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St. Paul's was partially destroyed in World War II, particularly its interior, which now has a modern appearance. It was quickly and symbolically rebuilt after the war; today it is used mainly for exhibitions and events.
Archäologischer Garten Frankfurt
The Archaeological Garden contains small parts of the oldest recovered buildings: an ancient Roman settlement and the Frankfurt Royal Palace ( Kaiserpfalz Frankfurt ) from the 6th century. The garden is located between the Römerberg and the Cathedral. It was discovered after World War II when the area was heavily bombed and later partly rebuilt. The remains were preserved and are now open to the public. There are plans underway to construct a building on top of the garden but anyhow it is decided that the garden will stay open to the public.
Haus Wertheim
Wertheim House is the only
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in the Altstadt district that survived the heavy bombings of World War II undamaged. It is located on the Römerberg next to the Historical Museum.
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is the oldest conserved building in the Altstadt district and dates to the 12th century. It was used as an exhibition hall by Dutch clothiers when trade fairs were held during the 14th and 15th century. The Saalhof was partly destroyed in World War II and later rebuilt. Today it serves as a part of the Walking sandals schwarz Clearance Outlet Locations Footlocker Clearance Best Seller TwPJFiL6g
Eiserner Steg
The Eiserner Steg (Iron Bridge) is a pedestrian-only bridge across the Main that connects Römerberg and Sachsenhausen. It was built in 1868 and was the second bridge to cross the river. After World War II, when it was blown up by the Wehrmacht , it was quickly rebuilt in 1946. Today some 10,000 people cross the bridge on a daily basis.
Alte Oper
Alte Oper
is a former
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, hence the name "Old Opera". The opera house was built in 1880 by architect Richard Lucae. It was one of the major opera houses in Germany until it was heavily damaged in World War II. Until the late 1970s, it was a ruin, nicknamed "Germany's most beautiful ruin". Former Frankfurt Lord Mayor Rudi Arndt called for blowing it up in the 1960s, which earned him the nickname "Dynamite-Rudi". (Later on, Arndt said he never had meant his suggestion seriously.)
Public pressure led to its refurbishment and reopening in 1981. Today, it functions as a famous concert hall, while operas are performed at the "new" Frankfurt Opera. The inscription on the
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of the Alte Oper says: " Dem Wahren, Schönen, Guten " ("To the true, the beautiful, the good").
Yet Brenna offered a Siegfried persuasively young and nimble, both vocally and physically. If his sound sometimes lacked the heft to quite fill the War Memorial, particularly in the lusty Forging Song at the end of Act 1, he more than compensated with the purity of his tone and the delicacy of his phrasing. There was a winning insouciance to his communion with nature in the Act 2 "Forest Murmurs" interlude (even with no forest in sight), and he mustered all his considerable musical eloquence for the enormous love duet with Brünnhilde that concludes the opera.
Perhaps most telling was the climactic Act 3 showdown with the Wanderer (the now-aged Wotan in disguise). This is by some reckonings the heart of the opera — the clash of generations in which the old must give way to the young — and it gained force through the work of both Brenna and bass-baritone Greer Grimsley.
Of all the characters who reappear over the course of the "Ring," Wotan is the one who changes most tellingly. And Grimsley's performance across three nights has been remarkable not only for its individual splendors but for the assurance with which he has traced that long dramatic arc.
After moving from the spry, ambitious and amoral world-beater of "
Das Rheingold
" to the grave father figure of "
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," he offered yet another transformation in the Wanderer — grizzled, rueful and weary, but still capable of mustering the rage and authority of a god. You could hear the toll of years in his singing, which now operated in shades of gray and umber; you could tell, even if those around him couldn't, that he was settling accounts and preparing to pack it in.
And that in turn made Grimsley's one-on-one interactions with the other performers especially nuanced and poignant. In Act 1, the extended exchange of riddles with Mime (tenor David Cangelosi, in a performance of brilliance and integrity) felt more fraught than usual, a probing of wisdom rather than a simple recap of prior events.
The all-seeing Erda, sung with gleaming intensity by mezzo-soprano Ronnita Miller, seemed to share in the Wanderer's decline; their Act 3 colloquy was an uneasy reunion of long-ago lovers. And in the overweening Alberich of bass-baritone Falk Struckmann — a virtuoso display of robust, glowering malice — Grimsley had an antagonist with whom he could go toe-to-toe.
Soprano Iréne Theorin's Brünnhilde slept patiently atop her rock until it was time to bring the opera to a close in a flood of accurately launched volleys of sound and a deeply affecting vein of emotional turmoil. Raymond Aceto was an imposing Fafner — the dragon here reimagined as a sort of biomorphic steampunk backhoe-cum-lunar-lander — and soprano Stacey Tappan warbled beautifully as the Forest Bird, whom Zambello has conceived as a "bird" in the sense used in mod '60s London.
In the pit, conductor Donald Runnicles embodied both of the evening's themes simultaneously, once again leading the Opera Orchestra through a vibrant performance marked by the drive of an ambitious young go-getter and the sagacity of an elder statesman. Unlike in the drama itself, those qualities found no conflict in his work.
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due process 'a course of formal proceedings (as judicial proceedings)'
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insubordinate 'disobedient to authority'
First Known Use: 15th century
in the meaning defined at sense 1
What made you want to look up mR ? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


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Search our database of handpicked sites
Looking for a great physics site? We've tracked down the very best and checked them for accuracy. Just fill out the fields below and we'll do the rest.
You searched for "communications satellite"
We found 16 results on physics.org and 55 results in our database of sites
(of which 55 are Websites, 0 are Videos, and 0 are Experiments)
Search results on physics.org
Satellites on the blink
How does GPS work?
How does technology know where in the world we are?
How weird is quantum?
How do solar cells work?
All about... SETI
Under sunveillance
How do mobile phones work?
Wear your heart on your sleeve
All about... Quantum Computing
Nobel-prize winning accidents
Why is Pluto no longer considered a planet?
What are the northern lights?
What is a gravitational wave?
Fit for Mars
Sci-Art: The final frontier
Syncom Satellite
Communication satellites are most valuable when they stay above the same point on the earth, in what are called "geostationary orbits".
Satellites (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
Details of the different satellites which collect data for NOAA, real-time satellite pictures (USA) and archived satellite images of weather extremes.
Earth Lessons and Classroom activities
Teachers can create their own lessons on Astrophysics Research, Artificial Earth Orbiting Satellite, Sine Waves, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Images of the Universe in Different Wavelengths, Satellite ...
The Satellite Site
Information about satellites (Man-made). Build your own satellite on screen.
Messages from Space
Information, data, and images from Surrey University's satellite network. A dedicated website supporting satellite and space technology topics in Physics. Classroom resources, live satellite tracker ...
Satellite orbits
Student selects satellite velocity to try to keep satellite in earth orbit
Satellite Tracking
A collection of links to sites tracking satellites, from the Hubble telescope to the International Space Station.
Circular Motion and Satellite Motion
In depth site explaining circular motion and how satellites orbit the Earth.
Global Positioning System
In June of 1993 the last of the 24 satellites of the Global Positioning System was placed into orbit, completing a satellite network capable providing position data to locate you anywhere on Earth ...
The Altimetry Atlas
This site makes available mean sea surface and gravity anomaly maps of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, computed from satellite altimeter data gathered by satellite.

subset: commoncrawl


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|IEEE 802.3 10BASE-T Ethernet
IEEE 802.3u 100BASE-TX Fast Ethernet
ANSI/IEEE 802.3 NWay Auto-Negotiation
IEEE 802.3x Flow Control
IEEE 802.1p QoS
|1x PoE port, IEEE 802.3af, max. 15.4 watts
|Data Transfer Rates
10 Mbps (half duplex) | 20 Mbps (full duplex)
Fast Ethernet:
100 Mbps (half duplex) | 200 Mbps (full duplex)
|5 10/100 Mbps Fast Ethernet ports
|Power/Link/Activity/Speed/PoE Status
|Transmission Method
|Switching Fabric
|1.0 Gbps switching fabric
|DC Input
|External 48 V/0.5 A power adapter
|Power Consumption
|max 20,2 watts (PoE on)
|Dimensions (W x D x H)
|140 x 85 x 28 mm
Key Features
- Five 10/100 Mbps Fast Ethernet ports with one PoE enabled port
- Auto MDI/MDIX Crossover for all ports
- Store-and-forward Switching Scheme
- Full/half-duplex for Ethernet/Fast
- Ethernet Speeds
- IEEE 802.3x Flow Control
- Plug-and-play installation
- Built-in D-Link Green Technology
- RoHS compliant
- IEEE 802.1p QoS (4 Queues, Strict Mode)
10/100MBit/s Unmanaged Switch
The DES-1005P offers an economical way for SOHO users to not only enjoy the benefit of having a five-port network switch, but having a five-port network switch with one of those ports PoE enabled. Users can then easily create a PoE home surveillance system even in locations where power sockets are limited. The addition of a PoE port to a five port switch allows SMB users an alternative to larger, more expensive switches, without having to sacrifice the need to power PoE devices.
Fast Internet Connection at Home
The D-Link DES-1005P 5-Port Fast Ethernet PoE Unmanaged Desktop Switch allows you to easily connect a Power over Ethernet (PoE) device such as a wireless access point (AP), IP camera, or IP phone. The switch also gives you the opportunity to add additional Ethernet devices such as computers, printers, and Network Attached Storage (NAS) onto your network. This compact PoE switch operates quietly, making it ideal for use in virtually any room or office.
Power over Ethernet (PoE)
The first port of the DES-1005P supports the IEEE 802.3af PoE standard. The port supplies a total PoE budget of 15.4 watts, allowing users to attach an IEEE 802.3af-compliant device to the DES-1005P that requires no additional power. Use PoE for applications that are far from power outlets or when you want to minimise the clutter of extra cables.
Auto MDI/MDIX Crossover
All ports support automatic MDI/MDIX crossover, eliminating the need for crossover cables or uplink ports. Each port can be plugged directly to a server, hub, router, or switch using regular straight-through twisted-pair Ethernet cables.
Conserves Energy
The DES-1005P 5-Port Fast Ethernet PoE Unmanaged Desktop Switch makes use of D-Link Green™ eco-friendly technology, providing energy savings, reduced power consumption, and a longer product life without sacrificing operational performance or functionality. This switch helps to conserve energy through methods such as Link Status and Cable Length Detection. The Link Status feature automatically powers down ports that have no link, allowing the switch to save substantial amounts of energy by cutting power for unused ports or ports connected to computers that have been shut down. It can also detect connected cable lengths, and adjust power usage accordingly, helping you save energy without affecting networking performance. In addition, the fan-less design extends the switch's life and also reduces noise.


