounder Teuvo Teravainen had 2 assists. Andrey Vasilevskiy sat backup in preparation for Russia's big matchup with Sweden tomorrow.
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Important Notice: This blog will not be updated w.e.f Jan 01, 2012. For further updates please visit our new website @ http://www.persecutionofahmadis.org
Religious persecution of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community continues worldwide. In Pakistan, Blasphemy Laws are being used specially against Ahmadis to harass them. Millions of religious minority are under threat to be falsely implicated in any such case on the basis of personal enmity with a punishment from 3 years RI to death. This blog was created to update Pakistani visitors of www.thepersecution.org, access to which was blocked by Pakistan Telecommunication Authority without any reason.


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Unboxing My Zoom Handy H1 Portable Recorder
When my Zoom Handy H1 arrived, we took photos of the unboxing and first use. Now (finally – this unboxing took place before I left for the 10-10-10 family reunion), I'm annotating the process, so you get a sense of what the Zoom Handy H1 is like. I'm very excited about this recorder, because it meets the essential requirements – a digital recorder with built-in stereo microphones and removable memory that's capable of recording audio CD (and broadcast)-quality uncompressed WAV files. All for $99!
So, here we go with the unboxing of the Zoom Handy H1…
The front and back of the product box. No shrink wrap, just a little plastic seal sticker on it.
By the way, we ordered the Zoom H1 Handy Portable Digital Recorder from Amazon and it arrived a day later—sent from a Los Angeles based Amazon Marketplace partner. Shockingly fast, especially for a popular item that's been backordered. (Now, more are in stock. The affiliate link goes straight to Amazon.com)
Aaaand, now that the box is open, the first glimpse of the goodies inside.
The Zoom Handy H1 comes with the essentials, so you're not lacking for a memory card or battery, and you can get started right away.
Here is the Zoom Handy H1 portable recorder, the included AA battery and the case with micro-SD card (and adapter), along with a shiny quarter, for size comparison.
One thing that is not included is a pair of earbud headphones (standard with recorders that cost more than this one). I've got extra headphones on hand, so it's not a problem for me. If you get this recorder, be sure to get a set of headphones to go with it. Seriously.
Now that we've seen what's what, it's time to start putting the power and storage into the recorder and take it for a ride.
Installing The Battery and Memory Card
I insert the battery into the compartment on the back side of the Zoom Handy H1 recorder. The battery cover comes completely off the recorder, so don't let it get too far away! The supplied battery is a standard alkaline type, but you can also use a rechargeable NiMH (nickel metal hydride) if you choose.
Next, it's time to insert the supplied 2-gigabyte micro SD card into the recorder. A 2GB card will allow you to store over 3 hours of recordings in uncompressed stereo-WAV format.
Here, I open the door to the memory card compartment. The rigid plastic cover is hinged to the Zoom Handy H1 with a semi-flexible stub of plastic. It's an improvement over the sister Zoom Handy H2's rigid door to access its removable memory (my H2's door broke one of the hinge-knobs). Still, I recommend treating the Zoom H1's memory compartment door with tender respect.
That micro SD card—the same size as the memory cards you can use with many cel phones—is small!! (The small size is an excellent argument for using a higher-capacity memory card; if you have one higher capacity card, you won't be as apt to lose it as if you have multiple micro SD cards floating around.)
When I inserted the micro-SD card into the Zoom H1's memory card slot, I noticed that if I angled the card so it went slightly uphill toward the slot, the card caught at something inside and just above the memory card slot hole. No panic, I just removed the card, made sure it was perfectly flat, and it went in fine. A final push on the card locked it in place in the memory card slot, and I shut the door.
All rightie then! Power and memory are now installed. Now for a check of the directions to see how things work.
The Zoom Handy H1 User Guide
The instructions for the Zoom Handy H1 portable digital recorder all fit onto a single piece of paper. It's cleverly folded like a map; at each fold, the page tells what topic discussed in that fold/page.
When unfolded, one side of the sheet has step-by-step operation instructions.
The other side of the instruction sheet is a reference guide. The reference has diagrams of all sides of the recorder, and describes what each little doodad does.
All the controls for the recorder are switches on the outside of the unit—this is a different approach than other recorders, where settings (for instance, what kind of audio file do you want to create—WAV or MP3—which is selected by software/firmware switches you control by using buttons and the little readout window.)
The documentation is very well executed, a successful example of "less is more." They've seen to the essentials and don't bog you down with too much inessential information.
