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My money has it that Sebastian Vettel is the world's most popular athlete you've never heard of. Each weekend that Formula One car racing—of which he is the 24-year-old, two-time reigning series champion—pitches its Grand Prix spectacle in places like Kuala Lumpur and Sao Paulo, the bulk of the sport's 500 million viewers (that's Super Bowl numbers, five-fold) tune in to track Vettel and his rivals as they whip the fastest, most sophisticated race cars on earth around circuits shaped like those pretzel paper clips meant for extra-long documents. But in the U.S., where Formula One has flailed with mixed success over the decades, the supremacy of a driver like Vettel hardly registers as a radar blip. So that when he, say, finds himself in Times Square on a whim this summer, snapping self-cellpics as though he's finally arrived, the effect is illusory; where typically there are incapacitating mobs, there is instead a vacuum of attention. "It's just so funny to go some places where people don't mind your presence, all because they don't know," Vettel would tell me a few months later. "It's nice, it gives you a certain freedom—the freedom to relax."
The question of whether two or five or ten years will undo that freedom is what's on everyone's mind when, in late October, Formula One announces that an American Grand Prix, run on a street course in New Jersey just across the Hudson from Manhattan, has locked up a ten-year deal beginning in 2013. This on the heels of F1 committing Austin to ten years on the race calendar beginning next November. It was happening whether we knew it or cared; a bet had been wagered.
If you're like me (until recently), though, you've retained only the vaguest information about F1 over your years—fragments that when downloaded in full are sort of haikuish in their elusive density:
Enzo Ferrari
Stewart Senna Schumacher
Monaco Grand Prix
I'd always comprehended that those words stood for something larger than I could quite fix in my head, a sporting universe that blended the most talented of (foreign-sounding) driver with the most imaginative of (foreign-sounding) engineer—a mix leavened with billions of dollars provided by the sort of borderless enthusiasts who tend to have more in common with one another than with their own countrymen. I'd nonetheless relegated F1 to a place of deferent ignorance. Then, though, this spring, I experienced a 105-minute piece of conversion footage. It was a documentary on the racing life of divisive, transcendent Brazilian F1 champ Ayrton Senna—whose on-track death in 1994 was the sport's last. It worked me over and left me suddenly wanting, the way a language does the first time you register its meaning thoughtlessly. I started reading about Grands Prix on Monday mornings, Vettel's dismantling of opponents in the 2011 season. Historic, weighty races on circuits called Spa (Belgium), Monza (Italy), and Silverstone (England)—the same grounds that saw F1's first champions, fifty years ago, crashing into spectators like cyclists in the Tour de France. I read books about drivers, tuned in to podium ceremonies. I was ready for Austin, though it would be a long wait. Then I got an email: How would I like to see Sebastian Vettel do his thing up close?
In the garage of Red Bull Racing, F1's top team, I'm less than a car length from Vettel as he prepares for the qualifying hour of the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. The qualifying hour: I mean that literally. For sixty minutes, at precisely timed intervals, the field of 24 drivers (who are two to a team, each team lined up by order of season success—Red Bull, therefore, in the leading garage—right on down the pit lane) participate in a shootout that will set the starting positions for tomorrow's main event. We're about fifteen minutes out from the green, and shrill pneumatics occupy the volume of the garage the way the sound of a dentist's drill fills an open mouth.
Vettel is sitting at the back of the garage, which after several days of practice runs and expensive tinkering, is still clean and bright, the floor white and wetly reflective, like ice after a zamboni pass. The garage is split into zones, some off-limit sectors near the back, obscured by plastic barriers, and then an invisible line that cuts the garage in half dividing the two Red Bull drivers, Vettel and Aussie Mark Webber. (Webber, eleven years Vettel's senior, has been a consistent top finisher during an impressive, abiding career, but I get the sense over the course of the weekend that few things must make one more aware of one's limits that sharing a team with a precocious champion who might become the best of all time.)
The crew, roughly 30 in all, works for both drivers, but during Qualifying, they are split. Vettel's team is made up of guys with names like Bal and Ole and Gareth. They handle the equipment expertly, if a little passionlessly. An exposed patch near the tail of Vettel's car divulges some of the truth of the insides: gold tin foil and silver tape that I've only ever seen in pictures of the lunar module from the '60s. The mechanics each go about their business, and while the roles are surely imperative and distinct, the guys also seem (by these untested eyes) kind of interchangeable, like machine parts. They are of varied age and weight, and some have lost their hair.
The same cannot be said about the drivers, up and down the pit lane, who for the most part, look uncharacteristically welcoming of the race-car-driver stereotype. Go to Google and do some gazing: Lewis Hamilton, Jenson Button, Fernando Alonso, Webber—they are often shot with their girlfriends on golden-banistered boats, sort of like world-famous soccer players, but more formidable, somehow, more handsome: better jawlines, better hair.
Vettel, it should be said, doesn't look so much like the others. There at the back of the garage, he's taking counsel from an older Austrian called "Dr. Marko" who is blind in one eye (its plug was pulled by a stone thrown from a rival's tire during the '72 French GP) that lingers in middle-distance. Vettel is only 5'8" (most racers are on the shorter side; the lighter the driver, the quicker the ride), but his hunch—the shoulders of someone much less accomplished—shaves off another inch or two. His hair never looks like it's been cut recently, even when it has, and it's curly and falls off all edges of his head like a hanging garden. His mouth seems filled with extra teeth, and though he smiles easily, the expression he slips with little thought is a sort of mouth shrug. When he's listening to anyone—questions from the media, instructions from Red Bull's team manager, advice from Dr. Marko—he mouth-shrugs and flickers his eyebrows as if to say: "Ah, I hadn't thought of that before, but now that you mention it..."
Vettel is wearing his racing suit, an orderly work of red and blue Red Bull things, and other affiliates who pay millions of dollars for mere square inches of real estate on his chest. He hops onto a scale behind one of the opaque dividers (drivers are weighed before every stage of competition), and swigs from a water bottle designed to look like an extra-extra-energizing can of Red Bull. He pulls the fire-retardant head sock over the mop, yanks some expensive communication wires around, works his helmet down to his shoulders, and lowers himself into his seat. The mechanics shift into positions like dancers just before the music. One sticks a long prod up the rear of the car and manually fires it into a teeth-melting idle. (It should be said that all the things anyone has told you about visceral closeness to motor sports is true, and that's not just—but especially—the case with F1: If you've never heard a race car except through a television, it's tough to shape the resonance with description. But, for the game of it: Think of the loudest concert you've ever attended, and maybe a moment when the guitarist and drummer were both getting primal; now take that noise, and expand it by proximity (if you were, say, onstage between that guitarist and that drummer), and then layer in the kind of woman-howl associated with curly Brits like Plant or Daltrey—and then maybe you'll have a sense of what it's like when the cars whip out of the garage for Qualifying.)
The way it works is all 24 drivers get 20 minutes to post a lap time to their liking. After 20 minutes, the slowest seven drivers are knocked out (and ranked on the grid in starting positions 18 through 24 for the main event), while the remaining drivers return to the pits for a timed seven-minute recess, fuel up, change the tires, address concerns from the driver, like: "I've got limited control on the rear right tire in both the entry and exit of turn seven." And then the mechanics, each wearing "Gives You Wings" belts, translate that downloaded "feel" from the drivers—combined with computer readings that look from a distance like heartbeats—into tightening of bolts and the reduction of tire pressure.
Which all sounds unnecessarily complex, I know. Foreign gearheads indulging in the exponent of their mechanical passions, for an audience who's merely responding to the speed. But remember, this is all on the clock, and it all matters imperatively. The Abu Dhabi track is tough to pass other drivers on; your starting position affects your race destiny more than any other factor. We're talking about hundredths of seconds separating top slots.
Before long, Vettel and Webber return to the track for "Q2," the second Qualifying session, during which the 17 remaining drivers will be reduced to the fastest ten. As a worthy side note: It's astonishing to me how quickly the top five drivers distance themselves from the others. Vettel, Webber, Hamilton, Button, Alonso. Only twice all season has any other driver finished on podium (in the top 3), the five battling each other incessantly at the front of every race. In Q2, they post the five quickest lap times—and do it almost instantly.
At the conclusion of Q2, Vettel and Webber return to the garage for one final tune-up. Cloth bags of dry ice are placed in the drivers' laps. One of the mechanics, a vaguely Wayne Rooney-ish type, blasts a teammate in the face with AC. The cars are running well; everything's cool.