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Coming Soon: A Moviegoer's Guide to August
This has been one of the worst summer movie seasons in recent memory, and while it would take something really special to turn it all around, there are a few new releases this August that could at least make it a little less forgettable, including Marvel Studio's most ambitious film to date, new installments of "The Expendables" and "Sin City," and the return of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles to the big screen.
Who: Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Bradley Cooper and Vin Diesel
What: When space adventurer Peter Quill steals an orb coveted by a treacherous villain, he must find a way to rally a quartet of ragtag rivals to save the universe.
When: August 1st
Why: A few months ago, most people had never even heard of "Guardians of the Galaxy," but that's quickly changed following the launch of the film's marketing campaign, which suggests that director James Gunn (perhaps Marvel Studio's biggest risk yet) has absolutely nailed the offbeat tone of the comic book. This has been on my must-see list ever since it was announced, and that excitement has only grown with each new reveal, from the casting of Chris Pratt in the lead role, to landing Vin Diesel and Bradley Cooper to voice the movie's CGI characters, to the strong buzz emerging from early screenings that have pegged it as one of the studio's best films to date. In other words: get ready to be pleasantly surprised.
Who: Chadwick Boseman, David Andrew Nash, Nelsan Ellis and Viola Davis
What: A chronicle of James Brown's rise from extreme poverty to become one of the most influential musicians in history.
When: August 1st
Why: The music biopic is one of the most formulaic subgenres. They're essentially all the same – a rags to riches story where the subject overcomes some kind of personal demon, usually drug addiction) – and Taylor Tate's "Get on Up" doesn't appear to buck that trend. The fact that the script was written by Jez and John-Henry Butterworth (the sibling duo responsible for the excellent "Edge of Tomorrow") instills some hope that it won't be a complete waste of time, but James Brown's life doesn't really interest me, and the decision to cast Chadwick Boseman as the Godfather of Soul feels a little weird after playing another black icon so recently in "42." What's next for the actor? Movies about Martin Luther King, Jr. and Jesse Owens?
Who: Megan Fox, Will Arnett, William Fichtner, Johnny Knoxville and Tony Shalhoub
What: Four mutant warriors fight to save their city from an evil kingpin.
When: August 8th
Why: There's plenty of reason to be concerned about the new "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" film – after all, we've seen what producer Michael Bay did to the "Transformers" franchise and director Jonathan Liebesman doesn't have a very good track record – but the kid in me still can't wait to see the Turtles back in action on the big screen, even if they don't exactly look like the ones from my childhood. In fact, they look downright ugly with those oversized frog lips, leading me to wonder how that design ever made it out of the concept stage. The decision to cast a Caucasian actor as Shredder is also a bit worrying, as is Megan Fox's involvement, but maybe, just maybe, it won't be so bad.
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Posted in: Entertainment, Movies
Tags: August movies, Coming Soon, Get On Up, Guardians of the Galaxy, If I Stay, Into the Storm, Let's Be Cops, monthly movie previews, Sin City: A Dame to Kill For, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, The Expendables 3, The Giver