Powering it up for the first time
To power up the Zoom Handy H1 recorder, slide the power/lock button toward the bottom of the recorder until it powers on.
(The lock holds the recorder in either ON or OFF position so that you cannot accidentally change its state by just bumping the recorder.)
When the recorder first powers up, the date reads 01/01/10. Pressing that red Record button does nothing. Not a thing. Huh? Time to refer to the instructions.
Aha! The instructions solve the mystery—and this is why the first part of the instructions describe how to set the date and time on the recorder.
The recorder will not work until you set the date and time. That's an example of good long-term thinking, since the Zoom Handy H1's internal clock is responsible for assigning the date and time of the file. If this essential step is overlooked, it leads to later confusion (something I've seen when I've assisted someone else find and display fotos on a digital camera: "Hey, how come I can't find the pictures I took the other day?" If the camera thinks you took them in 1970, they won't show up as your recent the-other-day photos.) I applaud Zoom for making the date and time setting essential.
Once I set the date and time, the recorder's powered-on state changes to ready-to-record. What does ready-to-record mean? The mics are live, and the level meters take a reading of the sound levels that go into the microphone.
I plugged in my headphones while the power was just ON, and I heard sound coming through the microphones. At this point, I could adjust the recording level settings—increase or decrease the levels, or flip a switch to auto levels.
The recorder, powered on and with date and time set, is ready to begin recording.
Press Once to Record
I began recording by pressing the red Record button. Press to begin. Simple. Basic.
After using other recorders (including and especially the older sister Zoom Handy H2) where I need to press twice to begin recording, I much prefer the press-once-to record way. (I've made mistakes when using the press-twice-to-record recorders)
Make it easy, make it straightforward. Make it usable. That amounts to making a successful recording. Yes! Finally!
Once recording begins, the red light just below the mics lights up, indicating that the Zoom Handy H1 is recording. In addition, the readout window shows the time-count counting up, showing how much time has elapsed in the current recording.
To stop recording, press the record button again.
The Case, and Handling Noise
The Zoom Handy H1 recorder's case is plastic. The arching rings that surround (and protect) the two built-in microphones and the plastic case itself will add handling noise, if your fingers are restless while holding the recorder while it's recording.
Remember my earlier comment about using headphones to preview your recording? That is essential for discovering—before it's too late—the best way to handle your Zoom Handy H1 recorder so that you hear what you want to hear, and avoid ruining your recording by absent-mindedly over-handling the recorder.
Avoid handling noise. How about setting the recorder down? Sure thing! There are four little nubs on the back side (opposite the readout display), so you can rest the recorder and point the microphones toward the person speaking. Or, if you stand it up on end, so that the microphones are at the top of the recorder, four plastic nubs on the bottom of the recorder will support it in a standing position. Sweet.
There's a tripod screw on the back side—the Zoom Handy H1 Accessory Kit (which includes case, wall-socket power supply, windscreen, and tripod) is on backorder, so I don't yet know how the small portable tripod works with it. But I have tried a different tripod—the Joby Gorillapod—and there's no way to tighten the screw enough to make the recorder sit firmly on the tripod mount.
Less Is More (at last!)
I've mentioned less is more and the way that the makers of this little recorder have gotten so many essential things right. Less is more, and the Zoom Handy H1 has been pared down to essentials.
They got things right that were frustrating or irritating in previous Zoom Handy models (the H2). In addition to the memory card door, and mistake-prone press-twice to begin recording, they made the H1 zippier.
The Zoom Handy H1's start-up time is much shorter than the Zoom Handy H2 (30 seconds, which can seem like forever!) This recorder's start up time depends on the size of the memory card installed—the 2GB card is zippy. I have since installed an 8GB card in my Zoom Handy H1. The startup time is longer (but still shorter than 30 seconds). The recording level readout acts as a vertical progress bar, telling you how soon it will be ready to go.
2010: The Year that Portable Recorders Dropped Below $100
And did I mention that the Zoom Handy H1 is just 99 bucks?
99 bucks! Seriously, $99.
It's a miracle compared to what I saw when I first started following the portable digital recorders. The first one that was available (from Edirol, back in 2003 or 2004, and no longer being sold) cost over $400. That was too much for me.
What a difference most of a decade makes!
Now there are so many portable digital recorders on the market. There are offerings from all the major portable audio electronics players. And some minor players, too. They range in street price from $400 to (wheee!!) $99.