At once, Hamilton and Button, teammates on Red Bull rival McLaren, are on-track in the final qualifying round, and they're pushing lap times to unmatchable lows. I hadn't noticed at first, but Vettel and his team have rigged it so that his is the last car out of the pits for the final lap. Button is in front of Hamilton is in front of Vettel, as the hour ticks down to zero. The crew watches from the garage on the television, crossed-legged right over left, as Vettel seems to clip thousandths off of Hamilton's lead at each timed marker. Suddenly, within the span of no time, Button crosses the finish line to post the low lap of the hour, followed seconds later by Hamilton who posts the new fastest lap, leaving only Vettel on the track.
The Red Bull crew barks coaxings at the television. Vettel cuts wide off the edge of the last turn and appears to the camera that's fixed at the foot of the home stretch. He blisters a line that pulls him into the center of the track, over the stripes of the starting grid, and across the sensor that makes the clock stop.
Later, a former F1 champion who was calling color on the Qualifier for BBC told me that Vettel didn't detectably blink the entire lap, not once. Nearly two minutes of hot focus, and then at the instant he hit the mark, his gaze directed not toward the lap time on his steering wheel, but rather to the enormous digital display above him on-track, which though appearing too fuzzy with body vibration to make out details, would flash either yellow (too slow) or green (fast enough). When green, there was a staticky animal sound from Vettel over the radio, and his engineer replied, impossibly cool: "Fantastic, Seb, you delivered under pressure. You've matched one of the all-time greats"—a reference to the fact that Vettel had just tied the all-time F1 record for most pole positions (14 in just 18 races) in a single season. He would break the record this past weekend during the year's final race in Brazil.
It was just the Qualifying run, but it spoke directly to the American sports fan. Vettel, after all, won on a buzzer beater. He had already claimed 11 of the season's 17 Grands Prix to that point, and finished runner-up on another four occasions. He'd relegated his four closest rivals to a season-long battle for second. Here, in Qualifying, the door had slipped open, just a crack, for mere seconds, and he'd shut it swiftly, at the last possible moment. It had gone this way all season; Sunday felt already half-written.
There are other things that happen on Grand Prix weekends. During one of the practice sessions, I go for a walk along the corniche that separates the track from a man-made marina. Docked there are big yachts, as big as any I've seen, most populated by a dozen or fewer people who have the same complexion as the others on their boat. One yacht is from Australia, one from India, another from Qatar, just up the Gulf.
As I turn a sharp corner, I come to a previously concealed pocket of the marina, where the yachts seem twice as large. It's still early afternoon, and so the obligatory speaker sounds are pulsey, but half-hearted. One boat, called "Moonlight," has a pair of velvet ropes, and six or so hand-assembled shoe racks propped on the dock. "No shoes allowed"; this is where the biggest crowd is hanging out. Across the marina is a Cipriani (yes) that looks like a product of Ferran Adria's post-Bulli experimental kitchen. And then another ninety-degree corner, and this is where the really big boats are. The ones that beg the question: Why spend $150 million on a ship when you could buy an island? To which the response—you need something to transport you to the island you already own, obvs—is probably rhetorical.
One of these yachts, on which a captain-servant buffs a silver entryway column, is glugging gallons per second from somewhere beneath the waterline. I wonder if it's sinking, this small floating city. It turns out this is "Moonlight II." I fixate on how lowly and gauche those first yachts I'd seen seemed now. In the face of "Moonlight II," even as it possibly sits there slowly sinking, too large for anyone to pay mind to the effects of a hole on the starboard side, I know that no one here to watch the Grand Prix in Abu Dhabi would rather be anywhere than aboard the biggest boat in the marina. That "Moonlight" is nothing so long as there is "Moonlight II," until I turn a corner and see, there across another inlet, where the truly big boats are docked...
I'd registered this feeling before. Two summers ago, on the flats of the middlemost Midwest, I attended the Indy 500 for the first time. The engines rattled me in those powerful, important ways that they do during your first time; the speed of the straights I couldn't stop talking about for weeks. I stood there ten feet away as eventual-champion Dario Franchitti pitted, and then rolled into the winner's alley of America's most storied racetrack. Franchitti, to me, was this confirmed ideal of a motorsportsman—handsome, accented, married to super-cool-chick Ashley Judd. And then I heard about Vettel. That Franchitti was fine, his race car plenty quick—but that the top global series was so far advanced that Franchitti, a Scotsman, could hardly get a tryout. There was a reason all those half-talents at Indy were stuck spending weekends in Iowa and Kentucky, while Vettel and company stamped their passports in Singapore and Bahrain. I'd turned the corner, seen the bigger boat.
And so at night, from the marina the enthusiasts spring to the clubs. For plenty on Saturday evening, the first stop is the edible-seeming Cipriani, where there are two red ropes, followed by an elevator check, enforced further by a black rope, before entrance is granted to the inside. If you've ever been in a place that's overly-indulgent in its own mystique of serious pleasure, this is not quite it. It's too early, I think. Britney Spears performed somewhere last night; Paul McCartney's not till tomorrow. But in the meantime, people are laughing plenty, horsing around. Telling pretty, young acquaintances, "Well, I own fifty companies," and then taking shit from their older wives for saying so. There's a guy who looks like that blonde '80s actor who was always beating up the Jewish and Italian high school nerds. (You know, the one from Cobra Kai...) Most of the people embrace one another the way old college buddies do at reunions.
I had assumed beforehand that an appeal of Formula One was its geographic diversity, its global variety, but it was quickly my impression that the greater fact, the truest appeal, for those pursuing these interests is that the Grand Prix experience is exactly the same at every stop, all season long. There is a sense, in the quality of clothing and the dismissiveness toward the help and the strange familiarity—this shared sort of easy-flowing, yet never-quite-proper English that must be the working language of sub-oligarchs—that many of these people, even if meeting for the first time tonight, will get along quite well together. In this way, F1 seems to summon rich people to the playground like a recess bell.
Someone has ordered a glass container of champagne that can hardly be called a bottle because it's even larger than the ones the race winner will shower his fans with on Sunday night. When a notable order is placed, a procession of lycra dresses and the girls they're half-concealing fire up sparklers and lead the purchase to its new owner. During each sparkler session, the dark goes light for a moment, the eyes of most men trailing one of the marching women whose ass looks as though it was conceived by a balloon artist. On one such occasion, I spot something across the room that's familiar, un-mistakable, from my neighborhood in New York: Adrien Brody's nose.
He's all alone, black blazer and black V-neck, thumbing his phone like a twelve-year-old whose friends are late meeting him at the movies. He looks around every few minutes, sadly, until finally a table of what appear to be rich, local Emiratis invites him to drink with them. Like me, he sips wordlessly, probably a little unsure. But then we are saved: a troupe of cross-dressing pirates appears. We can relax in our silence, and watch.
The pirates, mostly women with mascara mustaches doing a sort of Beaux Arts Jack Sparrow thing, assume a ballet dancer's fourth or fifth position atop scattered booths, and one, suitably flexible, arranges herself in a chandelier that's affixed with champagne bottles. The pirates are all clearly waiting for something to happen, for someone to start. But the DJ carries on aimlessly, sparking a fellow on the other side of the room, a pirate midget it turns out, to hop from his perch, commit to a short-legged sprint across the dance floor, and reprimand the DJ for his mis-timing. Then it happens: the music is cued, the dancing commences, the champagne-chandelier acrobat twists toward the ceiling. Adrien Brody looks happier.
Later that night, in a temporary, puffed-up performance tent in a parking lot that ends inelegantly at desert and nothing, Fatboy Slim is helicoptering his arms and his hands and everyone is having an even better time. Suddenly, it is quite late, and there are two 20-something Americans pulling my cocktail from my fingers, and stealing two-handed sips for themselves. He is from Kentucky, and she from Chicago, and they both work in Dubai. It's funny how quickly that composite foreign-English becomes normative, and a North Shore beeaathroom begins to impress as kind of downtrodden and distant. They are as uncertain about my presence here as I am. The guy starts telling me all the things he thinks I should know about the region, and before long he seizes on a point that is plagued by an echoey punchline: "...and the PAKISTANIS clean it up!" This bothers him. This disparity, which so clearly exists, between upper-class Arabs, expat whites, and the hidden scores of brown-skinned people from Asia and Africa who hold doors and sweep floors, etc. His volume is making the girl nervous. "The Pakistanis! White man... PAKISTANIS!!" he says. A guy in a striped shirt near me dances like one of those sand-bottomed inflatable clowns, and the kid from Kentucky gets right up inside my ear, grips my shirt: "The PakiSTANis, man. That's what you WRITE about. That's what you write aBOUT." It goes on until the girl becomes so visibly, facially upset that she drags him away by the shirtsleeve and starts lighting into him to get it together. He gives one of those "What?! What?!" heaving body shrugs, and then they're gone.