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Fir'awn Who Was Drowned
(Deeds) after the manner of the people of Fir'awn and those before them: They treated as false the Signs of their Lord: so We destroyed them for their crimes, and We drowned the people of Fir'awn: for they were all oppressors and wrong-doers. (Surat al-Anfal: 54)
Ancient Egyptian civilisation, along with other city states established in Mesopotamia at the same time, is known to be one of the oldest civilisations in the world and it is recognised to have been an organised state with the most advanced social order of its age. The facts that they discovered writing around the third millennium BC and used it; that they made use of the River Nile and were protected against overseas dangers on account of the natural setting of the country, greatly contributed to the Egyptians improving their civilisation.
But this "civilised" society was one in which "the reign of pharaohs" prevailed the system of denial mentioned in the clearest and most straightforward way in the Qur'an. They swelled with pride, turned aside and blasphemed. In the end, neither their advanced civilisations, their social and political orders, or their military successes could save them from being destroyed.
The Authority of the Pharaohs
The Egyptian civilisation was based on the fertility of the River Nile. Egyptians had settled in the Nile valley due to the abundance of water from this river and the fact that they could cultivate the land with the river water without being dependent on rainy seasons. The historian Ernst H. Gombrich states in his writing that Africa is very hot and sometimes it does not rain there at all for months. For this reason, many areas in this huge continent are extremely dry and as a consequence are covered with vast desert. Both sides of the River Nile are also covered with desert, and it hardly rains in Egypt. But in this country, rain is not needed so much, because the River Nile runs through the middle of the whole country. 33
So, whoever has control of the River Nile, which is of such great importance, is also able to control Egypt's biggest source of commerce and agriculture. The pharaohs were able to establish their dominance over Egypt in this way.
The narrow and vertical form of the Nile valley did not allow residential units situated around the river to expand much, and therefore Egyptians formed a civilisation made up of small-scale towns and villages instead of big cities. This factor also fortified the dominance of the Pharaohs over their people.
King Menes is known to be the first Egyptian Pharaoh who united the whole of ancient Egypt, for the first time in history, in one state around the third millennium BC. In fact, the term "pharaoh" originally referred to the palace where the Egyptian king lived, but in time, it became the title of Egyptian kings. This is why the kings, who were rulers of Old Egypt started to be called "Pharaohs".
Being owners, administrators and rulers of the whole state and its lands, these pharaohs were accepted as reflections of the biggest god in the distorted polytheistic religion of old Egypt. The administration of Egyptian lands, their division, their income, in short, all the estates, services and production within the country's borders were managed on behalf of the Pharaoh.
The absolutism in the regime had given the Pharaoh such power that he could have anything he wished for. Right from the establishment of the first dynasty, at the time of Menes who became the first King of Egypt by uniting Upper and Lower Egypt, the River Nile started to be delivered to the public through canals. In addition, production was taken under control and the entire production of goods and services were assigned to the king. The king distributed and shared these goods and services in the proportions his people needed. It was not hard for the kings, who had established such a power in the region, to reduce the people to submission. The King of Egypt, or with his future name, the Pharaoh, was looked upon as a holy being who held great power and met all the needs of his people: and he was transformed into a god. The Pharaohs definitely believed in time that they were indeed gods.
Some of the words the Pharaoh mentioned in the Qur'an used during his conversation with Musa (as) prove that they held this belief. He tried to intimidate Musa (as) by saying: "If thou dost put forward any god other than me, I will certainly put thee in prison!" (Surat ash-Shu'ara: 29), and he said to the people around him: "No god do I know for you but myself." (Surat al-Qasas: 38). He said all this because he regarded himself as a god.
Religious Beliefs
The religious beliefs of the Egyptians were mainly based on serving their gods. The "intermediaries" between these gods and people were the priests who were among the leaders of the society. Dealing with magic and witchcraft at the same time, the priests made an important class whom the Pharaohs used in order to keep the people in submission.
According to the historian Herodotus, the Ancient Egyptians were the most "devout" people in the world. However, their religion was not the religion of Truth, but a perverse polytheistic one and they could not abandon their perverse religion because of their extreme conservatism.
The Ancient Egyptians were largely influenced by the natural environment in which they lived. The natural geography of Egypt protected the country against external attacks perfectly. Egypt was surrounded by deserts, mountainous lands and seas on all sides. Attacks likely to be made on the country had two possible routes and it was very simple for the Egyptians to defend those routes. The Egyptians remained isolated from the external world thanks to these natural factors. But passing centuries transformed this isolation into a dark bigotry. Thus the Egyptians acquired a viewpoint which was locked against new developments and novelties, and which was extremely conservative about their religion. The "religion of their ancestors" mentioned frequently in the Qur'an became their most important value.
This is why Fir'awn and his close circle turned their backs on Musa (as) and Harun (as) when they announced the Religion of Truth to them, by saying: "Hast thou come to us to turn us away from the ways we found our fathers following - in order that thou and thy brother may have greatness in the land? But not we shall believe in you!"(Surah Yunus: 78)
The religion of Ancient Egypt was divided into branches, the most important of which were the official religion of the state, the beliefs of the people and belief in life after death.
According to the state's official religion, the Pharaoh was a holy being. He was a reflection of the people's gods on earth and his purpose was to dispense justice and protect them on earth.
The beliefs widespread among people were extremely complicated, and the elements which clashed with the state's official religion were oppressed by the reigns of the Pharaohs. Basically, they believed in many gods, and these gods were usually depicted as having animal heads on human bodies. But it was also possible to meet with local traditions which differed from region to region.
Life after death made up the most important part of Egyptian belief. They believed that the soul went on living after the body died. According to this, the souls of the dead were brought by particular angels to the God who was a Judge and forty-two other witness judges, a scale was set in the middle and the heart of the soul was weighed in this scale. Those with more goodness passed on to a beautiful setting and lived in happiness; those with more wickedness were sent to a place where they were subject to great torments. There, they were tormented throughout eternity by a strange creature called the "The Dead Eater".
The belief of the Egyptians in the Hereafter clearly shows a parallel with the monotheistic belief and the religion of truth. Even their belief in the hereafter alone proves that the religion of truth and the message had reached ancient Egyptian civilisation, but that this religion was later corrupted, and monotheism was turned into polytheism. It is already known that warners calling people to the unity of Allah and summoning them to be His slaves were sent to Egypt from time to time, as they were to all the peoples on earth at one time or another. One of these was the Prophet Yusuf (as) whose life is told in detail in the Qur'an. The history of Yusuf (as) is also extremely important because it includes the arrival of the Children of Israel in Egypt and their settlement there.
On the other hand, in the historical resources, there are references to some Egyptians who invited people to monotheistic religions even before Musa. One of them is the most interesting Pharaoh in the history of Egypt, that is, Amenhotep IV.
The Monotheistic Pharaoh, Amenhotep IV
Amenhotep IV
The Egyptian Pharaohs were generally brutal, oppressive, belligerent and ruthless people. In general, they adopted the polytheistic religion of Egypt and deified themselves through this religion.
But there is a Pharaoh in Egyptian history who is very different from the others. This Pharaoh defended belief in a single Creator and was subjected to great resistance by the priests of Ammon, who profited from the polytheistic religion, and some soldiers who supported them, and so he was finally killed. This Pharaoh was Amenhotep IV who rose to power in the fourteenth century BC.
When Amenhotep IV was enthroned in 1375 BC, he came across a conservatism and traditionalism which had been lingering for centuries. Until then, the structure of the society and the relations of the public with the royal palace had carried on without any change. The society kept all its doors firmly shut to all external events and religious innovations. This extreme conservatism, also remarked by ancient Greek travellers, was caused by the natural geographical conditions of Egypt as explained above.
Imposed on people by the Pharaohs, the official religion required an unconditional faith in everything old and traditional. But Amenhotep IV did not adopt the official religion. The historian Ernst Gombrich writes:
He (Amenhotep IV) broke with many of the customs hallowed by an age-old tradition. He did not wish to pay homage to the many strangely shaped gods of his people. For him only one god was supreme, Aton, whom he worshipped and whom he had represented in the shape of the sun. He called himself Akhenaton, after his god, and he moved his court out of reach of the priests of the other gods, to a place which is now called El-Amarna.34
After the death of his father, young Amenhotep IV was subjected to great pressure. This oppression was caused by the fact that he developed a religion based on monotheism by changing the traditional polytheistic religion of Egypt, and attempting to make radical changes in all fields. But the leaders of Thebes did not allow him to convey the message of this religion. Amenhotep IV and his folk moved away from the city of Thebes and settled in Tell-El-Amarna. Here, they established a new and modern city named "Akh-et-aton". Amenhotep IV changed his name which meant "Contentment of Amon" to Akh-en-aton, which meant "Submitting to Aton". Amon was the name given to the greatest totem in Egyptian polytheism. According to Amenhotep, Aton is the "creator of the heavens and the earth", his equating the name with Allah.
Disturbed by these developments, the priests of Ammon wanted to snatch Akhenaton's power by profiting from an economic crisis in the country. Akhenaton was finally poisoned by conspirators. Succeeding Pharaohs were careful to stay under the influence of the priests.
After Akhenaton, Pharaohs with a military background came to power. They again caused the old traditional polytheism to become widespread and expended a considerable effort to return to past ways. Nearly a century later, Ramses II, who was to have the longest rule in the history of Egypt, came to the throne. According to many historians, Ramses was the Pharaoh tormenting the Children of Israel and fighting against Musa (as).35
The Coming of the Prophet Musa (as)
Because of their deep bigotry, the ancient Egyptians would not abandon their idolatrous beliefs. Some persons came to them who announced the message of worshipping only Allah, but the people of Fir'awn always turned back to their perverted beliefs. Finally, Musa (as) was sent by Allah as a messenger (rasul) to them, both because they had adopted a system of falsehood contrary to the religion of truth, and also because they had enslaved the Children of Israel. Musa (as) was instructed both to invite Egypt to the religion of truth, and to save the Children of Israel from slavery and show them the right way. In the Qur'an, it is stated:
We rehearse to thee some of the story of Prophet Musa and Fir'awn in Truth, for people who believe. Truly Fir'awn elated himself in the land and broke up its people into sections, depressing a small group among them: their sons he slew, but he kept alive their females: for he was indeed a maker of mischief. And We wished to be Gracious to those who were being depressed in the land, to make them leaders (in Faith) and make them heirs, to establish a firm place for them in the land, and to show Fir'awn, Haman, and their hosts, at their hands, the very things against which they were taking precautions. (Surat al-Qasas: 3-6)
Fir'awn wanted to prevent the Children of Israel increasing in number, by killing all new-born male babies. This was why, by inspiration from Allah, Musa's (as) mother placed him in a basket and left him in the river. This was the way that led him into the palace of Fir'awn. The story is told in the Qur'an as follows:
So We sent this inspiration to the mother of Musa: "Suckle (thy child), but when thou hast fears about him, cast him into the river, but fear not nor grieve: for We shall restore him to thee, and We shall make him one of Our messengers."
Then the people of Fir'awn picked him up (from the river): (It was intended) that (Musa) should be to them an adversary and a cause of sorrow: for Fir'awn and Haman and (all) their hosts were men of sin.
The wife of Fir'awn said: "(Here is) joy of the eye, for me and for thee: slay him not. It may be that he will be use to us, or we may adopt him as a son." And they perceived not (what they were doing)! (Surat al-Qasas: 7-9)
Fir'awn's wife prevented the murder of Musa (as) and adopted him. In this way, Musa (as) spent his childhood in Fir'awn's palace. With the help of Allah, his own mother was brought to the palace as his wet-nurse.
Years later, Musa (as) left Egypt and came to Madyan. At the end of the period he passed there, Allah spoke directly to him and gave him the station of prophethood. He was ordered to return to Fir'awn and convey the message of Allah's religion to him.
Fir'awn's Palace
The enslaved people whom Fir'awn wronged. Particularly in the age of the New Kingdom, minorities living in the country were set to work on massive construction projects. The Children of Israel were among those minorities. In the picture above top, the slaves who are seen working on the construction of a temple are most likely the Children of Israel. The picture below depicts technical preparations of slaves, again thought to be the Children of Israel, before setting to work on a construction project. The slaves are making bricks by boiling mud on fire, and preparing mortar.
Musa (as) and Harun (as) went to Fir'awn in obedience to Allah's command and conveyed to him the message of the religion of truth. They asked him to stop tormenting the Children of Israel and let them go with Musa (as) and Harun (as). It was unacceptable to Fir'awn that Musa (as), whom he had kept near him for years and who most probably was to have been his successor on the throne, stood up to him and talked to him in this manner. For that reason, Fir'awn accused him of ingratitude:
(Fir'awn) said: "Did we not cherish thee as a child among us, and didst thou not stay in our midst many years of thy life? And thou didst a deed of thine which (thou knowest) thou didst, and thou art an ungrateful (wretch)!" (Surat ash-Shu'ara: 18-19)
Fir'awn was trying to play on Musa's (as) sentiments and affect his conscience. It was as if he was saying that since it was he and his wife who had brought him up, it was Musa (as) who should obey them. This emotional attachment which Fir'awn tried to form, was also directed at influencing the leaders of his people, so that they would also agree with Fir'awn.
On the other hand, the message of the religion of truth proclaimed by Musa (as) undermined Fir'awn's power, and reduced him to the level of ordinary people. As commanded in the Qur'an, he had to obey Musa (as) and also liberate the Children of Israel.Fir'awn believed that by doing so he would lose his power and suffer disgrace.
Out of pride and greed for power, Fir'awn did not listen to what Musa (as) said. He tried to make fun of him, attempted to prove his power, and denied him. At the same time, he aimed to portray Musa (as) and Harun (as) as anarchists and accuse them of being politically motivated. Finally, neither Fir'awn nor the leaders of the people within his close circle, except for the magicians, obeyed Musa (as) and Harun (as). They did not follow the religion of truth shown to them. Therefore Allah first of all sent some disasters to them.
Considered to be the Pharaoh mentioned in the Qur'an according to many historians, Ramses II is seen killing some of the slaves he has captured. As these wall pictures also reveal, the pharaohs had themselves idealised and depicted as strong warriors. They were presented as tall heroes with wide shoulders who could overcome a number of people at one time.
Above: Since the Pharaohs saw themselves as divine beings, they tried to seem superior to all other people.
Next: War captives seized by the Egyptians are seen waiting for the execution of their death sentence.
The Disasters That Befell Fir'awn and His Close Circle
Fir'awn and his close circle were so deeply engaged in their polytheism and their idolatry, that is "the religion of their ancestors", that they never considered leaving it. Even the miracles of Musa (as) were not enough to make them move away from their superstitions. Moreover, they expressed this openly. They said: "Whatever be the Signs thou bringest, to work therewith thy sorcery on us, we shall never believe in thee."(Surat al-A'raf: 132)