Zoom (and Samson, its exclusive distributor in the United States) broke the $100 barrier. (The Zoom Handy H1 is the fourth recorder offering from Zoom/Samson. The fourth. They've had three previous recorders to get it right)
For 99 bucks, you don't get a set of earbuds, but you do get the essentials—full resolution audio-CD stereo quality sound. Built-in stereo mics. One-touch recording. It's a stunning achievement. It's out of the box. It sounds good! And it's available now.
UPDATE: Later, I got the Accessory Kit for the Zoom Handy H1. Here are some photos of it:
The power adapter uses a USB cable. You can remove the cable from the wall-outlet. The USB cable that comes in the Accessory Kit is only 36-inches long (~1 meter). If you have a spare USB cable that's longer than the one supplied, bring it with you when you create a recording. You'll be able to set up the Zoom Handy H1 recorder further away from a wall electrical outlet.
Here is a detail view of the USB cable connectors for the power adapter for the Zoom Handy H1.
Zoom H1 Handy Portable Digital Recorder
Zoom APH-1 Handy Recorder Accessory Package
No one paid me to write about this product. If you purchase it through my affiliate link, you support my ongoing research into the tools and techniques of capturing family stories in digital audio formats.
Posted by Susan A. Kitchens on October 24, 2010 in
• Audio
• Audio: Hardware
16 Comments • Permalink
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Susan, this piece of equipment is a doozy in real life! Cute to look at, easy to use, fabulous fidelity—who could ask for more?
Thanks so much for this review. Sounds like a great product! I will definitely keep it in mind if/when I find someone to interview
Excellent review! I just received my H1 and wasn't sure how to install the micro SD chip. The H1 Quick Start Guide has no photos, but you do. And your other comments were helpful as well.
Surprisingly, as flimsy as this little guy feels, I wasn't expecting the fabulous sound quality the unit produces. (I had to use my own headset to find out, because the HP 03 headphones that came with the accessory kit only produced sound on one side!)
Very helpful, Susan. I appreciate the time you spent producing it.
I cant for the life of me get this micro sd card to fit. Help!
Justin, you getting caught up by that weird angle thing? Be sure you insert it absolutely. straight. on. Any upward angle and it wants to go into that spot above the micro SD port. Good luck!
Thanks very much for this. I had doubts about inserting the SD card (no instructions given), the website isn't helpful on that - and my first Google hit comes up with the goods.
I'm now ready to upgrade the software - a potential hazard there but we'll see! then to get going using it with a HD video camera.
How I could have done with a recorder like this in all the years I worked as a journalist - tapes and min discs were no real solution.
Now all we need is software that can transcribe the recordings - guess that's still a few years off despite SIRI, Nuance and other advanced dictation and voice control packages.
I bought the H1 handy recorder and used your help to get started. The one thing that I need and is not there is how to connect it to the computer and make a CD from the recorder. I can only get it to play the music when it is hooked to the computer. How do I get it to pull it from the card and save it in my computer so I can burn CD's?
Thanks if you can help.
Hi, Thane… Glad you found the info here at Family Oral History Using Digital Tools helpful.
Long story short (This would make a good blog post, but I'm not going to be able to get to it immediately)
The instructions I'm going to give you are for an updated version of the Zoom Handy H1 firmware.
1. Plug the supplied USB cable into the Zoom Handy and your computer.
2. [New firmware] You'll see two alternating messages in the little window: Audio In and USB. When "USB" appears, press the red record button to select that mode. (If you haven't upgraded to the latest firmware, I think at this point the device will start up in USB mode.
3. After a bit, the disk will appear in your computer's operating system (I'm on a Mac, so I'll say Finder. Your platform may vary. But it's the same as when you insert any portable USB drive.
4. Copy the audio files from the Zoom H1's disk drive to your computer.
5. Adapt, as best you can, the instructions from this post—From Digital Audio Recording to Audio CD: Part 3 - iTunes and CD burning. You have a different starting place, a file named ZOOM0001.WAV. But the basic instructions are the same.
The max length for an audio CD is 75 minutes or so—650 MB (tho if you have the 80 minute CD blanks, you can go higher). If your audio interview is longer than that length, you'll need to break your audio into separate sections, each of which will fit onto a CD.
Good luck! Let me know how it works.
hello Susan .. your instructions.. are Way better than the website or anywhere else .. thankyou . for your step by step.. process.. Judy
Glad to help! (It's what this whole site is about). Gotta question, tho. Was it the main body of steps and images that were helpful, or the previous step-by-step comment that you found helpful?