I don't meet another American for the rest of the trip, but I fall asleep that morning, race morning, with the paradoxical thought that, as on most days back home, Adrien Brody is somewhere close, lying next to someone beautiful, or no one at all.
It's probably the case that Abu Dhabi benefits from a major racecar event as much as F1 profits from a new regional market possessing of solvent oil wealth. It's trickier to pin down what good F1 and the U.S. will be for one another.
After all, we have NASCAR, a motorsport series that hosts events 38 weekends a year and seems to lead SportsCenter with defiant frequency. But any fan (or member of the opposition) will be quick to acknowledge the line in this country dividing passion and disinterest. It effectively scribbles itself around an easily-identifiable Red America, and for the near future, NASCAR in all its big and brash color, stands to keep on signifying that half of the culture.
And yet there is a habit, it seems, among foreign F1 types I speak with, to make no distinction between the two dissonant halves hashing it out politically and otherwise in the U.S. at present. The NASCAR crowd, they presume, is America, the whole of it. And so their reasonable move toward assimilation begins with borrowing from the proven, successful qualities of the oval racers.
"I've seen the fans of NASCAR," 2008 F1 Series champ Lewis Hamilton says. "And while I've never been to a race, the feeling is that it's very much a family sport, where families drive down in their RVs, park up, and watch the race from their motor home all weekend. When F1 comes to the States, that still needs to be possible. Additionally, by contrast to NASCAR, F1 is very private. There is no way you can get access to the drivers; I don't know how we in the sport can be more accommodating of that. But we are doing more signing sessions and that sort of thing outside the circuit so you can see the fans a bit more...." Mark Webber, Vettel's Red Bull teammate, builds on the bit about driver accessibility: "If we need to do anything better, it's what we do for the fans. Americans always do a huge amount for the fans, great interaction, especially in NASCAR."
It's my impression, though, after a weekend at the circuit, that F1 should be less concerned with mimicking the moves of NASCAR than standing as a clear alternative—in particular, for the politically blue sports fan who has long balked at the fuss surrounding NASCAR. Sure, it can be tough to stomach the Monaco-style vanity-glam of Formula One, but just as every NASCAR fan isn't taking a keg of Bud Light to the face while grillin' out in his camo trucker hat, not every F1-er is mustering strength to aggressively offend your sensibility with his popped polo (the one with the big horse), driving mocs, and extra-tall girlfriend. In the end, there are allegiances to the teams and drivers, and a reverence of the past that's not unlike our romanticism of, say, baseball. "The history is the attraction," Webber says. "Some of the tracks we've been racing on since the '50s. And it's amazing how many times you hear 'My grandson, my father, my grandfather....' The generations go through it. So obviously the new markets we're hitting are in a very embryonic stage; it'll take a little while to catch up." He considers this. "But then of course, if you have a driver of your own nationality..."
So the concern of how to roll out the new era lingers. "It's really a matter of getting the car in front of people," Hamilton says. "Once you hear it and see it, feel the noise—then maybe they'll turn out for a race. I don't quite know how F1 will play in Oklahoma and places like that, but every time I'm in L.A., I swear more people recognize me—genuine fans." Which begs the question: is Austin really the right play? Or to the coasts instead?
On Sunday afternoon, about forty minutes out from sunset, the cars in the starting grid take off to run through their warm-up lap. The sound is enormous, the work of the swarm. After the tense and thrilling conclusion of Qualifying, the scene is set for a 55-lap, day-into-evening Grand Prix that should last about two hours. The pits are stirring, the cars return to their hold on the starting grid. And once each of the noses have suspended their forward motion, the lights go green, and the pack of twenty-four are gunning for Turn One, a hard left that Vettel, from pole, takes easily. He has maintained his lead, and though it's only been three or four seconds, he seems to have picked up some thousandths on Hamilton in second.
But in the instant of a thunder-smack, Vettel is suddenly off-course, his rear right tire blown to pieces. There's a gasp in the Red Bull garage. From the runover grass, he throttles the car forward down the track, but his pace is slashed, and the full field is by him. It takes too long for Vettel to get to the pits; if he's to remain within a plausible length of contention, it'll require fast work by the mechanics. But after that rear right tire is removed, the mechanics bearing witness to the suspension damage slump in resignation.
Vettel does his part to remain cool. He resists throwing his helmet or his gloves. He runs his hands through his hair, and then makes a gesture that reads like: "The tire was perfectly round one instant, and then it came apart...." He doesn't yell at any of the mechanics, nor hang his head in near-tears. Part of the reason might be because there are TV cameras up in his space, monitoring the heavily-favored star of the series—knocked out of his first race of the season, and in less than five seconds. One cameraman just stands there, inches away, watching Vettel wonder what went wrong. Later, Vettel will say that he may have taken Turn One too sharp, that he punctured the tire because of an aggressive first move. All I know is that the moment meant something to me, serving as I was as this temporary steward to the gently curious American sports fan—charged with determining just how badly we really need Formula One. Here was the star, the lead reason to watch, and he was done already.
Imagine if this happens in Austin in November, if the best driver on earth crashes out in Turn Two. Sure, it's about as likely as Aaron Rodgers getting concussed during the first play from scrimmage at the Super Bowl, or Tiger Woods (rather: good, c.2000 Tiger Woods) breaking his wrist on the first hole Thursday morning at the Masters—but those events don't need for everything to go perfectly. F1, by contrast, has no margin. All the drivers I speak with are both right and wrong—we fans must be exposed to the cars, to the drivers, to the stuff surrounding the sport. But what we need more than anything is a great race. High-stakes competition, blood rivalry, the most exhilarating performances by the most skilled drivers of the most powerful cars in the world.
Instead of retiring to a locker room to sulk privately, Vettel catches his breath and then hustles over to the pit wall to join the team bosses while they direct Mark Webber through the remainder of his race. A mechanical issue during his first stop forces Webber to pit a third time, while the other leaders (three of those top five who always knock it out together) only pit twice. Lewis Hamilton wins, followed by Ferrari's Fernando Alonso, and Hamilton's McLaren teammate Jenson Button. It is a fine week for racing, except if you're Red Bull.
Then, as though to confirm my apprehension about the Vettel misstep, the week after I'm back in the States, the Austin race falls apart. They literally just stop building the track. No one knows for sure what happened, but the F1 brass keep alluding to a complex contract dispute with their stateside partners—the race's greater future uncertain. So we've got another year to figure it out, to get hungry. And isn't it just right that the new hopes rest on New York, then, the one place that could probably make it work. It's the right picture, isn't it? Yachts beating back against the summer Hudson current, sleep-eyed Upper Westsiders rising Grand Prix morning to the hornet drone of Vettel and co. revving for their practice lap on the New Jersey streets with probably the best view of the midtown Manhattan skyline. By then maybe we'll know his name.
To which it's worth pointing out that Mario Andretti won an F1 series in 1978, the last of just two champions from the States. Some other Americans followed him into the series, but few contended; it's just never seemed to stick. And yet the U.S. Grand Prix was a longtime stopover, run for decades in upstate New York at Watkins Glen, one of the drivers' favorites events (if only because it paid out an enormous purse). Later, attempts in Vegas and Dallas and Detroit predated a short, recent stretch during which they ran at Indy (where an F1-style segment was cut through the infield at the Motor Speedway)—before the event disappeared altogether. "I did my first ever race in Indianapolis, I loved it," Vettel says. "But surely Formula One hasn't always presented itself in a great way in America."


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Memories lost and found
Drugs that help mice remember reveal role for epigenetics in recall
Olaf Hajek
For nearly a decade, neuroscientist Li-Huei Tsai and her colleagues have been studying senile mice. In a lab at MIT her team has genetically fast-forwarded the mice into a condition much like dementia: They have problems making new memories and retrieving old ones. The mice forget how to navigate water mazes they had mastered; they don't recognize signs of imminent danger they had once responded to fearfully.

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General Education
General Education is a significant part of nearly every undergraduate student's course of studies, regardless of the institution or major. The primary purpose of any General Education program is to provide students with essential skills, dispositions, and depth of knowledge across various disciplines. Broadly speaking, a General Education program usually contains courses in the Natural Sciences, the Social Sciences, the Humanities, and the Arts. Ideally, it should complement and enhance the student's major program.