Because of their conduct, Allah sent them a number of disasters as "separate miracles" to make them taste the torment in this world, before the eternal torment of the next world. The first of these was drought and scarcity of crops. In relation to the subject, it is written in the Qur'an: "We punished the people of Fir'awn with years (of droughts) and shortness of crops; that they might receive admonition."(Surat al-A'raf: 130).
Egyptians had based their agricultural system on the River Nile and, therefore, they were not influenced by changes in natural conditions. But an unexpected disaster befell them because Fir'awn and his close friends were proud and arrogant towards Allah and denied His prophet. For various reasons, the level of the River Nile sank a great deal and irrigation canals running off from the river did not carry enough water to agricultural areas. Extreme heat caused the crops to dry up. Thus, the disaster came on Fir'awn and his circle from a very unexpected direction from the River Nile upon which they relied. This drought dismayed Fir'awn who previously used to address his people as follows "O my people! Does not the dominion of Egypt belong to me, (witness) these streams flowing underneath my (palace)? What! see ye not then?"(Surat az-Zukhruf: 51)
However, instead of "taking heed" as they should have, they held all that had happened was because of ill fortune brought by Musa and the Children of Israel. They were overcome by such conviction because of their superstitions, disobedience and devotion to the religion of their ancestors and, as a result, they suffered great distress for years. Allah sent to them a series of disasters, and warned them. These disasters are described as follows in the Qur'an:
So We sent (plagues) on them: Wholesale death, Locusts, Lice, Frogs, and Blood: Signs openly self-explained: but they were steeped in arrogance - a people given to sin.(Surat al-A'raf: 133)
The disasters Allah sent down on Fir'awn and the denying people around him have also been described in the Old Testament in agreement with the Qur'an:
And there was blood throughout all the land of Egypt. (Exodus, 7:21)
And if thou refuse to let [them] go, behold, I will smite all thy borders with frogs: And the river shall bring forth frogs abundantly, which shall go up and come into thine house, and into thy bedchamber, and upon thy bed, and into the house of thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thine ovens, and into thy kneadingtroughs. (Exodus, 8:2-3)
And the LORD said unto Moses, "Say unto Aaron, Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt." (Exodus, 8:16)
And the locusts went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the coasts of Egypt: very grievous [were they]; before them there were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such. (Exodus, 10:14)
Then the magicians said unto Pharaoh, This [is] the finger of God: and Pharaoh's heart was hardened, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said. (Exodus, 8:19)
Ramses II is seen in his war chariot driving a big group of enemies. Just like many others, this is an imaginary scenario Fir'awn made his painters draw. The War of Kadesh. This battle held between Ramses and the Hittites, was falsely passed on by history as a great victory for Fir'awn. However, Fir'awn was saved from death at the last moment, and had to make peace.
Awful disasters kept happening to Fir'awn and his close circle. Some of these disasters were caused by the objects worshipped as gods by the idolatrous people. For example, the River Nile and frogs were sacred for them and had been deified by them. As they expected guidance from their "gods" and called for their help, Allah punished them through their own "gods" so that they could see their mistakes and the plain fact that they actually had no power at all.
According to interpreters of the Old Testament, the "blood" was the turning of the River Nile into blood. This was explained as a metaphor for the River Nile's turning solid red. According to an interpretation, what gave the river this colour was a type of bacteria.
The Nile was the main source of life for the Egyptians. Any harm done to this source could mean death for the whole of Egypt. If the bacteria had covered the River Nile so fully as to turn it red, this would cause every living thing using this water to be infected by these bacteria.
Recent explanations of the cause for the red colouring of water has favoured protozoan, zooplankton, both salt - and fresh - water algal (phytoplankton) blooms, and dinoflagellates. All of these various blooms - plant, fungal or protozoan - deoxygenate water and produce noxious toxins for both fish and frogs.
Citing the Exodus account in the Bible, Patricia A. Tester of the National Marine Fisheries Service, writing in the Annals of the New York Academy of Science, noted that while fewer than fifty out of approximately 5,000 known phytoplankton species are toxic, those which possess toxins can be dangerous to aquatic life. In the same publication, Ewen C. D. Todd of Health Canada, referring to historic and prehistoric data, cited nearly two dozen examples of specific phytoplanktons causing various outbreaks throughout the world. W. W. Carmichael and I. R. Falconer listed diseases associated with fresh-water blue-green algae. Aquatic ecologist Joann M. Burkholder, of North Carolina State University, described a dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscimorte (found in estuary waters) that is capable of, as the species name implies, killing fish. 36
The War of Kadesh. This battle held between Ramses and the Hittites, was falsely passed on by history as a great victory for Fir'awn. However, Fir'awn was saved from death at the last moment, and had to make peace.
In Fir'awn's time, this kind of chain of disasters appears to have occurred. According to this scenario, when the Nile was contaminated, fish also died, and the Egyptians were deprived of an important source of nutrition. Without predator fish, the frogs could initially breed freely in both ponds and the Nile and thus overpopulate the river, eventually escaping the anoxic, toxic, and putrefying environment by migrating to land, hence dying on land and decomposing along with the fish. The Nile and adjacent lands thus became fouled, and the waters became dangerous to drink or to bathe in. Moreover, the extinction of frog species causes bugs such as locusts and lice to reproduce excessively.
Finally, no matter how the disasters took place, and what effect they left, neither Fir'awn, nor his people turned to Allah by paying heed, but they continued in their arrogance.
Fir'awn and his close circle were so hypocritical that they thought to deceive Musa (as) and thus, Allah (Allah forbid!). When the dreadful penalty fell upon them, they at once called for Musa (as) and asked him to save them from it:
Every time the penalty fell on them, they said: "O Musa! on your behalf call on thy Lord in virtue of his promise to thee: If thou wilt remove the penalty from us, we shall truly believe in thee, and we shall send away the Children of Israel with thee." But every time We removed the penalty from them according to a fixed term which they had to fulfil.
Behold! they broke their word!(Surat al-A'raf: 134-135)
Exodus from Egypt
Allah explained to Fir'awn and his close circle through Musa (as) that which they had to take heed of, and thus warned them. In response, they rebelled and accused him of being possessed and untrue. Allah prepared a humiliating end for them. He revealed to Musa (as) what was to happen:
By inspiration we told Musa: "Travel by night with my servants; for surely ye shall be pursued." Then Fir'awn sent heralds to (all) the Cities, (Saying): "These (Israelites) are but a small band, And they are raging furiously against us; But we are a multitude amply fore-warned." So We expelled them from gardens, springs, Treasures, and every kind of honourable position; Thus it was, but We made the Children of Israel inheritors of such things. So they pursued them at sunrise. And when the two bodies saw each other, the people of Musa said: "We are sure to be overtaken."(Surat ash-Shuara: 52-61)
As described in the above verses, the Children of Israel thought that they were trapped, and Fir'awn's men thought that they were about to catch them. But Musa (as) said, never losing faith in Allah's help: "By no means! my Lord is with me! Soon will He guide me!" (Surat ash-Shu'ara: 62)
At that moment, Allah saved Musa (as) and the Children of Israel by dividing the sea. Once the Children of Israel had safely crossed, Fir'awn and his men were drowned under the waters which closed over them.
Then We told Musa by inspiration: "Strike the sea with thy rod." So it divided, and each separate part became like the huge, firm mass of a mountain. And We made the other party approach thither. We delivered Musa and all who were with him; But We drowned the others. Verily in this is a Sign: but most of them do not believe. And verily thy Lord is He, the Exalted in Might, Most Merciful.(Surat ash-Shu'ara: 63-68)
The staff or rod that Musa's (as) carried rod had miraculous qualities, by the will of Allah. Earlier, Allah had turned it into a serpent in front of the Fir'awn and his magicians. When the magicians tried the same trick, Musa's (as) serpent swallowed all the serpents that Fir'awns magicians had conjured up. Now, standing at the edge of the sea, with Fir'awn and his men in hot pursuit, Musa (as), by the command of Allah, was able to divide the sea with this same rod. This was one of the greatest miracles given to the Prophet Musa (as).
Did the incident take place on the Mediterranean Coasts of Egypt, or in the Red Sea?
There is no common agreement on the place where the sea divided. Since no detail is given on the subject in the Qur'an, we cannot be sure of the correctness of any of the views on the subject. Some sources show the Mediterranean shores of Egypt as the place where the sea was divided. In the Encyclopedia Judaica, it states:
The majority opinion today identifies the Red Sea of the Exodus with one of the lagoons on the shores of the Mediterranean.37
David Ben Gurion said that the event could have taken place during the reign of Ramses II, possibly after the Kadesh defeat. In the Book of Exodus in the Old Testament, the event is said to have happened in Migdol and Baal-Zephon, which are located to the north of the delta.38
This view is based on the Old Testament. In the translations of the Book of Exodus from the Old Testament, it is said that Fir'awn and his men were drowned in the Red Sea. But according to those who hold this view, the word translated as "The Red Sea" is in fact "The Sea of Reeds". The word is identified with the "Red Sea" in many sources, and used for that location. However, "The Sea of Reeds" is actually used to refer to the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. In the Old Testament, while mentioning the route followed by Musa (as) and those following him, the words Migdol and Baal-Zephon are mentioned, and these are located to the north in the Nile Delta, on the shore of Egypt. The Sea of Reeds, by implication, supports the possibility that the incident may have occurred on the Egyptian shores, because in this region, as the name suggests, reeds are produced thanks to the delta alluvions.
The Drowning of Fir'awn and His Men in the Sea
The Qur'an informs us about the most important aspects of the event of the division of the Red Sea. According to the account in the Qur'an, Musa (as) set out from Egypt with the Children of Israel who obeyed him. However, Fir'awn could not accept their departure without his permission. He and his soldiers followed them "in insolence and spite" (Surah Yunus: 90). By the time Musa (as) and the Children of Israel reached the shore, Fir'awn and his soldiers had caught up with them. Some of the Children of Israel, who saw this, began to complain to Musa (as).
This weakness of the community is also described in the Qur'an in the following verse:
"And when the two bodies saw each other, the people of Musa said: 'We are sure to be overtaken.'" (Surat ash-Shu'ara: 61)
As a matter of fact, this was not the first time that the Children of Israel displayed such behaviour in which they showed no submission to Allah. Once before, they had said:
"... We have had (nothing but) trouble, both before and after thou camest to us..." (Surat al-A'raf: 129).
In contrast to the weak conduct of his people, Musa (as) was extremely confident, since he had profound trust in Allah. Right from the beginning of his struggle, Allah had informed him that His help and support would be with him:
"Fear not: for I am with you: I hear and see (everything)." (Surah Ta-Ha: 46)
When Musa (as) first met the sorcerers of Fir'awn, he felt "a sort of fear" (Surah Ta-Ha: 67). Thereupon, Allah revealed to him that he should not fear at all and that he would definitely overcome in the end. (Surah Ta-Ha: 68). Thus, Musa (as) was educated and supported by Allah and acquired a full maturity in respect to His ways. Consequently, when some of his people feared being overtaken, he said: "By no means! my Lord is with me! Soon will He guide me!" (Surat ash-Shu'ara: 62)
Allah revealed to Musa (as) that he should strike the sea with his rod. Upon this, "it divided, and each separate part became like the huge, firm mass of a mountain." (Surat ash-Shu'ara: 63). In ordinary circumstances, at the moment when Fir'awn saw such a miracle, he should have understood that there was something extraordinary about the situation - that he was seeing Divine intervention. The sea opened for the people whom Fir'awn wanted to destroy. Moreover, there was no guarantee that the sea would not close back after they passed across. Still, he and his army followed the Children of Israel into the sea. Most probably, Fir'awn and his soldiers had lost their ability to think reasonably because of their insolence and spite, and were unable comprehend the miraculous nature of the situation.
The Qur'an describes the last moments of Fir'awn as follows:
We took the Children of Israel across the sea: Fir'awn and his hosts followed them in insolence and spite. At length, when overwhelmed with the flood, he said: "I believe that there is no god except Him Whom the Children of Israel believe in: I am of those who submit (to Allah in Islam)." (Surah Yunus: 90)
Here, it is possible to see another miracle of Musa (as). Let us remind ourselves of the following verse:
Musa prayed: "Our Lord! Thou hast indeed bestowed on Fir'awn and his chiefs splendour and wealth in the life of the present, and so, Our Lord, they mislead (men) from Thy Path. Deface our Lord, the features of their wealth, and send hardness to their hearts, so they will not believe until they see the grievous penalty."
Allah said: "Accepted is your prayer (O Musa and Harun)! So stand ye straight, and follow not the path of those who know not." (Surah Yunus: 88-89)
It is clearly understood from these verses that Musa (as) was thus informed in answer to his supplication that Fir'awn would believe in Allah at the time he faced the painful punishment. Indeed, Fir'awn said that he believed in Allah when the waters started to cover. Yet, the last-minute acceptance of faith of Fir'awn and his asking for forgiveness did not save him from drowning. Fir'awn and his army drowned and became a lesson to all.
(It was said to him): "Ah now! But a little while before, wast thou in rebellion! and thou didst mischief (and violence)! This day shall We save thee in the body, that thou mayest be a sign to those who come after thee! but verily, many among mankind are heedless of Our Signs!"(Surah Yunus: 91-92)
We are also informed that in addition to Fir'awn himself, his men also received their share of the punishment. Since the soldiers of Fir'awn were men of "insolence and spite" (Surah Yunus: 90), "men of sin" (Surat al-Qasas: 8), "did wrong" (Surat al-Qasas: 40), and "thought that they would not have to return to Allah" (Surat al-Qasas: 39) just like Fir'awn, they well deserved the punishment of Allah. Thus,
Allah "seized both Fir'awn and his hosts and flung them into the sea". (Surat al-Qasas: 40)
So Allah exacted retribution from them and drowned them in the sea, because they rejected His signs and failed to take warning from them.(Surat al-A'raf: 136)
Allah describes in the Qur'an in the following verses, all that happened after the death of Fir'awn:
And We made a people, considered weak (and of no account), inheritors of lands in both east and west - lands whereon We sent down Our blessings. The fair promise of thy Lord was fulfilled for the Children of Israel, because they had patience and constancy, and We levelled to the ground the great works and fine buildings which Fir'awn and his people erected (with such pride). (Surat al-A'raf: 137)
We save thee in the body, that thou mayest be a sign to those who come after thee! but verily, many among mankind are heedless of Our Signs!
(Surah Yunus: 92)
33 Ernst H. Gombrich, Gençler için Kisa Bir Dünya Tarihi, (Translated into Turkish by Ahmet Mumcu from the German original script, Eine Kurze Weltgeschichte Für Junge Leser, Dumont Buchverlag, Köln, 1985), Istanbul: Inkilap Publishing House, 1997, p.25
34 Ernst H. Gombrich, The Story of Art, London MCML, The Phaidon Press Ltd., p. 42
35 Eli Barnavi, Historical Atlas of The Jewish People, London: Hutchinson, 1992, p. 4; "Egypt", Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol. 6, p. 481 and "The Exodus and Wanderings in Sinai", Vol. 8, p. 575; Le Monde de la Bible, No:83, July-August 1983, p. 50; Le Monde de la Bible, No:102, January-February 1997, pp. 29-32; Edward F. Wente, The Oriental Institute News and Notes, No:144, Winter 1995; Jacques Legrand, Chronicle of The World, Paris: Longman Chronicle, SA International Publishing, 1989, p. 68; David Ben Gurion, A Historical Atlas Of the Jewish People, New York: Windfall Book, 1974, p. 32
36 http: / / www2.plaguescape.com / a / plaguescape /
37 "Red Sea", Encyclopedia Judaica, Volume 14, pp.14-15
38 David Ben-Gurion, The Jews in Their Land, New York: A Windfall Book, 1974, pp.32-33