You saved me by showing how the cover is removed to insert the memory card. They sort of forgot to explain that in the instructions…Thank you!
David L.
Question about the power supply. It looks to be a pretty standard setup, do you think an iphone wall plug-in power supply paired with the proper USB chord would work just the same? The power supply is the only reason I would purchase the accessory pack at this point so I'm curious if I can make do without it. Thanks.
Thank you very much for posting these instructions - they were very useful!
David — Yes, that little bit is tricky, so I'm glad I could help.
Clint — Sorry for the delay getting back to you. I just tested it, and yes, it does work. Excellent question!! As long as you have that standard USB cable with the little connector on the one end that fits in the Zoom, you'll be good to go.
Penny — Glad they were helpful for you!
I just bought this nice little recorder. I tried it, and it worked, but the level was low when I listened to the file on my computer. Should the level be over 50 in ordinary face to face conditions?
Another question: there was a micro adapter in the box… May I ask what it is for? I first (to my shame) tried to fit in in a slot… I didn't find of course!
Thank you
Hi Susan,
Thanks so much for the very useful information!
Wishing you a peaceful and prosperous 2015.


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Find Your Perfect Home.
Leroy Real Estate
Leroy is located in Michigan. Leroy, Michigan has a population of 3,039. Leroy is more family-centric than the surrounding county with 27.33% of the households containing married families with children. The county average for households married with children is 25.09%.
The median household income in Leroy, Michigan is $42,539. The median household income for the surrounding county is $38,899 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in Leroy is 42.6 years.
Leroy Weather
The average high temperature in July is 79.5 degrees, with an average low temperature in January of 10.9 degrees. The average rainfall is approximately 34.3 inches per year, with inches of snow per year.
Leroy Map
Real Estate Near Leroy
Nearby Cities
Nearby Cities Homes for Sale
Leroy Zip Codes


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Dying Well
Sarah lived 127 years…. And Sarah died…. And Abraham went in to mourn for Sarah and to weep for her" (Gen. 23:1–2). Sarah and Abraham had been married fifty-two years. He would live almost four decades without her (see Gen …Read More
Decisions, Decisions
Recently, I found myself in a discussion with my sister about some of the things we used to do when we were children. I have to admit that is always fun to reminisce about those days and consider all of …Read More
Voices of Temptation
The birth of Ishmael, son of Abram and Hagar, is a tale that in some sense at least should never have been. From it emerges a familial and ethnic strife that lasts to this very day. It is a tale …Read More


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U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
Refused to Hire Austin Man Because of Diabetes, Federal Agency Charged
AUSTIN, Texas – AT&T Services, Inc. (AT&T), a major telephone company, will pay a former employee $60,000 to settle a disability discrimination lawsuit brought by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the agency announced today.
The EEOC's lawsuit, Civil Action No. A09CA700SS, in U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas in Austin, charged that AT&T violated the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) by failing to hire an applicant as a cable splicer technician in Austin only because of his "insulin use" for type 2 diabetes. The applicant indisputably had the necessary experience and expertise to perform the job, the EEOC said, and had previously safely performed a similar job for AT&T for many years after he was diagnosed with diabetes.
Refusing to hire a qualified individual because of his or her disability, record of disability, or because the employer perceives a person as being disabled, violates the ADA. The EEOC filed suit after the EEOC's San Antonio Field Office determined that AT&T had violated the ADA and after it tried to reach a pre-litigation settlement through the Commission's conciliation process.
As part of the agreed consent decree resolving the suit (entered by Judge Sam Sparks), AT&T will pay $60,000 to its former employee.AT&T also agreed to comply with the provisions of the ADA and to provide training regarding the ADA to all staffing managers at AT&T's non-management staffing office located in San Antonio.AT&T further agreed to have these staffing managers review AT&T's equal employment opportunity policies which prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability and to acknowledge, in writing, that insulin treatment for diabetes, in and of itself, does not automatically disqualify an individual from employment.
" Employers who respond to disabled individuals with knee-jerk exclusions based on myths, fears and stereotypes, rather than considering individual abilities, put themselves at risk," said Senior Trial Attorney Eduardo Juarez of the EEOC's San Antonio Field Office . "The ADA protects workers with disabilities from discriminatory treatment including hiring and firing."