According to Characteristics of Excellence in Higher Education (2009), a publication of the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE), one of our accrediting agencies, General Education should be "designed so that students acquire and demonstrate college-level proficiency in general education and essential skills, including at least oral and written communication, scientific and quantitative reasoning, critical analysis and reasoning, and technological competency."The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE), our parent organization, further states that, "General education consists of a broad program of study in the liberal arts and sciences,...met through study in the areas of humanities, fine arts, communication, social and behavioral sciences, mathematics, and the natural/physical sciences." (Board of Governors' Policy 1990-06, page 2) Here at Kutztown University, in September 2008 a new General Education Task Force embarked on a mission to examine and re-define our General Education program to better align it with state, regional, and national standards. We set an ambitious timeline for ourselves, one in which all incoming freshmen in the fall 2011 semester and beyond would be governed by the new General Education program. We have met that goal by designing an exciting new General Education program, one that is dynamic, coherent, and well-defined, yet flexible enough to meet the needs of our diverse student body and their various majors. The results of our deliberations are contained within this website. For a copy of the Task Force's final report, click HERE.
The General Education Program at Kutztown University is a program of study that provides students majoring in a diverse array of programs with a common intellectual experience. The General Education program includes a core curriculum, university distribution requirements, college-specific distribution requirements, and thematic courses. Together, these features of the program provide our students with a common intellectual experience, expose them to a diversity of academic disciplines, and lay the foundations for a successful undergraduate educational experience.
The mission of the General Education program is to cultivate intellectual and practical skills, introduce students to the range of intellectual traditions and perspectives expressed in the disciplines represented by our major programs, educate our students in the knowledge of human cultures and the physical and natural world, and encourage the development of personal and social responsibility.
Goal 1:
To cultivate intellectual and practical skills that are practiced extensively, across the curriculum, in the context of progressively more challenging problems, projects, and standards for performance.
1.1. Inquiry and analysis
1.2. Decision making
1.3. Critical and creative thinking
1.4. Written and oral communication
1.5. Quantitative literacy
1.6. Information literacy
1.7. Teamwork and problem solving
1.8. Wellness
Goal 2:
To develop an understanding of human cultures and the physical and natural world that is focused by engagement with big questions, both contemporary and enduring.
2.1. Sciences
2.2. Mathematics
2.3. Social sciences
2.4. Humanities
2.5. Histories
2.6. Languages
2.7. Arts
Goal 3:
To inculcate a sense of personal and social responsibility that is anchored through active involvement with diverse communities and real world challenges.
3.1. Local and global civic knowledge and engagement
3.2. Intercultural knowledge and competence
3.3. Ethical reasoning and action
3.4. Personal qualities and attitudes such as passion, curiosity, self-confidence, imagination, cooperation, commitment, and support for life-long learning
KU Faculty:
To download a Reporting Template for each domain, click HERE.


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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see we have myspace accounts and I asked Janie 3 times over the past 4 or 5 months to add me to her friends but she still hasn't , don't know why but Jeff & I wonder if were not pretty enough , you know like we don't look like "models" so thats why she hasn't added us
In this interview @ Jokers , Danielle says she won't be on AllStars
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TC Electronic Announces the Röttweiler Distortion
From classic power metal over ultra-tight thrash riffs to a complete riot of unleashed power, this pedal is the ultimate one-stop station for all things heavy!
Röttweiler Distortion goes the extra mile and delivers an unparalleled sound that will inspire any hard rock and metal guitarist to be shredding and riffing for days. In fact, Röttweiler Distortion has been designed specifically to capture the tone and true feel of raw power that only a high-gain tube amp used to be able to deliver. The all-analog design features a unique distortion circuit based on soft clipping – just like real tube amps – for an extremely authentic response and tone. Now, it's possible to get that bone-crushing sound through virtually any amp by hooking up a Röttweiler Distortion.
Röttweiler Distortion is voiced to burn through any mix. A classic stompbox problem in this hardcore setting is a tendency to get 'lost in the mix'. Typically, these pedals sound great on their own, but once the band starts playing, they become less convincing. This is not the case with Röttweiler Distortion as it has been designed with live performances in mind – not just for home practicing!
Whether the ideal is power metal or tight-chugging thrash, Röttweiler will deliver at the flick of a switch. The 'Voice' toggle switch allows for choosing between two midrange voicings, instantly going from classic hard rock to full-on death metal. Also, the two tone controls, Treble and Bass, let users fine-tune their guitar tone to whatever their needs and wants might be in a matter of seconds.
Available: November, 2011
$129 Retail
Röttweiler Distortion Main Features:
• Extreme High-gain Distortion – More Is More
• Turns ANY Amp into a Cranked Metal Stack
• Two-band Active EQ – Separate Bass and Treble Controls
• Voice Switch – Cuts Through any Mix
• True Bypass – Zero Loss of Tone
• Unique One-screw Battery Access – Lightning Fast Battery Changes
• Custom 'Hammerhead' Rugged, Die-cast Aluminum Casing – Built for a Life on the Road.


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Teams around the league have one more week to lock down their own horde of free agents, something the Texans hope to do with Garrett Graham.
NFL Media Insider Ian Rapoport reported Tuesday that Houston is hoping to work out a new contract with the pass-catching tight end before he hits the open market. If the Texans can't re-sign Graham, they'll face competition come March 11.
Rapoport was told that the Packers have their sights set on Graham, according to a source informed of the player's market. Green Bay's decision-makers have been high on the tight end since he came out of Wisconsin in 2010 and believe that Graham fits their scheme.
He won't make anyone forget about Owen Daniels in his prime, but the 27-year-old Graham gave the Texans a viable target at the position last season. His 49 catches for 545 receiving yards and five scores were all career highs, with much of that coming with chaos erupting under center in Houston during a 2-14 disaster.
New Texans coach Bill O'Brien has been locked away with last season's game tape and apparently views Graham as a keeper. We're not convinced Daniels will be retained, and neither is he.
Back to Green Bay: With Jermichael Finley set to hit free agency as our top-ranked tight end, it makes sense for the Packers to mine the open market for help. If Graham -- No. 4 in our rankings -- gets that far, he's a ripe target for a return to the Badger State.
The latest edition of the "Around The League Podcast" weighs in on Monday's franchise-tag surprises and unpacks all the 49ers drama out west.


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Sugar Skulls Unsponges
Sugar Skulls Unsponges
So many uses, you'll want to try them all! These fun and practical sponge alternatives are great for your budget and the planet. Handcrafted in our studio and designed for longevity, these Unsponges are the multi-purpose cleaning tool you have been searching for. Made with premium materials and engineered to take a beating, you can't lose with these our Unsponges.
**Full Quote is "The higher the heels, the closer to Heaven."
Reusable and washable
Packs of 1, 2 , 3 or 6 Unsponges
Choice of Polyester or Bamboo Core
Reinforced stitching with covered seams
Option of adding Mesh for extra scrubbing power
Handy size measuring 5" x 5" for added cleaning surface
Our Unsponges are engineered with longevity and reusability in mind. By melding the idea of a green concept with a budget-friendly price, we strove to create a product that could outlast the traditional kitchen sponge and be kinder to the pocketbook and planet. Each Unsponge is hand cut and assembled in our studio and must undergo a series of quality checks to ensure only the best for our customers and the Earth.
We want to foster a sense of ingenuity and versatility so that our Unsponges are not confined to the kitchen. Here are some handy-dandy ways our customers have found to use them!
Car Coasters
Baby Bath Time
Shower Sponges
Makeup Removers
Electronic Dry Dusting
Pet Dry Shampoo Baths
and oh so many more!
Let us know how you use them!
Our Unsponges are designed to last. Our main advice is if used wet, ALWAYS rinse with cold water and wring them out. Cotton naturally deteriorates and this process will combat normal wear and tear and is a huge help to prolong the life of your Unpsponges. Wash them when you feel they are dirty. We recommend washing them with your towels to save time, energy and water. You can even toss them in the dishwasher to sanitize them!
You asked and we answered! We are now offering two new features at our awesome fans requests! The first is a mesh covering on the terry cloth side of your Unsponges for added cleaning power! Add a mesh covering and try out the added scrubbing strength today! The second is the option to switch out our traditional polyester cores with an organic bamboo! Bamboo is naturally antibacterial and a great addition to the Unsponge! It is also biodegradable, so when it comes time to toss your Unsponge, simply cut it up and compost it all! How awesome is that!?
Turn Around Time
Current turn around time from items that are not labeled as Ready to Ship (RTS) is 7-10 business days. If you need your item sooner, please let us know so we can find the best solution. Most Ready to Ship items will ship within 1-2 business day.
Our Promise to You
Producing quality, handcrafted items is our passion and one we take very seriously. We stand behind our products and should you have an issue with your item, we want to know about it so we can make it right. We are lovers of many furbabies. All of our products are made in a smoke-free, pet-friendly home.