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RICHLANDS � Despite the absence of its �Best� player, Richlands more than held its own Monday night against Clinton.
RICHLANDS � Despite the absence of its �Best� player, Richlands more than held its own Monday night against Clinton.
In fact, coach Glenn Kellum got the effort he sought and the potential go-ahead look in the final minute he wanted.
However, the Wildcats still fell short, dropping a heartbreaking 61-58 decision to the Dark Horses in an East Central 2-A Conference boys� basketball game.
Earlier, Clinton defeated Richlands 41-31 in the girls� game.
The Richlands boys� team (7-10, 2-6) was without leading scorer and rebounder Tyree Best, who may be out for the remainder of the season because, school officials said, the senior broke school rules.
Still, Richlands had a chance to win in the waning seconds after falling behind by 16 in the third quarter. With the Wildcats trailing 59-58, KaDarius McQueen had a contested shot from near the right baseline bounce off the rim and land in Clinton�s possession.
Moments earlier, McQueen had a shot from under the basket get blocked by the Dark Horses� Will Pearson.
�We were trying to get the ball inside to KaDarius for a little baseline jumper,� Richlands coach Glenn Kellum said. �We had a shot to win it. We set up a play and we got what we wanted. It just didn�t go in.�
Richlands� Antwaun Thompson, who scored 11 fourth-quarter points, fouled out when he fouled Clinton�s Ryan Chester with 15 seconds left. Chester then made two free throws to put his team up 61-58.
�Ryan is a 90 percent free throw shooter coming into this game,� Clinton coach Randy Jordan said. �So we had the right guy at the line at that time.�
Still, the game wasn�t over. Richlands had a shot to send the game into overtime, but a contested 3-pointer by Keith Thomas was no good. The Dark Horses grabbed the rebound as time expired.
�What we wanted to do was go into what we call our black press, which is a 2-2-1 zone turned into man-to-man,� Jordan said of his team�s final defensive stand. �We wanted to make them turn, turn, turn and take time off the clock and then throw an off-balanced shot, which is what they did.�
Despite the loss, Kellum was pleased with his team�s effort against Clinton (12-5, 6-2).
�Great effort, great effort,� he said. �We were without our best player, but this is a heck of an effort by everybody.�
Yet the question remains how the Wildcats will fare without Best, who averages 22 points and 12 rebounds per game.
�No team is one player,� Kellum said. �We are still a team. They got heart and they are not going to quit. Other kids are just going to have to step up.�
Thompson and Thomas sure did as each scored 15 points. Thomas scored on a layup with 1:20 left to cut the Dark Horses� lead to 59-58 and cap a 10-1 run. Meanwhile, Thompson helped spark the comeback by making a pair of 3-pointers in the final eight minutes.
�Antwaun was on fire,� Kellum said. �He played a heck of a game, we played good defense and we didn�t let Clinton control the boards like they had been doing.�
The Dark Horses, who got 15 points each from Dementio Bryant and J.C. Evans, took a 16-point lead in the third quarter by applying pressure and forcing turnovers.
That was Jordan�s game plan, with or without Best in the lineup.
�We were going to come out and do what we did,� he said. �We press and run, and when we get tired, we will press and run some more.�
Clinton 41, Richlands 31: Richlands hung with Clinton for most of the first half before the Wildcats went cold in the third quarter in an ECC loss to the Dark Horses.
The Wildcats (5-12, 1-7) trailed just 20-18 at the break, but only scored three third-quarter points. The Dark Horses (14-4, 7-1) pulled away by scoring the first six points of the quarter.
�We couldn�t score,� Richlands coach Mike Kelly said. �I think we tried to make a couple of extra passes. We threw the ball away a few times. I think we picked it up in the fourth, but it was too little too late.�
Richlands fell behind 6-1 early, but took a 13-12 lead in the second quarter.
�I was happy with the effort,� Kelly said.
Clinton 24 13 14 10 � 61
Richlands 14 13 11 20 � 58
Bryant 15, Chester 7, Bradshaw 8, Evans 15, Banks 5, Spruill 2, Pearson 9. Totals� 22-57 12-19 61.
Hayes 4, Cottle 6, McQueen 8, Thomas 15, Thompson 15, Harrington 8, Batchelor 2. Totals� 21-52 11-22 58.
3-Point Goals� C 5 (Bryant 4, Banks), R 5 (Thompson 2, Harrington 2, Thomas). Rebounds� C 33 (Jones 6, Bradshaw 6, Pearson 6), R 36 (McQueen 9). RECORDS� C: 12-5, 6-2, hosts Croatan today. R: 7-10, 2-6, at South Lenoir today.
Clinton 12 8 10 11 � 41
Richlands 9 9 3 10 � 31
Pearsall 14, Simpson 8, Owens 1, Glasper 9, Murphy 7, Aultman 2. Totals� 13-48 15-30 41.
Taylor 1, Washington 4, Thompson 9, Meisberger 2, Kornegay 5, Batchelor 4, Petteway 4, White 2. Totals� 13-53 5-17 31.
3-Point Goals� C 0, R 0. Rebounds� C 49 (Murphy 15), R 33 (Taylor 7). RECORDS� C: 14-4, 7-1, hosts Croatan today. R: 5-12, 1-7, at South Lenoir today.