"We are pleased to resolve this case and commend AT&T for acknowledging the importance of preventing discriminatory hiring practices and that every individual deserves a fair chance to obtain a job based on their talent and qualifications, regardless of their disability," said Supervisory Trial Attorney Judith G. Taylor of the EEOC's San Antonio Field Office.
According to company information, Dallas-based AT&T is the largest communications holding company in the world by revenue, with a 2009 reported consolidated revenue of $123 billion and 276,280 employees worldwide.
The EEOC enforces federal laws prohibiting employment discrimination. Further information about the Commission is available on its web site at www.eeoc.gov.


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Olga here today showcasing the newly released Bread digital image and sentiment.
You can find many more images on the Sasayaki Glitter Store.
You can look at more pictures and details about the card on my blog HERE
We also have a Facebook group where you can join us and get some inspiration or just hang out in a fun community!
And you can always visit us on our Sasayaki Glitter Inspiration Pinterest page.
xoxo Olga


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Buying Mangoes
Mango Whipped Cream Frosting
- 1 C heavy whipping cream
- 1/3 C sugar
- 2/3 C mango about one large mango
- Beat whipping cream on medium speed for about five minutes, until soft peaks form.
- Add sugar.
- Cut up your mango, being sure to remove all skin. Then, use a food processor or blender to turn your mango into a pulp.
- Add the mango to the whipped cream.
- Be sure to keep refrigerated.


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From MeritBadgeDotOrg
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m (Protected "User:Vypiskaizegrjulonlajn": {{Subst:Uw-vandal0|~~~~}} [edit=sysop:move=sysop])
Current revision
|Dear User Vypiskaizegrjulonlajn, at least one of your recent edits was considered vandalism and has been removed. In accordance with our policies, vandalism is cause for your account to be indefinitely blocked without warning, which has been done. If you believe this has been done in error or have questions, you may contact the administrator who applied this block. Thank you. —RWSmith (Bureaucrat), 12:42, February 1, 2012 (EST)


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4 ways to excite youth about engineering
Excite youth about engineering by latching onto something familiar, using technology tools, educating educators, and using games and stories. Here's some advice in each category, just in time to plan for Engineers Week 2012, Feb. 19-25.
Latch onto something familiar first—Understanding new concepts and embracing learning can be achieved by latching onto a subject or object that is familiar for the student. For example, if a young student is interested in art or fashion, a good area to introduce the student to is e-textiles or conductive paint. The barriers are pretty low for getting started, and the skills learned are very transferable across multiple engineering subject matters. Providing stepping-stones, especially in regard to where these skills or projects would fit into a broader engineering subject, can spark the imagination and creativity of kids who wouldn't necessarily otherwise see that connection.
Technology's role and tools for learning—Exposing students to different learning styles is important. The kinesthetic (play-oriented) style of learning is appealing to everyone, especially children. Technology captivates the mind of the youth and cultivates intellectual curiosity and the desire to tinker and apply the newfound abilities in everyday life, hence, the ubiquity of electronics in games, TVs, computers, etc. It's important to encourage students to get their hands dirty by taking things apart and playing with technology because it likely will create a more lasting impression. Repurposing old tools for kids to play with or taking apart older technology can be a great learning experience because it gets children exploring. In a Denver school, for example, the class took an old adding machine (which by today's standards is obsolete) and repurposed it into a machine that makes music. Students learned engineering fundamentals and had a lot of fun throughout the process.
Educating the educators—Some educators and parents balk at teaching youth engineering-focused ideas because of the misperceived notion that there is a steep learning curve in getting these programs started. Introducing the open-source mentality to teachers (making them aware it is out there) and connecting them to a community, like a software or museum group, can show them the foundation work already has been done and allows them to customize it for their own curriculum and level of students. Moreover, it provides an avenue for exciting and educating not just one class, but an entire group of educators that can spark the interest in entire generations of students. Parental participation also is critical and can create a long-lasting bond between the student and parent by allowing them to work on a project together. However, it is important that parents and teachers not try to force learning; they should let the student choose whether or not to continue down this path.
Games and stories—Pick an object that is engineering-related and create a background story for it. This personalizes the tool and gives kids a stake in the learning process. Teaching students to look through the lenses of constructivism is inherent in both the game and story approach as well. Through game and make-believe, kids are encouraged to ask leading and open-ended questions, which help develop a sense of teaching themselves how to do things. This also feeds off of the idea that we can teach young kids the basics of engineering practices, like soldering and programming, through constructing a game model, such as create their own adventure or animated simulations. These are other ways to lower the age and technical barriers to introducing youth to ideas of engineering.