Returns and Refunds Policy
Returns and Refunds are accepted for Non-Custom items in new condition with buyer paid shipping. For more information and details please see our Returns and Refund Page.


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San Diegans will vote on a new mayor Feb. 11. Here's a look at the money powering the race, based on contributions reported so far.
The totals include contributions to each candidate's mayoral committee, contributions to committees formed to support the candidates and money spent for the candidates by other committees, like those formed by business and labor groups.
See totals by candidate or search to track the money transaction-by-transaction. Choose whether to include contributions leading up to the first special election held Nov. 19, 2013.
David Alvarez
Elected to the City Council in 2010, Alvarez, 33, of Logan Heights, also served as an aide to state Sen. Denise Ducheny.
Include Nov. 19 election
Kevin Faulconer
On the City Council since 2006, Faulconer, 46, of Point Loma, also worked in public relations.
Include Nov. 19 election
Total raised
Donation totals by ZIP
Five single largest donations
The search tool finds records containing your criteria. On the results page, sort by column by clicking the column name. Contributions given for the Nov. 19, 2013 special election are also available.
Got a tip about a donor or a candidate? E-mail email@example.com or call 858-224-2275.
Follow the latest news in the mayor's race.
Note: The total for Alvarez includes unitemized monetary contributions of less than $100, but these transactions are not in the searchable database. Contributions to candidate Nathan Fletcher that were less than $1,000 and received after Nov. 3, 2013 have not yet been reported. His committees have until Jan. 31 to report.
Data source: San Diego city clerk


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Apocalypse – No! Book Chapters
- About
- Culture War, Class War – Book 1
- Apocalypse Emergency – Book 3
- Apocalypse No – Book 4
- Ch 1 Strange Days
- Ch 2 "Ain't Born Typical"
- Ch 3 Perinatal Media
- Ch 4 – 21st Century, Its Discontents
- Ch 5 Birth Wars, World Woes
- Ch 6 Healing Crisis
- Ch 12 Through Gaia's Eyes
- Ch 8 Derailing War, Violence
- Ch 9 Regressions in the Service of Society
- Ch 10 Cultural Rebirthing, Where Lies Hope
- Ch 11 Control vs. Surrender
- Ch 12 Atman Projects vs. Surrender Solutions
- Ch 13 Peaceful Warriors, Silly Heroes
- Ch 14 To Move the World
- Afterword: Shamans … Scapegoats
- Wounded Deer and Centaurs – Book 5
- Prologue: For Earth's Sake, Get Real
- Chapter One: We Are a Fever
- Chapter Two: Ain't Born Typical
- Chapter Three: Projecting the Perinatal Zeitgeist
- Chapter Four: 21st Century and Its Discontents
- Chapter Five: Prenatal Imprints of Our Unnatural Self
- Chapter Six: Prenatal Oxygen Hunger and Fire
- Chapter Seven: Civilization and Apocalypse
- Chapter Eight: Return of the Centaur
- Chapter Nine: Prenatal Hunger Games
- Chapter Ten: "Bad Blood"
- Chapter Eleven: Prenatal Irritation-Revulsion
- Chapter Twelve: Toxic Womb ~ Toxic World
- Chapter Thirteen: Perinatal Printouts of Generations
- Chapter Fourteen: Birth Wars ~ World Woes
- Chapter Fifteen: The Unsung Consciousness Revolution
- Chapter Sixteen: Eden Arise, Call to Centaurs
- The Great Reveal – Book 6
- Experience Is Divinity – Book 7
- Falls from Grace – Book 8
- Culture War, Class War Blog
Recent Posts
- *Apocalypse NO: Apocalypse or Earth Rebirth & the Emerging Perinatal Unconscious* (2013) by Michael Adzema. (complete book, with my compliments)
- belief/religion/ritual *keep real* feeling *from happening*. They also keep truth from happening. They keep spontaneity and authenticity from happening. Therefore, when religion breaks down, all truth is liable to break loose.
- "your position on the abortion issue is the closest thing to a military uniform indicating on which side of the culture war you have enlisted" and what generation you are most likely from: Sixties & Millennial Generations Versus Gen X, and WWII and Fifties Gens
- the opposite of insanity is not normality … at all! The only sane response in an apocalypse emergency — a situation analogous to one's house on fire — is activism!"
- We learned, early in our lives, the world could not be relied on. We began an ever-increasing mistrust of it, which manifested, critically, in our relation to Nature. Control came in to fill the gap of mistrust that lay between need and satisfaction.
- the Universe has already experienced such apocalypse, now just a red planet…. It was much more fun, filled with life, creative divine noises, and manic whacky Chaplinesque movements, sounds, color, laughter… Instead,why not a hero's tale, billions of heroes…
- Republicans' intention is to cobble the ordinary person's power to get out from under the inexorable increase in their clearly felt suffering as the years go by. For this suffering and the helplessness about it is crucial to the directors' success.
- And so it began, with the blissful knowledge of Unity with All That Is turning psychotically into "I AM the Unity, I am all that is." So it went. I don't know why. But then there is that thing about it all being about greater wisdom…
- People *Are* Dying from Oxygen Deprivation … even the minute changes in our global atmosphere on the whole are having pervasive and dire consequences…
- this idea of getting more power at the cost of others' suffering — whether a "beast," an enemy, a slave, a prisoner of war … or one's own son — is rooted deeply in our cultural practices from the times of early civilization.
Tweets .. Join Me!
- RT @sillymickel: We need to know the precise place to derail the world from its current acceleration into oblivion. So we look now into the…@sillymickel 5 minutes ago
- RT @mayolynette: BRILLIANT!! twitter.com/sillymickel/st…@sillymickel 6 minutes ago
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- RT @sillymickel: "This book is very readable & very stimulating. It would be an excellent selection for any discussion group. You will be l…@sillymickel 7 minutes ago
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- RT @sillymickel: Comedy Central became the "real news" for the young educated for being willing to throw light, albeit hiding behind the bu…@sillymickel 10 minutes ago
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- RT @sillymickel: *Men Would Rather Be "Manly" Than…Alive …* sillymickel.blogspot.com/2019/03/apocal… #FBR #Earth #psychology #climate #ecopsychology #scien…@sillymickel 13 minutes ago
- RT @sillymickel: @SpeakerPelosi @realDonaldTrump nobody wants to hear from you, anymore, @SpeakerPelosi you're managing to drive folks ou…@sillymickel 13 minutes ago
- RT @sillymickel: Libido is the corrupted outgrowth of our original Divine identity, with all its powerful charge in coming into Form & its…@sillymickel 14 minutes ago
- "You have ingress to the way we experience Reality" The Planetmates reveal instinct & "free will"…"The potential f… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…@sillymickel 15 minutes ago
- RT @sillymickel: All Roads Lead Home & the Multi-Tasking Universe: The Universe is a Vast Expanse of Experience, "Looking" in Different Dir…@sillymickel 16 minutes ago
- RT @sillymickel: We need know how to quit bringing pollution & suffering on us. We have to know how we can stop our secret desire to take c…@sillymickel 17 minutes ago
- "Michael is a wonderfully intelligent man who really has a grasp of the basic primal nature of the human condition.… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…@sillymickel 48 minutes ago
- *The Vanity of Will, The Impotence of "Reason"*…What we absolutely don't have, yet arrogantly think we do, is the a… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…@sillymickel 1 hour ago
- You may be surprised after reading this as to who are the "dumb animals" on this planet. Free, right now. Click l… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…@sillymickel 1 hour ago
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Human-factors engineering, also called ergonomics or human engineering, science dealing with the application of information on physical and psychological characteristics to the design of devices and systems for human use.
The term human-factors engineering is used to designate equally a body of knowledge, a process, and a profession. As a body of knowledge, human-factors engineering is a collection of data and principles about human characteristics, capabilities, and limitations in relation to machines, jobs, and environments. As a process, it refers to the design of machines, machine systems, work methods, and environments to take into account the safety, comfort, and productiveness of human users and operators. As a profession, human-factors engineering includes a range of scientists and engineers from several disciplines that are concerned with individuals and small groups at work.
The terms human-factors engineering and human engineering are used interchangeably on the North American continent. In Europe, Japan, and most of the rest of the world the prevalent term is ergonomics, a word formed from the Greek words, ergon, meaning "work," and nomos, meaning "law." Despite minor differences in emphasis, the terms human-factors engineering and ergonomics may be considered synonymous. The terms were used in the 1920s and '30s to refer to problems of human relations in industry, an older connotation that has gradually dropped out of use. Some small specialized groups prefer such labels as bioastronautics, biodynamics, bioengineering, and manned-systems technology; these represent special emphases whose differences are much smaller than the similarities in their aims and goals.