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Working to create a virtual Nova class Starfleet vessel and more for Star Trek Elite Force 2. Primarily focused on creating the interiors of a Nova class ship, adding RPG capabilities and a single/multi player storyline on board the ship. After the Cygnus is completed, focus will switch to creating new environments to tie in with a longer story line with FPS and RPG elements that expand upon the events of Elite Force 2.
Only registered members can share their thoughts. So come on! Join the community today (totally free - or sign in with your social account on the right) and join in the conversation.
Finalized map work for the First Officers Suite with combined living/sleeping space and attached head.


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9 Items
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Geberit Mapress Stainless Steel
Geberit Mapress Stainless Steel is especially suited for potable water installations as well as for open and closed heating and cooling circuits. There are special fittings available for gas installations, as well as solar and industrial applications.
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text:
We have a new Moderator: ColinM. Colin's location in Western Australia affords a world time zone that will provide extended moderator coverage and functionality to the forum.
Thanks Colin, for helping out!
Thanks Pablo - only too pleased to help - with me in Western Australia I can capture any spam posts that Pablo and Bacon Fries can't when they are having a well deserved sleep! :)
Please note - I can't be at Pablo and Bacon Fries level of technical expertise - but will help when I can.
As we all know WYSIWYG Web Builder is a great product, we have a great forum to back it up and a great community to support and help each other - hang onto that thought and think before you post :-D
Enjoy your website design with the best product on the planet!
New forum Moderator
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text: This park honors John Allen Payne (1947-1969), a Sunset Park resident who was killed while serving in the United States Army during the Vietnam War. Payne graduated from Fort Hamilton High School in 1967 and entered the Army the following year. His tour of duty in Vietnam began on October 15, 1968, and he ascended to the rank of Staff Sergeant by the age of 22. John Allen Payne died in a helicopter crash in 1969 in the Khanh Hoa province of South Vietnam. The helicopter, carrying Payne and seven other passengers, was en route to Ban Me Thout, Vietnam. For four years the eight passengers were considered missing. The helicopter wreckage was discovered in 1973, at which time Sergeant Payne's remains were returned to the United States for burial. He is listed on the Vietnam Memorial Wall in Washington D.C. on panel 16W, row 031.


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|Karcher, Elizabeth
|Beitz, D
|Stabel, Judith
Submitted to: Meeting Abstract
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: 12/11/2007
Publication Date: 3/17/2008
Citation: Karcher, E.L., Beitz, D.C., Stabel, J.R. 2008. Parturition and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: A Potential Interface for the Pathogenesis of Johne's Disease [abstract]. American Dairy Science Association.
Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD), is estimated to infect more than 22% of US dairy herds and cost the industry $250 million annually. One major period of stress for dairy cows is the periparturient period, and field observations suggest that MAP-infected cows may advance to the clinical stage of the disease during the early post-partum period. Research on what prompts the progression of disease during this time period is lacking. Therefore, our overall objective was to gain a better understanding of the host immune response to MAP infection during the periparturient period. In the first study, we characterized cytokine gene expression and secretion in periparturient dairy cows naturally infected with MAP. Peripheral blood lymphocyte percentages were also analyzed with flow cytometry and cell populations were further delineated by staining for CD5. Cytokine gene expression was not significantly altered in cows naturally infected with MAP compared to controls. The periparturient period mediated gene expression of IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 regardless of cow infection status. The percentages of lymphocyte subsets were modulated by MAP infection and by the periparturient period. These factors also influenced the expression of CD5 on T-cell subpopulations and B-cells. The second study was designed to determine the role of osteopontin (Opn) on disease progression in periparturient MAP-infected cows. Investigation of the role of Opn in JD is of interest since Opn can influence cytokine expression and improve host defense against mycobacterial infections. Results revealed that Opn expression and protein abundance in PBMCs isolated from periparturient cows are modulated by both MAP infection status and parturition. We present here the first known data investigating Opn gene and protein expression in MAP-infected cows. The results of our various studies contribute to a very small body of literature focusing on the progression of JD during the early post-parturient time period. Key Words: cytokines, periparturient, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis


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Everyone knows that skoad who stole gaming consoles from a children's cancer ward was just arrested. We didn't know that, in addition to industry samaritans, Mötley Crüe's Nikki Sixx was one of the secret Santas replacing the kids' games.
Electronic Arts and Microsoft's Halo Waypoint team were among those contributing game care packages to the Levine Pediatric Hematology and Oncology centre in Charlotte, N.C., whose games and consoles were burgled on Dec. 4. Sixx read of the appalling crime and, through his syndicated radio show Sixx Sense, pitched in as well.
Sixx either raised, bought, or arranged for a shipment of Xbox 360s and games to the children's ward, part of the Carolinas Medical centre. It's unclear if cops recovered the items that were stolen, but by now, the kids should be awash in games, both hardware and software, all of it new.
Goes to show that, as that old 1-800 ad for K-Tel's power anthem anthology reminds us, every bad boy has a sensitive side.
Nikki Sixx Gets New Consoles for Children's Cancer Ward [HardOCP via GamePolitics]


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Shooting Suspect Asks to be Tried as Juvenile
PIERRE - A hearing is set for April to determine whether a 16-year-old Pierre youth should be tried as an adult on murder charges.
KCCR reports that Judge John Brown set a hearing date of April 10-12 to determine whether Braiden K. McCahren will be tried in adult or juvenile court.
Prosecutors want to try McCahren as an adult on charges of first-degree murder, attempted first-degree murder and alternate counts of aggravated assault. McCahren has pleaded not guilty to the charges.
He is accused in the Dec. 18 fatal shooting of 16-year-old Dalton Williams, as well as pointing a gun at a third 16-year-old boy who also was in the house at the time of the shooting.
The jury trial has been scheduled to start June 3.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Teen digs through New Canaan pharmacy history
Andrew Schwartz has been fascinated with paleontology and archeology for years, and has gone on digs all over the country. Recently, while checking an abandoned area with a metal detector in North Stamford, he found an object that would take him on a historical journey in New Canaan.
The 17-year-old found a medicine bottle from New Canaan's oldest pharmacy, the New Canaan Drug Store.
"I was on one of my hunts in one of the woods of North Stamford, and there was a small trash dump in the middle of the woods with a bunch of broken shards of glass and a bottle lying on the ground," Schwartz said.
After closer examination, he shoveled the area and found a number of other bottles, including a small medicine one with the writings "New Canaan Drug Store" and "L.M. Monroe Sr. & Jr. Pharmacists."
That drug store was established in 1845 and originally was on Main Street. In 1855, pharmacist Lucius M. Monroe took over the store, and 34 years later his son, Lucius M. Monroe Jr., joined the business. A full replica of the pharmacy -- with original fixtures, merchandise and bottles, many still filled with medicines -- is located at the New Canaan Historical Society.
On Aug. 8, Schwartz took a trip there to learn more about the pharmacy.
He learned, for instance, that Monroe Sr. died in 1918 and his son died less than five years later, leaving the business to J.J. Cody, who then named the pharmacy the Cody Drug Store. He also learned that the bottle pre-dates 1920 and was hand-made because of its side mold seam, which ends on the neck of the bottle.
"If the mold line goes all the way to the top, it's relatively modern," he said.
"I think it's very important to know our history and where we came from, how our ancestors struggled to get here," he said. "A lot of people, especially in this part of the country, a lot of our ancestors, did not come here 300 years ago. A lot of them came here in the European migration about 100 or so years ago, and a lot of finds, especially in trash dumps, are from that time."
Janet Lindstrom, the society's executive director, gave Schwartz a tour of the Cody Drug Store life-size model, but she was not able to determine what type of medication was in the bottle.
"It's hard to tell," she said, adding that pharmacists used to compound medications at the store and use the generic bottles for different purposes.
Lindstrom noted, however, that Schwartz's bottle "is somewhat rare." In fact, there was only one there that resembled his find.
The bottle, he said, was just a few inches deep in the ground "because it actually had been covered by a recently fallen tree log," which he said helps stop the deposit of top soil, leaves and rotting material.
For Schwartz, who's a member of the Nor'easters Metal Detecting Club of Stamford, hunting metals in the woods means digging through the history of the area.
"When you're digging through a trash dump and you find this medicine bottle right here," he said, "other than the people on this bottle, you think, `who used this bottle?' Maybe this bottle held some sort of a painkiller medication for grandma who was living on the property ... It's just how something so small that we know so little about (but) possibilities and information are so endless and mind-boggling."
Some of his finds include a Great Seal World War II button, musket balls, horse rosettes, a Colonial shoe buckle, among other items. Schwartz said each piece, as small as it may be, has historical value.
"Even with these World War II buttons, there are hundreds of thousands, maybe hundreds of millions like it, but this was on someone's coat when they probably went into Normandy or fought in the Pacific," he said.
Besides metal detecting, Schwartz is also interested in paleontology and has been on dozens of trips across the country to hunt pre-historic materials.
"I really enjoy paleontology. Ever since I was 2, I loved watching dinosaur movies," he said.
Every year he goes on a trip to Big Brook Park in New Jersey, an active fossil site that's open to the public and "where you can dig and sift for 70,000,000-year-old shark teeth and marine fossils."
The Westhill High School senior also just launched a metal detecting club at his school.
Asked if he intends to work with either paleontology or archeology, Schwartz said that's out of question.
"I'd rather keep the paleontology and metal detecting as a hobby because then it's not work, it's pure fun," he said.
firstname.lastname@example.com, 203-330-6582, @olivnelson