– Lindsay Levkoff is education director and Lindsay Craig is educational outreach coordinator at SparkFun. Edited by Mark T. Hoske, content manager, CFE Media, Control Engineering, www.controleng.com.
National Engineers Week Foundation's Engineers Week 2012 is Feb. 19-25. What are you doing to inspire youth, your next generation of talent, in engineering?
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A search query page is used to search against a collection. Users input a set of keywords and optional query operators, and then receive results on a web page displayed in their browser. The results page contains links to documents on the server that match the search criteria.
Server administrators can customize this search query page, as described in "Customizing Search Pages."
To make a query, perform the following steps:
Access the Search web application by entering its URL in the Location bar of your browser, in the following format:
http://<server-instance>:port number/search
In the search query page that appears, select the checkbox representing the collection you want to search in the "Search in" field.
Type in a few words that describe your query and hit Enter, or click Search) for a list of relevant web pages.
For a more fine-tuned search, you can use the search parameters provided in the Advanced Search page described in the following section.


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HOUSTON — It was a sad, emotional day in America when the natural and national inclination was to reach out for someone to hug.
Before the clock ticked off the final seconds of the Rockets' win over the Celtics, coaches Kevin McHale and Doc Rivers met for a heartfelt embrace. Then Kevin Garnett walked down the length of the court with his head bowed and clamped a ferocious bear hug on McHale.
It was touching. It was real. It especially resonated on a night when so many of us were still searching for answers, or at least a shoulder to cry on.
McHale, of course, suffered an unspeakable loss of his own, the death of his 23-year-old daughter Sasha on Nov. 24 following complications from Lupus. He had taken a leave of absence from his coaching duties for nearly a month before returning to the Rockets last week.
This meeting with the Celtics, the franchise for which he starred and became a Hall of Famer over a 13-year career, was already going to be emotional enough. The ties that bind the Celtics through all the championships is real, indeed.
Then there was Garnett, the long, talented, explosive All-Star and MVP that McHale drafted as a teen-ager when he was general manager of the Timberwolves. They had worked together and grown together for years in Minnesota until Garnett was eventually traded to McHale's old team in Boston and helped carry on the championship tradition that now binds them doubly.
Garnett plays the game of basketball and life with the style of an exposed nerve end, uncontainable, rarely concealing his feelings. So when he wrapped his arms around his old boss and friend and offered words of consolation and encouragement, tears came from McHale and, as he eventually walked across the court toward the Rockets' locker room, they continued to flow.
That it happened on an incomprehensibly tragic day for Newtown, Conn. and all of America made it more poignant as one man who'd lost a child became a surrogate for so many grieving parents and relatives and citizens, a fact not lost on Garnett.
"Today's been a crazy day," Garnett said. "I just want to say my condolences go to the families that are in Connecticut. Anybody that has kids — a niece, any kind of siblings, someone that they love — it's just been a tough day. I just want to get it off my chest, man, and say my condolences go out to the parents out there. I (saw) Kevin out there and had an emotional moment with him. It's been an emotional roller coaster today."
A time when a father and a nation needed a hug.


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Reconstruction Years after Therapy
Dear OncoLink "Ask The Experts,"
Is it too late to get breast reconstruction after a 1986 lumpectomy with radiation? I have neck pain [that] I think is from scarring from the cancer treatment. I have had the acute pain for over a year and want some solutions. I have had hyperbaric treatment and some medications to lessen the scarring, but both are risky according to my doctor.
Don LaRossa, MD, Professor of Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School, responds:
There seem to be two questions here. You are still a candidate after treatment in 1986 unless there are other complicating factors. In the past, breast reconstruction was delayed for months or years after mastectomy because some physicians felt that it increased post-operative complications. This in turn would lead to a longer post-operative recovery period and a delay in the start of adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy or radiation). Studies have since proved that this is not true, and now immediate reconstruction is commonplace.
The second concern relates to pain and scarring from the original treatment. It is very unlikely that the pain you are having would be improved by breast reconstruction. A consultation with a pain specialist might be of considerable help in dealing with the pain. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a treatment that uses increased air pressure and high concentrations of oxygen to help heal wounds, infections, burns, and problems with skin grafts. It has complications related to the pressure, such as ear, tooth, and sinus pain and/or bleeding, abdominal pressure, dizziness, hearing loss, and collapsed lung. Furthermore, I do not know if it is effective in scars that are older, such as yours.