The data and principles of human-factors engineering are concerned with human performance, behaviour, and training in human-machine systems; the design and development of human-machine systems; and systems-related biological or medical research. Because of its broad scope, human-factors engineering draws upon parts of such social or physiological sciences as anatomy, anthropometry, applied physiology, environmental medicine, psychology, sociology, and toxicology, as well as parts of engineering, industrial design, and operations research.
The human-factors approach to design
Two general premises characterize the approach of the human-factors engineer in practical design work. The first is that the engineer must solve the problems of integrating humans into machine systems by rigorous scientific methods and not rely on logic, intuition, or common sense. In the past the typical engineer tended either to ignore the complex and unpredictable nature of human behaviour or to deal with it summarily with educated guesses. Human-factors engineers have tried to show that with appropriate techniques it is possible to identify human-machine mismatches and that it is usually possible to find workable solutions to these mismatches through the use of methods developed in the behavioral sciences.
The second important premise of the human-factors approach is that, typically, design decisions cannot be made without a great deal of trial and error. There are only a few thousand human-factors engineers out of the thousands of thousands of engineers in the world who are designing novel machines, machine systems, and environments much faster than behavioral scientists can accumulate data on how humans will respond to them. More problems, therefore, are created than there are ready answers for them, and the human-factors specialist is almost invariably forced to resort to trying things out with various degrees of rigour to find solutions. Thus, while human-factors engineering aims at substituting scientific method for guesswork, its specific techniques are usually empirical rather than theoretical.
The human-machine model
Human-factors engineers regard humans as an element in systems, and a human-machine model is the usual way of representing that relationship. The simplest model of a human-machine unit consists of an individual operator working with a single machine. In any machine system the human operator first has to sense what is referred to as a machine display, a signal that tells the individual something about the condition or the functioning of the machine. A display may be the position of a pointer on a dial, a light flashing on a control panel, the readout of a digital computer, the sound of a warning buzzer, or a spoken command issuing from a loudspeaker.
Having sensed the display, the operator interprets it, perhaps performs some computation, and reaches a decision. In so doing, the worker may use a number of human abilities, including the ability to remember and to compare current perceptions with past experiences, to coordinate those perceptions with strategies formed in the past, and to extrapolate from perceptions and past experiences to solve novel problems. Psychologists commonly refer to these activities as higher mental functions; human-factors engineers generally refer to them as information processing.
Having reached a decision, the human operator normally takes some action. This action is usually exercised on some kind of a control—a push button, lever, crank, pedal, switch, or handle. The action upon one or more of these controls exerts an influence on the machine and on its output, which in turn changes the display, so that the cycle is continuously repeated.
A human-machine system does not exist in isolation; it exists in an environment of some sort. Since the nature of this environment influences the operator's efficiency and performance, the human-factors engineer must be concerned with such environmental factors as temperature, humidity, noise, illumination, acceleration, vibration, and noxious gases and contaminants.
A human-machine example
Driving an automobile is a familiar example of a simple human-machine system. In driving, the operator receives inputs from outside the vehicle (sounds and visual cues from traffic, obstructions, and signals) and from displays inside the vehicle (such as the speedometer, fuel indicator, and temperature gauge). The driver continually evaluates this information, decides on courses of action, and translates those decisions into actions upon the vehicle's controls—principally the accelerator, steering wheel, and brake. Finally, the driver is influenced by such environmental factors as noise, fumes, and temperature.
The simple human-machine model provides a convenient way for organizing some of the major concerns of human engineering: the selection and design of machine displays and controls; the layout and design of workplaces; design for maintainability; and the work environment.
Human factors in large systems
No matter how important it may be to match an individual operator to a machine, some of the most challenging and complex human problems arise in the design of large human-machine systems and in the integration of human operators into these systems. Examples of such large systems are a modern jet airliner, an automated post office, an industrial plant, a nuclear submarine, and a space vehicle launch and recovery system. In the design of such systems, human-factors engineers study, in addition to all the considerations previously mentioned, three factors: personnel, training, and operating procedures.
Systems are generally designed for particular kinds of operators. A space vehicle, for example, is designed for a highly select handful of astronauts. Automobiles, on the other hand, are designed to accommodate a wide spectrum of people. In large systems, the specification of personnel requirements is an integral part of systems design.
Personnel are trained; that is, they are given appropriate information and skills required to operate and maintain the system. System design includes the development of training techniques and programs and often extends to the design of training devices and training aids.
Instructions, operating procedures, and rules set forth the duties of each operator in a system and specify how the system is to function. Tailoring operating rules to the requirements of the system and the people in it contributes greatly to safe, orderly, and efficient operations.
Applications of human-factors engineering
The basis of human-factors engineering—the consideration of information about human users in the design of tools, machines, jobs, and work environments—has always been present. One of the oldest and most efficient of human implements, the scythe, shows a remarkable degree of human-factors engineering, undoubtedly reflecting modifications made over many centuries: the adroitly curved handle and blade and the peg grasp for the left hand. All of this is in sharp contrast with the conventional snow shovel, a modern implement of generally poor design that has been blamed for many a wintertime back strain.
The need for a more formal approach to these human problems was created when machines became vastly more complex than they had ever been. High-speed jet aircraft, computers, radar, nuclear submarines, communications satellites, space vehicles—all these are products of the modern era. The fantastic growth in the number and complexity of machines has created entirely new problems about the use of human operators and the way they can be integrated into systems. Moreover, the solution to these new problems cannot be found in the collective wisdom of society. For example, not long ago no one had any way of predicting with any certainty how astronauts could or would function in a weightless environment. Human-factors engineering is, therefore, a child of the times, born of a mechanized civilization.
Applications of human-factors engineering have been made to such simple devices as highway signs, telephone sets, hand tools, stoves, and to a host of modern, sophisticated complexes such as data processing systems, automated factories and warehouses, robots, and space vehicles.
The experience gained in devising these systems has contributed to the realization that even relatively simple devices raise unexpectedly important questions on human use—questions that conventional engineering practice frequently cannot answer.
Push-button telephone
The modern push-button telephone handset provides a good example of a relatively simple device that has required a great deal of human-factors engineering. The layout of the keys in the four rows of three buttons, for example, was selected only after extensive tests on a variety of arrangements: circular, two vertical rows of five buttons, two horizontal rows of five, and a diagonal pattern; the arrangement of the numerals and letters on the keys, in the order of left to right and from top to bottom, was chosen as superior to other arrangements such as that used on many desk calculators, in which the numbers increase from bottom to top. The top-to-bottom design decision was not simply a matter of logic; tests showed that people actually made fewer errors and took less time with that arrangement than they did with the calculator arrangement. Other human-factor considerations in the design of the push-button keyset were the size and style of numerals and letters for maximum legibility, the optimum sizes and spacing of the keys, and the proper force-displacement characteristics of the keys to provide tactile feedback or "feel" when the buttons are depressed.
Similar factors were considered in designing the shape of the handset itself. The locations, separations, and angles between the earpiece and mouthpiece were determined so that the assembly would fit comfortably around the greatest number of different human faces; and the weight of the handset was designed to be neither too light nor too heavy. In recent years the careful, "user-friendly" design of conventional telephone sets has become more apparent in contrast to some of the new arrivals in the telephone marketplace, which are generally inferior in design and quality.
Space suit
The designing of a much more complicated device, such as a space suit, presents more intricate problems. A space suit is a complete miniature world, a self-contained environment that must supply everything needed for an astronaut's life, as well as comfort. The suit must provide a pressurized interior, without which an astronaut's blood would boil in the vacuum of space. The consequent pressure differential between the inside and the outside of the suit is so great that when inflated the suit becomes a distended, rigid, and unyielding capsule. Special joints were designed to give the astronaut as much free movement as possible. The best engineering has not been able to provide as much flexibility of movement as is desirable; to compensate for that lack, attention has been directed toward the human-factors design of the tools and devices that an astronaut must use.
In addition to overcoming pressurization and movement problems, a space suit must provide oxygen; a system for removing excess products of respiration, carbon dioxide and water vapour; protection against extreme heat, cold, and radiation; protection for the eyes in an environment in which there is no atmosphere to absorb the Sun's rays; facilities for speech communication; and facilities for the temporary storage of body wastes. This is such an imposing list of human requirements that an entire technology has been developed to deal with them and, indeed, with the provision of simulated environments and procedures for testing and evaluating space suits.