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Home > News & Events > Wayland Press Release Archives > 2007 News Releases > August 2007 > First class of counseling graduates already meeting success
First class of counseling graduates already meeting success
PLAINVIEW – On August 11, Plainview residents Joe and Elizabeth Hernandez added a set of firsts to their resumes. They were in the first class of graduates for the Master of Arts in Counseling program at Wayland Baptist University, and they were the first husband and wife to complete the program together.
Started just two summers ago, 24 individuals have completed the MAC. Several participated in the commencement ceremony this past May because of their hours completed, while the remainder of the first "class" will participate in the December ceremony. Officially, however, the degrees were completed on Aug. 11. The couple is just one success story as another student, Jeremy Berry, is soon to begin a doctoral program in counseling as the first MAC graduate to do so.
Finishing their coursework was freeing for both Joe and Elizabeth, as they have worked toward the master's degrees while working full-time and serving as pastors of Salem Baptist Church in Lockney, a Hispanic congregation. And while the ink on their transcripts is barely dry, Joe said the couple is already seeing benefits from their newfound knowledge.
"We've found with our experience that we're already applying it in the ministry of the church and are using it to help others," said Joe, who got a job at Allegiance Behavioral Health Center in June thanks to the degree. "We were doing some of those things before, but it's more rewarding now that we know what we're doing. We know it will be helpful to us in our ministry work."
The Hernandezes said the MAC program at Wayland was appealing to them because of the convenience and because they both earned undergraduate degrees at WBU and the university was familiar. With courses scheduled on weekends and online, the two-year program was easier to work into their busy lifestyles. And though it was a lot of work, being able to share that experience was also a plus.
"We took a trip just before our last session and while I drove, Elizabeth read one of the books out loud, then I read while she drove," Joe said. "We were able to read two books for the class on our vacation and then talk about it. We had a regular routine the whole time of studying together for classes and that helped."
Another side benefit to the program, laughs Joe, is the two years of therapy that students essentially receive as they learn how to counsel others through their problems.
"When we studied every technique and theory, we'd pair off and role play and we had to share real-life issues we experienced, knowing the confidentiality of the group, and those sessions were so tremendously helpful," Joe said. "We really made some good friends as we went through all this together. After two years of sharing and crying and laughing together, you open up and you're drawn together like a family."
A second-grade teacher at Hillcrest, Elizabeth wants to eventually move into a school counselor role with her degree. Down the road, the couple dreams of opening a Christian family counseling practice to be able to minister to the community, specifically the Hispanic population for which they have such a heart.
Berry represents another success story for the fledgling program, as he prepares to enter the doctoral program at Texas Tech University in counselor education and supervision, a program known for being highly selective. While completing the doctorate, Berry plans to work full-time at Central Plains MHMR Center in Plainview, where he recently went to work as an admissions intake counselor.
Two of Berry's research manuscripts were recently approved for publication as well, and he was invited to make two presentations at the American Counseling Association's national conference in Honolulu, Hawaii, in March 2008. Both represent major achievements for Berry, who holds an undergraduate degree from WBU earned in 2003 and then earned his MAC and the Master of Arts in Management at the same time.
Berry's research has dealt with eating disorders and the impact on women in various facets, work he continued from his professors in the MAC program, associate professor of psychology Dr. Perry Collins (and coordinator of the MAC) and his wife, Dr. Cassie Collins, assistant professor of psychology. A paper on the effect of eating disorders on women's sexuality was accepted for the Wisconsin counseling journal, and the Ohio state counseling journal accepted a literature review on counseling university students of Taiwanese descent. Eight others are out for consideration.
His presentations to the ACA conference involve the impact of eating disorders on the family and friends of women and an overview of the obsessive cycles of women with eating disorders.
A native of San Antonio, Berry said the master's degree in counseling was a great fit for him since he has an interest in a private counseling practice or teaching at the college level. Both the classwork and the experience have been beneficial, he said.
"The work has already opened doors for me to be able to visit with other educators in the field, and that will help me in the future," Berry said. "I have learned so much in the research process as well."
According to Dr. Estelle Owens, chair of the Division of Social Sciences at Wayland which oversees the MAC program, the degree has attracted great interest, much to the delight of the university.
"We thought if we started with 10 students, we'd be happy and could build it up. But we started with 50 and were thrilled from the very beginning," Owens said. "There are about 150 students in the program systemwide now, and 100 of those are here in Plainview."
Owens said the success and great demand led the university to expand the MAC program to its campuses in Hawaii, San Antonio and Phoenix, and future plans are to add it to the lineup at still more campuses. The need is definitely there, Owens says.
"I think a lot of the success is because we are who we are," she explained. "There is a lot of demand for private, faith-based master's programs, especially like this one. There weren't many in the region offering it. There was also a dry spell out here, and a lot of students couldn't do the traditional programs offered close by. Because the scheduling is unique, the program has allowed many more students to take advantage of it."
The program has attracted a diverse group of students as far as age and ethnicity, and Owens feels the varied campuses provide exposure and interaction with people from a wide variety of backgrounds, especially through the online offerings. On the Plainview campus, MAC students come from a wide region, some driving as far as Gainesville and Portales, N.M. to attend the weekend courses. But with the ability to complete the program in two years – provided students take the two courses each term, four terms per year – Owens feels the enrollment will continue to grow. Perry Collins feels the same way.
"I knew we would have a big group the first time through, but we thought it would level off by now," he said. "Instead it seems to be growing."
Owens credited much of the program's success to Collins, who coordinates the program and has served as a major recruiter for it. Collins added the program has attracted a student population with various career goals. While several teachers entered the degree program hoping to become school counselors, others want to do community counseling in fields ranging from senior adults to substance abuse and addiction counseling.
For more information on the Master of Arts in Counseling, contact the graduate admissions office at 291-3414.


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Setting up Apache HTTPS/SSL on Windows
I am assuming that you already have Apache2 installed and working on a Windows server.
For SSL/HTTPS to work you need to download and setup the Win32 Binary including OpenSSL "httpd/apache_x.x.x-win32-x86-openssl-x.x.x.msi" on your Windows server.
If you now have regular HTTP server working follow the guide below to setup HTTPS.


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The 1/2" Apollo 4A series double check valves began production in 2008 and was discontinued in 2014. The 4A was replaced by the LF4A which is the lead free version. The body was constructed of bronze and check assemblies are self contained plastic modules. Check covers are threaded into the body. Check seats are replaceable. 4A and LF4A parts are interchangable. No special tools are required for servicing.
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Daily Slice: Veggie Slice at Pizza Rustica, Philadelphia
A different slice profiled each day.
Daily Slice gives a quick snapshot each weekday of a different slice or pie that the folks at the Serious Eats empire have enjoyed lately.
The veggie slice ($2.50) at Pizza Rustica in University City is really all about the vegetables. The super-thin, cracker-like crust is merely a vessel for a cast of veggies featuring fresh mushrooms, spinach, artichoke hearts, caramelized onions, sun dried tomatoes, roasted red peppers, and little blobs of sweetly roasted garlic. A bit of crème fraîche mixes in with the mozz, accounting for a base that's a little bit more creamy than cheesy, adding a lightness that matches its veggie-centric toppings.
Pizza Rustica
3602 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (map) 215-895-3490; pizzarusticaonline.com/
This post may contain links to Amazon or other partners; your purchases via these links can benefit Serious Eats. Read more about our affiliate linking policy.