Typewriter keyboard
Not all human-factors engineering and design is commercially successful. An example is the typewriter keyboard. Several alternative layouts, which are demonstrably superior from a human-factors point of view, have been proposed, beginning as far back as the 1920s. Despite test results which show that alternative layouts are easier to learn, create less operator fatigue, and permit faster typing, the traditional layout persists and now has been carried over into the design of millions of personal computers. In this case, inertia and resistance to change have been more formidable obstacles to efficient ergonomic design than the design itself.
Social problems
The telephone, the space suit, and the typewriter keyboard are but three out of thousands of examples that might have been selected to show how human-factors engineering has been consciously applied to solve technological problems. The same human-factors principles and methods have also been applied to a variety of social problems, such as individualized computer-assisted instruction, nonlethal antiriot equipment for law enforcement agencies, antiterrorist architecture for public buildings, and people movers for airport and urban transportation departments. The modern concern with humankind's relationship to the total environment implies a much-broadened definition of human-factors engineering and an increasing supply of problems for ergonomic engineers in the future.Alphonse Chapanis William K. Holstein
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
history of the organization of work: Industrial psychologyIt encouraged the development of human-factors engineering and ergonomics, disciplines that attempt to design "user-friendly" equipment. For example, the new engineers try to accommodate human physiology by designing equipment that can be operated at a comfortable work level, with minimum strain and with controls that are easy to reach, see,…
cognitive science: Nature and significance…and human resources management; and engineering, in particular the design of tools and other devices that can be used effectively without placing excessive demands on people's mental capacities (
seehuman-factors engineering). Legal and medical reasoning (the reasoning involved in diagnosing and treating illness) also have been investigated by means of…
People-Centered (Not Tech-Driven) Design…being so technology-centered and become human-centered. Alas, this is easier said than done. Technology so dominates our lives that it is very difficult to reverse this deeply ingrained, historical outlook.…
bioengineering: Branches of bioengineering
Human-factors engineering.This concerns the application of engineering, physiology, and psychology to the optimization of the human–machine relationship. Environmental health engineering.Also called bioenvironmental engineering, this field concerns the application of engineering principles to the control of the environment for the health, comfort, and safety…
applied psychology…growth in the field of engineering psychology.…
More About Human-factors engineering7 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- applications of cognitive science
- branches of bioengineering
- Norman essay on user-centered design
- organization of work
- role in applied psychology
contribution by
- Gibson
- Klint
- In Kaare Klint


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We've gotten so much positive feedback on the Sew News June/July cover project "Summer Satchel". This tote is roomy for all those summer essentials, plus it has pockets that are well placed for phones, sunscreen other must have items.
You can find all the instructions and pattern for the Summer Satchel HERE. If you make the pattern and post it on our Sew News Flickr group you could win a prize!
You will need to have Adobe Reader installed on your computer in order to download PDF patterns, e-Patterns etc. Below is a link to the FREE Adobe Reader for those that may need it. http://get.adobe.com/reader/
Plus a guide for downloading e-patterns.
Plus, I would like to announce the winner from Free Stuff Friday. There was such a huge response it leads me to believe that Sew News readers REALLY love to make bags! And, the winner is Renée her comment:
I got into making bags so that I could make one that was just the right size to carry what I needed… no bigger. I would love some inspiration to re-ignite my true sewing passion: bags! This book would surely do the trick!
Renee's name was randomly picked using Random.org. Renée, I will be in touch with you shortly to tell you how to claim your prize.
Thanks to all for reading the book, we hope that you check it out!


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How to Use the Electronic Records Express Secure Website
To learn about using the secure website, please view the Secure website interactive demonstration – a full-featured exploration of Social Security's Electronic Records Express secure website. We recommend you explore the site with the help of your Professional Relations Officer or your local hearing office.
If you would like to sign up to use the secure website, just call the Social Security Electronic Records Express Help Desk at


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After a freshman scored all four of East Lincoln�s touchdowns in Friday�s 2A Western Regional final, his coach delivered the understatement of the night.
DENVER � After a freshman scored all four of East Lincoln�s touchdowns in Friday�s 2A Western Regional final, his coach delivered the understatement of the night.
�He�s pretty good,� Mustangs coach Mike Byus said of Chazz Surratt, who scored three different ways in a 31-14 home victory over Madison at a packed David Clark Stadium.
The 6-foot, 175-pound Surratt scored on 43-yard and 14-yard passes from Garrett Young, a 41-yard run and a 34-yard interception return as East Lincoln (15-0) advanced to next Saturday�s 2A state title game against Tarboro (14-0). The game is set for 11 a.m. at Wake Forest�s BB&T Field in Winston-Salem. Tarboro advanced with a 46-0 win over South Columbus.
East Lincoln reached the state title game for the second time in school history and first since 2008. The Mustangs also set a school record for wins, surpassing the 14-2 season in 2008.
East Lincoln had to survive a physical game on a night when the offense wasn�t its sharpest � perhaps due to a brisk wind that might have affected the passing of the record-setting Young.
But when the offense needed a big play, Surratt was there.
�Whatever I can do to help the team win and accomplish the victory,� Surratt said.
Surratt scored his first touchdown at the 2:02 mark of the first quarter on a 43-yard pass from Young. Surratt tiptoed down the left sideline and barely stayed inbounds to complete the play. On the next series, Surratt hauled in a 14-yarder from Young in the end zone and East Lincoln had its first lead at 14-7.
Surratt�s interception happened at the 7:00 mark of the third quarter and put the Mustangs ahead 24-7. Moments later, Surratt found an opening down the left sideline and outran several defenders in pursuit for his rushing touchdown as East Lincoln began to run away with it, leading 31-7 with 2:02 left in the third.
�My teammates up front blocked for me, they gave Garrett enough time (on the passing touchdowns) and I was just able to break one (on the rushing touchdown),� Surratt said. �On the interception, Scott (McMichael) batted it and I was there. I was in the right place at the right time on that play.�
Surratt�s interception for touchdown was his second in two games as he returned a pick 59 yards to the end zone last week against Thomasville.
The interception in addition to the solid defensive efforts by Dallas Smith, Scott McMichael and Christian Tyson-Bryant helped East Lincoln hold Madison to 183 yards. The Mustangs forced two turnovers, the other one a fumble recovery by McMichael.
East Lincoln produced 305 yards of offense, including 190 on the ground. Surratt finished with 84 yards on 11 carries and caught only the two touchdown passes for a total of 57 yards. Marquis Pharr carried 10 times for 72 yards.
Young completed 11 of 24 passes for 115 yards � the senior�s lowest total in a full game this season. He also was intercepted for only the fifth time of the season.
Madison (13-2) was not only making its first regional final appearance but had never won a playoff game until this season.
The Patriots� playoff run looked like it had a chance of continuing early in Friday�s game as East Lincoln got off to a miserable start. A three-and-out on the opening series got worse when the fourth-down snap sailed over punter Jesse Earnhardt�s head. Earnhardt scramble to get a punt away, but the ball stopped four yards short of the line of scrimmage.
Madison turned the short field into an early 7-0 lead as quarterback Tyler Rogers ran for a 25-yard touchdown on fourth and seven at the 8:26 mark of the first quarter.
East Lincoln punted again but eventually got in a groove, scoring on back-to-back possessions to take a 14-7 lead. Cory Peterson kicked a 31-yard field goal just before the half for a 17-7 lead and the Mustangs began pulling away after the break.
�I�m so proud of our kids for maintaining their poise and playing with class, and our coaching staff for how well they�ve prepared week in, week out,� Byus said.
The physical nature of the game was evident in Madison�s 10 penalties for 96 yards, including five for personal fouls or unsportsmanlike conduct. One Madison player was disqualified from the game late in the fourth quarter. East Lincoln was flagged twice for 29 yards � both roughing the passer.
�I think we were more physical than they thought we were,� Byus said. �The difference is we played physical tonight, I believe. We didn�t back down from anybody but we didn�t get any of those stupid penalties they were getting.�
Rogers completed 11 of 21 passes for 67 yards and rushed for 45 yards while Tyler Hoffman rushed for 58 yards to lead Madison, the Western Highlands 1A/2A Conference runner-up.
�They whipped us up front,� Madison coach Mark Gosnell said. �That�s the first time we�ve had a challenge like that all year.�
Phillip Gardner: 704-869-1843; twitter.com/gazettephil
East Lincoln 31, Madison 14
Madison 7 0 0 7 � 14
East Lincoln 7 10 14 0 � 31
First quarter
M�Tyler Rogers 25 run (Cheyenne Bunner kick), 8:26.
EL�Chazz Surratt 43 pass from Garrett Young (Cory Peterson kick), 2:02.
Second quarter
EL�Surratt 14 pass from Young (Peterson kick), 10:40.
EL�FG Peterson 13, 0:30.7
Third quarter
EL�Surratt 34 interception return (Peterson kick), 7:00.
EL�Surratt 41 run (Peterson kick), 2:02.
Fourth quarter
M�Cole Cuthbertson 4 pass from Rogers (Bunner kick), 8:51.
First downs 14 17
Rushes-yards 37-116 33-190
Passing yards 67 115
Total yards 183 305
Comp-Att-Int 11-21-1 11-24-1
Fumbles-lost 4-1 2-1
Penalties-yards 10-96 2-29
Punts-avg. 4-38.8 2-18.0
RUSHING�Madison, Tyler Hoffman 19-58, Rogers 10-45, Cuthbertson 3-26, Deryck Hilemon 3-6, Daniel Nash 1-minus 2, Cory Kent 1-minus 17. East Lincoln, Surratt 11-84, Marquis Pharr 10-72, Domonique Smith 7-28, Scott McMichael 1-6, Young 2-3, Team 2-minus 3.
PASSING�Madison, Rogers 11-21-1 67; Ken 0-1-0 0. East Lincoln, Young 11-24-1 115.
RECEIVING�Madison, Cuthbertson 5-26, Kent 3-23, Hoffman 2-13, Sam Caurthen 1-5. East Lincoln, Surratt 2-57, Jesse Earnhardt 5-29, Tyler Brock 2-22, Smith 2-7.


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For Romney: War and peace
You have said that you would condition the withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan based on conditions on the ground. What would be your threshold to conclude that an end to the war was appropriate? You have suggested that President Obama's stance on Iran's nuclear ambitions shows an insufficient commitment to Israel's security. Do you support a preemptive strike by Israel on Iran's nuclear facilities? Should American forces participate in such an action? What should be the trigger for a military strike -- the point at which Iran has the capacity to build a bomb, or the point at which it attempts to do so? What should be the level of the United States' involvement in the conflict in Syria? What did you mean when you called Russia the nation's greatest enemy?
Muammar Awad, MCT
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This is an original painting by Seon-jeong Kim. It is on the 24 inch by 20 inch stretched canvas.
I paint routinely. When I paint, I focus on two things: pleasure and originality. I don�t want and try to suffer myself to achieve a great work. Sometimes when I find myself trying hard to make a �masterpiece�, I pause and calm myself down until I become empty-minded. I enjoy the process of making paintings. Furthermore, I am really thankful for more and more people feeling happy through my artworks. Thank you all!! ** *Current Curriculum Vitae 2004, Nov: group exhibition (Key city Gallery) 2005, Jan: group exhibition (Artrageous Gallery) 2005, Apr: ��Arts around 2005�� hosted by Cranbrook district Arts Council(juried exhibition) -Honourable Mention: Lily pads 2005, May: ��Facing East�� group...
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Why do large organizations delay in migrating their users to the latest Windows operating system (OS)? According to Sumir Karayi, CEO of 1E, they often hear five major excuses that prevent IT from staying current in terms of the operating system, and many other technologies. This understanding comes from the work 1E has done with more than 1500 organizations over the last 15 years, and offers insight to combat these commonly overheard defenses.
Related Topics : Acer, Laptops, Peripheral Hardware, Sony, Windows
Are remote data-management concerns stalling your business initiatives? Here are five ways VDI can simplify IT management. ... More >>
Microsoft will release a Windows 10 Anniversary Update later this year. Check out some of the new innovative features that will be included. ... More >>
Get a taste of what experts are thinking about in the realm of enterprise virtual reality and enterprise augmented reality. ... More >>


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On this early-day tour, you'll sample the best of Nashville's classic cuisine and some amazing places. We'll start with a visit to a bakery with a history, then enjoy a light picnic at Centennial Park, where you'll learn about the Parthenon, Vanderbilt, and more. Experience whole-hog barbecue at it's very best and learn the secrets that make it so amazing. Feel the heat with authentic Nashville Hot Chicken in historic East Nashville, then finish up with an amazing local dessert cocktail Along the way, you'll see the Capitol, Bicentennial Mall, Sounds stadium, Germantown, the Cumberland River, Marathon Village, East Nashville's Five Points, Nissan Stadium, and much more!
This 3+ hour tour will leave you loaded with fun facts and delicious food. The perfect introduction to Nashville or a terrific outing for locals. BYOB on the van if you like!
Unique Nashville foods in unique Nashville neighborhoods! Come and Roll With the Foodies!
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The Government of India (GOI) is planning to introduce in Parliament this month changes to the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act, 2000). The IT Act, 2000 was enacted in the year 2000 and lots of changes have taken place from that point of time. The IT Ministry/Department of Information Technology (DIT) suggested the IT Act Amendment Bill in December 2006. However, the same was found inadequate and deficient by the Parliamentary Standing Committee that submitted its recommendations in September 2007. The recommendations by the Standing Committee largely endorsed the suggestions of Mr. Praveen Dalal (http://reclaiming-india.blogspot.com/), Managing Partner of Perry4Law(http://perry4law.com/index1.htm) and some other cyber law experts. It seems the GOI and DIT have also finally accepted the majority of suggestions of Mr. Praveen Dalal/Perry4Law regarding Proposed Amendments (http://publish.indymedia.org/en/2005/09/824485.shtml) in the IT Act, 2000. However, still a long distance has to be covered since lots of changes have already taken place since those suggestions were originally provided.
The IT Act was enacted in the year 2000. It contains provisions regarding e-commerce, e-governance, cyber crimes, etc. It is the exclusive cyber law in India. Since everything is incorporated into a single law, it was not drafted properly. This is the reason why India's Leading Techno-Legal ICT Specialist, i.e. Mr. Praveen Dalal, Managing Partner of Perry4Law (India First and Exclusive Techno-Legal ICT Law Firm), felt that it is a "weak" and "ineffective" law. He provided his suggestions and recommendations from time to time to the Prime Minister of India (Dr. Manmohan Singh), President of India, Parliament Members, Government of India (GOI), Department of Information Technology (DIT), Department of Science and Technology (DST), CERT-IN, etc. It seems the hard work of Mr. Praveen Dalal has finally borne the fruit and the GOI is planning to bring suitable changes in the IT Act, 2000 on the lines suggested by him. Other cyber law experts have also played a role in giving the present amendments a shape and the collective result may come out in the form of a sound law.
However, there are some disturbing factors as well. The present amendments are not available for public scrutiny so far. During the year 2006 as well the GOI did the same thing. After a "protest" was shown by Mr. Praveen Dalal/Perry4Law and other stakeholders, they were finally made available. It seems the GOI is afraid of showing the newer amendments to cyber law experts of India. However, if they are not available for scrutiny, the shortcomings of the same cannot be pointed out. It is important to bear in mind that provisions regarding Cyber Terrorism, Phishing, Spam, Child Pornography, etc were included in the proposed amendments only after they were being suggested by cyber law experts like Mr. Praveen Dalal. The GOI must make the proposed amendments public so that they may be analysed and the doubt of "industry lobbying" is ruled out. Otherwise, people are justified in believeing that the GOI is trying to push "vested interests" under the garb of amendments. It was due to the incessant efforts of cyber law experts in India that we are witnessing some good changes in the IT Act, 2000. All the hard work would be wasted if the GOI keeps a mum and maintains the secretive attitude, says Mr. Praveen Dalal.
Some good Cyber Law, Cyber Security, Cyber Forensics and Techno-Legal Web Resources for Governmental and public reference in this regard are:
(a) Legal Enablement of ICT Systems in India- http://reclaiming-india.blogspot.com/
(b) Cyber Security and Cyber Forensics in India- http://computerforensicsinindia.blogspot.com/
© Techno-Legal News and Views in India- http://legalnewsandviews.blogspot.com/
(d) Cyber Law Working Group in India- http://perry4lawgroups.blogspot.com/ , etc.
It would be a good idea to seek public opinion and experts' views for the proposed IT Act, 2000 amendments. The GOI must absolutely seek the expertise and suggestions of Perry4Law in general and Mr. Praveen Dalal in particular.
(1) The first discussion about these issues in India can be traced back to the year 2003-04 when various Cyber Law, Cyber Security and Techno-Legal Articles, including article titled "Cyber Terrorism In India", were written by Mr. Praveen Dalal, Managing Partner of Perry4Law. However, very few people appreciated the importance of those issues (including noted cyber law experts of India) at that time. Now all of them, including the Government of India, have endorsed the views of Mr. Praveen Dalal.


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Mounts from American Defense MFG LLC, with the patented Auto Lock Lever
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