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Our customers and partners benefit from a wide and well-structured choice of products and services. Comprehensive certification and permits play as important a role as the application of some product groups in hazardous areas. Customised solutions are considered one of our great strengths and, at the same time, a welcome challenge. In close co-operation with our customers we continually develop new products. The joint development phase often generates additional applications.
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Honda Rider Education Center is where you learn how to ride. Honda has made the commitment to helping riders develop safe and smart riding skills through the establishment of the Honda Rider Education Center.
Honda is proud to be the first motorcycle manufacturer to have created unique sites specifically designed for motorcycle, ATV and Side by Side training and instruction. The centers teach over 11,000 riders a year, and classes are for riders of all ages—from 6 years old to adult.
All coaches are certified instructors. There are male and female coaches on hand who are experienced, fun and enthusiastic.
Honda Rider Education Center in Colton, California, was the first Rider Education Center built. It also has the distinction of being Honda's first Environmental Learning Center, a two-acre plot of land with trails that span five distinct ecosystems featuring over 2500 different species of plants. Riders can get a feel for grassland, chaparral, woodland, riparian and desert terrains–all inspired by trails native to nearby San Bernardino National Forest and the Mojave Desert.
1301 Via Venita
Colton, CA 92324
(909) 430-3000
A smart rider is a safe rider, and we can help you get smarter.
Honda is committed to helping riders develop safe and smart riding skills through the Honda Rider Training Program.
Now offering the new CMSP Licensing course! This 15 1/2 hour course waives the DMV riding skills portion of the motorcycle licensing process. The written test, however, still needs to be completed at the DMV.
This is a pass/no pass course. Before signing up for a class, you need to be able to balance and ride a bicycle, and understand operating a clutch and manual shift vehicle. If under 18 yrs, a waiver must be signed by a parent or guardian. Graduates may qualify for insurance premium discounts with some motorcycle insurers.
The course is provided through a variety of schedules to meet different needs. Two consecutive days is common, but there are also multi-day options. Motorcycles and helmets are provided for your use during the course.
Call 909-430-3000 to learn more or visit stmcrider.com.
As part of our half-day DirtBike course, you will learn the fundamental and technical skills needed to operate your off-road bike in a safe and smart manner. We will help you learn the functions of the controls on your motorcycle—starting, stopping, shifting, cornering, standing, proper body positions, and how to go over certain obstacles. One thing very important for young kids is; they must be able to ride and balance a bicycle.
Private classes (two students) and family classes (up to five family members) are offered on request for weekdays or weekends. Call for pricing. We supply motorcycle and gear.
To register, visit www.dirtbikeschool.com or call 909-430-3000.
Our Learn to Ride classes are designed to provide an enjoyable skills development experience for folks who want to start their motorcycle riding adventures. The overall aim is to help students develop smooth and precise control as they manipulate primary motorcycle controls and practice riding procedures and techniques.
To register, visit www.msf-usa.org or call 909-430-3000.
Riders are flocking to the half-day BRC2 course to hone their riding skills and fine-tune the mental skills needed for survival in traffic. Even if you've been riding for some time, there's always something new to learn. You'll practice improving riding skills, learn how to balance the mental and physical aspects of managing risk, increase visibility and optimize your lane position. This course also provides valuable information about protective gear, motorcycle inspection and care. Plus, some insurance companies provide a discount. Be sure to ask your agent. Some motorcycle brand-sponsored clubs have programs to reimburse you for all or part of the tuition paid towards your Course.
Techniques that extend beyond basic riding procedures are addressed in this Course. The ARC is the public version of the Military SportBike RiderCourse (MSRC), and may be taken by riders using any type of motorcycle. It is a one-day course consisting of approximately 3 ½ hours of classroom and 4 ½ hours of riding.
The techniques used for more performance oriented riding can be used to enhance the skills and techniques for riders of any type of motorcycle. These techniques can improve the overall capabilities of riders, particularly related to overall control, cornering and emergency maneuvers.
The ROV Basic DriverCourse is designed for novice and experienced SxS drivers to learn and practice basic skills and techniques. The overall aim of the course is driver skill and risk management development through learning experiences to enhance drivers' basic knowledge, operational skills, attitude, values, and habits. The ROV Basic DriverCourse includes six closed range exercises and up to seven optional open trail experiences, depending upon available terrain. Honda SxS Vehicles will be provided for the course.
Prerequisites: To participate as a driver you must be at least 16 years of age and hold a valid driver license. You must also have completed the ROV E-Course online prior to taking the ROV Basic DriverCourse.
To register, visit http://www.rohva.org or call 866-267-2751.
Course Reimbursement: To obtain reimbursement after completing an approved ROV Basic DriverCourse after purchasing a Honda SxS model, click here for the reimbursement form.
For information and advice about safely operating a SxS, click on the link below for the Tips Guide for the Recreational Off-Highway Vehicle Driver. The guide is produced and made available by the Recreational Off-Highway Vehicle Association (ROHVA).
The ATV RiderCourse provides a fast-paced, half-day, hands-on training session that includes pre-ride inspection, starting and stopping, quick turns, hill riding, emergency stopping and swerving, and riding over obstacles. You'll also learn about protective gear, local regulations, places to ride and environmental concerns. Bring your friends and family, and meet new friends to ride with.
To register, call ASI at 800-887-2887; request the Honda Colton site.


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CHAPEL HILL � North Carolina coach Roy Williams says freshman Joel James will miss his third straight game with a concussion when the Tar Heels travel to Georgia Tech on Tuesday.
James apparently took a blow to the head during a win against Wake Forest on Feb. 5 and began experiencing headaches afterward, but he didn't notify the team's medical staff and played in a lopsided loss at Miami that weekend.
The 6-foot-10, 260-pound center didn't play in the Tar Heels' loss at Duke nor the weekend home win against Virginia. Williams moved to a four-guard lineup and shortened his rotation to primarily six players in both of those games.
Williams said Monday during the Atlantic Coast Conference's weekly teleconference that James is improving but isn't ready to return.


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'13 BMW 750Li on XO Milan's
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Vehicle Info: 2013 BMW 7 Series
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Information in this toolkit is meant to equips prevention professionals, healthcare providers, and educators with information on current health issues among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations. It includes an overview of terms related to gender identity and sexual expression.(SAMSHA) A powerpoint providing general information and overview is also available.
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The Gourmet Tea is a tiny store in São Paulo which offers a world of flavors in a shop that unfolds onto the street from a compact cube. Drawing inspiration from the tea company's colorful product packaging, architect Alan Chu created the kinetic micro shop, which somewhat resembles a Mondrian painting when closed (folded) up. When open, the shop is a modest but playful place to explore the leafy goodness. Chu even managed to place a small bistro behind the counter.
Contained entirely within a 2.5 x 4.5 x 6 meter shell, The Gourmet Tea's shop-in-a-box may be the coolest tea cabinet we've seen. Behind the colorful exterior, a central hinged panel swings up to reveal the counter. The L-shaped serving space rolls out to define the area. Shelves to the left swing out while a presentation unit to the right rolls into the street to grab the attention of passers-by. Even the sign is hidden behind a panel, completing the shop'speek-a-boo feel.
The deft compactness is more than skin deep. Behind the roll-out counter a prep area is created—room enough for a couple of employees to prepare orders and make espressos. Above, a stock closet is accessible by ladder, making full use of every nook and cranny of the space.
Via The Urban Grocer


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Find Your Perfect Home.
Morocco Real Estate
Morocco is located in Indiana. Morocco, Indiana has a population of 1,119. Morocco is less family-centric than the surrounding county with 23.42% of the households containing married families with children. The county average for households married with children is 26.22%.
The median household income in Morocco, Indiana is $41,771. The median household income for the surrounding county is $49,769 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in Morocco is 45.2 years.
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The average high temperature in July is 84.5 degrees, with an average low temperature in January of 14.9 degrees. The average rainfall is approximately 39 inches per year, with inches of snow per year.
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Terence V. Powderly House
from street
Photograph by Kristen Carsto
Terence V. Powderly House frontview
by Kristen Carsto
Powderly's natural leadership led to his position of Grand
Master Workmen of the Knights of Labor. The Knights of Labor,
originally a secret organization, was the leading labor organization
of the 1880s. Under Powderly's leadership for 14 years, the
Knights of Labor promoted the unity of labor and union organization.
In an attempt to form a large union the Knights counted both
African Americans and women as members. By 1886, with a membership
between 700,000 and 1,000,000, the union had become the largest
and most influential in the country. During his involvement
with the Knights of Labor, Powderly was elected Mayor of Scranton
in 1878. He served as Mayor for three two-year terms. As Mayor,
Powderly laid the ground work for city hall and helped authorize
the purchase of land for the city's municipal building. Powderly
was the nation's outstanding labor leader from 1879 to 1893.
The Knights of Labor union collapsed following its peak
in 1886, mostly due to its opposition of strikes. The Knights
of Labor remained in existence for 13 years, following Powderly's
resignation in 1893. Many of the Knights former members joined
the American Federation of Labor, led by Powderly's aggressive
personal rival, Samuel Gompers. Prior to his resignation from
the Knights of Labor, Powderly studied law in his spare time
and was admitted to the Lackawanna County State and Federal
Courts in 1894. President William McKinley appointed him as
the United States Commissioner General of Immigration in 1897.
In 1907, Powderly assumed a new position as chief of the division
of information of the Bureau of Immigration and held that
office until 1921. Following his appointment as commissioner
general he moved to Washington, DC, where he died June 24,
1924. Powderly's home in Scranton remains much as it was when
he occupied it.
The Powderly House is located at 614 North Main Street,
Scranton. It is not open to the public.
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